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Chapter 11: File System

Implementation!
 Chapter 11: File System Implementation!

■  File-System Structure"
■  File-System Implementation "
■  Directory Implementation"
■  Allocation Methods"
■  Free-Space Management "
■  Efficiency and Performance"
■  Recovery"
■  Log-Structured File Systems"
■  NFS"
■  Example: WAFL File System"

Operating System Concepts! 11.2! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Objectives!

■  To describe the details of implementing local file systems and

directory structures"
■  To describe the implementation of remote file systems"
■  To discuss block allocation and free-block algorithms and trade-offs"

Operating System Concepts! 11.3! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 User program & Kernel interface in Linux!

Note: This picture is excerpted from Write a Linux Hardware Device Driver, Andrew O’Shauqhnessy, Unix
Silberschatz, Galvin world
and Gagne ©2005!
Operating System Concepts! 11.4!
 File-System Structure!

■  File structure"
●  Logical storage unit"
●  Collection of related information"
■  File system resides on secondary storage (disks or SSD)"
■  File system organized into layers"
■  File control block – storage structure consisting of information
about a file"

Operating System Concepts! 11.5! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Layered File System!

Operating System Concepts! 11.6! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 A Typical File Control Block!

Operating System Concepts! 11.7! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 In-Memory File System Structures!

Operating System Concepts! 11.8! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Virtual File Systems!

■  Virtual File Systems (VFS) provide an object-oriented way of

implementing file systems."

■  VFS allows the same system call interface (the API) to be used for
different types of file systems."

■  The API is to the VFS interface, rather than any specific type of file
system."
●  Basic operations are open, close, read & write"

Operating System Concepts! 11.9! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Schematic View of Virtual File System!

Operating System Concepts! 11.10! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 VFS & Device Driver interface!

Note: This picture is excerpted from Write a Linux Hardware Device Driver, Andrew O’Shauqhnessy, Unix world
Operating System Concepts! 11.11! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!
 VSF & Major number!
■  principal interface between a device driver and Linux kernel "
"

Operating System Concepts! 11.12! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Directory Implementation!

■  Linear list of file names with pointer to the data blocks."

●  simple to program"
●  time-consuming to execute

"
■  Hash Table – linear list with hash data structure."
●  decreases directory search time"
●  collisions – situations where two file names hash to the same
location"
●  fixed size"

Operating System Concepts! 11.13! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Allocation Methods!

■  An allocation method refers to how disk blocks are allocated for

files:"

■  Contiguous allocation!

■  Linked allocation!

■  Indexed allocation!

Operating System Concepts! 11.14! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Contiguous Allocation!

■  Each file occupies a set of contiguous blocks on the disk"

■  Simple – only starting location (block #) and length (number

of blocks) are required

"
■  Random access

"
■  Wasteful of space (dynamic storage-allocation problem)

"
■  Files cannot grow"

Operating System Concepts! 11.15! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Contiguous Allocation!

■  Mapping from logical to physical"

Q"

LA/512"

R"

Block to be accessed = Q + starting address

Displacement into block = R

Operating System Concepts! 11.16! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Contiguous Allocation of Disk Space!

Operating System Concepts! 11.17! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Extent-Based Systems!

■  Many newer file systems (I.e. Veritas File System) use a modified
contiguous allocation scheme"

■  Extent-based file systems allocate disk blocks in extents"

■  An extent is a contiguous block of disks"

●  Extents are allocated for file allocation"
●  A file consists of one or more extents."

Operating System Concepts! 11.18! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Linked Allocation!

■  Each file is a linked list of disk blocks: blocks may be scattered

anywhere on the disk."

block =" pointer"

Operating System Concepts! 11.19! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Linked Allocation (Cont.)!

■  Simple – need only starting address"

■  Free-space management system – no waste of space "
■  No random access"
■  Mapping"

Q"
LA/511"
R"

Block to be accessed is the Qth block in the linked chain of

blocks representing the file."
Displacement into block = R + 1"
File-allocation table (FAT) – disk-space allocation used by MS-DOS
and OS/2."

Operating System Concepts! 11.20! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Linked Allocation!

Operating System Concepts! 11.21! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 File-Allocation Table!

Operating System Concepts! 11.22! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Indexed Allocation!

■  Brings all pointers together into the index block."

■  Logical view."

index table"

Operating System Concepts! 11.23! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Example of Indexed Allocation!

Operating System Concepts! 11.24! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Indexed Allocation (Cont.)!

■  Need index table"

■  Random access"
■  Dynamic access without external fragmentation, but have
overhead of index block."
■  Mapping from logical to physical in a file and block size of
512 words. We need only 1 block for index table."

Q"
LA/512"
R"

Q = displacement into index table"

R = displacement into block"

Operating System Concepts! 11.25! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Indexed Allocation – Mapping (Cont.)!

!"

outer-index"

index table" file"

Operating System Concepts! 11.26! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Summary!
■  Contiguous Allocation"
Each file occupies a set of contiguous blocks on the disk"
● 
●  Simple "
●  Random access"
●  Wasteful of space (dynamic storage-allocation problem)"
●  Files cannot grow"
■  Linked Allocation"
●  Simple – need only starting address"
●  Free-space management system – no waste of space "
●  No random access"
■  Indexed Allocation"
●  Need index table"
●  Random access"
●  Dynamic access without external fragmentation, but have overhead of
index block."

Operating System Concepts! 11.27! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Combined Scheme: UNIX/Linux (4K bytes per
block)!

Operating System Concepts! 11.28! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Free-Space Management!

■  Bit vector (n blocks)"

0" 1" 2" n-1"
…"

" "#$
0 ⇒ block[i] free"
bit[i] ="
1 ⇒ block[i] occupied"

Block number calculation"

(number of bits per word) *"

(number of 0-value words) +"
offset of first 1 bit"

Operating System Concepts! 11.29! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Free-Space Management (Cont.)!

■  Bit map requires extra space"

●  Example:"
" "block size = 212 bytes"
" "disk size = 230 bytes (1 gigabyte)"
" "n = 230/212 = 218 bits (or 32K bytes)"
■  Easy to get contiguous files "
■  Linked list (free list)"
●  Cannot get contiguous space easily"
●  No waste of space"
■  Grouping "
■  Counting"

Operating System Concepts! 11.30! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Free-Space Management (Cont.)!

■  Need to protect:"
●  Pointer to free list"
●  Bit map"
!  Must be kept on disk"

!  Copy in memory and disk may differ"

!  Cannot allow for block[i] to have a situation where

bit[i] = 1 in memory and bit[i] = 0 on disk"
●  Solution:"
!  Set bit[i] = 1 in disk"

!  Allocate block[i]"
!  Set bit[i] = 1 in memory"

Operating System Concepts! 11.31! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Directory Implementation!

■  Linear list of file names with pointer to the data blocks"

●  simple to program"
●  time-consuming to execute"
■  Hash Table – linear list with hash data structure"
●  decreases directory search time"
●  collisions – situations where two file names hash to the same
location"
●  fixed size"

Operating System Concepts! 11.32! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Linked Free Space List on Disk!

Operating System Concepts! 11.33! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Efficiency and Performance!

■  Efficiency dependent on:"

●  disk allocation and directory algorithms"
●  types of data kept in file’s directory entry

"
■  Performance"
●  disk cache – separate section of main memory for frequently
used blocks"
●  free-behind and read-ahead – techniques to optimize
sequential access"
●  improve PC performance by dedicating section of memory as
virtual disk, or RAM disk"

Operating System Concepts! 11.34! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Page Cache!

■  A page cache caches pages rather than disk blocks using virtual
memory techniques"

■  Memory-mapped I/O uses a page cache"

■  Routine I/O through the file system uses the buffer (disk) cache"

■  This leads to the following figure"

Operating System Concepts! 11.35! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 I/O Without a Unified Buffer Cache!

Operating System Concepts! 11.36! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Unified Buffer Cache!

■  A unified buffer cache uses the same page cache to cache both
memory-mapped pages and ordinary file system I/O"

Operating System Concepts! 11.37! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 I/O Using a Unified Buffer Cache!

Operating System Concepts! 11.38! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Recovery!

■  Consistency checking – compares data in directory structure with

data blocks on disk, and tries to fix inconsistencies

"
■  Use system programs to back up data from disk to another storage
device (floppy disk, magnetic tape, other magnetic disk, optical)

"
■  Network storage & Disaster Recovery site"
"
■  Recover lost file or disk by restoring data from backup"

Operating System Concepts! 11.39! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Log Structured File Systems!

■  Log structured (or journaling) file systems record each update to

the file system as a transaction"

■  All transactions are written to a log"

●  A transaction is considered committed once it is written to the
log"
●  However, the file system may not yet be updated"

■  The transactions in the log are asynchronously written to the file

system"
●  When the file system is modified, the transaction is removed
from the log"

■  If the file system crashes, all remaining transactions in the log must
still be performed"

Operating System Concepts! 11.40! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Stop here Apr 25!

Operating System Concepts! 11.41! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 The Sun Network File System (NFS)!

■  An implementation and a specification of a software system for

accessing remote files across LANs (or WANs)

"
■  The implementation is part of the Solaris and SunOS operating
systems running on Sun workstations using an unreliable datagram
protocol (UDP/IP protocol and Ethernet"

Operating System Concepts! 11.42! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS (Cont.)!

■  Interconnected workstations viewed as a set of independent

machines with independent file systems, which allows sharing
among these file systems in a transparent manner"
●  A remote directory is mounted over a local file system directory"
!  The mounted directory looks like an integral subtree of the
local file system, replacing the subtree descending from the
local directory"
●  Specification of the remote directory for the mount operation is
nontransparent; the host name of the remote directory has to
be provided"
!  Files in the remote directory can then be accessed in a
transparent manner"
●  Subject to access-rights accreditation, potentially any file
system (or directory within a file system), can be mounted
remotely on top of any local directory"

Operating System Concepts! 11.43! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS (Cont.)!

■  NFS is designed to operate in a heterogeneous environment of

different machines, operating systems, and network architectures;
the NFS specifications independent of these media"
"
■  This independence is achieved through the use of RPC primitives
built on top of an External Data Representation (XDR) protocol
used between two implementation-independent interfaces

"
■  The NFS specification distinguishes between the services provided
by a mount mechanism and the actual remote-file-access services "

Operating System Concepts! 11.44! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Three Independent File Systems!

Operating System Concepts! 11.45! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Mounting in NFS !

Mounts" Cascading mounts"

Operating System Concepts! 11.46! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS Mount Protocol!

■  Establishes initial logical connection between server and client"

■  Mount operation includes name of remote directory to be mounted and
name of server machine storing it"
●  Mount request is mapped to corresponding RPC and forwarded to
mount server running on server machine "
●  Export list – specifies local file systems that server exports for
mounting, along with names of machines that are permitted to
mount them "
■  Following a mount request that conforms to its export list, the server
returns a file handle—a key for further accesses"
■  File handle – a file-system identifier, and an inode number to identify
the mounted directory within the exported file system"
■  The mount operation changes only the user’s view and does not affect
the server side "

Operating System Concepts! 11.47! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS Protocol!

■  Provides a set of remote procedure calls for remote file operations.

The procedures support the following operations:"
●  searching for a file within a directory "
●  reading a set of directory entries "
●  manipulating links and directories "
●  accessing file attributes"
●  reading and writing files"
■  NFS servers are stateless; each request has to provide a full set of
arguments

"(NFS V4 is just coming available – very different, stateful)"
■  Modified data must be committed to the server’s disk before
results are returned to the client (lose advantages of caching)"
■  The NFS protocol does not provide concurrency-control
mechanisms"

Operating System Concepts! 11.48! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Three Major Layers of NFS Architecture!

■  UNIX file-system interface (based on the open, read, write, and

close calls, and file descriptors)

"
■  Virtual File System (VFS) layer – distinguishes local files from
remote ones, and local files are further distinguished according to
their file-system types"
●  The VFS activates file-system-specific operations to handle
local requests according to their file-system types "
●  Calls the NFS protocol procedures for remote requests

"
■  NFS service layer – bottom layer of the architecture"
●  Implements the NFS protocol"

Operating System Concepts! 11.49! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Schematic View of NFS Architecture !

Operating System Concepts! 11.50! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS Path-Name Translation!

■  Performed by breaking the path into component names and

performing a separate NFS lookup call for every pair of component
name and directory vnode

"
■  To make lookup faster, a directory name lookup cache on the
client’s side holds the vnodes for remote directory names"

Operating System Concepts! 11.51! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 NFS Remote Operations!

■  Nearly one-to-one correspondence between regular UNIX system

calls and the NFS protocol RPCs (except opening and closing files)"
■  NFS adheres to the remote-service paradigm, but employs
buffering and caching techniques for the sake of performance "
■  File-blocks cache – when a file is opened, the kernel checks with
the remote server whether to fetch or revalidate the cached
attributes"
●  Cached file blocks are used only if the corresponding cached
attributes are up to date"
■  File-attribute cache – the attribute cache is updated whenever new
attributes arrive from the server"
■  Clients do not free delayed-write blocks until the server confirms
that the data have been written to disk"

Operating System Concepts! 11.52! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Example: WAFL File System!

■  Used on Network Appliance “Filers” – distributed file system

appliances"
■  “Write-anywhere file layout”"
■  Serves up NFS, CIFS, http, ftp"
■  Random I/O optimized, write optimized"
●  NVRAM for write caching"
■  Similar to Berkeley Fast File System, with extensive modifications"

Operating System Concepts! 11.53! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 The WAFL File Layout!

Operating System Concepts! 11.54! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 Snapshots in WAFL!

Operating System Concepts! 11.55! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

 11.02!

Operating System Concepts! 11.56! Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005!

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then
insert it again.

End of Chapter 11!