ENGINEERING MECHANICS 1

If the resultant is a force, R:

Rectangular Components of Force Rx = ΣFx
Ry = ΣFy
ΣMo = 0
Q P If the resultant is a couple, CR:
 ΣFx = 0
 ΣFy = 0
T ΣMo = CR

Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies

S A body is in equilibrium if the resultant of

the force system that acts on the body
Force x – component y– vanishes. Equilibrium means that both the
component resultant force and the resultant couple
P Px = P cos  Py = P are zero.
sin 
Q Qx = -Q sin  Qy = Q
cos  O
T Tx = -T Ty = 0
S Sx = 0 Sy = -S
Equation of Equilibrium in Two-Dimension:
Resultant of a Force System
ΣFx = 0

Q P ENGINEERING
R y
R MECHANICS
ΣFy = 0
ΣMo = 0
2
 
= y
 Rx
T

Resultant:
S= b
R (R x )2  (R y )2 y
Horizontal component of resultant: F
Rx = ΣFx
Vertical component of resultant: a
Ry = ΣFy x
Angle that the resultant makes with z
Equation of Equilibrium in Three-
horizontal: Dimension:
Ry = R sin β ΣFx = x0 ΣMx = 0
Rx = R cos β ΣFy = 0 ΣMy = 0
z ΣFz = 0 ΣMz = 0

To get components of force in three

dimension:
F F Fy F
= x = = z
d x y z
d = distance from a to b
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 3
= (xb -x a )2  (y b -y a )2  (z b -z a ) 2
Reversed Effective Force
x = xb – xa
y = yb – ya W
z = z b – za P
Friction REF
F
Friction – is the contact resistance exerted
by one body upon a second body when
the second body moves or tends to move Forces acting on Na body in motion:
past the first body. 1. Applied Inforce
Motion:P
2. Weight( to: the
W= mg)
right
Static Friction – the two contact surfaces has no 3. Normal force : N
relative motion between each other.
Kinetic Friction – the two contact surfaces are 4. Friction : F =  N
sliding relative to each other. 5. Reversed Effective Force: REF = ma
m = mass of body
a = acceleration of the body

Rectilinear Translation
F Rectilinear Motion with Constant
Acceleration

Impending motion
N MotionR
( to the right )
V1 V2
R = resultant of friction and normal forces
= F2 + N2
tan  =  Equation of motion: x
 = angle of internal friction V2  V1   at
V22  V12   2ax
W x  V1t  1
2 at2
P V2 = final velocity
V1 = initial velocity
a = constant acceleration
F x = linear distance traveled

Freely Falling Bodies (air resistance

N neglected)
Forces acting on a body
Impending Motion at rest :
1. Applied (force
to the: right
P )
2. Weight : W = mg
3. Normal force : N Note : At the
4. Friction : F =  N highest point the
velocity is zero.
 = coefficient of friction

Note: The direction of friction always opposes

impending sliding. The surfaces are on the verge of
sliding is a condition known as impending sliding. Equation of motion:
 V2  V1   gt
V22  V12   2gy
Equation of motion:
y  V1t  1
gt2
2 2 – 1 =  t
V2 = final velocity
V1 = initial velocity 22 – 12 = 2
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 1
y = vertical distance traveled  = 1t  2
t2

Rectilinear Translation using Motion

Diagram 2 = final angular velocity
a 1 = initial angular velocity
 = angular acceleration
 = angular distance

Curvilinear Translation
2 t
0 1 – Time Diag
Acceleration Rectangular Coordinates of Acceleration
and Velocity:
To get the velocity using acceleration – time
diag:
v
 velocity at t = 0 is the initial velocity
 velocity at t = 1 is the initial velocity
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
plus the area of a – t diag from 0 to 1 at
4
v a
V1
V2
V0 an
Velocity – Time Diag t
To 0 1 using velocity2– time diag:
get the distance Tangential acceleration : at = r
 distance at t = 1 is the area of v – t diag Normal acceleration : an = r2
from 0 to 1 v2
=
 distance at t = 2 is the area of v – t diag r
from 0 to 2 Resultant acceleration : a  (at ) 2  (a n ) 2
S2
s
Tangential velocity : v = r
S1 Normal velocity is zero.
r = radius of the curve
 = angular acceleration
ENGINEERING MECHANICS  = angular velocity
5
t
0 Distance1– Time Diag 2 Polar Coordinates of Acceleration
Rotation with Constant Angular and Velocity:
Acceleration
a
ar

 r


 g x2
y = x tan  -
2 Vo 2 cos 2 θ
r – component of acceleration: a r  r  r  2
θ – component of acceleration: V02 sin 2 
Max range of projectile, R 
a  r   2 r  g
Resultant acceleration : a  (a ) 2  (a r ) 2 V sin 2 
2

Max height of projectile, h  0

2g
v where :
vr V0 = initial velocity of projectile
θ = the angle that V0 makes with
horizontal

ENGINEERING MECHANICS 6
r – component of velocity: v r  r 
θ – component of velocity: v  r 
Work and Energy
Resultant velocity: v  (v ) 2  (v r ) 2
W = mg
dr
where : r  P
dt
d 2r
r  x V1
dt 2
d 1
 
dt
F
d 2 h
  V2 N
dt 2
Work2– Energy Equation:
Projectile Motion (air resistance neglected)
U1-2 = T + Vg + Ve
U = work done due to external forces
y
= Force x Distance
Vy2 = 0
T = change in kinetic energy
Vx = T2 – T1
= ½m(V22 – V12)
T2 = final kinetic energy = ½mV22
Vo T1 = initial kinetic energy = ½mV12
Vy1 h Vx
Vg = gravitational potential energy
 Vy3
=  mgh (positve if vertically upward)
origin x
Vx
Horizontal distance from origin at any Ve = elastic
y potential energy (due to
time: spring)
x = Vx t x = Vx t = ½k(22 - 12)
= (Vocos ) t k = spring constant
R
2 = final deformation of spring
Vertical distance from origin at any time: 1 = initial deformation of spring
Impulse and Momentum

V1 V2
P
F

x
Impulse –NMomentum Equation:

F (t) = m(V)

ΣF = external forces on the body

t = time interval from V1 to V2
m = mass of the body
W
= g
V = change in velocity
= V2 – V1
Note : External forces on the body are applied
and friction forces.

Prepared by:
Engr. Ric O. Palma
Besavilla Engg Review Center