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Jackson 8.4 Homework Problem Solution

The document provides the solution to a homework problem about finding the cutoff frequencies of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes propagating in a hollow circular cylinder. It shows that the TE and TM modes can be solved using Bessel functions and applying boundary conditions. The lowest cutoff frequency, or dominant mode, is the TE11 mode. The cutoff frequencies of the next four higher modes relative to the dominant mode are also provided.

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187 views

Jackson 8.4 Homework Problem Solution

The document provides the solution to a homework problem about finding the cutoff frequencies of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes propagating in a hollow circular cylinder. It shows that the TE and TM modes can be solved using Bessel functions and applying boundary conditions. The lowest cutoff frequency, or dominant mode, is the TE11 mode. The cutoff frequencies of the next four higher modes relative to the dominant mode are also provided.

Uploaded by

Afzaal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Jackson 8.

4 Homework Problem Solution


Dr. Christopher S. Baird
University of Massachusetts Lowell

PROBLEM:
Transverse electric and magnetic waves are propagated along a hollow, right, circular cylinder with
inner radius R and conductivity σ.

(a) Find the cutoff frequencies of the various TE and TM modes. Determine numerically the lowest
cutoff frequency (dominant mode) in terms of the tube radius and the ratio of cutoff frequencies of the
next four higher modes to that of the dominant mode. For this part, assume that the conductivity of the
cylinder is infinite.

SOLUTION:
(a) In a waveguide, the transverse and axial components of the fields become coupled together so that
we only have to solve for one set of components and then can use the waveguide equations to find the
other components. We can choose whether to solve for the transverse or axial components. For this
problem, it will probably be easier to solve for the axial components.

For TE modes, there is no axial electric field, so we are solving for Bz. There are no charges, currents,
or materials in the waveguide, so the field obey the homogeneous wave equation:
2
1 ∂ Bz
2
∇ B z− 2 =0
c ∂ t2

The wave is free along the axis of the waveguide (the z axis), so we can assume the modes have simple
harmonic dependence in this direction and are harmonic in time B z ( x , y , z ,t )=B z ( x , y) e i k z−i ω t .
Putting this form in the wave equation, we find:
2
2 ω 2
∇ 2t B z=−κ2 Bz where κ = 2 −k
c

The Laplacian operator here is only in the transverse directions. Because of the circular symmetry, we
express the Laplacian in polar coordinates:
2
1 ∂ ∂ Bz
( )
1 ∂ Bz
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ + 2
ρ ∂ϕ
2
=−κ 2 B z

Try a solution of the form B z =R(κρ)e i m ϕ where the single-value requirement (because the whole span
of azimuth angles is included in the region of interest) forces m to be an integer.

∂2 ( R( κρ)) ∂( R( κρ))
+( κ ρ − m ) R(κρ)=0
2 2 2 2
ρ 2
+ρ
∂ρ ∂ρ
Make a change of variables, x=κρ
2
∂ R( x) ∂ R( x)
x2 2
+x +( x 2− m2 ) R(x )=0
∂x ∂x

This is the Bessel differential equation. The solution to this equation involves Bessel and Neumann
functions:

R( x)= A J m ( x)+ B N m (x )

The solution for a particular mode is therefore:

B z =( A J m (κρ)+B N m ( κρ)) e i (k z −ωt +m ϕ)

We now apply boundary conditions. The boundary condition for the minimum radius is simply that the
solution must be finite along the axis of the waveguide. This forces us to drop the Neumann functions
which blow up at zero radius.
i(k z −ω t +m ϕ)
B z =A J m (κ ρ)e

At the surface of the perfect conductor constituting the walls of the waveguide, we have the boundary
condition:

[ ]
∂ Bz
∂ρ ρ=R
=0

Applying this boundary condition:

[ ∂
( J ( κρ) )
∂ρ m ] ρ=R
=0

The zeros of this equation are found numerically and published in lists. Let us call them x'mn:

x ' mn
κ= where x'mn is the nth zero of J'm(x).
R

Our particular solution for the TE mode m, n is therefore:

√ x ' 2mn
ρ i (k z −ωt +mϕ) 2
B z =Amn J m (x ' mn )e where ω th
k = 2 − 2 and x'mn is the n zero of J'm(x)
R
c R

Let us now solve for the TM case, where we are looking for Ez. The axial electric field obeys the wave
equation just like the axial magnetic field, so that we have the same solution to the differential
equation:
√
2
where k = ω2 −k
i (k z−ω t+m ϕ) 2
E z= A J m (κρ)e
c

The difference now is that the boundary condition at the walls is E z (ρ=R)=0 . Applying this boundary
condition, we have:

J m (κ R)=0

We call the zeros of this equation xmn:

x mn
κ= where xmn is the nth zero of Jm(x).
R

Our particular solution for the TM mode m, n is therefore:

√ x 2mn
ρ i (k z −ωt +m ϕ) 2
E z= Amn J m ( x mn )e ω
where k = 2 − 2 and xmn is the nth zero of Jm(x).
R
c R

The cutoff frequencies are the frequencies where the wavenumber equals zero:

x ' mn
ω mn=c for TE modes
R

x mn
ω mn=c for TM modes
R

The roots of the Bessel functions can be looked up. The first few are listed below. Note that by
convention, the first zero is n = 1. There is nothing represented by n = 0.

xmn m=0 m=1 m=2 x'mn m=0 m=1 m=2


n=1 2.40 3.83 5.14 n=1 0.00 1.84 3.05
n=2 5.52 7.02 8.42 n=2 3.83 5.33 6.71
n=3 8.65 10.17 11.62 n=3 7.02 8.54 9.97

Note that the TE01 mode, shown in pink, is not a valid mode because κ = 0, which leads the waveguide
equations to explode. Therefore, omitting the TE01 mode, the lowest value in these tables is the valie of
1.84 for the TE11 mode. This is the fundamental mode. The first five lowest-mode cutoff frequencies
are:
c
TE11 : ωc =1.84
R

c
TM 01 :ω c=2.40
R

c
TE21 :ωc =3.05
R

c
TE02 and TM 11 :ω c=3.83
R

In terms of the dominant frequency, the cutoff frequencies are:

TE11 : ωdom /ωdom=1

TM 01 :ω c / ω dom=1.30

TE21 :ωc /ωdom =1.66

TE02 and TM 11 :ω c /ω dom=2.08

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