Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics

Dr. Christopher S. Baird

University of Massachusetts Lowell

1. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
(x, y, z) where x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z, x4 = x, etc
1.1 Differential Operators
3
∂Φ ∂Φ ∂Φ ∂Φ
∇ Φ=̂x +ŷ + ẑ or ∇ Φ=∑ x̂ i
∂x ∂y ∂z i=1 ∂ xi
3
∂ Ax ∂ Ay ∂ Az ∂ Ai
∇⋅A= + + or ∇⋅A=∑
∂x ∂y ∂z i =1 ∂ xi

( )
3
∂ Ai+2 ∂ Ai+1
∇×A=x̂ ( ∂ Az ∂ A y
∂y
−
∂z ) (
+ ŷ
∂ Ax ∂ Az
∂z
−
∂x ) (
+ ẑ
∂ A y ∂ Ax
∂x
−
∂y )
or ∇×A=∑ x̂ i
i=1
−
∂ x i+1 ∂ x i+2
or
∂ Ak
∇×A=∑ x̂ i ϵi j k where ϵ i j k =+1 for even permutations , -1 for odd, and 0 otherwise
i jk ∂xj
3
∂ 2 Φ ∂2 Φ ∂2 Φ ∂2 Φ
∇ 2 Φ= 2 + + or ∇ 2
Φ= ∑ ∂ x2
∂x ∂ y2 ∂ z2 i=1 i

2. CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
(ρ , ϕ , z ) = (radius, azimuth, height)
2.1 Relation to Rectangular Coordinates:
ρ=√ x 2+ y 2
x=ρ cos ϕ
y x y
y=ρsin ϕ sin ϕ= 2 2 , cos ϕ= 2 2 ,
tan ϕ=
z =z √x +y √x + y x
z =z

2.2 Unit Vectors: 2.3 Integral Elements

x y d l=d ρ ρ+ρ
̂ ̂
d ϕ ϕ+dz ẑ
ρ̂ = x̂ + 2 ŷ
ρ̂ =cos ϕ x̂ +sin ϕ ŷ √ x + y √ x + y2
2 2 d aρ =ρ d ϕd z ρ̂
̂
ϕ=−sin ϕ x̂ +cos ϕ ŷ ̂ y x d a ϕ=d ρ d z ϕ̂
ϕ=− x+
̂ ŷ
ẑ = ẑ √ x + y √ x + y2
2 2 2 d a z =ρd ρ d ϕ ̂z
ẑ = ẑ d V =ρ d ρd ϕ d z

x y
x̂ =cos ϕ ρ−sin
̂ ϕ ϕ̂ x̂ = ̂
ρ− ϕ̂
y=sin
̂ ̂
ϕ ρ+cos ϕ ϕ̂
√ x + y √ x + y2
2 2 2

y x
ẑ = ẑ y=
̂ ρ̂ + 2 2 ϕ̂
√x + y √x +y
2 2

ẑ = ẑ

2.4 Differential Operators

∇ Φ=ρ̂
∂Φ ̂ 1 ∂ Φ
+ϕ + ẑ
∂Φ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ Aϕ ∂ A z
, ∇⋅A= (ρ Aρ )+ +
∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
∇×A=ρ̂ [ρ ∂ϕ
−
∂z ] [
1 ∂ A z ∂ Aϕ ̂ ∂ Aρ ∂ A z ̂ 1 ∂
+ϕ
∂z
−
∂ρ
+z
ρ ∂ρ ] [ ∂A
(ρ Aϕ )− ρ , ∇ Φ=
∂ϕ
2 1 ∂
ρ ∂ρ
ρ
∂Φ
∂ρ ]
1 ∂2 Φ ∂2 Φ
+ 2 +
ρ ∂ ϕ2 ∂ z 2 ( )
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES
(r , θ , ϕ) = (radius, polar angle, azimuthal angle)

3.1 Relation to Rectangular Coordinates:

r =√ x 2+ y 2 +z 2

√
z
x 2+ y 2 cos θ= 2 2 2 , tan θ= √ x + y
2 2
x=r sin θ cos ϕ
sin θ= 2 ,
y=r sin θ sin ϕ x + y 2+z 2 √x +y +z z
z =r cosθ y x y
sin ϕ= 2 2 , cos ϕ= 2 2 ,
tan ϕ=
√x +y √x + y x

3.2 Unit Vectors:

1
r̂ = [ x x̂ + y ŷ +z ẑ ]
r̂ =sin θ cos ϕ x̂ +sin θ sin ϕ ŷ +cos θ ̂z
√ x + y 2+ z 2
2

θ̂ =cos θ cos ϕ x̂ +cos θ sin ϕ ŷ −sin θ ẑ

̂
ϕ=−sin ϕ x̂ +cos ϕ ŷ
̂
θ=
1
[ zx
√ x + y +z √ x + y √ x + y
2 2 2 2 2
x̂ + 2
zy
2
ŷ − √ x + y ẑ
2 2
]
̂ 1
ϕ= [− y x̂ + x ŷ ]
√ x + y2
2

x xz 1 ̂ y
x̂ = r̂ + 2 θ− ϕ̂
x̂ =sin θ cos ϕ r̂ +cos θ cos ϕ θ̂ −sin ϕ ϕ̂ √ x + y +z √ x + y +z √ x + y √ x + y 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y=sin
̂ θ sin ϕ r̂ +cos θ sin ϕ θ̂ +cos ϕ ϕ̂ y yz 1 ̂ x
y=
̂ r̂ + 2 2 2 θ+ ϕ̂
ẑ =cos θ r̂ −sin θ θ̂ √ x 2
+ y 2
+z 2
√ x + y +z √ x 2
+ y 2
√ x 2
+ y 2

√
2 2
z x +y
ẑ = 2 r̂ − 2 2 2 θ̂
√ x + y +z2 2
x + y +z

3.3 Integral Elements

̂
d l=dr r̂ +r d θ θ+r sin θ d ϕ ϕ̂
2
d a r=r sin θ d θ d ϕ r̂ , d a θ=r sin θ dr d ϕ θ̂ , d a ϕ=r dr d θ ϕ̂
2
d V =r sin θ dr d θ d ϕ

3.4 Differential Operators

∂Φ ̂ 1 ∂ Φ ̂ 1 ∂ Φ
∇ Φ=̂r +θ +ϕ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ ϕ
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂ Aϕ
∇⋅A= 2 (r Ar )+ (sin θ Aθ )+
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ ϕ

∇×A=r̂
1
[
r sin θ ∂θ
2
∂
] [
∂A
(sin θ Aϕ )− θ + θ̂
∂ϕ
1 ∂ Ar 1 ∂
−
r sin θ ∂ ϕ r ∂ r
2
(r Aϕ ) + ϕ̂ ] [
1 ∂
r ∂r
(r Aθ )−
∂ Ar
∂θ ]
∇ 2 Φ=
1 ∂
r ∂r 2
( r Φ)+ 2
1 ∂
r sin θ ∂ θ ( )
sin θ
∂Φ
∂θ
+ 2 2
1 ∂ Φ
r sin θ ∂ Φ
2
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

4. VECTOR IDENTITIES
A×B=∣A∣∣B∣sin θ n̂ A⋅B=∣A∣∣B∣cos θ
A×B=̂x ( A y B z− Az B y )+ ŷ ( A z B x − Ax B z)+̂z ( Ax B y − A y B x ) A⋅B=A x B x + A y B y +A z B z
3 3
A×B=∑ x̂ i ( Ai+1 B i+2− Ai+2 B i+1) A⋅B=∑ Ai Bi
i=1 i=1
3
A×B=∑ x̂ i ϵi j k A j Bk A⋅B=∑ ( x̂ i⋅A)( x̂ i⋅B)
i jk
i=1

A⋅(B×C)=B⋅(C×A)=C⋅( A×B) A×(B×C)=B(A⋅C)−C(A⋅B)

∇ (∣ ∣ )
1
x−x '
=−
x−x '
∣x−x '∣
3
∇ (∣ ∣) (∣ ∣)
1
x−x '
=−∇ '
1
x−x '

∇2 (∣ ∣)
1
x−x '
=−4 π δ(x−x ') ∇2 (∣ ∣) (∣ ∣)
1
x−x '
=∇ '2
1
x−x '
∇×∇ Φ=0 ∇⋅(∇×A)=0
∇ (A⋅B)=( A⋅∇ )B+(B⋅∇ )A+A×( ∇ ×B)+B×(∇ ×A) ∇ (ψ ϕ)=ϕ ∇ ψ+ψ ∇ ϕ
∇⋅(A×B)=B⋅( ∇ ×A)−A⋅(∇×B) ∇⋅(Φ A)=A⋅∇ Φ+Φ ∇⋅A
∇×(A×B)=A(∇⋅B)−B(∇⋅A)+(B⋅∇ )A−(A⋅∇ ) B ∇×(∇×A)=∇ (∇⋅A)−∇ A
2

∫V ∇⋅A d 3 x =∫S A⋅d a ∫S (∇ ×A)⋅d a=∮C A⋅d l

∫V (Φ ∇ 2 Ψ−Ψ ∇ 2 Φ) d 3 x=∫S (Φ ∇ Ψ−Ψ ∇ Φ)⋅d a

5. ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS (m, n, and l are integers)

5.1 Orthogonality Statements
a 2π

0
( ) ( )
∫ cos 2 πam x cos 2 πan x dx= a2 δmn ∫ cos(m x)cos( n x ) dx=π δ mn
0
a 2π

∫ sin ( 2 πam x )sin ( 2 πan x ) dx= a2 δ mn ∫ sin( m x )sin (n x ) dx=π δ mn

0 0
a 2π

∫ e i 2 π(m−n)x / a dx=a δmn ∫ e i(m−n )x dx=2 π δmn

0 0
∞ ∞

∫ e i(k −k ') x dx=2 π δ( k −k ')

−∞
∫ e i( x−x ')k d k =2 π δ( x−x ')
−∞
π
1
2 2
∫ P l ' (x ) P l ( x )dx= 2 l+1 δl l ' ∫ P l '( cos θ) Pl (cos θ)sin θ d θ= 2 l+1 δl l '
−1 0

1 2π π
2 (l+m)!
∫ P ( x )P ( x)dx= 2 l+1
m
l'
m
l δ
(l−m)! l l '
∫∫ Y *l ' m '(θ ,ϕ)Y lm( θ , ϕ)sin θ d θd ϕ=δl l ' δm m '
−1 0 0
∞
a 2 1
∫ ρ J ν ( x ν n ' a ) J ν ( x ν n a ) d ρ= a2 [ J ν+1 (x ν n)]2 δ n ' n
ρ ρ ∫ x J m ( k x ) J m ( k ' x )dx= k δ(k '−k )
0 0
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

5.2 Legendre Polynomials

3 1 5 3 3 35 4 30 2 3
P 0 (x )=1 , P 1 (x )=x , P 2 (x )= x 2− , P 3 ( x )= x − x , P 4 ( x)= x− x +
2 2 2 2 8 8 8
l
P l (−x )=(−1) P l ( x) , P l (1)=1
1 d
(l+1) P l +1 ( x)−(2 l+1) x P l (x )+l P l−1 ( x )=0 , P l ( x)= [ P ( x )−P l−1 ( x)]
2l+1 dx l +1

5.3 Associated Legendre Functions

3
P 0l ( x )=P l ( x) , P 11=−√1−x 2 , P 12 ( x )=−3 x √ 1− x 2 , P 22=3−3 x 2 , P 13 (x )=− (5 x 2−1) √1−x 2
2
m (l−m)! m
P−m
l ( x)=(−1) P (x)
(l+m)! l

5.4 Spherical Harmonics

m
Y l ,−m=(−1) Y *l m

Y lm (θ , ϕ)=
√
2l+1 (l−m)! m
4 π (l+m)!
P l (cos θ)e i mϕ

1
Y 00=
√4 π
Y 10=
√ 3
4π
cos θ Y 20=
√ 5 (
16 π
3cos 2 θ−1 ) Y 30=
√ 7 (
16 π
5 cos 3 θ−3 cos θ )

Y 11=−
√ 3
8π
sin θ e i ϕ Y 21=−
√ 15
8π
sin θ cos θ ei ϕ Y 31=−
√ 21
64 π
sin θ( 5cos 2 θ−1)e i ϕ

Y 22=
√ 15
32 π
sin2 θ e i 2 ϕ Y 32=
√ 105
32 π
sin 2 θ cos θ e i 2 ϕ

Y 33=−
√ 35
64 π
sin 3 θ e i 3 ϕ

5.5 Bessel Functions

J 0 (0)=1 , J n (0)=0 for n≠0 , N m (0)=−∞ , J 0 '( x)=−J 1 ( x ) , J −m ( x )=(−1)m J m ( x )

2n 1 1
J n+1= J (x )−J n−1 ( x ) J n '( x )= J n−1 ( x)+ J n+1 ( x)
x n 2 2
∫ x J 0 ( x )dx=x J 1 ( x) ∫ J 1 ( x ) dx=−J 0 ( x)
∞ ∞
1 1
∫ e −a x J 0 ( b x)dx= ∫ cos (a x) J 0 (b x )dx= if a > b
0 √ a +b2
2
0 √ a −b 22

∞
1 1
2π
∫ J n (b x) d x= b for n>−1 J n ( z )= n∫
e i( z cos θ+n θ) d θ
0 2πi 0
J m ( x) cos(m π)−J −m (x) m
N m ( x)= N −m ( x)=(−1) N m (x )
sin( m π)
(1) (2 )
H m ( x)= J m ( x)+i N m ( x ) H m ( x)=J m (x )−i N m ( x)
K m (x )= π i m+1 H (1m ) (i x)
−m
I m ( x )=i J m (i x )
2
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

6. COMPLEX NUMBERS
All expressions with Arg(z) have an implicit additive factor 2πm where m = 0,1,2...

e i π m=(−1)m where m=0,1,2. .. e i π m/2=i m where m=0,1,2... e i θ=cos θ+i sin θ

i Arg (z )
z =ℜ( z )+i ℑ(z ) z =∣z∣ e
−i Arg( z)
z *=ℜ( z )−i ℑ( z ) z *=∣z∣e
z+z *
ℜ( z)= ℜ( z)=∣z∣ cos ( Arg ( z) )
2
z− z *
ℑ( z )= ℑ(z )=∣z∣sin ( Arg ( z) )
2i
∣z∣= √ z z * ∣z∣= √(ℜ( z ))2+( ℑ( z))2

Arg ( z )=sin−1 ( ) ℑ(z )

∣z∣
Arg ( z )=cos−1 ( )ℜ( z )
∣z∣
Arg ( z )=tan
−1
( )
ℑ( z)
ℜ( z)
e −e
iθ −i θ
e +e
iθ −i θ
e i θ−e −i θ
sin θ= cos θ= tan θ=−i
2i 2 e i θ+e −i θ
x −x
e x −e− x e x +e− x e −e
sinh x= cosh x= tanh x= x −x
2 2 e +e

sinh−1 z=ln( z +√ z 2+1) cosh −1 z=ln ( z+ √ z 2−1)

1
tanh−1 z = ln
2
1+z
1−z( )
z = ln (
i+z )
i i−z
sin−1 z=−i ln (i z +√ 1−z 2) cos−1 z =±i ln (z+ √ z 2−1) tan −1
2
sin(i z )=i sinh ( z ) cos (i z )=cosh (z ) tan (i z )=i tanh (z )
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
sin (i z )=i sinh ( z ) cos ( z)=±i cosh ( z) tan (i z)=i tanh ( z )

z n =∣z∣n [cos (n Arg ( z ))+i sin(n Arg ( z))]

1
√ z= [ √∣z∣+ℜ(z )+sgn (ℑ(z ))i √∣z∣−ℜ( z)]
√2
ln ( z)=ln (∣z∣)+i Arg (z )

[ ( )] [ ( )]
2
1 2 ℜ( z ) 1 1+2 ℑ( z )+∣z∣
tan ( z )= tan−1
−1
2
+i ln 2
2 1−∣z∣ 4 1−2 ℑ( z )+∣z∣

1
ℑ(z 1 )ℑ( z 2 )= ℜ [− z 1 z 2+z 1 * z 2 ]
2
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

7. TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES

sin( A±B)=sin A cos B±cos A sin B cos ( A± B)=cos Acos B∓sin Asin B

sin A+sin B=2 sin

( A+B
2 ) ( 2 )
cos
A−B
cos A+cos B=2 cos
( A+B
2 ) ( 2 )
cos
A−B

sin A−sin B=2 cos (

A+B
2 ) sin(
2 )
A−B
cos A−cos B=−2 sin (
A+B
2 ) sin(
2 )
A−B

1 1
sin A sin B= [ cos( A−B)−cos ( A+B) ] cos Acos B= [ cos ( A−B)+cos ( A+B) ]
2 2
sin(2 A)=2 sin Acos A cos (2 A)=cos 2 A−sin 2 A
2
sin(2 A)=2 sin A √ 1−sin 2 A cos (2 A)=2 cos A−1
sin(2 A)=2 cos A √1−cos 2 A cos (2 A)=1−2 sin2 A
+ if A/2 in quad. I or II + if A/2 in quad. I or IV
sin ( A2 )=±√ 1−cos2 A - if A/2 in quad. III or IV
cos ( A2 )=±√ 1+cos2 A - if A/2 in quad. II or III
sin(−θ)=−sin θ cos (−θ)=cos θ

sin ( π2 ±θ)=cos θ cos ( π2 ±θ)=∓sin θ

sin (θ±π )=−sin θ cos ( θ±π )=−cos θ
sinh(−θ)=−sinh θ cosh (−θ)=cosh θ
2 2 2 2
cos A+sin A=1 cosh A−sinh A=1
cos−1 x+sin−1 x=π/ 2 cosh −1 (1/ x )=1/cosh −1 x

tan A±tan B
tan ( A±B)=
1∓tan A tan B
tan−1 a±tan−1 b=tan−1 ( 1∓a
a±b
b)

tan
( A2 )= 1−cos
sin A
A
tan
( A2 )= 1+cos
sin A
A
2 tan A cos A √ 1−cos2 A
tan (2 A)= 2 tan (2 A)=
1−tan A cos 2 A−1 /2
sin A sinh A
tan A= tanh A=
cos A cosh A
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

8. OTHER SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

8.1 Logarithm and Exponentiation
ln (a b)=ln a+ln b ln(a /b)=ln a−ln b ln(a b)=b ln a e ln a =a
(a p)( a q)=a p+q (a p)/( a q)=a p −q a− p =1/a p (a p)q =a pq

8.2 Gamma Function and Factorials

Γ( 0)=∞ , Γ( 1/2)=√ π , Γ(1)=1 , Γ( 2)=1 , Γ(n+1)=n Γ (n)
Γ(n)=(n−1) ! if n is a positive integer
n !=1×2×3× ... ×n where 0 !=1
n ! !=n (n−2)(n−4)... where 0 ! ! =(−1)! ! =1

8.3 Dirac Delta

δ( x−a )=0 if x≠a

∫ f ( x )δ( x−a)dx= f ( a)
δ(−x )=δ( x)
∞
1
δ( x−a )= ∫
2 π −∞
e i( x−a) k d k

1
δ(a x )= δ( x)
∣a∣

2 2 1
δ( x −a )= (δ( x+a)+δ( x−a))
2a

δ( x−x i )
δ( f ( x))=∑
i
∣( ) ∣
df
dx x= x i
where xi are the points where f(x) = 0

δ(cos θ−cos θ ')=δ(θ−θ ')/sin θ for 0 < θ < π

(3)
δ (x−x ')=δ(u−u ')δ (v−v ') δ(w−w ')U V W where the length elements are (du/U, dv/V, dw/W)

δ rect (x−x ')=δ( x −x ')δ( y− y ')δ ( z− z ')

δsphere ( x−x ')=( δ (r −r ') ) ( δ(θ−θ')

r )( δ(ϕ−ϕ ')
r sin θ )
δcyl ( x−x ')=( δ(ρ−ρ ') ) ( δ( ϕ−ϕ ')
ρ )
( δ( z− z '))
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

9. EXPANSIONS

9.1 Taylor Series General Form

f (x )= f (a )+( x−a)
d f 1
[ ]
+ ( x−a )2
d x x=a 2
∂2 f
∂ x2 [ ] x=a
+...

f (x )= f (a)+∑ (x i −a i)
i
[ ]
∂f
∂ xi x=a
+
1
∑
2 i,j
( x i−a i )( x j −a j )
[
∂ ∂
∂ xi ∂ x j
f
]x =a
+...

9.2 Special Taylor Series

∞
x 2 n+1 ∞
x2 n 1 2
sin x=∑ (−1) n
cos x=∑ (−1) n
tan x=x+ x 3+ x 5+...
n=0 (2 n+1) ! n=0 (2 n)! 3 15
∞
(2 n−1) !! x 2 n+1 π ∞ (2 n−1)! ! x 2 n+1 ∞
x 2 n+1
sin−1 x=∑ cos−1 x= −∑ tan −1( x)=∑ (−1)n
n =0 (2 n)! !(2 n+1) 2 n=0 (2 n)! !(2 n+1) n=0 2 n+1
∞
x 2 n+1 ∞
x2 n 1 2
sinh x=∑ cosh x=∑ tanh x=x− x 3+ x 5+...
n=0 (2 n+1) ! n=0 ( 2 n) ! 3 15
∞
(2 n−1)! ! x 2 n+1 ∞
(2 n−1)! ! ∞
x 2 n +1
cosh x=ln ( 2 x )−∑
−1
sinh−1 x=∑ (−1)n tanh−1 ( x)=∑
n=0 ( 2 n) ! ! (2 n+1) n=1 (2 n) ! ! 2 n x 2 n n=0 2 n+1
xn xn xn
∞ ∞ ∞
e x =∑ ln(1+x )=∑ (−1)n+1 ln(1−x )=−∑
n=0 n! n=1 n n=1 n
∞ ∞
1 x x 2 n+1
( )
∞
= xn 1 1+ x
1−x ∑ x−1 ∑
= x−n ln =∑
n=0 n=0 2 1− x n =0 2 n+1
∞
1 1 1 1 3
=(−1)n ∑ x n √ 1+x=1+ x− x 2+... 1/ √ 1+x=1− x+ x 2+...
1+x n=0 2 8 2 8

9.3 Unit Point Potential Expansions

1 1
= (Cartesian coordinates)
∣x−x '∣ √( x−x ') +( y − y ')2+( z− z ')2
2

1 1
= 2 (Spherical coordinates)
∣x−x '∣ √ r +r ' −2 r r '(cos θ cos θ '+sin θ sin θ ' cos(ϕ−ϕ '))
2

1 1
= 2 (Cylindrical coordinates)
∣x−x '∣ √ ρ +ρ' −2 ρρ' cos(ϕ−ϕ')+( z−z ')2
2

1 ∞ l
1 r l< *
=4 π ∑ ∑ Y (θ ' , ϕ')Y l m (θ , ϕ) (Spherical coordinates series)
l +1 l m
∣x−x '∣ l=0 m =−l 2 l+1 r >

1 2 ∞ ∞
= ∑ ∫ dk e i m (ϕ−ϕ' ) cos[k ( z −z ')] I m ( k ρ< ) K m (k ρ> ) (Cylindrical coordinates series)
∣x−x '∣ π m=−∞ 0
 Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell

10. INTEGRALS
x n+1
1
∫ x n dx= n+1 ∫ x dx=ln x
1
∫ a 2+x 2 ()
1
dx= tan −1
a
x
a
1
∫ a 2−x 2
1
()
dx=− tanh−1
a
x
a

∫ 1 dx=sin ( ax ) −1
∫ 1 dx=sinh ( ax ) −1

√ a −x
2 2
√ a +x
2 2

∫ 1 dx=−cos ( ax ) −1
∫ 1 dx=cosh ( ax ) −1

√ a −x
2 2
√ x −a
2 2

a 2 −1 x a2
1
∫ √ a −x dx = 2 x √ a −x + 2 sin a
2 2 2 2
() ∫ √ a +x dx = 2 x √ x +a + 2 sinh−1 ax
2 1 2 2 2
()
ax ax
∫ e a x dx= ea ∫ x e a x dx= ea ( x− 1a )
cos ( a x ) sin( a x)
∫ sin( a x)dx=− a
∫ cos (a x)dx = a
sin( a x ) x cos (a x) cos(a x) x sin( a x )
∫ x sin(a x ) dx= a2
−
a
∫ x cos (a x)dx= a2
+
a
1 1
∫ sinh(a x) dx= a cosh (a x) ∫ cosh ( a x)dx= a sinh(a x)
1 1 1 1
∫ sin 2 (a x) dx=− a tan (a x) ∫ cos2 ( a x ) dx = a tan( a x)
1 1 1 1
∫ sinh 2 (a x) dx=− a tanh (a x) ∫ cosh2 (a x) dx= a tanh(a x )
1 1
∫ tan(a x )dx=− a ln( cos( a x)) ∫ tanh( a x ) dx= a ln(cosh (a x ))
∞
Γ( n+1)
√
∞
π
∫ x n e −a x dx=
2

0 a n+1 ∫ e −a x = 4a
0

11. DERIVATIVES
d n n−1 du d 1 du d u u du
(u )=n u ln u= e =e
dx dx dx u dx dx dx
d du d du d 1 du
sin u=cos u cos u=−sin u tan u= 2
dx dx dx dx dx cos u dx
d du d du d 1 du
sinh u=cosh u cosh u=sinh u tanh u=
dx dx dx dx dx cosh u dx
2

d −1 1 du d −1 1 du d −1 1 du
sin u= cos u=− tan u=
dx √1−u dx
2 dx √ 1−u dx
2 dx 1+u 2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du d 1 du
sinh−1 u= cosh −1 u=− 2 tanh−1 u=
dx √1+u dx
2 dx √ u −1 dx dx 1−u dx
2
Mathematical Reference for Electrodynamics Dr. Baird, UMass Lowell