Data Model

Chittaranjan Pradhan

Database Management Data Model

Data Model Basic Building

System 2
Blocks

Hierarchical Model

Network Model

Data Model Relational Model

Entity-
Relationship(ER)
Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Model

Object-Relational(OR)
Model

Semi-structured Model

Chittaranjan Pradhan
School of Computer Engineering,
KIIT University
2.1
 Data Model
Data Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

Hierarchical Model
Data Model Network Model

Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing Relational Model

data, data relationships, data semantics and consistency Entity-

Relationship(ER)
constraints. That means a data model provides a way to Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
describe the design of a database Model

Object-Relational(OR)
Model
• It is relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of Semi-structured Model
complex real-world data structures
• Data modeling is considered as the most important part of
the database design process

2.2
 Data Model
Data Model Basic Building Blocks
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Entity Data Model

Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
An entity is anything about which data are to be collected and
Hierarchical Model
stored. An entity represents a particular type of object in the Network Model
real world Relational Model

Entity-
Relationship(ER)
Entity Set Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Set of entities of the same type that share the same properties Model

are called as entity sets Object-Relational(OR)

Model

Semi-structured Model

Attribute
An attribute is a characteristic of an entity

Constraints
A constraint is a restriction placed on the data. Constraints are
important because they help to ensure data integrity

2.3
 Data Model
Data Model Basic Building Blocks...
Chittaranjan Pradhan
Relationship
A relationship describes an association among entities. Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Different types of relationship are: Blocks

Hierarchical Model

• One-to-One (1:1) Relationship: Network Model

Relational Model

Entity-
Relationship(ER)
Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Model

Object-Relational(OR)
• One-to-Many (1:M) Relationship: Model

Semi-structured Model

• Many-to-Many (M:N) Relationship:

2.4
 Data Model
Hierarchical Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Hierarchical Model Data Model

Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
The hierarchical model was developed in the 1960s to manage
Hierarchical Model
large amount of data for complex manufacturing projects. Its Network Model
basic logical structure is represented by an upside-down tree. Relational Model
The hierarchical structure contains levels of segments. It Entity-
Relationship(ER)
depicts a set of 1:M relationships between a parent and its Model

children segments Object-Oriented(OO)

Model

Object-Relational(OR)
Model

Semi-structured Model

2.5
 Data Model
Hierarchical Model...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

• Advantages: Hierarchical Model

• Efficient storage for data that have a clear hierarchy Network Model

• Parent/child relationship promotes conceptual simplicity & Relational Model

data integrity Entity-

Relationship(ER)
• It is efficient with 1:M relationships Model

• It promotes data sharing Object-Oriented(OO)

Model
• Disadvantages: Object-Relational(OR)
Model
• It is complex to implement
Semi-structured Model
• It is difficult to manage
• There are implementation limitations, that means it can’t
represent M:N relationships
• There is no DDL and DML
• There is lack of standards

2.6
 Data Model
Network Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Network Model Data Model

Data Model Basic Building

The network model was created to represent complex data Blocks

Hierarchical Model
relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model, to
Network Model
improve database performance, and to impose a database Relational Model
standard. A user perceives the network model as a collection Entity-
of records in 1:M relationships Relationship(ER)
Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Model

Object-Relational(OR)
Model

Semi-structured Model

2.7
 Data Model
Network Model...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

• Advantages:
Data Model
• It represents complex data relationships better than Data Model Basic Building
Blocks
hierarchical models Hierarchical Model
• It handles more relationship types, such as M: N and
Network Model
multi-parent Relational Model
• Data access is more flexible than hierarchical model Entity-
• Improved database performance Relationship(ER)
Model
• It includes DDL and DML
Object-Oriented(OO)
Model
• Disadvantages:
Object-Relational(OR)
• System complexity limits efficiency Model

• Navigational system yields complex implementation and Semi-structured Model

management
• Structural changes require changes in all application
programs
• Database contains a complex array of pointers that thread
through a set of records
• Put heavy pressure on programmers due the complex
structure
• Networks can become chaotic unless planned carefully

2.8
 Data Model
Relational Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Relational Model Data Model

Data Model Basic Building
The relational model was introduced by E. F. Codd in 1970. Blocks

This data model is implemented through RDBMS; which is Hierarchical Model

easier to understand and implement Network Model

Relational Model

Entity-
The most important advantage of the RDBMS is its ability to Relationship(ER)
Model
hide the complexities of the relational model from the user.
Object-Oriented(OO)
Another reason for the relational data model’s rise to Model

dominance is its powerful and flexible query language. Object-Relational(OR)

Model
Generally, SQL is used for this purpose Semi-structured Model

2.9
 Data Model
Relational Model...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
• Advantages: Blocks

• Changes in a table’s structure do not affect data access or Hierarchical Model

Network Model
application programs
Relational Model
• Tabular view substantially improves conceptual simplicity,
Entity-
thereby promoting easier database design, implementation, Relationship(ER)
management and use Model

• Have referential integrity controls ensure data consistency Object-Oriented(OO)

Model
• RDBMS isolates the end-users from physical level details Object-Relational(OR)
and improves implementation and management simplicity Model

Semi-structured Model
• Disadvantages:
• Conceptual simplicity gives relatively untrained people the
tools to use a good system poorly
• It may promote islands of information problems as
individuals and departments can easily develop their own
applications

2.10
 Data Model
Entity-Relationship(ER) Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Entity-Relationship(ER) Model Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

Peter Chen first introduced the ER data model in 1976; it was Hierarchical Model
the graphical representation of entities and their relationships Network Model

in a database structure that quickly became popular. Thus, the Relational Model

ER-model has become a widely accepted standard for data Entity-

Relationship(ER)
modeling Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Model
ER models are normally represented in an ER diagram Object-Relational(OR)
Model

Semi-structured Model

2.11
 Data Model
Entity-Relationship(ER) Model...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

Hierarchical Model
• Advantages: Network Model
• Visual modeling yields exceptional conceptual simplicity Relational Model
• Visual representation makes it an effective communication Entity-
Relationship(ER)
tool Model
• It is integrated with dominant relational model Object-Oriented(OO)
Model
• Disadvantages:
Object-Relational(OR)
• There is limited constraint representation Model

Semi-structured Model
• There is limited relationship representation
• There is no DML
• Loss of information content when attributes are removed
from entities to avoid crowded displays

2.12
 Data Model
Object-Oriented(OO) Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan
Object-Oriented(OO) Model
In object-oriented data model, both data and their relationships Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
are contained in a single structure called an object. Like the Blocks

relational model’s entity, an object is described by its factual Hierarchical Model

Network Model
content. But quite unlike an entity, an object includes
Relational Model
information about relationships between the facts within the
Entity-
object, as well as information about its relationships with other Relationship(ER)
Model

Object-Oriented(OO)
Attributes describe the properties of an object. Objects that Model

share similar characteristics are grouped in classes. Thus, a Object-Relational(OR)

Model
class is a collection of similar objects with shared structure Semi-structured Model

(attributes) and methods

2.13
 Data Model
Object-Oriented(OO) Model...
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

Hierarchical Model
• Advantages: Network Model
• Semantic content is added Relational Model

• Support for complex objects Entity-

Relationship(ER)
• Visual representation includes semantic content Model
• Inheritance promotes data integrity Object-Oriented(OO)
Model
• Disadvantages: Object-Relational(OR)
Model
• It is a complex navigational system
Semi-structured Model
• High system overheads slow transactions
• Slow development of standards caused vendors to supply
their own enhancements, thus eliminating a widely accepted
standard

2.14
 Data Model
Object-Relational(OR) Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan
Object-Relational(OR) Model
The object-oriented data model is somewhat spherical in Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
nature, allowing access to unique elements anywhere within a Blocks

database structure, with extremely high performance. But, it Hierarchical Model

Network Model
performs extremely poorly when retrieving more than a single
Relational Model
data item
Entity-
The relational data model is best suited for retrieval of groups Relationship(ER)
Model
of data, but can also be used to access unique data items fairly Object-Oriented(OO)
efficiently Model

Object-Relational(OR)
Model
Thus, by combining the features of relational data model and Semi-structured Model

object-oriented data model, object-relational data model was

created

2.15
 Data Model
Semi-structured Model
Chittaranjan Pradhan

Data Model
Data Model Basic Building
Blocks

Hierarchical Model

Network Model

Relational Model
Semi-structured Model Entity-
Relationship(ER)
The semi-structured data model permits the specification of Model

data where individual data items of the same type may have Object-Oriented(OO)
Model
different sets of attributes. The XML (Extensible Markup Object-Relational(OR)
Language) is widely used to represent semi-structured data. It Model

Semi-structured Model
supports unstructured data

2.16