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Calculus - Series and Expansion

This document defines sequences, series, sums of powers, the binomial theorem, and the binomial coefficient. It provides examples of each. Sequences follow a pattern, while series represent the sum of sequence terms. Common sums of powers are presented. The binomial theorem uses Pascal's triangle to expand binomial expressions like (a + b)^n. The binomial coefficient represents the number of combinations of n items taken r at a time.

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Nial Hoerun
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93 views3 pages

Calculus - Series and Expansion

This document defines sequences, series, sums of powers, the binomial theorem, and the binomial coefficient. It provides examples of each. Sequences follow a pattern, while series represent the sum of sequence terms. Common sums of powers are presented. The binomial theorem uses Pascal's triangle to expand binomial expressions like (a + b)^n. The binomial coefficient represents the number of combinations of n items taken r at a time.

Uploaded by

Nial Hoerun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SH1712

Series and Mathematical Induction

Sequence:
 It is a list of things that are in order.
 It follows a certain pattern or rule.
 An infinite sequence 𝑎𝑛 is a function, whose domain is the set of positive integers. The function
values, or terms, of the sequence are represented by 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , …
 𝑎1 is called the first term while 𝑎𝑛 is the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term.
 Sequences, whose domain consists only of the first n positive integers, are called finite
sequence.

Series:
 It is the sum of terms.
 It is indicated with either the Latin capital letter “S” or the Greek letter that corresponds to S,
known as Sigma “Σ”.
 It is often designated by Sn where n represents the number of terms of the sequence being
added.
 Sn is often called an nth partial sum, since it can represent the sum of a certain “part” of a
sequence.

SUMS OF POWERS
𝑛

1. ∑ 1 = 𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2. ∑ 𝑘 =
2
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
3. ∑ 𝑘 2 =
6
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
3
4. ∑ 𝑘 =
4
𝑘=1

BINOMIAL THEOREM

Key Property of Pascal Triangle:


Every entry (other than 1) is the sum of the two (2) entries diagonally above it.

06 Handout 1 *Property of STI


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SH1712

Expanding (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 using Pascal Triangle:

Note: The top row, 1, is considered as the 0th row of the Pascal Triangle.
Example:
Expand the binomial (a + b) 5 using Pascal Triangle.
Solution:
Write each term in a way that the exponents of “a” is increasing while the exponents of “b” is
decreasing.
(a + b) 5 = a5 + a4b + a3b2 + a2b3 + ab4 + b5
Now, we will make use of the Pascal Triangle to know the coefficient of each term. Since n = 5, the
5th row of the Pascal Triangle will be used.
5th Row = 1 5 10 10 5 1

(a + b) 5 = (1)a5 + (5)a4b + (10)a3b2 + (10)a2b3 + (5)ab4 + (1)b5

Therefore, the expansion of the binomial (a + b)5 is:


(a + b) 5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5

The Binomial Coefficient:

Let 𝑛 and 𝑟 be nonnegative integers, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛. The binomial coefficient is denoted by (𝑛𝑟)and is


defined by:
𝑛 𝑛!
( )=
𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Key Property of the Binomial Coefficients:

For any nonnegative integers 𝑟 and 𝑘 with 𝑟 ≤ 𝑘,


𝑘 𝑘 𝑘+1
( )+( )=( )
𝑟−1 𝑟 𝑟

06 Handout 1 *Property of STI


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SH1712

Relationship of Pascal Triangle and Binomial Coefficient:

The Binomial Theorem

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑏 𝑛
0𝑛 1 2 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛
= ∑ (𝑘) 𝑎𝑛−𝑘 𝑏𝑘
𝑘=0

References:
Blitzer, R. (2014). Precalculus (5th ed.) Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Education, Inc.
Coburn, J. (2016). Pre-Calculus. 2 Penn Plaza, New York. McGraw Hill Education.
Roberts, D. (n.d.). Practice with sigma notation and series. In RegentPrep. Retrieved from:
http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/math/algtrig/atp1b/SigmaPractice.htm
Stewart, J., Redlin, L., & Watson, S. (2014). Precalculus mathematics for calculus (7th ed). Boston,
Massachusetts: Cengage Learning.

06 Handout 1 *Property of STI


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