Unit 1 Policeman Just a minute you two.

I don't think you're telling me the

truth. This isn't your house, is it?
Man No, it's my brother's. l' m staying with him for a while.
Policeman Is he at home?
1.1 Reading Man I'm afraid not. He's in jail for house-brcaking at the moment.

What' s ~oing on here? What's the man doing?

What's Fred doing?
What's the policeman doing?
Why aren't t he men leaving by the front door?
Who's climbing through the windew ?'
Who's the policeman talking to?
What's the man carrying?
Who's Fred looking at?
Who's the man staying with?

Do you think the man's telling the truth?

What do you think they're reall y doing?

1.2 Intonation

Tune One This isn'cyour hous~is it?

T he voice falls twice: once in the statement and once in the

tag, with no pause between. T his implies that you are sure of
what you are saying and expect the other person to agree with
you. It is not a question.
You're -.,.English, -aren't you?
H e isn't -.,.English,-is he?

Now say these with the appropriate tags in the same way.
There must b e no hesitation between the statement and the
tag. T he comma is a formality and does not indicate a pause.
H e's climbing out of the window, ..... ?
Fred's helping him, ..... ?
Policem<ln What's going on here? It isn't his house, ..... ?
Man Vou m ean, what's happening? Well, constable. l'm trying to H e's in a hurry, ..... ?
get out of the window and Fred 'here is helping me. He can't find the key, ..... ?
Policeman Why are you climbing through the window and not leaving He's not at home, ..... ?
by the front door? H e's staying with his brother, ..... ?
Man W eil, you see 1 can't find the key and I'm in a hurry. Come They're wasting time, ..... ?
on, Fred, we're wasting rime. They aren't telling the truth, ..... ?
6 7
 We're working hard, ... .. ? Policeman Then how can you understand her?
You're not concentrating, ..... ? Man She's Russian, and I'm learning Russian at night-school.
Goodbye, constable.

1.3 Oral practi ce Is the man or the policeman helping the old lady across the
street?
Tcacher Are you listening to me? What's he carrying?
Student Yes, l am. Whose case is it?
Tcacher What's hc doing? Where's he taking the old lady?
2nd Student H e's listening to you. Why is he taking her to the bus station?
ls the old lady crying or laughing?
Are you/thcy listening to me/him/her? Why can't she understand the policeman?
ls he/shc listening to me/them? Who's learning Russian?
Am I sitting clown/standing up/reading a book/going to the
window/door/blackboard/teaching English/ learning English? Tune Two A sk me if
Is he/she sitting down, etc.? he's helping her across the street.
hc's taking her to the station.
What am 1 doing? she's crying.
Where am 1 going? he's learning Russian.
What arc you doing? she can speak English.
What are you wearing today?
What's she wearing? Tune One A skme
where he's taking her.
what he's carrying.
1.4 Listening comprehension why he's taking her to the bus station.
why she's crying.
Policeman stops a man and an old lady in rire srreer. what he's learning.

Policeman What's going on here?

Man Nothing, constable. I'm helping this old lady across the street, 1.5 Writing
that's ail.
Policeman ls that your suitcasc? Pur the verbs in brackets into the correct form: AM/ ARE/ Is DOING
Man Er - as a matter of fact, it's the old lady's. l' m carrying it for She (sit) under the tree.
her to the bus statio n. 2 He's thirsty, so he (drink) a glass of water.
Policeman But the bus station is the other way. 3 What you (do)? I (write) a letter.
Man Oh, is it ? T hank you fo r telling me. Anyway, l'm taking her 4 W e (look at) our books, but we not (read) them.
to the bus station bccause she has to go to Brighton. 5 Y ou not (study) German this ycar?
Policeman But there arcn' t any buses to Brighton from here. 6 She not (speak) to me.
Man Now you're confusing me, constable, and this poor o ld lad y. 7 Where he (go)? He (go) home.
Look, now shc's crying. 8 They (wait) for you outside.
Policeman Excuse me, madam. Whac's the matter ? Why arc you crying? 9 They not (listen co) the radio.
Man She can't understand you. She's a foreigner and can' t speak 10 Our tcacher (stand up) but we (sit down).
English.
8 9
 Unit 1 George Only a couple of days. My boss is arriving the day after
tomorrow. We're going to have lunch together, and then
we're going to talk to our Paris branch. Our firm isn't doing ·
wcll in France just now.
2.1 Reading Betty l'm sorry to hear chat. By the way, what are you doing
this evcning?
How long are you going to sta)' i11 Paris? George I'm going to ring up Anne and ·ask her out to the pictures.
Betty Oh. She's on holiday, isn't she?
George No, not ycc. She's going on holiday next week.
Betty She's lucky. Weil, have a good time in Paris.

Who's George talking to?

What's George doing at the travel agency?
When's he leaving for Paris?
Why's hc going to Paris?
Who's meeting him at the airport?
Why is he going to act as interpreter?
How long is George going to stay in Paris?
When's his boss arriving?
What are they going to do after lunch?
ls George's firm doing well in France just now?
Who's George going to ring this evening?
When's Anne going on holiday?

2.2 Intonation

She's o~holiday,__,.isn't she? (I think she's on holic:lay, but I'r.

not sure. Do you know ?)
Tune Two When you are not sure of the answer and want the other
person's opinion, your voice falls in the statement and riscs i1
the tag. This is more like a question. Compare with
Intonation 1.2.
H e's -,.comingu. isn 't he?
Betty George! What on earth are you doing here? (1 think he's coming, but l'm not sure.)
George I'm booking a plane ticket to Paris.
Betty Whcn are you leaving? H e isn't"""'coming,_,.is hc?
George Tomorrow aftcrnoon. (ls hc coming? I don't really know.)
Betty Are you going on business or for pleasure?
George On business. Our P.1ris rt·prl'St'ntatiVl' is niccting me <lt the N ow say thesc with the appropriate tags in the same way .
airport and taking me to the hotcl. Ht· ·~ going to act :i~ Remcmber no pause becween statement and tag.
interpreter because 1 can 'c speak French very wcll. He's Jeaving for Paris, ..... ?
Beny How long are you going to scay in Paris? He's going to scay for a couple of days, ..... ?
IO 11
 He's going by air, ..... ? Anne Fine, thanks. H ow arc you?
He isn't paying, ..... ? George N ot too bad. What are you doing ?
He can't speak French very well, ..... ? Anne W eil, at the moment l'm watching television. There's a vcry
Hc's going to ring his girl-friend, ..... ? good film on.
W c'rc having dinner together, ..... ? George Oh, sorry to disturb you. l' m only ringing to ask you - wha
You're not going, ..... ? are you doing tonight?
They're going to have dinner together, ..... ? Anne l'm going to the theatre with m y sister. She's coming hcre
T hey're going to plan the following day's work, ..... ? first for a meal.
George Oh? What are you going to eat ?
Anne W e're going to have an omelette. M y sister's bringing some
2.3 Ora l practice eggs and a bortle of red wine. W e're going to eat about
seven o'clock.
T eacher Are you going away this weekend? George W hat are you going to see?
Student Yes, 1 am./No, I'm not. .. Anne I'm not sure. She's buying the tickets. Ir's going to be a
Teacher What did he say? surprise.
2nd Studcnt He said he's going away this weekend./He said he isn't going George W eil , have a good time.
away this weekend. Anne Thanks.
George When am 1 going to sec you again?
Arc you going away this weekend? Anne What about tomorrow? I'm not going out tomorrow.
Are you coming to my lesson tomorrow/next w cek? George I'm leaving for Paris in the afrernoon. l'm going there on
Are you meeting her after the lesson? business for a couple of days.
Are you playing football/basketball/tennis/golf/bridge this Anne Oh. See you nexc week chen. H ave a good trip.
Saturday?
Arc you leaving for New York mmorrow ? What's Anne doing at the moment ?
Are you having dinner with him tonight ? What's shc doing tonight?
Are you going to work hard at your English ? What are they going to cat?
Arc you going to watch TV tonight? What's Anne's sister bringing?
Are you going to eat out tonight ? When are they going to eat?
When's George Jeaving for Paris?
What are you going to do after the lesson? W hy's he going to Paris?
What are you going to do this weekend? H ow long's hc going for?
Where are you going after the lesson ?
Where are you going for Christmas/Eastcr/your summer Who's speaking to Anne?
holidays? Who's coming for a meal?
Who's buying the theatrc tickets?
Who's going to Paris?
2.4 Listening comprehension
T une One Ask me
George on the phone to An11e what Anne's doing at the moment.
what shc's doing tonight.
George H ello. Is that you, Anne? who she's going with .
Anne Ycs, it is. Who's speaking? what they're going to eat.
George This is George speaking. H ow are you ? what Anne's sister's bringing.
12 lJ
 when George is leaving for Paris. Unit J
whcre he's going.
how long he's going for.

T1111e T1110 Ask me (f 3.1 Reading

George is speaking to Anne on the phone.
she's going to the theatre tonight. Wl1e11 i11 R ome ...
Anne's sister's coming for a meal.
thcy'rc going to have an omelette.
Annc's sister's buying the tickets.
Annc's going out tomorrow.
George's going to Paris on business.
he's going for a couple of days.

2.5 Writ ing

Pur rhe 11er/Js in brackets into the correctform: AM DOINC/C01NG

TO DO
(Sorne sentences can have both forms, depending on the
meaning.)
What you (do) this Sunday? 1 (play) golf.
2 What you (do}? W e (watch} the telly.
3 1 (have) an omelette for supper tonight.
4 They (see) me tomorrow.
5 Where thcy (go) for their summer holidays?
They (go) to Japan.
6 Who be (write) to? H e not (write) to an yone ;
he (write) a cheque.
7 My son (study) at university. He (be) an enginccr.
8 What he (say)? He (speak) so quickly.
9 1 not (go) out tonight.
10 1 not (do) this again.

Mr Tumbull When in Rome, do as the Romans do, they say.

Mrs Turnbull What do the Romans do?
Mr Turnbull They live in Rome, of course, and go to work by car or bus
But sometimes it takes too long that way because of the traf
jams, so they walk .
Mrs Turnbull In othcr words, the Ro mans do what everyone else does.
Mr Turnbull Yes, but they doit ditferently. Everything is different.
15
Mrs Turnbull What do you mean? Do thcy alwa ys drink wine?
Mr Tumbull Weil, the climate's different for a start. le doesn't rain so much I' m sure you don 't know.
as it does in England. The sun shines more often. 1 know thcy likc a good meal.
Mrs Turnbull l cnvy the m the sun. I' m sure it doesn 't rain so much .
Mr Turnbull 1 know. You hate the rain, don't you? D oesn't the sun shine more often?
Mrs Turnbull 1 certainly do. D on't you live in R o me?
Mr Turnbull And a Roman really loves life. H e knows how to enjoy
himself.
Mrs Tumbull They alwa ys eat spaghetti and drink wine, don' t they? 3.3 Ora l pract ice
Mr Tumbull N ot always. But they like a good meal. Lots o f tourists go to a)
Ro m e j ust for the food, you know.
Mrs Turnbull Reall y? H ow much does it cost to fiy to Rome? T eacher Where do you live?
Mr Turnbull 1 don't know exactly, but it costs a lot of m oney. Seu dent 1 live in H amburg.
Teacher What did he say?/Where does he live?
Whe rc do the Romans live? 2nd Student H e said he lives in H a mburg./H e lives in Hamburg.
H ow do they get to work?
Why do they sometimes walk? Where do you/I live ?
What 's different about the climate in Rome? Where do the English/the French/the Greeks etc. live?
What does Mrs Turnbull envy? Where do you/they study English?
What does she hate? When do you/we have English lessons?
What does a Roman love? What do 1 teach?
D oes he know how to enjoy himself? When do 1 teach you English?
Do the Ro m ans always eat spaghetti and drink winc ? H ow often do you/thcy corne here?
What do lots of tourists go to Rome for? H ow do you/they get here?
Does Mrs Turnbull know how mucb it costs to fiy to R ome? H ow long do you cake to get here ?
H ow long docs it cake you to get here?
H ow long does it take co get co France/Germany etc. by car/
train/air ?
3.2 Intonatio n How much docs it cost to fl y to France etc?
Tune One The falling tune is used when you are sure of what you are
saying. b)
1 know you hate the rain = Y ou-hate the rain,-don 't you? Tune One A sk me
how m an y ltalians I know.
T11n e T1110 The rising tune is used as an alternative to a question. how m any ltalians corne to Bricain every year.
Don't chey always eat spaghetti? = They always eat spaghetti, how much moncy hc carns.
__..don' t they? how much of his m oney goes in taxes.
Transform these in the same way. No pausing at commas. which language hc speaks the best.
1 know they live in R ome. which scudent speaks the best English.
I'm sure he loves life. what w e do ncxt.
D on 't the y sometimes walk? what happens next.
Don't you ha te rain? who they know in Rome.
I'm sure he knows how ta enjoy himself. who lives in Rome.

16 17
 3.4 Listening compre he nsi on he does his homework after tea.
it takes him a couple of hours to finish it.
Mrs Smith meets Mrs Turn/111/l they work hard at school nowadays.
he likcs school.
Mrs Smith Hello, Mrs Turnbull. How are you? he goes to school by bus.
Mrs Turnbull Fine, thanks. H ow's your boy, Jack? he meets some of his friends at the corner.
Mrs Sn11th H1:'s .1 bit tirt'd. You know, he goes to school at cight o'clork the y go co school together.
l·vcry morning. He doesn't get home cill afrcr four. thcn he Mrs Smith's husband takcs him to school when it rains.
does his homework after tea. le often takes him a couple o f
hours to finish it.
Mrs Turnbull Poor boy. They work hard at school nowadays, don 't the y? 3.5 Writing
Does he like it?
Mrs Smith School, you mean? Y es, he does. H e likes his tcachers, and Put tire 11erbs in brackets into the correct form: oo/ooES
that always makes a difference. He never (go) to the theatre.
Mrs Turnbull Yes, it does. Does he go to school by bus? 2 You (watch) television every night?
Mrs Smith No, he walks. He likes walking. He meets some of his fricnds 3 H e always (pay) his bills promptly.
at the corner and they go together. 4 My father usually (shave) after breakfast.
Mrs Turnbull What does ht· do when it rains? 5 How long it (takc) to get to the office? It (take) me half a
Mrs Smith My husband takes him in the car. He passes the school on the hour.
way to the office. 6 The Paris boat-train (leave) Victoria Station at 14.30.
7 Yo u (know) how old 1 am?
When does Jack go to school? 8 Jane's husband not usually (smoke).
Whcn docs hc gct home? 9 Ir not ofrt'n (rain) in Egypt in August.
When does he do his homework? 10 Florence (lie) on the Rjver Arno.

H ow long does it take him to do it?

Does he like school or does he hate it?
Does he like his teachers or does he hate them?
How does he get to school?
Where does he meet his friends?
How does he get to school when it rains?

Tune One Ask me

when Jack goes to school.
when hc gcrs home.
when he does his homework.
what he does after tea.
how long it takes him to do it.
where he meets his friends.
how he gets to school when it rains.

T1111e Two Ask me !(

Jack goes to school at eight o'clock.
he gcts home after four.
18 19
 Unit 4 George What are you drinking?
Anne Heavens, you're worse than the Spanish Inquisition . [' m
having a gin and tonie, if you must know. For your
information, 1 usually have a gin and tonie and a cigarette
4.1 Reading when 1 watch the news, which I do cvery night at this time if
1 don't go out.
Tlie brush-~lf George Actually, that's what I'm ringing you about. Are you going
out tonight, by any chance?
Anne No, I'm going to stay at home. Why?
George Weil, l'm going to the theatre and l've got a spare ticket, so-
Anne That's very kind of you, George. But my sister's coming for
a meal and-
George Again?
,.1 Anne What do you mean, again? She cornes evcry week.
George I'm beginning to think you don't want to see me.
Anne What makes you say that?
George You always give me the brush-off w henever 1 ask you out.

What's Anne doing?

Does she usually watch television at that time?
What else is she doing?
How many cigarettes does she smoke a day ?
When does she usually have a drink and a cigarette?
What's Anne going to do tonight?
What's George going to do?
Who's coming for a meal?
Who cornes every week?
Why does George think she doesn' t want to see him?
Who gives him the brush-off whenever he asks her out?

4.2 Into nation

__,.She's watching:.....-itelevision, but.--..he__.isn't.

When you make a statement which contrasts two subjects,
George Hello, Anne. What are you doing? use the falling tune on the subject and the rising tune at the
Anne What [ usually do at this time of night. I'm watching tell y. end of the phrase.
George Do you always watch tell y at this time?
Anne __,.She's watching'--"television, but... he..._,,isn't.
Yes, 1 watch the news. !' m also smoking a cigarette and
having a drink . --.H e doesn't watch it every__,,night, but--.she........does.
George How man y cigarettes do you smoke a da y?
Anne Yo u·n: very no,~·y . .1rn1"t you; 1 m1uh· .1bout fifteen. Now say these in the samc w ay, giving extra stress on the
1 think . second subject. No pauses at commas.
20 21
 Shc's smoking a cigarette, but he ..... Are you going to gec up earl y tomorrow?
She smokcs about fifteen a day, but he .... . Do you get up early ever y morning?
H e's very nosey, but shc .. .. . When do you usually get up/go co bed?
H e doesn't smoke, but shc .... .
You're very good at this, but l .... . Does he speak English well?
Y ou never m ake mistakes, but 1 .. .. . What language does he usually speak?
He works hard, but thcy ..... Is he speaking it at the moment ?
I'm going abroad this year, but they . .. . . Are you going to speak it after the lesson?
He doesn' t want co go, but you .... .
They' re going co eat when thcy get home, but you .... Tune One Ask me
You don't understand him , bue we ... .. what I'm doing.
H e isn't tired, but we .... . what I'm going to do after the lesson.
whac 1 usually do on Sundays.
where 1 live.
4.3 Oral practice where I'm living ac the moment.
who he's speaking to.
R evisio11 who he speaks to every day.
who he's going co speak to this evening.
What did Are you goi ng to wacch TV tonight? why I'm doing chat.
he say? Do you always watch TV at night? why 1 always do that.
Are you watching it now? why I'm going co do that.

What are you going co do afcer the lesson? Tune T1110 A sk me !f

Do you usually do thac? h e lives in Edinburgh.
What are you doing no w? he's going to li ve in Edinburgh .
he's living in Edinburgh at the moment.
Are you going to have a cigarette after the lesson? I' m working late tonight.
Do you usuall y have one after the lcsson ? I'm going to work late tonight.
Arc you smoking now? 1 w ork lace evcry night.
H ow man y cigarettes do you smo ke a day? she's working hard.
she works hard.
When do you have English tessons? she's going to work hard .
Whcn: do you have yo ur Eng lish kssons? l teach English .
Are you having one now? l'm going to tcach French as wel l.
How man y lessons do you have a week? I'm teaching Eng lish co foreigncrs.

Where do you corne from ?

Where are you living at the moment? 4.4 Listening co mprehens ion
Are you going to live here permanent! y?
Jim meets Peter on the u1ay to the cinema
What are you going to do chis weekend?
Where are you going after the tesson? Peter Hello, Jim. Wherc are you going?
What do you usually do on Sundays? Jim To the cinema. What about coming with me?
Peter No, chanks. l'rn going home. My wife's expecting me. 4.5 Writing
Jim What a pity. 1 believe it's a very good film.
Peter Do you go to the cinema a lot? Put tlie 11erbs i11 brackets i1110 the correct form : AM DOING/GO ING
Jim Once a week. Most nights 1 sit at home and watch tclly. TO oo/oo
Peter Do you know what's on tonight, by any chance? (Sorne sentences can have two forms, depending on the
Jim N o, I'm sorry 1 don't. 1 never read the papers till I get home. meaning.)
Peter O h . 1 sce. By the way, where are you going for your 1 usually (clcan) m y teeth after every m eal.
ho lida ys this year ? 2 The Bournemouth train (leave) at 6 . 10.
Jim 1 don't know yet. My wife's going to her mother's for a 3 H e (lcarn) Spanish this year.
couple of weeks. She lives by the sea, you know. 4 When you (do) your homework?
Peter Oh, does she? That's convenient. 5 H er husband (writc) articles for newspapers.
Jim Y es, but l want to go to the country. 6 What you (do)? I (watch) tell y.
Peter Don 't you like the sea? 7 W c (play) tennis this afternoon. You never (ask) me to
Jim Yes, vt:ry much. But 1 need peace and quiet when I' m on play.
ho liday. What are you going to do? 8 How m an y English people (live) in Madrid? I not (know).
Peter l'm going to stay at home. 9 H ow much it (cost) to go to Sicily by train?
Jim Aren't you going to have a holiday abroad this ycar? 10 They (think) they (know) everything.
Peter No . 1 want co buy a car, and that's going to cake every penny 11 M y sistcr (take) her children to the swimming-pool
l've goc. tomorrow.
12 Anyone (know) the answer to this question? No, no one
Where's Jim going? (know).
How often does he go to the cinema? 13 We (want) to go to the football match this afternoon .
Where's Pe ter going? c4 How much m oncy you (have)? Not much. 1 not (eam)
Wh y's he going home? much where 1 (work).
What does Jim do most nights? 15 When the film (begin)? lt (begin) at 8.45.
When does he read the papers? 16 M y husband (ask) for more money at the end of the year.
Where does Jim want to go for his holida ys this year? 17 Who (speak) on the pho ne? 1 not (know), because he
Where's Jim 's wife going? (speak) in Dutch and I n ot (understand) a word.
H ow long's shc going for? 18 Which birds (make) their nests on the ground?
Wherc docs her mo ther live? 19 She (listen) to everything we (say). Then let's change the
Why docs Jim want to go to the country? subjcct.
What's Peter going to do for his holida ys? 20 1 n~t (trust) her, because she (repeat) everything we (say)
Wh y isn't he going abroad? to her friends.
21 You (know) where we (be)? I (think) so.
Who's going to the cinema? 22 What this word (mean)?
Who goes to the cinema once a week? 23 Why she always (wear) such funny cloches? Because she
Who 's going to her mother's? (have) no idea of fashion.
Who lives by the sea? 24 Who you (speak) to on the phone? 1 (speak) to George.
Who needs peace and quiet? 25 Look at that clcar sky. It (be) a beautiful day.
Who's going to stay at home?
Who wants to buy a car?
 Unit S week, so he was always tired.
Peter lt sounds like the story of my life.
Jim Yes, it does, docsn't it? But this man was always over-tired,
and he couldn't sleep. So he used to take two sleeping pills
S.1 Reading every night.
Peter [ takc sleeping pills sometimes.
What 111as the.film like? Jim Yes, but not tv;.·o every nig ht. Anyway, the strain was too
much for him. He had a nervous breakdown and had to go
to hospital.
Peter It sounds a very depressing film.
Jim Not really. His wife was able to find a good job as an
interpreter, because she could speak French and German
Auently. After a few months' work, she had a better job than
her husband. Soin the end, they were able to buy a house, and
he didn 't have to work any more. Stupid, wasn' t it?
Peter I don' t know. My wife used to speak French. I must tell her
to brush it up.

What was the film like?

What was a complcte waste of timc?
Why did the couple have to live with the wife's mother?
Why was the husband always tired?
Why did he use to take two sleeping pills every night?
Why did he have to go to hosp1tal?
Why was his wife able to find a good job?
What were they able to do in the end?
Whose wife used to speak French well?

5.2 Intonation

It sounds like the story of your life.

Yes, it 'does, 'docsn 't it?

When you want to agree with someone politely, use the

Peter Hello, Jim. What was the film like? falling tune in both the statement and the tag. There are no
Jim Awful. lt was a complete waste of time. pauses at the commas.
Peter Why? What was it about?
Jim lt was about a married couple. They had to live with the It wasn't a good film.
wife's mother, because they didn't have enough money to No, it 'wasn't, 'was it?
buy a house oftheir own.
Peter A lot of young people have to do that. Agree politely with the following:
Jim Yes, but the husband had to work overtime three rimes a lt's cold today.
26
27
 They arcn't very fri endl y. What did Did you have breakfast this morning?
She speaks English well. he say? Did you have tea or coffre?
I don't like him. Did you have a good weekend?
He was rathcr rude. Oid you have good weather?
I wasn 't very nice to him. Did we have a lesson yesterday?
He didn't have a car last vear Did you have trouble getting hcre?
She had trouble getting here.. Did you have the same car last ycar?
Vou didn't have to go. Did you have a bicycle w hen you were a child?
They had to )cave early. Did you have a lot of money when you were yom"!g?
He could spcak English when he was a child.
I couldn't doit. c)
She was able to get here on time coday. lJid you have to study Latin at school?
I wasn't able to sce him. Oid you have to get up early this morning?
He used to live in Liverpool, you know. Did you have to work late last night?
He ncver uscd to do that. Did you have to do a lot of exams w hen you were at school?
There used to be a cinema at the end of the road.
When/wherc did you h;ivc to ~cudy L:ltin ?
H ow much did you have to pay on the bus/tram/underground
5.3 Oral practice this morning?
Who did you have to pay ?

a) d)
What was the wcather Jike yesterday? Wliat did Cou Id you spcak En~lish whl·11 you "wrc a child?
What was the date yesterda y? he say? Could Shakespeare speak Russian?
What day was it? Could you swim when you were a child ?
Where wcre you born ? Were you able to understand what 1 said just now?
Where was Shakespeare born? W ere you able to finish work cari y yesterda y?
When was the last time you were here? W ere you able to get hcrc on timc today?
How o ld were you when you started to lcarn English?
When were you first able to swim?
What did Were you here yesterda y? Whcn were you first able to spcak English/French/German etc.?
he say? W ere you latc for work this morning? Which language could you speak first ?
W ere you hungry at breakfast timc? Which lan guage could Shakespeare/Dante/Voltaire speak ?
W ere you born in London?
W as it cold yesterda y? e)
Was Shakespeare English? What did Oid you use to study Latin at school?
W as there a chair there at the last lcsson? he say? Did you use to go to school by bus?
W ere there any desks in this room at the last lcsson? Did you use to have difficulty in understanding English?
Did you use to live in Portuga l?
b)
When did you have breakfast? When did you use to study Latin?
What did you have for breakfast? How did you use to get to school?
When did you have your last lesson? What did you use to study at school?
28
 Where did you use to go on holiday when you were a child? Ask me if
it was a -good party.
5.4 there were any interesting people there.
Listening comprehension
Betty had a headachc.
she was tired.
Betty and jean on their 111ay to work
she had to go straight to bed.
Betty she was able to get to sleep immediately.
What was the party like last night, J ean? she used to take sleeping pills.
Jean Not bad at all, thanks. There werc one or two intcresting they were very stro ng.
people there. Why couldn't you corne?
Betty she had to be careful.
Weil, I couldn't get away from work early. And when I got she couldn't gct away from work early.
home I had a hcadache, so I had to go straight to bed. But
I was over-tired, because I wasn't able to get to sleep for A sk me
hours.
Jean what the party was like.
What a shame. Why didn 't you take a sleeping pill? why Betty couldn't go.
Betty I don't like them. 1 used to take them when I had to work why she had to go straight to bed.
overtime, you know.
J ean H ow man y did you use to take? why she wasn't able to sleep.
Betty Three every nighr_ how many sleeping pills she used to take.
J ean Good heavens. Why did you take so many? who had to be careful.
Betty Because 1 was undcr a terrible strain. The doctor said they who was right.
weren't very strong. Anyway, 1 used to feel awful the next
moming. S.S Writing
J ean l'm sure you did.
Betty The doctor said I had to be carcful. Put the correct forms into the b/ank spaces
J ean He was quite right. 1 .. . . . yo~ at school yesterday?
Betty So I stopped drinking cotfee late at night instead. 2 It .. _.. hot last night.
3 W e ..... a house by the sea last summer. .
What was the party like? 4 H e ..... n't corne last week because he ... - . 111.
Why couldn' t Betty go? 5 H ow old ..... you when you ..... first . . . . . - · · - -
Why did she have to go straight to bed? swim?
Why wasn't shc able to get to sleep? 6 She ... _ . to play the piano very well when she .....
When did she use to take sleeping pills? young.
How man y did she use to take ? 7 ..... you have lunch early today? .
Why did she take so man y? 8 .. ___ you _ .. _. . . ... get up early this mornmg?
How did she use to feel the next moming? 9 Where ..... you bom ?
What did the doctor say? 10 She ... .......... _ . leave the office early last night.

Who couldn't get away from work early?

Who was over-tired?
Who used to take sleeping pi lis?
Who was under a strain?
Who had to be careful?
30
3l
 Untt 6
A cru ail y, 1 tried to ring you, but you wcren ' t in.
Bill Did you ?
Pamela Yes. 1 wanted to tell you it was on.
6.1 Reading Bill Wh y?
Pamela Becausc it was so exciting. Ali the fan s shourcd and clapped
and checred so much you could hardl y hcar the com mcntator.
l <'l!jc>yed tha1 l'<'r)' m 11 ch And 1 kno w how much you like foo tbal l.
Bill N o, 1 don 't. 1 h atc it.
,,. Pamela Really? But you uscd to play it at school , didn 't you?
Bill Yes, 1 did. B ut 1 sto pped pl aying years ago. Listcn, Pamela-
Pamela Whar's the marrer ? You look as white as a sheet. Js there
anything wrong?
Bill Yes. l' m afraid therc is. l'vc got to tell you something.
Pamela What?
Bill r didn 't bring any money with me. 1 can 't pay the bill.
What did Pamela enjoy?
What did she watch on TV last night ?
H ow did it fini sh ?
Who played well?
W hy did Pamela try to ring Bill ?
Why could she hardly hear t he commentator?
Did Bill use to play football at school ?
Whcn d id he stop playing?
Wh y can ' t he pay the bill?

6.2 Intonation

1 know you like foot ball.

' N o, 1,don't.
You don't like foot ball.
' Yes, I ,do.

Pamela
Tkh~t was good. J rcall y enjo yed chat. Thank you so much fior Whcn you contradict or disagree with somebody, use the
as mg me. falling tune on the YES/ No and the rising tune o n the
Bill Not at ail. Er - Pamcla- auxiliary. The higher you start and fini sh the mo re indignant
Pamela Did you watch tell y last nig ht ? you sound. N o pauses ac commas.
Bill
Pamela
~o;/ didn 't. J hardl y ever watch television. Pamela-
i .If warched rhe football match. lt was quite exci ting
Contradict or disag ree with the foll owing:
Bill p ame a- · · lt's cold today.
Pamela T hey aren 't very friend ly.
But it fin ished in a draw. Borh rcams pla yed well, rho ugh.
Yo u were rather rude to him.
32
33
 r wasn't there at the time.
She uscd co have a lot o f money. Charles N o she didn't. After half an hour she stopped watching and
You had a Ro lls Royce last year. star~ed to read a book.
He didn 't likc the film .
J tried to help you. What did Frank watch on television last night?
You couldn 't doit. How did the m atch finish? .
Y ou ncver worked ha rd. What did Charles watch on tclevision last mght ?
The match finished in a draw. Why didn't he watch the footba ll match?
Both teams played badly. What was the film like?
Why did he miss the bcginning of the film?
Did his wife enjoy the film ?
6.3 Ora l practice What happened after half an hour ?

Whar did Did you watch TV last night? Who watched the fo otball m atch ?
he say? Did you enjoy it? What was quite exciting?
Did you lcarn French at school? Who missed the beginn ing of the film?
Did you like school? Who started to re.ad a book?
D!d you play tennis/golf/ football yesterday?
D1d hc answer my last question? A sk me if
Did hc ask me a question? he watched television last night.
he wanted to see the football match.
What did you watch on TV last night? both teams played well.
When did you Iast watch TV? the match fini shed in a dra w.
When/ wherc did you Jearn French? he misseci the beginning of the film .
What did you study at school? his wife enjoyed it.
she started to read a book.

6.4 Listening comprehension A skme

what he watched on telcvisi on last night.
why he didn't see the football match.
Frank and Charles discuss lasr night's television programme
what he wanted to watch.
Frank what his wife preferred to see.
Did you watch television last night, Charles?
Charles Yes, l did. how it fini shed.
Frank It was a good game, wasn't it? why he missed the beginning.
Charles
Oh, I didn't w atch the football match. r wanted to, but m y
wife prefcrrcd to look at the old film. who played well.
Frank who enjoyed the film.
What a pity. It was guite exciting. Both teams played very
well. who missed the beginning.
Charles How did it finish?
Frank
lt finished in a draw. What was the film like?
Charles 6.S Writing
lt was qui te good. But J missed the beg inning of it because
I had to eat first.
Frank Did your wife enjoy it? Put the 11erbs in brackets illfo rlieir Past form
I (answer) your lettcr by return of pose.
34
35
 2 M y mothcr (die) at the age o f nincty-two
Unit 7
3 The ncw supermarket on the corner (ope~) two da sa o
4 ~e(r t~cw dress (fit) hcr perfectl y when she (trv) it o~ g .
5 t ram) the whole time l was on holid , .
6 ~hc photographer's (devclop) m y filma~~ernight
7 e (hurry) down the Street. . 7.1 Reading
8 They (pra Y) fo r him to recover.
9 The baby (cry) ail night. l 1mdPrstood most of 111/iat they said
ro The wet glass (slip) out of her hand and (drop) to the Aoor.

-4 \
,
~ \1~
,. ·~N
. ..
·.').
V
.1
( 1
'

Mrs Smith W clcome home, J ack. Did you have a good journey?
Jack Yes thanks, Mum. It was a bit rough crossing the Channel,
but otherwise it was OK.
Mrs Smith How did you get on with your French?
Jack N ot too badly. 1 understood most of what they said when
thcy spoke slowly.
Mrs Smith W erc the y nice to you ?
Jack Yes, ver y. They took me out in the car nearl y every da y.
36
37
 We went along the coast of Brittany. lt took us three days They're late. ..... you.
there and back, because Pierre drave so slowly. 1 don'c know. . ... . 1.
Mrs Smith What was the food Jike? He's going co do it. . .... she.
Jack 1 liked ic. 1 ate everything they gave me, and drank wine with H e didn't enjoy the film. . ... . l.
evcry meal. 1 used to play tennis every day. . . . .. l.
Mrs Smith Oh d ear. I hope you didn't drink too much. I had to learn Latin at school. ..... 1.
Jack Of course 1 did. 1 got drunk every night and took drugs as They enjoyed themselves. . ..... we.
well. I didn't understand what shc sa1d. ..... he.
Mrs Smith Jack! You are joking, aren 't you ! They weren't there. .... . 1.
Jack What do you think? He couldn't do it. ..... you.
Mrs Smith P~erre seemed such a nice young man when I met him. I Jiked She was hungry. . .... Bill.
him vcry much. They went home early. . .... she.
Jack So did 1. I still do. 1 like his sister too. He sa w the film yesterda y. . .... Pamela.

What kind ofjourney did Jack have?

H ow did he get on with his French? 7.3 Ora l practice
Where did they take him in the car?
Why did it cake three days? What did Did I see you in the street this afternoon?
What did J ack eat? he say? Did 1 speak to you just now?
How often did he drink wine? Did Shakespeare write H amlet?
What did Mrs Smith think of Pierre when she met him ? Did you know any English last year?
Did you know me last year?
Did you corne to school yesterday?
Did you go abroad for your holidays last year?
7.2 Intonat ion Did you go to the football match last week?
Did you go with him?
1 liked him very much. Did you understand what 1 said?
'So did ' !. Did you do your homework last night?
1 didn 't like him . Did you read the paper this morn~ng?. . ,
' Neither did 'I. Did you hear the news on the radio th1s mormng.
Oid you sit there last time?
This is a shorter way of saying: Oid you feel tired after work last night?
I liked him very much too. Oid you put your car av:ay last night? . ,
I didn't like him very much either. Oid you leave your car ~n the street last n~ght . . ,
Stress SO/N EITHER with the fall on the pronoun or noun. Oid it take you a long urne co get here th1s mo rnmg.
No stress on the auxiliary. Did you bring any money with you today?
He can swim. Did you think of going away for the weekend?
'So can 'she. Oid 1 teach you last year?
She doesn' t speak French. Oid you eat a lot for lunch today?
'Neither does her 'brother. Did you drink any winc with it?

Agree or disagree with the following: What did you eat for lunch?
H e works hard. . .... I. Where did you eat it ?
38
39
 H arry 1 wcnt to Pamcla's. She gave a party for some Amcri can
Whcn did you lc:we home this m orning?
Whcrc did you buy that book? fricnds of hers.
Where did you gct that t ie? Bill Oid you enjoy yourself?
Wherc did you kavc your car? H arry Vcry much indeed, thanks. 1 met a lot of intercsting peopk .
H ow did you gct herc? Wh y didn't you corne?
H ow long did it takc you to get hcre? Bill She didn't ask me.
H ow much did it cost ;i H arry How funny. l thought she liked you.
What did you do after the last lesson? Bill She used to. But not now.
Whcre did you think of going after the lcsson ? Harry Wh y not?
What did you do last Sunday? Bill Because l asked her out to dinner a month ago.
H arry Oidn't she want to go?
Bill Oh yes, she wanted to go ail right. We went to that new
Extra ora l practice restaurant in the H igh Street. She ate for two hours without
stopping.
J'v/ake thefol/0111i11,e sc•11te11crs i111errogati11e: H arry She liked the food then?
H e gave hcr a prcsent. They wcnt all the way home. Bill Oh yes. She liked the food ail right.
sent came H arry Thcn what happened? What wcnt wrong?
brought d rave Bill 1 forgot to take any money with me.
bought stood Harry Good hcavens. So what did you do?
Bill I phoned home, and eventually my brother brought some
got sat
made moncy to the restaurant. B ut it took him an hour to get
read
took spoke there.
felt i Il H arry Why did it take him so long?
Bill 1 think he wanted to teach me a ksson.
1 met them yesterda y. H e atc cver ything.
saw drank Whcre did Harry go last night?
raught sa id Who did Pamela give the party for?
lcft underst0od What kind of people did Harry m eet?
thought of lost Why didn't Bill go?
wrote to won When did he ask Pam ela out to dinner?
heard Oid shc want to go?
did Wherc did they go?
sold How long did she eat for?
put down Did she like the food?
It cost a lot. kncw What went wrong?
Wherr did Bill phone?
H ow long did it take his brocher to gct to the restaurant?
7.4 Listening co mpre he nsion Why did it cake him so long?
Who gave the party last night ?
Bill a11d H arry ralk aba111 111har rliey did fast 11i,el11 Who asked Pam ela out to dinncr a month ago?
Who forgot to take any m oney?
Bill H ello, H arry. Where were you last night ? I looked for you Who brought Bill the m oncy?
everywhcre.
41
 14 When they (win) the Pools, they (buy) a big house.
Ask me ({
15 He (take) me to the concert and we (hear) some Chopin.
Harry went to Pamela's last night.
16 1 (work) hard yesterday and (do) a lot of things.
she gave a party.
17 1 (leave) the party early because Allan (bring) me home.
he met a lot of interesting people.
18 1 (feel) tired when 1 (corne) home so I (go) straight to bed.
Bill went.
19 My wife (sit) in the bus but 1 (stand).
Pamela ate a lot.
20 Who (teach) you last year?
Bill forgot to take any money.
his brother brought the money.
it took him an hour to get there.

A sk me
where H arry went last night.
who Pamela gave the party for.
who he met.
where they went for dinner.
how much she ate.
who forgot to cake any money.
what he did.
who brought the money.
how long it took him to get there.

7.5 Writing

Put the 11erbs in brackets into their Past form

r H e (send) his luggage in advancê.
2 We (drive) to Leicester from Birmingham and (get) there
in under two hours.
3 M y sister (see) you in the Street this afternoon.
4 1 (drinlc) a litre of wine at the party and (eat) a cheese
sandwich.
5 You (put) your chegue in the bank this morning? N o, 1
(put) it in yesterday.
6 He (meet) her for the first time last week and immcdiately
(make) a date to see her again.
7 She (give) her mother-in-law a bracelet for Christmas.
8 W e (read) the last lesson in class.
9 My wifc's fur coat (cost) a lot of money.
10 The teacher (speak) to her in English and she (understand)
everything he (say).
11 Who (write) H amlet ?
12 H e (think) he (know) her.
1 3 Whcn they (lose) their money, they (sell) their house.

42 43
 Unit 8 George Of course 1 am. 1 tricd three cimes, and in thl· end 1 got so fcd
up that I asked the operat or to try. Shc sa id your phone was
o ut of ordcr.
Anne Oh, now 1 remembcr. 1 left the recciver off the hook. 1 w as
8.1 Reading writing some letters and I didn 't want to be disturbcd. What
did you w ant anyway?
Wlw 111ere yo11 doi11J? last 11(e'11? G eorge N othing in particular. l was going to ask you to the pictures,
that 's ail.
Anne Oh, 1 see. As a matter of fa ct, 1 was w o rking hard.
G eorge 1 tho ught you said you werc writing letters.
Anne So 1 was. 1 find that very hard work.

What was G eorge doing in Anne's office ?

What did he want to know?
When did he ring Anne last night?
How many times did he t ry to ring hcr?
What did hc do in the end ?
What was Anne doing when George rang?
Where was George going to ask her that evening?
What did Anne sa y she w as doing?

8.2 Intonation

1 told you 1 was going to ring you.

So you ' did.
lt's raining.
Soit 'is.

This is another way of saying: T hat's true. You're right. You

show surprise, either because you have fo rgottcn o r because
you have not noticed something.
so is unstressed and the high fall is on the auxiliary.

Show surprise at the following:

Anne G eorge. What on earth are you doing here? They were going t o t he cinc ma.
George l was looking for you. W e were going to ring them this m o rning.
Anne Vou know my boss doesn 't like vou coming hc rc d urin g H e's living in Madrid now.
office hours. What do you want ?. ~ It's snowing .
G eorge What w ere you doing last night when 1 rang you? Shakespeare said that.
Anne What time d id you ring m e? W e can see them to morrow.
George Abo ut seven. 1 told you 1 was going to ring you. Y o u said you had t o work latc.
Anne So you did. Are you sure you dia lied the rig ht num ber? There used to be a cinema thcre once.

44 45
 They uscd to live next door. George But I rang three times. I got so fcd up that in the end 1 asked
1 was right. the operato r to try.
Shc was able to find it by hcrself. Anne l left the recei ver off the hook.
1 did it mysclf. George Why?
Anne Because I was working and 1 didn't want to be d isturbed.
George What kind of work were you doing?
8.3 Ora l practice Anne If you must know, l was checking somc figures for my boss.
George Why didn't you ask me to help? Vou know I'm good at
Wluu did W erc you studying English a year ago ? fi gures.
lie say? W ere you working for the sa me firm last year ? Anne Because it was secret and confidcntial.
Wcre you living in the same house last year? George Oh, sorry. 1 was only trying to hclp.
W ere you sm o king a cigarette when 1 came in?
W ere you wearing that sweater/dress yestcrday? Where w as Anne going when George saw her in the street?
Was it raining/snowing whcn you came here ? Why did he think she had another date?
W ere you talking to hcr when l came in ? What was Anne d oing when George tried to ring her?
W as she talking to youjust now? Why did he ask the operator to try in the end?
When was she talking to you ? Why did Anne leave the receiver off the book?
What w ere you wearing yesterday ? W hat kind o f work was she doing?
Who wcre you working for last year? Why àidn't she ask George to help her ?
Where were you living last year?
Where were you studying English last year ?
Who saw Anne in the strcet?
What were you doing when 1 came into class?
What wcre you doing at'this time yesterday? Who was walking fas t ?
Who tried to ring her la ter?
What w ere you doing at eight o'clock last night?
Who was talking to her sister ?
W hat was always engaged ?
8.4 Listening compre hension Who's good at fig ures?

George on the phone again to Anne A sk me if

she was -going home.
George Is that you, Anne? she was walking fast.
Anne Yes, it is. That's George, 1suppose. she was talking to her sis ter.
George Yes. Listen, where were you going when 1saw you in the George rang threc rimes.
street this afternoon? she was w orking.
Anne 1 was going home. Why? she didn't want to be disturbed.
George Weil, you werc w alking so fast I thought you had another she was chccking some figures for her boss.
date. George is good at figures.
Anne Weil, I didn't. he was trying to hclp.
George l tried to ring you up later, but the number was always
engaged. A sk me
Anne 1 expect it was. where she was going_
George What were you doing? why he thought shc had another date .
Anne As a matter of fact, I was talking to my sister. what she was doing.
46 47
 who she was talking to. Unit 9
who shc was working for.

8.5 Writing 9.1 Reading

a) Put tlze verbs in brackets it110 the correct form: DID/ WAS Dû!NG I'vejust got back_IÎ'om France
r 1 (have) breakfast when the post (corne).
2 H e (grow) a beard the last timc I (see) him.
3 They (pay) the bill as they (leavc).
4 It not (rain) heavily, so we (go) for a walk.
5 He (fall) asleep while he (drive).
6 What you (do) when I (ring) you?
7 He (tell) us he (go) to Mexico for his holidays.
8 Vou (talk) to her when I (arrive)?
9 You (work) for the sa me firm last year as you are now?
ro She not (wear) that dress when we (meet).

b) P11t the 11erbs in brackets into rite correct form: WAS DOING/
USED TO DO
When I was rich, 1 (buy) a lot of cloches.
2 H e (talk) to someone just now.
3 1 always (read) under the bedclothes when 1 was young.
4 I broke my leg while I (ski).
5 What you (do) at eight o'clock last night?
6 1 (be) good at maths when 1 was at school.
7 M y daughter (practise) the piano every day, but now she
doesn't play at ail.
8 It (snow) when wc wcnt out.
9 W e (be) good friends at university, but now we hardly
ever see each other.
ro George only (try) to help Anne.

Richard What were your holidays like?

Jack Super. I wcnt to France.
Richard Did you?
Jack Yes. I've just got back. I came back ycsterday, as a matter of
fact.
Richard Aren't you lucky. l've never been abroad.
Jack Oh, l've becn to France twice. We've got friends there.
Richard H ow long were you thcre for?

49
 Jack 1 stayed nearly a fortnight. interested to know the reply:
Richard Did you speak French ail the timc? Where's your mother?
Jack Most of the time. 1 think m y French has improved a lot. Where have you bccn ?
Ri chard What does old Thompson think ? Which one do you w ant ?
Jack Our French tcacher? 1 haven't secn him yet. Why didn't you ring me last night ?
Richard 1 saw him in the corridor a couple of minutes ago. H is lesson H ow's your grand-daughter?
has already started. We're late. How long have you been married?
J ack Oh well, it's our first day back, and l' vc never been latc Where did you go for your holiday this year?
before. Did you have a good time? H ow many times have you been to Greece?
Richard 1 stayed at home. T he weather's been awful here. I think this What did you think of it?
is the worst spring we've ever had. As a matter of fact, this is When did you get back?
the first day we've had any sun. And now we're back at H ow many childrcn have you got?
school. How much do you want for your car?
Who were you talking to just now?
Where did Jack go for his holiday?
H as he just got back ?
When did he get back ? 9.3 Ora l practice
Has Richard ever been abroad?
How man y times has Jack been to France? a)
H ow long was he there for this timc? What did Have you just arrivcd?
What does Jack think about his French? lie sa y? Have you just had lunch?
H as he seen Thompson yet? H ave you already had breakfast?
Where did Richard see him? H ave you done the First Certificate examination yet ?
What's already started? H ave you been to the States yet ?
Has J ack ever been late before? Is this the first time you've done this exercisc ?
What's the weather been like? Have you just corne in or gone out ?
What does Richard think about the spring? H as he j ust answercd a question or asked one?
Have you j ust had breakfast or lunch ?

9.2 Intonation b)
H ave you already had lunch?
'What were your ,holidays like? When/where did you have it?
What did you have?
So far, questions bcginning with question words likc w110/ Have you just answered a question ?
WHAT/ WHY/ H OW / W H EN have had the falling tune: When did you last answer a question?
'What were your ' holidays like? H ave you seen me before?
When was the last time you saw me?
But when you want to show a parti cular interest, use the How often have you seen me this week?
rising tune as in a normal question. When did you sce me?
'Did you en'joy your 1 holidays? Have yon evcr bccn abroad ?
'What were your 1 holidays Jike? Where have you been?
When did you go there?
Ask the following questio ns and show that you are rcally Did you like it ?
51
 Have you cvcr rcad a book in English? W endy You ne ver told me you went to the ci ne ma with Ji m last
What was it ca llcd? wcck.
Whcn did you rcad it? Hugh Do 1 h3ve to tell you cverything?
Have you had a cigarette today? W end y Yes, of course you do. W c're marricd, arcn 'c wc? Anyway,
H ave you just fini shed one? 1 haven't seen it and l'm going tonight cven if 1 have to go by
How m<1ny have you srnoked today? m yself.
Have you just come in? Hugh 1 hope you enjoy it. l thoug ht it was awful.
When did you corne in?
Is this the first cime you 've been here? Where's W endy bcen?
Have you been herc before? H as she already bcen therc this wcek?
When was the last time you wcre here? When did she go?
Have you watched TV lately? Wh y has she been again ?
Did you watch TV Jase night? Why hasn 't H ugh had tea yet?
What did you sce? H as Hugh forgotten they are going to the cinema?
When w<1s the last timc you watched TV? When did W endy ask him to take her to the cincma?
H ave you scen an y good fi lms latcly? What's on at the cinema?
What did you see? When did H ugh s<'e the film?
Where did you sec it ?
Who did he go with?
Who's W endy married to?
9.4 Listening comprehension
H as Wend y seen the film?
When 's sbe going to see it?
H11J?.h 111niri11.<! nt home.for Wendy What did H ugh think of the film ?

H ugh You're lace ho me, Wendy. Where have you been? A sk me u·

Wendy l've been to the hairdresser's. she's been to the hairdresser's.
Hugh The hairdresser's? Haven 't you already bcen there this week ? she's already bcen there this week.
W endy Yes, 1have. 1 went last Tuesday. But 1 didn't like the way he Hug h's had tca yet.
did it. As a m atter of face, this is the first cime he's d one it hc's forgotten they were going to the cinem a.
nicely. he's alread y seen the film .
Hug h lt looks the same to m e. he w ent last wcck.
W endy T hat's a typical man 's remark . H ave you had tea yet? W endy's seen the fi lm.
H ugh N o. 1 was waiting for you.
W endy Well, wc haven 't got much cime, you know. Have you A sk me
forgotten wc' re going to the cinem a? whcrc W endy's been.
Hug h The cinema? This is the first I' vc heard of it. why Hugh hasn't had rea yet.
W endy H ugh, 1 told you this moming. 1 mean, 1 3sked you, 3nd you w h y they haven't got much rime.
promised to take me. when Hugh saw the film.
Hug h What's on anyway? who he went with.
W end y 'The Scotsman in Brussels '. who Wendy's m arried to.
H ugh l've alread y seen it.
W endy When did you see ic?
Hugh 1 saw it last week. 1 went wich Jim.

53
9.5 Wri t ing Unit 10

a)
P111 tire 11er/i; i11 lirackets i11to tire corre<tfom1: HAVE DONE
You already (do) your homew o r k ? 10.1 Reading
2 I not (finish) chat book yec.
3 1 not (sec) him rccently. Wlrat lra11e you bee11 doi11,<??
4 She just (buy) that d ress.
5 Y o u just (have) lunch ?
6 They aln:ady (leave).
7 This is the second cime 1 (tell) you to learn this.
8 You (read) any good books lately?
9 H e's t he niccsc persan I evcr (m eet) .
IO This is the first cime you (be) in this room?

b)
P111 the 11erbs in brackets i11to tire correo form : D IO/ HAVE DONE
1 1 (buy) chat dress two monchs ago, but 1 not (wear) it yec.
2 M y wife just (have) a baby.
3 Is this the first cime you (be) to England?
4 Yeu (see) my brocher? Y es, hejust (corne in) .
5 When you (ar rive)? 1 {ar rive) a minute ago.
6 I {dccidc) to live hcrc permancntly.
7 1 not (sec) your sister o n the bus today.
8 1 noc (sce) your sistcr coda y.
9 1 ne t (see) your sister this m o rning. N o, shc (go) to the
country for the weekend.
IO You (be) to New York ? N o, but my brocher (go) thcre
Jase year.
I I T his is the first day we (have) any sun .
1 2 H e always (be) a good student in this class.
13 H e alw ays (be) a good student when he was here.
14 They (leave) for London yet ?
15 Where you (bu y) chat hat? 1 (gec) it at a sale.
r6 Yo u 're late. Where you (be)? 1 (be) to the hairdresser 's. Mr T urnbull Oh, there you are. l've been waiting for you for half an ho u r.
17 H ow much your new bag (cost)? What have yo u been doing?
18 You (read) Hamlet? Yes, as a matter of fact 1 (read) it Mrs T urnbull I've been shopping. I've bought a new hac. Do you likc it?
last night . M r Turnb ull It 's ail right. I met the Sm iths' son, Jack, while 1 w as waiting
19 You (have) lunch yet ? Yes, t han ks. 1 already (eat) . for you. H e's j ust corne back from France.
20 1 (Jose) m y watch . Where you (Jose) it ? 1 (Jose) it in t he Mrs Turnbull Yes, 1 know. Mrs Smith to ld me. She's ver y pro u d of him.
street. She says he speaks French ftuently.
Mr T urnbull H ow long has he been learning it?
Mrs Turnbull I'm not sure.

54 55
 1.:
Mr Turnbull What did you say? She li ves in Mousehole. Whe re
Mrs Turnbull 1 said l'm not sure. 1 think hc's bccn ~tudying French since H is name is C holmondeky. What
he was twclvc. Arrigo Panigada won the championship. Who
Mr' Turnbull Who's been studying French ? W e wcnt t o Beaulieu. Where
Mrs Turnbull Jack has. The Smiths' son. H ave you gonc dcaf or somethin g? Why do you smoke so much? Why
Mr Turnbull 1 can 't hcar a word you 'rc sa ying. The noise of this traffic is I've been studying Chinese for twenty years. What
absolutcly awful. It's been raining for two w eeks. H owlong ....
Mrs Turnbull Yes, it is, isn 't it? Goodness, I'm tired. l've been walking They've bought W aterloo Bridge. What
round thë shops for nearly three hours. Why did you go to the concert? Why
Mr Turnbull (mis1mdersta11din,e lier) Three hours? What do you m ean? W e went ski-i ng last August. Wh en
l've been working since eight o'clock this morning. H e bought Jim's old car. Who se
T hey were travelling on a cattle boat. What
H ow long has Mr Turnbull bcen waiting for his wife?
What has she been doing?
What's she bought? 10.3 Oral practi ce
Whcn did he mcet Jack?
Where's Jack becn? Wlrat did H ow long have you been studying English?
Who's been st udying French? lie say? H ow long have you been living herc/working at your job/
Why can't Mr Turnbull hear what his wifr is saying ? sm o king/driving a car?
Why is Mrs Turnbull tired? H ow long have I bcen teaching you ?
H ow long has Mr Turnbull been working? What have l been teaching you?
What have you been doing for the past half hour?
Wh::ir have you been studying recentl y?
10.2 Intonation H ave you been working hard today?

H e's been studying French. A sk me u·

, Who's bcen studying French? (,What did you say?) I've been working hard today/living here for many years/
teaching Eng lish for many ycars.
When you want the other pcrson to repeat what he has just
said, use the rising tune with the stress on the quest ion word. A sk me
Begin low and continue to rise with no main stress on the how long l've been teaching English/ living here.
other words. how long he's been learning English/ Iiving here.
w hatl've been doing today/he's been stud ying recently.
Wherc did you see him? wherc l've been living/he's been working/she's been living.
, Where did 1 sec him? (Did you sa y Where? or When ?) which firm he's been working for.

T his pattern often shows surprise.

10.4 Liste ning comprehension
Why are you studying French?
, Why? (Becausc 1 want to. of course.) Jea11 111aiti11,e.fê>r Betty

Ask the other person to repeat w hat hc has said or asktd in Betty Sarry l' m late , Jean. H ave you been waiting for me?
the ~amc way: Jean Of çourse 1 have. l've been waiting for nearly half an hour.
56 57
 W e arranged to meet at three, and it's almost half past. how lo ng she's been living there.
What have you been doing ail this time? how long she's been looking for somcthing smaller.
Ben y l'vc been looking fo r a fiat. how long the old couple have bcen living there.
Jean A fi at") what she's just seen.
Betty Yes, somewhere to live. M y landlady's daughter is gctting
married and wants to move into my fiat.
Jean What a sham e. H ow lo ng have you been living thcrc? 10.5 Writ ing
Betty Thrce years or so. But it's really too big for me, and I've bccn
looking for something smallcr for the last six months. Put the 11erbs i11 brackers inro the correct fo r111 : HAVE DEEN DOING
Jean H ave you had an y luck yet ? and SINCE or FOR into the blank spaces
Betty Yes, l think so. I'vc just seen a very nice one. But it's very I (live) in Switzcrland ..... two and a half years.
dirty: an old couple have been living there fo r the last 2 M y father (work) for that firm ..... 1964.
thirty years. 3 She (play) the piano ..... she was a child.
Jean How much is the rent ? 4 H e (writc) that book .. ... eightcen m onths.
Betty l'm not sure. I' ve got to ring the agents afrer six chis evening. 5 They (paint) their ho use .. .. last week.
Jean I hope you get it, Bett y. 6 H ow long you (study) English ? 1 (study) English . ... .
Bett y So do I. Other people have been Jooking ac the fiat, so I must a year.
be sure to ring at six o'clock on the dot . 7 You (talk) to your fricnd ..... I cam e in.
8 It (rain) .. ... breakfast.
H ow long has J ean been waiting for Betty? 9 What he (do) ..... the past hour ?
When did they arrange to mcet? 10 Our teacher says he (teach) English ..... he was twenty.
What's Betty bcen doing?
Wh y has she been loo king for a fi at?
H ow long has she been living therc?
H ow long bas she been Jooking for something smallcr?
W hat has she just seen ?
H ow long have the old couple becn living in the fiat ?
What's the matter with the Aat?
Wh y must she be sure to ring the agents at six o'clock?

A sk me!(
Jean's been waiting for Betty.
she's been looking for a fiat .
she's been living in her flac for threc years.
she's been looking for something smaller.
she's had any luck yet.
she's j ust seen a nice one.
an old couple have been living there.
other people have becn looking at it.

A sk me
how long she's bcen waiting for Betty.
whac Becry's been doing.
58 59
 Unlt t t Mrs Smith N o, the second.
Mrs Turnbull Did you go w ith him ?
Mrs Smith No, 1 wish 1 had. Bccause after he had gonc, 1 began to worr·
about him . H c's only sixteen , you know . And sin ce he came
11 .1 Reading back , hc's bcen talking about living there.
Mrs Turnbull 1 know what you mean. M y daughter's the same.
~f;er lie liad ,{!one, 1 be,{!an to 111orry about l1im Mrs Smith Oh yes, the last t ime 1 saw you, you said you'd been to
Scotland for the weekend.
Mrs Turnbull T hat 's right. 1 went to see her and m y son-in-law. They had
jusc corne back from Canada.
Mrs Smith H ow long had they been thcre?
Mrs Turnbull Act ually, they wanted to stay for good. But they hadn't becn
there for long when they began to feel homesick.
Mrs Smith So now thcy've corne b ack to Scotland, have they?
Mrs Turnbull For the moment. They kcep moving about from one place t <
another. They used to be next door to us, but they hadn'c
been living chcrc for long before they moved to Scotland.
Then to Canada . Now b ack t o Scotland again. They're
restless, these young people.

H ow long is it si ncc Mrs Smith saw Mrs Turnbull ?

W as it the first cime Jack had bcen abroad ?
Why did M rs Smith wish she had gone with him ?
What"s Jack been talking about since he came back from
France?
W hy had Mrs T urnbull bcen to Scotland?
W here h ad her daughter and son- in-law corne back from ?
H ow long had they been in Canada?

11.2 Intonat ion

D id you go with him?

N o, 1 'wish 1 ' had (gone with him).

When you wish you had or had not clone something in the
Mrs Smith Hello, Mrs Turnbull. Fancy meeting you here. 1 havcn't sccn past at the m oment of speaking, say: 1 ' w ish l 'HAD ./I 'wish
1

you for a long time. J ' HAD N T.

Mrs Turnbull No, we haven't met since your boy Jack came back from
France. You smoke a lot, don't you ?
Mrs Smith N o, that was a month ago. He has been talking of nothing Yes, 1'wish 1 'didn' t (smoke a lot). (l'm sorry 1 sm oke a lo t.)
clse since then. W hcn you wish for or want som ething at the moment of
Mrs Turnbull lt was the first time he had been abroad , wasn 't it ? speaking, bue which is noc crue, say:

60 61
 1 wish .i. subject - auxiliary of Past tense. 2nd Student H e said you hadn't seen each other FOR A LONG TlME./He said
Stress WISH with the falli ng tune on the auxiliary. you sa111 each ocher yesterday.

Wish the following: How long is it since/ we saw each other?

Did you go to Pamela 's party? No, I wish I ..... /you had a holiday?
Did you buy that new dress you / you went to the cinema?
wanted? No, I wish I .... . / you smoked your last cigarette?
You speak German, don 't you? No, I wish 1 .... . /I saw you?
ls your daughtcr good ac languagcs? No, l wish shc .. . . . /we had any homework?
You've got a lot of money, haven't /you went home to your parents?
you? No, l wish l .... . /I askcd you a question?
Your husband earns a lot, doesn 't he? No, 1 wish hc . .. . .
T hey're coming to sec us this H ow long have you been/studying English?
afternoon, aren't they? Y es, 1 w ish the y .... . /living here?
D o you have to go now? Yes, 1 w ish1 .... . / working at your job ?
H ave you been to South America? No, 1 wish 1 . . .. . /driving a car?
You 're very clever, aren't you? No, I wish 1 ... . . /smoking?
Did you spend a lot of money in / playing tennis/ the piano?
chat shop ? Ycs, and 1 wish I ... . .
You' re married, aren' t you? Yes, and I wish 1 . . . . .
11.4 Listening comprehension

11.3 Oral practlce Harry meets Bill

Teacher Have you been studying English/FOR LONC? Harry H ello, Bill. 1 haven't seen you for a long time. What have
/ FOR A LONG TIME? you bcen doing?
Student Yes, 1 have./N o, I haven't. Bill l've becn working hard as usual. And you?
Teacher H ow long has he been stud ying English? Harry I've been on holiday.
2nd Scudent He's been studying English FOR A LONG TIME. Bill Aren't you lucky. Where did you go?
He hnsn't been st11dyin,(/ English FOR LONG . Harry 1 went to Spain. l'd never been there before.
Bill Did you have a good cime?
H ave you been studying English for long/for a long cime? H arry M arvellous, thanks. Guess who I met on the plane coming
H ave you been living here for long/for a long cime? back.
Have you been working ac your job for long/for a long cime? Bill Who?
H ave you been driving a car for long/for a long cime? Harry Pamela.
H ave you been smoking for long/for a long cime? Bill Pamela? Pamela Carter, you mean. H ow is she?
H ave you been playing tennis/the piano/the guitar for long/ Harry Fine. She was asking about you. She said she hadn't seen you
for a long timc? for nearly three months.
Bill 1 know. We haven't seen each other since I took her to that
Teacher H ow long is it since we saw each other ? restaurant in the H igh Street. Remember ?
Student W e haven't seen each ocher FOR A LONG TIME./ We sa111 each Harry Yes, 1 do. You forgot to cake any money. Anyway, 1 think
other yesterda y. she's forgiven you . Why don't you give her a ring and ask
T eacher What did he sa y? her out to dinner ?
62
 Bill If you'rc sure shc:'s forgotren th.1t gh:mly cvcning. 11 .5 Writing
H :irr y 1 did1ù say <>hc had forgottcn it. 1 s:iid <>hc had forgivcn you.
So ring hcr up at o nce. Yo u've got ht'r nurn bcr. h:ive1ù you ? a)
Bill Er - 1 think so. But l've lost hcr address. P111 rite 11<•r/1.' ii1 /irackcts i1110 rlie corrNrjimn: HAD DONE/HAD
H arr y You're the most absent-minded m an 1 know. W e il , l'm no t BEEN D(l(NG
going ro d o an y more for you. You can ask ber for ber H e didn't corne to the film with us yestcrday. bt·cause hc
addrcss yoursclf. And o ne m o re thing. alrcady (sce) it.
Bill What's that? 2 Afte r she (cat) hcr su pper , she wcnt to bcd .
H arry Remcmber to takc some money with you this rime. 3 lt was the second timc 1 (read) the nave l.
4 W c (travcl) for two hours bcforc we realizcd we wcre on
H ow long is it since H arr y saw Bill ? the w ro ng train.
Whac's Bill been doing? 5 As soon as be (do) his homewor k, the boy ran into the
Wherc's H arry bccn ? garden.
Had he bcen to Spain before? 6 H e said he (work) hard ail da y.
Who did Harry m cet on the plane coming back? 7 The children (play) outside for an hour when it bcgan to
H ow long did Pamcb say it was since shc had sccn Bill? ram .
Did H arr y sa y Pa m e la had forgotten that evening? 8 Shc only just (leave) the bo use whcn her husband pho ned.
What did he sa y? 9 H e told me he w as tired bccausc he (drive) sincc cight
What's Bill lost ? o'clock this mornin g.
What must Bill rc m ember to t ake ncxt timc? io W as it the first time you ever (bc) thcrc?

Who's been working bard ? b)

Who hadn 't been to Spain before? Put tlte 11erbs in lirackers illfo the correa form
Who was asking for Bill on the plane? r 1 not (play) tennis for a long time.
Who hadn't secn Bill for thrce m o nths? 2 1 not (play) tennis for lo ng.
3 W e not (dance) for a long timc, have we?
A sk me!( 4 1 not (work) for that firm for long.
Bill 's been working hard. 5 1 no t (teach) for lo ng
H arry's been o n holiday. 6 They not (live) thcre for lo ng, before they movcd to
he wcnt to Spain . Scotland.
be· d ne ver been thcrc be fore. 7 H e made a lot of mistakes, because he not (speak) French
Pamela was asking about Bill. for a lo ng time.
shc hadn' t seen him for ncarl y thrce months. 8 H e no t (drive) for lo ng when he ca m e to the cross-roads.
she's forgiven Bill. 9 H e not (walk) for lo ng whcn he saw the river.
ro H e was very deprcssed becausc hc not (work) for a long
A sk me timc.
what Bill's been doing.
whcrc H arry's bccn . c)
when he had been there bcfore. Pw rlie 11erbs i11 liracker; i1110 the correctfom1
ho w long it is sincc Pamela saw Bill. I She no t (drive) for lo ng.
what Bill's fo rgotten. 2 H e not (do) any homework for a lo ng t im e.
3 It not (rain) fo r long.
4 She no t (swim) for lo ng beforc she began co fecl cold.

65
 5 This is the first time he (go) to England for man y years. Bill Y es, but he not (be) to German y for threc years.
Actually, he not (be) since the war. M ary Neither ..... my teacher. He says he not (be) to Germany
6 They not (sec) each other for a long timc. for five years. H e must (be) homc~ick, ... . . hc'
7 I wanted to go co the theatre because I not (be) for a long Bill Perhaps hc (prefer) London.
time.
8 My brother not (live) in Manchester for long before he
had to move to Birmingham.
9 1 wrote him a long letter bccause I not (hear) from him
for a long time.
ro She not (read) for long before she fell asleep.
r 1 I (have) this cold for two weeks.
12 H ow long you (be) here? I (be) here for an hour.
13 W e not (be) to the pictures for a long time. As a matter of
face , I don't think 1 (be) since my last birthday.
14 H ow long you (wait)?
15 Our teacher told us he (teach) English since he was twenty.
16 H e not (have) his new car for long bcfore he had an
accident.
17 You (be) on holida y? Y es, l (be) to Israel.
18 H ow long he (work) for that firm ? H e says he (be) there
since 1974.
19 Y ou're Jooking tired. You not (have) a holiday for a long
cime?
20 Where you (be)? 1 not (sec) you for ages.

Tense revision

Put the 11erbs in brackets i11to the correct form and fill in the bla11k
spaces

Bill You still (go) to night school, M ary?

M ary Yes, of course. I (go) there for the last six months.
Bill You (Jike) that school, ..... you?
Mary Yes, I ..... , very much. But l not (be) very good at
German yet.
Bill Neither ..... I, alchough 1 (study) it since last Easter.
Mary That's not long. You (do) any cxams yet?
Bill No, I ..... l not (have) much chance to study.
Mary B y the wa y, who (teach) you lasc year?
Bill 1 not (remcmber) his name. 1 not (see) him sin ce the summer.
Why?
Mary H e (be) German?
66
 Unit 11 hungry soon becausl' be basn' t caten an ytbing coday. 1 don't
know what he'll do.
Policeman H e'll corne home, of course.
Mrs Turnbull I do n 't think he'Jl evcr corne back.
12.1 Reading Policem an Of course he w ill. H e'll corne back if he wants to.
Mrs Turnbul! An yway, what are you going to do aboutit?
Wliate11er sliafl I do? Policeman Shall 1 corne back with you and look for him ?
Mrs Turnbull Oh thank you, constable. You are kind. But I do n't think
we'll find him.
Policeman We can try, can't we? 1'11 just tell the Sergeant where l' m
going. Wait here a moment, will you? 1 shan't be lo ng.

Why can 't Mrs Turnbull find her cat?

What's the policem an sure about?
Wh y is Mrs T urnbull so worried about her cat?
Why will the cat be hungry ?
What does the policeman think the cat will do ?
What does Mrs Turn bull think?
What will the cat do if he wants to?
What does the policeman offer to do?
What will the' policeman do beforc he goes?
Will hc be long?

12.2 Intonation

' Sit 'down for a moment, ,will you?

T o make an imperative Jess of a command and more of a
request or suggestion , add the tag: WILL vou?
'Wait ' hcre a moment. , will you?

The tag for imperatives and suggestions in the 1st persan

plural is SJ!ALL WE?
'Lct's 'go, ,shall w e?
Mrs Turnbull Oh, constable, something terriblc's happened. l'vc lost my The voicc falls on the imperative and rises again on the
cat. H e jumped out of the bedroom window inro the garden, SH ALL/ WILL.
and 1 can't find him .
Policeman I'm sure he'll corne back soon. Ask somcone or make a suggestion to do the following:
Mrs Turnbull N o, he won't. H e's never been out before and doesn't know Pass the butter.
w berc to go. lt'Jl be dark soon. Whatever sball 1 do? Let's go to the cinema.
Po licem an Keep cairn, madam . Sit clown a moment, will you? Give m e a cigaret te.
Mrs Turnbull Calm? Sit clown? H o w can 1 keep cairn when m y catis Lcnd me your pen a m oment.
missing? You don ' t seeni to undcrstand, constable, hc 'JI be Let 's starc.
68
 Open the window. Peter lt on ly takes a couple of minuces. H e livesjust round the
Let's watch the match on the tell y. corner.
Write this down. Jim 1'11 leave you hcrc then.
Lct's go home now. Peter Ali right. !'li ring you about eight thcn, shall 1?
Give me a ring about six. Jim I'm vcry curious ta know what i t '~ about. Peter.
Let's do somcthing clse. Peter Oh, 1 only w ant to talk about our summer holidays.
Jim Oh. As a matter of fact, I'm not sure if I'll be able to go awa y
this year.
12.3 Oral practice Peter Why not?
Jim Weil, you know we've just bought a house, Peter, and what
When will you see me again ? with one thing and another, l don't think we'll be able to
W hen will it be dark? atford it.
When will she be twenty-one? Peter What a relief. Neither shall 1. That's why l was going to ring
When shall w e sec each other again? you. To tell you l shan't be able to have a holiday either. l' vc
What time will you get home tonight? just bought a car instead.
How will you get home? Jim That's ail right then, isn't it? You won't have to ring me up
Where will you be at this rime tomorrow? aftcr aU, will you?
H ow long will it take you to learn English?
How long will it take you to get home? When will Peter give Jim a ring?
Where's Peter going?
Shall 1 open the window/shut the door? H ow long will it take him ta get there?
Will you have a cigarctte/drink/sweet/cup of tea? Will the dentist be angry if he's late ?
Will you corne to the cinema wich m e? Wherc does the dentist live?
What does Peter want to talk to Jim about?
Offer me Why isn'tjim sure ifhe'll be able to go away this year ?
a cup of tca/a sweet/a drink/a cigarette. W hy was Peter going to ring him ?
Offer to Why won't he have to ring him aftcr ail?
open the w indow/close the door/hclp him/ lend me some
money. Who'IJ be home later tanight?
Who' U be angry if Peter is late?
Who won't be able to have a holiday?
12.4 Listening compre hensi on Who won't have to ringjim up after ail?

Peter meetsjim A sk me {{
Jim'JJ be home later.
Peter Will you be at home later tonight, Jim? Pcter'll give him a ring about eight.
Jim 1 think so. Why? the dentist will be angry if he's la te.
Peter There's something 1 want to ask you. 1'11 give you a ring it' ll take Peter a couple of minutes to get therc.
about eight, if that's ail right with you. Jim' ll be able to go away this year.
Jim Can 't you tell me now? he'll be able to atford a holiday.
Peter 1 haven't time now. l'm going to the dentist's. H e'll be
angry if I'm late. Ask me
Jim l'i! walk with you as far as the corner of the Street. w hcn he'IJ be home.
70 71
 when hl··ll give him a ring. Unit U
how long it"ll rnkc him to ger thl'rl'.
why he wo1i't be able to have a ho liday this yl'ar.
why he won't have to ring him up after ail.
13.1 Reading

12.5 Writi ng H o111 1011~ 111ill yo11 li<' s1ayi11~?

P111 rhl' 1 erbs i11 lmukcts i11t(l the SHALL/WILI oo.fôrnr wl1crc pM.>ihl1·
1

Vou (have) a cup of cotfee?

2 They not (Jend) him the money.
3 1 (do) that for you?
4 lt (be) time fo r lunch soon.
5 W e (havi:: to) do this again .
6 Vou (be able to) spcak English well next ycar.
7 1 never (get} therc in rime. 1 (cake) a taxi?
8 He (do) it if the y (pay) him .
9 1 don 't think the y (pa y) hi m.
ro Whcre we (go) tonight?
1 J He isn't sure whcn he (be back).
12 W e can't move into our new bouse until it (be) ready.
13 We can eat as soon as they (arrive).
14 1 (do) it if 1 (have) the cime.
15 They not (be) therc w hen you (corne) .

Simpson Good evening. M y name's Simpson. I booked a room by

post about a m onth ago.
Clcrk Oh ycs, sir. H ere we arc. How long will you be mying?
Simpson Oh, onl y a couple of nights. Until 1 can find a room of my
own.
Ckrk 1 see. Ves, that will be all right. Will you be eari ng your me:
in the hotel ?
Simpson Onl y the evening meal. !'Il be out Jooking for a room most •
the day.
72 73

as .. . -
 Clerk Very good, sir. We'll be scrving dinner in half an hour, sir. Whcre will you be having lunch?
Simpson Oh good. 1'11 just go and have a bath and change. What time will you be going home?
Clerk Oh, by the way, sir, a Miss Winters lcft a message for you. H ow man y more years will you be studying English?
Shc asked me to tell you that shc will be working lare conighr
so she won't be able to see you until tomorrow. Ask me i(
Simpson Oh, I see. 1'11 be g~ing away for the weekend.
Clerk But she say~ she'll g ive you a ring about 8.30 tonight. you'll be secing me tomorrow.
Simpson J'll be having dinner at that time. I'll be going home by bus.
Clerk Thar's ail right, sir. Wc'll call you in the dining-room. anybody'll be waiting for me at home.
Simpson Thanks a lot. Don't forget, will you? It's m ost important. I'll still be teaching English in ten years' time.
1'11 be having lunch at one.
How long will Simpson be staying at the hotel?
Will he be eating in the hotel? A skme
What will he be doing most of the day? what I'll be doing this rime tomorrow.
When will they be serving dinner? where I'll be going for the weekend.
Why won't Miss Winters be able to see him until tomorrow? when you'll be seeing me again.
What will Simpson be doing when she rings him at 8.30? when !'Il be having lunch.
what time !'Il be going home.
13.2 Intonation
13.4 Listening compre hension
'Don't for'get, 'will you?
When the voice falls both in the statement and the tag, the
negativc impcrative mcans: PLEASE don't forget.
jean and Berry

Jean Will you be seeing Tom tomorrow by any chance?

Ask someone polirely not to do the following:
Betty Tom? Tom who?
Don't be late.
Jean Tom Turner, of course. He's your boy-friend, isn't he?
Don't go without me.
Bett y 1 suppose so. Why do you want to know ifl'll be seeing him
Don't forger to buy me some cigarettes.
tomorrow?
Don't be too long.
Jean Because Harry's coming for a meal tomorrow night, and I
Don't spend too much.
wanted to ask you and Tom as well.
Don't lose your temper.
Betty Oh, 1 see. As a matter of face, 1 shan't be here. I'm going
Don't lose it.
a wa y for the weekend.
Jean Will Tom be going with you?
Betty No. He's got to work late at the office, so he' ll be staying in
13.3 Oral practice
town till Saturday.
What will you be doing this weekend/time tomorrow? Jean Shall 1 ask him round later?
Where will you be going for the weekend? Betty If you want to. He'll be happy to corne, I'm sure.
What will you be having for supper tonight? Jean As long as you don't mind.
Where will you be going for your holidays this year? Betty Not at ail. 1'11 be only too pleased to know he'll be with you
When will you be sceing me again? and Harry.
When shall 1 be seeing you again?
When will you be having lunch ? When's H arry coming for a meal?
74 75
 Why does Jean want to know if Betty will be seeing Tom Unit 14
tomorrow?
Why won't Betty be there?
Will Tom be going with her?
Why won't he be going w:ith her? 14.1 Reading
How long will he be staying in town for?
Why doesn't Betty mind if Jean asks him to come ? Simpson' s.fi11ure /a11d/ady

Who's Betty's boy-friend?

Who's coming for a meal tomorrow ni ght ?
Who won 't be herc ?
Who'll be staying in town uncil Saturday?

Ask me {(
she'll be seeing him tomorrow night.
he'JI be going for a mcal tomorrow night.
she won't be there.
he'll be staying in town.
she minds if he goes.

Ask me
when shc'll be sceing him.
where he' ll be going for a meal.
who Betty's boy-friend is.
why she won 't be herc.
why he won't be going with her.
how long he'll be staying in town .

13.5 Writing

Pi1t the 11erbs i11 brackets imo tire correctform: SllALL/ WILL fie doin.(!.
1 I expect he (work) late tonight.
2 He n ot (work) when 1 go to see him.
3 You (have) lunch with me today?
4 We (eat) soon. Landlady This is your room, Mr Simpson. Do you like it?
5 When you (see) Janet again? Simpson Er - it looks ver y ni ce. But it's a bit smalt, isn 't ic?
6 I (think) of you white you arc o n holiday. Landlady Smalt, but cosy. Will you be sta ying long?
7 M y daughter not (come) for the weekend because she's ill. Simpson 1'11 be staying a couple of months.
8 They not (go) to Turkey again this year. Landlad y I sec. I usually let this room to a girl. This is the first time
SI She not (play) tennis this afternoon? l' ve let it to a man.
10 They not (use) the car again today? Simpson I haven't taken it yet.
Landlady 1 thought you said you likcd the room.
76 77
Simpson J do. But 1' 11 have to think aboutit first. Yo ulike him ,don't " Ycs. (but not much)
Landlady Weil, don ' t take too long, will you? 1 can 't kcep it frcc you?
indefinitely. Arc you warm J'm not vcold. (but I'm not ho t
Simpson 1'11 let you know this afternoon. enough? either)
Landlady l see. 1 suppose you ' re going ro look at other places first and Can 1 borrow your You 'can if you (but I'm not happy
compare. car? vlike. about it)
Simpson Er - yes, 1 am. ln fact, J'm seeing another place at midda y. Can you corne T ovmorrow ? (that's difficult)
Land lad y W ell, you won't find anything as cheap as this. tomorrow?
Simpson No, 1 suppose not. It's just that it's a long way from work. What's he like? H e's ~ood­ (but that's about
Landlady The bus service is very good. " looking. all)
Simpson Is it? Weil, anyway, l'll ring you this afternoon. Do you like m y lt's a 'nice "colour. (but a terrible
Landlady I'm not on the phone. It's too cxpensive. new dress? design)
Simpson Oh. ln that case, I'll corne back about four, if that's ait right Are you coming to Yes, l' m vcoming. (but I don't want te
with you. the party?
Landlady Perfectly ail right. 1'11 be here. Yo u smacked m y I'm "sorry. (but hc deserved it)
chi Id.
H ow long will he be staying if hc takes the room?
When will he let her know?
What's he going to do first? 14.3 Ora l practice (See Summary 14)
What's he doing at midday?
Will he find anything cheaper, according to the landlady? The teacher reads the state ments, and the studcnt transforms
When does he sa y he will ring her? them to the correct tense to e xpress a future action.
What time will he corne back? ( I) Tcacher W e've arranged to watch television to night.
Where will the landlad y be? Studcnt W e're warchi11~ te1evision to night.
(2) Teacher We intend to watch telcvision tonight.
Stude nt W e're going to watc/1 television tonight.
14.2 Into nat io n (3) Teacher W e've j ust dccided to watch television tonight.
Student W e' Il watcli television tonight.
lt ' looks very , nice (but it's a bit sm all). (4) T cacher As usual, we'll watch television tonig ht.
When you have doubts about something or do not completely Student W e'll be 111atchi11g television tonight.
agree with somebody, use the falling- rising tune.
They've arr anged to do it.
Try to do it. I'll vtry (but I don't think 1 Can) . They intend to do it.
The sign " is used when the voice falls and rises in the same They've j ust decided to do it.
word. They're doing it as usual.

Agree reluctantly or have doubts about the following: H e usually sees her home after the lcsson.
H e intends to see her home after the lesson .
Someone says You say Yo11 mea11 H e's arranged to see her home after the lesson.
He'll help you. 1 'hope he , will. (but 1have m y He's decided to see her home after the lesson.
doubts)
He's very clever, H e ' works very (but clever, no) l've arranged to lend you the money.
isn't he? , ha rd. l'm knding you the money as l always do.

79
 I inte nd to lcnd you the money. (2) What had Bill almost forgottcn?
I've decidcd to lend you the money. (3) When is his birthda y?
H o w old w ilJ he be o n the 27th ?
She's working latc to night as usual. (4) Is he h aving a birthday part y?
She intends t o work late tonig ht. (2) Will H arr y be seeing J anct be fore the 27th ?
Shc's decided to w o r k late to night. (3) When will he be sccing her ?
She's arranged to w o rk late to night. ( r) What d ocs Harry o ffer to do?
What d oes Bill want her to bring ?
W e've decided no t co w atch tele visio n ronight. (3) H o w did BilJ get to know J anet?
W e won' t watch televisio n to night as wc usuall y do. (4) What 's H arr y goin g to do?
W e've arranged not to watch te levision tonight. (1)
W e intend no t to wat ch televisio n tonig ht. (2) Who'll be twenty-five on the 27th ?
Who's having a birthday party?
They have no intenti o n o f doing it. (2) Who' ll be seeing J anet como rro w evening?
Thcy' ve decided not to doit, after ail. (3) Who's got a marvellous collection o f records ?
They've arranged no t to d o it. (r) Who used to work with Bill ?
Thcy're no t d o ing it as they usually d o. (4) Who's g o ing to m arry H ar r y?

Ask me if
14.4 Listening comprehension hc'll be t w enty-fivc o n the 27th .
he'll be coming to t he party.
Bill and Harry hc'll be sccing J anet before thcn.
he's g o ing to m arr y her.
Bill What 's the date today?
Harry lt's the 23rd. Why? Ask me
BilJ M y birthday's o n the 27th. I'd almost fo rgotte n. ho w old hc 'll be o n the 27th.
H arr y H ow old will you be? when he's having a part y.
Bill I'IJ be twenty-five. when he'Jl be seeing Janet.
H arry Are you having a birthda y party ? who he's going to m arry.
B ill Yes, of course. W o n 't you be coming ?
H arr y Yo u haven 't asked m e yet.
Bi ll I'm asking you now. By the w ay, will you be secingJanet 14.5 Writ ing
before then ?
H arr y Y es, 1 will. Do you w ant he r to corne too? Revision : Put the verbs in &rackets into the correctform
Bill Yes, but I don ' t know her addrcss. 1 (walk) alo ng the road the o ther d ay when 1 (m eet) an old
H arr y Shall I ask her for you? I'll be seeing her tomorro w evening. g irl-friend of mine. She (wear) a fur coat and (look) vcry
Bill That 's a good idea. Will you ask her to bring so m e o f her prospero us.
records with her? Shc's got a m arvello us collectio n . ' What you (do) these days?' 1 (ask) her.
H arry Yo u seem to know an a wful lo t about m y girl-friend. ' I just (finish) making m y first film ', she (say) . 'Eve ryone
Bill D o n 't be so suspicio us. Rem e mber, she uscd to wor k in m y (think) it (be) a g reat success w hen it (corne o ut). In m y next
offi ce, so I got to know her guite w ell. film l (play) the Jead.'
Harry Weil , ail I can say is I'm glad shc changed her job. I'm going ' I not (know) you (want) to be an actress', 1 (answ e r).
co m arry her , you know. ' H o w lo ng you (w o rk) in films ?'
80 81
 ' I not (act) for very long', shc (reply). 'But when 1 (be) in Unit ts
Rome last summer, l (fall in love) with a film producer.'
'T hat (be) lucky, n ot (be) it?' 1 (say) rathcr bittcrly.
' What you (mean) by lucky ?' shc (reply), angrily. 'I (work)
hard to becomc an actress.' 15.1 Reading
I (feel) bitter, because I always (want) to be an actor but l
never (have) the opportunity. J (be in love) with that girl fiv e What would you /ike for supper?
years ago. l always (like) her, and although 1 (feel) a little
jealous at the m o ment, I (know) l always (feel) something for
her.

Landlady What would you like for supper tonight, Mr Simpson?

Simpson What do you suggest?
Landlad y W eil now , let's see. W o uld you like scrambled eggs on toast
Simpson N o thanks. You gave m e an omelette for lunch.
Landlady So J did. W ell, would you like a ni ce salad, o r would you
rather have a bowl of soup ?
Simpson Er - I'd rather have a pork chop, or sausages and chips.
Something like that.
Landlady I'm sure you would, Mr Simpson. But meat is very expensivc
82
 you know. And with the low rcnt you' rc p:iying ... What Why won't hc switch the radio off?
would you say to biscuits and chcest'? Will it never stop raining ?
Simpson I'd say it wouldn't be enough. He sm okes too much.
Land lady There's 110 need to be rude, Mr Simpson.
Simpson Sarry. Anyway, give me what you Jike.
Landlady A nicc hot cup of tea then . Or would you rarhcr have 15.3 O ral p ractice
cocoa?
Simpson Whichcvcr is cheaper. T eacher W ould you Jike to live in London ?
Land lady l shan't be long. (She .~oes) Student Yes, 1 would./ No, I wouldn't.
Simpson 1 wish she' d give m e somet hing to eat now and then. T eacher W ould you like to have dim1er with me?
Student Yes, I'd like to very much. Thank you ./
Wh y wolùdn't Mr Simpson like scrambled eggs on toast? I'm awfully sorry, I can't. Thanks all the same.
What else does she offer him ? T eacher W ould you like a sw ect?
What would he rather have? Student Yes pleasc./N o thanks.
W ould biscuits and cheese be enough for him? T eacher Would you likc a cup of tea or would you rather have a
What does he wish? coffec?
Student J'd rathcr have a cup o f tea (coffee).

15.2 Intonation a)
Would you Jike a sweet/cigarctte/drink/cup of tea/coffee?
1 ' wish shc'd give me somcthing tO ,eat. Would you likc to live in London/Rome/ Paris/ N ew York ?
Would you like to study Russian/ write a book/have a lot of
1 WISH -' W OULD expresses a strong desire chat so111(•011e else will money?
do som ething in thefu111re, but you know that this is not likcly W ould you Jike ta/have dinner with me?
to happen. Compare with r 1.2. /corne to the theatre with me?
/corne to the cinema with m e?
Tm not coming to your party.'
' I 'wish you ,would.' fi 'wish you'd ,corne.' b)
Would you like a cup of tea or wou ld you rather have a
The fall is on WISH , and the rise on the second part of the coffee?
sentence. Which would she rathcr have?
Would you likc a sweet or wo uld you rather have a
Vou arc thinking: She's not coming to m y party. chocolate?
Vo u say: 1 'wish she'd corne to m y ,party. Which would she rather have?
W ould you likc a beer or would you rather have a Scotch?
Wish the following in the same way: Wh1ch w ould hc rather have?
Vou arcn 't listening tome. Would you like to go to the States for a holiday or would
They haven't paid me. you rather go to ln dia?
He won 't go. Where would he rather go?
He ncvcr rings me up. Would you rather go in the summer or in the winter?
He never asks me out to dinner. When w ould hc rather go?
Please speak to him about it.
Wh y doesn't she hurry up? Offer me a cigarette/drink/sweet etc.
!ti 85

r
 Unit t6 Bert W ouldn't you? What w ould you do with all that spare time?
Fred As 1 said, I'd go ro und the world.
Bert What would you do after that?
Fred Oh, 1 don't know. lt'd take me a long time co go round the
16.1 Reading world.
Bert It doesn't sound very exciting.
Wlwr 111011/d yo11 do [( ycn1 111t>11 rite Pools? Fred Anyway, we haven't won the Pools, and we're not likely to
win them . So there isn't much point in talking aboutit, is
there?
Bert I'd be happy if 1 got a rise.
Fred And m y wife would be happy if 1 bought her a mink coat.
Bert W eil, I'm not likely to get a rise and you haven't the money
for a mink coat, so let's corne down to earth and have
another drink.
Fred What'll you have?
Bert I' ll have a pint of the best.
Fred l'd have a Scotch if 1 were you. We dcserve it.
Berc Ali right. Make it a do uble, will you ?

What would Fred do if he won the Pools?

What would Bert buy if he won the Pools?
Who would he buy the house and garden for?
Would Fred stop working if he had a lot of money?
What would he do with his spare cime?
H ow long would it take Fred to go round the world ?
What w ould make Berc happy?
What would make Fred's wife happy?
What does Fred advise Bert to drink?

16.2 Intonation

'I'd have a 'Scotch, if /I were you.

WOULD + IF 1 WERE vou expresses strong ad vice or even a
command.
Fred If 1 won the Pools, J'd go round the w o rld. The fall is in the first phrase, with the rise beginning on the
Bert W ould you? 1 wouldn't. second 1.
Fred What would you do?
Bert Oh , I don't kn ow. l'd buy a big house with a garden for the Why don't you go? l'd 'go if ' I were you.
w ifc and kids, 1 suppose. But ic's difficult to imagine having a D on't go. 1 'wouldn't go if , 1 were you.
lot of money. Transform the following the same way :
Fred One ching's certain . If 1 had a lot ofm oney, 1 wouldn't
wo rk an y more. Why don't you stay?
88 89
 Why don't you mar ry him? They'll lend me the money if I need it.
Don't stay. You'll speak English well if you work hard.
Don't smoke so much. You'll lcarn English q uickly if you live in Britain.
Why don 't you ask her out to dinner? He'll ring her up if he wants to.
Don't buy it. We'll go if we have the time.
Why don't you accept their invitation? You'll feel bettcr if you smoke less.
Don't eat at t hat restaurant. She' ll get wet ~fit rains.
Why don't you have something to cat before thejourney? He won't drive if it's foggy.
Don't doit. They won't corne if she's there.
Why don't you take an umbrella? 1 won't help him even if he pays me.
Don't drink any more. He won't doit even if you pay him.
She won 't marry him even if he asks her.
They won't lend me the money even if 1 need it.
16.3 Oral practice

Would you be annoyed if your wife bought a fur coat? 16.4 Listen ing comprehension
W ould you be an gr y if someone stole your car?
W o uld you be pleased if someone gave you a present? George asks Anne out
W o uld you be glad if you stopped work?
Would you be delighted if your parents bought you a car? George Hello. ls that you, Anne?
Anne Oh, it's you , is it?
How would you feel if someone George Yes, it is. A ren't you pleascd to speak to m e?
stole your car? Anne Yes, of course. But 1 wish you wouldn't ring me up at the
broke your pen? same time cver y evening. It's so monotonous.
hit your child ? George Oh, sorry. 1 only wanted to know - would you like to corne
did ail your work for you? out with me tomorrow night?
gave you a present? Anne Where t o?
bought you a fur coat/car/piano/motor-bikc/guitar? George Would you like to see the film atou r local ? It's a musical.
Anne l'd rather go to town and see a good play.
What did lie say? What would you do if you had a lot of money? George Oh, ail right. lt costs more, you know.
W ould you stop wor k if you had the chance? Anne Well, of course, if you can't afford it.
W ould you lend me/him some money if I/he asked you? George lt isn't that.
Would you live abroad if you had the money? Anne What then ?
If your firm offered you a job abroad, would you take it? George l wish you'd be more enchusiastic sometimes.
Anne I' d be more enthusiastic if you behaved yourself w hen we go
Tran~form like this: out.
Teacher !'Il go if she asks me. George What do you m ean?
1st Student What did he say? Anne Weil, you always want to talk about love and romance. Why
ind Student He said he'd go if she asked him. can't you be more pracrical sometimes? l 'd be more clown to
earth if 1 were you.
He' ll do it if you pa y him enough. George l am clown to earth. As a matt er of facr, l'm going to ask you
l'i! be there in five minutes if l take a taxi. something special.
She'll m arry him if he asks her. Anne What?
90 91
George W eil - would you marry me if 1 asked you? 9 1 not (go) even if 1 had enough money.
Anne Vou haven ' t askcd m e yet. IO H e (ring) m e up if he wanted to.
George W eil, I'm going to ask you tomorrow night. !'Il pick you up
at the office about six. Ail right?
Anne Ali nght.

What does Anne wish George wouldn' t do ?

What did George want to know ?
What would he like to see?
What would Anne rather do?
What does George w ish shc'd be?
What would m ake Anne more e nthusiastic?
What's George going to ask her tomorrow night?

Who'd like to sce the musical ?

Who'd rather see a good play ?

Ask me !f
she'd like to go o ut with him .
she'd like to see the film at the local cinem a.
she'd rather go to town.
she'd be more enthusiastic if he behaved himself.
sh e'd marry him if h e asked h er.

A skme
whcre he would like to go.
what he would likc to see.
what Anne w o uld r ather d o.
where she'd rather go.
what' d make her m ore enthusiastic.

16.5 Writi ng

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form

You (feel) bette r if you took yo~r m edicine.
2 She would corne to the p arty if he (be) there.
3 He would help you if he (be able to).
4 Jf he (need) the money, w o uld you givc it to him ?
5 If they paid m e enough, 1 (accept) the jo b .
6 I'd walk home if there (be) a bus strike.
7 I'd do it if 1 (have to).
8 If he had a better salary, hc (go) abroad ever y year.

92 93
 Unit 17 Peter Weil, make one then . Ring him up now. You should think
other people now and then.
Alice Ali right, all right. Calm clown. You ought to go to the
doctor's yourself, your nerves are in such a state. Could you
17.t Reading give me his number, please?
Peter Isn't it in your diary? You should write these things down.
You should see a docror Alice lt'll be in the phone book. Anyway, if l went to see him no '
I'd have to put off Henri. H e should be here any minute.
Peter Who on earth's he?
Alice H e's a famous make-up artist. l'm sure he'd be able to covc1
1 up m y spots with something if I asked him.
! What had Alice better do ?
When should she see a doctor ?
What could Peter do ?
What would she have to do if she wanted to see the doctor
this morning?
Who should she think of now and then?
Why does Alice say he ought to go to the doctor's himself?
What should Alice write clown in her diary?
What would she h ave to do if she went to see the doctor
now?
Who should be here any minute ?
What is she sure H enri would be able to do?

17.2 Intonation

l've got chickenpox. M easles.

When you want to correct what someone has just sa id, the
voice falls then rises quickl y on the same word .
This is the same as when you contradict somebody (sec 6
but the fall-rise is on one word only.
Wendy is telling a friend about her neighbours next doo1
Peter Look at your face. It's covered in spots. but either she gets her facts wrong or she exaggerates a littl•
Alice Let me sec. M y God, I've got chickcnpox. Her husband, Hugh, corrects her.
Peter Measlcs. You 'd better call the doctor immediately. Read the part of Hugh.
Alice But 1 feel ail right. I think 1'11 wait till tonight.
Peter Don't be silly. You should see a doctorat once. I could take Wendy They told me they were married in Westminster Abbey.
you in the car. Hugh St vPaul's.
Alice I'd have to make an appointment first if 1 wanted to see him Wendy And that their sonjohn-
this morning. Hugh vj ack.

94 95
 Wendy - went to school at Eton. What did If you had a lot of moncy, w ould you have to/work?
Hugh vHarrow. he say? /get up early?
Wendy And then to Oxford- /learn English?
Hugh vcambridge.
W endy - where he got a degree in history. Wl1at did If you went on ho liday comorrow, would you have to
H ugh vEnglish. lie say? book in advance?
W endy And now he's teaching in Edinburgh. tell your wife first ?
Hugh v Glasgow. tell your parents?
W endy She says he's writing a book about Shakespeare. go to the bank first?
H ugh vMarlowe. pack a suitcase?
W endy He's only twenty-four.
Hugh vTwenty-six. c)
W endy Anyway, he got married last year. Wlzat did Could you/speak a little faster?
H ugh The year bevfore. I ask ? /speak English in class?
W endy And they went on their honeymoon for threc months. /corne hcrc tomorrow?
Hugh vTwo. /give me a cigarette, please?
Wendy They toured Greece.
Hugh vital y.
Wendy Then they took a house by the sea. d)
A vflat. What did If you had a lot of money, would you be able to
Hugh
1 don't know how they can afford it. he say? stop work ?
W endy
Hugh ' I ,do. His wife's very good with money.
go round the world?
do what you like?

Wliat did If you lived in England, would you be able to

17.3 Oral practice
he say? speak English well ?
fi nd a j o b easil y?
a)
send mo ney home?
Wl1at did Should l/ought 1 to/had 1 better/ask him a question ?
l ask? /!end him the mone y?
/ask them to my party? 17.4 Listening comprehension
/see the new film at the Odeon?
/explain this to you again? George and A1111e on tlie 111ay to tire tlreatre

What did Should wc/ought we to/had we better/do this again? George H ave you thought o ver what 1 asked you yesterday ?
l ask? /study it at home? Anne What was that ?
/speak English in class? George You know quite well what it was. 1 asked you if you'd
/stop for a break now? marry me.
/get here on cime? Anne You didn 't ask me. You said you would ask me. There's a
differencc. So you'd bctter ask me, hadn't you?
b) George Should 1 get down on m y knees or something ?
Wliat did If you lived abroad, would you have to/learn the language? Anne You'd better nor. People would stare. Couldn'c you wait until
he say? /find a job? we 're in a more ro mantic place?
/send money home? George But you said 1 should be more clown to earth.

97
 r,
Anne So 1 did. But you'd better hurry up, or we'll be late. 17.5 Writing
' George Very well. Anne, will you marry me?
Anne 1 don't know. Put SHOULD/OUGHT Tü/HAD BETTER/WOULD HAVE TO/couu
1· George What do you mean, you don't know? WOULD BE ABLE TO into the blank spaces.
Anne What I said. I'll have to ask my parents first . (Sorne sentences can have two forms, depending on the
George What for? You're over twenty-one. meaning.)
Anne That's not the point. 1 ought to tell them first. I ..... do some work, but 1 don't want to.
George Tell them, yes. Not ask them. 2 H e ..... go to bed if he doesn't feel well.
Anne An yway, I'd have to think aboutit first before 1 took such a 3 If I went by train, I ..... leave at eight .
big decision. I'm not at ail sure 1 could live with someone 4 If he asked me to !end him some money, I .... . refus
likc you. 5 If you don't know the answer, you ..... tell me.
George What's wrong with m e? 6 He ... .. be able to answer that question.
Anne You're too practical and clown to earth. Vou should be m ore 7 ..... you ask him to wait for me, please?
romantic sometimes. There's a time and a place for 8 We ..... go to the art exhibition , if you like.
everything. 9 They ... .. be able to speak English well by now.
1 o V ou ..... go to the States if you won the first prize.
What did George ask Anne? II H e ..... find it if he put on his g lasses.
What had he bettcr ask her? 12 They . .... get a visa if they went to Russia.
What had he better not do? 13 We ..... see better if you switched on the light.
Why doesn't Anne want him to get clown on his knees? 14 Vou ..... be able to find a job easily with your
What did Anne tell George he should be? qualifications.
Why had he bettcr hurry up? 1 5 If we go to the theatre, we ..... book our seats in
Who would she have to tell before she decided? advance.
What would she have to do before she took such a big 16 I ..... see you tonight, if you like.
decision? 17 He ..... answer that if he were here.
What isn 't she sure about? 18 It .... . n't be difficult to do that.
What does she suggest he should be sometimes? 19 Even if 1 came to your part y, 1 ..... leave earl y.
20 1 ..... rcpair it if 1 knew how it worked.
Ask me !f
he should/had becter ask her to marry him.
he should/ought to/had better get clown on his knecs.
he could wait/couldn't wait for a while.
she should/ought to tell her parents first.
she'd have to think about it.
she could live with him.

Ask me
what George had better ask Anne.
what he should do.
what he ought to do.
why he couldn't wait.
1 what she'd have to do before she took such a big decision .
I· why she couldn 't live with him .
1 99
!
 .,.

Untt t8 have gone this morning ? What have you bcen doing sirice
I left you?
Alice 1 told you. 1 had an appointment with Henri, the beautician.
1 Peter That couldn't have taken all day.
18.1 Reading Alice lt didn't. He should have corne at elevcn o'clock, but he
didn 't turn up till ten past twelve. And by the time he had
Yo" should have go11e to the doctor' s finished, it was lunch-time.
1
Peter Finished what ?
:.:' Alice My face, of course.
'
It's a pity he couldn't have made a better job of it.

m
Peter
Alice Actually, he didn't do anything in the end because of the
spots. He said it would be too dangerous.
! Peter I could have told him that.
it Alice So w e j ust sat and talked.
Peter Oh, you did, did you?
• Alice He said 1 ought to have seen him years ago. H e could have
\

fl· done so much to help m y skin.

Peter Oh, he could, could he?
Alice So he's taking me to a skin specialist tomorrow.

Who ought Alice to have rung?

What shouldn't she have wasted?
What does Peter w ant to know?
What couldn't have taken all day ?
When shou!d Henri have corne ?
What does Peter think is a pity?
., What could Peter have told him?
Why should Alice have seen Henri years ago?

18.l Intonation

W e sat and talked.

Oh, you ' did, ,did you?
He could have done so much to help m y skin.
Oh, he 'could, ,could he?
Peter My God, your face is worse than ever. Didn't you go to the
doctor's this morning? T o sound sarcastic, the voice falls on the first auxiliary and
Alice l didn't have time. rises on the second.
Peter Vou should have made time. I told you to go. Vou should
have rung him up at once. Hugh is late for dinncr, and W endy has been waiting for him.
Alice Vcs, 1 suppose I ought to have. 1'11 go lacer this evening. She is not at all pleased.
Peter Vou shouldn' t have wasted ail this time. Wh y couldn't you Read the part of W endy.
!OO 101
 f ....

.;1
11
,.
Hugh
W endy
l'm sorry I'm late-
Oh, you are, are you?
t D id you corne to m y lesson last week?
Did you m ake an appointment to sec the dentist ?
'• H ugh - but 1 met George. W e went to our local for a drink. f'
~
Wendy Oh, you did, did you?
I •
Hugh 1 was going to ring you- i' b)

~1
W endy Oh, you were, were you? Disapproval of a past action
Hugh - but you wouldn't have corne anyway, would you?
tJI W endy Oh, 1 wouldn't, wouldn't 1? Teacher 1 lost my temper.
"i·' Hugh Gosh, l'm hungr y. 1 could eat a three-course meal. Student Vou shouldn't have lost your temper./
.'1
W endy Oh, you could, could you? Vou oughtn't to have lost your temper.
;i ~
Hugh
W end y
Weil, l've only had a sandwich today.
Oh, you have, have you? Make sure the students say SHOULDN'T'VE and not SHOULDN'T
.·r
1 Hugh What's the matter with you? Vou sound bad-tempered and HAVE.
' irritable.
W endy Oh, 1 do, do I ? 1 went to the party without being asked.
Hugh Vou should take a tranquillizer. 1 rang her up after midnight.
W endy O h, 1 should, should 1? 1 smoked a cigarette in class.
He hit me.
He broke his promise.
She refused to speak to him.
T hey were very rude to me.
18.3 Ora l p ractice V ou were making fun o f me.
Vou did it.
•,
·1 a) 1 bought them a present.
j:-1 Duty or action not done Vou ate too much.
l We drank too much last night.
1

:t Teacher
Student
Did you get up early this morning?
No. 1 should have got up early, but 1 didn't./
She married him.
1
No. 1 ought to have got up early, but 1 didn't.
c)
The m ore natural reply would be: No, 1 should h ave done, Ability unfulfilled
but 1 didn't. This exercise is to elicit the Past Participle of the
verb as well. T eacher Were you able to go yesterday?
Make sure the students say SHOULD'VE and not SHOULD HAVE. Student 1 could have gone, but 1 didn't.

Did you do your homework last night ? Make sure the stu dents say couto'vE and not cOULD HAVE.
Did you go to see the film at the Odeon?
Did you have breakfast this m oming? Were you/they able to/play tennis yesterday?
Did you study this at home? /go away for the weekend ?
Did she ring you up last night? /speak to him?
Did he ask you out to dinner ? /do your/their homework ?
Did I explain this to you last week ? /have a holiday?
Did she meet you yesterday aftemoon? / buy it?
102 103
 .
r
f'
Was he/she able to/help you? Anne Weil, I was hungry. I couldn't have sat through that play
/be there? without eating something.
/ring you up? George You could have had a sandwich or somcthing instead of a
/lend you the money? three-course meal. l'm sure you couldn't have been that
/tell you before? hungry.
Anne Why not? 1 hadn't eaten since breakfast. Anyway, I paid for
d) it, didn't I? So why should you worry?
Contradiction or negative deduction George I'm not worried.
Anne Yes, you are. You're bad-tempered and irritable. You should
Teacher He went to the cinema yesterday. have taken a tranquillizer before you came out.
Student He couldn't have gone, because he was ill. George lt isn't a tranquillizer 1 need. It's a straight answer to my
''
question.
Make sure the students say COULDN'T'vE and not couLDN'T Anne Which one?
HAVE. George You know very well which one. For the Iast time, will you

He went to the theatre last night.

She/they/he/played tennis yesterday.
1
1 Anne
George
marry me?
1 suppose so. But you could have asked me at a becter time.
When would have been a better time?
/went away for the weekend. Anne You could have asked me while we were having dinner. W e
/came to the lesson yesterday. could have discussed our future instead of going to that silly
/had a party last night. play.
_, /had a singing Jesson yesterday.
/bought a new coat today. What did George think of the play?
l,iI~ /took her out to dinner last night. According to George, whcre should they have gonc?
!· /went shopping this moming. What couldn't Anne have done without cating something
' 1 saw her in the street this moming. first?

] •
1 heard him singing in his bath.
1 watched the President of the United States live on TV
last night .
What could Anne have had instead of a three-course meal?
Who paid for it?
Why should George have taken a tranquillizer before he came
1 listened to the Prime Minister on the radio this morning. out?
What did George ask her for the last timc?
When should he have asked her to marry him?
What could they have talked about du ring dinncr ifhe had asked
18.4 Listening comprehension herthen?

George finally gets an answer from Anne Ask me if

they should have gone to the musical instead.
Anne What's the matter with you? Didn't you enjoy the play? they could have got thcre on time.
George No, 1 thought it was awful. W e should have gone to the she couldn't have had a sandwich instead.
musical. he should've taken a tranquillizer before coming out.
Anne Don't be so selfish. It was a marvellous play. It was a pity we he could've asked her at a better timc.
m issed the beginning, though. We shouldn't have been so late. he shouldn't have asked her during dinner.
George 1t wasn't my fault. We could have got there on time, but you they couldn't have discussed their futu re instead of going to
insisted on eating first. the play.
104 105
 A sk me
where they should've gone to instead.
why they couldn't have got there on time.
what she couldn't have done.
r Unit tS>

why she couldn't have been that hungry. 19.1 Reading

what he should've taken before coming out.
when he could've asked her. I'd have eaten it ail if l'd been l1ungry
when he should've asked her.
what they could have discussed.

18.5 Writing
!
Put SHOULD HAVE/ OUGHT TO HAVE or COULD HA VE into the
blank spaces and change the verb in brackets to the correct form
r 1 ..... (mcct) her yesterday, but 1 forgot.
2 You ..... not (hit) him so bard.
3 Hurry up. We're late already. You know we ..... (be)
t
there by now.
4 1 think you ..... (talk) it over with him first.
5 I' m not surprised you feel ill. Y ou .... . not (eat) that so
quickly.
6 Why didn't you ring me? We ..... (go) together.
7 They ..... not (watch) TV last night because their set's
broken.
8 Why have you been so long? lt ..... not (take) an hour
to go to the grocer's and back.
9 1 ..... not (walk) ·past him without speaking, could 1?
10 1 think we ..... (say) something.

Landlady You haven' t had much lunch, Mr Simpson. Don't you like
my cooking?
Simpson Oh yes, but to tell the truth, 1 wasn't very hungry.
Landlady I wouldn' t have made such a big stew if 1 had known that.
Simpson Please don't take offence. l'd have eaten it all if I'd been
hungry, but as 1 said, 1 wasn't.
Landlady I see. Perhaps next time you'll let me know beforehand. By
the way, are you going away for the weekend?
106 !07
rri
r•

Simpson No, I don't think so. I'd go ifl had the time, but J've got to If I had a lot of money, I' d stop work.

li
i! Landlad y
study for an exam.
I see. Only you went away last weekend and didn 't tell me in
Ifl'd had enough money, I'd have found a fiat of my own.
I'll be there in five minutes if 1 take a taxi.
We'll go if it stops raining.
' advancc. You should have given me more warning.
Simpson l' m sorry. 1 would have told you earlier if I'd known, but I
wasn't invited till the last minute.
Landlady 1 wouldn' t have bought so much food last Saturday if you 19.3 Oral practice
had told me in time. Fair's fair.
'l Simpson 1 can only say that ifl' d had enough money last week I'd What did Would you
" have found a fiat of my own, and then 1 would never have
corne back at ail.
he say? have/gone to university/
/learned to play the piano/
if you'd had the chance?

/gone to England last year/

What w ouldn' t the landlady have done if she had known he What did When you w ere on holiday last summer,
wasn't hungry? he say? would you have been/fed up if it had rained ail the time?
Would hc have eaten it all ifhe had been hungry? /annoyed if you had lost ail your money?
What would he do if he had the time? /plcased if you'd been able to stay
What should he have done? longer?
What would he have done if he had known he was going /glad if it had cost less?
away for the weekend? What did How w ould you have felt if/the food had been bad?
Would shc have bought so much food if she had known in he say? /it had rained all the time?
time? /you had lost al! your money?
What would he have done last week ifhe'd had enough /the holiday had been free?
money? 1
.
1
1

19.2 Intonation Transform

1 would have 'told you 'earlier ifl'd ,known. Teacher I wanted to go, but he didn' t ask me.
Student You would have gone if he had asked you.
In conditional sentences (sentences with 1F) the voice usually (You'd've gone if he'd asked you.)
fa Ils on the most important word in the main part of the T eacher You didn' t want to go, so he didn' t ask you.
sentence, .and rises on the most important word in the part Student I wouldn't have gone even if he had asked me.
which follows IF. (I wouldn' t've gone even if he'd asked me.)
If I 'won the ,Pools, I' d 'go round the 'world.
W e wanted to go, but wc didn't have the time.
Say the following in the same way: He wanted to doit, but they didn't pay him enough.
I' d go if I had the time. She wanted to marry him, but he didn't ask her.
I'd have eatcn it ail ifl'd been hungry. She knew she'd get wet if it rained, but it didn' t rain.
I'd be happy ifl got a rise in salary.
If I won the Pools J'd go on a cruise. You didn't want to help him, so he didn't ask you.
l'll hclp her if she asks me. I knew they didn't want to !end me the money, so I didn't
If you don't take your medicine you won't get better. ask them.
l'd doit if l had to. l knew thcy wouldn't corne cven if she were there.

108 109
j
r
1
1 19.4 Liste ning com prehension shc'd have earned a lot of monev if shc'd had a good job.

Simpson gives in his notice Ask me

what he should have told the landlady.
Landlady Mr Simpson, you should have told me you were going away what she'd have donc if she'd had the chance.
for the weekend. what she'd have donc if she'd had his opportunities.
Simpson I'd have told you earlier if l'd known, but 1 was only invited
at the last minute.
Landlad y I wouldn't have bought so much food ifl'd known. 19.S Writing
Simpson I'm very sorry. As a matter of fa ct, l've got something else
to tell you. I'll be leaving at the end of the week. Pw the 11erbs i11 brackets into the correct .form
Landlady Oh, you will, will you? You have to give me a m onth's 1 She (buy) it if she had had the money.
notice, you know. 2 He (take) you in his car if you had asked him.
Simpson I'll pay you the full amount, don't worry. 3 There wo uld have been trouble if 1 (be) there !
Landlady I'm not worried. You young people are all the'same. You 4 T hey would have taken you with thcm if you (ask) them.
think you can do what you want. You've all got so much 5 Ifl had known he was a foreigner, I (speak) to him in
money to waste. French.
Simpson Yes, well, I'm very sorry. But 1 told you at the beginning 6 He would have corne if he (be able to).
that I'd move as soon as 1 found a place of my own. 7 You would have clone it if you (have to).
Landlady When 1 was your age, 1 had more sense of responsibility. 1 8 How lo ng it (take) to get there if we had gone by bus?
would have gone to university myself ifl'd had the chance. 9 What you (do) if he had caught you?
But in my day it w as more difficult. 10 We (go) to the seaside yesterday if the weather had
Simpson 1 don't see what that's got to do with it. been fine.
Landlady I'm sure you don't. But l've had to work hard ail my life. If
l'd had your opportunities, 1 would have got a good job. l'd
have earned a lot of money and I'd have saved for my old
age.

What should Simpson have told the landlady?

Would he have told her earlier ifhe had known?
What wouldn't she have clone if she had known?
What else has he got to tell her ?
What would she have donc if she had had the chance?
What has she had to do ail her life?
What would she have clone if she had had his opportunities?
What would she have clone if she had got a good job?
)
A sk me if
he should have told her earlier.
he'd have told her earlier if he'd known.
she'd have bought so much food if she'd know n.
she'd have gone to university if she'd had the chance.
she'd have got a goodjob if she'd had his opportunities.
IIO 111
f
l
Unit 10 Jack

Mrs Smith
Ifl'd fou nd a job. I'd have been able ~o make enough money
to pay for my holiday.
If you had found a job, you'd have had to get a work permit.
.

Jack That would have been easy.

20.1 Reading Mrs Smith Oh, would it ? Anyway, even if you had got a work permit,
you wouldn't have been able to stay long.
You' d have lzad to get a 111ork permit {( you' dfound a job Jack Why?
Mrs Smith Because you'd have had to corne back to school. That's why.
Jack Weil, ail I know is, ifl had stayed a couple of months I'd have
been able to speak French fluently by now.
Mrs Smith Here's our stop. This is where we get off.

What wouldJack have had to do ifhe had gone to France

last year?
What would he have been able to do if he had found a job?
Ifhe had found a job what would he have had to get?
W ould that have been easy?
Why wouldn't he have been able to stay long?
What does Jack think he' d have been able to do if he had
stayed in France a couple of monchs?

20.2 Intonation

vMother. 'Could 1 'go to ' France this summer for m y ,holiday?

When you want to be persuasive or ask a particular favour,

the voice falls and rises often on the same word.

W endy is trying to persuade Hugh to buy her a coat.

Everything she says, whether it is one word or a phrase, has
the falli ng-rising tune.
Read the part of Wendy.
Wendy Hugh.
Jack Mother. Hugh M'm ?
Mrs Smith Ycs? Wendy Put your book down a minute.
Jack Could 1 go to France this summer for my holiday? Hugh Why?
Mrs Smith France? What on earth for? You went there for Easter. Wendy Listen.
Jack But 1 want to stay for the whole of the summcr this time. Hugh I'm listening.
Mrs Smith lt would cost far too much. Wendy I saw a gorgeous coat toda y.
Jack You said that last year. But 1 could have found a job. Hugh Did you ?
Mrs Smith If you had gone last year, you would have had to find a job Wendy C an 1 buy it?
first. Hugh H ow much?
)
J 12 IIJ
1

1
1
r
1
1
W endy
Hugh
Fifty pounds.
What?
Wltat did
he/she say?
If you'd worked harder when you were young,
would you have been able to/get a degree?
W endy That's not so much. Please. /get a better job?
H ugh No. /speak English well?
W endy Hugh.
Hugh No. W hat did lfyou'd wanted to, would you have been able to
Wendy You bought a suit last year. lze/slze say? swim the Channel last summer?
H ugh N o, I said. stop smoking?
Wendy Ali right. Hugh. go to the States?
Hugh What is it now? cook the dinner last night?
Wendy 1 bought a new hat today. W ould you like to see it?

20.4 Listening comprehension

20.3 Oral practice
Hugh and W endy relaxing in the garden
a)
An obligation you would have had if something had happened in Wendy l'm glad we didn' t go for a drive today. lt would have been
the past too tiring.
What did If you had gone to the States last year, Hugh I would have enjoyed it.
he say? would you have had to/get a visa ? Wendy W e'd have had to wait several hours in a trafficjam.
/find a job? H ugh If we'd gone, I'd have bcen able to have a swim.
/tell your wife? Wendy But the roads would have been so crowded. W e wouldn't
/buy different clothes ? have been able to get out of London.
/borrow money? Hugh Oh, it wouldn't have been as bad as that.
/leam American ? W endy Anywa y, you didn't suggest going until half past eleven. If
/ask your parents' permission? we had wanted to go to Brighton, we'd have had to leave
/book in advance? early in the morning.
Hugh I'd have been able to get there in an hour if l'd driven fast.
What did W ould you have had to make an appointment first if Wendy You know 1 hate driving fast. And another thing - we'd have
he/she say? you'd gonc to the doctor's? had to corne back as soon as we had got there.
you'd wanted to speak to your boss? Hugh Why ?
you'd had to see your bank manager? Wendy Because we'd ncver have got back home in ail that traffic, of
you'd spoken to your husband before breakfast? course.
Hugh Oh well. If we had gone, it would probably have rained
anyway. lt always does.

b) Why is W endy glad thcy didn't go for a drive?

An ability you would have had !f ;omething had happened in the Who would have enjoyed it?
past How long would they have had to wait in a traffic jam ?
What did If you'd had lessons, What would Hugh have been able to do if they had gone ?
he/she say? would you have been able to/drive a car? Why w ouldn' t they have been able to get out of London ?
/speak English Auently? When would they have had to Jeave if they had wanted to go
/play the piano? to Brighton?
Jt4 115
 Would he have been able to get there in an hour if he had 10 I ... . . (dance) ail nig ht.
driven fast? l1 H e ..... (answer) ail the questions, but they only asked
What would pro bably have happened if they had gone? him one.
I2 You were at the station early. You not ..... (ca tch) an
A sk me !f earlier train?
it would have been too tiring. 13 I ..... (go) yesterday, but he cancelled m y appointmcnt.
they'd have h ad to wait several hours in a traffic jam. 14 1 ..... (go) to the dentist's yesterday, but 1 cancelled m y
H ugh would have enjoyed it. appointm ent.
he' d have been able to swim if they had gone. 15 W e ..... (ask) her husband as well, but he was busy.
the roads would have been crowded. 16 I ..... buy a new car if I hadn ' t spent ail m y money.
they'd have been able to get out of London. r7 They ..... pass the exam if they had worked harder.
they'd have had to leave early if they'd wanted to go to 18 If you had wanted to stay longer, you ... .. gct a work
Brighton. permit.
he'd have been able to get there in an hour if he'd driven fa st. 19 You ..... speak English well if you had srayed in England
for two years.
Ask me 20 1 forgot I had an appointment with the dentist yesterday.
1 how long they would have had to wait in a trafficjam. I ..... (be) there at 10.15 .
j: what he'd have been able to do if they had gone.
when they would have had to leave if they'd wanted to go to
Brighton.
why they would have had to corne back as soon as they'd got
there.

20.S Writing

Put SHOULD HAVE/WOULD HAVE HAD TO/COULD HAVE or

WOU LD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO into the blank spaces, and change the
verbs in brackets into the correct form

1 1 told you the theatre would be sold out. W e ..... (book)

our scats in advance.
2 H e .. . . . (teil) m e he was married.
3 Why didn ' t you tell me be fore? Y ou ..... (do).
4 She ..... (go) to Birmingham yesterday, but she wasn' t
feeling well.
5 If he had gone by plane, he ... . . pay more.
6 If we had bought that house, wc .... . get a m o rtgage.
,,
7 If he had wanted to go abroad, he ..... get a passport.
8 T hey ..... take their baby with them, if the y had gone
to the party.
9 If l had w anted to sec him, l .... . m ake an appointment
first.
116 J 17
 Unit lt
came. Last cime she said we didn't pay her so much as the
Jones's do next door.
Peter Well, tell hcr that if we have to pay her more shc'll have to
get here on cime. She should have been here at seven last
21.1 Reading
Saturday and she didn't tum up till half past.
Alice She said she couldn't get away from the office early.
}Hst supposing
Peter She could have got away if she'd tried.
Alice She'd have been here on time ifher boss hadn't given her
some extra work at the last minute.
Peter She should pull herself together. She's too neurotic and bossy
for me. She'll have a nervous breakdown if she isn't careful.
Alice Anyway, I'll ask her to be here by scven. Soif she gets here on
time, we'll be able to catch the 7.20 train.

What will Alice have to do if they go to the theatre?

Who would corne if she could?
What would they have to do if she came ?
What will Betty have to do if they pay her more?
What time should she have been there last Saturda y?
What excuse did Betty make for being lace?
What will happen to Betty if she isn't careful?
What train will they be able to catch if Betty gets there by
seven?

21.2 Intonation

Revision
Identify the following Intonation patterns and then read
aloud. The numbers in brackets refer to the Unies in which the
pattern first appears.

George Where shall we go for our honeymoon? (9)

Anne Where? (10) Let's stay in London, shall we? (12)
George In London? (10) Whatever for?
Peter Wou Id you like to go to the thcatre tonight ? There's :i good Anne We'd save money chat way. You'd like that, wouldn't
play on at the Aldwych.
you? (2)
Alice 1 wouldn't mind. But if we go, 1'11 have to get a babysitter. George 1 suppose so. (14) But 1 wish you wouldn't keep on implying
1·• Peter That won't be difficult, will it?
chat I'm mean. (15)
Alice 1 don't know. Betty would corne if she could, but 1 think shc's Anne Well, you are, aren't you? (1)
gone away for the weekend. No, I'm not. (6) 1 wouldn't take you out so often if 1 were
George
Peter You could ring her up and find out, couldn 't you?
Alice mean. (19)
Y es, 1 could. But we'd have to pay her more money if she
Anne 1 pay. (17)
118

L 119
 George Oh, you do, do you? (18) Then don't forget to pay for the he'll lend me the money if 1 ask him.
wedding, w ill you? (13) 1 want to be married in a Registry he'd lend me the money if 1 asked him.
Office, but you don't. (4) You told me so yesterday. he'd have lent me the money if l'd asked him.
Anne Yes, 1 did, didn't 1? (5) 1wish 1 hadn't said that now. (1 1)
George Why? she'll help you if you ask her.
Anne Because my parents can't afford it. she'd help you if you asked her.
George Anne. (20) she'd have helped you if you had asked her.
Anne M'm?
George Let's get married at once, shall we? (12) 1'11 pay for everything
if we get married quietly. (19) 1 told you that ages ago. 21.4 Liste ning co mpre hension
Anne So you did. (8) Ail right. But I'd book the time soon ifl were
you. (16) 1 might change m y mind again. Jean and Betty
George So might 1. (7)
Jean Have you heard the la test ? George and Anne are getting
married.
21 .3 Oral practice Betty Y es, I know. She rang me this moming.
Jean Just think. They w ould never have met if it hadn't been for
What did Will you go home by taxi if it's raining? me. 1 introduced them five years ago.
he say? W o uld you go home by taxi if it were raining ? Betty Yes, but remember 1 introduced you to George first ..
W ould you have gone home by taxi last night if it had been Jean So you did. So we're both responsible. How romant1c.
raining? Betty I don't think so. He wouldn't have asked her if she hadn't
insisted. She's very bossy, you know.
W ill you drive home if it's fogg y? Jean She knows what she wants, that's true. 1 remember when we
Would you drive home if it were foggy? were at school together she told me once that she would have
W ould you have driven home last night if it had bcen foggy? liked to be Elizabeth 1.
Betty Why?
Will you be home in five minutes if you take a taxi? Jean Because she could have sent her teachers to the Tower of
W ould you be home in five minutes if you took a taxi? London.
Would you have been home in five minutes last night if you Betty She hasn't changed much, has she?
had taken a taxi ? Jean You sound a little bitter.
Betty I am. You know 1 would have married George ifhe had
Will you lend me some money if 1 ask you? asked me. 1 shall love him until 1 die.
W ould you lend me some money if I asked you ? Jean Po or Betty. Will you be going to the wedding ?
W ould you have lent me some money if 1 had asked you? Betty I'll go if they ask me. 1'11 have to, shan't 1? 1 don't want them
to think l'm jealous.
Will you help her if she asks you? Jean 1 wonder what she'll wear.
W ould you help her if she asked you? Betty She'll have to wear something to cover those legs.
W 0uld you have helped her if she had asked you? Jean Don't be wicked, Betty.
Betty W eil, it's true. And you know, she never stops eating. She'll
A sk me if get very fat if she isn't careful.
1'11 go home by taxi if it's raining.
I'd go home by taxi if it were raining. W ould George and Anne have met if it hadn' t been for Jean?
1

I'd have gonc home by taxi last night if it had been raining. Who introduced George to Jean?

120

l 121
 According to Betty, would George have asked Anne if she 10 I' d Iike you to learn this by heart, if you (be able to).
hadn't insisted? II He' d have liked me to help him ifl (have) the time.
When Anne was at school, who would she have liked to be? r 2 She'll get very fat if she not (be) carcful.
Why? r 3 If I had passed the First Certificate, I (be able to) start
W ould Betty have married George if he had asked her? studying for the Proficiency.
How long will Betty love George? r 4 If he goes to England, he (be able to) speak English.
Will she be going to George and Anne's wedding? 15 Ifhe went to Rome, he (be able to) see the Colosseum.
Why? 16 If he had gone to Greece, he (be able to) visit the
What will Anne have to wear? Parthenon.
What will happen to Anne if she isn't careful ? 17 I (go) ifl have to, but I don't really want to.
Why? 18 I'd go ifl (have to), but I'd rather stay at home.
19 I'd have gone if I (have to), but luckily he couldn't
Ask me if remernber my phone number, so he (be able to) tell me
they would have met if it hadn't been for Jean. intime.
Anne would have liked to be Elizabeth 1. 20 We'll be exhausted if we not (stop) soon.
Betty would have rnarried hirn ifhe had asked her.
she'll be going to the wedding.
she'll go if they ask her.
Anne'll get fat if she isn't careful.

Ask me
who Anne would have liked ta be.
what she could have done.
why Betty will have ta go to the wedding.
what will happen if Anne doesn't stop eating.

21 .S Writing
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Jorm
1 Will he corne to the party if we (ask) hirn?
2 Would he corne to the party if we (ask) hirn?
3 Would he have corne to the party ifwe (ask) hirn?
4 If l had known he was coming to the party, I (ask) his
girl-friend too.
5 If you want her to corne to the party, you (have to) ask
her boy-friend too.
6 If you had wanted her to corne, you (have to) ask her
bay-friend toa .
•
1
7 Do you think he would help me if I (ask) him?
8 1 wauldn't rnarry you even if you (be) the last man in the
world.
9 If you worked for that firm, they (expect) you to work
overtirne?
122 123
 Summary of Tenses The Present Continuous is used for an action that is happening
at the moment of speaking. The action is happening now.

l'm taking her to the bus station.

Unit 1 Present Continuous tense
lt is also used for a continuous present action, but which is not
necessarily happening at the moment of speaking.
Positive o r subject + p resent of TO BE + present participle
Affirmative l'm (l am) teachin~ English.
You're (you are) learning English. l'm learning Russian at night school.
He's (he is) reading a book.
She's (she is) going to the window. Unit l Present Continuous tense and the Future of Intention
lt's {it is) raining.
We' re (we are) speaking English. The Future of Intention is formed by the present of
You're (you are) sitting down. TO BE + GOING TO + infinitive
They're (they are) standing up.
l'm going to ring up Anne and ask her to the pictures.
Negative l'm not teaching French.
You aren't (you're not) learning Russian. GOIN G TO expresses the Intention now to do someth ing in the
He isn't (he's not) reading a book. future.
She isn't (she's not) going to the window.
lt isn't (it's not) rainin,e. He's going to stay in Paris for a couple of days.
W e aren't (we're not) speaking Chinese. They're going to have lunch together.
You aren't (you're not) sitting doum. He's not going ro do ic.
They aren't (they're not) standing up. (He does not intend to do it.)

Interrogative Are you learning French? Note When am l going to see you again?
Yes, you are. No, you're not. (When do you intend to see me again ?)
No, you aren't.
(See also Unit 4.)
Am I teaching English?
Yes, 1 am. No, l'm not.
The Present Continuous can also be used to express a future
Is he reading a book? · action. Usually with an adverb of time, it is used for a definitely
Yes, he is. No, he's not. No, he isn 't. arranged action in the future.
Is she going to the window?
Yes, she is. No, she's not. No, she isn't. My boss is arriving the day after tomorrow.
Is it raining? M y sister's coming to suppcr tonight.
Yes, it is. No, it's not. No, it isn't. He's leaving for Paris in the aftemoon.
Are we speaking English?
Compare l'm meeting him this evening.
Yes, we are. No, we're not. No, wc aren't. (Definitely arranged.)
Are you sitting doum? l'm going to meet him this evening.
Yes, we are. No, we're not. No, we aren't. (That is my intention at the moment. The action will
Are they standing up? probably happcn.)
Yes, they are. No, they're not. No, thcy aren't. See also section 1 of 'Reported Speech'.
124 125
 Unit l a) Simple Present te nse He 111a1cl1es television every night.
Time passes slowly.
Interrogative oo/ooEs + subject + infinitive without TO
He studies English every week.
Do I teach English every da y?
Yes, you do. No, you don't.
* If the infinitive ends in o, SH, CH, SS or x, add ES
Do you corne to school every da y? goes, wishes, watches, kisses, fixes
Yes, 1 do. No, I don't.
Does he speak English well? If the infinitive ends in Y preceded by a consonant, change the
Yes, he does. No, he doesn't. y to 1 and add ES
Does she go abroad every year? study - studies
Yes, she does. No, she doesn't. But if the y is preceded by a vowel, add s as usual
pay - pays
Does it rain much in England?
Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.
The Sim ple Present is used for habituai actions and permanent
Do we study English twice a week? truths.
Yes, we do. No, we don't.
Do you have much fog in your country? Jack goes to school every morning.
Yes, we do. No, we don't. The sun shines more often in Rome.
Do they like leaming English?
Yes, they do. No, they don't. lt can also be used for future actions taking place at an official
time, according to timetables etc.
Negative subject + ooN'T/DOESN'T + infinitive without TO
I don't teach English every day. The plane leaves London Airpurt at 14.32.
You don't corne to school every moming. Sec also section 2 of ' Reporccd Speech'.
He doesn't speak English well.
She doesn't go abroad every year. Note Certain verbs are not usually used in the continuous form .
It doesn't work. They take the Simple Present even when they express an
We don't study English every evening. action that is happening at the moment of speaking.
You don't ha11e fog in your country. Herc are some of them.
They don't like learning English.
be Jack is at school at the moment.
Affirmative subject + infinitive without TO believe 1 believe it's a very good film.
I go abroad every year. cost lt costs a lot to go to Rome.
You study English every week. forget I forget his exact words at the moment.
We work in an office. forgiv e Do youforgive me for being so rude ?
You speak English very well. hate She hates studying.
They go to a football match every Saturday. have Anne has a television set. (have = possess)
but: Anne is having a gin and tonie. (have = drink)
But the 3rd persan singular (HE, SHE, 1T) is followed by the hear Do you hear what 1 am saying?
infinitive 1- s* know 1 know l'm right.
He works in an office. like She likes this television programme.
She goes to England every year. love The Romans lo11e life.
She washes the floor every day. 1 don't understand you. What do yo11 mea11?
126 127
 .
r
i
l
l
.'
~

rcmcmber He doesn't remember what happened. The Simple Present expresses an action that happens regularly.
I see what you mean.
but: I'm seeing him tomorrow. (see = meet) I go to the cincma once a week.
seem He seems very happy in bis job. She always ul(l(cl1es TV at this time.
smell That soup smells good.
taste It tastes good too. lt is also used for permanent truths.
think I tlzink you're very good at English. (opinion)
but: I'm thinking of going abroad this summer. Florence lies on the River Arno.
understand They don't understand what he's saying.
want He wants to speak to you. A future action can be expressed :

b) WHO, WHAT, WHICH, HOW MUCH? HOW MANY? 1. with the Present Continuous
do not take 00/ DOES (or any auxiliary) when they are H e is jlying to Edinburgh tomorrow.
the subjects of a question (Definite. Everything arranged. Adverb of time.)

How man y Germans oo you know? 2.with COlNG TO + infinitive

Ho111 many Germans SPEA K English ? He is going to .fly to Edinburgh.
(At the moment he intends to fly. Not so definite as Present
You is the subject of the first question, so oo is used to makc Continuous.)
the interrogative.
Hou1 man y Germans is the subject of the second question, so DO Compare with:
is not used. H e is going to Edinburgh by air. . .
(Definitt=. Everything arrangcd. He has bought h1s ticket.)
H ow much DOES it cost?
How m11ch rain FALLS every winter?
How much DO you earn?
How much <?f your salary GOES in 3. with the Simple Present
taxes? H e's going to Edinburgh by air and the plane leaves at 15.00.
Which book DO yo11 want ? Whicl1 student SPEA KS the best (Time stated by airlinc.)
English?
What DO tlzey want? What HAPPENS to gas when you The Prime Minister returns from Scotland tomorrow. (Official
light it ? It burns. event.)
Who DO you know here? Who KNOWS you here?
Remember some vcrbs do not take a continuous tense.
Unit 4 Revision of Present Continuous, GOING TO,
Simple Present Note Another use of CO ING TO
I want to buy a car, and that's going to take every penny
The Present Continuous expresses an action that is happening now. l've got.
(Speaker's ccrtainty about a future action.)
Anne's smoking a cigarette and watching television.
I'm going home. It's going to rain in a minute.
The Present Continuous can express an action that is happening (1 think it will rain in a minute.)
in the present, but not necessarily at this particular moment.

Hc's learning Russian.

128 129
 Unit S a) Past tense of TO BE c) Past tense of TO HAVE TO

Affirmari 11e ( WAS W e WERE Affirmati 11e subject + HAD TO l.. infinitive
You WERE You WERE I had to go straight to bed.
He/ she/ it/ there w AS They/there WERE He had to work ovcrtime three times a week.

Negati11e 1 w ASN'T (was not) W e WEREN'T (were n o t) HAD TO is the past of MUST. lt always expresses an obligation
You WEREN'T (were not) You WEREN'T (were not) in the past.
H e/she/it/thcre WASN'T (w as They/there WEREN'T (were not)
not) Negari11e subject + DIDN'T HAVE TO + infinitive
·(Absence of obligation in the past.)
Interrogati 11e WAS l? WERE we? H e didn't ha11e to work any more.
WERE you? WERE you? l didn't have to study Latin at school.
w AS h e/she/ it/ thcrc? WERE they/there ?
Interrogati11e om ~ subject + HAVE TO+ infinitive
Did you have to get up early this m o rning?
b) Past tense of T 0 HA VE Y es, 1 did. No, 1 didn' t .

Affirmati11e subject + HAD The forms HADN "r GOT TO/ HAD VOU GOT TO? can be used in the
B etty had a h ead ache last night. negative and interrogative, but arc not so frequcnt in spo k en
H e had the sam e car last year . English.

NegatÎlle subject -r DIDN'T HAVE

They did11't har1e enough money to buy a house of thcir own.
d) Past tense of TO BE ABLE TO
Interrogari 11e DID + subject + HAVE
Did you ha11e the sa me car last year? Affirmari11e 1 subject + COULD + infinitive wi_tho u_t _To
Y es, I did. No, 1 didn' t. 2 subject + WAS/WERE ABLE TO ~ mfimt1ve
Did he ha11e a n crvous breakdown?
Yes, he did. N o, h e didn't. COULD and WAS/WERE ABLE TO express an ability to do
something in the past.
T here ar e two other forms of ncgative and interrogative:
H e hadn't the sam e car last year. H e could su1im whcn he was six.
Had he the sa m e car last year ? H e 1vas able to swim when he was six.
He hadn't ,(!ot the same car last year.
Had he got the sa me car last year? But only WAS/WERE ABLE TO express an ability to do one
particular action successfully in the past.
!. These forms can o nly be used when HAVE means possess.
~ When HAVE has anoth er m eaning, DID/DIDN'T must b e used. I 111as able to anrn1er the last question. (not COULD)
H e was able to J?er here o n timc ycste rday. (not COULD)
1 1didn't ha11e breakfast this morning.} HADN'T or HAD HE GOT
Did Ize ha11e a n ervous b reakdown? cannot be used hcre. His wife 111as able co .find a good job as an interpreter, bccause
om/ n10N'T is always correct for interrogatives and negatives. shc could speak Fren ch and G erman Auently.
130 I 3I
lnterrogati11e l COULo ...: subject + infiniti ve without TO USED TO also describes something that existed in the past. but
2 WAS/WERE + subject -;- ABLE TO-:- infinitive does not exist now.

There .is the same difference in meaning between these two There 11sed to be a tobacconist's at the corner of this street.
fo rms in the interrogative as in the affirmative. (But there isn 't one there now .)

Cou Id yo11 s111it11 when you were six? Negative subject + DIDN'T USE TO -t- infinitive
Were you able to su1im w hen you were six ? subject + NEVER USED TO ..... infinitive
But
W ere you able to ans111er the last question? (not couto) Y o u didn 'r use ro go to school by bus. } sam e
W as he able to get here on tim e yesterday? (not couw) Y ou never used to go to school by bus. meaning

Negative 1 subject + COULDN'T + infinit1ve witho ut TO om + subject t- USE TO 1- infinitive

Interrogative
2 subject + WASN'T/ WEREN'T ABLE TO+ infinitive Did you use ro live in Lo ndo n ?
Y es, I did. No, I didn't.
There is no difference in meaning between these two forms in Did there use to be a cincma thcre?
th e negative.
Y es, there did.
USED YOU TO ?/I USEDN'T TO can also b e used in the
( couldn't get away from work early. interrogative and negative, but are no t so frequent in spoken
1 wasn't able to get away from work early. English.
And
H e couldn't s/eep. See also section 3 o f 'R eported Speech'.
H e 111asn't able to sleep.
Unit 6 Past tense of Regular Verbs
WAS/ WERE ABLE TO express ability on ly, never permission. Interrogative m o + subject + infinitive without TO
COULD must be used for permission.
Negative subject _._ m oN'T ..L.. infinitive without TO
H is father said he could borrow bis car.

e) USED TO Did you wa1cl1 tell y last night?

Yes, I did. No, I didn't.
USED TO expresses a regu lar action or habit in the past, which M y wife didn't enjoy it.
has now stopped.
Affirmative The past of regular verbs for ail persons is formed by adding
Affirmative subjcct + useo TO + infinitive ED to the infinitive, o r o if the infinitive ends in E.
Be tty used to take three sleeping pills ever y nig ht. to clean I cleaned the windows yesterday.
(But now she doesn't.) to call H e called to see you this morning.
You used to go to school by bus. to dance Y ou danced w ith my wife for two hours last night.
(When you were a child.) to like Shc liked dancing with you.

Compare I smoke twcnty cigarettes a day. If the infinitive ends in Y and is preceded by a consonant, the
(I Still do.) Y is changed to !ED.
I used to smoke twenty cigarettes a da y. to try 1 tried to ring you.
(But now I don't.) to marry Shc married Jane's brother.
1 32
133
 But : to play B o th team s played w ell. (p receded by a vow e l) The old lad y fell AS she was ,qetti11g o.tf the bus.
(She fell during the actio n of getting off the bus)
If the infinitive is one syllable ending in a co nsonant preced
by one vow e l, the consonant is dou bled before adding ED. He 1ued 111 r('ad the paper whik his wife Cliokt•d the supper.
to sto p 1 sto pped playing football years ago. (Habituai action in the past .) .
to clap The fans clapped loudly during the m atch. He ivas reading the paper while his wife cooked (or, was cookrng)
But: to g reet H e g reeted m e w armly. (2 vowels) the supper.
(Â contin uo us action in the past , but it happened o n ly once.)
~he S.imple Past is used for an action completed at a particuta r
t1me in the past. The time is either expressed or understood. The Past Contin uous is also used for an intended action in the
past, but which did not or is not going to happen .
W e u1atched TV last nig ht.
They played tennis yesterday. I was ,qoing to ask you to the pictures.
H e asked me a question (a minute ago). (That was m y intentio n .)
1 enjoyed the film ver y much (when I saw it). I was on/ y trying to help. .
See also sections 2, 3 and IO of ' Reported Speech '. (That was m y intentio n, b u t obviously I am no t hclpmg you
at ail.)

Unit 7 Past tense of lrregular Verbs See also sections 1 and 4 of ' Repo rted Speech'·

See lise of Irregular Verbs, page 155.

Unit 9 Present Perfect t ense

Unit 8 Past Continuous t e nse
a) .. 1
Affirmati11e subject 1- WAS/WERE+ present participle A_tfirma1i11e subject .i... HAVE/HAS 1 past part1c1p e
Negative subject + WASN'T/ WEREN'T + presen t particip k Nega ti11e subject .J. HAVEN'T/ HASN'T .J_ past part icipie
Interrogative WAS/ WERE+ subject + present participle lnterroJ!atirle HAVE/ HAS -- subject -r past participle
N o te Ail verbs in English take HAVE/HAS in com posite tenses (except
Where UJere you going when r saw you in the Street this in the passive).
afternoon? l'11e (I have) just arri1m i. W e'11e (have) /Jeen there .
I u1as going hom e . Hai1e yo11 been there? Yo 11'11e stopped work.
He' s (hc has) go11e. T l1ey'11e liad a good holiday.
The Past Continuous expresses an action that contin ued for a Sile Jia511'1 (she has not) ll'.ft yet .
cer.tain period in the past, often simultaneously with another Ir' s (it has) cost a lot o f money.
action.
The Present Pe rfect is used w ith t he foll owing a~ve rbs to
WHILE G eorge was 111alking alo ng the street, he saw Anne. express an action that did or did not take place in the recent
W e rnre 111atchin,{? tekvision WHC:N the pho ne rang. past.
She left the receiver o ff the hook, because shc was working hard.
JUST VET ALREADY LATEL Y RECENTLY
Compare The old lad y got off the bus and .Jèll.
(First she g ot off the bus and the n she fell.) 1 /tai1e JUST .eot /l(fck from Fran ce.
134 135
 She lias ALREADY le/i. l lil'ed in France for man y ycars.
They ha11e11't come ·YET. (The timc is statcd. the action is fin ished. Simple Past.)
Ha 11e you see11 any good film s LATELv? l ha11e li11ed in France, bue now 1 live in Italy.
(The time is not stated and is not important. Only the action is
le is used wich the expression: This is the first cime/da y ... important; the fa ct that I have lived in France. Present
Perfect.)
This is the first rime l've done this exercise
This is the .f1rst day 111e'11e had any sun. . Hafle you seen that film at the Odeon?
(The time is not stated, but the question refers to the past and
lt is used after superlatives. includes the prescnt. The film is still at the Odcon. Present
Perfect.)
This is the 111orst spring we have e11er had
Sec also section 5 of ' Rcported Speech' .. Did you see chat film at the Odeon?
(The time is not stated, but the question refers only to the past.
The film is no longer at the Odeon. Simple Past.)
b) The difference
Simple Past be t ween t he present Perfect and the 1
The Present Perfect expresses an action which means until now
or in my /ife. The exact time is not stated, but sometimes an
The Simple Past ex . adverb of frequency is used.
is stated or undersf;;~~es a past action chat is finished. The time
1
Ha11e you EVER been to England?
Pedro 111rote to me fast 111eek. They lta11e NEVER been to England.
When did you J!O to the hairdresser's? She ha$ ALWAYS done her wo rk well.
11
1 wem last T11esday. l
He has SELDOM ,1?i11en me an y homcwork.

The Present Perfect expresses a pa . b Have you been to the States?

important. Only the action is im St action, .ut. the t ime is not
with now. The action may h port~nt: and it is connected ( EVER is understood, i11 yo11r l!fè - until no111.)
appen agarn in the future.

Pedro lias fllritte11 to m e several times

Where ha11e yo 11 been? · Unit 10 Present Pe rfect Co nt inuous t ense
l'11e bee11 to the hairdresser's.
Affirmati11e subject :,_ H AVE/ HAS BEEN -;- present participle
Compare /'11e ~vor~ed hard this m orning. subject ..1 HAVEN 'T/HASN 'T BEEN ..1.. present p articiple
Negaci11e
(hAct1on I~ the past, but connected with no111. lt is still the In1 errogaci11e HAVE/ HAS + subject + BEEN -!- present parti ci pie
t e morrung.)
l wo~ked.hard this momilig. The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an action that began
(Action m the past, but said after lunch. N o connect1'0 .h in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished.
now.) · n w1t

How long lia11e you bee11 studying English ?

~o'": m~ny cigarettes have you smoked today' I har1e /Jee11 srndyin~ English for a ycar.
( ~th1on Ill the past, but connected with no111. Toda y . (I began English a year ago; l have continued to stud y it until
fimis ed.) · 1s not
1101/1, and I probably will continue in the future.)
136 ..
1
137
~
4.
 He .ltas.bee11 111orki11g since eight o'clock this morning. lt was the first time he had /1ee11 abroad.
(lt. 1s mil t.he sam e day. H e began working at cight o'clock
th1s mornmg and has continued working until a short tiinc See also Units 19 :md 21.
ago. H e has just finished working.) See also sections 3, 5 and 7 ot 'Reported Speech'.

See also section 6 of ' Reported Speech'. Past Perfect Co ntinuous tense

sr~c~ expresses a specific time in the past. Affirmati11e subject -1- HAD BEEN -l- present participle
lt ind1cates the beginning of the act ion. Negati11e subject + HADN'T BEEN - present participle
Interrogative HAD -1- subject • BEEN - prescnt participle
since Tuesday
since M arch The Past Perfect Continuous expresses an action that was
si11ce J 973 continuing in the past before another action happened.
since four o'clock
since last year I was very tired because l ltad ileen 111orki11g hard.
since he was twelve H e had bee11 walkin,Q for two hours before he arrived at the
village.
FOR expresses a period of time. See also sections 4, 6 and 7 of 'Reported Speech'.

for a week b) FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME

for two hours
for the last six m onths Negative negative Prcsent Perfect J.. FOR A LONG TIME
for many years H e hasn't s111died English FOR A LON<.; nME.
(And he is not studying it now.)

negative Present Perfect Continuous -'- FOR LONG

H e hasn't /1een s111dying English FOR LONG.
Unit 11 Past Pe rfect tense (But he is still studying it .)

a) negative Past Perfect .., FOR A LONG TlME

Affirmative subject + HAD -'- past participle H e l1ad11't s111died English FOR A LONG TIME.
NegatÎlle subject + HADN'T -L past participle
Interrogative HAD + subject + past participle negative Past Perfect Continuous -'- FOR LONG
H e had~1·1 been s111dyi11J! English FOR LONG.
The Past Perfect e~presses an action in the past that happened
before another action or before a certain time in the past. Note Begin with the subject and the verb in English, not the time.

After he had .~one, 1 began to worry about him. c)

When 1 ltadfinished lunch, I went out. The verbs BE and HAVE, and verbs like SEE, HEAR, KNOW
Had you seen the film before? do not usuatly take a conti nuous form with SINCE and FOR.

lt is used with the expression: lt was the first/second time/day

I ha11en'1 bec11 TO England for a long time.
that ... (1 am not in England at the moment.)
138 139
 1 ha11e11't been IN England for long. He 111oi1'1 (will not) k11(lll' the answer .
(I am in England at the moment.) Tt 111clll't (will not) be d ark soon.
H e liadn't beeii in England for long before he got a job. We slia11't (shall not) miJs the bus.
She '1as11'1 /rad that dress for long. Yo11 11'011't (will no t) be late .
1 lra11e11't see11 you for a long time. They 111011't (will not) belie11e you.
They talked for nearly three heurs, because they liadn't see11
each other for a long time. [111errogati11e Sliall I see you comorrow?
I liaven't kno111n him for long. Will yo11 be hungry by this cvening?
1
I ha11en t heard that song since last summer. Will l1e 111ait for you afterwards?
Sltall u1e go to the pictures?
Affirmative He lias studied English FOR A LONG TIME. } sa me Will you be late?
He lias been studying English FOR A LONG TIME. meaning Will they /end you the money?

FOR LONG cannot be used in the affirmative. Students often confuse SHALL and WILL in the first person
singular and plural. Usually 1/wE WILL means a strong desire
lnterrogati 11e Has he been studying English FOR LONG? } samc or intention to do something:
Has lie been srudying English FOR A LONG TIME? meaning 1 wi/l go.
We won't do it.
Hasn't lie been studying English FOR LONG? } sa me The difference between SHALL and WILL is not so important
Hasn't he been stridying English FOR A LONG TIME? mcaning today, as people in man y regions of Britain use WILL f~r
ail persons. or avoid the problem bv saying 1'LL/WE'LL mstead
T~e Continuous form is always correct in the interrogative of l SHALL or 1 WILL.
Wtth FOR LONG/FOR A LONG TIME, except for verbs of In the interrogative, howevcr, ic is still better to use SHALL
perception and BE and HA VE. for the first person sing ular and plural:
SHALL T sre you tomorrow?
Ha11e you been here FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME ? What SHALL we do?
Hasn't lie kno11111 her FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME?
Use of the
Future 1 Unpremeditated intention: actions that the speaker has only just
Un it 12 Future tense decided to do or not do in the future.

Affirmative subject + SHALL/ W1LL + infinitive without TO l'i/ just tell the Seq~cant where l'm going. We fllon 't (or ll'e
l'i/ (1 shall) be thirty tomorrow. slta11't) do this exercise to d ay.
Yo11'/I (you will) be hungry by this evening.
He' Il (hc will) kno111 the answer. Remember both the Present Continuous and the COING TO
She'll (she will) understand. form express the future when the actio n has already been
lt' Il (it will) be dark soon. arranged or when there is a premedit ated intention to do
W e'll (we shall) miss the bus. something in the future.
You'll (you will) be late.
Th ey' Il (the y will) never belie11e you. Compare ['Il f!.O to the mountains tomorrow.
(I've just decided this minute.)
I shan't (shall not) be thirty tomorrow. l'm ~oinf!. to the mountains tomorrow. . .
1
Yo11 111011 1 (will not) be hungry. (I'm definitely going tomorrow. Ever ythmg 1s arranged.)
140 141
 Offers He'll corne WH EN he is rcad y.
I'll wait fo r you UNTI L you arril'e.
\\
W ill yo11 /ia11e a cigarette? ·, I'll go AS SOON AS I' 11e .finisl1ed. i
Yes, pkasc.
Slrall l ope11 the wi ndow? But t he Future can be used afte r WHEN a nd IF when the
No, thanks. speaker is not su re or has some dou bt.

Requests I'm not sure t f / '// be able ro f.O a111ay this year.
I doubt IF l' i/ see him.
W ill yo11 slwt the door, please? I don' t know WHEN / '// see hi m again.
Yes, of course. Certainly.
The Future can also be used in the interrogative after WHEN .
Suggestions
WH EN shall l see you again ?
Shall 111e go to the cinema ?
Ycs, let's. See also sections 8 and 10 o f ' Repo rted Speech '.

3 Future actions or events that are inevitable or habituai.

l' i/ be thirty to morrow.

!t' I/ be dark soon. Unit 13 Future Continuo us te nse
...
4 Speaker's opinion
''·~
A:fflrmative subject + SHAL L/WI LI. BE ..!.. p rescnt participle
l'i/ be (shall be) seei11.<! you tomorrow.
J'm sure lie'// come back soon. He' // be (will be) 111orki11f. late to night.
l slzan't be able to ha11e a holiday this year.
·. ; Jn rerrogati11e SHA LL/ WILL _... subject -t- BE +
present participle
5 Asking infor mation abo ut someth ing that w ill or w ill not Sliall l be seein!! you tom orrow?
happen in t he future . W ill he fie 111orki11~ latc tonight ?

Whatevcr sliall I do? Negative subj ect _... SHAN'T/ W oN'T BE -t- prcsent participle
Whcn sliall I see you again ? I s/i an't be seeing you tom orrow.
Will lie he/p you with your w ork ? He ivon't be UJorkin~ latc tonight.

6 The first type of conditional sentence (see Unit 2 1). Use of Future
Conrinuous r To substitute the GOING TO form in questions. This makes the
Future · If -:- Present question more polite.
He'// come back if he wants to .
How long will you be staying?
A Future te nse is not used after words like IF WHEN UNTJ L Sliall 1 be seein;? you to morrow ?
AS SOON AS
2 To express an action in th e future that will start and continue
He'll com e back If wc ask him. for an indefinit e pe r iod.
...
142 143
 ,.

~ j
!' . "

l'if lie /ia,,i11,q dinner at that time. 4 Future Continuous l'if be _;eei11g him on Tuesday.
1 wonder what l slialf be doing this time next ycar. (Without deliberate intention. Oftcn
an action that usually happens in the
3 To express a future action (a) that will happen in the normal future. )
course of evencs; (b) depending on external circumstances. m eaning : I'll sec him as usual on Tuesda y.
R emember, howcver, that the Present Continuous, the Future
a) and the Future Continuous have other uses as wcll (see Units
Compare W e'lf be ser,,ing dinner in half an hour. 1, 12and 13).
(As usual. That's the time we normally serve dinner.)
W e're servi11g dinner in half an hour.
(Ever ything is organized and_arranged.) Unit 15 Present C ondit iona l 1

b) subject + w o uLD f- infinitive without TO

He'/f /1e staying in town till Saturday. /'d /ike (would like) to go for a drive.
(Bccause he has got to work.) lt'd be (would be) good for us to get some fresh air.
He's stayi11g in town till Saturday.
(H e has arranged to stay, perhaps because hc wants to.) SHOULD is the grammatically correct form for the 1st persan
singular and plural, but in spoken English w ou10 is being used
The difference between t he Future Continuous and the Present more and more for ail persans. This avoids confusion with
C:ontinuous to express a future action is very slight, and often the Present Conditional of HAVE TO - SHOULD (see Unit 17).
e1ther can be used. Remember, however, that the Present
Continuous used for a future action always implies intention or
pre-arrangement. aj .
The Present Conditional of both LIKE and WANT 1s
WOULD LIKE.
See also section 9 of 'Reported Speech'.
Wou Id you like to go to the States?
Yes, I would./ No, I wouldn't.
W ou Id you like a cup of tea?
Yes, please./No thanks.
Unit 14 Revision of future actions

Thcre are fo ur m ain wa ys of ex pressing a future action : b)

The Present Conditional of PR.EFER is often
WOULD RATHER +infinitive without TO.
1 Prcsent Continuous l' m seei11g him on Tuesday.
(D efinitely arranged. Dclibcrate future I would likc to go to Switzerland for Christmas, but m y wife
action.)
would ratl1er go to Egypt .
meaning: I've arranged to see him on Tuesday. The ncgative is WOULD HATHER NOT + infinitive w ithout T()
2 Future of Intention l'm going to see him on Tuesday.
J'd ratfier not go to the cincma tonight, if you don't mind.
(Premeditated action in the future .)
meaning: 1 intend to see him on Tuesda y.
3 Future l'i/ see him on Tuesday. Unit 16 Present Co nd itio nal Il
(Unpremeditated intention. Suddcn
decision.) Present Conditional-i 1F-'- Past (see Unit 2 1)
meaning: I've just decided to see him on Tuesday. [ would ,<!,O round the world IF 1 11'011 the Pools.

145
 Unit 19 Past Co nditional Il
This m eans t_he same as SHOULD HA VE, but is not used so much in
spoken Enghsh.
The Past Conditional is formed with
subject + WOULD HAVE + past participle for all persons
b) followed by IF + Past Perfect
Negative SHOUlDN'T HAVE + past participle for ail persans
You shouldn't have wasted ail this time. I 111ould ha11e gone to university 1t' 1 lrnd lrnd the chance.
We shouldn't have been so Iate.
(But 1 didn't have the chance.)

SH?U~DNh'T HAVE expresses the speaker's opinion about an I would have told you earlier IF T had knoum.
action in t e past.
(But I didn't know.)
1 1
Note The pronunciation is SHOULDN T VE not SHOULDN'T HA VE.
See also Unit 2r.
See also sections 1 o and 11 of 'Reported Speech'.
An alternati_ve is OUGHT N'T TO HAVE + past partici pie for all
persons.
d Thish means
· the same as SHOULDN'T HAVE, b u t 1s· not
use so mue m spoken English.

c) Unit 20 Past Conditional Ill

The Past Conditional of TO BE ABLE TO is:
COULD HAVE +
past participle for ail persons a)
1 The Past Conditional of TO HAVE TO is also
:j W e could ha11e got there o n time, but we didn't. wouLO HA VE HAO TO + infinitive for ail persans.

! He could have done so much to help my skin.

Use this form when there would have been an obligation to do
something in the past IF a condition had been fulfilled .
j
Cb OUhLD H~ VE expresses an ability to do something in the past
ut t e action was not done. •
.l You would have had to get a work permit If you hadformd a job.
:1 Note The pronunciation is COULD'VE not COULD HAVE. IF we' d 111tm red to go to Brighton. we' d lw11 e lurd ro /eaflc cari y.
i Compare with SHOUlD HAV E and OUGHT TO HAVE (Unit 18).
d)
Ne)!ati ve COULDN'T HA VE + past partici pie for ail persons b)
1 1 wuldn'.t hai1e sat through that play without eating The Past Conditional of TO BE ABLE TO is also
somethmg first. WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE T O + infinitive for ail persons
2 You couldn't IM11e been that hungry.
3 He went to the cinema yesterday. There is very little difference between WOULD HAVE BEEN
ABLE TO and COULD HAVE (see unit 18), as both forms
He couldn't have gone, because he was ill.
express an ability in the past. WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
is usually used with an IF clause giving a condition.
' 'l COULDN'T HAVE expresses
~ ;
1 an inab~lity to do something in the past;
i 1 l' d ha11e been able to ger there If T' d dri ''en fast.
2 a negat1ve supposition or We could ha11e got there on time (but we didn't).
'' 2
3 a contradiction of what someone has said about a past action.
COULD HAVE is also possible in l but W OUlD HAV E BF.EN ABLE
TO is not so possible in 2, because there is no IF.
! Note The pronunciation is COULDN'T'VE not COULDN'T HA VE.
l! 149
148

.1
 Unit 21 The three Conditionals Reported Speech
f uture + IF + Presen t
1 She t~1 ill marry hirn IF he asks her.

When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present

Rcfe~s.to a. possible future action, which will happen if a
condmon 1s fu lfilled in the future. Perfect, there is no change fro m Direct to Indirect (Reported)
Speech.
Prcsent Condition al + IF + Past
2 She 111ould marry hirn IF he asked her. Tm very happy.'
H e says hc's very happy.
Rcfers to a future action which is possible but the d .. H e'll say hc's very happy.
is lcss Jikely to be fulfilled. • con 1t1on He's j ust said he's very happy.

Past Conditional + IF + Past Perfect But when the reporting verb is in the Past tense, the following
3 She 111ould have married him IF he had asked hcr. changes usually take place.

Refe~s. to the past. The action cannot happen now because the Present Contînuous usual ly becomes Past Continuous
a) To express the future in the past.
cond1t1on cannot be fulfilled.

See also sections ro and II of ' Reported Speech'. 'l'm lea1Jin,{! fo r Paris in the afternoon.'
George said li e f/J(IS /ea11in.</ for Paris that afternoon .

But if the statement ts reported i111mediately afterwards, the

tense can remain unchanged .

'l'm going away for the weekend.'

What did he say?
He said (or, hc says) lie's goi11g au1ay for the weekend.

b) To express an act ion that is happening at the moment of

speaki ng.

j 'l'm trying to get through the w indow.'

'
1 The thief said he was tryi11g to get through the window.

2 Simple Present sometimes becomes the Simple Past.

' J go to the cinema once a week.'

Jirn told Peter he wenr to the cinema once a week.

But whe n the Simple Present expresses an habituai action, the

the tense can re main unchanged if the action is still habituai at
the moment of speaki ng.

151
 I'
Jim told Peter he goes to the cinema once a week. (He still
goes.)
He said lie u1as bom in Norway.
'Shakespeare 111rote H amlet.'
i
The teacher told the class that Shakespeare "'rote Hamlet.
Oim told Peter lie lflent to the cinema once a week can imply
that he no longer goes to the cinema.) d) For actions reported immediately afterwards.

T he tense can also remain unchanged if reported immed iately ' I 111auhed TV last night.'
afterwards. He said lie lf!atcl1ed TV last night.

' My plane leaves at 17.10.'

What did he say? Past Continuous sometimes becomes Past Perfect
He said (or, he says) his plane leaves at 17.10. 4
Continuous.
H e said his plane leji at 17.10. (Reported lacer.)
' J 111as 111orki11J( hard.'
Permanent t ruths usually remain unchanged. Anne told George sire had /1een workin,c hard.
i . d . Il
'Florence lies on the River Arno.'
.! But usually the Past Continuous remains unchange ' espec1a y
The teacher explained to the class that Florence lies on the with words like WHEN /WHILE/AS.
River Arno.
'[ met J ack whilc I lfl<IS 111aitinJ( for you.' .
Mrs Turnbull told hcr husband slie llad met Jack wh1\e she was
3 Simple Past usually becomes Past Perfect. 111aitinj( for him.

'We 111e111 to that new restaurant in the High Street.' lt remains unchanged for statements reported immediately
Bill said they liad ,{!one to that new restaurant in the High Street. afterwards.

But the Simple Past remains unchanged ' I 111as 111orki11J( for the sa me firm last year .'
a) For habituai actions in the past. (What did he say?)
He said lie 111as 111orki11~ for the sam e firm last year.
' l used to take three sleeping pills every night.'
Betty told J ean she used to take three sleeping pills every night.

b) For an ability in the past. 5 Present Pe rfect usually becomes Past Perfect.

'She u1as able to find a good job as an interpreter beca use sire ' !' rie jusr ~or /J<1ck from France.'
could speak French and German fluently.' Jack told' Richard I": IMdj11sr ,<J.ot /1ack from France.
Jim explained that she was able to .find a good job as an
interpreter because she could speak French and German Statements reported immediately afterwards need not change
fluently. tense.

c) For a fact. ' I'11e just arrifled.'

Wh ~t did hc sa y?
'l 111as born in Norway.' He sa id (or, he says) lie'_; Just arri11 ed.

153
 Like the Future. the Future Continuous changes for statements
6 P res~n t Perfect Continuous usual ly becomes Past Perfect
Contrnuous. reported immediat e ly.

'1'11e been 111airi11g for nearly half an hour.' ' fi/ be ,(!OÎll}l a111ay for the weekend.'
What did he say?
1
~
Jean told Betty slie liad been 111airi11g for nearly half an hour.
H e said lie 111011/d /}( .eoi11,Q a111ay for the weekend.
1

BUT He says he will be going away for the weekend.

l
;
Statements reported immed iately afterwards need not change
tense.
IO Present Conditional remains unchanged.
' l'11e been leaming English for two years.'
'l'd like to do som c gardening.'
What did he sa y?
Wendy told H ugh she 11101tld like to do some gardening.
H e said (or, he says) he's been leaming English for two ycars.
' If 1 won the Pools l'd go round the world.'
7 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain Fred told Bert lie 111ould go round the world if he 111011 the Pools.
unchanged.

'They hadjust came back from Canada.' Note T he Past tense after IF also remains unchanged .
Mrs Turnbull told Mrs Smith that rhey hadjust come back fro m
Canada. ln many languages the Present Conditional changes to
the Past Conditional in Reported Speech. This is not the case in
~ . English. . .
' Th ey liad11 'r been li11ing there for long before they moved to The Present Conditional always refe rs to the future , so 1t 1s
Scotland. logical that this tense cannot change to the Past Cond itional in
Mrs Turnbull said rhey liadn't been li11i11.e there for long heforc Reported Speech, because the Past Cond itional always refers to
they movcd co Scotland. the past in cnglish.

The only time the Present Conditional changes is when

8 Future becomes Present Conditional. the condition is no longer possible.

' /' Il ,(!i11e you a ring about eight.' '1'11 marry him if he asks me.' } St. Il .bl
Peter cold Jim he 111011/d gi11e him a ring about eight. ' I'd marry h"1m 1.f h e as ked me. ' t poss1 e

Betty told Jean sl1e 111011ld 111arry George if he asked her.

For statements reported immediately afterwards, the Future (Still possible)
sounds unnatu ral in Reported Speech.
BUT: Betty told Jean slie 111011ld l1a11e married George if he liad
' Ir' Il he dark soon.'
asked her.
What did he say? (No longer possible. George has married someonc else, or he
H e said it would be dark soon.
is dead)
NOT He said it will be dark soon.
BUT He says it w ill be dark soon.
11 Past Conditi onal remains unchanged.

9 Fut u~e Continuous becomes Present Cond itional 'She'd lia11e /1een here on timc if her boss had11'1giJ1en her extra
Contrnuous (not presented in this boo k).
work.'
'l' li be stayi11g a couple of nights.' Ali ce cold Peter that Berry 111011/d /iatJe h<'en there on rime if
Mr Simpson told the clerk lie 111011/d be srayin)! a coupk ofnights. her boss lwdn'r ,(!i11e11 hcr extra work.

154 155
 Paste tel/Se Past participlc
lrregular Verbs li~~niti11e

get got got

give gave given
li!ti11iti11e f>.1_,f fl'llSC go went gone
Pn.-1pnrticiplr grown
grow grew
be hung, hanged hung, hanged
was/were bccn hang
bear have had had
bore borne, born
beat hear heard heard
beat beaten
becorne hi de hid hidden
became become
begin hit hit hit
began begun
bend hold held held
bent be nt
bind hurt hurt hurt
bound bound
bite keep kept kept
bit bitten
bleed know knew known
bled bled
blow Jay laid laid
blew blown
break lead led Jed
bro ke broken
bring leave left left
brought brought
build Jend lent lent
built bu ilt
burst let let let
burst burst
buy lie lay Iain
bought bought
cast !ose lest Jost
cast cast
catch make made made
ca ught caught
choose m e an meant meant
chose chosen
corne meet met m et
came corne
cost mistake mistook mistaken
cost cost
creep pay paid paid
crept crept
eut put put put
eut eut
dig read read read
dug dug
do ride rode ridden
did do ne
draw ring rang rung
drew drawn
drink ri se rose ri sen
drank drunk
drive run ran run
drave driven
c:it say said said
:ne e:iten
fall see saw seen
fell fa lien
feed sell sold sold
fed fed
feel send sent sent
fclt fclt
fight set set set
fought foug ht
find shake shook shaken
found fo und
fl y shine shone shone
flew flown
forbid shoot shot shot
fo rbade forbidden
forger shut shut
forgot forgotten shut
forgive sing sang sung
fo rgave forgiven
156 157
 fl!~llÎIÎl'C Past tense Past participle

sink sank sunk

sic sat sac
skcp skpt slept
slide slid slid
speak spoke spokcn
spend spent spent
spic spat spat

't.l· split
spread
sprmg
split
spread
sprang
split
spread
sprung
stand stood stood
. 1' steal stole stol en
;. } stick stuck stuck
seing stung stung
stink stank stunk
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
sw1m swam swum
swing swung swung
take took ta ken
teach taught taught
tear tore corn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
trcad trod trodden
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake woke woken
wcar wore worn
w eave wove woven
weep wept wept
Wiil won won
wind wound wound
wrmg wrung wrung
write wrote written