Prawns and Shrimps
Prawns and Shrimps
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*Dr. T. Kannupandi, Dr. P. Soundarapandian and Dr. N. Rajendran
*Professor (Retd.)
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology,
Annamalai University
generally live in association with other organisms like mollusks and
echinoderms and are frequently found among corals. Many of these are
brilliantly coloured and hence are of great ornamental value. The species
assemblage of the family Palemonidae is vast and diverse. As many as
21 valid genera and around 300 species from different parts of world
have been reported under Palaemoniinae. The reported genera and
species under Pontoniinae are 72 and 416 respectively. Fully adapted hill
stream prawns are only few in numbers. As many as 85 species have
been reported to be either of major or minor importance to fisheries.
There are 154 known species, reportedly found in the global mangroves
(Table 1).
The body of the prawns/shrimps is almost laterally compressed
with a toothed rostrum and a longer abdomen than the cephalothorax or
head. Antennules in most of the species bear small scales or spines,
while the antennae have large plate like scale. The pereopods are
slender sometimes large and chelated. The pleopods or the swimming
legs are well developed and present on all the abdominal segments.
The genus ‐ penaeus spawns offshore at depths of about 10‐80m
and the eggs that hatch within a few hours, release very small larvae, the
nauplii. Usually there are 11 larval stages, which include 5 nauplii, 3
protozoea and 3 mysis. The larvae are planktonic and are carried by
current towards shore, where they arrive as post‐larvae. This occurs
about 3 weeks after hatching when the animals are about 6 to 14 mm
long. Then the post‐larvae invade inshore water like mangroves and
brackishwater, and they grow in these nursery grounds, develop into
juveniles and return to near shore areas, more gradually back towards as
they become sub‐adults. Soon these shrimps migrate offshore, continue
growing, and finally as adults reach the spawning grounds, and the
cycle is repeated.
Importance
Mangroves are of primary importance to fisheries in many ways, plenty
of species make use of mangrove ecosystems in various manner, some
being obligate i.e. spending their entire life cycle in this ecosystem or a
crucial part of it (e.g. Penaeid prawns) using it as shelter or as a source of
food; others acultative i.e. being able to survive and reproduce even in
absence of mangroves but yet showing preference for the habitats and
nutrition provided therein. The mangal acts as a sink for settlement and
early growth of shrimps and prawns, it may also be a source for larvae
that are transported to other habitats. Mangrove waters in the Klang
T. Kannupandi, P. Soundarapandian and N. Rajendran 310
Strait of Malaysia may collect 65 billion penaeid prawn larvae before
their annual transport and settlement in coastal nursery grounds. Tidal
currents and lateral trapping in mangrove‐lined channels cause this
aggregation (Chong et al., 1996).
Mangrove habitats and shrimp resources are tightly linked in
many regions. Analyses of commercial prawn catches have repeatedly
shown strong correlation between abundance and biomass of prawns
and extent of the mangrove areas (Martosubroto and Naamin, 1977;
Turner, 1977; Subramanian and Krishnamurthy, 1990; Sasekumar et al.,
1992; Vance et al., 1996). In the Indian mangrove ecosystems, there are a
total of 48 prawn species, of which, 34 (71%) in the mangrove rich
eastcoast, 16 (33%) in the Bay islands and 20 (42%) in the mangrove poor
westcoast have been reported (Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2000).
Robertson and Blaber (1992) proposed an explanation for this
relationship that the mangrove waterways directly serve as nursery
grounds for juvenile shrimps that move offshore and enter the
commercial fishery as they mature. This hypothesis is strongly
supported by surveys of larval, post‐larval and juvenile shrimps in
nearshore habitats (Vance et al., 1990; Parulekar and Achuthankutty,
1993; Mohan et al., 1995; Mohan et al., 1997; Rajyalakshmi, 1991;
Primavera, 1998 and Kathiresan et al., 1994). The nutritive value of
mangrove leaves for juvenile shrimps that are attracted towards
mangroves has been proved (Ramesh and Kathiresan, 1992; Rajendran
and Kathiresan, 1999). Numerous species of penaeid shrimps from the
Pacific coast of Panama are found in the mangrove channels as juveniles
and three species of white shrimps are the most abundant in the tidal
mangroves (D’ Croz and Kwiecinski, 1980).
Small‐scale fisheries in mangrove waters produce nearly one
million tons of crabs, shrimps, molluscs and finfishes annually; this is
equivalent to about 1.1 per cent of the worldʹs total fish catch.
Mangroves provide direct employment to about 0.5 million fisherfolk. A
total of about one million jobs worldwide is dependent on mangrove‐
associated fisheries. The density of population dependent on mangroves
is estimated at about 5.6 persons/km2 (FAO, 1988). Besides the capture
fishery, culture fishery is also prevalent in the mangrove‐rich areas. To
cite an example, 40,000 fishers get an annual yield of about 540 million
seeds of Penaeus monodon and 10.26 billion other fish, in the Sundarban
mangroves of West Bengal that has a dense deltaic mangroves with
numerous sheltered water creeks (Chaudhuri and Choudhury, l994).
311 Prawns and Shrimps
Collection and Preservation
Penaeid prawns can be collected using different types of nets viz. Drag
net, Stake net, Cast net, Dip net, Bag net, Barrier net, Scoop net, Push
net, and Gill net in the coastal water bodies like mangroves, estuaries,
bays, and lagoons etc. The trawl nets (Beam trawl, Otter trawl), Seine
nets (Boat seine, Beach seine or Shore seine) and Fyke nets are used
usually in the open water bodies. After collection, the specimens are
preserved in 5% of formaldehyde solution and then the specimens can
be identified using the standard keys.
Identification Techniques
In general, the penaeid prawns and non‐penaeid prawns can be
identified using morphological characters. For e.g., the pleurae are
arranged regularly in the penaeid prawns and in the non‐penaeid
prawns the pleurae of the second abdominal segment are overlapping
those of first and third segments. The third pereopods are not chelated
in the non‐penaeid prawns but chelated in the penaeid prawns. Also,
abdominal segment has a sharp bend in the non‐penaeid prawns but not
in the penaeid prawns.
In penaeid prawns, the distinguished identical characters are the
rostral structure, rostral teeth, antenna colouration and body colour with
strips. In majority of the penaeid prawns, rostral teeth are important
characters to distinguish the different species and also within the
groups. For e.g., in Penaeus species the rostral teeth are present both in
the upper and lower portions of the rostrum, but in case of Metapenaeus
species the rostral teeth are present only in the dorsal side of the
rostrum, but not in the ventral side.
T. Kannupandi, P. Soundarapandian and N. Rajendran 312
Factors Affecting the Biodiversity
The changes in benthic communities could be attributed to the direct or
indirect effects of reduced salinity. Reduced salinity during monsoon
season affects the species diversity (Vance et al., 1985). In general, the
juvenile shrimps are abundantly occurring in the moderate salinity.
Hence the discharge of freshwater in the estuarine system is essential for
the growth of many prawn species. Any action to change the freshwater
sources may affect the prawn distribution. The oil spills that occur often
in many areas settle in the bottom soil, and affect the benthic faunal
diversity.
313 Prawns and Shrimps
Comparison with other Environment
The abundance of shrimp juveniles in mangrove area was noted to be
higher than non‐mangrove areas. The penaeid prawn harvest was
recorded to be 10 fold higher in mangrove ‐ rich area than mangrove ‐
poor area (Kathiresan and Rajendran, 2002) and the prawn resource in
degrading mangrove waters was found lower than that in the luxuriant
ones (Kathiresan, 2002). The juveniles were also found more abundant in
sheltered water creeks than in open water bodies of mangroves
(Rajendran, 1997). In Oman, Mohan and Siddeek (1996) similarly found
abundant post‐larval and juvenile shrimp in the detritus – rich, muddy
substrata of a mangal than other areas. The numbers and biomass of
prawns and shrimps are generally higher in mangrove areas than in
adjacent near shore habitats (Chong et al., 1990; Sasekumar et al., 1992;
Primavera, 1998).
Table 1. List of penaeid and non‐penaeid prawn species reported in the
global mangroves
13 M. lysianassa (de Man) •
14 M. ensis (de Haan) =M. mastersi (Hasw.)
15 M. benettae Racek and Dall
16 M. conjunctus Racek and Dall
17 M. dalli Racek
18 M. demani (Roux)
19 M. elegans (de Mann)
20 M. endeavouri (Schmitt)
21 M. intermedius (Kishinouye)
22 M. kutchensis George and Rao •
23 M. macleayi (Haswell)
24 M. moyebi (Kishinouye) = M. burkenroadi Kubo •
25 M. stebbingi Nobili
26 M. tenuipes Kubo = M. spinulatus Kubo
27 Metapenaeus sp. •
28 Parapenaeopsis acclivirostris Alcock
29 P. atlantica Balss
30 P. cornuta (Kishinouye)
31 P. hardwickii (Miers) •
32 P. maxillipedo Alcock
33 P. longipes Alcock •
34 P. sculptilis (Heller) •
35 P. stylifera Milne Edwards •
36 Penaeus aztecus Ives
37 P. braziliensis Latreille
38 P. brevirostris Kingsley
39 P. californiensis (Holmes)
40 P. canaliculatus (Olivier) •
41 P. chinensis (Osbeck) = P. orientalis Kishinouye
42 P. duorarum (Burkenroad)
43 P. esculentus Haswell
44 P. indicus Milne Edwards •
45 P. japonicus Bate •
46 P. kerathurus (Forskal)
47 P. latisulcatus Kishinouye •
48 P. marginatus Randall
49 P. merguiensis de Man •
50 P. monodon Fabricius •
51 P. semisulcatus de Haan •
52 P. notialis Perez‐Farfante
53 P. occidentalis Street
54 P. penicillatus Alcock •
55 P. plejebus Hess
56 P. schmitti Burkenroad
57 P. setiferus (Linnaeus)
315 Prawns and Shrimps
58 P. stylirostris Stimpson
59 P. subtilis Perez‐Farfante
60 P. vannamei Boone
61 Pleoticus muelleri (Bate)
62 Protrachypene precipua Burkenroad
63 Trachypenaeus byrdi Burkenroad
64 T. constrictus (Stimpson)
65 T. curvirostris (Stimpson)
66 T. fulvus Dall
67 T. sedili Hall
68 T. similis (Smith)
69 Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Hellar)
70 X. riveti Bouvier
71 Sergestidae Acetes americanus Ortmann
72 A. australis Colefax
73 A. erythraeus Nobili •
74 A. indicus Milne Edwards •
75 A. sibogae Hansen
76 Acetes sp. •
77 Sergestes intermedius Omori
78 Sicyoniidae Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson
79 S. stimpsoni Bouvier
80 S. typica (Boeck)
81 Solenoceridae Solenocera crassicornis (Milne Edwards) •
82 Palaenonidae Cryphiops caementarius (Molina)
83 Exopalaemon carinicanda (Holthuis)
84 E. modestus (Heller)
85 E. orientis (Holthuis)
86 E. styliferus (Milne Edwards)
87 Leander tenuicornis
88 Leptocarpus fluminicola (Kemp)
89 L. potamiscus (Kemp)
90 Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann)
91 M. americanus Bate
92 M. australe (Guerin)
93 M. birmanicum (Schenkel)
94 M. carcinus (Linnaeus)
95 M. equidens (Dana)
96 M. idella (Hilgendrof) •
97 M. idea (Heller) •
98 M. jelskii (Miers)
99 M. lamarrei (Milne Edwards) •
100 M. lanchesteri (de Mann)
101 M. lar (Fabricius)
102 M. dayanum (Henderson) •
T. Kannupandi, P. Soundarapandian and N. Rajendran 316
103 M. javanicum (Heller) •
104 M. latidactylus (Thallwitz)
105 M. latimanus (von Martens)
106 M. macrobrachion (Herklots)
107 M. malcolmsoni (Milne Edwards) •
108 M. mirabile (Kemp) •
109 M. nipponense (de Haan)
110 M. ohione (Smith)
111 M. rosenbergii (De Man) •
112 M. rude (Heller) •
113 M. scabriculum (Heller) •
114 M. tenellum (Smith)
115 M. vollenhoveni (Herklots)
116 Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius)
117 N. schmitti (Holthuis)
118 Palaemon concinnus (Dana) •
119 P. debilis Dana •
120 P. macrodactylus Rathbun
121 P. maculatus (Thallwitz)
122 P. styliferus Millne Edwards •
123 P. pandaliformis (Stimpson)
124 P. semmelinkii (De Man) •
125 P. tenuipes (Henderson) = Nematopalaemon tenuipes
(Henderson) •
126 Palaemonetes intermedius (Holthuis)
127 P. pugio Holthuis
128 P. vulgaris (Say)
129 Alpheidae Alpheus lobidens de Haan
130 A. euphrosyne de Man
131 A. heterochaelis Say
132 A. malabaricus Fabricius •
133 A. crassimanus •
134 A. paludicola Kemp •
135 Alpheus sp. •
136 Atyidae Atya gabonensis Giebel
137 A. pilipes Newport
138 A. sulcatipes Newport
139 Caridina gracilirostris de Man •
140 C. nilotica (Roux)
141 C. brachydactyla Kemp •
142 C. propinqua de Man
143 Crangonidae Crangon septemspinosa Say
144 C. nigromaculata Lockington
145 Laomedia astacina (de Haan)
146 L. healyi Yaldwin
317 Prawns and Shrimps
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