KIT- KALAIGNARKARUNANIDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME8381- COMPUTER AIDED

MACHINE DRAWING
LAB MANUAL
(Regulation 2017)

Prepared by Approved by
R.Saravanan , M.E.,(Ph.D) Dr.J.Maniraj ,M.E.,Ph.D .
Assistant Professor, HOD-Mechanical,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore.
 KIT- KALAIGNARKARUNANIDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME8381- COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING LAB MANUAL

Name

Roll No

Register Number

Degree & Branch

Subject Code &Title

Year &Semester

Signature of Staff Incharge Signature of HOD/MECH

 ME 8381 COMPUTER AIDED MACHINE DRAWING
LTPC
0042
OBJECTIVES:
 To make the students understand and interpret drawings of machine components
 To prepare assembly drawings both manually and using standard CAD packages
 To familiarize the students with Indian Standards on drawing practices and standard components
 To gain practical experience in handling 2D drafting and 3D modeling software systems.

UNIT I DRAWING STANDARDS & FITS AND TOLERANCES 12

Code of practice for Engineering Drawing, BIS specifications – Welding symbols, riveted joints, keys,
fasteners – Reference to hand book for the selection of standard components like bolts, nuts, screws,
keys etc. - Limits, Fits – Tolerancing of individual dimensions – Specification of Fits – Preparation of
production drawings and reading of part and assembly drawings, basic principles of geometric
dimensioning & tolerancing.
UNIT II INTRODUCTION TO 2D DRAFTING 16
 Drawing, Editing, Dimensioning, Layering, Hatching, Block, Array, Detailing, Detailed drawing.
 Bearings - Bush bearing, Plummer block
 Valves – Safety and non-return valves.

UNIT III 3D GEOMETRIC MODELING AND ASSEMBLY 32

Sketcher - Datum planes – Protrusion – Holes - Part modeling – Extrusion – Revolve – Sweep –
Loft – Blend – Fillet - Pattern – Chamfer - Round - Mirror – Section - Assembly
 Couplings – Flange, Universal, Oldham’s, Muff, Gear couplings
 Joints – Knuckle, Gib & cotter, strap, sleeve & cotter joints
 Engine parts – Piston, connecting rod, cross-head (vertical and horizontal), stuffing box, multi-
plate clutch
 Miscellaneous machine components – Screw jack, machine vice, tail stock, chuck, vane and
gear pump
TOTAL:60 PERIODS

Note: 25% of assembly drawings must be done manually and remaining 75% of assembly drawings
must be done by using any CAD software. The above tasks can be performed manually and using
standard commercial 2D / 3D CAD software

OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1 Follow the drawing standards, Fits and Tolerances
CO2 Re-create part drawings, sectional views and assembly drawings as per
standards

TEXT BOOK:
1. Gopalakrishna K.R., “Machine Drawing”, 22nd Edition,Subhas
Stores Books Corner, Bangalore, 2013.
REFERENCES:
1. N. D. Bhatt and V.M. Panchal, “Machine Drawing”, 48th Edition, Charotar
Publishers,2013
2. Junnarkar, N.D., “Machine Drawing”, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, 2004
3. N. Siddeshwar, P. Kanniah, V.V.S. Sastri, ”Machine Drawing” , published by
Tata Mc GrawHill,2006
4. S. Trymbaka Murthy, “A Text Book of Computer Aided Machine Drawing”, CBS
Publishers, New Delhi, 2007.
 LABARATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed uniform.

2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes. Girls’ students with cut shoes,
overcoat, and plait incite the coat. Girls’ students should not wear loose garments.

3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are in working
condition before setting up the experiment.

4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be switched on
only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing the experiment. Students
must start to the experiment. Students must start doing the experiments only after
getting permissions from the faculty.

5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to carelessness,

the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or) group of students.

6. Students may contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected incidents and
emergency.

7. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the power
connections are switched off.

EVALUATIONS:

All students should go through the lab manual for the experiment to be carried out for that day
and come fully prepared to complete the experiment within the prescribed periods. Student
should complete the lab record work within the prescribed periods.

Students must be fully aware of the core competencies to be gained by doing

experiment/exercise/programs.

Students should complete the lab record work within the prescribed periods.

The following aspects will be assessed during every exercise, in every lab class and marks
will be awarded accordingly:

Preparedness, conducting experiment, observation, results, record presentation,

basic understanding and answering for viva questions.
 INDEX
Ex. Page
Date Name of the Experiment Mark Staff
No No Signature
1. BASICS OF 2D DRAWING – AUTO CAD
2D DRAFTING OF PLUMMER BLOCK
2. BEARING
2D DRAFTING OF SAFETY VALVE
3.
2D DRAFTING OF NON-RETURN VALVE
4.
3D ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING
5.
3D ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL COUPLING
6.
3D ASSEMBLY OF OLDHAM’S COUPLING
7.
3D ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLE JOINT
8.
3D ASSEMBLY GIB AND COTTER JOINT
9.
ASSEMBLY OF SLEEVE AND COTTER
10. JOINT
3D ASSEMBLY OF PISTON
11.
3D ASSEMBLY CONNECTING ROD
12.
3D ASSEMBLY OF CROSSHEAD
13.
3D ASSEMBLY OF STUFFING BOX
14.
3D ASSEMBLY OF MULTIPLATE CLUTCH
15.
3D ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK
16.
3D ASSEMBLY OF MACHINE VICE
17.
3D ASSEMBLY OF TAIL STOCK
18.
3D ASSEMBLY OF CHUCK
19.
3D ASSEMBLY OF GEAR PUMP
20.

Completed date :

Average Mark : Staff - in - charge

 UNIT-1 DRAWING STANDARDS,FITS & TOLERANCES
STUDY OF CODES OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING
Date:
Aim:
To study the codes for Engineering drawing.
i) ABBREVATIONS

Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation

Across corners A/C Maunfacture MFG
Across flats A/F Material MATL
Approved APPD Maximum max.
Approximate APPROX Metre m
Assembly ASSY Mechanical MECH
Auxiliary AUX Millimetre mm
Bearing BRG Minimum min.
Centimetre Cm Nominal NOM
Centres CRS Not to scale NTS
Centre line CL Number No.
Centre to centre C/L Opposite OPP
Chamfered CHMED Outside diameter OD
Checked CHD Pitch circle PC
Cheese head CH HD Pitch circle diameter PCD
Circular pitch CP Quantity QTY
Circumference OCE Radius R
Continued CONTD Radius in a note RAD
Counterbore C BORE Reference REF
Countersunk CSK Required REQD
Cylinder CYL Right hand RH
Diameter DIA Round RD
Diametral pitch DP Screw SCR
Dimension DIM Serial number Sl. No.
Drawing DRG Specification SPEC
Equi-spaced EQUI-SP Sphere/Spherical SPHERE
External EXT Spot face SF
Figure FIG. Square SQ
General GNL Standard STD
Ground level GL Symmetrical SYM
Ground GND Thick THK
Hexagonal HEX Thread THD
Inspection INSP Through THRU
Inside diameter ID Tolerance TOL
Internal INT Typical TYP
Left hand LH Undercut U/C
Machine M/C Weight WT
ii) STANDARD CODES

Sl.NO IS-CODE DESCRIPTION

1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing

2 IS:10711-1983 Size of drawing sheets

3 IS:10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawing

4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation

5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawing

6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs

7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawing

8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features

9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of drawing prints

10 IS:11665-1986 Technical drawing – Title blocks

11 IS:11669-1986 General principles of dimension on technical drawing

12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviation’s for use in Technical Drawing

RESULT:

Thus the code and symbols of practice for Engineering drawing were studied.
 STUDY OF WELDING SYMBOLS
Date:
Aim:
To study the welding symbols.

INTRODUCTION
Welding is a process of fastening the metal parts together permanently by the application of heat
(fusion welds) or pressure (pressure or forge welding) or both (resistance welding). Both ferrous (steel,
cast iron) and Non-ferrous metals (like brass copper and alloy) can be joined by welding.
The welding is cheaper, stronger, easier and faster than riveting.
The various types of welding process are
a. Gas welding
b. Arc welding
i. Metal Arc Welding (MAW)
ii. Gas metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
iii. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
iv. Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
v. Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
c. Forge Welding
d. Resistance Welding
e. Thermit Welding
f. High Energy Welding
The welded joints are broadly classified into
a. Butt joint b. Lap joint c. Corner or Fillet joint d. Tee joint e. Edge joint

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF WELD

The standard welding symbol is given below.

Arrow Line and reference Line

The position of the arrow line with respect to the weld is of no special significance. The side of
the joint on which the arrow line is drawn is called “arrow side”. The side of the joint remote to the arrow
line is called “other side”. The reference line has significance on the weld side. If the weld symbol is
placed BELOW the reference line, the welding should be done in the “ARROW SIDE”. If the weld
symbol is placed ABOVE the reference line, the welding should be done in the “OTHER SIDE”. If the
weld symbol is placed both ABOVE and BELOW the reference line, the welding should be done in both
the “ARROW and OTHER SIDES”.
Basic Weld Symbol
The basic symbols recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for specifies the type of
weld are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1. Basic weld symbols.

Size of weld
The size of the weld is height of the isosceles triangle in the case of fillet welds. In other cases,
the size will be the minimum distance from the surface of the part of the bottom of penetration.
The contour symbols are

a. Flat (flush)
b. Convex
c. Concave
Finishing welds other than cleaning shall be indicated by finish symbols.
Chipping - C Grinding – G, Machining – M.

Welded and un welded length

Length of weld means it is the length to be welded once, after that pitch equal to un welded length
is not welded and this process is continued for the whole length of the side.

Weld all round

If the weld should be made all round the joint, a circle should be placed at the point connecting
the arrow and the reference line.

Site weld
When some of the welds (the welded structures) are required to be made on site during erection.
They should be designed by a filled in circle at the point connecting the arrow and the reference line.

RESULT:
Thus the welding symbols were studied.
 STUDY OF RIVETED JOINTS

Date:
Aim:
To study the riveted joints.

APPLICATIONS OF RIVETED JOINTS

A riveted joint is a permanent type of fastener used to join the metal plates or rolled steel sections
together. Riveted joints are extensively used in structural works such as bridges and roof trusses and in
the construction of pressure vessels such as storage tanks, boilers, etc. Although welded joints are best
suited to several of these applications than the riveted joints, however, riveted joints are ideal in cases
where the joints will be subjected to pronounced vibrating loads. Riveted joints are also used when a non-
metallic plate and a metallic plate are to be connected together. They are also used when the joints are not
expected to be heated while joining as in welding, which may cause warping and tempering of the
finished surfaces of the joints.
The disadvantage of riveted joints are: (i) more metal is removed while making of the holes,
which weakens the working cross sections along the line of the rivet holes, and (ii) weight of the rivets
increases the weight of the riveted members.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A BOLT AND A RIVET
As a fastener, a riveted resembles a bolt, but differs from it in the shape and the application as
well. Although the shape of a rivet is similar to that of a bolt, unlike the bolts, it is used as a permanent
fastener to withstand shear forces acting perpendicular to its axis, whereas a bolt is used as a temporary
fastener to withstand axial tensile forces.
RIVET
A rivet is a round rod made either from mild steel or non-ferrous materials such as, copper,
aluminium, etc., with a head is, and formed at one end during its manufacture and its tail end being
slightly tapered. The length of the shank of the rivet must be sufficient enough to accommodate the
connection plates and provide enough material for forming a head at its shank end. In general, the shank
of the rivet will be equal to sum of the thickness of the connecting plates plus 1.5 to 1.7 times the
diameter of the rivet.
If, l = length of the shank of the rivet d = diameter of rivet
t = thickness of each of the connecting plates then, l = Σt + (1.5 to 1.7) d
FORMS AND PROPORTIONS OF RIVET HEADS

Various types of rivet heads for the use in general engineering work and boiler work as
recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The different proportions of these rivet heads are given
in terms of the nominal diameter d of the rivet. The rivet head to be used for general purposes for
diameter below 12 mm are specified in the Indian Standard code IS:2155-1962 and for diameters
between 12 and 48 mm are specified in the Indian Standard code IS:1929-1961. The rivet heads to be
used for boiler work are specified in the Indian Standard code IS: 1928-1961. The rivet heads to be used
for ship building are specified in the Indian Standard code IS: 4732-1968.

RESULT:
Thus the study of riveted joints was studied successfully.
 STUDY OF SCREW THREADS, KEYS AND FASTENERS
Date:
Aim:
To study the Screw Threads, Keys and fasteners

SCREW THREADS

INTRODUCTION
A screw thread is a functional element used on bolt, stud, set screw, nut or any other threaded
piece or component. Screw thread is a helical groove on a cylinder surface (outer side or inner side). Its
function is to transform the input motion of rotation into output motion of translation.
If a cylindrical rod is rotated at a constant speed simultaneously if a pointed tool touching the rod
moving parallel to the axis of the rod at constant speed, the cut made by tool on the rod will be
continuous and of helical form. The helical groove is called “thread” and the threaded rod is called a
“screw”.
Threads are cut using a lathe. Small size thread is often cut by means of a tool called die. A small
size hole is threaded by means of a tool called a tap.
The principal uses of threads are,
 For fastening
 For adjusting
 For transmitting power
TERMS AND NOMENCLATURE

1. Crest: It is outer most portion of the thread.

2. Root: It is the inner most portion of the thread.
3. Flank or side: It is the surface of a thread that connects the crest with the root.
4. Angle of the thread: It is the angle included between the sides of two adjacent threads
measured on an axial plane.
5. Depth of the thread: It is the distance between the crest and the root measured at
Right angle to the axis. It is equal to half the difference between the outer diameter and
the core diameter.
6. Major diameter or outside diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial
cylinder, which would bind the crests of an external or internal thread.
7. Minor or core or root diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder,
This would bind the roots of an external thread or of an internal thread.
8. Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of the imaginary coaxial cylinder that can be Passed
so as to cut the thread, that the width of the cut thread will be equal to the Width of the
groove.
 9. Pitch: It is the axial distance between a point on one thread and the corresponding
Point on the next thread. It may be indicated as the distance from crest or from root of
two adjacent threads.
10.Lead: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the
corresponding point on the same thread for one complete revolution.
11.External thread: It is the thread on the outside surface of a member such as bolt,
Studs or screw.
12.Internal thread: It is the thread on the inside surface of a member such as nut or
threaded hole.
13.Right hand thread: Right hand thread if turned clockwise direction advances into a
threaded hole. It abbreviated as RH.
14.Left hand thread: Left hand thread if turned anticlockwise direction advances into a
threaded hole. It abbreviated as LH.

DIFFERENT THREAD PROFILES

Threads are standardized to permit to interchangeability of bolts and nuts of the same nominal
diameter. The profile of a screw thread is based on its use. The two main kinds are V‟ and square
with various modifications. When the thread has a „V‟ cross-section it is called a V‟ thread and when it
has square cross section it is called a square thread.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN „V‟ AND SQUARE THREADS

“V” THREADS SQUARE THREADS
1. V - threads have inclined flanks making an angle 1. The flanks of square threads are perpendicular to
between them. thread axis and parallel to each other.
2. Square threads offer less friction to relative
2. V – threads have a larger contact area providing
motion. The normal force between the threads acts
more frictional resistance to motion. So they are more
parallel to the axis with zero radial components.
suitable for fastening.

V- THREADS
British standard whit worth thread (BSW)
This thread was introduced by Sir Joseph whit worth, and was standardized as British standard
thread. It has a thread angle of 55 degree and is rounded equally at crest and roots.

British Association threads (B.A Threads)

The angle between flanks is 47.5 degree. These threads are to supplement BSW and have fine
pitches. They are used on screws for precision work.

American standard threads (or) sellers thread

The thread angle is 60 degree and both the crests and roots are kept flat. The sellers thread has
been in use in USA and Canada.
Unified screw threads
The countries UK, U.S.A and Canada came to an arrangement for a common screw thread system
with the included angle of 60 degree and designated as unified screw thread in the year 1949. The thread
on the bolt is rounded off at the crest and root and the thread in the nut is rounded off at the root but the
crest is left flat.
This thread is very important in the motor and aero plane industries and in chemical engineering.
Unified thread can be either coarse (UNC) or fine (UNF) and unified national extra fine (UEF).
ISO Metric Thread
This is Indian standard thread for ISO (International Standard Organization). The included angle
is 60 degree and the crests are flat and roots are round.
Metric threads are grouped into diameter pitch combination differentiated by the pitch applied to
specific diameters. There are coarse, constant, fine pitch series available.
ISO metric threads are defined by nominal size (Basic major diameter) and pitch both expressed
in millimeters. For example, a 10mm diameter, 1.25 pitches is expressed as M10x1.25.
SQUARE THREADS
Basic square thread
The sides of these threads are normal to the axis and parallel to each other. The depth and the
thickness of the thread are equal to half pitch. A square thread is designated by the letter SQ followed by
nominal diameter pitch. For example a square thread of nominal diameter 30mm and pitch 6mm is
designated as SQ 30 X 6.

Acme Thread
It is a modified form of square thread. It is easier to cut and is much stronger than square thread. It
has a 29 degree thread angle. These inclined sides of the thread facilitate quick and early
engagement and disengagement. It is used for power screws like lead screw of lathe, jackscrews, bench
vices and valve operating screws.

Buttress Thread
The profile of this thread is a combination of square and V- threads. It combines the low frictional
of square and ability to transmit power of square thread and the strength of V – thread. It is used to
transmit load in uni-direction. These threads are used in screw press, vices.

Knuckle Thread
It is also a modification of square thread. The sharp corners of square thread are rounded off. This
thread is used where heavy wear rough use is expected. The thread can be rolled or cast easily. It is used
in railway carriage coupling screws, light bulbs and sockets, bottle caps etc and also objects made of
brittle materials as glass, plastic, porcelains etc.
 Types of thread profiles
KEYS
Introduction:
A machine runs by the power supplied to it by a prime mover such as motor, engine etc;. This
power is transmitted from prime mover to the machine through a coupler which couples shaft of the
prime mover and the machine. Within the machine the power from the main shaft is transmitted to the
other elements such as gears, pulleys and belts. These elements have to be mounted on these shafts and
there should not be any relative motion between the machine element and shaft for effective power
transmission.
The most commonly employed method to connect a shaft and a machine parts is to drive a small
piece of metal s known as KEY. To drive a key axial grooves are cut both in the shaft end the part
mounted on it. The groove in the shaft is called the “KEYWAY”.

CLASSIFICATION OF KEYS:

Keys are classified into three types

1. Taper keys
2. Parallel (or) feather keys
3. Special purpose keys
COMPARISION BETWEEN TAPER KEY AND PARALLEL KEY:

TAPER KEY PARALLEL KEY

1. It is of rectangular cross section 1. It is of rectangular cross section
having uniform width and tapering having uniform width and tapering
thickness. thickness.
2. These are used to transmit only the 2. These are used to transmit moment
turning moment between the shaft and between the shaft and hub with the
hub without any relative axial motion provision to allow a small sliding
between them. axial motion.
3. Examples for taper keys are 4. Examples for parallel keys are
i. Taper sunk key i. Parallel sunk key
ii. Hollow saddle key flat saddle ii. Peg key
iii. Gib head key iii. Single head key
iv. Double head key

Special purpose keys are used for specific application

(Ex)Woodruff key, pin key.
Keys can also be classified as

 Heavy duty keys sunk keys

 Light duty keys saddle keys, pin (or) round keys.
Taper keys:
A sunk taper key is of rectangular or square cross section of uniform width having its bottom
surface straight and top surface tapered. So in the shaft flat key seat is made and in the hub tapered key is
made to accommodate the key.
If D is the diameter of the shaft in mm W = Width of the key
T = thickness of the key W = 0.25D+2mm
T = 0.66W
Standard taper = 1:100

Saddle key:
Saddle keys are of two types
a. Hollow saddle key
b. Flat saddle key.
Hollow saddle key:
A hollow saddle key is of uniform width and varying thickness having its upper side flat
and the bottom side curved (hollow) so as it sit on a shaft. The key way is cut only in the hub and the key
holds the shaft by friction only.
Width of the key =0.25D+2mm
Nominal thickness =0.33W
Standard taper =1:100.
Flat saddle key:
A flat saddle key is smaller is similar to a hollow saddle key except that its bottom side is flat. The
keys sits over the flat surface formed on the flat shaft, and fits into the keys way in the hub.
Width of the key =0.25D+2mm Nominal thickness =0.33W Standard taper =1:100.
Gib head key:
When a tapered sunk key is used it can be removed by striking at its exposed thin end. If this end
is not reachable, a head is called “GIB” is provided with the sunk taper key at its thicker end it is called
GIB-HEAD key. To remove the key, a wedge is forced vertically in the gap between the key and the hub.
Width of the key W =0.25D+2mm Nominal thickness T =0.33W
Height of gib head h = 1.75T
Width of the gib head = 1.5T Standard taper =1:100.
THREADED FASTENERS
Introduction
Threaded fasteners are temporary fasteners, which hold the parts together through the medium of
a screw thread. These are used in pairs for their action (for example, a nut and a bolt). They have the
advantage over permanent fasteners of allowing assembly of parts when required.
A wide variety of threaded fasteners are in use. Some of them are standardized and others are
made for special use.

COMMON TYPE OF THREADED FASTENERS

The five types of threaded fasteners in common use are
 Bolt
 Stud
 Cap screw
 Machine screw
 Setscrew
All these with external threaded and used in combination with another having corresponding
internal threads (eg) a nut or a tapped hole.

BOLTS
A bolt is a metal having a head at one end and a threaded portion to a definite length on other end.
The head is formed by forging or machining. The bolt is admitted through holes in the parts, which are to
be fastened. The projected thread end of the bolt admits a corresponding nut from the other side.
Tightening the bolt by turning gives necessary clamping grip to hold the parts together.
Bolts and nuts of various shapes are used for different purpose but the hexagonal head and square
head are very common. Although, the square shape provides better spanner grip than the hexagon, but
needs one fourth of a turn to bring it into the same position for inserting spanner again, whereas a
hexagon need only one sixth of a turn and hence provided.
The sharp corners on the external flat end faces of bolt heads and nuts are chamfered conically at
30ᴼ to ensure safety of the user. To facilitate early insertion of the nut over the bolt, the threaded holes in
the nut are countersunk. Three dimensions are usually sufficient for simplified representation of a bolt.

 The bolt shank diameter (d)

 The bolt length (l)
 The length of a threaded portion of the shank (b)
EMPIRICAL PORTIONS OF HEXAGON AND SQUARE HEAD BOLT & nut detail
proportion:
Nominal diameter d=size of bolt or nut,mm
Width across flats s=1.5d+3mm
Width across corners e=2d
Thickness of bolt head k=0.8d
Thickness of nut n=0.9d
Root diameter d1=d-(2*depth of thread)
Length of the bolt l=as specified
Thread length b=2d+6mm (for l<150mm)
=2d+12mm (for l>150mm)
Chamfer of bolt end Z=depth of thread*45(degree) (or) =0.1d
Chamfer angle of bolt head & nut 30 (degree).

DRAWING OF HEXAGONAL NUT AND BOLT

STEP: 1
Draw the shank of the bolt equal to the given diameter (d) and length (l).The thickness of the bolt
head equals to 0.8d and the thickness of nut equal to 0.9d are marked. Measure the width across corners
equal to 2d and complete the three faces of the bolt head and nut in these lines.
The right hand view of the bolt and nut assembly is drawn as follows with any point on the axis as
centre and radius equal to draw a thin circle. A hexagon is inscribed inside this circle. The chamfer circle
is drawn as a thick circle inside the hexagon touching all its sides.

STEP: 2
The chamfer arcs in three face view of bolt head and nut are drawn as follows.From the point O1,
drawn an arc (more than semi circle) radius equal to half of the across flats width. It cuts the bolt axis at
c2. From c2, again draw an arc equal to half of the across flat width. This arc cuts the bolt axis at c3.
These two arcs are intersecting at c4 and c5.
From c3, draw the chamfer arc in the centre face, radius equal to across flats width. This arc cuts
the edges of the other two faces. From c4 and c5, draw the other two chamfer arcs.

STEP: 3
The chamfer lines on the side faces of the three face views of the bolt head and nut are drawn
through the points p and q inclined at 30ᴼ to the flat faces of the bolt. The end of the bolt is chamfered
0.1d*45ᴼ .
The threaded portion of the shank is indicated, by drawing two thin lines at a distance equal to
d1=0.9d.the root circle in the right view is represented by a thin three-fourth of a circle of diameter 0.9d.
STEP: 4
The two face view of the bolt head and nut is as follows. The width of the bolt head in this view is
equal to the across flats width. Draw an arc radius equal to half of the across flats width from the point
O1. Two arcs with radius equal to across flats width from the corners.These two arcs cut the first arc at
two points 02 and 03. From 02 and 03 the chamfer arcs are drawn.
DRAWING OF SQUARE HEAD BOLT AND NUT:

STEP: 1
Draw the shank of the bolt equal to the given diameter d and the length of the bolt. The thickness
of the bolt head is equal to 0.8d and the thickness of the nut is equal to 0.9d are marked.
The right hand view of the bolt and nut assembly is drawn as follows. With any point 01 on the
axis as centre and diameter equal to 1.5d+3mm draw a chamfer circle with its sides inclined at 45degree
to the axis. Project the corners 1 and 2 to get to get point‟s p.

STEP: 2
From the point 01 draw an arc radius equal to half of the across corners width. From the corners,
draw two arcs radius equal to half of the across corners width. These two arcs cut the first arc at two
points 02 and 03. From 02 and 03 the chamfer arcs are drawn.

STEP: 3
The chamfer line is drawn at 30degree to the flat face of the bolt head and nut. The threaded
portion on the shank of the bolt is indicated by drawing two thin line spaced at a distance equal to the root
diameter d1=0.9d. The root circle in the right view is represented by a thin three-fourth of a circle with
center 01 and diameter 0.9. The end of the bolt is chamfered to 0.1d*45degree.
SPECIAL TYPES OF BOLTS:
In practice various types of bolts than the hexagon and square head bolts are used in where the
bolt head cannot be held by the spanner when the nut is turned on or off the bolt. The rotation of the bolt
prevented by a stop pin or a snug or a square neck provided below the head.
Cylindrical or Cheese Headed Bolt:

The head of this type of bolt is of cup shape and the rotation of the bolt head is prevented by a
stop pin. The stop pin may be driven into the shank with its axis perpendicular to the axis of the bolt. The
stop pin may also be driven into the head adjacent to the shank with its axis parallel to the axis of the bolt.
These types of bolt heads are used in the big ends of the connecting rods, eccentrics, cross heads etc...
Cup Or Round Headed Bolt:

Two types of cup head bolts are available. In one type, a snug is provided which prevents the
rotation of bolt head. The other type, a square neck is provided which will fit into the square hole
provided in the bearing surface and thus prevents the rotation of the bolt head.
Counter Sunk Head Bolt:

The counter sunk head bolts are used when the bolt head must not project and foul with surfaces.
The counter sunk bolt is provided with a stop pin of square cross section integral with the head. The other
type of counter sunk bolt is provided with the square neck below the head. This type of bolt is also called
as “coach bolt”.
I-Head Bolt:
The head of this bolt is like letter „i‟. These bolts are used in bearing housing and in glands
packing. These bolts are used in setting work on machine tool tables. The i head of the bolt can slide, to
the required position through the i slots cut on the m/c table.
Eye Bolt:
The head of the bolt is in the form of circular form of rectangular cross section. It is generally
used in the inspection covers, lids etc..., Which have to be opened and closed frequently.
Lifting Eye Bolt:
The lifting eye bolt, having a circular ring of circular cross section as head. A flat circular portion,
integral with a head is also provided. This type of bolt is used for lifting a heavy machine such as motors,
pumps, turbine, electrical generators etc., This bolt is screwed in a threaded hole provided for this
purpose , on the top of the machine directly above the centre of gravity so that while lifting the machine
does not change from its usual working position.
Hook Bolt:
The hook bolt has its head comprising of a square neck and projection. The shank of the bolt
passes through a hole in one of the fastening pieces and the other piece comes under the bolt head and is
supported by it.
NUTS
A nut is a device having internal threads used in combination with a bolt or stud, having external
threads to fasten parts together. It is screwed on the threaded end of the bolt or stud and the head of the
bolt is drawn closer to hold and tighten the parts to be joined.
Nuts are usually made in form of hexagonal or square prism, however various other types of nuts
are also used for the specified purposes, which are suitable for a particular type of work. These special
types of nuts are described here.
SLOTTED NUT OR RING NUT
On the cylindrical surface of the nut number of slots parallel to the axis are cut. The nut is
operated by a spanner. These are used in large screws for small pitches where adjustment by a spanner is
convenient.
KNURLED NUT
It is cylindrical nut with knurled curved surface. The nut is used when finger tightness and quick
turning on or off is desired as in the case of terminals of electric apparatus.
WING NUT:
This type of nut is used for light duty only. It is used wherever the nut is required to be frequently
turning on or off. The nut is operated by thumb and finger i.e., without the use of a spanner. The main
objection for using this type of locking is that the hole drilled in the bolt reduces its strength considerably.
The other equally important objection is that after continuous use owing to the stretch of the bolt the split
pin may not rest on the top face of the nut which may reduce the locking effect.
SPLIT PIN LOCKING USING SLOTTED NUT:
In this method a slotted nut is used instead of the ordinary nut. The slotted nut has slots cut
through the opposite parallel hexagonal faces. When the bolt is fully tightened, one set of slots on the
opposite faces will come in line with the hole in the bolt. The split pin is inserted through the slots in the
nut and the hole in the bolt and then open ends of the split pin are opened.
SPLIT PIN LOCKING USING CASTLE NUT:
In the slotted nuts, the number of effective threads is reduced due to the slot which reduces the
strength of the nut considerably. Therefore instead of cutting the slots within the effective depth, they are
cut in the extra cylindrical projection provided at the top of the nut. This type of nut is called castle nut.
The castle nuts are used on the wheel shafts of automobiles. In the reassembly of the slotted or castle nut,
the slots may not come in the alignment with the hole in the bolt.
SET SCREW LOCKING USING GROOVED NUT:
A hexagonal nut provided with a cylindrical grooved collar at its lower end is called ring or
grooved nut. The end of the bolt hole is counter bored to receive the cylindrical lower grooved portion of
the nut. Locking of the nut is done by a setscrew screwed through the nearest face of the work piece. The
projection dog-end of the set-screw enters the groove in the cylindrical portion of the nut and prevents the
slacking of the nut. This method of locking is possible if the bolt hole is close to the nearest vertical edge
as in the case of marine engine connecting rods. When the bolt hole is not close to the vertical edge of the
work piece, this nut is used in conjunction with separate collar. The dowel pin screwed in the bearing
surface prevents the rotation of the collar.
SET SCREWS
Setscrews are used as semi permanent fasteners to hold a collar, sleeve, pulley or on a shaft
against rotational or translation forces. In contrast to most fastening device, the setscrew is essentially a
compression device. Forces developed by the screw point during tightening produce a strong clamping
action that resists relative motion between assembled parts. The basic problem in setscrew selection is in
finding the best combination of setscrew form, size, and point style providing the required holding power.
Set screws are categorized by their form and the desired point style. Selection of specific, form or point is
influenced by functional by functional, as well as other considerations.The conventional approach to
setscrew selection is usually based on a rule of thumb that the setscrew and key are used together; the
screw diameter should be equal to the width of the key.
CAP SCREW
Cap screws are similar to bolts in that they have a head on one threads on the other. But they
widely in the method of holding two parts together. The bolt keeps two parts between the head and the
nut, and the cap- screw is threaded in one of the parts, thus clamping another part between the head
threaded part. The cap screws are manufactured in several styles of head. The point of all cap screw is flat
surface and to a depth equal of the threaded on it.
MACHINE SCREWS
These are similar in function and operation to cap screws, but are usually smaller in diameter.
Materials: for general engineering purpose, nuts and screws are made of mild steel (MS). However,
copper and its alloys, aluminum alloys, etc are also alloys, etc are also used for also used for special
purpose in their manufacture.
FOUNDATION BOLTS
For securing heavy machines to concrete foundations, special types of bolts known as foundation
bolts are used. Positions of bolt holes are marked either from a temple or from a template or from the
machine itself, and holes bored out in the floor, sufficiently large enough to allow the bolt to be
suspended freely in positions while the cement concrete is poured around to fill up the space. When the
cement concretes sets the bolt will be firmly secured in the ground.
Result:

Thus the studies of Screw threads, keys and fasteners were studied.
 STUDY OF LIMITS, FITS AND TOLERANCES
Limit System
Following are some of the terms used in the limit system:
Tolerance: The permissible variation of a size is called tolerance. It is the difference between the
maximum and minimum permissible limits of the given size. If the variation is provided on one side of
the basic size, it is termed as unilateral tolerance. Similarly, if the variation is provided on both sides of
the basic size, it is known as bilateral tolerance.
Limits: The two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are called limits.
The maximum size is called the upper limit and the minimum size is called the lower limit.
Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the corresponding
basic size.
Actual deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.
Upper deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size.
Lower deviation: It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size.
Allowance: It is the dimensional difference between the maximum material limits of the mating parts,
intentionally provided to obtain the desired class of fit. If the allowance is positive, it will result in
minimum clearance between the mating parts and if the allowance is negative, it will result in maximum
interference.
Basic Size: It is determined solely from design calculations. If the strength and stiffness requirements
need a 50mm diameter shaft, then 50mm is the basic shaft size. If it has to fit into a hole, then 50 mm is
the basic size of the hole. Here, the two limit dimensions of the shaft are deviating in the negative
direction with respect to the basic size and those of the hole in the positive direction. The line
corresponding to the basic size is called the zero line or line of zero deviation.
Fits
The relation between two mating parts is known as a fit. Depending upon the actual limits of the
hole or shaft sizes, fits may be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.
Clearance Fit: It is a fit that gives a clearance between the two mating parts.
Minimum clearance: It is the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of
the shaft in a clearance fit.
Maximum clearance: It is the difference between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of
the shaft in a clearance or transition fit.
The fit between the shaft and hole in Fig. is a clearance fit that permits a minimum clearance
(allowance) value of 29.95 – 29.90 = + 0.05 mm and a maximum clearance of + 0.15 mm.
Transition Fit:
This fit may result in either interference or a clearance, depending upon the actual values of the
tolerance of individual parts. The shaft in Fig. may be either smaller or larger than the hole and still be
within the prescribed tolerances. It results in a clearance fit, when shaft diameter is 29.95 and hole
diameter is 30.05 (+ 0.10 mm) and interference fit, when shaft diameter is 30.00 and hole diameter 29.95
(– 0.05 mm).
Interference fit:
If the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is negative before assembly; an interference fit
is obtained.

Minimum interference: It is the magnitude of the difference (negative) between the maximum
size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft in an interference fit before assembly.
Maximum interference: It is the magnitude of the difference between the minimum size of the
hole and the maximum size of the shaft in interference or a transition fit before assembly. The shaft in
fig. is larger than the hole, so it requires a press fit, which has an effect similar to welding of two parts.
The value of minimum interference is 30.25 – 30.30 = – 0.05 mm and maximum interference is 30.15 –
30.40 = – 0.25 mm.
 Fig. Interference fit.

Tolerance
It is impossible to make anything to an exact size, therefore it is essential to allow a definite
tolerance or permissible variation on every specified dimension.
Tolerances are specified because
 Variations in properties of the material being machined introduce errors.

 The production machines themselves may have some inherent inaccuracies.

 It is impossible for an operator to make perfect settings. While setting up the tools and
work piece on the machine, some errors are likely to creep in.

Form variation: It is a variation of the actual condition of a form feature (surface, line) from
geometrically ideal form. Position variation: It is a variation of the actual position of the form feature
from the geometrically ideal position, with reference to another form (datum) feature.
Geometrical tolerance: Geometrical tolerance is defined as the maximum permissible overall variation of
form or position of a feature.
Geometrical tolerances are used,
(i) to specify the required accuracy in controlling the form of a feature,
(ii) to ensure correct functional positioning of the feature,
(iii) to ensure the interchangeability of components, and
(iv) to facilitate the assembly of mating components.
Tolerance zone: It is an imaginary area or volume within which the controlled feature of the
manufactured component must be completely contained
Datum: It is a theoretically exact geometric reference (such as axes, planes, straight lines, etc.) to which
the tolerance features are related.
Datum feature: A datum feature is a feature of a part, such as an edge, surface, or a hole, which forms
the basis for a datum or is used to establish its location.
Datum triangle: The datum’s are indicated by a leader line, terminating in a filled or an open triangle.
Datum letter: To identify a datum for reference purposes, a capital letter is enclosed in a frame,
connected to the datum triangle.
 UNIT-2 INTRODUCTION TO 2D DRAFTING

 CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawings. CADD
has number of advantages over drawings created on a drawing board. Electronic drawings
can be modified quite easily and can be represented in a variety of formats.
 CADD extends its power to yet another branch of engineering called computer aided
manufacturing (CAM).CADD and manufacturing program are often integrated into one
system called CAD-CAM. This system import CADD drawings into CAM program to
automate the manufacturing process. When the design is finalized, the drawings are brought
into a CAD-CAM system that uses numerical data from the CADD drawing for actual
manufacturing.
 There is separate category of programs called Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) that can
use CADD drawing for engineering analysis. The CAE programs have a number of
applications in Structural Design, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical
Engineering. The Mechanical engineer can test a machine assembly and also a prototype
electronic model and test it without building a physical model.
 We can do amazing things with CADD that we never thought possible while creating
drawings with pen or pencil.
The following are some of the important capabilities that make CADD a powerful tool.
o Presentations
o Flexibility in editing
o Unit and accuracy levels
o Storage and access for drawings
o Sharing CADD drawings.
About AutoCAD
 AutoCAD is a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program used by just about every Engineering
and Design office in the world. Although there are alternative CAD packages, AutoCAD is by
far the most widely used system. Autodesk's AutoCAD is the industry leader in CAD packages.
Used by Civil Engineers, Architects, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers, Aeronautical
Engineers plus many other disciplines.

 There have been several versions of AutoCAD over the years, with each new version introducing
new and more powerful features than its predecessor. The latest version of AutoCAD (at the
time of writing) is AutoCAD 2016. Any courses, whether through community colleges or online
universities, that are related to Engineering or Architecture should be considered incomplete if
they do not introduce students to AutoCAD.
  Accurate, scale drawings can be created and published using AutoCAD powerful features. 3D
'models' can also be created giving the designer absolute control over the design from start to
finish. The computerized model can be viewed through a 360º angle, and even 'rendered' with a
texture on screen to give an idea of the finished product.
Co-ordinate system
AutoCAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There is an origin where it begins
counting from. This point is (0,0). Every object is located in relation to the origin. If we were to draw a
line straight out to the right from the origin, this would be considered the positive X-axis. If we were to
draw a line straight up, this would be the positive Y-axis. The picture above shows a point located at (9,
6). This means that the point is 9 units over in the X-axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When we are
working with points, X always comes first. The other point shown is (-10,-4). This means that the point
is 10 units in the negative X-axis (left) and 4 units in the negative Y-axis (down).
A line has two points, a start point and an end point. AutoCAD works with the points to display the
line on the screen. Most of the time we will not have an indication of where the origin is. We may need
to draw a line from the endpoint of an existing line. To do this we use relative points. These work the
same way, but we have to add the @ symbol (shift+2) to tell AutoCAD that this next point is relative
from the last point entered. i.e.
1. ABSOLUTE POINTS are exact points on the drawing space.
2. RELATIVE POINTS are relative to an OBJECT on the drawing space.

AutoCAD Basics

Sl.No Command Descriptio

n
1. OPEN Opens an existing drawing file
2. ARC Creates an arc
3. ARRAY Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern
4. BHATCH Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern
5. BLOCK Creates a block definition from objects you select
6. BREAK Erase parts of object or splits an object in two
7. CHAMFER Bevels the edges of object
8. CHANGE Changes the properties of existing objects
9. CIRCLE Creates a circle
10. COLOR Defines color for new objects
11. COPY Duplicates objects
Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length
12. DIVIDE
or perimeter of an object
13. DONUT Draws filled circles and rings
14. ELLIPSE Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
15. ERASE Removes objects from a drawing
16. HATCH Fills a specified boundary with a pattern
17. HATCHEDIT Modifies an existing hatch object
18. EXTEND Extends an object to meet another object
19. INSERT Places a named block or drawing into the current drawing
20. LAYER Manages layers and layer properties
21. LINE Creates straight line segments
22. LINETYPE Creates, loads, and set line types
23. OFFSET Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves
24. FILLET Rounds and fillets the edges of objects
25. MIRROR Creates a mirror image copy of objects
26. MOVE Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction
Creates a slide file of the current view port in model space, or
27. MSLIDE
of all view ports in paper space.
28. LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor

29. PAN Moves the drawing display in the current view port

30. OOPS Restores erased objects

31. PLINE Creates two-dimensional polylines

32. POINT Creates a point object

33. POLYGON Creates an equilateral closed polyline

34. PROPERTIES Controls properties of existing objects

35. MTEXT Multiline text

36. ORTHO Constrains cursor movement

37. OSNAP Sets object snap modes

38. REDRAW Refreshes the display in the current view port

39. REGEN Regenerates the drawing and refreshes the current view port

40. ROTATE Rotate

 Enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in the X,Y, and Z
41. SCALE
directions
42. SCRIPT Executes a sequence of commands from a script

43. SKETCH Creates a series of freehand line segments

44. SPLINE Creates a quadratic or cubic spine (NURBS) curve

45. TEXT Displays text on screen as it is entered

46. UNDO Reverse the effect of commands

Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the
47. ZOOM
current view port
Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined
48. AREA
areas
49. LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor

50. BACKGROUND Sets up the background for your scene

51. BASE Sets the insertion base point for the current drawing

52. BLIPMODE Controls the displays of marker blips

Generates preview images for blocks created with release 14
53. BLOCKICON
or earlier
Changes the color, layer, line type, scale factor, line weight,
54. CHPROP
thickness, and plot style of an object
55. CLOSE Closes the current drawing

56. DBLIST Lists database information for each object in the drawing

57. DDEDIT Edits text and attribute definitions

58. DDPTYPE Specifies the display mode and size of point objects

59. DELAY Provides a timed pause within a script

60. DIM AND DIM Accesses dimensioning mode

61. DIMALIGNED Creates an aligned linear dimension

62. DIMANGULAR Creates an angular dimension

Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the

63. DIMBASELINE
baseline of the pervious dimension or a selected dimension
64. DIMDIAMETER Creates diameter dimensions for circles and arcs

65. DIMEDIT Edit dimensions

66. DIMLINEAR Creates linear dimension

67. DIMORDINATE Creates ordinate point dimensions

68. DIMOVERRIDE Overrides dimension system variables

69. DIMRADIUS Creates ordinate point dimensions

70. DIMSTYLE Creates and modifies dimension styles

71. DIST Measures the distance and angle between two points

72. DWGPROPS Sets and displays the properties of the current drawing
Controls the filling of multi-lines, traces, solids, all hatches
73. FILL
and wide polylines
74. FILTER Creates reusable filters to select objects based on properties

75. ID Displays the coordinate values of a location

76. LIST Displays database information for selected objects

77. MASSPROP Calculate and displays the mass properties of regions or solids

78. MENU Loads a menu file

79. MENULOAD Loads partial menu files

80. MENUUNLOAD Unloads partial menu files

81. OPTIONS Customizes the AutoCAD settings

82. PLAN Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system

83. PLOT Plots a drawing to a plotting device of file

84. SHADEMODE Shades the objects in the current view port

85. SNAP Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals

86. SPELL Checks spelling in a drawing

Displays the Visual LISP interactive development
87. VLISP
environment(IDE)

.
Basic Drawing Commands for Autocad
Measuring Commands

GRID (F7): Displays a grid of dots at a desired spacing on the screen.

Command: GRID (enter)
On/Off/Tick spacing(x)/Aspect: (enter value) (enter)

SNAP (F9): Specifies a "round off" interval so that points entered with the mouse can be locked into alignment with
the grid spacing.
Command: SNAP (enter)
On/Off/Value/Aspect/Rotate/Style: (enter value) (enter)
Basic Draw Commands
CIRCLE (C): Draws circles of any size.
Command: Circle (enter)
3P/2P/TTR/<center point>: (pick a center point)
Diameter or <Radius>: (Pick a point on the circle)
LINE (L): Draws straight lines between two points
Command: LINE (enter)
From Point: (pick a point using the mouse) To Point: (Pick a point using the mouse)
To Point: (Press return to end the command)
ARC (A): Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three known points.
Command: ARC (enter)
Center/ < Start point > : (pick the first point on the arc)

Center/End/ < Second point >:C

Center: (pick the arc's center point)

Angle/Length of chord/ <End point >: (pick the arc endpoint)
Display Commands
LIMITS: Sets the size of the drawing paper. For size "A" drawing paper the limits should be set for 10.5 x 8.
Command: LIMITS (enter)
On/Off/Lower left corner <0.0000> (enter)
Upper right corner: 10.5,8 (enter).
ZOOM (Z): Enlarges or reduces the display of a drawing.
PAN: Allows we to move were view point around the drawing without changing the magnification factor.
Command: PAN (enter).
Editing Commands
CHANGE: Alters properties of selected objects
Command: CHANGE (enter)
Select objects or window or Last (select objects to be changed)
Properties/<Change point>: (type P)
Change what property (Color/Elev/ Layer/L Type/Thickness)? (Type Layer) New Layer:
(enter new layer name and press enter).

ERASE (E): Erases entities from the drawing.

Command: ERASE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (Select objects to be erased and press enter when finished).

TRIM (TR): Trims a line to end precisely at a cutting edge.

Command: Trim (enter)
Select cutting edge(s)... Select Objects (pick the line which represents the cutting edge of line in
which objects will be trimmed to)(press enter when finished selecting cutting edges)<Select object to
trim>/Undo: (pick the line(s) that need to be trimmed).

Creating Layers
LAYER: Creates named drawing layers and assigns color and line type properties to those layers.
Command: LAYER (enter)
A Layer & Line type Properties dialog box will be displayed. To add a new layer, pick the new button.
A new layer listing appears, using a default name of Layer1. The layer name can be changed by
highlighting the layer name. Colors and Line types can be assigned to each new layer by picking the
color box to assign a color and picking the line type box to assign a line type.

Standard AutoCAD colors

1 = Red 2 = Yellow 3 = Green 4 = Cyan
5 = Blue 6 = Magenta 7 = White

Construction Commands
ARRAY (AR): Makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or circular pattern
Command: ARRAY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select object to array)
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P) <current>: (P)
Center point of array: (pick the point around which to form the array)
Angle to fill (+=CCW, -=Cw) <360>: (enter)
COPY (CO): Draws a copy of selected objects.
Command: COPY (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be copied)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of the copied object)
MIRROR(MI): Makes mirror images of existing objects.
Command: MIRROR (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to be mirrored)

First point of mirror line: (pick a point on top of the mirror line)

Second point: (pick a point on the bottom of the mirror line) Delete old objects? <N> y or n (enter)
MOVE(M): Moves designated entities to another location.
Command: MOVE (enter)
Select objects or Window or Last: (select objects to move)
Base point or displacement: (pick a point on the object to be use as a reference point)
Second point of displacement: (pick a point which represents the new location of the object)

OFFSET (O): Constructs an entity parallel to another entity at a specified distance. Offset can be used
with lines, circles, arcs, and polylines.
Command: OFFSET (enter)
Offset distance or Through<last>: (enter a distance value)
Select object to offset: (select object to offset)
FILLET (FI): Changes any corner to a rounded corner.
Command: FILLET
Polyline/Radius/Angle/Trim/Method/ <Select first line >: (pick the first line) S
elect second line: (pick the second line)

CHAMFER (CHA): Changes any corner to an angled corner.

Command: CHAMFER
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/ < Select first line > : (pick the first line)
Select second line: (pick the second line)

OSNAP (F3): Instantly locates exact points relative to existing objects (points).
Object Snap Modes: Endpoint, Midpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Insertion, Perpendicular, Tangent, Nearest,
Node, and None.
Placing lettering on a drawing

TEXT (M TEXT):Draws text characters of any size.

Command: TEXT (enter)
Justify/Style/<Start point>: (pick a starting point or enter a justification letter)
Height (0) (enter the height of the lettering)
Rotation Angle (0) (enter)
Text: (enter the desired lettering) (enter)

Result:
Thus the AutoCAD software was studied
 INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS
Introduction:
Solidworks is a high end cad package. Solidworks is a parametric solid model. It was developed by parametric
technology corporation. It is suite of programs that are used in design analysis and manufacturing of a virtually
unlimited range of products.
Feature based:
Solidworks is a feature based solid modeling tool. It builds the model using individual building blocks one at a
time. Designers can think at a high level and leave all the low level geometry details, for Solidworks to figure
out. Associative:
We can use Solidworks to document model by creating parts, assemblies and drawing all these functions are
really associative.
Parametric:
Parametric means that the physical shape of the part is driven by the values assigned to the attributes of its
features.
Solid modeling:
Solid modeling means that the computer model we create is able to contain all the information that a real solid
object would have the material.
Parent - child Relationship:
An important aspect to feature based modeling in Solidworks is the concept of modeling in Solidworks parent -
child
relationship.
Datum plane:
A datum plane representation of an infinite large power surface area of a user defined orientation and location
that are continuously adjusted automatically to be slightly larger than the object. Plane-Insert-Datum-Plane:

Default method creates three mutually perpendicular datum planes intersecting at the origin at the default
coordinate system. These three planes represents XY, YZ & ZX planes are named as follows:
DTM1 → represents YZ plane
DTM2 → represents ZX plane
DTM3 → represents XY plane
Datum axis:
It can be used as a reference for features creation. It is particularly useful for making datum planes placing
items concentrically and creating radial patterns.
Part modeling:
Solidworks is a feature based modeling software. Features in Solidworks are of two kinds. Place
features extrude, revolve, sweep and blend are examples of sketched features.
Sketches features:
Protrusion features:
Protrusion is the method of adding a solid material of the method. Solidworks provides the following
basic methods of adding material to a method.
Extrude: creates a solid feature by extruding a section named to the section.
Revolve: creates a solid surface by revolving a section about an axis.
Sweep: creates a solid feature by sweeping a section about a path.
Blend: creates a solid feature by blending various cross sections at various levels.
Extrusion:
Features → create → solid → protrusion → extrude
Attribute types:
One side: Adds the material in one side of the cross section only.
Both sides: Adds the material on both sides of the cross section.
Defining sketching plane: We have to specify the sketch plane to draw the cross section.
Direction of feature creation:
Once the direction of extrusion is defined Solidworks will promote for orienting the sketch plane. Orientation
plane can lie horizontally or vertically in the section view sketch plane once the orientation plane is defined, tools
needed for sketching the cross section will be provided by Solidworks.
Sketch reference:
Solidworks automatically selects two mutually perpendicular lines which are normal to the sketching
plane as horizontal and vertical reference for dimensioning and constraining the sketch.
Extrusion depth:
Blind: Enter a dimension for the feature depth. We can then control the feature depth by changing the depth
dimension
Through next: Terminate the features at the next part surface
Through all: The new surface intersects all surfaces
Rib: Feature → create → solid → rib
A rib is a special type of protrusion designed to create a thin wall or web to support two surface. All straight
holes are created with constant diameter. A hole from feature always removes material from our model.
Round:
Features → create → solid → round
It creates smooth transition with circular or profile between adjacent surface. An edge round smoothness the
hard edges between adjacent surface.
Sweep:
Feature → create → solid → protrusion → sweep
A sweep is creating by defining two sections. The section is the trajectory and the second cross section.
Sweep can be used on for protrusion cut and slots.
Blend:
Feature → create → solid → protrusion → blend
Blending is the method of defining a volume by connecting series of at least two planner sections together,
at their edges with transitional surface.
Assembly creation:
Assembly mode in Solidworks enable us to place component parts and use assemblies together to form
assemblies as well as to design parts based on how they should fit together.
Mate:
Selected surface point in opposite direction and become coplanar.
Mate offset:
Selected surface point in opposite direction and are offset by specific value.
Align:
Selected surface point in opposite direction and become coplanar axis may be co-axial with the align command.
Align offset:
Selected surface point in opposite direction and are offset by a specific value which is to be modified
to provide design flexibility.
Orient:
Make the two surface of revolution co-axial.

Result:
Thus the SOLID WORKS software was studied
Ex.no:1 BASICS OF 2D DRAWING – AUTO CAD
Date:
Aim:
1. To understand drawing standards
2. Draw basic sketches and constraint them using Geometrical and Dimensional constraints.
Procedure:
1. Open Auto CAD; Draw the Shape given in the Fig.1.
2. Add relations and Smart dimensions and make sure that the Sketch is Fully constraint
3. Change the dimensions according to Fig.1
4. Repeat the same for Fig.2 to Fig.3.
Commands used:
Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show, View.

Fig.1 Fig.2

Fig.3
Ex.no:2 2D DRAFTING OF PLUMMER BLOCK BEARING
Date:

Aim:
To create a 2D model of plummer block bearing by using standard CAD software

Procedure:
1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.

3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.

4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.

5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.
Result:
Thus the 2D model of Plummer block bearing is created by using standard CAD software

Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to create the detailed drawings which is used in
automobile.

Application:
1. R & D

2. Automobile.
Viva-voce
1. What is meant by Auto CAD?

2. What is the difference between CAD and CADD?

3. What are the applications of CAD?

4. Define – Absolute Coordinate System

5. Define – Polar Coordinate System

6. What is a hatch pattern?

7. What is the advantage of Plummer block bearing over simple bushed bearing?
Ex.no:3 2D DRAFTING OF SAFETY VALVE
Date:
Aim:
To create a 2D model of safety valve by using standard CAD software

Procedure:

1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.

3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.

4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE commands.

5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.

6. Detail the drawing as per dimensions.

Result:
Thus the 2D model of safety valve is created by using standard CAD software

Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to create the detailed drawings which are used in boilers.
Application:
1.R & D
2.Boilers.
Viva-voce

1. What is safety valve?

2. Name the types of safety valves.
3. Name the components of safety valve.
4. Write the applications of safety valve.
5. Name the utility commands
Ex.no: 4 2D DRAFTING OF NON-RETURN VALVE
Date:
Aim:
To create a 2D model of non-return valve by using standard CAD software.

Procedure:

1. Set the units to mm.

2. Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.

3. Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Draw the part using LINE command and extrude it using REGION, EXTRUDE
commands.
5. Draw the front view, top view and side view using drawing commands.
6. Detail the drawing as per dimensions.
Result:
Thus the 2D model of non-return valve is created by using standard CAD software

Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to create the detailed drawings which are used in pumps.

Viva-voce
1. What is a non return valve?
2. Name the components of non return valve.
3. Write the applications of non return valve.
 UNIT-III 3D GEOMETRIC MODELING AND ASSEMBLY

Ex.no:5 3D ASSEMBLY OF FLANGE COUPLING

Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of flange coupling and assemble them by using the Software Solidworks.
Commands used:
Part diagram
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension → Ok Assembly → Set
default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of flange coupling had been created and assembled by using standard
Auto CAD software.

Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given flange coupling using
Solidworks.

Application:
1. Automobile
2. Transmission systems.

Viva-voce

1. Name the components used in flange coupling.

2. What is the function of flange coupling?

3. What are the materials used for making flange coupling?

4. Define – Coupling

5. Name the different types of couplings.

Ex.no:6 3D ASSEMBLY OF UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of universal coupling and assemble them by using the standard Software
Solidworks.

Description:
This is a rigid coupling and is used to connect two shafts, whose axes intersect if extended. The given
figure shows the details of universal coupling. The forks 2 are mounted at the ends of two shafts 1,
making use of sunk keys 6. The central block 3, having two arms at right angle to each other, is placed
between the forks and connected to both of them by using pins 4 and collars 5. A taper pin is used to keep
the pins 4 in position. During rotation of shafts, the angle between them can be varied.
Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok.
Result:
Thus the given various part of universal coupling had been created and assembled by using
Solid works software.

Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given universal coupling using the
standard Software Solidworks which is used in automobile.

Application:
1. Automobile

Viva-voce
1. Define – Coupling
2. What are the different types of couplings?
3. What is meant by universal coupling?
4. What are the components used in universal coupling?
5. What type of keyway is used in universal coupling?
Ex.no:7 3D ASSEMBLY OF OLDHAM’S COUPLING
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of Oldham’s coupling and assemble them by using the standard Software
Solidworks.

Description:
This coupling is known as a non-aligned coupling and is used to connect two parallel shafts, whose
axes are at a small distance apart. The given figure shows various parts of a Oldham’s coupling. The two
flanges 1 are mounted on the ends of shafts 3 by means of sunk keys 4. The flanges are having
rectangular slots in them. These flanges are set such that, the slots in them are at right angle to each other.
The circular disc 2 is now positioned in between them so that the projections in the circular disc, enter
into the corresponding slots of the flanges. During rotation of the shafts, the central disc slides in the slots
of the flanges.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension
→ Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of Oldham’s coupling had been created and assembled by using the
standard Software - Solidworks.

Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given Oldham’s coupling using
standard CAD software.

Application:
1. Automobile

Viva-voce

1. Define – Coupling
2. What is oldham’s coupling?
3. What are the advantages of oldham’s coupling?
4. What are the components used in oldham’s coupling?
Ex.no: 8 3D ASSEMBLY OF KNUCKLE JOINT
Date:
Aim:

To create various parts of knuckle joint and assemble them by using standard CAD software standard
Software - Solidworks.

Description:
This is a pin joint and is used to connect two circular rods subjected to axial loads. Compared to a
socket and spigot joint, wherein the axes of both the rods should be in the same plane; in the knuckle
joint, one of the rods can be swiveled through some angle about the connecting pin, i.e., the axes of the
two rods could be inclined to each other. The given figure shows the details of a knuckle joint. The eye
end of the rod 2 is inserted into the fork end 1 of the other rod. Then, pin 3 is inserted through the
holes in the ends of the rods and held in position by the collar 4 and taper pin 5.
Commands used:
Part diagram:

Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok

Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok

Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension → Ok Assembly:

Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok

Result:
Thus the given various part of knuckle joint had been created and assembled by using standard
Software - Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given knuckle joint using standard CAD
software.

Application:
1. Automobile

Viva-voce

1. In what situation flexible coupling is used?

2. What are the applications of knuckle joint?
3. Why is taper given to key? Why is taper given only on one side?
Ex.no:9 3D ASSEMBLY GIB AND COTTER JOINT
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of gib and cotter joint and assemble them by using standard Software -
Solidworks.

Description:
Gib and cotter joints are used for rods of square or rectangular cross section, the ends of one rod fits
the end of the other rod which is made in the form of a strap. A gib is used along with the cotter to make
this joint. Gib is likely a cotter but with two gib heads at its ends. The thickness of the gib and cotter are
same.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension
→ Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of gib and cotter joint had been created and assembled by using standard
Software - Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given gib and cotter joint using standard
CAD software.
Application:
1.Connect piston rod in cross head
2.Bicycle to connect pedal to sprocket wheel

Viva-voce

1. What is the function of gib and cotter joint?

2. Name the components of gib and cotter joint.
3. State the applications of cotter joints.
4. Name the materials used for gib and cotter.
5. Name the material used for rod and fork.
Ex.no:10 ASSEMBLY OF SLEEVE AND COTTER JOINT
Date:
Aim:
To create 3D models of Sleeve and Cotter Joint parts using standard Software - Solidworks.
Procedure:

1. The modeling concepts – Solid modeling, Surface modeling were trailed in Auto
CAD/CATIA by creating 3D model of Sleeve and cotter Joint-connecting rod,
sleeve, cotter.
2. The options available in each Feature command are tried to understand the
capabilities of each command
3. Design Methods: Bottom-up Design, Top down Design are discussed
4. Assembly of Sleeve and Cotter Joint was created using Bottom-up design approach

Commands used:

o Sketcher Commands: Line, Circle, Arc, Fillet, Trim, Smart Dimension, Relations, Show,
and View

o Features Commands: Extrude (pad) and Cut, Revolve (shaft), Sweep, and Loft,
Fillet/Round, Chamfer, and Draft, Hole - Simple and Hole Wizard, Hole Series, Scale,
Shell, Rib, Dome, Freeform, Shape, Deform, Indent, Flex, Pattern and Mirror, Curves,
Fastening Features

o Assembly Commands: Insert, Component, Existing Part/Assembly.

o Mating Commands: Angle, Coincident, Concentric, Distance, Parallel, Perpendicular,

Tangent.
Result:
The 3D models of Sleeve and Cotter Joint parts are created using standard Software - Solidworks.
Ex.no:11 3D ASSEMBLY OF PISTON
Date:
Aim:

To create various parts of piston and assemble them by using standard Software - Solidworks.
Description:

In the cylinder of an engine, the energy bound up in the fuel is rapidly converted into heat and
pressure during the combustion cycle. The heat and pressure values increase greatly within a very short
period of time. The piston, as the moving part of the combustion chamber, has the task of converting this
released energy into mechanical work.

The basic structure of the piston is a hollow cylinder, closed on one side, with the segments piston
crown with ring belt, pin boss, and skirt. The piston crown transfers the gas forces resulting from the
combustion of the fuel -air mixture via the pin boss, the piston pin, and the connecting rod, to the
crankshaft.

Pistons are usually equipped with piston rings. These are circular metal rings that fit into grooves in the
piston walls and assure a snug fit of the piston inside the cylinder. They help provide a seal to prevent
leakage of compressed gases around the piston and to prevent lubricating oil from entering the
combustion chamber.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension
→ Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of piston had been created and assembled by using standard Software -
Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given piston using standard CAD
software.

Application:
1. Internal Combustion Engines
2. Reciprocating Compressor

Viva-voce

1. What is the function of piston?

2. What is meant by gudgeon pin?
3. What type of material is used for piston?
4. What is piston ring?
5. Name the types of piston rings.
6. What is the function of piston rings?
Ex.no:12 3D ASSEMBLY CONNECTING ROD
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of connecting rod and assemble them by using standard Software
Solidworks.

Description:

A connecting rod is an engine component that transfers motion from the piston to the crankshaft and
functions as a lever arm. Connecting rods are commonly made from cast aluminum alloy and are
designed to withstand dynamic stresses from combustion and piston movement. The small end of the
connecting rod connects to the piston with a piston pin. The piston pin, or wrist pin, provides a pivot
point between the piston and connecting rod. Spring clips, or piston pin locks, are used to hold the piston
pin in place. The big end of the connecting rod connects to the crankpin journal to provide a pivot point
on the crankshaft. Connecting rods are produces as one piece or two-piece components. A rod cap is the
removable section of a two-piece connecting rod that provides a bearing surface for the crankpin journal.
The rod cap is attached to the connecting rod with two cap screws for installation and removal from the
crankshaft.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension
→ Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok.
Result:
Thus the given various part of connecting rod had been created and assembled by using Software
Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given connecting rod using standard
CAD software.

Application:
1. Internal Combustion Engines
2. Reciprocating Compressor

Viva-voce

1. What is the function of connecting rod?

2. Name the materials used for connecting rod.
3. Why I-section is mostly used in the connecting rod?
Ex.no:13 3D ASSEMBLY OF CROSSHEAD
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of crosshead and assemble them by using Software Solidworks.

Description:
Crosshead is used in horizontal steam engines for connecting the piston rod and connecting rod.
The given figure shows the part drawings of a steam engine crosshead. The crosshead, with the help of
slide block 4, reciprocates between two guides provided in the engine frame. The gudgeon pin 3 connects
the slide blocks with the crosshead block 1. This acts as a pin joint for the connecting rod. The piston rod
2 is secured to the crosshead block by means of the cotter 5. The assembly ensures reciprocating motion
along a straight line for the piston rod and reciprocating cum oscillatory motion for the connecting rod.
Commands used:
Part diagram:

Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok

Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok

Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension → Ok

Assembly:

Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok

Result:
Thus the given various part of crosshead had been created and assembled by using standard
Software Solidworks
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given crosshead using standard
CAD software which is used in steam engine.
Viva-voce
1. What is meant by cross head?
2. What is the function of cross head?
3. What are the components used in cross head?
4. What is meant by piston rod?
5. What is the function of gudgeon pin?
Ex.no: 14 3D ASSEMBLY OF STUFFING BOX

Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of stuffing box and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.

Description:

It is used to prevent loss of fluid such as steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine elements.
In a steam engine, when the piston rod reciprocate through the cylinder cover; stuffing box provided in
the cylinder co ver, prevent leakage of steam from the cylinder.
The given figure shows the various parts of a stuffing box. At the base of stuffing box body 1, a bush
3 is placed such that the beveled edge of the bush is at the inner side of the body. Gland 2 is placed at the
other end of the body and is connected to the main body by means of studs 4 and nuts 5. The space
between the reciprocating rod and the bush and the g land is packed with a packing material such as
fibres, leather, rubber or cork.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → Given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension
→ Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of stuffing box had been created and assembled by using standard
CAD software Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given stuffing box using standard
CAD software.

Application:
1. Steam engine

Viva-voce

1. Name the components in stuffing box.

2. What is stuffing box?
3. What is meant by gland?
4. What is the application of stuffing box?
5. What are the materials required for stuffing box?
Ex.no: 15 3D ASSEMBLY OF MULTIPLATE CLUTCH

Date:
Aim:

To create various parts of multi plate clutch and assemble them by using CAD software Solidworks.
Description:
In a multi plate friction clutch, a number of discs or plates with frictional surfaces on either side are
located alternately on the driving and driven shafts. By bringing these, close together by external
pressure, power can be transmitted from the driving to the driven shaft. Multi plate clutches are normally
wet type, whereas, single plate clutches are dry. The multi plate clutch is located on the driving shaft.
The pulley/wheel mounted on the shell serves as a driven member. There is no driven shaft.
Figure A illustrates various parts of a multi plate clutch. The serrations on the internal diameter of the
shell 1, receive the alternate friction discs called the outside plates 3. The shell along with a bush is
mounted freely on the driving shaft, has provision to receive the driven pulley or wheel. A centre boss 5
is keyed onto the driving shaft. The serrations on the centre boss receive the alternate friction discs
called the inside plates 4.
The front cover 2, is fixed to the shell by means of six small set screws 12. The front cover is able to
either slide or rotate freely on the driving shaft with the bush provided. The sliding sleeve 9, rotates
freely on the driving shaft and is connected to the front cover through three jaw levers 7, and three L-
levers 8. The last outside plate called a stud carrier 6, is provided with the arrangement to carry three
studs 10, which are operated by the sliding sleeve through the L-lever.
The sliding sleeve rotates with the clutch body, i.e., the shell. The sleeve can be moved forward by an
operating lever (not shown) in order to exert pressure on the studs. The plates will then get pressed
together and the drive is completed. Figure B shows the assembly drawing of the multi plate clutch.
Commands used:
Part diagram:

Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok

Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok

Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to dimension → Ok

Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Fig.1 Details of Multiple clutch
Result:
Thus the given various part of multiplate clutch had been created and assembled by
using standard CAD software Solidworks.

Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given multiplate clutch
using standard CAD software.

Application:
1. Automobile
Viva-voce

1. What is the function of clutch?

2. Where do you use clutch?
3. Name the types of clutches.
4. Where do you use multi-plate clutch?
5. What are the advantages of single plate clutch over multi plate clutch?
Ex.no: 16 3D ASSEMBLY OF SCREW JACK
Date:

Aim:
To create various parts of screw jack and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.
Description:
Screw jacks are used for raising heavy loads through very small heights. Figure shows
the details of one type of screw jack. In this, the screw 3 works in the nut 2 which is press fitted
into the main body 1. The tommy bar 7 is inserted into a hole through the enlarged head of the
screw and when this is turned, the screw will move up or down, thereby raising or lowering the
load.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to
dimension → Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of screw jack had been created and assembled by using
standard CAD software Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given screw jack using
standard CAD software.
Application:
1. Automobile
Viva-voce

1. How will you designate square threads?

2. What is power screw?
3. What are the components used for screw jack?
4. What is the use of screw jack?
5. Name the materials used for making screw jack.
Ex.no: 17 3D ASSEMBLY OF MACHINE VICE
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of screw jack and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.

Description:
A machine vice is a work holding device, used in machines such as drilling, milling, etc. A
swiveling type machine vice permits swiveling about its vertical axis, so that the work may be
clamped at any angular position required in the machining operation. T-bolts (not shown) are
used through the base plate, to fix the vice to the machine table.
The details of a plain machine vice are shown in figure. It consists of the base 1 which is
clamped to the machine table using two T-bolts. The sliding block 3 is fixed in the centre slot of
the base by means of the guide screw 4. The movable jaw 2 is fixed to the sliding block with
four screws 8 and 7. One of the serrated plates 5 is fixed to the jaw of the base by means of
screws 6 and the other to the movable jaw by the screws 7. One end of the guide screw is fixed
to the base by means of the washer 9 and nut 10 (not shown in figure). The movable jaw is
operated by means of a handle (not shown) which fits onto the square end of the guide screw.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to
dimension → Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of machine vice had been created and assembled by using
standard CAD software Solidworks
Outcome:
From this experiment, Students will be able to assemble the given machine vice using
standard CAD software.

Application:
1. Work holding devices

Viva-voce

1. Name the components of machine vice?

2. What is a Machine Vice?
3. Name the different types of vice.
4. What are the tools used in machine vice?
5. What is meant by sliding jaw?
Ex.no:18 3D ASSEMBLY OF TAIL STOCK
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of tail stock and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.
Description:
It is a part of a lathe machine and is used to support lengthy jobs. To accommodate works of
different lengths between centres, the tail-stock may be moved on the lathe bed to the required
position and clamped by means of a clamping bolt.
Figure shows various parts of a tail-stock. The barrel 2 is fitted into the bore of the tail-stock
body 1 and is prevented from rotation by the feather key 9 placed underneath of it. The barrel
has a threaded portion at its end and the spindle 3 is inserted into the barrel through this. The
hand wheel 6 is mounted on the spindle by a key and is retained in position by a nut. The
spindle bearing 5 is placed between the hand wheel and the tail-stock body. A tapered hole
provided at the front end of the barrel, receives the dead centre 4 or a tapered shank of the drill
or reamer.
When the hand wheel is operated, the barrel is made to move in or out of the tail-stock body. In
the required position of the barrel, clamping may be made by means of the clamping lever 7 and
stud 8 which is fitted to the tail-stock body. The spindle bearing is fixed to the body by means of
the screws 10.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to
dimension → Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of lathe tail stock had been created and assembled by using
standard CAD software Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to assemble the given lathe tail stock using
standard CAD software Solidworks.
Application:
1. Lathe machine

Viva-voce
1. What is the purpose of tail stock?
2. Name the components are used in tail stock.
3. What are the materials used for making tail stock?
4. What is meant by live centre?
5. What is meant by dead centre?
Ex.no: 19 3D ASSEMBLY OF CHUCK
Date:
Aim:

To create various parts of tail stock and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.
Description:
The self-centering chuck is a work holding device mounted on the headstock spindle of a
lathe. It automatically centres the workpiece by the three jaws, moving simultaneously to and
from the centre. Regular shaped objects such as rounds and hexagons are quickly held and
centred in three jaw self-centring chucks.
The details of the assembly are given in figure It consists of a face plate 1, and the scroll plate
3 is fitted into the circular recess at the back of the face plate. Three pinions 4 are mounted in
position in the face plate such that, their teeth engage with those on the back of the scroll plate.
The back plate 2 is fastened to the face plate by six screws 7. This assembly is fastened to the
flange 5 by three socket headed screws 8. The three jaws 6 are then engaged with the scroll plate.
By rotating any one pinion by a chuck key (not shown), the three jaws move in the radial
direction either to or from the centre. The threaded hole in the flange facilitates the mounting of
the chuck in the threaded headstock spindle.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to
dimension → Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of chuck had been created and assembled by using standard CAD
software Solidworks
Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to assemble the given chuck using standard CAD
software Solidworks.

Application:
1. Lathe machine
2. Milling machine

Viva-voce
1. What is the purpose of chuck?
2. Name the types of chuck.
3. What is a collet chuck?
4. What is meant by live centre?
5. What is meant by dead centre?
Ex.no: 20 3D ASSEMBLY OF GEAR PUMP
Date:
Aim:
To create various parts of gear pump and assemble them by using standard CAD software
Solidworks.
Description:
It is used to supply lubricating oil from the sump to the required places of an internal
combustion engine, under pressure and is positive displacement type. Figure shows the details
of a rotary gear pump.
The two gaskets 4 are placed; one on the end cover 3 and the other on the mounting bracket 1
in position. Two each of bushes 8 are placed on the end cover and mounting bracket to provide
bearing surfaces for the gear shafts. End cover is connected to the pump body 2 after placing the
dowel pins in the body. The shaft with gear 6 is placed in the bottom recess, whereas the shaft
with gear 5 is located in the top recess of the end cover and pump body assembly. Finally, the
mounting bracket is connected to the pump body after locating the dowels in the pump body.
The gland 7 is placed on the mounting bracket, after locating the packing 9 between the
mounting bracket and the shaft with gear 5. The end cover, pump body and the mounting
bracket are connected or fastened, using bolts and nuts (not shown).
Similarly, the gland is fastened to the mounting bracket by using two studs and nuts (not
shown). At the end, oil inlet and outlet connections are made through the mounting bracket.

Commands used:
Part diagram:
Extrude → Sketch → Sketch to dimension → Ok
Hole → Sketch → given dimension → Ok
Revolve → Sketch plane → Sketches → Centerlines → Sketch to
dimension → Ok Assembly:
Assembly → Set default → Assembly according to alignment → fully constrained → Ok
Result:
Thus the given various part of gear pump had been created and assembled by using standard
CAD software Solidworks.
Outcome:
From this experiment, students will be able to assemble the given rotary gear pump using
standard CAD software Pro-E which is used in IC engines.
Application:
1. Internal Combustion Engines
Viva-voce
1. What is the purpose of gear pump?
2. Name the types of gear pumps.
3. Name the components of gear pump.
4. What is meant by vane pump?
5. Give the applications of gear pump.