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Echelon Form: Right of Any Leading One Above It.)

A matrix is in echelon form if it satisfies three conditions: 1) each row with a non-zero entry has a 1 in the first non-zero column, 2) the column numbers of the leading 1's increase from row to row, and 3) any row of all zeros is below rows with non-zeros. A matrix is in reduced echelon form if it also has zeros above each leading 1. Examples are provided of matrices in echelon form and reduced echelon form.

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Joana Marie Perciano
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41 views

Echelon Form: Right of Any Leading One Above It.)

A matrix is in echelon form if it satisfies three conditions: 1) each row with a non-zero entry has a 1 in the first non-zero column, 2) the column numbers of the leading 1's increase from row to row, and 3) any row of all zeros is below rows with non-zeros. A matrix is in reduced echelon form if it also has zeros above each leading 1. Examples are provided of matrices in echelon form and reduced echelon form.

Uploaded by

Joana Marie Perciano
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A matrix is in echelon form when:

1) Each row containing a non-zero number has the


number “1” appearing in the rowʼs first non-zero column.
(Such an entry will be referred to as a “leading one”.)
2) The column numbers of the columns containing the first
non-zero entries in each of the rows strictly increases from
the first row to the last row. (Each leading one is to the
right of any leading one above it.)

3) Any row which contains all zeros is below the rows


which contain a non-zero entry.
_____________________________________________________________

The three conditions above will ensure that the entries


below the leading ones (in each row which contains a non-
zero entry) are all zeros.
______________________________________________

A matrix is in reduced echelon form when:


in addition to the three conditions for a matrix to be in
echelon form,
the entries above the leading ones (in each row which
contains a non-zero entry) are all zeroʼs.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Note that if a matrix is in Reduced Row Echelon Form


then it must also be in Echelon form.
To Determine if a Matrix is in Echelon or Reduced Row
Echelon Form, it can be helpful to:
Put a box around the first non-zero entry in each row of
the matrix.

Examples of Matrices:
Not in Echelon Form
⎡1 0 1 2 ⎤ ⎡1 0 1 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡
⎢0 0 1 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 1 1 ⎥ 1 1 3⎤ ⎡0 1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 0 5⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 5⎦ , ⎣0 0 2⎦ , ⎣1 0 2⎦
⎡1 0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡−1 0 2 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1
⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥ 0 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 0 1 ⎦ , ⎣ 0 0 0 1 ⎦ , ⎣0 −1 2 ⎦

In Echelon Form, but not Reduced Row Echelon Form:

⎡1 0 1 2 ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 −1⎤


⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 3⎤ ⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎢0 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1⎦ , ⎣0 1 2⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 1 ⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 1 ⎦

In Reduced Row Echelon Form:

⎡1 0 3 ⎤ ⎡1 0 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 0⎤


⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 −1⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 ⎦ , ⎣0 0 1⎦
⎡1 0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1 ⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 1 ⎦ , ⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦

Any matrix can be put in an equivalent Echelon Form


using elementary row operations. Such a matrix is not
unique.

For instance, the two (elementary row) equivalent matices


below are both in echelon form:

⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡1 0 −1⎤


⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 2⎦ R1 = −2R2 + R1 ⎣0 1 2 ⎦

However, the equivalent matrix in Reduced Row Echelon


Form is unique.

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