VOLUME - 1 NOL Fad DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Third Edition Edwin H. Gaylord, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering University of Hinois at Urbana-Champaign Charles N. Gaylord Late Professor of Engineering of Virginia James E. Stallmeyer New York St. Louis Sa Lisbon London Madrid Pacis San JoanDESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1992 78910 BE 20 ‘When ordering this tite use ISBN 0407-112623.6 eee ABOUT THE AUTHORS EER Edwin H. Gaylord, Jr. is professor emeritus of civil engineering at the Universi of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is a graduate of Witenberg University, Case Western Reserve University, and the University of Michigan, He has been involved in teaching, research, and cons: gineering, particu- the area of steel structures, In addition to his coauthorship of “Design of Steel Structures” he is coauthor, with Charles N. Gaylord, of “Design of Steel Bins for Storage Bulk Solids,” coedi aylord, of * Struct ria and Loading struction Come tee on Specifications from 1959 to 1986 and in 1988 received the Ins Special standing contribution to the art of buil structural steel. He is a life member of the Structu James E. Stallmeyer is professor of civil engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is a graduate of the University of Illinois. He has been involved in teaching, research and consulting in structural engineering; particu- fhway and Transportation Officials and In 1964 he was awarded the AdamsCONTENTS Preface Notation Loads on Structures 1-1 Engineered Structures ‘The Design Procedure Loads ive Loads on Building Floors Live Loads on Bridge Floors Impact Snow Loads Wind Loads Earthquake Loads Probabilistic Considerations of Safety Factor of Safety, Load Factors, and Resistance Factors Codes and Specifications Structures, Metals, and Fasteners Buildings Structural Bolts Bolted and Riveted Connections Welding Processes Welded Joints 2-12 Stresses in Weldsili conrests -13 Specifications for Welded Connections 14 Welding Quality Control 15 Fatigue 16 Brittle Fracture 17 Corrosion 2 2 3 Tension Members 3-1. Effect of Residual Stresses ‘Types of Tension Design Stresses for Base Material ‘ansmission in Connections and Splices 1 Long Joints Fasteners ting for Reduction in Cross-Sectional Area, 18 Secondary Stresses in Truss Members 5-19 Further Diseussion of Residual Stresses 4 Compression Members 41 Introduction 42. Elastic Buckling of Columns 43 Effect of Initial Crookedness. 44 Inelastic Buckling of Columns 45 Columns with Ends Rotationally Restrained 46 ffect of Residual Stresses 47 Determinants of Column Strength 48 Allowable-Stress Formulas for Steel Columns 49. AISC/LRFD Formulas for Steel Columns 4-10 Typical Sections for Compression Members 4411 Effective Length of Columns in Frames 4-12 Local Buckling 413 Local Buckling with Residual Stresses 4:14 Design Procedures for Local Buckling of Steel Columns 415 Design of Columns 4:16 Column Bases 417 Shear in Columns 4-18 Effect of Shear on Critical Load 419 Structural Members in Torsion Buckling of Compression Members £21 Columns with One Axis of Symmetry au 216 218 220 2 229 233 24 237 249 252 255 259 263 268 ow 4:22 Columns with No Axis of Symmetry 423 Aluminum Columns Beams Ss 32 Introduction Beam Cross Sections Behavior of Beams Fioles in Beam Flanges Shear in Beams 5-14 Shear Buckling of Beam Webs ‘5:15 Bend Buckling of Beam Webs 5:16 Combined Shear and Bending of Webs fing and Vertical Buckling of Webs 5-18 Beam Bearing Plates 519 Biaxial Bending 5-20 Built-Up Beams 5.21 The Shear Center 5.22 Composite Beams 5-23 Design of Composite Beams 5-24 Shear Connectors 5.25 Continuous Composite Beams Beam-Columns 1 62 63 ry 63 66 67 68 63 6 Beam-Columns Columns with Maximum Moment at One End Beam-Columns: General Case Buckling of Frames with Loaded Beams ‘Torsional Buckling of Beam-Columns ‘Design of Beam-Columns ress Formulas for Beam-Columns Formulas for Bearm-Colurmns |AISC/ASD) anid DP6-8-1 (AISC/LRED) nalyses of Frames Plate Girders MH 42 1 76 Introduet Bend Buckling of Plate-Girder Webs Propor Length of Flange Platesx coNTENTS 1-7 Shear Buckling of Plate-Girder Webs ath of Plate-Girder Webs Shear and Bending in Webs 7-1 Bearing Stiffeners 7-12 Hybrid Plate Gisders 7-13 Webs of Hybrid Girders ‘7-14 Flange Buckling in Hybrid Girders 7-15 Welding of Girder Components 7-16 Shop and Field Splices 8 Connections Introduction Bolted and Riveted Connections for Beams Unstitfened Beam Seats Stiffened Beam Seats Bolted or Riveted Framed Connections in Tension h Fasteners in Tension ion and Shear int Connections with Fasteners in Tension Prying Forces in Moment-Resistant Connections Rivets and A307 Bolts in Tension Resistant Connections 9 of Standard Connections Types of Construction Welded Framed Beam Conné Design of Welded Framed Connections -18 Unstiffened Welded Beam Seats 8:19 Stiffened Welded Beam Seats 8:20 Moment-Resistant Welded Beam Connections 8.21 Stiffeners in Beam-to-Column Connections 8-22 Eoventrically Loaded Bolted or Riveted Shear Connections — Blastic Analysis ly Loaded Bolted or Riveted Shear Connections — timate-Strength Analysis 8.24 Ecventrically Loaded Welded Shear Connections—Elastic Analysis 8-25 Eoventrically Loaded Welded Shear Connections— Ultimate-Sirength Analysis 8-26 Haunched Connections 8-27 Column’ 8-29 Base-Plate Details 8-30 Pinned Connections 9 Plastic Analysis and Design 841 nroduction 9.2. Development of Collapse Mechanises 9.3. Determination of Collapse Mechanism 94 Continuous Beams ism Analysis by Virtual Displacements 9-7 Analysis of Rectangular Frames 9.8 General Procedure for Mechanism Analysis of Frames 9.9 Two-Bay Frame—Cor ‘Member Strength Local and Lateral-Torsional Buckling, Beam-Columas 15 Shear Resistance 16 Defiections 17 Moment Balancing 18 Two-Bay Frame by Moment Balancing. 9:19 Frame Buckling 10 Stability and Strength of Flat Plates 10-1 Stability and Strength of Flat Plates 10-2 Postbuckling Strength of Flat Plates 10-3 Additional Formulas for Bifective Width 10-4 Specification Provisions for Postbuckli Plate Elements 10.5 Interaction of Local Buckling and Column Bend Buckling 10.6 Specification Provisions for Interaction of Local Buckling and Columa Bend Buckling 10-7 Discussion of Examples of Art, 10.6 1048 Postbuckling Strength of Beams 11 Steel Bridges ALT Introduction Economics of Simple-Span Bridges Bracing ‘Weight of Bridges Bridge Floors Design of Floor Slabs Design of Stringers and Floor Beams End Bearings DPI1-9-1: Eldersburg-Louisville Road Bridge Beam Bridges “Li Composite-Beam Bridges Length of Cover Plates -13 Shear-Connector Spacing 11-14 DPII-14-1: Eldersburg-Louisville Road Bridge 12. Buildings 12 Behavior of contents. xi 632 63Floor Construction Roof Systems ind Bracing for Tall Buildings ind-Bent An ‘The Cantilever Mothod 4 Limitations of Portal and Cantilever Methods Appendix Table Al Approximate Radii of Gyration Table A2 SI Conversion Factors Indexes Name Index Subject Index 781 785 ee PREFACE — OE This book deals with the design of steel structural members, and their connec- tions, with emphasis on their use in bridges and buildings. Discussion of theory and behavior under the various combinations of loads such members must resist is followed by a discussion of applications according to standard specifications for load-and-resistance factor design and allowable-stress design. Discussions of se two types of specifications are presented in separately numbered articles lowed by worked-out examples. This will te matters for those who may ‘wish to cover only load-and-resistance factor design, only allowable-stress design, or both. In addition to a number of worked-out examples there are 32 design prob- Jems (labeled DP), which was a feature of previous editions. These examples help to show structural members as components of real-world structures rather than ‘ed elements. Practically all DPs and worked-out examples are presented in both load-and-resistance factor design and allowable-stress design. DPs are especially useful in helping the student prepare flow diagrams and computer mentals of the design procedure and the sequence of the calculations involved much than if they are presented in the form of flow charts and computer Programs. It has been the authors’ experience that students who rely on flow diagrams and computer programs prepared by others do not develop a capacity for critical evalu of the procedures and their resulting output. Another feature is the pr mn and discussion of the design calculations for the truss spans and composite-beam approach spans of a highway bridge in Maryland. Discussion and applications AISC specifications are based on the Specification for Structural Stee! Buildings: Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design, Jun '9 and the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, September 1, 1991, Discussion and applications of the AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges are based on the 1989