WHAT IS RDBMS?

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and
for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft
Access.
A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system
(DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.

WHAT IS A TABLE?
The data in an RDBMS is stored in database objects which are called as tables. This table is
basically a collection of related data entries and it consists of numerous columns and rows.
The following program is an example of a CUSTOMERS table −
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
WHAT IS A FIELD?
Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in the CUSTOMERS table
consist of ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS and SALARY.
A field is a column in a table that is designed to maintain specific information about every record
in the table.

WHAT IS A RECORD OR A ROW?

A record is also called as a row of data is each individual entry that exists in a table. For
example, there are 7 records in the above CUSTOMERS table. Following is a single row of data
or record in the CUSTOMERS table −
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

A record is a horizontal entity in a table.

WHAT IS A COLUMN?
A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information associated with a specific
field in a table.
For example, a column in the CUSTOMERS table is ADDRESS, which represents location
description and would be as shown below −
+-----------+
| ADDRESS |
+-----------+
| Ahmedabad |
| Delhi |
| Kota |
| Mumbai |
| Bhopal |
| MP |
| Indore |
+----+------+
WHAT IS A NULL VALUE?
A NULL value in a table is a value in a field that appears to be blank, which means a field with a
NULL value is a field with no value.
It is very important to understand that a NULL value is different than a zero value or a field that
contains spaces. A field with a NULL value is the one that has been left blank during a record
creation.

SQL CONSTRAINTS
Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on a table. These are used to limit the type of
data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the database.
Constraints can either be column level or table level. Column level constraints are applied only
to one column whereas, table level constraints are applied to the entire table.
Following are some of the most commonly used constraints available in SQL −
 NOT NULL Constraint − Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.
 DEFAULT Constraint − Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.
 UNIQUE Constraint − Ensures that all the values in a column are different.
 PRIMARY Key − Uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table.
 FOREIGN Key − Uniquely identifies a row/record in any another database table.
 CHECK Constraint − The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy
certain conditions.
 INDEX − Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly.

RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL TERMINOLOGY

 Relation is a table or flat file with columns and rows which has certain properties
 A tuple is a row of a relation and represents an instance of a relation
 An attribute is a named column of a relation
 A domain is the set of allowable values for one or more attributes
 The degree of a relation is the number of attributes it contains
 The cardinality of relation is the number of tuples it contains

RDBMS ADVANTAGES
 Increases the sharing of data and faster development of new applications
 Support a simple data structure, namely tables or relations
  Limit redundancy or replication of data
 Better integrity as data inconsistencies are avoided by storing data in one place
 Provide physical data independence so users do not have to be aware of underlying
objects
 Offer logical database independence - data can be viewed in different ways by different
users.
 Expandability is relatively easy to achieve by adding new views of the data as they are
required.
 Support one off queries using SQL or other appropriate language.
 Better backup and recovery procedures
 Provides multiple interfaces
 Solves many problems created by other data models
 The ability to handle efficiently simple data types
 Multiple users can access which is not possible in DBMS

RDBMS DISADVANTAGES
 Software is expensive
 Complex software means expensive hardware
 Requires skilled knowledge to implement
 Certain applications are slower processing
 Increased vulnerability
 More difficult to recover if data is lost
 Seen as a poor representation of the real world
 Difficult to represent hierarchies
 Difficult to represent complex data types

Structured Query Language (SQL) which uses a combination of Relational algebra and
Relational calculus. It is a data sub language used to organize, manage and retrieve data from
relational database, which is managed by Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
Regardless of whether SQL is embedded or used interactively, it can be divided into three groups
of commands, depending on their purpose.
• Data Definition Language (DDL).
• Data Manipulation Language (DML).
• Data Control Language (DCL).
Data Definition Language : Data Definition Language is a part of SQL that is responsible for
the creation, updation and deletion of tables. It is responsible for creation of views and indexes
also. The list of DDL commands is given below : CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE DROP
TABLE CREATE VIEW CREATE INDEX
Data Manipulation Language : Data manipulation commands manipulate (insert, delete, update
and retrieve) data. The DML language includes commands that run queries and changes in data.
It includes the following commands : SELECT UPDATE DELETE INSERT
Data Control Language : The commands that form data control language are related to the
security of the database performing tasks of assigning privileges so users can access certain
objects in the database. The DCL commands are : GRANT REVOKE COMMIT ROLLBACK.

MOTHER BOARD
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. It
connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports
and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.

FEATURES OF MOTHERBOARD
A motherboard comes with following features −
 Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
 Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
 Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to
function properly.
 Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

DESCRIPTION OF MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small screws through
pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It
provides a single socket for CPU, whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are available.
Motherboards provide ports to attach the floppy drive, hard drive, and optical drives via ribbon
cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special port designed for power supply.
There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards, sound cards,
and other expansion cards can be connected to the motherboard.
On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect the monitor, printer, mouse,
keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports, which allow
compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out fashion. For example, pen drive, digital
cameras, etc.