Fourier Series

Periodic Functions
• A function f(x) is said to be periodic if its
function values repeat at regular intervals
of the independent variable. The regular
interval between repetitions is the period
of the oscillations.
 Periodic Waveforms
• Consider the given sine wave function:
f (t )  A sin(t   )
 
f (t )  A sin  t  
 
where:
2
A  amplitude T  period

  angular_ frequency   phase _ angle
 
 frequency  time _ displaceme nt
2 
Periodic Waveforms

T

 A

 Fundamental Frequency
• Consider the given linear combination of
sinusoids:
f (t )  2 sin 1t  0.8sin 21t  0.7 sin 41t
where:
ω1 = fundamental angular frequency
2sin ω1t = fundamental component
0.8sin2 ω1t = first harmonic
0.7sin4ω1t = component w/ lowest
frequency
 Harmonics
• A function f(x) is sometimes expressed as
a series of a number of different sine
components. The component with the
largest period is the first harmonic, or
fundamental of f(x).
• y = A1sinωt is the first harmonic or
fundamental
• y = A2sinωt is the second harmonic
• y = A3sinωt is the third harmonic, etc.
 Example 1
Find the fundamental frequency of the
following Fourier series:
(a) : f (t )  5 cos 40t  cos 80t
(b) : f (t )  5 cos 20t  2 cos 40t  cos 80t
 Example 2
Find the amplitude and phase of the
fundamental component of the function:
f (t )  0.5 sin  1t  1.5 cos 1t  3.5 sin 2 1t
.......... .........  3 cos 3 1t
 Recall:
R cos(t   )  a cost  b sin t
where :
R  a b 2 2

1 b
  tan
a
 Example 3
Sketch the graph of the periodic function
defined by
f (t )  t.......... 0  t  1....... period (T )  1
 Example 4
Write down a mathematical expression of
the function whose graph is:
f(t)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t
 Example 5:
Sketch the graph of the following periodic
functions:
(a) : f (t )  t ,1  t  1;T  2
2

 
0,0  t  ;T  
 2
(b) : f (t )  
sin t ,   t  

 2
 t ,2  t  0;T  3
(c) : f (t )  
t ,0  t  1
 ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS:
• A. Even Function if:
f (t )  f (t )

• B. Odd Function if:

t
 

4 4
 Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
b) f(t)

t
 Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
c) f(t)

t
 Example 7
Show that f(t) is odd f(t)



4
t


4
Produtcs of ODD-EVEN Functions:
• even x even = even
• odd x odd = even
• even x odd = odd
 Example 8
State the product of the following
functions:
(a) f(t) = t3 sin wt
(b) f(t) = t cos 2t
(c) f(t) = t + t2
 Fourier Series
• Decompose periodic functions or periodic
signals into the sum of a (possibly infinite)
set of simple oscillating functions, namely
sines and cosines (or complex
exponentials).
• The study of Fourier series is a branch of
Fourier analysis.
 Fourier Analysis
• A set of mathematical tools to break down
a wave into its various frequency
components.
 Dirichlet Conditions
• A function f(t) satisfying the following
conditions:
1. f(t) is periodic with period 2π; i.e.
f(t+2π) = f(t)
2. f(t) is a single-valued and finite in each
period.
3. f(t) has a finite number of finite
discontinuities in each period.
4. f(t) has a number of finite maxima and
minima in each period.
 Fourier Series
• Is a series used to represent a periodic
wave in either exponential or trigonometric
form.
• The series has the form of;
a0 
f (t )    an cos nt  bn sin nt 
2 n1
a0
f (t )   a1 cos t  a 2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t  ...  a n cos nt
2
 b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t  b3 sin 3t  ...  bn sin nt
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval –π ≤t≤ π.
• Let the function f(t) be defined on the
interval –π ≤t≤ π. Then the Fourier
coefficients an and bn in the Fourier series
representation of f(t)

f (t )  a0   an cos nt  bn sin nt 
n 1
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval –π ≤t≤ π.
where:
1 
a0  
2 
f (t ) dt

1 
an   f (t ) cosntdt
 
1 
bn   f (t ) sinntdt for n = 1,2,….
 
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval –L ≤t≤ L.
• Let the function f(t) be defined on the
interval –L ≤x≤ L. Then the Fourier
coefficients an and bn in the Fourier series
representation of f(t)

 nt nt 
f (t )  a0   an cos  bn sin 
n1  L L 
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval –L ≤t≤ L.
where:
1 L
a0  
2L L
f (t )dt
1 L nt
an   f (t ) cos dt
L L L
1 L nt
L
bn  f (t ) sin dt for n = 1,2,….
L L
 Fourier Series of Even Functions
(Half Range Cosine Series)
• If f(t) is an even periodic function which
satisfies the Dirichlet condition, the
coefficients in the Fourier series of f(t) are
given by the formula;

nt
f (t )  a0   an cos where:
n 1 L

1 L 2 L nt
a0   f (t )dt ; an   f (t ) cos dt ; bn  0
L 0 L 0 L
 Fourier Series of Odd Functions
(Half Range Sine Series)
• If f(t) is an odd periodic function which
satisfies the Dirichlet condition, the
coefficients in the Fourier series of f(t) are
given by the formula;

nt
f (t )   bn sin where:
n 1 L
2 L nt
a0  0; an  0; bn  0 f (t ) sin dt
L L
 Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t )  t on    t  
Answer: a0  0
an  0
2
bn   cos n
n

2
f (t )    cos n sin nt
n 1 n
 Example
Expand the given function into a Fourier
series on the indicated interval.
 4, 0t5
f (t )  
 4,  5  t  0
Answer: a0  0
an  0
8
bn  (1  cos n )
n

8 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5
 Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t)  t 2
on   , 
Answer: 2
a0 
3
4
an  2 cos n
n
bn  0
2 
4
f (t )    2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n
 Example
Write the sine series of f(t) = 1 on [0,5]

Answer: a0  0
an  0
2
bn  (1  cos n )
n

2 nt
f (t )   (1  cos n ) sin
n 1 n 5