5. Diagram 5.1 shows a dentist chair for children. The chair uses a hydraulic system.

Rajah 5.1menunjukkan sebuah kerusi untuk mencabut gigi kanak-kanak. Kerusi ini menggunakan
sistem hidraulik.

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

(a) Name the physics principle used in a hidraulic system.

Namakan prinsip fizik yang digunakan dalam sistem hidraulik.

……………………………………………….............................................................................
[1 mark]

(b) Explain how the chair can be lifted up when the pedal is pressed down?
Terangkan bagaimana kerusi itu dapat dinaikkan apabila pedal ditekan ke bawah?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[2 marks]

(c) Why the system is less effective if air bubbles are present in hydraulic fluid?
Mengapakah system itu kurang berkesan jika gelembung udara wujud dalam cecair
hidraulik?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(d) The cross sectional area of the big piston and the small piston are 100 cm2 and 20 cm2
respectively. The mass of the chair is 20 kg.
(i) Calculate the force exerted on the small piston to lifted up the child of 30 kg.

Luas keratan rentas omboh besar dan omboh kecil masing-masing adalah 100 cm2 dan
20 cm2. Jisim kerusi ialah 20 kg.
(i) Hitungkan daya yang dikenakan pada omboh kecil untuk mengangkat seorang kanak-
kanak berjisim 30 kg.

(ii) If the small piston is depressed downwards by a distance of 10 cm , what is the

distance moved up by the big piston. ?
Jika sekiranya omboh kecil di mampatkan sebanyak 10 cm , apakah jarak yang
di gerakkan oleh omboh besar?

Jawapan

Section Mark Answer Notes

5 (a) 1 Pascal’s Principle

(b) 1 When the small piston is pressed down, the

pressure is exerted on the liquid and
transmits uniformly to the large piston
1 The force is produced and pushes the chair
up
(c) 1 Some of the force is used to compress air
bubbles
(d) (i) 1 𝐹 500
20
= 100
1
F = 100 N
d) (ii) Isipadu di mampatkan = Isipadu di gerakkan
1 20 x 10 = 100 x Y

1 Y = 2 cm

Total 8
 Section B
Bahagian B

[20 marks]
[20 markah]

Answer any one question from this section

Jawab mana-mana satu soalan daripada bahagian ini.

9. (a). Diagram 9.1 shows a ray of light directed perpendicularly at a side of the semi
circular glass block. The ray passes through the glass block to a point O before
leaving the glass block. The angle of incidence in the glass block is 30° .
Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan satu bongkah kaca semi bulatan. Satu sinar cahaya
ditujukan secara tegak ke suatu sisi blok kaca itu. Sinar itu kemudiannya
memasuki bongkah kaca itu dan menuju ke titik O sebelum keluar semula. Sudut
tuju sinar itu di dalam kaca adalah 30°.

semi circular glass block

blok kaca semi bulatan

Diagram 9.1
Rajah 9.1

(i) What is meant by angle of incidence?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sudut tuju?
[ 1mark]
 (ii) Explain how total internal reflection occurs in Diagram 9.1 above?
Terangkan bagaimana pantulan dalam penuh berlaku di dalam Rajah 9.1
di atas?
[4 marks]

(b) Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3 show two rectangular glass blocks with different
optical density and refractive index. Ray of light is directed toward the glass
blocks with the same angle of incidence 30°.
Rajah 9.2 dan Rajah 9.3 menunjukkan dua buah bongkah kaca yang berlainan
ketumpatan dan indeks biasannya. Sinar cahaya ditujukan kepada kedua-dua
bongkah kaca itu dengan sudut tuju 30°.

Density = 2600 kgm-3 Density = 2670 kgm-3

Ketumpatan = 2600 kgm-3 ketumpatan = 2670 kgm-3

Diagram 9.2 Diagram 9.3

Rajah 9.2 Rajah 9.3

Based on Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3,

Berdasarkan Rajah 9.2 dan Rajah 9.3,

(i) compare the densities of the glass blocks.

bandingkan ketumpatan bongkah kaca itu.

(ii) compare the refractive index of the glass blocks

bandingkan indeks biasan bongkah kaca itu.

(iii) compare the angle of refraction of the glass blocks

bandingkan sudut tuju pembiasan bongkah kaca itu.

(iv) relate the angle of refraction, r and the density of the glass blocks.
hubungkaitkan sudut pembiasan,r dengan ketumpatan blok kaca.
 (ii) relate the angle of refraction, r and the refractive index of the glass blocks
hubungkaitkan sudut pembiasan,r dengan indeks biasan kaca.

[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 9. 4 shows a fibre optic.
Rajah 9 .4 menunjukkan gentian optik.

Diagram 9.4
Rajah 9.4

You are required to give suggestions to design a fibre optics which can works
efficiently. Using your knowledge on light, and the properties of material, explain
the suggestion based on the following aspects;
Anda diminta untuk memberikan cadangan untuk mereka bentuk satu gentian
optik yang dapat berfungsi dengan cekap. Menggunakan pengetahuan anda
tentang cahaya dan sifat bahan, terangkan cadangan anda berdasarkan aspek
berikut;

(i) the refractive index of outer and inner layer

indeks biasan lapisan luar dan dalam
(ii) flexibility
kelenturan
(iii) strength
kekuatan
(iv) thickness
ketebalan
(v) density of the glass
ketumpatan kaca
9 (a) (i) Angle between incident ray and normal line 1

(ii)  Increase the angle of incidence,i, then angle of

refraction,r will also increase 1
 Keep on increasing the angle of incidence until
angle of refraction is 90° 1
 The angle of incidence is called critical angle 1

 Increase the angle of of incidence more than the

critical angle 1
 The ray will be reflected.
1

4/5
(b)  Density diagram 9.2 < density diagram 9.3 1
 Refractive index 9.2 < Refractive index 9.3 1
 Angle of refraction in diagram 9.2 > angle of
refraction in diagram 9.3 1
 The higher the density the smaller the angle of 1
refraction
 The higher the refractive index the smaller the angle 1
of refraction.

(c)
Suggestion Explanation
Use refractive index of outer So that total internal
layer is less than the reflection can happen in the
refractive index of outer fiber optic.
layer
Use high flexibility material so that it can be bend
Use strong material do not break easily
Use thin material Lighter // can be use in 10
small area
Low density material Lighter
Total 20