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High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding

This document discusses High Density Bipolar Order 3 (HDB3) encoding, which is a bipolar signaling technique used in modern distribution networks. HDB3 extends Alternate Mark Inversion encoding by inserting violation codes when there are runs of 4 or more zeros to prevent long runs and help clock recovery. The encoding rules follow AMI except that a sequence of four 0's is encoded with a violation bit having the same polarity as the last 1. The summary provides examples of how different bit patterns are encoded in HDB3.

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Asif Ibrahim
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351 views

High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding

This document discusses High Density Bipolar Order 3 (HDB3) encoding, which is a bipolar signaling technique used in modern distribution networks. HDB3 extends Alternate Mark Inversion encoding by inserting violation codes when there are runs of 4 or more zeros to prevent long runs and help clock recovery. The encoding rules follow AMI except that a sequence of four 0's is encoded with a violation bit having the same polarity as the last 1. The summary provides examples of how different bit patterns are encoded in HDB3.

Uploaded by

Asif Ibrahim
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic:

High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding

Instructor Name:
Saeed Jaffer

Students Name:
BME / 932 M Faisal

BME / 987 S M Imran Jaffry

BME / 988 Raza Bin Jawed


High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding
HDB3

The HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the transmission of both
positive and negative pulses). It is based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), but
extends this by inserting violation codes whenever there is a run of 4 or more 0's. This
and similar (more complex) codes have replaced AMI in modern distribution
networks.

HDB3 Encoding Rules

The encoding rules follow those for AMI, except that a sequence of four consecutive
0's are encoding using a special "violation" bit. This bit has the same polarity as the
last 1-bit which was sent using the AMI encoding rule. The purpose of this is to
prevent long runs of 0's in the data stream which may otherwise prevent a DPLL from
tracking the centre of each bit. Such a code is sometimes called a "run length limited"
code, since it limits the runs of 0's which would otherwise be produced by AMI.

By introducing violations, extra "edges" are introduced, enabling a DPLL to provide


reliable reconstruction of the clock signal at the receiver. This encoding rule is said to
make HDB3 transparent to the sequence of bits being transmitted (i.e. whatever data
is sent, the DPLL will be able to reconstruct the data and extract the bits at the
receiver).

One refinement is necessary, to prevent a dc voltage being introduced by excessive


runs of zeros. This refinement is to encode any pattern of more than four bits as
B00V, where B is a balancing pulse. The value of B is assigned as + or - , so as to
make alternate "V"s of opposite polarity.

The receiver removes all Violation pulses, but in addition a violation preceded by two
zeros and a pulse is treated as the "BOOV" pattern and both the viloation and
balancing pulse are removed from the receieved bit stream. This restores the original
bit stream.

Summary of HDB3 encoding rules


Transmitted Data HDB3 Encoded Pattern
0 0
1 Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
0000 000V (three 0's and a violation)
0000 0000 B00V B00V

Example 1 of HDB3 encoding

The pattern of bits

"10000110"

encoded in HDB3 is

"+000V-+0"

(the corresponding encoding using AMI is " + 0 0 0 0 - + ").

Example 2 of HDB3 encoding

The pattern of bits

"1010000011000011000000"

encoded in HDB3 is " + 0 - 0 0 0 V 0 + - B 0 0 V - + B 0 0 V 0 0 " which is:

"+0-000-0+-+00+-+-00-00"

(the corresponding encoding using AMI is " + 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0- + 0 0 0 0 0 0


").

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