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Biology Chapter 1 Cell Notes.

The document provides an overview of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes the cell theory which states that the cell is the smallest unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and all living things are made of one or more cells. The document outlines the key parts of the cell including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. The document provides a high-level summary of cell biology concepts.

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Jyoti Ambwani
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5K views6 pages

Biology Chapter 1 Cell Notes.

The document provides an overview of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes the cell theory which states that the cell is the smallest unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and all living things are made of one or more cells. The document outlines the key parts of the cell including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. The document provides a high-level summary of cell biology concepts.

Uploaded by

Jyoti Ambwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 THE CELL…..

NOTES
WHAT IS A CELL??
Cell is the basic structural and the functional unit of life.
Every different type of cell has its own lifespan.
All living organism start their life as a single cell. Cells are also known as the building
blocks of the body.
CELL--------TISSUE----------ORGANS-----------ORGAN SYSTEM-------------HUMAN BODY.
Thus cell is considered as the basic fundamental unit of all living beings.
Larger an organism greater are the number of cells present in that organism.
New cells arise from the pre-existing cells. Cells are capable of performing specific
functions more efficiently.
DISCOVERY OF A CELL
Cell was first discovered by Robert hooke.
Robert hooke created or discovered a microscope with 2 lences which had an
efficiency of 50X
Nowadays compound microscope are being used which can magnify upto 2000 times
and electron microscope can magnify upto 200000 times.
CELL THEORY……
The cell theory consists of three points.
1. Cell is the smallest unit for all living organisms.
2. The cell is a unit of all living functions.
3. All cells arise from the pre existing cells.
CELL THEORY WAS BEEN DISCOVERED BY SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN AND VIRCHOW.
All cells become speaciliced in performing specific functions.
MORE ABOUT CELLS…..

The smallest known cell is bacteria.


The largest known cell is the ostrich egg.
The longest known cell is the nerve cell.
DEPENDING UPON THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN AN ORGANISM ALL ORGAISMS CAN BE
CLASSIFIED AS:
1. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Organisms have one cell e.g amoeba.
2. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organism having more than one cell are known as multicellular oraganisms.
3. ACELLULAR ORGANISM
Organisms having no cells are known as the acellular organisms.
CELLS ARE GENRALLY SMALL IN SIZE SO THAT THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE CELL
CAN COMMUNICATE RAPIDLY AND FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY.
CELL SHAPE TO SUIT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS…..
Cell shape is always related to the function they perform.
Nerve cells are long to conduct impulse from distant parts of the body to the brain
and vica versa.
Red blood cells are biconcave so that blood could pass through them easily.
White blood cells are ameboid so that they can pas through the capillary walls.
A CELL HAS MANY ESSENTIAL ORGANELL AND EACH ORGANELL HAS ITS OWN
DIFFERENT FUNTION.
As a human body requires different organs to complete their work effectively in the
same way cell requires different organells to complete their work effectively.
e.g mitochondria,ribosome etc.
organells are the speacialised membrane bound structures in a cel concerned with
definite functions.
The three essential parts of a cell are:
1.NUCLEUS
2. CELL MEMBRANE
3. CYTOPLASM
All of them are essential parts because they are present in all types of cells.
● NUCLEUS
Nucleus is considered as the boss of the cell.
No cell can be considered living if the nucleus is absent in the cell.
Lies in the centre of the cytoplasm.
Contains double layered nuclear membrane.
Has nuclear pores in the nuclear mrmbrane.
There is a semi solid substance present at the centre of the nucleas referred to as the
nucleoplasm which has one or more nucleolus.
The nucleoplasm has chromatin fibres which during cell dividion trends to become
chromosomes.
Nucleus also consists of DNA
If the nucleus is removed th cell dies.
Helps a lot in cellular reproduction and plays a cental role in cellular reproduction
(when cell divided from 1 to 2)
some organisms have nuclear membrane and are called eukaryotic organisms. While
some lack nuclear membrane and are called prokaryotic organisms.
2. CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membrane is living and has pores.
Allow few substances to pass through it and is therefore considered as semi
permeable membrane.
In animal cell only cell membrane is present wheares plant cells on the other hand
consists of an additional layer known as a cell wall
Cell wall is a non living membrane.
Helps in giving the shape to the plant cell.
And cell wall allows each and every substance to pass through it and is therefore
considered as freely permeable membrane
4. CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm is a liquid jelly like structure.
It lies inside the cell membrane but outside the nuclear membrane
All the chemical reactions takes place in the cytoplasm.
All the organells lie on the cytoplasm.
The part of the cytoplasm which contains of only the jelly structure and not the
organells( only the semi liquid part is present ) is known as cytosol.
The part of the cytoplasm which contais both the organells and the semi liquid
substance is known as protoplast.
PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL …..
Plant cells are usually larger in size as compared to animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall which is made up of cellulose which provide rigidiy and
strength to the cell.
In plant cell cytoplasm is not as dense as in animal cell.
Plant cell contains vacuole which is absent in the animal cell.
The vacuole occupies 90% of the space of the plant cell and thus pushes the other
organs and the nucleus on the peripheral region while in animal cell the nucleus at
the centre of the cell as animal cell lacks vacuole.
DIFFERENT ORGANELLS BOTH IN PLANTS AND ANIMAL CELLS
ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM…
It is a irregular membranous netwok distributed over the entire cytoplasm.
The surface can be rough as well as smooth.
The surface is rough when ribosomes are present andis known as rough endoplamic
recticulum.
The surface is smooth whenthe ribosomes are absent and is known as smooth
endoplasmic recticlum.
Acts as supportive framework and helps in the synthesis of protein.
Is present in both plants and animals.
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are found either attached to the endoplasmic recticulum or freely moving
in the cytoplasm.
These play the main role of the synthsesis of the protein or their main function is of
the synthesis of the protein and are also referred as the factory for synthesis of
protein.
Is present in both plant and animal cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
Occurs in various shapes but mostly as sausage shape.
Have its own DNA which has its own genes and ribosomes.
Cell respiration occurs with the release og energy and due to which it is known as the
power house of the cell.
GOLGI BODIES……..
Consists of tubles, vesicles and vacuoles.
The main function is of secreation and synthesis of enzymes and hormones.
LYSOSOMES…
Is a type of waste disposal system of the cell.
Contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags as many damaged wastes are destroyed by
them and digested with the help of enzymes.
Lysosomes are also known as digestive bags because many waste things or the
unwanted things of the unwanted things of the cell are digested by them.
CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES…

Cenrtrosomes are only present in animal cells and are absent


in plant cells.
Centrosomes contains centrioles (one or two)
Each centrosome has wire like structure called microtubules
Centrosomes help the animals during the tym of cell division.
VACUOLES.....
Plant cells have large vacuoles while in animal cells vacuole may or may not be
present.
Helps in the storage of water ,food pigments,wastes ,starch etc

PLASTIDS ……
Are only present in plant cells.
Depending upon the colour are clasifed into 3 types:
1. LEUCOPLASTS
2. CHROMOPLASTS
3. CHLOROPLASTS
LEUCOPLASTS:are colourles and store starch.
CHROMOPLASTS:are of various colours such as red ,orange , pink and give colour to
the petals in flowers and fruits.
CHLOROPLASTS:are of green in colour and contains chlophyll.

CHAPTER COMPLETE……

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