SAP-ABAP 1

SAP-BASIC ABAP

NAME :B V Ashokkumar
INSTITUTE : RELIENCE GLOBAL SERVICES
AUTHOR : RAJA SHEKAR
PH : +91-9573050709

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INDEX
1 Introduction to ERP 5
2 Introduction to SAP R/3 6
3 SAP R/3 Services 8
4 Introduction to ABAP/4 & ABAP Work Bench Tools 10
5 ABAP Data types 12
6 ABAP Programming Structures 14
7 Steps to Write & Create SAP Program 16
8 Tips for Writing a Program in Real Time 19
9 Internal Table & difference between database table & internal table 20
10 Reading Data from Body to Work Area (or) Header Line 22
(1. LOOP….ENDLOOP, 2. READ)
11 Selection Screen (1. Select-options, 2. Ranges, 3. Parameters ) 26
12 Other SELECT-OPTIONS keywords (1. Obligatory, 2. No Intervals, 28
3. No-Extension, 4. No-Display)
13 Other Important Keywords for Internal Table (1. Append, 2. Sort, 3. Delete 31
Adjacent Duplicates, 4. Collect 5. Modify )
14 6. Deleting Data from Internal Table by (1. Fresh, 2. Refresh, 3. Clear, 4. Delete 36
)
15 7. Describe Keyword 37
16 8. Coping data b/w work areas (1. Move, 2. Move-Correspondig) 38
17 9. Coping data b/w internal tables (1. Loop…….Endloop, 2. Append Lines) 39
18 Control Break Statements (1. At First, 2. At Last, 3. At New, 4. At Change, 41
5. At End )
19 Insert keyword & Syntaxes for Internal Tables 45
20 System Fields for Internal Table 46
21 DML Operations on Database Table (insert, update, delete, modify keywords) 48
22 Types of Internal Tables 50
23 Data Dictionary (9 objects) 1. Database Table 51
24 2. Structure (.include & Append Structure) 55
25 3. View(Database view, Projection view) 58
26 4. Search Help (Elementary search help, Collective search help) 60
27 Table Maintenance Generator (TMG) (TCode, Default values, Check boxes) 63
28 Text Table 70
29 Some Important Steps for Working with Standard Tables 72
30 Types of Tables (Transparent, Cluster, Pooled Tables) 73
31 Open SQL Statements & Native SQL Statements 74
32 Buffering (Single Record, Generic, Full Buffering) 75
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33 MODULES(1. MM Module) 76
34 Inner Joins 79
35 Table Fields & Links (1. LFA1, 2. EKKO, 3. EKPO) 84
36 Message Handling 86
37 Modularization Techniques (5) 88
1. Subroutines (Internal Subroutine, External Subroutine)
38 Break Point (1. Static Break Point 2. Dynamic Break Point) 90
39 Pass by Value & Pass by Reference 91
40 Table Fields & Links (1. MKPF, 2. MSEG) 94
41 Function Module (1. Normal, 2. Remote Enabled, 3. ALv) 96
42 Include Program 100
43 Field Symbol 101
44 FOR ALL ENTRIES 103
45 Table Fields & Links (1. MARA, 2. MAKT, 3. TSPAT) 108
46 2. SD Module 109
47 String Operations (shift, translate, replace, strlen, offset functionality, split, 111
concatenate, condense)
48 Looping Statements (1. Conditional, 2. Unconditional) 115
49 CONTINUE, CHECK, EXIT keywords 118
50 Mathematical Operations (1. Frac, 2. Ceil 3. Floor, 4. Abs, 5. Rem, 6. Mod, 120
7. Sign, 8. Trunc, 9. Div )
51 SAP Memory & ABAP Memory 122
52 Support Project 125
53 System Landscape 126
54 Version Management 130
55 Sub Objects in ABAP Editor (1. Source Code, 2. Variants, 3. Attributes, 131
4. Documentation, 5. Text Elements)
56 Interview Questions ABAP Editor 133
57 Interview Questions Internal Tables 136
58 Interview Questions Data Dictionary 143
59 LFA1 Table 161
60 EKKO Table 162
61 EKPO Table 163
62 MKPF Table 164
63 MSEG Table 165
64 MARA Table 166
65 MAKT & TSPAT Tables 167

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ERP
ERP:
 Enterprise Resource Planning
 ERP is a package under which all the business resources are integrated in one system
Enterprise-------organization
Resource--------FICO, HR, MM, PP, SD, CRM

Types of ERP:
1. High End ERP
2. Mid Range ERP

1. High End ERP:

 These ERPs are implemented in large scale industries
 In these ERPs all the tables, programs & applications are predefined
Example:
1. SAP R/3 (60000+ applications, 400000+ tables, 55+ modules)
2. Oracle Apps (for Finance)
2.1. Oracle Finance
2.2. Oracle Manufactures
2.3. Oracle HRMS
3. SIEBEL (for CRM)
4. People Soft (for HR)

2. Mid Range ERP:

These ERPs are implemented in small scale & medium scale industries
Example:
1. Baan (for Finance)
2. JD Ed Wards (for logistics)
3. Ramco (for Cement)
4. Microsoft ERP (for Finance)

Need for ERP:

1. Large Organization
2. Centralized Database
3. User Friendly
4. Speed
5. Security
6. Competitive Advantage
7. Reduced Errors

SAP R/3
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SAP R/3:
Systems, Applications, Products in data processing
R/3------ Real time 3 tier architecture

History:
SAP AG---- developed by 5 IBM employees in 1973----in woldoff (Germany)
SAP R/1(Finance)------1973
SAP R/2 (Mainframes)------1978
SAP R/3 (Client Server Technology)----1992

Systems:
These are basic resources for implementing a project
Examples:
Servers, Hardware, Soft ware, Systems, Network, Database………etc

BASIS Consultant:
Roles:
1. Installation
2. Maintenance
3. Configuration
4. Customization (or) Administration

Applications:
 These are collection of Screens
 Each Screen is a collection of Fields
Use---Applications are used by Clients (or) End Users
Create---Applications are created by Abapars (or) Technical Consultant (or) ABAP Consultant
Customized Data----Applications data customized by Functional Consultant

Functional Consultant:
Roles:
1. Customization of Data
2. Getting requirements from Clients
3. Preparing Functional Documents
4. Preparing End User Manuals (or) Snapshots
5. Providing end user Training

Products:
 These are called Objects
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 These are created by Programming

ABAP Consultant (or) Abapare (or) Technical Consultant:

Roles:
1. Creates Technical Documents (brief logic)
2. Creates an Object from scratch implementation project
3. Modifies existing objects to support project

14-08-2014
Features of SAP:
1. Designed based on RDBMS
2. Designed based on R/3 Architecture
3. Database independent
4. Supports all types of industry specific solutions
5. International package available in 40 languages
6. It can be customized using ABAP language
7. Best ERP for FI, SD, MM, PP, HR, CR
8. Supports Client-Server Technology
9. Highly versatile (Operating System independent)
10.Supports web based application softwares

SAP R/3 Architecture:

Spool Service

Dialog Update
Service Service

Presentation Server Application Server Database Server

Services in R/3 Architecture:

1. Dialog Service:
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It provides interface between Presentation Server & Application Server
2. Update Service:
It provides interface between Application Server & Database Server
3. Spool Service:
It provides interface between SAP R/3 & External Systems (Printers, Fax….etc)
4. Background Service:
It is for background scheduling

Note:
In real time once report is created, then it is scheduled in background by BASIS Consultants,
they will set time & event related to it

5. En-queue Service:
It maintains data integrity (locking mechanism) in SAP
6. Message Service:
It is for Error & Exception handling
7. Gateway Service:
It is for distributed environment
Note:
The above 7 services are part of Application Server

8. SAP GUI Front End Service:

It handles all SAP GUI Operations in SAP Presentation Server
9. Database Service:
It Maintains & Manages data operations in Database Server

Versions in SAP:
Version Year
1.0 & 1.1 1991
2.0 & 2.1 1991
3.0 & 3.1 1992
4.0 1998
4.6A, 4.6B, 4.6C 2000
4.7EE 2003
ECC 5.0 2005 (ECC----Enterprise Core Component)
ECC 6.0 2006 (Present Working)
BI/BO 2008 (Business Independent)
CRM, SCM, PLM 2009 (Customer Relationship Management, Product Lifecycle
Management)

Soft wares in SAP:

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1. Production Software
2. IDES Software (or) Training Software

1. Production Software:
 It is Real time
 Every company should purchase this software from SAP
 Here you will find only live data
 Clients (End Users) are works with Production Software

2. IDES Software:
 International Demonstration & Education System Software
 It is also known as Training Software
 Here you can find data for practice & examples for practice

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16-08-2014
ABAP/4
Advanced Business Application Programming 4th Generation Language
 All SAP applications are designed & developed using ABAP Language
 It is a high level language

Features of ABAP:
1. It was designed based on ‘C’ language
2. It is a platform independent language
3. It is a case insensitive language
4. It is database independent
5. It is truly business oriented language
6. It is rich in data types
7. It was designed based on Object Oriented Programming
8. It is an event driven programming language
9. It is highly user friendly
10.It supports web based applications also

ABAP Work Bench:

In real time as a Technical Consultant have to work with ABAP Work Bench tools

ABAP Work Bench Tools:

1. ABAP Dictionary:
 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE11 (System Engineering)
 Here we can create & store Tables (or) Data

2. ABAP Editor:
 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE38 (System Engineering)
 Here we can create & execute Programs

3. Screen Painter:
 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE51 (System Engineering)
 Here we can design Applications (OR) Screens

4. Class Builder:
 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE24 (System Engineering)
 It is for Object Oriented ABAP

5. Function Builder:

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 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE37 (System Engineering)
 Here we can work with Function Modules

6. Object Navigator:
 It works with Transaction Code (OR) T Code SE80 (System Engineering)
 Here we can create & modify the Objects & store the Objects

Note:
 In Object Navigator you can develop all Objects in SAP
 It is also known as a True ABAP Development Work Bench

Requirements for Installing SAP:

1. 4GB RAM
2. 500GB Hard Disk
3. Core 2 Duo Processor

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18-08-2014
ABAP Programming
ABAP Data Types:
ABAP data types are classified into 4 categories
They are:
1. Numeric
2. Character
3. String
4. Hexadecimal

1. Numeric:
These are classified into 3 categories
They are:
i) Integer (I)
ii) bPacked Decimal (P)
iii) Floating point (F)

i) Integer (I):
It holds integer values
Ex: 102, 55, 74, …..

ii) Packed Decimal (P):

 It returns accurate values with decimal values
 It provides accuracy in ABAP programming
Ex: 102.55, 56.235, …..
iii) Floating Point (F):
It improves performance in ABAP programming by rounding of the value to nearest decimal
Ex: 22.63-----23, 58.232-----58

2. Character:
These are classified into 3 categories:
They are:
i) Character (C)
ii) Date (D)
iii) Time (T)

i) Character (C):
It holds character value provided in ‘ ’ (single quotes)

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Note:
In ABAP programming the default data type is Character

ii) Date:
 Use Date data type to store date values
 The default SAP format for date is YYYYMMDD

iii) Time:
 Use Time data type to store time values
 The default SAP format for time is HHMMSS

3. String (String):
A group of characters combined to form a String

4. Hexadecimal (HX):
It is for SAP graphics management

Note:
QUAN, CURR, NUME are SAP provided business data types for storing Quantities,
Currencies & other Numeric values

Type Keyword:
It specifies the type of data an Object (Variable) can hold
Example:
1. Data ch type String --------hi, hello, how are you,………
2. Data cnt type I ------54, 1025, 748,…….
3. Data count type P values 2 -------145.22, 52.69,……
4. Data chr(10) type C ------ ‘a’, ‘h’,………

Data Keyword:
 Using Data keyword Objects are defined in ABAP programming
 Using Data keyword memory is allocated in buffer by system

Note:
Every Object (OR) Variable should be define using Data keyword

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Programming Structures:
These are 2 types
They are:
1. Pre defined Programming Structure
2. User defined Programming Structure

Pre defined Programming Structure:

 It is given by SAP
 It contains Tables, Structures, Type groups,……….etc

User defined Programming Structure:

These are 2 types
1. Work Area
2. Internal Table

1. Work Area:
 Work Area is a Structure (group of fields with different data types)
 It holds only one single record during run time
Syntax: Chain Operator Name of Work Area (any name)
Data: Begin of wa_KNA1, { wa_table name (OR) w_table name is recommended }
Customer(10) type C,
Name(20) type C,
City(20) type C,
End of wa_KAN1. Period Symbol
Field Name

Note-1:
With above syntax during run time a Work Area wa_KNA1 is created in Application Server

Note-2:
 Work Area name can be any name
 In companies we have to follow Naming (Coding) standards while creating a program
 According to these standards Work Area should always begins with w_ (OR) wa_
followed by Table Name

Note-3:
Every Object (Work Area) should be define with Data keyword

Note-4:
Every Programming Structure should begins with Begin of & ends with End of followed by
the Programming Structure name

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Note-5:
 : is known as Chain Operator
 It provides the repetition of the Declarative Part

Requirement:
Transfer Customer Master Data from Database Server to Application Server & from
Application Server to Presentation Server

Solution:
Select kunnr name1 ORT01 from KNA1 into wa_KNA1. ----- Data transfer from
Database Server to Application Server (Work Area)
Write:/10 wa_KNA1-Customer,
30 wa_KNA1-Name, data transfer from Work Area to Virtual Page then
60 wa_KNA1-City. Presentation Server
Endselect. ----------- it repeats the Select statement until records completed

Work Area

Presentation Server Application Server Database Server

Virtual Page

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20-08-2014
Steps to write & execute SAP program:
 Double click on SAP Logon on Desktop
 You will find a Logon Pad
 Double click on Development (121.241.50.175)
 Provide Client: 800 (only for practice purpose)
User: user1 to user10
Password: Rgsabap
 You will find SAP Easy Access screen (Screen 0)
 On top of the screen you will find cursor blinking at Command Prompt (or)
Command Field. Here you should type Transaction Codes (T Codes) in real time
 Next to Command Prompt you will find Standard Icons (Standard Application Tool
Bar). Here you cannot add Customized Icons
 Under Standard Application Tool Bar you will find Text Area. It specifies
documentation of current application
 Under Text Area you will find Customized Application Tool Bar when you can add
your own icons apart from Standard ones
 Under Customize Application Tool Bar you will find Work Area where user performs
his tasks (or) navigations

 Type SE38 in Command Prompt & press Enter

 Type program ZSD_Customer_Report
Note:
SAP is providing standard programs which starts with A,B,……………X. If you want to
create ZPrograms (User Defined) start with Y (OR) Z

 Click on Create button

 Provide Title: Customer Details Report
 Provide Type: Executable Program
Note:
With Executable Program system will generate SAPGUI.EXE file

 Then press Enter you will find a pop-up here leave Package:___________ as blank
 Click on Local Object button
Note-1:
In real time Objects needs to be transported from Development client to Testing client & from
Testing client to Production client. For that Objects should always be saved in a package. If an
Object is saved in Local Object it cannot be transported between clients (Non Transportable
Objects)
Note-2:
Local Object is meant for practicing Objects in real time
Note-3:
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All Executable Objects are Report Programs
Note-4:
On top of the program in Comment Section you should provide
1. Technical Consultant name
2. Functional Consultant name
3. Objective of the program
4. Transport Request number
5. Date of Creation (or) Change

 Writing Program:
Report ZSD_Customer_Report -----------title of program

Technical Consultant: Satya

Function Consultant: Raja Comment Section
Objective: To display details of the Customer
Transport Request Number: Not available because we not saved package
Date of Creation: 20-08-2014

* provide Work Area --------- comment line

DATA: BEGIN OF WA_KNA1,
CUSTOMER(10) TYPE C,
NAME(20) TYPE C,
CITY(20) TYPE C,
END OF WA_KNA1.

* provide execution logic

SELECT KUNNR NAME1 ORT01 FROM KNA1 INTO WA_KNA1.

* creating virtual page & printing

WRITE:/10 WA_KNA1-CUSTOMER,
30 WA_KNA1-NAME,
60 WA_KNA1-CITY.

* repeating SELECT statement

ENDSELECT.
Note:
Once program is created
1. Check it for errors by pressing Ctrl+F2
2. Save it for backup by pressing Ctrl+S
3. Activate it for to store in Database Server by pressing Ctrl+F3
Activation of a Program:

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 Select Ctrl+F3 (or) Candle Icon to activate. You will find an Inactive Objects pop-up
then press Enter
 With activation Objects are ultimately stored in Database Server
 With activation Objects can be integrated with each other in SAP

 Select F8 to execute a program

21-08-2014
Debugging:- Work Area
 Using debugging you can check (OR) test internal execution of a program
 It is an important tool for testing programs in real time

Note:
/H is T Code for debugging

 Select Debugging button (shift+F5)

 By default you will find New Debugger Screen
 Select Debugger--switch to Classical Debugger
 Under Field Names: type wa_kna1-customer, wa_kna1-name, wa_kna1-city & press
Enter
 Select F5 for single step debugging
 Select Display List option (ctrl+F12) to view Virtual page details.
 Select F3 again to switch from Virtual page view to Debugger
 Select F7 (or) F8 to execute

New Debugger:
 Currently in real time we are working with only New Debugger
 It is providing additional features compare to Old Debugger

Working:
 Provide Program:_______ name
 Select Debugging button
 Select Desktop1 tab
 Under Variable: type wa_kna1-customer, wa_kna1-name, wa_kna1-city & press Enter
 Select F5 for single step debugging

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Tips for Writing a Program in Real Time:
1. Always start a program with Y (or) Z followed by Module name
Ex-1: MM module
ZMM_Material_Details
Ex-2: SD module
ZSD_Sales_Register
Ex-3: HR module
ZHR_Employee_Details
2. Provide Apt Title for a program
3. In real time always save the Object in a Package. But for practicing save Object in Local
Object
4. Provide Comments in a program wherever require
5. Try to write your program as Neat as possible
6. Try to write your program in Capital letters
7. Always select Pretty Printer (shift+F1) option after writing a program
8. Always Activate your program once it is created
Note:
Only activated programs can be debugged
Only activated programs can be integrated in SAP
Only activated programs can be transported between clients

9. Always Debug your program once it is created for testing

10.Never delete section of a program always Comment it. For commenting select that
section with mouse pointer & press Ctrl+< similarly to document select the same section
with mouse pointer & press Ctrl+>
11.For Searching a specific keyword (or) ABAP statement select Find option in Standard
Tool Bar then provide fine & press Enter
12.For Replacing ABAP keywords (or) statements select Ctrl+F you will find a pop-up
Find What: KNA1 select Replace button provide Replace With: LFA1 select Replace
All
13.To open new application by closing existing one type /NTCode Ex: /NSE38
14.To open sessions simultaneously type /OTCode Ex: /OSE11 in Command prompt
Note:
In SAP you can open maximum 6 sessions simultaneously
15.To logoff SAP type /NEX in Command prompt

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INTERNAL TABLES
2. Internal Table:
 Internal table is a temporary table created in RAM in Application Server
 It is created & filled with data during run time (execution time)
 Once execution is performed it is rolled out (or) discarded

Note:
Use Internal table for storing multiple records during run time

Difference between Database table & Internal table:

Database Table Internal Table
1. It is created in Database Server ------- 1. It is created in Application Server
2. It holds data permanently ------- 2. It holds data temporarily
3. It holds only specific type of data ----- 3. It holds data of different tables of at one place

Que: What is exact purpose of Internal table. Do you think should be created in ABAP
programming?
Ans: In real time we are creating Internal table for storing different types of application data
from different tables at one place

Every Internal table is having 2 parts

They are:
1. Internal Table Body
2. Header Line

1. Internal Table Body:

The name Internal table itself specifies body of Internal table & it holds multiple records

2. Header Line:
It is a default Work Area & holds single record

Note:
Header Line is system defined Work Area & Work Area is user defined Header Line

Syntax:
DATA: BEGIN OF it_kna1 OCCURS 0,
customer(20) TYPE C,
name(20) TYPE C,
city(20) TYPE C,
END OF it_kna1.

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Note:
1. With above syntax an Internal table it_kna1 is crated in Application Server
2. You can provide any name. But in real time Internal table should always begins with it_
(or) i_ followed by table name
3. With BEGIN option Header Line is created & OCCURS option Body is created
4. 0, 1, 2, 3, …..9 is called Size Category
5. Both Header Line & Body name is same (it_kna1)

Flow of Data in Internal Table:

1. Database Table ---- Body--- Header Line-- Virtual Page --- Presentation Server
2. Database Table --- Body--- Presentation Server

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22-08-2014
Reading Data from Body to Work Area (or) Header Line:
1. LOOP ……….. ENDLOOP
2. READ keywords

1. LOOP ……… ENDLOOP:

It reads multiple records (record by record) from Body to Header Line (or) Work Area

Syntax:
LOOP AT it[INTO wa]
[FROM m][TO n]
[where codition].
…………
…………
ENDLOOP.

 LOOP AT it:
Reads multiple records (record by record) from Body to Header Line

Note:
Internally system converts LOOP AT it as LOOP AT it INTO it.

Working:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZSD_LOOPENDLOOP
 Select Create option
 Title; Internal Table
 Type: Executable Program
 Select Save option
 Leave Package:__________ blank
 Select Local Object option

Pg) REPORT ZSD_LOOPENDLOOP.

* provide internal table
DATA: BEGIN OF it_kna1 OCCURS 0,
customer(20) TYPE C,
name(20) TYPE C,
city(20) TYPE C,
END OF it_kna1.
* provide extraction logic
SELECT kunnr name1 ort01 FROM kna1 INTO TABLE it_kna1.
* Appling processing logic
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LOOP AT it_kna1 INTO it_kna1.
WRITE:/10 it_kna1-customer,
30 it_kna1-name,
60 it_kna1-city.
ENDLOOP.

Note;
Activate the program then select F8 to execute the program

 Debugging: Internal Table

 Go to SE38
 Program: ______ which you want to debug
 Select Debugging button
 Select Tables tab (starting from 6th option)
 Table: it_kna1 & press Enter

Note:
You will find a Cap symbol which indicates Header Line (holds only single record)
Select F5 for single step debugging

Note:
1. Table keyword will transfer the data directly to Internal Table to Body
2. Always use Table keyword in select statement if you are working with Internal Tables
3. As long as you are in loop system will read next record in-line in an Internal Table.
Once the loop is terminated again the loop starts reading from 1st line

 LOOP AT it INTO wa:

Reads multiple records (record by record) from Body to Work Area

Working:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZSD_INTERNAL_WORKAREA
 Select Create option
 Title: Internal Table & Work Area
 Type: Executable Program
 Select Save option
 Leave Package:__________ blank
 Select Local Object option

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Pg) REPORT ZSD_ INTERNAL_WORKAREA.
* provide internal table & work area
TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_kna1,
customer (20) TYPE C,
name(20) TYPE C,
city(20) TYPE C,
END OF ty_kna1.
DATA: wa_kna1 TYPE ty_kna1,
it_kna1 TYPE TABLE OF ty_kna1.
* provide extraction logic
SELECT kunnr name1 ort01 FROM kna1 INTO TABLE it_kna1.
* Appling processing logic
LOOP AT it_kna1 INTO wa_kna1.
WRITE:/10 wa_kna1-customer,
30 wa_kna1-name,
60 wa_kna1-city.
ENDLOOP.

Note:
1. Using TABLE OF you can create your own body
2. Using TYPES keyword Structures are created in ABAP programming
3. In ABAP programming always create Objet (Work Area & Body) based on Structures
4. Avoid creating Internal Table with OCCURS clause

 LOOP AT it INTO wa FROM m TO n:

Reads multiple records from Body to Work Area based on given condition

Example:
1. LOOP AT it INTO wa FROM 100.
2. LOOP AT it INTO wa FROM TO 50.
3. LOOP AT it INTO wa FROM 100 TO 200.

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23-08-2014
2. READ:
It reads a single record from Body to Header Line (or) Work Area

Syntax:
READ TABLE it[INTO wa]
[INDEX n][WITH KEY keyexpression]
[TRANSPORTING fieldname]
[Binary Serach]

 READ TABLE it:

Reads a single record from Body to Header Line

Ex: READ TABLE it INTO it.

 READ TABLE it INTO wa INDEX n:

It reads a specific record (Line Number) from Body to Work Area

Ex: READ TABLE it INTO wa INDEX 5.

 READ TABLE it INTO wa WITH KEY keyexpression:

It reads a specific record which matches a given condition in Work Area

Ex: READ TABLE it INTO wa WITH KEY customer=wa1-customer

 READ TABLE it INTO wa WITH KEY keyexpression

TRANSPORTING <field1> <field2>……….:

Ex: READ TABLE it INTO wa WITH KEY customer=wa1-customer

TRANSPORTING city (it will shows only city field)

Binary Search:
It reads data from Body to Work Area based on binary search algorithm

Note:
1. Use binary search if Internal table is larze
2. Data should be sorted before Appling binary search algorithm
3. There should be no duplicate records in Internal Table
4. Binary search algorithm improves performance of programming

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SAP-ABAP 26
SELECTION-SCREEN:
Using Selection Screen you can create a selection screen based on given requirement (Input
Values, Radio Buttons, Check Boxes…………..)

Input Values:
1. You can create with ------ Select-Options
2. You can create with ------ Parameters
3. You can create with ------ Ranges

1. SELECT-OPTIONS:
Using select-options you can create a selection screen with range of input values

Syntax:
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr for kna1-kunnr.
With above syntax system will create a selection screen in the following manner

With above syntax system will create an implicit Internal Table with following fields
Low High Sign Option
100 200 I (including) BT (between)

Note:
The default comparison operator for select-options in ‘IN’

Pg) * provide tables work area

TABLES kna1.
* provide selection screen
SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE TEXT-009
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.
* provide objects
TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_kna1,
customer(20) TYPE C,
name(20) TYPE C,
city(20) TYPE C,
END OF ty_kna1.
DATA: wa_kna1 TYPE ty_kna1,
It_kna1 TYPE TABLE OF ty_kna1.
* provide extraction logic
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SAP-ABAP 27
SELECT kunnr name1 ort01 FROM kna1 INTO TABLE it_kna1
WHERE
kunnr IN s_kunnr.
* Appling processing logic
LOOP AT it_kna1 INTO wa_kna1.
WRITE:/10 wa_kna1-customer,
30 wa_kna1-name,
60 wa_kna1-city.
ENDLOOP.

Text Elements:
Using text elements (text-000 to text-009) you can provide field labels in selection screen
 Double click on Text-000
 You will find a pop-up Yes
 Provide Text: Enter Customer Code
 Select Selection Texts tab
 Provide Text: Customer Code
 Activate the screen (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)

Note:
Using Tables work area system will create a Work Area with all the fields of kna1 table. In
programming it is mandatory to declare for declaring select-options

Syntax for Creating Block:

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK <block name> FRAME TITLE
<title>.
……………..
……………….
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK <block name>.

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 28
25-08-2014
Other SELECT-OPTIONS keywords:
i) OBLIGATORY
ii) NO INTERVALS
iii) NO-EXTENSION
iv) NO-DISPLAY

i) OBLIGATORY:
Using this addition you can make selection screen fields as Mandatory
Syntax:
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr OBLIGATORY.

ii) NO INTERVALS:
Using no intervals you can remove high option from selection screen input field with select-
options
Syntax:
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr NO INTERVALS.

iii) NO-EXTENSION:
With this addition Multiple Selections option is removed from selection screen with select-
options
Syntax:
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr NO-EXTENSION.

iv) NO-DISPLAY:
With this addition selection screen input field will be hidden mode
Syntax:
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr NO-DISPLAY.

Working with Multiple Selection:

Step-1: providing Random Values using Multiple Selection
 Execute your program
 Select Multiple Selection option
 Under Single Value provide values
 Select Clock symbol (F8)
 Execute (F8)

Step-2: Providing Multiple Ranges using Multiple Selections

 Execute your program
 Select Multiple Selection option
 Under Select Ranges provide multiple ranges
 Select Clock symbol (F8)
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SAP-ABAP 29
 Execute (F8)

Step-3: Providing Excluding Random Values

 Execute your program
 Select Multiple Selection option
 Under Exclude Single Value provide values
 Select Clock symbol (F8)
 Execute (F8)

Step-4: Providing Excluding Ranges

 Execute your program
 Select Multiple Selection option
 Under Exclude Ranges provide values
 Select Clock symbol (F8)
 Execute (F8)

Step-5: Coping the Data from Excel sheet to Multiple Seletion

 Copy the data from Excel sheet (Ctrl+C)
 Select Multiple Selections option
 Press Ctrl+V (or) select second last button

2. PARAMETERS:
Using parameters you can create a selection screen with single input value
Syntax:
PARAMETERS p_kunnr TYPE kunnr. (or)
PARAMETERS p_kunnr LIKE kna1-kunnr.

Note:
1. With above syntax system will define (or) create a selection screen in the following
manner

2. With above syntax no Internal Table is created by system

3. The default comparison operator for PARAMETERS is ‘EQ’

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SAP-ABAP 30
Pg) * provide tables work area
TABLES kna1.

* provide selection screen

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE TEXT-009
PARAMETERS p_kunnr TYPE kunnr.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

* provide objects
DATA: BEGIN OF wa_kna1,
customer(20) TYPE C,
name(20) TYPE C,
city(20) TYPE C,
END OF wa_kna1.

* provide extraction logic

SELECT SINGLE kunnr name1 ort01 FROM kna1 INTO wa_kna1
WHERE kunnr EQ p_kunnr.

* Appling processing logic

WRITE:/10 wa_kna1-customer,
30 wa_kna1-name,
60 wa_kna1-city.
ENDSELECT.

Note:
1. If you are not providing SINGLE addition with PARAMETERS for fletching a single
record then it is mandatory to provide ENDSELECT
2. In real time never use SELECT with ENDSELECT (it reduces performance of the
program)

3. RANGES:
It work similar to SELECT-OPTIONS
Syntax:
RANGES s_kunnr FOR kna1-kunnr.

Note:
In new versions RANGES keyword is not allowed (it is out dated)

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SAP-ABAP 31
Other Important Keywords for Internal Table:
1. APPEND keyword:
It appends record from Work Area to Body
Syntax:
APPEND wa TO it.

Pg) DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

material(10) TYPE C,
quan(10) TYPE C,
END OF wa.
DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.
* fill data into it
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=50.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=70.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=100.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=80.
APPEND wa TO it.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan.
ENDLOOP.

2. SORT keyword:
It sorts Internal Table Body data based on ascending (or) descending
Syntax:
SORT <it> BY <field1> ASCENDING (or) DESCENDING
Note:
The default order of sorting is ASCENDING

Pg) DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

material(10) TYPE C,
quan(10) TYPE C,
END OF wa.
DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.
* fill data into it
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SAP-ABAP 32
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=50.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=70.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=100.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=80.
APPEND wa TO it.
SORT it BY material ASCENDING.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan.
ENDLOOP.

3. DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES keyword:

Deletes adjacent duplicates from Internal Table
Syntax:
DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES FROM it COMPARING <filed name>
WHERE codition.

Note:
Before Appling above keyword it is mandatory to sort Internal Table

Pg) DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

material(10) TYPE C,
quan(10) TYPE C,
END OF wa.
DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.
* fill data into it
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=50.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=70.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material=’F002’.
wa-quan=100.
APPEND wa TO it.
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SAP-ABAP 33
wa-material=’F001’.
wa-quan=80.
APPEND wa TO it.
SORT it BY material.
DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES FROM it COMPARING material.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan.
ENDLOOP.

26-08-2014
4. COOLECT Keyword:
It provides summarized representation of data in an Internal Table
Note:
COLLECT checks the data based on Key Field (Character Field) in an internal table Body, if
the record is not existing it will performs Append job, if it is already existing it will Add
(Collects) Numeric Values based on Character Field inside the Body.

Syntax:
COLLECT wa INTO it.

Pg) DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

material(20) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
END OF wa.
DATA: it LIKE TABLE OF wa,
it1 LIKE TABLE OF wa.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 150
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 550
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 350
APPEND wa TO it.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
COLLECT wa INTO it1.
ENDLOOP.
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SAP-ABAP 34
LOOP AT it1 INTO wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan.
ENDLOOP.

Ques-1: What is the difference between APPEND & COLLECT?

Ans: APPEND keyword appends the record from Work Area to Body (always to next line
in Internal Table). COLLECT keyword performs append job if the record fails to
exist
in the Body. If already exists it adds all Numeric Values on Right Side of Character
Field inside the Body

Ques-2: Whenever you will use COLLECT keyword in real time?

Ans: Whenever I will get a requirement for providing consolidated totals based on
customers, vendors, materials……..etc I will use COLLECT keyword

Ques-3: Suppose there are more than one Character Fields then what is the rollback of
COLLECT keyword?
Ans: If there are two (or) more than two Character Fields it will Collect (add) the data only
when both the Character Fields are same

5. MODIFY keyword:
This keyword modifies Internal Table’s Body data based on given requirement
Syntax:
MODIFY it FROM wa [TRANSPORTING <field1> <filed2> ……..]
[INDEX n]
[WHERE condition]

Pg) DATA: BEGIN OF wa,

material(20) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
unit(2) TYPE C,
END OF wa.
DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 150
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 550
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SAP-ABAP 35
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 350
APPEND wa TO it.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
wa-unit = ‘kg’.
MODIFY it FROM wa TRANSPORTING unit.
ENDLOOP.
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan,
60 wa-unit.
ENDLOOP.

Note:
1. Always provide MODIFY with in LOOP………..ENDLOOP of the Internal Table
which you want to modify
2. If you are providing MODIFY outside LOOP……..ENDLOOP then INDEX addition
(or) WHERE condition is mandatory

Ques-1: What is the difference between APPEND & MODIFY?

Ans: APPEND always appends record to Internal Table (if record exists (or) not).
MODIFY
modifies (adds field value) only if records exists in an Internal Table

Ques-2: When you will prefer MODIFY keyword in ABAP programming?

Ans: When all the data in an Internal Table is filled and a new filed value is required to be
added in Internal Table

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 36
6. Deleting Data from Internal Table:
i) FREE
ii) REFRESH
iii) CLEAR
iv) DELETE

i) FREE:
It deletes Internal Table’s Body data along with memory
Syntax:
FREE it. (where it is Internal Table name)

ii) REFRESH:
It deletes Internal Table’s Body data but memory will not be affected
Syntax:
REFRESH it.
iii) CLEAR:
It deletes 1. Body data------- CLEAR it[ ].
2. Work Area data------- CLEAR wa.
3. Ordinary Variable data --------- CLEAR total.
Note:
CLEAR it[ ] is applicable only where Internal Table is created with OCCURS clause
Example:
1. CLEAR it[ ]. ------- deletes Header Line’s data
2. CLEAR it. -------- deletes Body’s data

iv) DELETE:
It deletes Body data based on requirement
Syntax:
DELETE it [INDEX n]
[FROM m] [TO n]
[WHERE condition]
Example:
1. LOOP AT it INTO wa.
DELETE it.
ENDLOOP.

2. DELETE it INDEX 5.

3. DELETE it FROM 10 TO 20.

4. DELETE it WHERE material = ‘F001’

27-08-2014
Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 37
7. DESCRIBE keyword:
It returns the Count of number of records in an Internal Table
Syntax:
DATA n TYPE I.
DESCRIBE TABLE it LINES n.
Example:
DATA: BEGIN OF wa,
material(20) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
END OF wa.
DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.
DATA n TYPE I.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 150.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 250.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 350.
APPEND wa TO it.
DESRIBE TABLE it LINES n.
WRITE n.

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 38
8. Coping Data between Work Areas:
i) MOVE keyword:
It transfers (or) moves data from one Work Area to another Work Area if the Structures are
same.
Example:
MOVE wa TO wa1.

ii) wa1-material = wa-material.

wa1-quan = wa-quan.

iii) MOVE-CORRESPONDING keyword:

It transfers (or) moves data from one Work Area to another Work Area if the Structures of both
the Work Areas are different
Example:
MOVE-CORRESPONDING wa TO wa1.

Note:
In real time avoid using MOVE-CORRESPONDING
instead use wa1-material = wa-material.
wa1-quan = wa-quan.

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 39
9. Coping Data between Internal Tables:
i) LOOP AT it INTO wa.
APPEND wa TO it1.
ENDLOOP.

ii) If Internal Tables are created with OCCURS clause

it1[ ] = it[ ].

iii) APPEND LINES keyword:

It performs,
 Copy the hold data from one Internal Table to another Internal Table (If there is no data
in Target Internal Table)
 Appends the records at the end of another Internal Table (If Target Internal Table is
already having some records)
 It adds the records from Source Internal Table to Target Internal Table based on given
condition
Syntax:
APPEND LINES OF it [FROM m] [TO n] TO it1.
Example:
1. APPEND LINES OF it TO it1.
2. APPEND LINES OF it FROM 2 TO 3 TO it1.

Pg) * creating work area

DATA: BEGIN OF wa,
material(20) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
END OF wa.
* creating bodies
DATA: it LIKE TABLE OF wa,
it1 LIKE TABLE OF wa.
* appending data from work area to bodies
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 150.
APPEND wa TO it.
wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 250.
APPEND wa TO it1.
wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 350.
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SAP-ABAP 40
APPEND wa TO it1.
* coping data one body to another body
APPEND LINES OF it TO it1.
* displaying data of target body
LOOP AT it1 INTO wa.
------------- CLEAR wa.
WRITE:/10 wa-material,
30 wa-quan.
------------- CLEAR wa.
ENDLOOP.

Ques: What will happened if CLEAR is provided before WRITE & the same CLEAR is
provided after WRITE?
Ans: If CLEAR is provided before WRITE statements it will clear Work Area data so nothing
is transformed from Work Area to Virtual page (Hence no output)
If CLEAR is provided after WRITE statements data is transformed from Work Area to
Virtual page then Work Area is cleared (Hence you will find output list)

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 41
28-08-2014
Control Break Statements:- (Events)
1. AT FIRST
2. AT LAST
3. AT NEW
4. AT END OF
5. ON CHANGE OF
Using these statements you can control the flow of ABAP programming statement with in the
LOOP……………ENDLOOP

AT FIRST:
It triggers during first loop iteration (first loop pass)
Syntax:
AT FIRST.
------------
-----------
ENDAT.

Note:
Use AT FIRST for providing Headers in ABAP Report

AT LAST:
It triggers for last line of an Internal Table (or) It triggers during last loop iteration
Syntax:
AT LAST.
------------
-----------
ENDAT.

Note:
Use AT LAST for printing Grand Totals in a Report

AT NEW:
It triggers for a group of similar contents (based on Character Value) in an Internal Table. (or)
It triggers whenever there is a change in field values in an Internal Table based on Character
Value
Syntax:
AT NEW <field name>.
------------
-----------
ENDAT.
Note:
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SAP-ABAP 42
Use AT NEW for printing unique values for key fields in an Internal Table

AT END OF:
It will triggers the end of group of similar values in an Internal Table based on Character Field
Syntax:
AT END OF <field name>.
------------
-----------
ENDAT.
Note:
Use AT END OF for returning grand totals in an Internal Table

ON CHANGE OF:
It works similar to AT NEW
Syntax:
ON CHANGE OF <field name>.
------------
-----------
ENDON.
Note:
1. Due to some draw backs currently we are not using ON CHANGE OF
2. You should provide above Control Break Statements within the LOOP……..ENDLOOP
3. Don’t provide any conditional statements (IF, CASE,…….etc) with in Control Break
Statements
Requirement:
Material Details Report
--------- AT FIRST
The Material Cod is: F001
50 5000
100 10000
The Total Quantity is: 150 AT NEW
The Total Amount is: 15000

The Material Cod is: F002

70 6000
100 12000
The Total Quantity is: 170 AT END OF
The Total Amount is: 18000
The Grand Total Quantity is: 320
The Grand Total Amount is: 33000 ---------AT LAST
Solution:
* creating work area
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SAP-ABAP 43
DATA: BEGIN OF wa,
material(10) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
amount TYPE I,
END OF wa.

* creating internal table

DATA it LIKE TABLE OF wa.

* filling data into it

wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50.
wa-amount = 5000.
APPEND wa TO it.

wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 70.
wa-amount = 6000.
APPEND wa TO it.

wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 100.
wa-amount = 10000.
APPEND wa TO it.

wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 100.
wa-amount = 12000.
APPEND wa TO it.

* sorting it by material
SORT it BY material.

* appling Control Break Statements

LOOP AT it INTO wa.

AT FIRST.
WRITE:/50 ‘Materials Details Report’ COLOR 1.
SKIP.
ULINE.
ENDAT.

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 44
AT NEW material.
WRITE:/ ‘The Material Code is:’, wa-material.
SKIP.
ENDAT.

WRITE:/10 wa-quan,
30 wa-amount.

AT END OF material.
SUM.
WRITE:/ ‘The Total Quantity is:’, wa-quan,
/ ‘The Total Amount is:’, wa-amount.
ULINE.
ENDAT.

AT LAST.
SUM.
WRITE:/ ‘The Grand Total Quantity is:’, wa-quan,
/ ‘The Grand Total Amount is:’, wa-amount.
ULINE.
ENDAT.

ENDLOOP.

30-08-2014
Ques: What is the difference between SUM & COLLECT keywords?
Ans: COLLECT keyword is applicable LOOP……….ENDLOOP without usage of Control
Break Statements
COLLECT keyword performs totals inside internal table body based on one (or) more
than one Character Values
SUM keyword performs totals only one Single Character Value for Control Break
Statements places the values in Work Area
COLLECT keyword works outside LOOP………ENDLOOP also where as SUM
keyword can be applied only with in LOOP………ENDLOOP

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 45
INSERT keyword:
Inserts Work Area data at a specific index position inside Internal Table Body

Syntax:
INSERT <work area name> INTO <internal table name> INDEX <line number>.

Syntaxes for Internal Tables:

1. NO DATA: BEGIN OF <internal table name> OCCURS 0,
material(10) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
END OF <internal table name>.
Note:
Both Header Line & Body created

2. DATA <internal table name> TYPE <database table name> OCCURS 0.

Note:
Only Body created based on all fields of database table

3. DATA <internal table name> TYPE <database table name> OCCURS 0

WITH HEADERLINE.
Note:
Both Body & Header Line created

4. TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_kna1,

customer(10) TYPE C,
name(10) TYPE C,
city(10) TYPE C,
END OF ty_kna1.

DATA: <work area name> TYPE <structure name>,

<body name> TYPE TABLE OF <structure name>.
Note:
Work Area & Body created based on Sturcture

5. TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_kna1,

customer(10) TYPE C,
name(10) TYPE C,
city(10) TYPE C,
END OF ty_kna1.

DATA <body name> TYPE TABLE OF <structure name> INITIAL SIZE 0.

Note:
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SAP-ABAP 46
The above Body is created when you transfer whole Body data to another Body
Example: it1[ ] = it[ ].

System Fields for Internal Table:

SAP is providing system variables maintained in a structure SYST
There are 171 system variables in the structure & all system variables start with a prefix SY
Example:
1. SY-DATUM----returns current system data
2. SY-UNAME----returns current login user name
3. SY-UZEIT------returns current time
4. SY-DATUM----returns current system data
5. SY-LANGU----returns current login language
6. SY-TABIX-----returns current LOOP pass
7. SY-TOCCU----returns OCCURS value
8. SY-TLENG----returns size of internal table
9. SY-TFILL----returns count of number of records in an internal table (it works like
DESCRIBE keyword)
Example:
* creating internal table
DATA: BEGIN OF it OCCURS 0,
material(10) TYPE C,
quan TYPE I,
amount TYPE I,
END OF wa.

* creating variable
DATA n TYPE I.

* filling data into it

wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 50.
wa-amount = 5000.
APPEND it TO it.

wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 70.
wa-amount = 6000.
APPEND it TO it.

wa-material = ‘F001’.
wa-quan = 100.
wa-amount = 10000.
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SAP-ABAP 47
APPEND it TO it.

wa-material = ‘F002’.
wa-quan = 100.
wa-amount = 12000.
APPEND it TO it.

* counting number of records in internal table

DESCRIBE TABLE it LINES n.
WRITE:/ ‘size of it:’, SY-TLENG,
/ ‘number of records:’, SY-TFILL,
/ ‘OCCURS value:’, SY-TOCCU.

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SAP-ABAP 48
DML Operations on Database Table:
a) INSERT
b) UPDATE
c) DELETE

Inserting Data into Database Table:

MODIFY keyword:
It will insert records in database table if they are not existing & performs modify operation if
they are already existing

Syntax:
1. MODIFY <database table name> FROM TABLE <internal table name>
2. MODIFY <database table name> FROM TABLE <work area name>

Example-1:
TABLES kna1.

DATA: wa TYPE kna1,

It TYPE TABLE OF kna1.

wa-kunnr = ‘0000009083’.
wa-name1 = ‘rahul’.
wa-ort01 = ‘mumbai’.
wa-pstlz = ‘400002’.
APPEND wa TO it.

MODIFY kna1 FROM TABLE it.

WRITE:/ ‘number of records inserted:’, SY-DBCNT.

Example-2:

LOOP AT it INTO wa.

MODIFY kna1 FROM wa.
ENDLOOP.

UPDATE keyword:
Updates specific fields based on given requirement
Syntax:
UPDATE <database table name> SET field1 = wa-filed1, field2 = wa-field2……….
………….. WHERE <codition>.

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SAP-ABAP 49
Example:

LOOP AT it INTO wa.

UPDATE kna1 SET ort01 = wa-orto1, pstlz = wa-pstlz WHERE kunnr = wa-kunnr.
ENDLOOP.

DELETE keyword:
Deletes database tables data based on given requirement

Syntax:
1. DELETE <database table name> FROM TABLE <internal table name>.
2. DELETE FROM <database table name> WHERE <condition>

Example-1:
DELETE kna1 FROM TABLE it.
WRITE:/ ‘number of records deleted:’, SY-DBCNT.

Example-2:
LOOP AT it INTO wa.
DELETE FROM kna1 WHERE kunnr = wa-kunnr.
ENDLOOP.

Example-3:
DELETE FROM kna1 WHERE kunnr = ‘0000009083’.

INSERT keyword:
Inserts data into database table

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <database table name> VALUES <work area name>.

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 50
Types of Internal Tables:
1. Standard Table
2. Hashed Table
3. Sorted Table
4. Index Table
Note:
The default Internal Table is Standard

Assignments-1:
Students Details Report
Sno Sname Phy Chem Maths Total
100 satya 70 60 90 220
101 pruthvi 80 70 60 210
102 raj 90 80 80 250
240 210 230 680

Assignment-2:
Material Quan
F001 50
F001 100
F002 70
F002 150

F001 150
F002 220

Hint:
1. Create 3 Internal Tables
2. Use DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATE keyword
3. Use CLEAR keyword

Ashokkumar
SAP-ABAP 51
01-09-2014
Data Dictionary
It is also called ABAP Dictionary
It is a repository of data
T Code for Data Dictionary is SE11

Objects in Data Dictionary:

1. Database Table
2. Structure
3. View
4. Data Element
5. Domain
6. Table Type
7. Type Group
8. Lock Object
9. Search Help

Database Table:
It is a set of fields which holds data persistently

Data Element:
Using Data Element you can provide field documentation for a specific field
Conceptually Data Element = Field Lable + Domain

Domain:
It specifies the technical attributes of a field (Data Type & Field Size)

Ques-1: Have ever created a Zee table in real time?

Ans: Yes

Ques-2: SAP is providing so many tables then why you created a table?
Ans: SAP is not providing table for Allowances,
Similarly SAP is not providing a table for Transportation Details.
Example: Delivery challana number, date, truck number……….etc
Similarly in real time we have to create a table for Customer mail ids for sending invoice
details…….etc

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Table Creation:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Title: ZMM_TR
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Truck Entry Details
Note:
In real time we are working with application data.
Application data is 2 types
1. Master Data
2. Transactional Data

Master Data:
It is created only once in Client Database & modified very rarely
Example:
Bank Master Data, Customer Master Data, Vendor Master Data, Employee Master Data…etc

Transactional Data:
It is always created based on Master Data
It is modified frequently in SAP database
Example:
Purchase Order Data, Sales Order Data………..etc

Delivery Class:
It specifies the type of data a table can hold
A-------specifies Application Data

 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab
Field key Data Element
TRNO ZTR_DAT
 Double click on ZTR_DAT
 You will find a message pop-up select Yes option
 Select Local Object option
 Again you will find a warning: application table should be client specific the press Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create the data element then click Yes
 Provide Short Description: Truck Number
 Provide Domain: ZTR_Domain
 Double click on Domain Name (ZTR_Domain)
 Click Yes
 Select Local Object
Note:
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$TMP is a default package for non-transportable object (local object)
 You will find a pop-up: create the domain click Yes
 Provide Short Description: Domain for Truck Field
 Data Type: CHAR
 No. Characters: 10
 Activate the domain (Ctrl+F3)
 Select Local Object
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Field Label tab
Length field lable
Short 10 trno
Medium 20 Truck Number
Lang 40 Truck Number
Heading 50 Truck Number
 Activate data element (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
Field key data element
Ddate LFDAT
Driver ZDR_DAT
 Double click on ZDR_DAT
 Save Yes
 You will find a warning pop-up: Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create data element Yes
 Provide Short Description: Driver Name
 Provide Domain: CHAR20
 Select Field Label tab
 Provide Short Description: Driver Name
Length field lable
Short 10 Dname
Medium 20 Driver Name
Lang 40 Driver Name
Heading 50 Driver Name
 Activate data element (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Technical Settings button
 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
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 Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

Step-1:
Navigation for Inserting Records into a Table:
 Select Utilites---Table Contents---Create Entries
TRNO:_______
Ddate:_________
Driver:_________
 Save (Ctrl+S)
 Select Reset button for new record

Step-2:
Navigation for Viewing Records in a Table:
 Select Utilities---Table Contents---Display
 Select Clock symbol (F8)

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Structure:
It is a group of fields
Physically it will never hold any data
Structure can be reuse in other programs & other tables

Differences between Structure & Table:

Structure Table
1. It is a collection of fields & it 1. It is a Structure & hold data persistently
Never hold data
2. It can be reuse in other tables 2. It cannot be reuse

Difference between .INCLUDE & APPEND STRUCTURE:

Using .include you can add a Structure in N no. of tables
.include is best for adding Structure in ZEE tables
Using Append Structure you can add a Structure only in a single table
Append Structure is best for adding Structure in Standard Tables

Structure Creation:
 Go to SE11
 Select Data Type: ZMM_Order
 Select Create option
 You will find a pop-up select Structure option & press Enter
 Provide Short Description: Order Fields
 Provide Component: EBELN
BEDAT
 Provide Component Type: EBELN
BEDAT
 Activate structure (Ctrl+F3)
 Select Local Object
 You will find warnings pop-up then select Yes
 Ignore warnings & go back (F3)

Navigation for Including a Structure in a Table:

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZMM_TR
 Select Change option
 Under Field: .include
 Under Data Element: ZMM_Order
 Activate table (Ctrl+F3)
 Select Contents option
 Select Clock symbol (F8)
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 Select SelectAll option (F9)
 Select Change option (F6)
 Add data & save (Ctrl+S)
 Select Next Entry option for next record

Primary & Foreign key Relationship:

SAP is a tightly integrated package. In SAP between all the tables there is a relationship called
Primary & Foreign key Relationship.

Condition (or) Pre represents for maintaining a Relationship between Two Tables:
In SAP if you want to create relationship between two tables there should be Key Field with
common data between tables even the fields are not common there should be common data
between two tables

Establishing Relationship between Two Tables:

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZMM_DCTR
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Delivery Challana Details
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed
 Select Fields tab
Field Key Data Element

MANDAT MANDAT
DCNO ZDAT_DC
 Double click on ZDAT_DC
 Click on Yes, Local Object & Yes
 Provide Short Description: Data Element for DC
 Provide Domain: CHAR10
 Select Field Label option
 Medium: 20
 Field Label: Delivery Challana
 Activate Field (Ctrl+F3)
 Like add all required fields (DCdate, TRNO)
 Select TRNO field
 Select Foreign Keys option
 You will find a pop-up provide Short Text: Relationship
 Check Table: ZMM_TR
 Select Generate Proposal button
 Select Enter option
 Provide Field: .include
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 Data Element: ZMM_Order (it provides EBLEN, BEDAT fields)
 Select Technical Settings option
 Provide Data Class: APPL1 (for Transactional data)
 Size Category: 0 (for upto 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)

Data Class:
It is a physical storage location (or) table space where tables are stored ultimately after
activation. It is of 3 types
1. APPL0 (holds master data tables)
2. APPL1 (holds transactional data tables)
3. APPL2 (holds organizational & customizing data related tables)

Size Category:
It specifies the probable space requirement for a table in the database
 Go to back (F3)
 Activate the table (Ctrl+F3)
 Select Content option
 Apply F4 on Truck Number field
 You will find data related to Check Table
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Utilities--Table Contents--Create Entries

Note:
In real time we are not creating any relationships between tables

Ques: What is the difference between Client Dependant & Client Independent tables?
Ans: A table created without MANDT field is Client Independent table. Client Independent
tables are available in other clients also with data
A table created with MANDT field is Client Dependant table. Client Dependent tables
are available in other clients also without data

Note:
In real time it is always advisable to create Client Dependant tables

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View:
 It is a logical table (virtual table) which is created based on other tables
 It hires Fields & Data from other tables

Difference between Table & View:

Table View
1. Having its own fields & data 1. Always created based on other table
2. It holds either master data (or) 2. It holds both master data & transactional data
Transactional data

Types of Views:
1. Database View
2. Projection View
3. Help View
4. Maintenance View

Database View:
It is always created based on two (or) more than two tables having relationship between them

Database View Creation:

 Go to SE11
 Select View option: ZMM_DNTR
 Select Create option
 You will find a pop-up select Database View
 Provide Short Description: Database View
Tables: ZMM_TR
ZMM_DCTR
 Select Relationships button
 You will find a pop-up double click on Check Box under referenced table heading &
press Enter
 Select View Flds option
 Select Tables Fields option
 Double click on ZMM_TR
 Select all fields & press Enter
 Select Tables Fields option
 Double click on ZMM_DCTR
 Select DCNO, DCdate & press Enter
 Activate view (Ctrl+F3)

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Testing Database View:
 Select Contents option
 Select Clock symbol (F8)

Note:
View always holds common data (linked data between two (or) more than two tables)

03-09-2014
Projection View:
It created based on a single table with specific fields

Projection View Creation:

 Go to SE11
 Select View option: ZPROJ_VIEW
 Select Creation option
 You will find a pop-up select Projection View option then press Enter
 Provide Short Description: Projection View
 Provide Basis Table: KNA1
 Select Table Fields tab
 You will find all fields of KNA1 table then select KUNNR, NAME1, ORT01, PSTLZ
then press Enter
 Activate view (Ctrl+F3)

Testing Projection View:

 Select Contents option
 Click Clock symbol (F8)

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Search Help:
Using search help you can search application data based on given search criteria
Search help works based on F4 function key
Note:
In a table (or) tables there is large volume of application data. Manual search of data will take
lot of time. SAP is providing an option called Search Help for searching data as for
requirement

Types of Search Help:

1. Elementary Search Help
2. Collective Search Help

Elementary Search Help:

It is always created based on a single table

Creation of Elementary Search Help-1:

 Go to SE11
 Select Search Help: ZELE_TRSEARCH
 Select Create option
 You will find a pop-up then select Elementary Search Help then press Enter
 Provide Short Description: Elementary Search Help for Truck Details
 Selection Method: ZMM_TR (table name)
Search Help Parameter Import Export LPOS SPOS
TRNO _/ _/ 1 1
DDATE _/ _/ 2 2
EBLEN _/ _/ 3 3
BEDAT _/ _/ 4 4
DRIVER _/ _/ 5 5
 Activate search help (Ctrl+F3)

Testing Search Help:

 Select F8
 You will find a pop-up then press Enter

Creation of Elementary Search Help-2:

 Go to SE11
 Select Search Help: ZELE_DMSEARCH
 Select Create option
 You will find a pop-up then select Elementary Search Help then press Enter
 Provide Short Description: Elementary Search Help for Delivery Challana Details
 Selection Method: ZMM_DCTR (table name)
Search Help Parameter Import Export LPOS SPOS
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DCNO _/ _/ 1 1
DCDATE _/ _/ 2 2
 Activate search help (Ctrl+F3)
Testing Search Help:
 Select F8
 You will find a pop-up then press Enter

Collective Search Help:

It is a group of two (or) more than two Elementary Search Help contained to form a Collective
Search Help

Creation of Collective Search Help:

 Go to SE11
 Select Search Help: ZCOLL_TRDM
 Select Create option
 You will find a pop-up then select Collective Search Help option then press Enter
 Provide Short Description: Collective Search Help for DC details
 Select Included Search Help tab
 Provide Search Help: ZELE_TRSEARCH
ZELE_DMSEARCH
 Activate search help

Testing Collective Search Help:

 Select F8
 You will find a pop-up then press Enter

Calling a Search Help in an ABAP Program:

Syntax:
PARAMETERS <parameter name> MATCHCODE OBJECT <search help name>
Example:
PARAMETERS p_tr MATCHCODE OBJECT ZELE_TRSEARCH

Note:
In real time calling a search help using MATCHCODE OBJECT is outdated

Adding a Search Help in a Table:

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZMM_TR
 Select Change option
 Place cursor on TRNO field & select Srch Help option
 Provide Search Help Name: ZELE_TRSEARCH
 Select Yes & then Yes
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 Activate table (Ctrl+F3)

Testing:
 Select Contents option
 Apply F4 on TRNO field
 You will find an error then
 Go to SE38
 Provide Program: ZMM_TR
 Select Create option
 Write PARAMETERS p_tr TYPE ZMM_TR-TRNO.
 Activate program then go back & test the table

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Table Maintenance Generator (TMG):
Using TMG you can directly Insert, Update, Delete data from a database table

Note:
1. In real time for certain requirements when data is not linked with other tables. Data can
be inserted (or) manipulated from table level directly. This can be done by creating a
TMG on that table
2. TMG is allowed only for ZEE tables

Creation of Table Maintenance Generator:

Create Table First:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZSD_MAIL
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Customer Mail Table
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab
Field key Data Element
MANDT _/ MANDT
KUNNR _/ KUNNR
MAILID _/ ZMAIL_DAT
 Double click on ZMAIL_DAT
 You will find a message pop-up select Yes option
 Select Local Object option
 Again you will find a warning: application table should be client specific the press Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create the data element then click Yes
 Provide Short Description: Customer Mail Id
 Provide Domain: CHAR
 Select Field Label tab
Length field lable
Medium 20 Mail Id
 Activate data element (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
Field key data element
INDICATOR _/ Z_INDICATOR
 Double click on Z_INDICATOR
 Save Yes
 You will find a warning pop-up: Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create data element Yes
 Provide Short Description: Indicator
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 Provide Domain: CHAR20
 Select Value Range tab
FIX VARShort Desciption
1 TO
2 CC
3 BCC
 Activate the domain (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Field Label tab
 Provide Short Description: Indicator
Length field lable
Medium 20 Indicator
 Activate data element (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Technical Settings button
 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
1. Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

Creating TMG:
 Go to SE80
 Under Test Repository select Function Group option
 Provide Function Group: ZMAIL_GR then press Enter
 You will find a pop-up create object press Yes
 Again you will find a pop-up Short Text: Mail Group then press Enter
 Select Local Object

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZSD_MAIL
 Select Change option
 Select Utilities---Table Maintenance Generator
 Provide Authorization Group: &NC&
 Provide Function Group: ZMAIL_GR
 Select One Step option
 Select Scr Number(s) button
 You will find a pop-up select Propose Screen Number option then press Enter
 Select Create option (F6)
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 Select Save option (Enter)
 Select Local Object (Enter)

Creating TCode:
 Go to SE93
 Provide Transaction Code: ZMAIL
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Text: Customer Mail Details
 Select Transaction with Parameters (Parameter Transaction) option then press Enter
 Provide Transaction: SM30
 Scroll down to bottom then provide
 Name of Screen Field Value
ViewName SZD_MAIL
Update X
 Save (Ctrl+s)
 Select Favorites---Inset Transaction
 Provide Transaction Code: ZMAIL then press Enter

Testing TMG:
 Provide Run TCode: ZMAIL then press Enter
 Provide Table: ZSD_MAIL
 Select Maintain option
 Select New Entries button
 Insert records & save

Navigation for maintain Default Values using TMG:

Sometimes Date, User name, Time needs to be entered in a table. These values will not be
inserted by client (inserted automatically by system)
Create Table First:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZFI_LIMITS
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Bank Limits
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab
Field key Data Element
MANDT _/ MANDT
COUNTER _/ INT1
Bank Name _/ BANKA
Amount DMBTR
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ERDAT ERDAT
Uname ZUSER
ERTIM ZTIMEDAT
 Select Currency Quantity Fields tab
Provide Amount: Reference Table Reference Field
T001 WAERS
 Select Technical Settings button
 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

Providing default values using TMG:

 Select Utilities---Table Maintenance Generator
 Provide Authorization Group: &NC&
 Provide Function Group: ZMAIL_GR
 Select Find Scr Number option then press Enter
 Select Create option (F6) then press Enter
 Select Environment option
 Select Modification------Events
 You will find a message- do not make any changes on SAP data then press Enter
 Select New Entries option provide
T Form Routine
05 Create_Entry
 Press Enter
 Under Editor double click
 You will find a pop-up then press Enter
 You will find a warnings pop-up then press Enter
 Provide code for default values
FORM CREATE_ENTRY.
ZFI_LIMITS-ERDAT = SY-DATUM.
ZFI_LIMITS-UNAME = SY-UNAME.
ZFI_LIMITS-ERTIM = SY-UZETT.
ENDFORM.
 Activate table & go back
Testing:
 Go to SM30
 Provide Table: ZFI_LIMITS
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 Select Maintain option
 Select New Entries option
 Insert records & Save
 You will find a dump note: SAPLZMAIL_GR

 Go to SE38
 Provide Program: SAPLZMAIL_GR
 Select Change option
 Activate the program (Ctrl+F3)

 Go to SM30
 Provide Table: ZFI_LIMITS
 Select Maintain option
 Select New Entries option
 Insert records & Save

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Adding Check boxes in Table in TMG:
Create Table First:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZPP_MACHINE
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Machine Down Time
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab
Field key Data Element
MANDT _/ MANDT
MACHNO _/ ZMACH_DAT
BUDAT _/ BUDAT
STIME ZSTART_DAT
ETIME ZEND_DAT
DTIME ZDOWN_DAT
CHK ZCHK_DAT

 Double click on ZCHK_DAT

 Save Yes
 You will find a warning pop-up: Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create data element Yes
 Provide Short Description: Check Box
 Provide Domain: ZCHK_DOMAIN
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 Provide Data type: CHAR
 Provide No.of Characters: 1
 Select Value Range tab
FIX VARShort Desciption
X ON
OFF
 Activate the domain (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Field Label tab
 Provide Short Description: Check Box
Length field lable
Medium 20 Check
 Activate data element (Ctrl+F3)
 Go to back (F3)
 Select Technical Settings button
 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

Providing Check boxes using TMG:

 Select Utilities---Table Maintenance Generator
 Provide Authorization Group: &NC&
 Provide Function Group: ZMAIL_GR
 Select Find Scr Number option then press Enter
 Select Create option (F6) then press Enter
 Select Environment option
 Select Modification------Events
 You will find a message- do not make any changes on SAP data then press Enter
 Select New Entries option provide
T Form Routine
05 Create_Entry
 Press Enter
 Under Editor double click
 You will find a pop-up then press Enter
 You will find a warnings pop-up then press Enter
 Provide code for default values
FORM CREATE_ENTRY.
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ZDOWN_DAT = ZEND_DAT - ZSTART_DAT.
ENDFORM.
 Activate table & go back

Creating TCode:
 Go to SE93
 Provide Transaction Code: ZDOWN
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Text: Machine Down Time
 Select Transaction with Parameters (Parameter Transaction) option then press Enter
 Provide Transaction: SM30
 Scroll down to bottom then provide
 Name of Screen Field Value
ViewName SPP_MACHINE
Update X
 Save (Ctrl+s)
 Select Favorites---Inset Transaction
Provide Transaction Code: ZDOWN then press Enter

Testing:
 Go to SE38
 Provide Program: SAPLZDOWN
 Select Change option
 Activate the program (Ctrl+F3)

 Go to SM30
 Provide Table: ZPP_MACHINE
 Select Maintain option
 Select New Entries option
 Insert records & Save

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Text Table:
Use text table for storing explanatory texts. For storing such texts it is not advisable to store in
Primary Table

Note:
Text Tables works based on Primary & Foreign key relationship

Creation of Text Table:

First Create Primary Table:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZTEXT_TAB
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Department Table
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab
Field key Data Element
MANDT _/ MANDT
DEPT _/ ZDEPT_DAT

 Select Technical Settings button

 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

Creating Text Table:

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZTEXT_TAB1
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Description: Department Text
 Provide Delivery Class: A
 Provide Table View Maintenance: Display Maintenance Allowed (both display & create
entries is allowed)
 Select Fields tab

Field key Data Element

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MANDT _/ MANDT (for client dependant table)
SPRAS _/ SPRAS (for language selection)
DEPT _/ ZDEPT_DAT
DESC1 MAKTX

 Select Technical Settings button

 Provide Data Class: APPL0 (APPL0---for master data & APPL1---for
transactional data)
 Provide Size Category: 0 (it means table holds up to 8000 records)
 Select Save option (Ctrl+s)
 Select back (F3)
 Activate Table (Ctrl+F3)
 During activation you will find a warning pop-up select Yes
Ignore the warnings & go back (F3)

 Select SPRAS
 Select Foreign keys option
 You will find a pop-up then press Yes & then press Enter
 Select DEPT
 Select Foreign keys option
 Provide Check Table: ZTEXT_TAB
 Select Generate Proposal button
 At bottom select Keys Fields of a Text Table option
 Provide Cardinality 1:N then press Enter
 Select MANDT
 Select Foreign keys option
 You will find a pop-up then press Yes & then press Enter
 Activate table (Ctrl+F3)

Testing Text Table:

 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: ZTEXT_TAB (primary table name)
 Select Change option
 Select Utilities----Table Contents----Create Enteries
 Here you will find text table options also then provide text & save

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Some Important Steps for Working with Standard Tables:
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table: KNA1
 Select Display option
 Select Contents option
Step-1:
Navigation for Getting Selected Fields in Output List:
 Select Settings---Format List----Choose Fields option
 By default all fields are selected then select Deselect option (Shift+F2)
 Select required fields KUNNR, NAME1, ORT01, PSTLZ then Enter
 Execute (F8)

Step-2:
Adding (or) Removing Fields from Selection Screen:
 Select Settings---Fields for Selection option
 Select & deselect fields based on requirement then Enter

Step-3:
Transforming Data from SAP to Local File (XL Sheet):
 Select F8
 Select Local File option (last from 5th option) (Ctrl+Shift+F9)
 You will find a pop-up select Spread Sheet option then Enter
 You will find a pop-up apply F4 on Directory field
 You will find a pop-up then select Desktop
 Provide File Name: Customer then select Save option
 Select Generate option

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SAP-ABAP 73
05-09-2014
Types of Tables:
1. Transparent Table
2. Cluster Table
3. Pooled Table

Transparent Table:
 It is a default table in SAP
 It holds application data (master data & transactional data)
 It follows one-to-one relationship (a table created in Presentation Server, if with the
same Structure & Fields another table created in Database Server)
 These tables can be accessed even outside SAP
 This table allows both Open SQL & Native SQL statements
 In real time we are mostly working with Transparent Table

Pooled Table & Clustered Table:

 These tables holds SAP proprietary format data (system data, statistical data, control
data……)
 These tables allows (or) follows many-to-one relationship (many tables data combined
to form a Pooled Table & Clustered Table)
 These tables cannot be accessed outside SAP
 These tables allows only Open SAL statements
 Very rarely we are using these tables (most common tables used one BSEG, KONU)

Note:
You cannot apply Inner-Join statement on Cluster Table

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SAP-ABAP 74
Open SQL & Native SQL Statements:
Native SQL Statements:
 These are traditional SQL statements
 With Native SQL Statement request is directly forwarded to Database Server which
processes the request & returns the response
 With Native SQL statement performance of the system is highly degraded
Syntax:
EXEC SQL.
SELECT………………
ENDEXECSQL.

Open SQL Statements:

These are normal SQL statements which are converted to embedded SQL using database
interface which is further passed to Buffer, if data is available in Buffer you will get the
response

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SAP-ABAP 75
Buffering Concept:
Buffering is a way of improving performance which accessing data from database. Whenever
you run a program it will make a request to Buffer for data, if it is not available it will make a
request to Database Server which returns response to Buffer & simultaneously to Program.
Next time whenever you run the same program this time it will collect the data directly from
Buffer

Note:
Buffering is important for frequent & common accessing of application data

Types of Buffering:
1. Single Record Buffering
2. Generic Buffering
3. Full Buffering

Single Record Buffering:(SELECT SINGLE)

This buffering is used for frequent access of data from database. Here volume of data is very
large

Generic Buffering:(WHERE <condition>)

Use generic buffering where records are accessed based on condition

Full Buffering:(SELECT *)
This buffer is allocated when you are fletching all the fields from database table

Check Table:
It works based on Primary & Foreign key relationship. Data is always validated at Field level

Value Table:
It is a default Check Table & it always maintained under Domain under Value Range option

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SAP-ABAP 76
09-09-2014
MODULES
MM Module:
Materials Management Module
Departments in MM Module:
1. Purchase
2. Warehouse
3. General Stores
4. Finance in MM

Process Flow in MM Module:

IT Department

Purchase Requisition (Indent)

PR Approval (HOD, VP, President)

Purchasing Department Vendor Analysis

Request for Quotation Best Vendor

Vendor1 Vendor2 Vendor3 Purchase Order

Quotation PO Approval

Delivery (Manufacture+Pickup+Packing) Vendor1

Delivery Challana (Delivery Note)

Row Material Finished Goods

General Store (GRS)

Invoice Verification (Bill Processing)

Vendor Payment

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SAP-ABAP 77
Purchase Order:

Vendor: PO Date:
Vendor Details:

Payment Terms:
Item No. of Pieces Unit price Amount
10 2 100 200
-- - - -
- - - -

Brief Flow:
PR

PR Purchase

RFQ

PO

PO Release

GRN

IV

Vendor Payment

Applications & Tables in MM Module:

1. Purchase Requisition:
T codes: ME51N, ME52N, ME53N
Tables: EBAN
Note: The key field is BANFN (PR number)

2. Purchase Order:
T codes: ME21N, ME22N, ME23N
Tables: EKKO, EKPO, EKBE, EKKN, EKAN, EKET
Note: The key field is EBELN (PO number)
3. Goods Receipt:
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SAP-ABAP 78
T codes: MIGO
Tables: MKPF, MIEG
Note: The key field is MBLNR (Material Document Number)

4. Invoice Verification:
T codes: MIR0, MIR7
Tables: RBKP, RSEG
Note: The key field is BELNR (Accounting Document Number)

5. Vendor Master Data:

T codes: XK01, XK02, XK03
Tables: LFA1, LFB1, LFM1, LFBK, LFC1
Note: The key field is LIFNR (Vendor Account Number)

6. Material Master Data:

T codes: MM01, MM02, MM03
Tables: MARA, MARC, MARM, MARD, MAKT, MVKE, MARC, MAST, MBEW, MSLB
Note: The key field is MATNR (Material Code)

7. Service Entry Sheet:

T codes: ML81N
Tables: ESSR, ESSL
Note: The key field is LBLNI (Entry Sheet Number)

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SAP-ABAP 79
Inner Joins:
Use inner joins for fletching common data from two (or) more than two tables
Syntax-1:
SELECT LFA1~lifnr LFA1~name1
EKKO~ebeln EKKO~bedat
EKPO~menge EKPO~netpr
INTO TABLE <it> FROM LFA1
INNER JOIN EKKO ON LFA1~lifnr=EKKO~lifnr
INNER JOIN EKPO ON EKKO~ebeln=EKPO~ebeln
WHERE <codition>

Syntax-2:
SELECT A~lifnr A~name1
B~ebeln B~bedat
C~menge C~netpr
INTO TABLE <it> FROM LFA1 AS A
INNER JOIN EKKO AS B ON A~lifnr=B~lifnr
INNER JOIN KKPO AS C ON B~ebeln=C~ebeln
WHERE <codition>

10-09-2014
Example:
Lifnr name1 ebeln lifnr bedat
1 X
2 Y
3 Z
4 M
100 1
200 1
300 2
400 2
500 3

Inner Join Left Outer Join

1 X 100 1.6.2014
1 X 200 2.3.2014
2 Y 300 3.10.2014
2 Y 400 5.6.2014
3 Z 500 10.9.2014
1 X 100 1.6.2014
1 X 200 2.3.2014
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SAP-ABAP 80
2 Y 300 3.10.2014
2 Y 400 5.6.2014
3 Z 500 10.9.2014
4 M

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SAP-ABAP 81
Requirement:
Purchase Order Details based on Vendors
Input:
Vendor code ------- s_lifnr to
Company code---- s_bukrs to
Plant ------- s_werks to
Material type------ s_matnr to
Material group---- s_matkl to
Po date--------------s_bedat to

Summary
Details

Output: LFA1-lifnr EKKO-ebeln EKKO-bedat EKPO-matnr EKPO-menge EKPO-netpr

1000 EKPO-meins
3000 2.6.2.14 100-100 50 2000 PC
3001 15.6.2014 100-101 70 3000 PC
Totals 120 5000

1001
5001 3.6.201 F001 2 80 PC
5002 9.6.2014 F002 1 90 PC
5003 15.6.2014 F003 3 100 PC
Totals 6 270

Grand totals 126 5270

Solution:
Go to SE38
Provide Program: ZMM_Purchase_Order_Details
Select Create
Title: Purchase Order Details based on Vendors
Type: Executable Program
Select Save, Local Object

* provide tables work area

TABLES: LFA1, EKKO, EKPO

* provide selection scree

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SAP-ABAP 82
SELECTION-SCREE: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-001.
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_lifnr FOR LFA1-lifnr
s_bukrs FOR EKKO- bukrs
s_mtart FOR EKPO-mtart
s_matkl FOR EKPO-matkl
s_bedat FOR EKKO-bedat
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

SELECTION-SCREE: BEGIN OF BLOCK b2 WITH FRAME TITLE text-001.

PARAMETERS: p_rb1 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RG1
p_rb2 RADIOBUTTON GROUP RG1
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b2.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_po,

lifnr TYPE LIFNR,
ebeln TYPE EBELN,
bedat TYPE BEDAT,
matnr TYPE MATNR,
meins TYPE MEINS,
mengeTYPE MENGE_D,
netpr TYPE NETPR,
END OF ty_po.

DATA: wa_po TYPE ty_po,

it_po TYPE TABLE OF ty_po.

SELECT LFA1~lifnr EKKO~ebeln EKKO~bedat EKPO~matnr EKPO~meins

EKPO~menge EKPO~netpr INTO TABLE it_po FROM LFA1
INNER JOIN EKKO
ON LFA1~lifnr = EKKO~lifnr
INNER JOIN EKPO
ON EKKO~ebeln = EKPO~ebeln
WHERE LFA1~lifnr IN s_lifnr
AND EKKO~bukrs IN s_bukrs
AND EKPO~werks IN s_werks
AND EKPO~mtart IN s_mtart
AND EKPO~matkl IN s_matkl
AND EKKO~bedat IN s_bedat.

IF p_rb1 EQ ‘X’.
SORT it_po BY lifnr.
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SAP-ABAP 83
LOOP AT it_po INTO wa_po.

AT NEW lifnr.
WRITE:/10 wa_po-lifnr COLOR 1.
SKIP.
ENDAT.

FORMAT COLOR COL_GROUP INTENSIFIED OFF.

NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
10 wa_po-ebeln,
30 wa_po-bedat,
50 wa_po-matnr,
70 wa_po-meins,
90 wa_po-menge,
100 wa_po-netpr,
135 SY-VLINE.

AT END OF lifnr.
SUM.
FORMAT COLOR COL_TOTAL INTENSIFIED OFF.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
10 ‘Totals’,
70 wa_po-menge,
90 wa_po-netpr,
135 SY-VLINE.
ENDAT.

AT LAST.
SUM.
FORMAT COLOR COL_TOTAL INTENSIFIED OFF.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/10 ‘Grand Totals’,
70 wa_po-menge,
90 wa_po-netpr,
135 SY-VLINE.
ENDAT.

ENDLOOP.
ELSE
LOOP AT it_po INTO wa_po.
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SAP-ABAP 84

AT FIRST.
FORMAT COLOR COL_HEADING INTENSIFIED ON.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
10 ‘Vendor Code’,
25 ‘PO Number’,
35 ‘PO Date’,
45 ‘Material Code’,
60 ‘Unit of Measure’,
70 ‘Quantity’,
80 ‘Unit Price’,
135 SY-VLINE.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
ENDAT.

FORMAT COLOR COL_GROUP INTENSIFIED OFF.

NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
5 wa_po-lifnr,
10 wa_po-ebeln,
30 wa_po-bedat,
50 wa_po-matnr,
70 wa_po-meins,
90 wa_po-menge,
100 wa_po-netpr,
135 SY-VLINE.

ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.

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SAP-ABAP 85
LFA1 Table:
This table holds Vendor Master Data

Fields:
1. Lifnr-------Vendor Number
2. Land1-----Country of Vendor
3. Name1----Name of Vendor
4. Ort01-----City of Vendor
5. Pstlz------Postal Code of Vendor
6. Adrnr-----Address Number

Links:
LFA1~adrnr
ADRC~addrnumber

7. Brsch-----Industry Key

EKKO Table:
This table holds Purchase Order Header Data

Fields:
1. Ebeln-------Purchase Order Number
2. Bukrs------Company Code
3. Bsart-------Purchasing Document Type
4. Statu-------Status of Purchase Order
5. Lifnr-------Vendor Number

Links:
LFA1~lifnr
EKKO~lifnr

6. Zterm------Payment Terms
7. Zbd1p-----Cash Discount Percentage
8. Ekorg------Purchase Organization (Purchase Department)
9. Ekgrp------Purchasing Group
10.Waers------Currency
11.Wkurs------Exchange Rate
12.Bedat-------Purchase Order Date
13.Inco1, Inco2-------International Terms for Carrying Bussiness
14.Knumv------Tax Number

Links:
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SAP-ABAP 86
EKKO~knumv
KONU~knumv

15.Kalsm------Pricing Procedure
16.Frgke-------Release Indicator

EKPO Table:
This table holds Purchase Document Item Data

Fields:
1. Ebeln-------Purchase Order Number

Links:
EKKO~ebeln
EKPO~ebeln

2. Ebelp------Item Number
3. Txzo1-----Item Text
4. Matnr-----Material Code
5. Werks-----Plant
6. Lgort------Storage Location
7. Matkl-----Material Group
8. Menge------Purchase Order Quantity
9. Meins------Unit of Measurement
10.Netpr------Unit Price
11.Netwr------Total Price
12.Mwskz-----Sales Tax Code
13.Elikz--------Delivery Completed Indicator

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SAP-ABAP 87
11-09-2014
Message Handling:
Using MESSAGE keyword you can display your own message

Note:
SY-SUBRC
 It returns values after ABAP statement
 It returns 0 if an ABAP statement is processed successfully otherwise it returns
Exception (other than 0 value)

Example:
SELECT…………………
…………………………..
IF SY-SUBRC EQ 0.
MESSAGE ‘Data Found’ TYPE ‘I’.
ELSE.
MESSAGE ‘Enter Valid Input’ TYPE ‘E’.

Message Class:
 You can store all the messages in Message Class also
 T-code for Message Class is SE91

Example:
IF SY-SUBRC EQ 0.
MESSAGE I000(zmm_mess1).
ELSE.
MESSAGE E001(zmm_mess1).

 Double click on zmm_mess1 (OR)

 Go to SE91
 Provide Message Class: zmm_mess1
 Select Create option
 Provide Short Text: Message Handling
 Select Save option
 Provide Messages
000---------Data Found
001---------Enter Valid Input
 Select Save option
 Activate Message Handling

Message Options:
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SAP-ABAP 88
I-----Information------Information pop-up is displayed
S----Status------Message is displayed in Status Bar
W----Warning-----A yellow color warning message is displayed & Control will switch to next
Screen
E-----Error------Red color message is displayed & Control will stay in same Screen
A----Amend-----Control will switch to Screen 0
X-----Exit-------Control will switch to ABAP Runtime Screen (ST22)

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SAP-ABAP 89
12-09-2014
Modularization Techniques:
There are 5 modularization techniques in SAP.
They are
1. Subroutines
2. Function Modules
3. Include
4. Macro
5. Field Symbol

 In real time you should ensure that every program should be highly readable & reusable
 For achieving readability & reusability we have to work with modularization techniques

Subroutines:
 Subroutine is like a mini program which can be called within the same program (or)
from other programs
 Using Subroutines you can perform Calculations, Call other function modules, Write
statements……….etc

Types of Subroutines:
1. Internal Subroutines
2. External Subroutines

Internal Subroutines:
In this both calling part & definition part are in same program

Syntax:
PERFORM <subroutine name> USING <param1> <param2> ………….

FORM <subroutine name> USING <param1> <param2> ………….

-----------------
-----------------
ENDFORM.

Note:
1. In above syntax PERFORM will call its FORM & simultaneously pass Parameters to its
FORM
2. Subroutine name can be any name. The same name should be used both in PERFORM
& FORM
3. The Parameters defined in PERFORM are called Actual Parameters. These parameters
have global visibility & must be defined in a program

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SAP-ABAP 90
4. The parameters maintained in FORM are called Formal Parameters. These parameters
have local visibility & are automatically created based on Actual Parameters
5. Actual Parameters will pass values to Formal Parameters by using USING option
6. The number of Actual Parameters should be same that of Formal Parameters

Example:
WRITE:/ ‘Welcome to Subroutine’.
PERFORM sub.
WRITE:/ ‘First Call’.
PERFORM sub.
WRITE:/ ‘Second Call’.
FORM sub.
WRITE:/ ‘Inside Sub’.
ENDFORM.

Output:
Welcome to Subroutine
Inside Sub
First Call
Inside Sub
Second Call

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SAP-ABAP 91
Debugging:
Break Point:
Using break point the execution of a program can be terminated & until the break point is
reached

Note:
In real time for large programs debugging each & every part of a program is time consuming.
If you know where the problem arises you can directly keep a break point & test the program

Types of Break Points:

1. Dynamic Break Point
2. Static Break Point

Dynamic Break Point:

 Dynamic break point is kept automatically & can be removed during runtime
 It is automatically discarded whenever system is logged off

Note:
Dynamic break point is used if you are not aware of the exact problem in your program.
During debugging you can set dynamic break point at different, different places & you can
remove the same dynamically

Static Break Point:

It is kept by using a keyword BREAK-POINT (or) BREAK <user name>

Note:
Static break point is used if you know the exact problem in your program & you want to debug
the same code N number of times

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SAP-ABAP 92
Pass by Value & Pass by Reference:
Pass by Value:
 In pass by value, value (or) values is passed from Actual Parameters to Formal
Parameters
 Both calling part & definition part will share different memory locations
 In call by value nothing is reflected back to calling part

Example:
DATA v1 TYPE C VALUE ‘a’.
PERFORM sub USING v1.
WRITE:/ v1.
FORM sub USING VALUE(p1).
p1 = ‘b’.
WRITE:/ p1.
ENDFORM.

Output:
b
a

Pass by Reference:
 In pass by reference value is not passed to Formal Parameters instead a Pointer (or)
Reference (or) Address is passed to Formal Parameters
 Any changes done in Formal Parameters will be effected to Actual Parameters also

Example:
DATA v1 TYPE C VALUE ‘a’.
PERFORM sub USING (or) CHANGING v1.
WRITE:/ v1.
FORM sub USING (or) CHANGING p1.
p1 = ‘b’.
WRITE:/ p1.
ENDFORM.

Output:
b
b

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SAP-ABAP 93
External Subroutines:
In external subroutines both PERFORM & FORM maintained in separate programs

Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZMM_GRM_DETAILS
 Create
 Title: GRM Details
 Type: Executable Program
 Save
 Local Object

TABLES: MKPF, MSEG.

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-000.

SELECT-OPTIONS: s_mblnr FOR MKPF-mblnr,
s_werks FOR MSEG-werks,
s_budat FOR MKPF-budat.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

PERFORM extsub (ZMM_GRM_FORM) USING s_mblnr-low s_mblnr-high

s_werks-low s_werks-high s_budat-low s_budat-high.

 Double click on ZMM_GRM_FORM

 You will find a pop-up select Yes
 Save & Yes
 You will find a pop-up deselect With Top Incl check box the press Enter

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_mseg,

mblnr TYPE mblnr,
budat TYPE budat,
menge TYPE menge_D,
matnr TYPE matnr,
dmbtr TYPE dmbtr,
END OF ty_mseg.

DATA: wa_mseg TYPE ty_mseg,

It_mseg TYPE TABLE OF ty_mseg.

FORM extsub USING VALUE(grm_low) VALUE(grm_high) VALUE(plnt_low)

VALUE(plnt_high) VALUE(date_low) VALUE(date_high)

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SAP-ABAP 94
SELECT MKPF~mblnr MKPF~budat MSEG~menge MSEG~matnr
MSEG~dmbtr INTO TABLE it_mseg FROM MKPF
INNER JOIN MSEG
ON MKPF~mblnr = MSEG~mblnr
WHERE MKPF~mblnr BETWEEN grm_low AND grm_high
AND MSEG~werks BETWEEN plnt_low AND plnt_high
AND MKPF~budat BETWEEN date_low AND date_high
AND MSEG~bwart EQ ‘101’.

LOOP AT it_mseg INTO wa_mseg.

WRITE:/10 wa_mseg-mblnr,
30 wa_mseg-budat,
50 wa_mseg-menge,
70 wa_mseg-matnr,
90 wa_mseg-dmbtr.
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.

Output:
s_mblnr : 49000000 to 490005000
s_werks: 1000 to 1200
s_budat: 15.11.1994 to 01.06.2009
Execute (F8)

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SAP-ABAP 95
13-09-2014
MKPF Table:
It holds Material Document Header Data

Fields:
1. Mblnr ---------- Material Document Number
2. Mjahr ---------- Material Document Year
3. Blart ---------- Material Document Type
4. Budat ---------- Material Document Date
5. Xblrn ---------- Reference Document (Purchase Order Document) Number

MSEG Table:
It holds Material Document Item Data

Fields:
1. Mblnr ------ Material Document Number
2. Mjahr ------ Material Document Year
3. Bwart ------ Moment Type
4. Werks ------ Plant
5. Lgort ------- Storage Location
6. Charg ------ Batch Number
7. Lifnr ------- Vendor Account Number

Link:
LFA1-lifnr
MSEG-lifnr

8. Shkzg ------- Debit / Credit Indicator

9. Dmbtr ------ Amount in Local Currency
10.Menge ------ Quantity
11.Meins ------- Unit of Measurement
12.Ebeln ------- Purchase Order Number

Link:
EKPO-ebeln
MSEG-ebeln

13.Ebelp -------- Item Number

Link:
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SAP-ABAP 96
EKPO-ebelp
MSEG-ebelp

14.Smbln ------- Number of Material Document Number

15.Kostl -------- Department
16.Aufnf ------- Production Order Number

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SAP-ABAP 97
Function Module:
 Function Module is a piece of code which performs a specific task based on given
requirement
 Function Module is a responsible program which always accepts Parameters & returns a
Value

Types of Function Modules:

1. Normal Function Module
2. Remote Enabled Function Module
3. ALV Function Module (ABAP List Viewer)

Normal Function Module:

It is a piece of code which performs a specific task based on given Parameters

Remote Enabled Function Module:

 It is for distributed environment.
 You can call this function module within the system & across the system

ALV Function Module:

 These are part of Normal Function Module
 Has they improves performance of a programming so they are separated from Normal
Function Modules

Function Group:
 It is a collection of identical objects
 Without Function Group you cannot create a Function Module
 In one Function Group we can maintain 99 Function Modules
 Apart from this SAP providing more than 120000 Function Modules which are
surrounding more than 10000 Function Modules

Syntax:
CALL FUNCTION ‘<FUNCTION MODULE NAME>’. ------ calling part (SE38)

FUNCTION <FUNCTION MODULE NAME>.

-------------
------------- ------- definition part (SE37)
ENDFUNCTION.

Function Module Interface:

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SAP-ABAP 98
These are Parameters which are pass & return from a Function Module

Types of Function Module Interfaces:

1. Exporting
2. Importing
3. Tables
4. Changing

Exporting:
These are Variables (or) Field Groups which are pass to a Function Module in order to perform
a task

Importing:
Function Modules always returns a value via Importing Parameters

Tables:
These are Internal Tables

Changing:
In latest versions Table Parameters are replaced by Changing

Note:
1. Exporting & Importing Parameters works based on Pass by Value
2. Tables & Changing Parameters works based on Pass by Reference

Steps for Create Function Module:

1. Work with SE80 (create Function Group)
2. Work with SE37 (create Function Module based on Function Group)
3. Work with SE38 (call Function Module)

Step-1:
 Go to SE80
 Under Test Repository select Function Group
 Provide Function Group name: ZCAL_GR
 Enter, Yes
 Provide Short Text: Function Group for Calculations
 Select Save, Local Object

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SAP-ABAP 99
Step-2:
 Go to SE37
 Function Module: ZCALC_MOD
 Create
 Function Group: ZCAL_GR
 Short Text: Function Module for Calculations
 Enter, Enter
 Import tab
Parameter Name Typing Associated Type
X TYPE I
Y TYPE I
 Export tab
Parameter Name Typing Associated Type
Z TYPE I
 Exception tab
Exception Short Text
No_Data Wrong Calculation

 Source Code tab

z = x + y.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
RAISE No_Data.
ENDIF.

 Activate Function Module (F8)

Step-3:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZCALC_CALL_SUM
 Create
 Title: Function Module for Calculations
 Type: Executable Program
 Save, Local Object

PARAMETERS: a TYPE I,
b TYPE I.

DATA c TYPE I.

* calling function module

CALL FUNCTION ‘ZCALC_MOD’.
EXPORTING.
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SAP-ABAP 100
x = a.
y = b.
(or)
IMPORTING.
z = c.
 Select Pattern option
 Call Function: ZCALC_MOD

WRITE:/ ‘The Addition is:’, c.

Working with Standard Function Module:

 Go to SE37
 Function Module: HR_RU_AGE_YEARS (standard function module name)
 Select F8
PERNR: 1000 --------- employee number
BSDTE: 18.9.2014 -------- To days date
 Select F8

Assignment:
Accept a number as input say 3900 & the Function Module should return the same number in
figures say Three Thousand and Nine Hundred

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SAP-ABAP 101
Include Program:
Include Program’s memory is available to any ABAP work bench tool
Example:
INCLUDE ZNC1
WRITE:/ ‘work’.

INCLUDE ZNC2
INCLUDE ZNC1.
WRITE:/ ‘hard’.

REPORT ZNC3
INCLUDE ZNC2.

Note:
Include Program is a program (or) reusable program without any Parameters

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Field Symbol:
 Field Symbol is analog to pointer concept in ‘C’ language
 It holds Reference of other Variables & returns Value stored in the Reference

Note:
Using Field Symbol you can improve performance of a program
Example:

 Go to SE38
 Program: ZMM_FIELDSYMBOL
 Create
 Title: Field Symbols
 Type: Executable Program
 Save, Local Object

TABLES: LFA1.
INCLUDE ZVEND_DECC.

 Double click on ZVEND_DECC

 Yes, Yes, Enter

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAM TITLE text-000.

SELECT-OPTIONS: s_lifnr FOR LFA1-lifnr,
s_land1 FOR LFA1-land1.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_lfa1,

lifnr TYPE lifnr,
land1 TYPE land1,
name1 TYPE name1,
ort01 TYPE ort01,
pstlz TYPE pstlz,
stras TYPE stras,
END OF ty_lfa1.

FIELD-SYMBLOS <l_fs> TYPE ty_lfa1.

DATA it_lfa1 TYPE TABLE OF ty_lfa1.

PERFORM get_data.
PERFORM display_data.
FORM get_data.
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SELECT lifnr land1 name1 ort01 pstlz stras INTO TABLE it_lfa1
FROM LFA1
WHERE lifnr IN s_lifnr
AND land1 IN s_land1.
ENDFORM.
FORM display_data.
LOOP AT it_lfa1 ASSIGNING <l_fs>.
WRITE:/10 <l_fs>-lifnr,
30 <l_fs>-land1,
50 <l_fs>-name1,
70 <l_fs>-ort01,
90 <l_fs>-pstlz,
110 <l_fs>-stras,
ENDLOOP.
ENDFORM.

Note:
Nowadays most of the companies are using Field Symbols instead of Work area

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19-09-2014
FOR ALL ENTRIES keyword:
Using FOR ALL ENTRIES you can fetch common data between two tables

Syntax:
SELECT <field1> <field2>……… FROM <database table> INTO TABLE
<internal table> FOR ALL ENTRIES IN <database internal table> WHERE
<condition>

Example:
Segment wise Materials Details

Input:
1. Material Code
2. Material Type
3. Material Group
4. Division

Output:
Material Code Material Description Segment Description

Processing Logic:
1. Get Matnr Spart fields from MARA table based on input
2. Pass Spart field of MARA table to TSPAT table & get Vtext field where Spras field EQ
to ‘EN’
3. Pass Matnr field of MARA table to MAKT table & get Maktx field where Spars field
EQ to ‘EN’

Solution:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZMM_SEGMENTWISE_MATERIALS
 Create
 Title: Segment wise Materials Details
 Save, Local Object

* providing tables work area

TABLES: MARA.

* providing input selection screen

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-000.
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_mtart FOR MARA-mtart,
s_matnr FOR MARA-matnr,
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s_matkl FOR MARA-matkl,
s_spars FOR MARA-spars.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

* creating structure for MARA table

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_mara,
matnr TYPE matnr,
spart TYPE spart,
END OF ty_mara.

* creating structure for MAKT table

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_makt,
matnr TYPE matnr,
maktx TYPE maktx,
END OF ty_makt.

* creating structure for TSPAT table

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_tspat,
spart TYPE spart,
vtext TYPE vtext,
END OF ty_tspat.

* creating structure for FINAL output

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_final,
matnr TYPE matnr,
maktx TYPE maktx,
vtext TYPE vtext,
END OF ty_makt.

* creating work areas & internal tables

DATA: wa_mara TYPE ty_mara,
wa_makt TYPE ty_makt,
wa_tspat TYPE ty_tspat,
wa_final TYPE ty_final,
it_mara TYPE TABLE OF ty_mara,
it_makt TYPE TABLE OF ty_makt,
it_tspat TYPE TABLE OF ty_tspat,
it_final TYPE TABLE OF ty_final.

* calling Subroutines
PERFORM get_mara.
PERFORM get_makt.
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PERFORM get_tspat.
PERFORM combine_data.
PERFORM display_data.

* getting matnr & spart from MARA table by comparing with input
FORM get_mara.

SELECT matnr spart FROM MARA INTO TABLE it_mara

WHERE matnr IN s_matnr
AND matkl IN s_matkl
AND spart IN s_spart.

IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
MESSAGE ‘Enter Valid Input’ TYPE ‘E’ DISPLAY LIKE ‘I’.
LEAVE LIST-PROCESSING.
ENDIF.

ENDFORM.

* getting spart & vtext from TSPAT table by comparing spart of TSPAT with spart of MARA
FORM get_tspat.

IF NOT it_mara IS INITIAL.

SELECT spart vtext FROM TSPAT INTO TABLE it_tspat
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN it_mara
WHERE spart = it_mara-spart
AND spars EQ ‘EN’.
ENDIF.

ENDFORM.

* getting matnr & maktx from MAKT table by comparing matnr of MAKT with matnr of
MARA
FORM get_makt.

IF NOT it_mara IS INITIAL.

SELECT matnr maktx FROM MAKT INTO TABLE it_makt

FOR ALL ENTRIES IN it_mara
WHERE matnr = it_mara-matnr
AND spars EQ ‘EN’.
ENDIF.
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ENDFORM.

* combining required fields i.e. matnr, maktx & vtext

FORM combine_data.

LOOP AT it_mara INTO wa_mara.

wa_final-matnr = wa_mara-matnr.

READ TABLE it_makt INTO wa_makt WITH KEY matnr = wa_mara-matnr.

wa_final-maktx = wa_makt-maktx.

READ TABLE it_tspat INTO wa_tspat WITH KEY spart = wa_mara-spart.

wa_final-vtext = wa_tspat-vtext.

APPEND wa_final TO it_final.

ENDLOOP.

ENDFORM.

* displaying output
FORM display-data.
LOOP AT it_final INTO wa_final.
AT FIRST.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
10 ‘Material Code’,
30 ‘Material Description’,
60 ‘Segment Description’,
135 SY-VLINE.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
ENDAT.

FORMAT COLOR COL_GROUP INTENSIFIED OFF.

NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
WRITE:/ SY-VLINE,
10 wa_final-matnr,
30 wa_final-maktx,
60 wa_final-vtext,
135 SY-VLINE.
NEW-LINE.ULINE AT 1(135).
ENDLOOP.
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ENDFORM.

20-09-2014
Pitfalls of FOR ALL ENTRIES: (Drawbacks)
1. Before applying FOR ALL EMTRIES it is mandatory to check whether base internal
table is having data (or) not
If you are not checking,
Assume if base internal table is completely empty then it will fetch all records from
database table
2. It act as a SELECT DISTINCT (It removes duplicate set of records from an internal
table)
Example:
BSEG Table
belnr hkgnt
1000 301011
301012
301012 ---- These records will be removed
301012
301013
301014
3. If base internal table is too large there will be performance degration

Note:
In real time always use
1. INNER JOINS for extracting common data between two tables
2. FOR ALL ENTRIES for extracting & combining multiple tables records

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MARA Table:
It holds Material Master Data

Fields:
1. Matnr -------- Material Number
2. Ersda --------- Date of Creation
3. Ernam -------- Person who Created that Material
4. Mtart --------- Material Type
5. Mbrsg -------- Industry Key
6. Matkl --------- Material Group
7. Bismt --------- Old Material Number
8. Miens --------- Unit of Measurement
9. Brgew -------- Gross Weight
10.Ntgew -------- Net Weight
11.Spart ---------- Division Code

MAKT Table:

It holds Material Description Details

Fields:
1. Matnr -------- Material Number
2. Spras -------- Language Key
3. Maktx ------- Material Description

TSPAT Table:
It holds Division Description Details

Fields:
1. Spras --------- Language Key
2. Spart --------- Division Code
3. Vtext --------- Division Description

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SD Module:
Sales & Distribution Module

Departments in SD Module:
1. Marketing
2. Excise
3. Billing
4. Finance part of SD

Process Flow:
Inquiry

Quotation

Sales Order

Delivery

Excise Invoice

Invoice

FI Module

T Codes & Tables:

Inquiry:
Tcodes: VA11, VA12, VA13
Tables: VBAK, VBAP
Note: The key field is vbeln

Quotation:
Tcodes: VA21, VA22, VA23
Tables: VBAK, VBAP
Note: The key field is vbeln

Sales Order:
Tcodes: VA01, VA02, VA03
Tables: VBAK, VBAP
Note: The key field is vbeln

Delivery:
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Tcodes: Vl01N, VL02N, VL03N
Tables: LIKP, LIPS
Note: The key field is vbeln (Delivery Number)

Excise Invoice:
Tcodes: J1IS, J1IEX, J1ID
Tables: J_1IEXCHDR, J_1IEXCDTL, J_1IMOCUST
Note: The key field is exnum

Invoice:
Tcodes: VF01, VF02, VF03
Tables: VBRK, VBRP
Note: The key field is vbeln (Invoice Number)

Other Tables:
VBKD, VBFA, VBPA, VBUK, VBUV, KONV, KONR

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String Operations:
1. SHIFT
2. TRANSLATE
3. REPLACE
4. STRLEN
5. OFFSET FUNCTIONALITY
6. SPLIT
7. CONCATINATE
8. CONDENSE

SHIFT keyword:
It shifts a specific string to left (or) right side by deleting required options in a particular string

Syntax-1:
SHIFT <string> LEFT DELETING LEADING <option>
Syntax-2:
SHIFT <string> RIGHT DELETING TRAILING <option>

Example: ‘000001000’----------- 1000

DATA: str(10) TYPE C VALUE ‘000001000’.
SHIFT str LEFT DELETING LEADING ‘0’ .
WRITE:/ str.
Output: 1000
Note:
Size of the string variable must be equal to given string

TRANSLATE keyword:
It converts the case of a particular string from lower to upper and vice-versa

Syntax-1:
TRANSLATE str TO UPPER CASE
Syntax-2:
TRANSLATE str TO LOWER CASE

Example: SATYA--------satya
DATA: str(10) TYPE C VALUE ‘SATYA’.
TRANSLATE str TO LOWER CASE.
WRITE:/ str
Output:
satya

REPLACE keyword:
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It replaces a string with another string based on requirement

Syntax:
REPLACE <string1> WITH <string2> INTO <final string>

Example: rupees-------dollars
DATA: str(30) TYPE C VALUE ‘one thousand rupees’.
REPLACE ‘rupees’ WITH ‘dollars’ INTO str.
WRITE:/ str.
Output:
one thousand dollars

STRLEN keyword:
It returns length of a string

Syntax:
n = STRLEN ( str ).
Where n is Integer Variable

Example:
DATA: str(10) TYPE C VALUE ‘satya’,
n TYPE I.
n = STRLEN ( str ).
WRITE:/ n.
Output:
5

OFFSET FUNCTIONALITY keyword:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --------offset
A B C D E F G H

1. st = str + 2 ( 1 ). --------output------ C
2. st = str + 4 ( 2 ). --------output------ EF

SPLIT keyword:
It splits a single string based on special charectors

Syntax:
SPLIT <string> AT <special charector> INTO <stirng1> <string2> <string3>…..

Example:
DATA: str(10) TYPE C VALUE ‘cool-drink’,
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str1(10) TYPE C,
str2(10) TYPE C.
SPLIT str AT ‘-’ INTO str1 str2.
WRITE:/ str1,
str2.
Output:
cool
drink

CONCATENATE keyword:
It concatenates two (or) more than two strings into a final string

Syntax:
CONCATENATE <str1> <str2> <str3> INTO <final string> SAPARATED BY
<special character>.

Example-1:
DATA: data(10) TYPE C.
CONCATENATE SY-DATUM + 6(2) SY-DATUM + 4(2) SY-DATUM + 0(4) INTO
date SAPARATED BY ‘.’.
WRITE:/ date.
Output:
20.09.2014

Example-2:
DATA: year(4),
mon(2),
day(2),
date(10).
year = SY-DATUM + 0(4).
mon = SY-DATUM + 4(2).
day = SY-DATUM + 6(2).
CONCATENATE day mon year INTO date SAPARATED BY ‘.’.
WRITE:/ date.
Output:
20.09.2014

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CONDENSE keyword:
It combines a specific string by removing gaps between them

Syntax:
CONDENSE <string> NO-GAPS.

Example:
DATA: str(20) TYPE C VALUE ‘satya narayana’.
CONDENSE str NO-GAPS.
WRITE:/ str.
Output:
satyanarayana

Assignment:
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

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Looping Statements:
Branching:
a. Conditional Statements
b. Unconditional Statements

Conditional Statements:
1. IF…………ENDIF.

Sytax-1:
IF <condition>.
Do this
ENDIF.

Sytax-2:
IF <condition>.
Do this
ELSE.
Do this
ENDIF.

Sytax-3:
IF <condition>.
Do this
ELSE IF <condition>
Do this
ELSE.
Do this
ENDIF.

Note:
Use ELSE IF condition only a single condition is true

2. CASE…………..ENDCASE

Syntax:
CASE <expression>.
WHEN <exp1>.
Do this
WHEN <exp2>.
Do this
……….
……….
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SAP-ABAP 117
WHEN OTHERS.
Do this
ENDCASE.

3. WHILE statement:
Syntax:
WHILE <condition>
----------
----------
ENDWHILE.

Unconditional Statements:
1. DO…………….ENDDO.
Syntax-1:
DO.
---------
---------
ENDDO.

Syntax-2:
DO <n> TIMES.
---------
---------
ENDDO.

Syntax-3:
DO <n> TIMES VARYING <expression> FROM <m> NEXT <n>.
---------
---------
ENDDO.

Operators:
a. Logical Operators
b. Relational Operators

Logical Operators:
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT

Relational Operators:
1. GT----- >
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SAP-ABAP 118
2. LT ----- <
3. GE ---- >=
4. LE ---- <=
5. NE ------ <>
6. EQ ------ =

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SAP-ABAP 119
CONTINUE keyword:
Whenever CONTINUE is executed it terminates the current LOOP pass & returns the control
to next LOOP pass

Example:
DATA rem TYPE I.
DO 20 TIMES.
rem = SY-INDEX MOD 2.
IF rem NE 0.
CONTINUE.
ENDIF.
WRITE:/ SY-INDEX.--------- current LOOP pass number
ENDDO.

Output:
2 4 6 8 …………………… 20

CHECK keyword:
If check expression is true it will allows the remaining LOOP pass else it will terminates the
current loop pass

Syntax:
CHECK <expression>.

Example:
DATA rem TYPE I.
DO 20 TIMES.
rem = SY-INDEX MOD 2.
CHECK rem = 2.
WRITE:/ SY-INDEX.--------- current LOOP pass number
ENDDO.

22-09-2014
EXIT keyword:
When the keyword EXIT is executed the whole loop will be terminated

Example:
DATA: n TYPE I VALUE 10.
DO n TIMES.
IF SY-INDEX >= n.
EXIT.
ENDIF.
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WRITE:/ SY-INDEX.
ENDDO.

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SAP-ABAP 121
Mathematical Operations:
Ex: 5.55
1. FRAC -------- 0.55
2. CEIL --------- 6.0
3. FLOOR ----- 5.0
4. SIGN -------- 1 (+)
5. ABS --------- 5.55 (always returns only positive value)
6. TRUNC ---- 5.0
Ex: 6 / 2
7. REM -------- 0
8. DIV --------- 3
9. MOD ------- 0

FRAC:
It returns fraction part from a decimal value

CEIL:
It returns highest value in existing decimal value

FLOOR:
It returns lowest value from a particular decimal value

SIGN:
It returns the signature (positive (or) negative) from a particular numeric value

ABS:
It returns absolute value from a numeric value

TRUNC:
It truncates (removes) decimal part from a numeric value

REM (or) MOD:

These returns remainder

DIV:
It returns devisor
Example:
DATA: n TYPE P DECIMALS 2 VALUE ‘5.55’,
m TYPE P DECIMALS 2.
m = FRAC(n). WRITE:/ m
m = TRUNC(n). WRITE:/ m
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m = CEIL(n). WRITE:/ m
m = FLOOR(n). WRITE:/ m
m = ABS(n). WRITE:/ m
m = SIGN(n). WRITE:/ m

Question: What is the difference between SY-TABIX & SY-INDEX?

Answer:
SY-TABIX returns current loop pass for Internal Tables
i.e. LOOP………..ENDLOOP
SY-INDEX returns current loop pass other than LOOP……….ENDLOOP
i.e. DO…………..ENDDO.
WHILE……………ENDWHILE.

Assignments:
1. Formats
a. 1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

b. *
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

c. *
* * *
* * * * *
* * * * * * *

2. Write a program to print prime numbers between 1 to 100?

3. Write a program to accept two numbers and returns HCF & LCM of that numbers?
4. Accept a string and check whether it is palindrome (or) not?

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SAP-ABAP 123
SAP and ABAP Memory:
ABAP Memory:
 Transferring data between two programs is done using ABAP memory
 Transferring data from ABAP report to other Standard Application is done by using SAP
memory

Export Import Functionality:

ZExport ZImport
S_matnr to S_matnr to
S_werks to S_werks to
S_budat to SUBMIT ZExport
SELECT……………. WITH matnr IN S_matnr
……………………. WITH werks IN S_werks
Exporting list to memory and return
EXPORT it TO MEMORY IMPORT it FROM MEMORY ID ‘material’.
ID ‘material’.

Question: Explain why you written Export Import Functionality in your real time?
Answer:
 The above functionality is for reusability
 Sometimes we needs to write a logic which already provided by a program
 Instead of writing the same program from beginning you can use the above functionality
for getting the data from other programs

 I written a program for calculating Ageing for Materials

 In that I need to get Closing Stack of a material which is already provided by a standard
report MB5B
 I simply passed input parameters from my Z-program to MB5B using SUBMIT
keyword
 In MB5B I written logic for Exporting data to my Z-program & I Imported data using
IMPORT keyword to my Z-program

Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: YIMPORT_PROG
 Create
 Title: Import Program
 Type: Executable Program
 Save, Local Object

TABLES: EKPO.

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SAP-ABAP 124
SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-000.
SELECT-OPTIONS: s_matnr FOR EKPO-matnr,
s_werks FOR EKPO-werks.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_ekpo,

ebeln TYPE ebeln,
matnr TYPE matnr,
menge TYPE menge_D,
netpr TYPE netpr,
END OF ty_ekpo.

DATA: wa_ekpo TYPE ty_ekpo,

It_ekpo TYPE TABLE OF ty_ekpo.

SUBMIT YEXPORT_PROG WITH matnr IN s_matnr

WITH werks IN s_werks
EXPORTING LIST TO MEMORY AND RETURN.

IMPORT it_ekpo FROM MEMORY ID ‘matt’.

LOOP AT it_ekpo INTO wa_ekpo.

WRITE:/10 wa_ekpo-ebeln,
30 wa_ekpo-matnr,
60 wa_ekpo-menge,
90 wa_ekpo-netpr.
ENDLOOP.

 Double click on YEXPORT_PROG

 Yes
 Remove With Top INCL check box
 Enter, Enter, Enter

TABLES: EKPO.

SELECTION-SCREEN: BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-000.

SELECT-OPTIONS: s_matnr FOR EKPO-matnr,
s_werks FOR EKPO-werks.
SELECTION-SCREEN: END OF BLOCK b1.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_ekpo,

ebeln TYPE ebeln,
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SAP-ABAP 125
matnr TYPE matnr,
menge TYPE menge_D,
netpr TYPE netpr,
END OF ty_ekpo.

DATA it_ekpo TYPE TABLE OF ty_ekpo.

SELECT ebeln matnr menge netpr FROM EKPO INTO TABLE it_ekpo
WHERE matnr IN s_matnr
AND werks IN s_werks.

EXPORT it_ekpo TO MEMORY ID ‘matt’.

Output:
Execute IMPORT_PROG
s_matnr 100-100 to 100-500
s_werks 1000 to 1100

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SAP-ABAP 126
23-09-2014
Support Project:
 In Support Project End user will raise Tickets (Issues) based on priority
 Issues are directly raised by End user in Production Client which are automatically
updated to Solution Manager
 Solution Manager is a free Ticketing Tool given by SAP for raising tickets
 Help Desk people from Consulting Company will receive the Tickets & forward it to
respective Functional Consultants based on priority
 If the issue is Functional (related to Application, Customizing Issue……….etc) then
Functional Consultant will resolve it
 If the issue is Technical (related to Programming, Enhancement…….etc) then
Functional Consultant will prepare Functional Document & forward it to Technical
Consultant (ABAPER)
 Based on Functional Document ABAPER will create Technical Document & forward it
to Team Leader for approval
 If everything is fine ABAPER will develop the Object in Development Client
 Once the Object is developed then series of Testing will done by ABAPER, Functional
Consultant & End user
 Finally after final testing by End user the Object is transported to Production System
with the help of Basis Consultant

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SAP-ABAP 127
System Landscape:
 It is also known as Correction & Transportation System (CTS)
 In real time End user will raise issues which are received by Functional Consultant
 For Technical Issues Functional Consultant will prepare Functional Document & based
on that Technical Consultant will prepare Technical Document
 Technical Consultant will forward Technical Document to Team Leader who will
approve it
 Objects are developed in Development Client
 While creating Objects system will prompt you for to save the object
 In real time Objects are always saved in a Package
 Once Objects are saved system will generate Request Numbers (Main Request Number
& Sub Request Number)
 Objects are always stored in Sub Request Number
 Once Object is developed based on coding standards you should release Request
Numbers in SE10
 Then you should forward a mail to Basis Consultant for transporting Transport Request
(TR) numbers from Development Client to Quality Client
 In Quality Server testing is done by ABAPER, Functional Consultant, End user
 If everything is fine again you will forward a mail to Basis Consultant to transport the
TR Numbers from Quality Server to Production Server

Important Points to Remember:

1. In real time you will receive tickets from FC. If you are working in Client Place you
will get Tickets directly from End user
2. Before creating TD you gather the same from your TL
3. In Development Client Objects are created & modified. Testing is not possible here as
recent data not available here (only test data is available)
Note:
Never discus with an interviewer that your Development Client is 800. It is always other than
800 i.e. 100, 200, 300,………….

4. Quality Server is meant for testing. Here recent data (10 days back) is available
5. Production Server is Live Server in real time. It holds live data of a company. Day to
day activities of a company are maintained (or) stored in Production Server
6. Only Development Client is in change mode. Quality & Production Clients are always
in display mode
7. In real time as an ABAPER you can access Development & Quality Clients
8. End user can access Quality & Production Clients
9. FC can access any of these Clients
10.Package is a collection of Objects. In real time we are not creating any package.
Throughout the life time in a company we are working with a single package
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SAP-ABAP 128
11.Objects are always stored in Sub Request Number is transported from one client to
another
12.In real time Basis Consultant is responsible for transporting Request Numbers from one
client to another
13.Once a Request Number is released (or) transported system will prompt you for a new
Request Number
14.In real time as a TC we have to work with Work Bench Request. FC will work with
Customizing Request
15.Request Numbers are always forwarded from Development to Quality & Quality to
Production Clients
Note:
Reverse transportation of a Request Number is not possible under any circumstances in SAP

16.In real time all the issues are posted in Production System & Threads are updated in
Solution Manager
17.E071 is a standard table which holds all Objects & their Request Numbers history
18.In real time our job to create Object & release the Request Number in SE10
19.In real time different companies are having different System Landscapes. In some
companies there will 1 Development & 3 Testing Clients & in some 1 Development & 1
Testing Client & in some companies Development & Quality Clients are Cross Clients
20.In Quality Server only 85% to 90% of testing is done as it holds recent data. If you want
to test the live data you have to work with Production Server

24-09-2014
Steps in System Landscape:
1. Work with SE80 (create a Package)
2. Work with SE38 (create a Program)
3. Work with SE10 (release Sub Request Number, release Main Request Number)

Step-1:
 Go to SE80
 Select Package option
 Provide Package name: ZABAP
 Yes
 Short Description: New Package
 Save
(OR)
 Go to SE11
 Provide Database Table name: V_TDEVC
 Select Display option
 Select Contents option
 Select Package option
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SAP-ABAP 129
 Provide Package name: ZABAP
 Short Description: New Package
 Save

Step-2:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZDEMO_PACKAGE
 Create
 Title: Package Program
 Type: Executable Program
 Save
 Package: ZABAP
 Save (Enter)
Note:
1. By default you may find a Request Number. The Request Number belongs to some
other ABAPER
2. Never select Enter option on that pop-up

 Select Create Request (F8)

 Short Description: HR/ABAP: Employee Details Report (24.09.2014)
 Enter
 Enter

WRITE:/ ‘Welcome to ABAP’.

 Activate program (Ctrl+F3)

Step-3:
 Go to SE10
 Select Work Bench Request
 Under Request Status, select Modifiable check box & deselect Released check box
 Select Display option
 Expand Main Request Number
 Select Sub Request Number
 Select Truck Symbol (F9)
 Select Main Request Number
 Select Truck Symbol (F9)
 Go to Back (F3)
 Select Released check box & deselect Modifiable check box
 Select Display option
Note:

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Up to here you have to perform in real time, from here you have to send a mail to your Basis
Consultant for transporting TR-Number from Development Client to Quality Client

 Once the Request Number is transported from Development Client to Quality Client as
a TC now you have to login to Quality Server & test the Object
 If it is fine now you will send a mail to your FC to test the same
 If it is fine FC will update the Tread in Solution Manager to test the Object
 Similarly End user will perform final testing in Quality Server

Note:
Always store identical Objects in one Request Number & different Objects in different
Request Numbers

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Version Management:
 Using Version Management you can get the history of a program with Request
Numbers, User name, Date of creation & change
 It is highly useful to programmer if requires to retrieve old version instead of current
version

Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZDEMO
 Select Utilities ----------- Versions ------ Version Management

Ques: How you can store an Object from Local Object to existing Package?
Ans:
 Go to SE38
 Program: name which is stored in Local object
 Select Goto ---- Object Directory Entry
 Select Change option
 Package: ZABAP
 Save

Ques: How you can delete an Object from existing Request Number?
Ans:
 Go to SE11
 Database Table: E071
 Display
 Contents option
 Object Name; program name (ZDEMO)
 Execute (F8)

 Go to SE10
 Select Display
 Expand Main Request Number
 Expand Sub Request Number
 Expand Program option
 Select your program
 Select Delete option
 You will find a message, Enter
 Yes

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Sub Objects in ABAP Editor:
1. Source Code
2. Variants
3. Attributes
4. Documentation
5. Text Elements

Source Code:
It is nothing but source code of a program

Attributes:
It specifies attributes of a program (Title, Type, Date of creation & Change,………..etc)

Documentation:
Using this option you can provide documentation for a program
Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZDEMO
 Documentation
 Change
 Provide Purpose: The report is displaying segment wise materials details
 Provide Integration: No
 Provide Prerequisites: s_matnr
s_werks
 Save

Text Elements:
Using Text Elements you can maintain Labels (or) Selection Screen Fields
Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZDEMO
 Text Elements
 Change
 Selection Text
Name Text
s_matnr Material Code
s_werks Plant
 Activate

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Variants:
 Using Variants you can provide default input values for a Selection Screen
 In background scheduling report, the reports are executed automatically by system in
background. For such reports the input values are supplied by using Variants
Example:
 Go to SE38
 Program: ZDEMO
 Variants
 Change
 Variant: ZVAR
 Create
 Enter input values
i.e. 100-100 to 100-500
fart
 Select Attribute option (F6)
 Meaning: Variant Creation
 Save
 Run the report
 Select Get Variant option
 Double click on variant name (ZVAR)

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ABAP-EDITOR
Interview Questions & Answers:
1Q: What is ERP?
Ans: ERP is a package under which all the business resources are integrated in one system

2Q: When did ABAP Consultant meets Clients?

Ans:
 ABAP Consultant will not meet Clients
 Only Functional Consultant will meets Clients
 ABAP Consultant only meets Functional Consultant

3Q: What are the Services in R/3 Architecture?

Ans: There are 9 services in R/3 Architecture
1. Dialog service
2. Update service
3. Spool service
4. Background service
5. En-Queue service
6. Message service
7. Gateway service
8. SAP GUI front end service
9. Database service

4Q: Where you can also execute programs other than ABAP Editor (SE38)?
Ans: We can also execute programs in Object Navigator (SE80)

5Q: What is the default Data type in ABAP Programming?

Ans: Character (C)

6Q: What are the SAP provided Business Data types?

Ans: QUAN, CURR, NUME

7Q: What is : operator in ABAP programming?

Ans: It is called Chain Operator. It is for repeating Declarative Part

8Q: Which file is generated by system when you execute the program?
Ans: SAPGUI.EXE file

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9Q: What is purpose of Activating the Objects?
Ans:
 To store the Objects in Database Server
 To integrate the Objects with each other
 To debug & transport the objects

10Q: What is the T Code for Debugging?

Ans: /H

11Q: How many sessions you can open simultaneously in SAP?

Ans: 6 sessions

12Q: What is the use of Internal Table in SAP?

Ans: For storing different types of application data from different tables at one place

13Q: What is the difference between Database table & Internal table?
Ans: Database Table Internal Table
4. It is created in Database Server ------- 1. It is created in Application Server
5. It holds data permanently ------- 2. It holds data temporarily
6. It holds only specific type of data ----- 3. It holds data of different tables of at one place

14Q: What is the default comparison operator for SELECT-OPTIONS?

Ans: ‘IN’

15Q: What is the default comparison operator for PARAMETERS?

Ans: ‘EQ’

16Q: What is the default order of SORT?

Ans: ASCENDING

17Q: What is difference between APPEND & COLLECT?

Ans:
 APPEND keyword appends the record from Work Area to Body (always to next line in
an Internal Table)
 COLLECT keyword performs append job if the record fails to exist in the Body
 If already records exists it adds all Numeric Values on right side of Character Field
inside the Body

18Q: When you will use COLLECT keyword in real time?

Ans: Whenever I will get a requirement for providing consolidated totals based on Customers,
Vendors, Materials,………etc
19Q: Suppose there are more than two Character Fields then what is the roll of COLLECT
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keyword?
Ans: If there are more than two Character Fields it will collect the data (adds) only when both
the Character Fields are same

20Q: What is difference between APPEND & MODIFY keywords?

Ans:
 APPEND always appends record to Internal Table (if record exists (or) not)
 MODIFY always modifies (adds field value) only if record exists in an Internal Table

21Q: When you will prefer MODIFY keyword in ABAP programming?

Ans: When all the data in an Internal Table is filled and a new field value is required to be
added in an Internal Table

22Q: What will happen if CLEAR is providing before Work Area & the same CLEAR is
provided in after Work Area?
Ans:
 If CLEAR is provided before Work Area data so nothing is transferred from Work Area
to Virtual Page (hence no output)
 If CLEAR is provided after Work Area, data is transferred from Work Area to Virtual
Page then Work Area is cleared (hence you will find output)

23Q: What is difference between SUM & COLLECT keyword?

Ans:
 COLLECT keyword is applicable with in LOOP………ENDLOOP without usage of
Control Break Statements
 COLLECT keyword performs totals inside internal body based on one (or) more than
one Character Fields
 SUM keyword performs totals only on Single Character Field for Control Break
Statements & places the values in Work Area
 COLLECT keyword works outside LOOP………ENDLOOP also where as SUM can be
applied only within LOOP…….ENDLOOP

24Q: What is default Internal Table in SAP?

Ans: Standard Table

25Q: What is the prefix for System Variables?

Ans: SY

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INTERNAL TABLES

1Q : How to delete duplicates from an internal table?

Ans:
 To delete all duplicate entries from a sorted internal table (e.g. just after SORT), you can
use the DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES FROM i_tab statement.
 You can use the COMPARING addition to limit the fields that are used to test for
duplicate entries
Ex: SORT i_tab by matnr werks logort.
DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES FROM i_tab COMPARING matnr werks.

All duplicates with same combination of matnr and werks will be deleted

2Q : What are types of internal tables?

Ans:
There are three types of Internal Tables exist
1. Standard Internal Tables:
 These tables have a linear index and can be accessed using the index or the key.
 The response time is in linear relationship with number of table entries.
 These tables are useful when user wants to address individual table entries using the
index.

2. Sorted Internal Tables:

 These tables also have an index and the key.
 But, the response time is in logarithmic relationship with number of table entries, since
it uses binary search algorithm instead of linear search.
 These tables are useful when user wants the table to be sorted while additional entries
have to be added.

3. Hashed Internal Tables:

 These tables have no index, but have the key.
 The response time is constant irrespective of number of table entries, since it uses a
Hash algorithm.
 These tables are useful when user wants to access the entries with key only.

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3Q : What is the size of internal table?
Ans:
 The size of the internal tables is set using the 'OCCURS n' clause.
 Here ‘n’ refers to a integer number that specifies the size.
 Usually it given as 'OCCURS 0' which creates an internal table with the memory space
of 8kb.
 The size of the internal table is the product of width and number of lines of the internal
table. We can set the estimated number of lines of internal table in the OCCURS
parameter.
 When first table entry is filled the runtime system allocates suitable memory to hold the
whole table
 If the memory allocated is not sufficient then again a block of memory is allocated (in
case of number of lines more than estimated lines).
 Therefore the OCCURS parameter does not affect the actual size of the internal table
but the performance of the internal table operations.
 So if you are not able to estimate the lines, then give occurs parameter to zero.
 Then system automatically does it for you.

4Q : What is the effective way of using internal table record?

Ans:
 Create Internal table without Header.
 Do all the internal table operations by Creating Work area.
 This would be the efficient way of coding.
 Don't forget to CLEAR Work area whenever it is required.

5Q : Explain Sorted Tables in Sap internal tables?

Ans:
 This is the most appropriate type if you need a table which is sorted as you fill it.
 You fill sorted tables using the INSERT statement.
 Entries are inserted according to the sort sequence defined through the table key.
 Any illegal entries are recognized as soon as you try to add them to the table.
 The response time for key access is logarithmically proportional to the number of table
entries, since the system always uses a binary search.
 Sorted tables are particularly useful for partially sequential processing in a LOOP if you
specify the beginning of the table key in the WHERE condition.

6Q : What is difference between internal table and structure?

Ans: Internal table holds multiple records and structure holds single record during runtime.

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7Q : What are field groups and internal tables?

Ans:
 Field groups are nothing but a similar type of fields grouped under single name (group)
or grouping of the fields is called field groups.
 Internal tables are stored temp memory/in buffer for the further processing of the fields.

8Q : What is sap internal tables key?

Ans:
 The key identifies table rows.
There are two kinds of key for internal table keys
1. Standard key
2. User- defined key.
 You can specify whether the key should be UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE.
 Internal tables with a unique key cannot contain duplicate entries.
 The uniqueness depends on the table access method.
If a table has a structured line type, its default key consists of all of its non-numerical
columns that are not references or themselves internal tables.
 If a table has an elementary line type, the default key is the entire line. The default key
of an internal table whose line type is an internal table, the default key is empty.
The user-defined key can contain any columns of the internal table that are not
references or themselves internal tables.
 Internal tables with a user-defined key are called key tables. When you define the key,
the sequence of the key fields is significant.
 You should remember this, for example, if you intend to sort the table according to the
key.

9Q : Explain Hashed tables in sap?

Ans:
 This is the most appropriate type for any table where the main operation is key access.
 You cannot access a hashed table using its index.
 The response time for key access remains constant, regardless of the number of table
entries.
 Like database tables, hashed tables always have a unique key.
 Hashed tables are useful if you want to construct and use an internal table which
resembles a database table or for processing large amounts of data.

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10Q: What do mean by table types.
Ans:
 The table type determines how ABAP will access individual table entries.
Internal tables can be divided into three types:
1. Standard tables
 It has an internal linear index.
 From a particular size upwards, the indexes of internal tables are administered as trees.
 In this case, the index administration overhead increases in logarithmic and not linear
relation to the number of lines.
 The system can access records either by using the table index or the key.
 The response time for key access is proportional to the number of entries in the table.
 The key of a standard table is always non-unique.
 You cannot specify a unique key.
 This means that standard tables can always be filled very quickly, since the system does
not have to check whether there are already existing entries.

11Q: What are control levels in internal tables?

Ans:
The control breaks in an Internal Table areControl Levels are of 5 types
1) AT FIRST
2) AT NEW
3) AT END OF
4) AT LAST
5) ON CHANGE OF

12Q: How can you specify internal tables as data objects?

Ans:
 Data objects that are defined either with the data type of an internal table (or) directly as
an internal table, are always fully defined in respect of their line type, key and access
method.
 However, the number of lines is not fixed.
 Thus internal tables are dynamic data objects, since they can contain any number of
lines of a particular type.
 The only restrictions on the number of lines an internal table may contain are the limits
of your system installation.
 The maximum memory that can be occupied by an internal table (including its internal
administration) is 2 GB.
 A more realistic figure is up to 500 MB.
 An additional restriction for hashed tables is that they may not contain more than 2
million entries.

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 The line types of internal tables can be any ABAP data types - elementary, structured, or
internal tables.
 The individual lines of an internal table are called table lines or table entries.
 Each component of a structured line is called a column in the internal table.

13Q: What is generic internal table?

Ans:
 Unlike other local data types in programs, we do not have to specify the data type of an
internal table fully.
 Instead, we can specify a generic construction, that is, the key or key and line type of an
internal table data type may remain unspecified.
 We can use generic internal tables to specify the types of field symbols and the interface
parameters of procedures.
 We cannot use them to declare data objects.

14Q: Explain standard internal tables?

Ans:
 This is the most appropriate type if you are going to address the individual table entries
using the index.
 Index access is the quickest possible access.
 You should fill a standard table by appending lines (ABAP APPEND statement), and
read, modify and delete entries by specifying the index (INDEX option with the relevant
ABAP command).
 The access time for a standard table increases in a linear relationship with the number of
table entries.
 If you need key access, standard tables are particularly useful if you can fill and process
the table in separate steps.
 For example, you could fill the table by appending entries, and then sort it.
 If you use the binary search option with key access, the response time is logarithmically
proportional to the number of table entries.

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15Q: What are internal tables, value tables, check tables, transparent tables?
Ans:
Internal table:
It is a standard data type object, which exists only during the runtime of the program.
Check table:
Check table will be at field level checking.

Value table:
Value table will be at domain level checking
Ex: scarr table is check table for carrid.

Transparent table:
Exists with the same structure both in dictionary as well as in database exactly with the same
data and fields
16Q: Explain choosing a table type in internal table.
Ans : The table type (and particularly the access method) that you will use depends on how the
typical internal table operations will be most frequently executed.

17Q: Explain row type and line type concept?

Ans:
 Line type refers to the structure of an internal table
 Whereas row type is the actual part that contains the data and it refers to the table body
 Creating internal table using line type and row type concept is for reusability purpose.
 Line type and Row type are defined at DDIC LEVEL.

18Q: What is the difference between internal table and work area?
Ans :
 An internal table is a run time instance.
 It get created when program starts execution.
 *It get destroyed when program terminates.
 It has two different parts:
 Header Line (optional)
 Body (Compulsory).
 *Any value that comes to (or) goes from internal table, that travels through header line.

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19Q: Difference between database tables and internal tables?
Ans :
 The basic difference is database tables are stored in DB server
 Internal tables are virtual tables these are created run time only
 Internal tables are created dynamically
 The memory of internal tables is not permanent memory
 For internal tables the memory will be created in the application server and it is external
memory and terminates after the program termination.

20Q: What is the difference between collect and append?

Ans:
 Collect holds summarized data (collect the sums based on name etc)
 Append will appends the data from header line (work area) to body

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DATA DICTIONARY
Interview Questions & Answers:

1Q: Have you ever created a Z-Table? Why explain the requirement?
Ans: Yes, SAP is not providing table for Allowances. Simultaneously SAP is not providing a
table for Transportation Details. Simultaneously in real time we have to create a table for
Customer Mail Ids for sending invoice details………….etc

2Q: Explain difference between Standard Table & Z-Table?

Ans:
 Standard Table is system defined table. It starts with A, B,C,………………….X
 Z-Table is user defined table. It starts with Y (or) Z

3Q: What is the difference between Structure & Table?

Ans: Structure Table
3. It is a collection of fields & it 1. It is a Structure & hold data persistently
Never hold data
4. It can be reuse in other tables 2. It cannot be reuse

4Q: What is the difference between View & Table?

Ans: Table View
3. Having its own fields & data 1. Always created based on other table
4. It holds either master data (or) 2. It holds both master data & transactional data
Transactional data

5 Q: What is the difference between Top-Bottom & Bottom-Top approach of crating tables?
Ans: Top-Bottom:
Table---Data Element----Domain
Bottom-Top:
Domain-----Data Element----Table

6 Q: What is a View? Explain the importance of View?

Ans:
 It is a logical table (virtual table) which is created based on other tables
 It hires Fields & Data from other tables
 It is used to generate reports based on user required fields

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7 Q: What is the difference between Database View & Projection View?
Ans:
 Database View is always created based on two (or) more than two tables having
relationship between them
 Projection View is created based on a single table with specific fields

8 Q: What is the difference between Open SQL statements & Native SQL statements?

Ans: Native SQL Statements:

 These are traditional SQL statements
 With Native SQL Statement request is directly forwarded to Database Server which
processes the request & returns the response
 With Native SQL statement performance of the system is highly degraded
Syntax:
EXEC SQL.
SELECT………………
ENDEXECSQL.

Open SQL Statements:

These are normal SQL statements which are converted to embedded SQL using database
interface which is further passed to Buffer, if data is available in Buffer you will get the
response

9 Q: Explain Buffering & its advantages?

Ans: Buffering is a way of improving performance which accessing data from database.
Whenever you run a program it will make a request to Buffer for data, if it is not available it
will make a request to Database Server which returns response to Buffer & simultaneously to
Program. Next time whenever you run the same program this time it will collect the data
directly from Buffer

10 Q: What are the different types of Tables?

Ans: There are 3 types of tables in SAP
4. Transparent Table
5. Cluster Table
6. Pooled Table

11Q: Mention some Cluster Tables that you are using in real time?
Ans: These tables hold SAP proprietary format data (system data, statistical data, control
data……)
Example: BSEG, KONU

12Q: What is the difference between .INCLUDE & APPEND STRUCTURE?

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Ans:
 Using .INCLUDE you can add a Structure in N no. of tables
 .INCLUDE is best for adding Structure in ZEE tables
 Using APPEND STRUCTURE you can add a Structure only in a single table
 APPEND STRUCTURE is best for adding Structure in Standard Tables

13 Q: How many tables you can reuse a Structure in other tables?

Ans: N number of tables

14 Q: How many times APPEND STRUCTURE can be used by other tables?

Ans: only One time

15 Q: What is Database Utility?

Ans:
 Using Database Utility you can reactivate a table (adjust a table in database)
 The Tcode is SE14
 Sometimes you may find errors when you change the Primary key (or) Domain name, it
Data type…….etc you will find an error Structure Level Changes
 To adjust such errors select Utilities----Database Object---Database Utility
 Scroll down to bottom select Activate and Adjust Database

16 Q: What is the difference between Data Element & Domain?

Ans: Data Element:
Using Data Element you can provide field documentation for a specific field
Conceptually Data Element = Field Lable + Domain

Domain:
It specifies the technical attributes of a field (Data Type & Field Size)

17 Q: What are main functionalities of Domain?

Ans:
 Maintains Data type
 Technical attributes of Fields
 Value Range

18Q: What is Value Range under Domain option?

Ans: Using Value Range you can maintain fixed values and can be called in other programs as
a Search Help
19Q: What is the Search Help? How you can maintain a search to specific field in a table?
Ans: Using search help you can search application data based on given search criteria
Search help works based on F4 function key
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20Q: It is possible to create a field without Data Element?

Ans: Yes, using Predefined Type option
But it is always advisable to create with Data Element only

21Q: What is the difference between Client Dependent Table & Client Independent Table?

Ans:
 A table created without MANDT field is Client Independent table. Client Independent
tables are available in other clients also with data
 A table created with MANDT field is Client Dependant table. Client Dependent tables
are available in other clients also without data

22Q: It is possible to create a table without Primary key?

Ans: No

23Q: What is the difference between Master Data & Transactional Data?
Ans: Master Data:
It is created only once in Client Database & modified very rarely
Example:
Bank Master Data, Customer Master Data, Vendor Master Data, Employee Master Data…etc

Transactional Data:
 It is always created based on Master Data
 It is modified frequently in SAP database
Example:
Purchase Order Data, Sales Order Data………..etc

24Q: Define Data Class & Size Category?

Ans: Data Class:
It is a physical storage location (or) table space where tables are stored ultimately after
activation. It is of 3 types
4. APPL0 (holds master data tables)
5. APPL1 (holds transactional data tables)
6. APPL2 (holds organizational & customizing data related tables)

Size Category:
It specifies the probable space requirement for a table in the database
25Q: What is TMG? What is the need of creating TMG in real time?
Ans:
 Using TMG you can directly Insert, Update, Delete data from a database table

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 In real time for certain requirements when data is not linked with other tables. Data can
be inserted (or) manipulated from table level directly. This can be done by creating a
TMG on that table

26Q: It is possible to create TMG on Standard Tables?

Ans: No, TMG is allowed only for Z-tables

27Q: How you can create List Boxes & Check Boxes in TMG?

Ans: CHK ZCHK_DAT

 Double click on ZCHK_DAT

 Save Yes
 You will find a warning pop-up: Enter
 You will find a pop-up: create data element Yes
 Provide Short Description: Check Box
 Provide Domain: ZCHK_DOMAIN
 Provide Data type: CHAR
 Provide No.of Characters: 1
 Select Value Range tab
FIX VARShort Desciption
X ON
OFF
 Activate the domain (Ctrl+F3)

28Q: How you can provide Default Values such as Date & Time automatically in a table
whenever user select Save option?

Ans: Providing default values using TMG:

 Select Utilities---Table Maintenance Generator
 Provide Authorization Group: &NC&
 Provide Function Group: ZMAIL_GR
 Select Find Scr Number option then press Enter
 Select Create option (F6) then press Enter
 Select Environment option
 Select Modification------Events
 You will find a message- do not make any changes on SAP data then press Enter
 Select New Entries option provide
T Form Routine
05 Create_Entry
 Press Enter
 Under Editor double click
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 You will find a pop-up then press Enter
 You will find a warnings pop-up then press Enter
 Provide code for default values
FORM CREATE_ENTRY.
ZFI_LIMITS-ERDAT = SY-DATUM.
ZFI_LIMITS-UNAME = SY-UNAME.
ZFI_LIMITS-ERTIM = SY-UZETT.
ENDFORM.
 Activate table & go back

29Q: Mention some important Events that you created with TMG?
Ans: CREATE_ENTRY

30Q: What is One Step & Two Step option in TMG?

Ans:
 One Step---By these option we can insert all the records at a time
 Two Step---By these option we can insert one by one record

31Q: Why Function Group is added while creating TMG?

Ans:

32Q: What is Authorization Group & Authorization Object in TMG?

Ans: Authorization Group is for which group of clients can access table
Ex: &NC&

33Q: How will add table values to a request number in ABAP?

Ans:

34Q: What is the difference between SE11 & SE16?

Ans:
 SE11 for creating all Data Dictionary Objects in SAP
 SE16 for just viewing data of specific table. Here manipulation of data is not possible

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35Q: Why it is mandatory to Activate a table in SAP?
Ans:
 To store the Objects in Database Server
 To integrate the Objects with each other
 To debug & transport the objects

36Q: What is Indexing in SAP? What are types of Indexes?

Ans:

37Q: What is Lock Object? Have you created Lock Object?

Ans: No

38Q: What is the difference between Structure & Type Group?

Ans: Structure:
 It is a group of fields
 Physically it will never hold any data
 Structure can be reuse in other programs & other tables
Type Group:
It is a group of Structures

39Q: What is Text Table? What is its significance?

Ans:
 Use text table for storing explanatory texts. For storing such texts it is not advisable to
store in Primary Table
 Text Tables works based on Primary & Foreign key relationship

40Q: How you can add a Field in Standard Table?

Ans: Using Append Structure option

41Q: What are various Dictionary Objects?

Ans:
10.Database Table
11.Structure
12.View
13.Data Element
14.Domain
15.Table Type
16.Type Group
17.Lock Object
18.Search Help
42Q: What is the significance of Data Dictionary in SAP?
Ans:
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 It is also called ABAP Dictionary
 It is a repository of data
 T Code for Data Dictionary is SE11

43Q: Is it possible to create DDL operations directly in SAP?

Ans: No

1Q : What are the layers of data description in R/3?

Ans:
• The external layer.
• The ABAP/4 layer.
• The database layer.

2Q : Define external layer?

Ans:
 The external layer is the plane, at which the user sees and interacts with the data,
 That is, the data format in the user interface.
 This data format is independent of the database system used.

3Q : Define ABAP/4 layer?

Ans: The ABAP/4 layer describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.

4Q : Define Database layer?

Ans: The database layer describes the data formats used in the database.

5Q : What is a Data Class?

Ans: The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in
the database.

6Q : What is a Size Category?

Ans: The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database.

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7Q : How many types of size categories and data classes are there?
Ans:
 There are five size categories (0-4) and
 11 data classes
Only three of size categories are appropriate for application tables:
1. APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated)
2. APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently)
3. APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured
and then rarely changed)

The other two types are:

4. USR
5. USR1 - Intended for customer's own developments.

8Q : What are control tables?

Ans: The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-specific
values via control tables.

9Q : What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?

Ans:
The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes
made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport these changes
between different SAP systems.

10Q: What is a table pool?

Ans :
 A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4
Dictionary.
 The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long argument field
(VARDATA).

11Q: What are pooled tables?

Ans :
 These are logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are defined.
 Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or program
parameters).

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12Q: What is a table cluster?
Ans :

 A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.

 Several logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single
physical record.
 The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a single
common table in the database.

13Q: How can we access the correction and transport system?

Ans :
Each time you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4 Dictionary, you
branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and transport system.

14Q: Which objects are independent transport objects?

Ans :
 Domains,
 Data elements,
 Tables,
 Technical settings for tables,
 Secondary indexes for transparent tables,
 Structures,
 Views,
 Match code objects,
 Match code Ids,
 Lock objects.

15Q: How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer?
Ans : Conversion between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the
database interface.

16Q: How is conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level?
Ans : Conversion between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP dialog
manager DYNP.

17Q: What are the Data types of the external layer?

Ans : ACCP, Char, CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG,
LCHR, LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC.

18Q: What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?

Ans : Possible ABAP/4 data types:
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C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

19Q: How can we set the table spaces and extent sizes?
Ans : You can specify the extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the
database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and data
class.

20Q: What is the function of the correction system?

Ans : The correction system manages changes to internal system components. Such as objects
of the ABAP/4 Dictionary

21Q: What are local objects?

Ans : Local objects (Dev class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.

22Q: What is a Development class?

Ans : Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class.
This enables you to correct and transport related objects as a unit.

23Q: What is a data dictionary?

Ans :
 Data Dictionary is a central source of data in a data management system.
 Its main function is to support the creation and management of data definitions.
It has details about
• What data is contained?
• What are the attributes of the data?
• What is the relationship existing between the various data elements?

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24Q: What functions does a data dictionary perform?
Ans :
In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are
• Management of data definitions.
• Provision of information for evaluation.
• Support for s/w development.
• Support form documentation.
• Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

25Q: What are the features of ABAP/4 Dictionary?

Ans :

The most important features are:

• Integrated to aABAP/4 Development Workbench.
• Active in the runtime environment.

26Q: What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary?
Ans :
The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
• Information on fields displayed with F1 help.
• Possible entries for fields displayed with F4 help.
• Matchcode and help views search utilities.

27Q: What are the basic objects of the data dictionary?

Ans:
• Tables
• Domains
• Data elements
• Structures
• Foreign Keys

28Q: What are the aggregate objects in the data dictionary?

Ans:
• Views
• Match codes
• Lock objects.

29Q: In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying database
(T/F).
Ans: True.

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30Q: ABAP/4 Dictionary contains the Logical definition of the table.
Ans :

31Q: A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to a reference
table and a reference field. Explain.
Ans:
 As a reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or any other
table, which contains a field with the currency key format.
 This field is called as reference field.
 The assignment of the field containing currency amounts to the reference field is made
at runtime.
 The value in the reference field determines the currency of the amount.

32Q: A field containing quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a reference
table and a reference field. Explain?
Ans :
 As a reference table, a system table containing all the valid quantity units is assigned or
any other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity units (data type
UNIT).
 This field is called as reference field.
The assignment of the field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is made at
runtime.
 The value in the reference field determines the quantity unit of the amount.

33Q: What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the data
dictionary)?
Ans:
By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the
database. The technical settings allows us to
• Optimize storage space requirements.
• Table access behavior.
• Buffering required.
• Changes to entries logged.

34Q: What is a Table attribute?

Ans:
The table's attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of
access are allowed for the table.
The most important table attributes are:
• Delivery class.
• Table maintenance allowed.
• Activation type.
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35Q: What is the significance of Delivery Class?

Ans:
• The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for
table maintenance.
• Whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.
• Determines the table type.
• Determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is transported,
and when a client copy is performed.

36Q: What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure.
Ans: Nine.

37Q: What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?

Ans:
• Append Structures and
• Customizing Includes.

38Q: What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure?

Ans:
• In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a statement
include....
• In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates
in the append structure.

39Q: To how many tables can an append structure be assigned.

Ans: One.

40Q: If a table that is to be extended contains a long field, we cannot use append structures
why?
Ans:
 Long fields in a table must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table.
 If a table has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the
table.

41Q: Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster
tables?
Ans: No.

42Q: What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain?

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Ans:
• By specifying fixed values.
• By stipulating a value table.

43Q: Structures can contain data only during the run time of a program (T/F)
Ans: True.

44Q: What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary?

Ans:
• Views
• Match Code.
• Lock Object.

45Q: What are base tables of an aggregate object?

Ans : The tables making up an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate
object.

46Q: The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (t/f)
Ans: True.

47Q: What are the 2 other types of Views, which are not allowed in Release 3.0?
Ans:
• Structure Views.
• Entity Views.

48Q: What is a Match Code?

Ans:
 Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system.
 Match Codes are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is
unknown.

49Q: What are the two levels in defining a Match Code?

Ans:
• Match Code Object.
• Match CodeId.

*50Q: What is the max no of match code Id's that can be defined for one Match code object?*
Ans: A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.

*51Q: Can we define our own Match Code ID's for SAP Matchcodes?*
Ans : Yes, the number 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP
defined Match code object.
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52Q: What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?

Ans :

 If the data in one of the base tables of a match code ID changes, the match code data has
to be updated.
 The update type stipulates when the match code is to be updated and how it is to be
done.
 The update type also specifies which method is to be used for Building match codes.
 You must specify the update type when you define a match code ID.

53Q: Can matchcode object contain Ids with different update types?
Ans: Yes.

54Q: What are the update types possible?

Ans :
The following update types are possible:
• Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database changes.
• Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes.
• Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
• Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.
• Update type L: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module.

55Q: What are the two different ways of building a match code object?
Ans :
A match code can be built in two different ways:
1. Logical structure:
The match code data is set up temporarily at the moment when the match code is accessed.
(Update type I, k).

2. Physical Structure:
The match code data is physically stored in a separate table in the database. (Update type A, S,
P).

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56Q: What are the differences between a Database index and a match code?
Ans:
• Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from
only one table.
• Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

57Q: What is the function of a Domain?

Ans:
• A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
• A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which
refers to this domain.
• A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure.

58Q: Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements?
Ans: No.

59Q: What are conversion routines?

Ans:
• Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa are
implemented with so called conversion routines.

60Q: What is the function of a data element?

Ans: A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data
element contains semantic information.

61Q: Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed?

Ans : Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain.

62Q: Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields.
Ans : No.
63Q: Can you define a field without a data element?
Ans : Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you can
enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance.

64Q: What are null values?

Ans : If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

65Q: What is the difference between a structure and a table?

Ans :
Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference using that no
database table is generated from them.

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66Q: What is a view?
Ans :
 A view is a logical view on one or more tables.
 A view on one or more tables
i.e., the data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or
more tables.

67Q: How many types of Views are there?

Ans:
• Database View
• Help View
• Projection View
• Maintenance View

68Q: What is Locking?

Ans : When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronized by a lock mechanism.

69Q: What is database utility?

Ans : Database utility is the interface between the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying the
SAP system.

70Q: What are the basic functions of Database utility?

Ans :
The basic functions of database utility are:
• Create database objects.
• Delete database objects.
• Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.

71Q: What is Repository Info Systems?

Ans : It is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available

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LFA1 Table:
This table holds Vendor Master Data

Fields:
1. Lifnr-------Vendor Number
2. Land1-----Country of Vendor
3. Name1----Name of Vendor
4. Ort01-----City of Vendor
5. Pstlz------Postal Code of Vendor
6. Adrnr-----Address Number

Links:
LFA1~adrnr
ADRC~addrnumber

7. Brsch-----Industry Key

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EKKO Table:
This table holds Purchase Order Header Data

Fields:
1. Ebeln-------Purchase Order Number
2. Bukrs------Company Code
3. Bsart-------Purchasing Document Type
4. Statu-------Status of Purchase Order
5. Lifnr-------Vendor Number

Links:
LFA1~lifnr
EKKO~lifnr

6. Zterm------Payment Terms
7. Zbd1p-----Cash Discount Percentage
8. Ekorg------Purchase Organization (Purchase Department)
9. Ekgrp------Purchasing Group
10.Waers------Currency
11.Wkurs------Exchange Rate
12.Bedat-------Purchase Order Date
13.Inco1, Inco2-------International Terms for Carrying Bussiness
14.Knumv------Tax Number

Links:
EKKO~knumv
KONU~knumv

15.Kalsm------Pricing Procedure
16.Frgke-------Release Indicator

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EKPO Table:
This table holds Purchase Document Item Data

Fields:
1. Ebeln-------Purchase Order Number

Links:
EKKO~ebeln
EKPO~ebeln

2. Ebelp------Item Number
3. Txzo1-----Item Text
4. Matnr-----Material Code
5. Werks-----Plant
6. Lgort------Storage Location
7. Matkl-----Material Group
8. Menge------Purchase Order Quantity
9. Meins------Unit of Measurement
10.Netpr------Unit Price
11.Netwr------Total Price
12.Mwskz-----Sales Tax Code
13.Elikz--------Delivery Completed Indicator

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MKPF Table:
It holds Material Document Header Data

Fields:
1. Mblnr ---------- Material Document Number
2. Mjahr ---------- Material Document Year
3. Blart ---------- Material Document Type
4. Budat ---------- Material Document Date
5. Xblrn ---------- Reference Document (Purchase Order Document) Number

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MSEG Table:
It holds Material Document Item Data

Fields:
1. Mblnr ------ Material Document Number
2. Mjahr ------ Material Document Year
3. Bwart ------ Moment Type
4. Werks ------ Plant
5. Lgort ------- Storage Location
6. Charg ------ Batch Number
7. Lifnr ------- Vendor Account Number

Link:
LFA1-lifnr
MSEG-lifnr

8. Shkzg ------- Debit / Credit Indicator

9. Dmbtr ------ Amount in Local Currency
10.Menge ------ Quantity
11.Meins ------- Unit of Measurement
12.Ebeln ------- Purchase Order Number

Link:
EKPO-ebeln
MSEG-ebeln

13.Ebelp -------- Item Number

Link:
EKPO-ebelp
MSEG-ebelp

14.Smbln ------- Number of Material Document Number

15.Kostl -------- Department
16.Aufnf ------- Production Order Number

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MARA Table:
It holds Material Master Data

Fields:
1. Matnr -------- Material Number
2. Ersda --------- Date of Creation
3. Ernam -------- Person who Created that Material
4. Mtart --------- Material Type
5. Mbrsg -------- Industry Key
6. Matkl --------- Material Group
7. Bismt --------- Old Material Number
8. Miens --------- Unit of Measurement
9. Brgew -------- Gross Weight
10.Ntgew -------- Net Weight
11.Spart ---------- Division Code

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MAKT Table:

It holds Material Description Details

Fields:
1. Matnr -------- Material Number
2. Spras -------- Language Key
3. Maktx ------- Material Description

TSPAT Table:
It holds Division Description Details

Fields:
1. Spras --------- Language Key
2. Spart --------- Division Code
3. Vtext --------- Division Description

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