1

UNIFORM BUILDING CODE

UBC97

SEISMIC PROVISIONS
Eng . Anas M. Fares
Msc. Structural Engineering

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 SOIL PROFILE CATEGORIES 2

A set of six soil profile categories, SA through SF, have been incorporated. Five of
these soil types are considered stable profiles representing hard rock (SA), rock
(SB), very dense soil and soft rock (SC), stiff soil (SD), and soft soil (SE).

Soil categories are based on the average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m or
blow count of a standard penetration test. Type SF is a soft soil profile requiring a
site-specific evaluation.

The default profile is SD, probably the most common soil profile in most of
California.

UBC97 does not use soil profiles directly in the base shear equations. Instead, SA,
SB, SC, SD, SE, or SF are used in combination with the seismic zone factor Z, and
the near-source factors Na and Nv, to determine the site-dependent coefficients
Ca and Cv. Ca and Cv define ground motion response within the acceleration and
velocity-controlled range of the response spectrum.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 UBS97 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Ca and Cv define ground motion response within the acceleration

and velocity-controlled range of the response spectrum.

CONTROL PERIODS
2.5Ca Ts = Cv /2.5Ca
To = 0.2Ts

Cv /T

Ca

To Ts UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

Building a structure to respond 100% elastically in a large-magnitude

earthquake would not be economical. Therefore, the prescribed design lateral
strengths are considerably lower than needed to maintain a structure in the
elastic range. This reduced design strength level results in nonlinear behavior
and energy absorption at displacements in excess of initial yield.

Strength reductions due to nonlinear behavior are influenced by:

a) the maximum allowable displacement ductility demand,
b) the fundamental period of the system, and
c) the soil-profile type.

Strength reductions from the elastic strength are accomplished by using a

response modification factor, R.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

The response modification factor, R, represents the inherent overstrength and

global ductility capacity of structural components.

Ductility can be defined as a measure of the ability of a structural system to

deform in the plastic range prior to failure. Ductile performance is important
because seismic energy is dissipated through yielding of the structural
components, and because it permits considerable displacements during intense
earthquakes without risk to the structure's integrity and occupants’ life safety.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

 Reductions in design forces due to inherent overstrength increase the lateral

strength of the structure from the design strength to the strength that is
associated with the formation of the first plastic hinge.

 Reductions in design forces due to global ductility capacity increase the

lateral strength of the structure from the strength that can be identified with
the formation of the first plastic hinge to the strength associated with the
formation of a mechanism.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

 Because all structures are designed for strengths less than would be
needed in a completely elastic structure, the value of the response
modification factor (R) always exceeds 1.0.

 Lightly damped structures constructed of brittle materials are assigned low

values of R because they cannot support deformation in excess of initial yield.

 Highly damped structures constructed of ductile materials are assigned

higher values of R.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

 The level of reduction specified in the UBC97 seismic provisions is

essentially based on the analysis of the historical performance of various
structural systems in strong earthquakes.

 The structure response modification factor is determined from the type of

the structural system used in structural design, as defined in Table 16-N and for
nonbuilding structures in Table 16-P.

 Systems with higher ductility (e.g., steel moment-resisting frames) have

higher R values associated with better seismic performance expectations.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

Idealized Force-Displacement

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR: R

Idealized Relationship between Base Shear and Drift

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 UBS97 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM

CONTROL PERIODS
2.5Ca Ts = Cv /2.5Ca
To = 0.2Ts

Cv /T

Ca

To Ts

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
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UBC97 SEC. 1630.2 STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V 13

The strength level design base shear is given by the formula

Cv I
V W [UBC (Eq. 30.4)]
RT

where
T = fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration
I = seismic importance factor
Cv = a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the
seismicity of the region, (UBC Table 16-R)
W = seismic dead load
R = a factor that accounts for the ductility and overstrength of the structural
system, (UBC Table 16-N)
Z = seismic zone factor, (UBC Table 16-I). Note that Z does not directly appear in the
base shear formula. It does, however, affect the seismic coefficients Ca and Cv .

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DESIGN BASE SHEAR, V 14

Cv I
The strength level design base given by the formula V W [UBC (Eq. 30.4)]
RT
is subject to three limits:
2.5Ca I
1) The design base shear need not exceed V  W [UBC Eq. (30.5)]
R

2) It cannot be less than V  0.11Ca IW [UBC Eq. (30.6)]

0.8Z N v I
3) In seismic zone 4, It cannot be less than V  W [UBC Eq. (30.7)]
R
where
Ca = a seismic coefficient dependent on site soil conditions and on regional seismicity.
Nv = near-source factor that depends on the proximity to and activity of known faults near
the structure. Faults are identified by seismic source type, which reflects the slip rate and
potential magnitude of earthquake generated by the fault. The near-source factor, Nv, is
also used in determining the seismic coefficient Cv for buildings located in seismic zone 4.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z 15

Five seismic zones—numbered 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4—are defined. The zone for a
particular site is determined from a seismic zone map [UBC (FIGURE 16-2)]. The map
accounts for the geographical variations in the expected levels of earthquake ground
shaking, and gives an estimated peak horizontal acceleration on rock having a 10%
chance of being exceeded in a 50-year period. The numerical values of Z are

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4
Z 0.075 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4

[UBC (Table 16-I)]

The value of the seismic zone coefficient Z can be considered the peak ground
acceleration in percentage of gravity. For example, Z = 0.4 indicates a peak
ground acceleration of 0.4g equal to 40% of gravity.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z 16

UBC97 Seismic Zone Map of the United States.

For areas outside of the United States, see Appendix Chapter 16 of UBC97.
The map is based on a 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years. UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I 17

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
1. Essential facilities I = 1.25
2. Hazardous facilities I = 1.25
3. Special occupancy structures I = 1.0
4. Standard occupancy structures I = 1.0
5. Miscellaneous structures I = 1.0
[UBC (Table 16-K)]

 In seismic design, the importance factor I is used to increase the margin of

safety against collapse.
 Essential structures are those that must remain operative immediately
following an earthquake such as emergency treatment areas and fire stations.
 Hazardous facilities include those housing toxic or explosive substances.
 Examples of special occupancy structures are those not classified as
essential or hazardous, and required for continuous operation.
 Standard occupancy structures such as office buildings, hotels, and
residences
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 Table 16-K Occupancy Category 18

Seismic
Occupancy or Function of
Occupancy Category Importance
Structure
Factor I
1. Essential facilities Hospitals; Fire/Police
1.25
Stations; Emergency Shelters
2. Hazardous
Dangerous Toxic or
facilities 1.25
Explosive Substances

Public Assembly; Schools;

3. Special occupancy
Day-Care Centers; Nurseries; 1.00
structures
Nursing Homes; Jails
4. Standard Hotels; Apartments;
occupancy Dwellings; Wholesale/Retail; 1.00
structures Office Bldgs
5. Miscellaneous Factories; Private Garages;
1.00
structures Carports/Sheds
Seismic Importance Factor, I Used to amplify design forces as a means of
controlling damage and producing “enhanced” performance in Occupancy
Categories 1 and 2
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 BUILDING PERIOD, T 19

The building period T may be determined by analysis or by using empirical formulas.

It is denoted TA if determined by empirical formulas, and TB if determined by analysis.
The following single empirical formula may be used for all framing systems:

TA  Ct  hn 
3/ 4
[UBC Eq. (30.8)]

Lateral Force Resisting System Ct (hn in m) Ct (hn in ft)

Steel Moment Frames 0.0853 0.035
Concrete Moment Frames 0.0731 0.030
Eccentrically Braced Steel Frames 0.0731 0.030
All other buildings 0.0488 0.020

hn= height above the base to level that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 BUILDING PERIOD, T 20

Ct for structures with Concrete or Masonry Shear Walls :

0.0743
Ct 
Ac

Ac= combined effective area, in m2, of the shear walls in the first story of the structure.

The value of Ac shall be determined from the following formula:

  De  
2
[UBC Eq. (30.9)]
Ac   Ae 0.2    
  hn  

Ae= minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in the 1st story, in m2 of a shear wall.

De= length, in m, of a shear wall in the first story in the direction parallel to the applied forces.

The value of De /hn ≤ 0.9.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 BUILDING PERIOD, T 21

Rayleigh’s Formula: Single-degree-of-freedom system.

m W
TB  2  2
k gF

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 BUILDING PERIOD, T 22

Rayleigh’s Formula: Multi-degree-of-freedom system.

TB  2
1  ii
W  2

 2
1  W112  W2 22  W3 32  W4 42 
 
g  ii
F  g  1 1
F   F 
2 2  F 
3 3  F 
4 4 

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 BUILDING PERIOD, T 23

Period TB, determined more accurately using Rayleigh’s formula or a computer

analysis, that can be used in calculating the base shear has certain limitations.

In seismic zone 4 TB  1.3TA

In seismic zones 1, 2A, 2B, and 3 TB  1.4TA

This provision is included to eliminate the possibility of using an excessively long

period to justify an unreasonably low base shear.

This limitation does not apply when checking drifts

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM COEFFICIENT , R 24

The coefficient R shown in UBC Table 16-N is a measure of ductility and

overstrength of a structural system, based primarily on performance of similar
systems in past earthquakes. A higher value of R has the effect of reducing the
design base shear. For example, for a steel special moment-resisting frame, the
factor has a value of 8.5, whereas for ordinary moment-resisting frame, the
value is 4.5. This reflects the fact that a special moment-resisting frame
performs better during an earthquake.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 Bearing Wall System
Moment-Resisting Frame System

Dual System Building Frame System

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
Undefined System
 26

- UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM COEFFICIENT , R 27

Lateral-force-resisting Height limit for

Basic structural
system R Ωo seismic zones
system
description 3 and 4

Concrete Shear Walls With

Dual Systems 8.5 2.8 N.L.
Concrete SMRF
(frame resists at least
25% of seismic shear) Concrete Shear Walls With
6.5 2.8 N.P.
Concrete IMRF
N.L.—no limit
N.P.—not permitted.
1633.2.7 Concrete frames. Concrete frames required by design to be part of the lateral-
force-resisting system shall conform to the following:
1. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4 they shall be special moment resisting frames.
2. In Seismic Zone 2 they shall, as a minimum, be intermediate moment-resisting frames.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC DEAD LOAD, W 28

The total seismic load W represents the total mass of the building and
includes the weights of structural slabs, beams, columns, and walls; and
nonstructural components.
When partition locations are subject to change (as in office buildings), a
uniform distributed dead load of at least 0.48kN/m2 of floor area is used in
calculating W.
In storage areas and warehouses, 25% of the design live load is included in
the seismic weight W.
In areas of heavy snow, a load of 1.44 kN/m2 should be used where the snow
load is greater than 1.44 kN/m2. However, it may be reduced to as little as 0.36
kN/m2 when approved by building officials. The rationale for including a portion
of the snow load in heavy snow areas is the fact that in these areas, a
significant amount of ice can build up and remain on roofs
In addition to determining the overall weight W, it is necessary to evaluate
tributary weight Wx at each floor for both vertical and horizontal distribution of
loads. Therefore, the calculations for W must be done in an orderly tabular
form so that overall weights as well as tributary weights can be properly
accounted for. UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC DEAD LOAD, W 29

1997 UBC 1630.1.1 Effective Seismic Weight

V = CSW

W = total dead load + ……

• Warehouses………………..…………..25% live
• Buildings with partitions……………….0.48 kN/m2
• Design snow load > 1.44 kN/m2………… ≥ 25% design snow load **
• Permanent equipment…………………100% dead
** UBC leaves this up to local jurisdictions

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC DEAD LOAD, W 30

Note:
Floor weight WD includes floor structure, ceiling, mechanical equipment, and an allowance for partitions.
Story weight for calculation of lateral forces Wx = Walls + Floor + Equipment = WA + WB + WC + WD + Wequip
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS Cv AND Ca 31

 The seismic coefficients Cv and Ca, given in UBC Tables 16-R and 16-Q,
are site-dependent ground motion coefficients that define the seismic
response throughout the spectral range. They are measures of expected
ground acceleration at a site.
 The coefficients, and hence the expected ground accelerations, are
dependent on the seismic zone and soil profile type. They therefore reflect
regional seismicity and soil conditions at the site.
 Additionally, in seismic zone 4, they also depend on the seismic source
type and near-source factors Na and Nv .
 For a given earthquake, a building on soft soil types such as SC or SD
experiences a greater force than if the same building were located on rock,
type SA or SB. This is addressed in the UBC through the Ca and Cv
coefficients, which are calibrated to soil type SB with a value of unity.
 Instead of a single coefficient, two coefficients, Ca and Cv, are used to
distinguish the response characteristics of short-period and long-period
buildings. Long-period buildings are more affected by soft soils than short-
period buildings.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS Cv AND Ca 32

[UBC (Table 16-R)]

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS Cv AND Ca 33

[UBC (Table 16-Q)]

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SOIL PROFILE TYPES 34

 The soil profile types labeled SA through SF [UBC (Table 16-J)]

represent the effect of soil conditions on ground motion.
 Seismic ground motion can be amplified by site geology and soil
characteristics.
 The value of Z, given in the seismic zone map, is for the rock, type SB
soil. Therefore, except for hard rock, type SA soil, the value of Z increases
for soil types SC, SD, SE, and SF.
 When soil properties are not known, type SD must be used.
 SE need not be assumed unless the building official determines that
soil type SE is present or it is established by geotechnical data.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SOIL PROFILE TYPES 35

[UBC (Table 16-J)]

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 Seismic Source Type A, B, and C 36

 The seismic source types labeled A, B, or C [UBC (Table 16-U)] are

used to identify earthquake potential and activity of faults in the
immediate vicinity of the structure.

 They are defined in terms of the slip rate of the fault and the
maximum magnitude of earthquake that may be generated at the fault.

 The highest seismic risk is posed by seismic source type A, which is

defined by a maximum moment magnitude of 7.0 or greater and a slip rate
of 5 mm/year or greater.

 Type A signifies active faults such as the San Andreas capable of

producing large magnitude events. Most faults in California are classified
as type B, while those outside of California, not capable of producing large
magnitude events, are classified as inactive, type C faults.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 Seismic Source Type A, B, and C 37

[UBC (Table 16-U)]

When determining the seismic source type, it is crucial that both maximum moment
magnitude potential (M) and slip rate (SR) conditions be satisfied concurrently.
In California, the majority of faults fall into the type B seismic source classification. The
San Andreas Fault is one notable exception, receiving a type A seismic source
classification. Most faults outside California are type C seismic source. UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS Na and Nv 38

► in seismic zone 4 where large-magnitude earthquakes are expected,

particularly severe damage to structures is likely to happen when structures are
built very near or directly on the top of active faults. The ground acceleration
that these structures experience may be up to twice the acceleration that more
distant structures experience.
►UBC97 has adopted two near-source factors, Na and Nv to take into
consideration this impact in seismic zone 4. These amplification factors are
acceleration- (for short-period structures) and velocity- (for large-period
structures) controlled factors. Near source effects are greater for long-period
structures (i.e., Nv larger than Na).
►The near-source factors Na and Nv are given in [UBC (Tables 16-S and 16.T)]. In
seismic zone 4, they are used in conjunction with the proximity of the building or
structure to known faults to determine the seismic coefficients Ca and Cv.
►The purpose of Na and Nv is to increase the soil-modified ground motion
parameters, Ca and Cv , when there are active faults capable of generating large-
magnitude earthquakes within 15 kilometers of a seismic zone 4 site.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS Na and Nv 39

10 km

Surface Projection of a Fault Plane

The shortest distance to a seismic source is the minimum distance between the
site and the area defined by the vertical projection of the source on the surface
(i.e., surface projection of fault plane)

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS Na and Nv 40

[UBC (Table 16-S)]

a The near-source factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for
distances other than those shown in the table.
bThe location and type of seismic sources to be used for design shall be established
based on approved geotechnical data (e.g., most recent mapping of active faults by the
U.S. Geological Survey or the California Division of Mines and Geology).
c The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance
between the site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the
surface (i.e., surface projection of fault plane). The surface projection need not include
portions of the source at depths of 10 km or greater. The largest value of the near-
source factor considering all sources shall be used for design.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 NEAR SOURCE FACTORS Na and Nv 41

[UBC (Table 16-T)]

For example:
For seismic source type B at a distance to the fault of less than
2km, Na = 1.3. This is then used to determine the seismic
coefficient Ca. Similarly, Nv = 1.6 for seismic source type B at a
distance less than 2 km. This is then used to determine Cv .

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE Fx 42

(a) Loading Diagram (b) Cumulative Diagram

Vertical Distribution of Story Shears

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL FORCE Fx 43

The base shear V is distributed over the height of the structure as a force at each
level Fi, plus an extra force Ft at the top:
n
V  Ft   Fi
i 1
The extra force at the top is
Ft  0.07TV  0.25V if T  0.7sec
Ft  0 if T  0.7sec
Ft accounts for the greater participation of the higher-mode responses of longer-period
structures. The remaining portion of the total base shear (V – Ft) is distributed over the height,
including the top, by the formula

Fx 
V  Ft  wx hx 
n

wh
i 1
i i

where w is the weight at a particular level, and h is the height of that level above the shear base.
For equal story heights and weights, the distribution of the story forces is linearly, increasing
toward the top. Any significant variation from this triangular distribution indicates an irregular
structure. UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 STORY SHEAR Vx AND OVERTURNING MOMENT Mx 44

The story shear at level x is the sum of all the story forces at and above that level:
n
Vx  Ft   Fi
ix

The overturning moment at a particular level Mx is the sum of the moments of the
story forces above, about that level. Hence

n
M x  Ft  hn  hx    Fi  hi  hx 
ix

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 TORSION 45

Accidental torsion that occurs due to uncertainties in the building’s mass and
stiffness distribution must be added to the calculated eccentricity. This is done by
adding a torsional moment at each floor equal to the story force multiplied by 5%
of the floor dimension, perpendicular to the direction of the force. This
procedure is equivalent to moving the center of mass by 5% of the plan
dimension, in a direction perpendicular to the force.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 TORSION 46

If the lateral deflection at either end of a building is greater than 20% of the average
deflection, the building is classified as torsionally irregular and the accidental
eccentricity must be amplified using the formula

2
  max 
Ax     3.0
1.2 avg 
where
δmax = maximum displacement at level x
δavg = average displacement at level x
Ax = the torsional amplification factor at level x  avg  max  1.2   avg
 max

Torsional shears may be subtracted from direct shears if the torsional shear is
reduced by the effects of accidental torsion. However, torsional shears that are
increased by the effects of accidental torsion must be added to direct shears.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ

Redundancy is an important characteristic of a structure, providing

multiple paths of resistance (i.e., load paths). Higher redundancy in a
structure implies better reliability.

Inelastic action of a structure during a major seismic event can cause

part of the structure to fail. For structures expected to experience
severe inelastic demands, the lateral load-resisting system of the
structure should be made as redundant as possible so that loads can be
distributed to other lateral-force-resisting elements.

The redundancy factor provides for multiple load paths for resisting
earthquake forces. More redundancy means better reliability because
there is increased opportunity for inelastic deformations. It takes into
account the number of lateral-force-resisting elements, plan area of
building, and distribution of forces to the lateral-force-resisting
elements.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ

Observation of the structural performance in Northridge, Kobe, and

other large earthquakes has shown that structures with adequately
redundant systems perform better than do structures with few lateral
load-resisting elements. For this reason, the reliability/redundancy
factor has been introduced to persuade engineers to design more highly
redundant structures. In certain situations, it may be difficult to achieve
a redundant design. In those cases, the magnitude of the inelastic
response and the ductility demand should be reduced by increasing
earthquake design loads by way of the ρ factor.

The reliability/redundancy factor is applied in the load combination

equations rather than in the base shear equation because stiffness and
drift control requirements are not directly influenced.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ

The reliability/redundancy factor, ρ, is applied as an increase in

horizontal seismic forces associated with the base shear [UBC-97
Sec.1630.1.1].

The reliability/redundancy factor, ρ, effectively reduces the response

modification factor, R, based on the extent of structural redundancy
inherent in the design configuration of the structure and its lateral-
force-resisting system.

In addition to the number and distribution of vertical elements of the

lateral-force-resisting system, the size of the ground floor area of the
structure determines the value of ρ.

The reliability/redundancy factor (ρ) value varies between 1.0 and 1.5.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ 50

The seismic base shear, as determined from the preceding equations, must be
multiplied by a reliability/redundancy factor, ρ, for the design of a lateral load-
resisting system. It is given by

6.1
1   2  1.5
rmax AB

where AB = ground floor area of the structure in m2

rmax = maximum element-story shear ratio

The element-story shear ratio, ri, at a particular level is the ratio

of the shear in the most heavily loaded member to the total
story shear. The maximum ratio, rmax, is defined as the largest
value of ri in the lower two-thirds of the building.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ 51

For special moment-resisting frames, except when used in dual systems, shall not
exceed 1.25. The number of bays of special moment-resisting frames shall be
increased to reduce ρ, such that is less than or equal to 1.25.

When calculating drift, or when the structure is located in Seismic Zone 0, 1 or 2, ρ

shall be taken equal to 1.

For shear wall buildings, r depends on floor area of the building, number of shear
walls resisting the story shear, and the length of shear walls.
For moment frames, it depends on the floor area of the building and the
number of columns.
For dual systems, r is evaluated by calculating
rmax for the portion of the story shear carried by moment frames.
rmax for the portion of the story shear carried by shear walls.
ρ using the ρmax value in steps 1 and 2, and multiplying it by 0.8.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 RELIABILITY / REDUNDANCY FACTOR: ρ 52

For shear walls, ri shall be taken as the maximum value of the product of
the wall shear multiplied by 3.05/lw and divided by the total story shear,
where lw is the length of the wall in m.

For moment frames, ri shall be taken as the maximum of the sum of the
shears in any two adjacent columns in a moment frame bay divided by the
story shear. For columns common to two bays with moment-resisting
connections on opposite sides at Level i in the direction under consideration,
70 percent of the shear in that column may be used in the column shear
summation.

For dual systems, ri shall be taken as the maximum value of ri as defined

above considering all lateral-load-resisting elements. The lateral loads shall
be distributed to elements based on relative rigidities considering the
interaction of the dual system. For dual systems, the value of ρ need not
exceed 80 percent of the value calculated above.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
DRIFT LIMITATIONS 53

S The drifts
corresponding to
the design seismic
forces

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DRIFT LIMITATIONS 54

1997 UBC 1630.9 Story Drift Determination (Δ)

Lateral displacement of one level relative to the next level above or below
δs,x = Total Drift
Eh

Δs,x = Story Drift

Δs,x = δs,x - δs,x-1

δs,x-1

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DRIFT LIMITATIONS 55

The elastic deflections due to strength-level design seismic forces are called design-
level response displacements, ΔS. The subscript S in ΔS stands for strength design.

To determine ΔS:
The seismic forces is calculated using a reliability/redundancy factor equal to 1.0
Ignore the previously mentioned limitations on the period used in the calculation
of base shear.

An elastic static or dynamic analysis may be used to determine ΔS.

The Maximum Inelastic Response is defined as

 M  0.7 R S

where R is the structural system coefficient defined earlier. The subscript M in ΔM

signifies that we are calculating a maximum value for the deflection due to seismic
response that includes inelastic behavior.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DRIFT LIMITATIONS 56

→ Deflection control is specified in terms of the story drift defined as the lateral
displacement of one level relative to the level below. The story drift is determined
from the maximum inelastic response, ΔM.

→ The calculated displacement must include the effects of both translation and
torsion. Hence, drift must be checked in the plane of the lateral-load-resisting
elements, generally at the building corners.

→ Effects of P-Δ must be included in the calculation of ΔM unless it is shown by

calculation that the effects are insignificant.

Maximum story drift ΔM is limited to

 M  0.020h if T  0.7sec
 M  0.025h if T  0.7sec

where h is the story height.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DRIFT LIMITATIONS 57

Strength design load combinations, as given by the following equations, are used in
the determination of ΔS.

1.2 D  1.0 E  0.5L

0.9 D  1.0 E

For reinforced concrete buildings, it is mandatory to use cracked section

properties, Icr to compute displacements. Typical values are given below.

Walls Icr = 0.7 Ig

Beams Icr = 0.35 Ig
Columns Icr = 0.5 Ig to 0.7 Ig

The designer is referred to Table 6.5, Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA) Publication 356, for additional stiffness values.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 58

Table 6-5 FEMA 356 Effective Stiffness Values

Aw : gross area of web

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DRIFT LIMITATIONS

1997 UBC 1630.10 Story Drift Limitation

Story drift corresponding to the design seismic forces Δs,x = δs,x - δs,x-1

Maximum story drift due to inelastic seismic response ΔM,x = 0.7 R Δs,x ≤ Δa

Allowable Story Drift (Δa ) Δa= 0.020 hsx for T ≥ 0.7 sec.
Δa= 0.025 hsx for T < 0.7 sec.

hsx = Story height below level x

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY 60

Deformation Compatibility: achieve parity in seismic performance of structural

framing elements and their connections that are not required by design to be part
of lateral-force-resisting systems but are nonetheless subjected to the
deformations resulting from seismic forces, with those required by design.

For structural framing elements and connections that are not part of lateral-force-
resisting systems, UBC97 requires design and detailing to be adequate to maintain
support of design gravity loads (dead plus live) when subjected to the expected
deformations caused by seismic forces.

Designing for deformation compatibility consists of:

• Establishing deformation demands.
• Assessing individual elements and their connections for their capacity to deform.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY 61

When computing expected deformations for structural framing elements and

connections that are not part of lateral-force-resisting systems, UBC97
requires the following:
 P-Δ effects on such elements should be considered.
 Expected deformations should be the greater of the maximum inelastic
response displacement (ΔM) considering P-Δ effects or the deformation caused
by story drift =0.0025h (story height).
 The stiffening effect of such elements should be neglected.
 The forces induced by the expected deformation may be considered as
ultimate or factored forces.
 For elements constructed with concrete or masonry, the presumed flexural
and shear stiffness properties should not exceed one-half of the gross section
properties unless a rational cracked-section analysis is performed.
 Additional deformations that may result from foundation flexibility and
diaphragm deflections should be considered.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY 62

Column deformation for use in compatibility considerations.

Deformation of column = building deflection ΔB + diaphragm deflection ΔD.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY 63

Deformation compatibility consideration of foundation flexibility.

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 LOAD COMBINATIONS 64

Basic Load Combinations: Concrete Structures

LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design), Strength Design.

where
U1= 1.4D
U = ultimate load resulting from load combinations
U2= 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S)
U3=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S)+(f1L or 0.8W) D = dead load
U4= 1.2D+1.3W+f1 L+0.5(Lr or S) L = live load
U5= 1.2D+1.0E+(f1 L+ f2 S) W = load due to wind pressure
U6  0.9D  (1.0 E or 1.3W) S = snow load
E = earthquake load resulting from the combination
of the horizontal component, Eh, (Eh = earthquake
load due to the base shear, V) and the vertical
E   Eh  Ev component EV
f1 = 1.0 for floors in public assembly
Ev  0.5Ca I D live loads in excess of 4.79 kN/m2
garage live load
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads.
f2 = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth)
that do not shed snow off the structure.
f2 = 0.2 for other roof configurations.
ρ = redundancy/reliability factor
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 LOAD COMBINATIONS 65

Seismic Strength Design Load Combinations

U5= 1.2D+1.0E+(f1 L+ f2 S) Equation (12-5)

U6  0.9D  (1.0 E or 1.3W) Equation (12-6)
E   Eh  0.5Ca I D
 1 in Seismic Zones 1 and 2

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 LOAD COMBINATIONS 66

Special Seismic Load Combinations

Nonuniform ductility in structural systems due to vertical discontinuities
LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design), Strength Design.

Diaphragm transfers shear

from discontinuous shear wall

Shear
walls

Transfer
girder
Columns support
Shear wall discontinuous wall

Cantilever
girder supports
column above

Column supports
discontinuous wall UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 LOAD COMBINATIONS 67

Special Seismic Load Combinations

Nonuniform ductility in structural systems due to vertical discontinuities
LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design), Strength Design.

U  1.2 D  f1L  1.0 Em

U  0.9 D  1.0 Em

Em  o Eh

Em : Estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure

Ωo : Seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for structural
overstrength. Ωo shall be taken from Table 16-N.

These combinations are intended to cover conditions where uniform

ductility in the structural system is lacking due to vertical discontinuities.
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SUMMARY FORMAT 68

Terms to Calculate Earthquake Loads

Z Seismic Zone Factor

SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, or SF Soil Profile Types

Near-Source Factors
Na, Nv (Zone 4 only)
Seismic Coefficients
Ca, Cv (Seismic Zone & Soil Type)

R Response Modification Factor

V Base Shear

ρ Redundancy Factor

E Earthquake Load
UBC97-Anas M.Fares
STATIC VS. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 69

UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SUMMARY FORMAT 70

Vmin  0.11Ca IW
2.5Ca I Cv I 
Vmax  WV W  max 
R RT [Zone 4 only] V  0.8ZN v I W
 min
R

Ca = acceleration-based seismic coefficient

Cv = velocity-based seismic coefficient
Ca and Cv are given in terms of: 1. Seismic zone factor, Z.
2. Soil profile type, SA through SF.
3. Near-source factors, Na and Nv for zone 4.

The seismic zone factor, Z, has the following values: Z = 0.4 for zone 4
0.3 for zone 3
0.2 for zone 2B
0.15 for zone 2A
0.075 for zone 1
0.0 for zone 0
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 SUMMARY FORMAT 71

I = importance factor = 1.25 for essential and hazardous facilities

1.0 for special and standard occupancy

R = Response modification factor: numerical coefficient representative of the inherent

overstrength and global ductility capacity of the lateral force-resisting systems

T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the

direction under consideration. The period T is commonly noted as TA when
determined by approximate methods, and TB when determined by more accurate
methods such as dynamic analysis. TA may be determined by

TA = 0.0853(hn)3/4 for steel moment-resisting frames

0.0731(hn)3/4 for reinforced concrete moment frames and
eccentrically braced frames
0.0488(hn)3/4 for all other buildings

1.3TA for zone 4, if not T = TA

TB  
1.4TA for zones 1, 2A, 2B, and 3, if not T = TA UBC97-Anas M.Fares
 SUMMARY FORMAT 72

Na = near-source factor used in the determination of Ca in seismic zone 4,

related to the proximity of the building to known faults with maximum moment
magnitude and slip rates (UBC Tables 16-S and 16-U)
Nv = near-source factor used in the determination of Cv in seismic zone 4,
related to the proximity of the building to known faults with maximum moment
magnitude and slip rates (UBC Tables 16-T and 16-U)

SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF = soil profile types (UBC Table 16-J)
where
SA = hard rock
SB = soft rock, normally found in California
SC = very dense soil and soft rock
SD = stiff soil profile
SE = soft soil profile
SF = soil profile requiring site-specific evaluation (This category include soils
vulnerable to potential failure under seismic loading, peats, organic clays, very
high-plasticity clays, and very thick soft-to-medium stiff clays with depths in
excess of 37 m)
UBC97-Anas M.Fares