Lecture 6

STATEMENTS
TRANSFER OF CONTROL

 The process of transferring control from one

location of program to another;
 Two types of transfer of control:

 Unconditional Transfer of Control

 Conditional Transfer of Control.
TYPES OF STATEMENT

 Three types of statement:

 Sequential statement: in which commands are
executed sequentially.
 Selection Statement: in which one choice is
selected on the bases of some known condition.
 Loop Statement: Which repeat some statement to
satisfy certain condition.
 Types of Statements
 Conditional Statement
 The IF….Statement
 The IF….Else Statement
 The Nested IF…..Statement

 The Switch Statement.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 Provide
 Ability to control whether a statement list is
executed

 Two constructs
 If statement
 if

 if-else

 Switch statement
THE BASIC IF STATEMENT

 Syntax
if (Expression)
Action; Expression
false
 If the Expression is true true
then execute Action

 Action is either a single Action

statement or a group of
statements within braces
THE IF…… STATEMENT
 Enables to test for a condition to
perform some action:
 For Single Statement:
 if (condition)
 Statement;

 For multiple Statement:

 if (condition)

 {
 Statement1;
 Statement2;
.
.
.
 }
 Program to check whether the number is divisible
by 3.
main()
{
int n;
cout<< “Enter a number”;
cin>> n;
If (n%3 ==0)
{
Cout<<“Number is divisible”;
}
}
EXAMPLE

 Program to take two values from keyboard and

then to print the largest value, using if
statement.
WHAT IS THE OUTPUT?

int m = 5;
int n = 10;

if (m < n)
{
++m;
++n;
}
cout << " m = " << m << " n = " n << endl;
}
 THE IF-ELSE STATEMENT
 Syntax
if (Expression)
Action1
else
Action2 Expression
 If Expression is true then execute
Action1 otherwise execute Action2 false
true
if (v == 0)
{
cout << "v is 0"; Action1 Action2
}
else
{
cout << "v is not 0";
}
IF…….ELSE STATEMENT
 Use for making two way
decision.
 For Single Statement:
 if (condition)
 Statement-1;
Else
 Statement-2;
 For multiple Statement:
 if (condition)
 {
 Statement1;
 Statement2;
}
Else
 {
 Statement1;
 Statement2;
}
FINDING THE MAX
int Value1;
int Value2;
int Max;

cout << "Enter first integers: ";

cin >> Value1;
cout << "Enter second integers: ";
cin >> Value2;

if (Value1 < Value2)

{
Max = Value2;
}
else
{
Max = Value1;
}
cout << "Maximum of inputs is: " << Max << endl;
MULTIPLE SELECTION

 It is often the case that depending upon the

value of an expression we want to perform a
particular action
 Two major ways of accomplishing this choice
 if-else-if statement
 if-else statements “glued” together

 Switch statement
 An advanced construct
MULTIPLE SELECTION

 Sometimes it is necessary to branch in more

than two directions.
 We do this via multiple selection.

 The multiple selection mechanism in C++ is the

if-else-if and switch statement.
MULTIPLE SELECTION WITH IF
if (day == 0 ) (continued)
{
cout<< “Sunday”; if (day == 4)
} {
cout<< “Thursday” ;
if (day == 1 ) }
{ if (day == 5)
cout<< “Monday” ; {
} cout<< “Friday” ;
}
if (day == 2)
if (day == 6)
{ {
cout<< “Tuesday” ; cout<< “Saturday” ;
} }
if (day == 3) if ((day < 0) || (day > 6))
{
{ cout<<“Error - invalid day.\n” ;
cout<< “Wednesday”; }
}
MULTIPLE SELECTION WITH IF-ELSE
if (day == 0 )
{
cout<< “Sunday” ;
}
else if (day == 1 )
{
cout<< “Monday” ;
}
else if (day == 2)
{ This if-else structure is more
cout<< “Tuesday” ;
}
else if (day == 3)
efficient than the corresponding
{

}
cout<< “Wednesday”; if structure. Why?
else if (day == 4)
{
cout<< “Thursday”;
}
else if (day == 5)
{
cout<< “Friday”;
}
else if (day = 6)
{
cout<< “Saturday”;
}
else {
cout<< “Error - invalid
day.\n”;
}
AN IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT
if ( number < 0 )
{
cout << number << " is negative" << endl;
}
else if (number > 0 )
{
cout << number << " is positive" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << number << " is zero" << endl;
}
 Write a program that inputs test score of a
student and display his grade on the following
criteria:
Test Score Grade
>= 90 A
80 – 89 B
70 – 79 C
60 – 69 D
Below 60 F
 Write a program that input a salary. If the salary
is 20000 or more, it deducts 7% of salary. If
the salary is 10000 or more but less than
20000, it deducts 1000 from the salary. If
salary is less than 10000, It deduct nothing.
THE SWITCH MULTIPLE-SELECTION STRUCTURE
switch ( integer expression )
{
case constant1 :
statement(s)
break ;
case constant2 :
statement(s)
break ;

...
default: :
statement(s)
break ;
}
A SWITCH STATEMENT
Char ch;
Cout<<“Enter any character”;
Cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
{
case 'a': case 'A':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
case 'e': case 'E':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
.
.
.
case 'u': case 'U':
cout << ch << " is a vowel" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << ch << " is not a vowel" << endl;
}
 Write a program that input number of day of
week and displays the name of the day. For
example if user enters 1, it displays “Monday”
and so on.
Int n;
Cout<<“Enter any number”;
Cin>>n;
switch (n)
{
case 1:
cout << “Monday" << endl;
break;
case 2:
cout << “Tuesday” << endl;
break;
.
.
.
case 7:
cout << Sunday" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << “ Invalid Number”;
}
 Write a program that inputs grade of a student
and display his test score on the following
criteria:
Test Score Grade Test Score
>= 90 A >= 90
80 – 89 B 80 – 89
70 – 79 C 70 – 79
60 – 69 D 60 – 69
Below 60 F Below 60
THE SWITCH STATEMENT
switch (grade)
{
case ‘A’:
cout << “Grade is between 90 & 100”;
break;
case ‘B’:
cout << “Grade is between 80 & 89”;
break;
case ‘C’:
cout << “Grade is between 70 & 79”;
break;
case ‘D’:
cout << “Grade is between 60 & 69”;
break;
case ‘F’:
cout << “Grade is between 0 & 59”;
break;
default:
cout << “You entered an invalid grade.”;
}