ISSN: 2277-3754

ISO 9001:2008 Certified

International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 4, Issue 9, March 2015

Experimental and FE Analysis of Funicular Shells

P. Sivakumar1, K. Manjunatha2, Harish B. A3,
1
Chief Scientist, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Road, Chennai-600113.
2
Professor, Department of Studies in Civil Engg, UBDT College of Engineering, Davangere- 577004.
3
Assistant Professor, GM Institute of Technology, Davangere-577004.

A b s t r a ct: Shells belong to the class of stressed skin is in tension. To counter the tensile stresses steel reinforcements
structures which, because of their geometry and small are required in the lower portion against its natural capabilities.
flexural rigidity, tend to carry loads primarily by direct Upon inverting the structure, it is converted into a compression
stresses acting in their plane. Concrete funicular shells of structure, with a considerable reduction in the amount of steel
square ground plan, double curvature with 80 mm rise are and cement. In this case, a nominal ring beam is capable of
analysed for uniformly distributed load (One-way action). taking the lateral thrust developed in the structure. Traditionally
Specimens of size 1080 mm x 1080 mm in plan with compression structures in the form arches, vaults, domes,
rectangular edge beam of 50 mm x 40 mm are prepared catenaries and doubly curved structures also called funicular
using cement concrete of grade M20 for which the mix shells have been used extensively in the temples / forts. The
design is carried by Indian Standard method. The problem of prefabricated shells of double curvature,
precasting of the Concrete shallow funicular shell subjected to concentrated load and supported at two edges,
specimens is carried by masonry mould method. The has previously been investigated. In practice there are cases
specimens are prepared with thickness of 25 mm and 20 in which shells are supported on four edges, however, a
mm. The specimens are moist cured for 28 days before survey of the related literature reveals not much research has
testing. The uniformly distributed load over the shell done in this area.
specimen is applied and the corresponding deflections,
strains are measured. The coordinates of funicular shells II. LITERATURE REVIEW
are determined by developing a computer program. To
The selection of available documents (both published and un
relate experimental results to theory, the finite element
published) on the topic, which contain information, ideas,
technique (SAP 2000 Program) is utilized to analyse a
data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to ful
similar model in the elastic range. Finite element models
fill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of
of funicular shells are developed by discretizing the shell
the topic and how it is to be investigated, and the effective
specimens into 20 elements along x direction and 20
evaluation of these documents in relation to the research
elements along y direction. Behaviour of funicular shells
being proposed. A literature review is a survey of already
under uniformly distributed load is carried out.
existing writings (usually published) on a given topic or area
Conclusions are made by comparing the experimental and
with a view to assessing their relevance to a proposed
analytical results.
project. The behavior of prefabricated shell units has been
investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, by many
Keywords: Funicular shell, Edge beam, One-way action,
researchers. Apart from construction schemes, the use of pre
Finite element models, Mix-design, Discretization, SAP.
fabricated shell units creates certain problems which have to
be investigated from the research point of view. One of the
I. INTRODUCTION most important is the structural behavior of the units when
Environmental degradation witnessed today is a result of an subjected to the concentrated loads at various points along
irresponsible use of materials. Materials are being made to their span. Another consideration of interest is the ultimate
perform contrary to their natural qualities. Most materials strength and pattern of failure for these types of shells. The
behave best in compression but the over reliance on RCC has shells of double curvature usually offer a higher ultimate
resulted in tensile structures which are made to perform contrary strength than the shells of single curvature, such as
to the natural qualities of the materials. For example, a cylindrical shells. The funicular shell roof is one such
conventional beam upon loading tends to bend at the centre. The compression structure, which ensures conservation of natural
upper region of the beam is in compression while the lower part resources by utilizing waste materials effectively and
optimizing the use of expensive steel and cement. Further, the

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arch distributes the point load in all direction equally thus, is based on this design. First, eight samples supported at four
able to withstand impact loading at any point. Diagonal grid of edges are loaded to a specified load within the elastic region.
funicular shell gives the illusion of a larger space. Electrical resistance gauges are mounted both inside and
outside at several locations along the diagonal on the surface
III. REVIEW OF SELECTED TECHNICAL PAPERS of the shell on two different specimens with a rise of 6 and
Albolhassan Vafai and Mehdi Farshad (1979) have done a 9cm, respectively. Also, dial gauges are installed at several
research work on theoretical and experimental study of locations on the surface of the other six specimens with
prefabricated funicular shell units. This paper presents the varying rise and reinforcement types. Following these
results of a theoretical and experimental study of funicular non-destructive tests, all 45 samples are loaded to failure,
shell structures. A particular design is given for the subjected to concentrated load at the centre. To relate
geometry, the form, and the type of reinforcement of the experimental results to theory, the finite element technique
units. Ten models are constructed based on this design. First, (SAP90 Program) is utilized to analyze a similar model in the
six samples supported at two edges are loaded to a specified elastic range.
load within the elastic region. Electrical resistance gauges John W. Weber, Kwong-chi Wu and Adholhassan Vafai
are mounted both inside and outside at several locations on (1984) have done an evaluation of ultimate loads for shallow
the surface of the shell on two different specimens. Also, dial funicular concrete shells. Shells belong to the class of
gauges are installed at several locations on the surface of four stressed skin structures which, because of their geometry and
shells. Following these non-destructive tests, all ten samples small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads
are loaded to failure, subjected to a concentrated load at the primarily by direct stresses acting in their plane. Ten shallow
center. To relate experimental results to theory, the finite funicular concrete shells were loaded to failure with a
technique is utilized to analyze a similar model. The concentrated central force. Five shells were randomly
experimental values of membrane stresses along the central reinforced with steel wires and the reminder with a wire mesh
section in the direction of the supports are calculated and through the middle surface. All of the shells were 90 cm x 90
compared with the theory. The results are in close agreement cm in plan form. Strain gauges showed a linear relationship
at some distance away from the supports, but the difference between load and strain in the elastic range of the concrete,
becomes noticeable closer to the support. The same whereas measured deflections were larger than those
phenomenon appears to be true when the experimental determined analytically by small deflection theory, would be
values of vertical deflections along the longitudinal and more appropriate for theoretical investigations of shallow
transverse sections of the shells are compared with the funicular shells subjected to large concentrated loads.
theory. Also, the experimental failure loads are found to be Ultimate loads were not clearly related to type of
directly related to the amount of reinforcement, and the age reinforcement, but were a function of the rise and thickness
of the concrete shells. of the shell in general the larger the rise parameter (square of
Abolhassan Vafai, Massoud Mofid and Homayoon the ratio of rise to thickness), the larger the ultimate load.
E.Estekanchi (1997) have done a research work on Failure patterns for shells with both kinds of reinforcement
experimental study of prefabricated funicular shell units. The were the same. They observed that the mathematical
experimental values of membrane stresses in the elastic range investigations of shallow funicular shells with large
along diagonal sections of funicular shell structures are concentrated loads should be based on large deflection
calculated and compared with the theory. The results are theory and the deflection characteristics of a shell vary
generally found to be in close agreement with the theory. closely with its rise parameter.
Experimental values of vertical deflections along the S.Elangovan and A.R.Santhakumar (1988) have done a
longitudinal and transverse sections of the shells also research work on parametric study of funicular shells. The
compare favorably with the theory. The experimental failure funicular shell was analyzed by the finite element method
and crack loads are found and empirical equations, using isoperimetric elements with five degrees of freedom at
expressing the relation between rise and failure crack loads, each node. A computer programme developed by the authors
are given. This paper contains the results of numerical and was used in the analysis of funicular shells with clamped
experimental studies carried out in the area of funicular shell boundaries. The behaviour of the shell under uniformly
units with square bases supported at four edges and subjected distributed load, for various ratios of spans and rise/span was
to concentrated loading at the apex. A particular design is studied analytically. Approximate expressions for the
given for the geometry, the form, the rise and the type of calculation of bending moment at the edge of the shell,
reinforcement of the units. Forty-five models are constructed in-plane force at crown, and deflection at crown had been
proposed. The funicular shell is a shallow shell of double

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curvature. The shape of such shells to suit any boundary the shell is based on the assumption that the material is
geometry can be found by analytical or experimental linearly elastic. Hence, the theoretical prediction is expected
methods. The behaviour of the shell under uniformly to be valid only in the elastic region of the shell behavior.
distributed load, for various ratios of spans and rise/span was The plan of the shell, its dimensions and other dimensions
studied analytically. The load applied was within the elastic are represented in the table.1.
range and hence, the deflections, forces, and moments are
proportional to the load. So the intensity of the uniformly Table.1. Shell Dimensions
distributed load was taken equal in all cases. Shell Plan in m Rise Thick Edge Beam
in in Reinforcement
IV. METHODOLOGY mm mm
FS I 1.08 X 1.08 80 25 6mm Dia rod all
Funicular shells in square ground plan are considered for the round
investigation. Numerical approach using advanced finite FS II 1.08 X 1.08 80 20 6mm Dia rod all
element analysis based software called as SAP 2000 is round
adopted. Based on reported literature of similar nature a FE The finite element model of funicular shell with square
model is developed and an experimental study is conducted ground plan is developed by using SAP 2000 finite element
to investigate the behaviour of funicular shells under package is shown in figure 1.
uniformly distributed. Concrete shallow funicular shells of
square plan, double curvature with various rises are analyzed
for concentrated central load.

V. GENERATING COORDINATES FOR

FUNICULAR SHELLS
The coordinates of funicular shells are determined by
developing a computer program. Here we are using Turbo C
as the compiler to compile the program. Steps followed in the
program are,
1. Declare integer values of x, y, s. c; Fig.1 Funicular shell Model in SAP2000(3D View)
2. Initialize the integer values of f, a, b;
The plan of the shell, its dimensions, and mesh consisting of
3. Declare Z as a float value
400 elements, 54 X 54 mm each is shown in figure.2.
4. Take choice from user whether to continue or to stop
by pressing 1 or 0;
5. Take values of x and y by user;
6. Then calculate the value of Z, by using formula of

Where, Z = vertical ordinate at point x, y

f = maximum central rise
a = half length of the shell
b = half width of the shell
x, y = the co-ordinates of the grid point from the
origin, which is taken as the centre of the shell unit
7. The print the value of Z;
8. Take choice of user whether to continue or not;

VI. EXECUTION OF PROGRAM

To correlate experimental results with theory, a theoretical
study is carried out. The model consisted of a funicular shell
uniformly loaded at its top. The finite element technique and Fig.2. Finite Element Modelling and corresponding Node
a related computer program (SAP 2000) were utilized to Numbers.
analyze structure. The finite element model used to analyse

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VII. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Following materials are used in construction of shell
specimens.
1) Cement: OPC 53 Grade.
2) Fly ash: 30% of cement is replaced by fly ash.
3) Aggregates: Fine and Coarse.
4) Super plasticizer: CONPLAST 430
CERAPLAST 400
Physical properties of cement are given in table.2.

Table.2. Physical properties of procured OPC

Particulars Test Results

Fineness of cement 2.96 %

Fig.3. Fixing shell coordinates
Standard Consistency 29 %
Setting Time
The ordinates obtained shall be set off from a level platform
Initial 200 minutes
and the surface concreted , finished smooth. (Fig 4).
Final 4 hr 10 minutes
Compressive Strength
3 Days 16.22 N/mm2
7 Days 19.86 N/mm2

VIII. CONSTRUCTION OF FUNICULAR

SHELL SPECIMENS
Precasting of the doubly curved shell units may be carried
out by any one of the methods given below.
1. Sagging Fabric Method.
2. Masonry Mould Method.
3. Mechanized Process.
In the present work masonary mould method has been
adopted.
To study the stress distribution, deflections of funicular Fig.4. Finishing the surface with cement mortar
shells under uniformly distributed load specimens are
prepared and designated as The finished surface shall be coated with oil, grease or any
FS1: Funicular shell with rise 8 cm and thickness 25 mm. other releasing agents. (Fig 5).
FS2 : Funicular shell with rise 8 cm and thickness 20 mm.

The Mix Design for Funicular shell 1 has been arrived at

1:1.4:2.34. Cement is partially replaced with 30% of fly ash
and for better workability 0.2% Superplasticizer (Conplast
430) was added. Five concrete cubes and cylinders are cast
for compression and split tensile tests at 28 days.
The Mix Design for Funicular shell 2 has been arrived at
1:1.5:1.6. Cement is partially replaced with 30% of fly ash
and for better workability 0.2% Superplasticizer (Ceraplast
400) was added. Seven concrete cubes and cylinders are cast
for compression and split tensile tests at 28 days.
In masonary mould method, for any desired raise of the shell
of rectangular or square plan the ordinates on various points Fig.5. Oil coating
can also be calculated using approximate formula. (Fig 3).

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Outer mould for the edge beams shall be set up. (Fig 6). The thickness over the shell mould equal to the designed
thickness of the shell shall be controlled by thickness gauges.
(Fig 9).

Fig.6. Fixing outer mould for the shell

The designed reinforcement for the edge beam shall be

Fig.9. Finished shell Surface
placed between the outer edge beam mould and the masonry
platform built up. The minimum reinforcement in the edge The edge beam mould should be released three hours after
beams of the shell shall be one 6 mm diameter mild steel bar. casting. (Fig 10).
(Fig 7).

Fig.10. Removing of edge beam mould

Fig.7. Placing the reinforcement in edge beam mould The shell should be lifted off the mould using levers at the
four corners 24 to 48 hours after casting. Longer time up to
Concrete of the specified mix shall be laid in the edge beam
72 hours may be necessary in cold climates (below 250c) as
and over the shell mould. (Fig 8).
also when pozzolana cement is used. In using levers ensure
that the levers are operated only on one side at a time and
never at the end at diagonals. (Fig 11).

Fig.8. Casting of edge beam

Fig.11. Finished funicular shell

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The shell should be kept stacked and cured in the normal
way. The stacking of the shells may be done one above the
other supported at four corners only. Shells units up to 1.5 m
in size may be handled manually. Shells heavier than this will
need the help of hoisting equipment and appliances. For
small size shells where handling is done manually, provision
of lifting hooks are not necessary. The procedure is repeated
for casting the specimens FS1 and FS2 with rise 8 cm and
varying thickness. The shell specimens are moist cured for
28 days before testing.

IX. INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING

To investigate the behaviour of the funicular shell subjected to a Fig.13. Location of dial gauges
uniformly distributed load at its top surface, the structure was
instrumented and loaded as follows. Two specimens with rise of 8cm, thickness 25 mm and 20
Shells FS1 and FS2 are simply supported on a loading frame mm respectively, were chosen for strain measurement.
and subjected to uniformly distributed load. To simulate Electrical resistance strain gauge rosettes were mounted on
uniformly distributed load a number of 30 kg sand bags have the top and bottom surface of the two shells (FS1 and FS2) at
been prepared and placed on top of the shell in a uniform different locations. Electrical resistance strain gauges have a
manner. To check the elastic behavior of the shells, the suitable sensitivity, they occupy little space, do not require
structures were loaded and unloaded several times. The two access once fixed and being read from a control panel so
shell specimens FS1 and FS2 were placed in a loading electrical strain gauges were chosen for measuring strains.
apparatus designed for this purpose, as shown in figure 12. Figure 14 shows the instrumented specimens and the
installed strain gauges respectively. Of these, the two
instrumented shells, FS1 and FS2 with 25 mm and 20 mm
thicknesses respectively, were loaded uniformly at the top
surface in the elastic range. Strain gauge readings were
recorded at different load increments. The results are
presented.

Fig.12. Sand bags loading

Deflection measurements require more thought than might
be supposed. Since the shell is flexible, it is not very easy to
measure tangential displacements with a reasonable degree
Fig.14. Instrumented shell and location of strain gauges
of accuracy, except at its edges and it is best to confine
oneself, on the main part of the shell proper, to the
X. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
measurement of radial deflections. Two specimens with rise
Two shells of double curvature were constructed and tested.
of 8cm, thickness 25 mm and 20 mm were used for dial gauge
From testing the specimens FS1 and FS2, the values of
readings. Figure 7.2 shows the location of installed dial
strains and deflections for different loadings were recorded.
gauges. Deflection measurements were also carried out for
From the experimental strain values stresses are found out
shells FS1 and FS2 with rise of 8cm, thickness 25 mm and 20
and are compared with analytical stress values. Funicular
mm respectively. (Fig 13).
shell I and Funicular shell II are loaded up to 1145 Kg and
1140 Kg respectively. It is observed that the deflection of the
shell due to applied loads is small. From results obtained it is
found out that when the shell thickness is reduced the

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deflection of the shell also decreases for the same applied From the analysis results, the deflections of the concrete
load. Deflection is more in edge beam compared to shell funicular shell over square ground plan along vertical
center. direction are calculated and a plot is made between the
Analysis of funicular shell 1(FS I) various points considered in the shell and the corresponding
The analysis of Funicular shell over square ground plan FS I deflections as shown in figure 17.
is made and from the results of the analysis, a graph is plotted
between the uniformly distributed load and membrane stress
distribution. From the visualization, the maximum deflection
under the load, the maximum stresses for the each analysis
are observed. Maximum tension stresses are developed at
shell corners. The comparisons of maximum stress with the
different applied load are shown in figure.15.
It should be noted that at most locations the theory yields
lower values than experiment. This would be because of
non-uniform applying of loads experimentally due to
practical difficulty of applying loads uniformly. The
discrepancies between the theory and experiment both in the
case of stress and deflection calculations could be attributed
to the possible errors involved in the computations in the Fig.17. Deflection Curve for concrete funicular shell I
process of matrix inversion by single precision and also
non-consideration of material nonlinearity in stiffness Analysis of funicular shell 1I (FS II)
matrix. Also, the element sizes in the theoretical analysis are The analysis of Funicular shell over square ground plan FS II is
not fine enough to simulate the physical structure. A stress made and from the results of the analysis, a graph is plotted
between the uniformly distributed load and membrane stress
contour for maximum stress of Funicular shell I over square
distribution. From the visualization, the maximum deflection
ground plan is shown in figure 16. The maximum value of
under the load, the maximum stresses for the each analysis are
tensile stress is observed on the shell edges.
observed. Maximum tension stresses are developed at shell
corners. The comparisons of maximum stress with the different
applied load are shown in figure.18.

Fig.15. Stress at strain gauge 1 for FS I

Fig.18. Stress at strain gauge 1 for FS II

It should be noted that at most locations the theory yields

lower values than experiment. This would be because of
non-uniform applying of loads experimentally due to
practical difficulty of applying loads uniformly. The
discrepancies between the theory and experiment both in the
case of stress and deflection calculations could be attributed
Fig.16. Stress contour for FS I to the possible errors involved in the computations in the

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process of matrix inversion by single precision and also The following conclusions are drawn from the test results:
non-consideration of material nonlinearity in stiffness 1. The deflection of concrete funicular shell decreases
matrix. Also, the element sizes in the theoretical analysis are with increase in thickness.
not fine enough to simulate the physical structure. A stress 2. Membrane stresses decreases with the increase in
contour for maximum stress of Funicular shell I over square thickness of concrete funicular shell.
ground plan is shown in figure 19. The maximum value of 3. Maximum tension stresses are developed at shell
tensile stress is observed on the shell edges. corners.
4. Performance of funicular shell I is better when
compared to funicular shell II under uniformly
distributed load.
5. The deflection of shallow funicular concrete shell
decreases with increase in rise.
6. Membrane stresses decreases with the increase in rise
of shallow funicular concrete shell.

XII. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

Precast doubly-curved shells have been in use for the past
few years as roofing and flooring elements. These shell units
are effectively used for replacing the solid RCC slabs. They
may be used in conjunction with precast joints or battens or
Fig.19. Stress contour for FS II planks or as waffle shells by providing in situ ribs in two
directions. This type of construction has many advantages
From the analysis results, the deflections of the concrete over the conventional RCC slabs as it is lighter in weight and
funicular shell over square ground plan along vertical saves reinforcing steel and concrete. It is also suited for
direction are calculated and a plot is made between the workshop floors and loading platforms carrying heavy
various points considered in the shell and the corresponding uniform loads. It eliminates the use of shuttering fully and
deflections as shown in figure 20. scaffolding partially. The sizes of the shells are chosen
depending upon handling facility available. The
experimental results presented in this work pertain to the size
of specimens chosen in the study, which has a potential for
application to industrial use. However, the exact nature of
behavioural response of large dimension shells is a topic for
further investigation. Analytical results can be improved by
considering non-linearity and also by using finer meshing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are a number of people whose help and contribution I
would like to acknowledge. Without their support this work
would not have been accomplished. Primarily, I wish to
express my gratitude to, Dr. Nagesh R Iyer, Director,
CSIR-SERC, Chennai for providing me an opportunity to
Fig.20. Deflection Curve for concrete funicular shell II
carry out the project work at this esteemed organization.
XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
I am thankful to Dr. P. Sivakumar, Chief Scientist, CAD
An experimental and analytical investigation has been group CSIR-SERC, for allowing me to use facilities
carried out to study the performance of funicular shells with available in CSIR-SERC.
varying thickness using SAP 2000 software. Various I wish my grateful thanks to Dr. K. Manjunatha, project
parameters like variation of deflection, stress distribution guide for their invaluable support and guidance.
have been considered in the study. The performance of This project work has been done as part of CSIR-800
funicular shell under uniformly distributed load is presented programme on “Sustainable Construction Technologies
in this study. for Social Development”.

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[1] Abolhassan Vafai, Massoud Mofid, “Experimental study of
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Estekanchi, “Experimental study of prefabricated funicular
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[3] Albolhassan Vafai and Mehdi Farshad “Theoretical and

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[4] G.S. Ramaswamy, N.V. Raman and Zacharia George “A

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[5] John W. Weber et al, “Ultimate Loads for Shallow Funicular

Concrete Shells”, Northwest, Volume. (58), No. 3, 1984,
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[6] P. Sachithanantham, S. Elavenil and S. Sankaran “Study on

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[7] Ramaswamy G.S, “Design and construction of concrete shell

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[8] S. Rajasekaran and P. Sujatha, “Configuration of deep

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[9] IS: 2210-1988, “Criteria for design of reinforced concrete

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[10] IS: 6332-1984, “Code of practice for construction of floors

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