RESEARCH REPORT OF

TRAFFIC CONTROL
CONTENTS
I. ABSTRACT

II. INTRODUCATION

III. LITREATURE REVIEW

IV. OBJECTIVE

V. METHODOLOGY

VI. RECOMMENDATION

VII. REFERENCE
 1.ABSTRACT
Traffic management is major problem of traffic department in busy lane/road
inside of city in intersection of lane . Always we looking one traffic man can’t
handle to a many intersection lane traffic and large traffic area this research paper
can be cover four way lane traffic handling without traffic man using light single.
We try in this Research paper are describes how to sense the traffic and how to
handle a large traffic in four way lane using fuzzy logic. We trying in this research
paper to cover some technical device and feature to traffic management and this
research is provides a detailed study of fuzzy logic controller for traffic

2. INTRODUCATION
Traffic signals are the most suitable method of controlling traffic in busy junction
or lane .The monitoring and controlling of Road/lane traffic is a major problem in
many country because Number of vehicles is increasing daily but highways
developments have a lower phase then lead to traffic blocking problem or
congestion problem. traffic overloading or congestion have a lot of
factor are lead to like as the density of vehicles on the lane/road, human being
lifestyle, public behavior and traffic light system are a major problem is payable to
the traffic lights system that controls the traffic at junction/intersection. Traffic
policeman are stand at a traffic intersection daily in order to overcome these
congestion in peak hour then one of the roots are a problem is due to unsuccessful
traffic light controllers. this paper are describe the implementation and structure of
an intelligent traffic control system using fuzzy logic technology which has the
capability of mimic human intelligence for controlling traffic lights Fuzzy logic
technology allow the completion of real-life rules which is similar to human would
think. Fuzzy logic is fitting for controlling and handling intersections lane because
they are bright to follow the control logic of traffic police officers who at times put
back traffic signal control when the intersection is packed. Fixed time and traffic
actuate control methods are used for controlling the secluded signalized
intersections. If traffic capacity or number of vehicle are up and down moment in
time of day then traffic actuated model are choose but if traffic volumes are fixed
in time of day then fixed time control technique is used. Single red and green lights
timings are a set the traffic moves efficiently in all directions without people jump
in any one of the lane having to wait for an overly lengthy period for their turn
round.
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are two parts that involves in accomplishing this project which through,
software approach for simulation and schematic design using gate logic for
hardware implementation. This simulation part becomes the supporter where it will
support the data that had been obtained through the hardware implement to prove
that whatever the findings in simulation are same with implement in hardware
using gate logic.
3.1 Traffic Light Systems
A traffic light system is an electronic device that assigns right of way at an
intersection or crossing or street crossing by means of displaying the standard red,
yellow and green colored indications. An addition, it also works in conjunction
with pedestrian displays to assign pedestrian crossing right of way. A traffic light,
also known as traffic signal, stop light, stop-and-go lights, is a signaling device
positioned at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location in order to
indicate when it is safe to drive, ride, or walk using a universal colour code (and a
precise sequence, for that are colors blind).
Nowadays, a red light meant traffic in all directions had to stop. A yellow light
meant cross-town traffic would have to slow and a green light would to go or
proceed.
The difficulty in understanding this confusing color sequence was compounded by
neighboring towns using another system. The development of an intelligent control
structure ensures an optimal solution for all participants in the transportation and
road traffic system
There are different ways controlling road intersections. In the simplest cases the
right-hand rule or, if the traffic is higher, a roundabout or the signal of a policeman
can help steer the traffic. However, especially in big cities, in the complicated
cases when the roads in the intersection have several lanes, the use of traffic lights
cannot be avoided. An additional issue arises when in the intersection not only
roads but also railroad tracks take part, what often occurs in suburban traffic
situations. The most common way to handle this type of intersection is the
conventional cyclic lights control. In more enhanced control, the traffic in different
directions is monitored by sensors and the signals thus obtained control the traffic
lights. In this method the control is adapting to the traffic
 The general problem is the huge number of variables and the need for large
computing efforts. To simplify this problem a possible way is the use of fuzzy
techniques. In the last couple of years a lot of simulations were done and also
practical control systems were built based on simple fuzzy rules. However in the
most complicated cases where the numbers of lanes are large and maybe not only
one but more road intersections and railroad take part, it does make sense to use
fuzzy methods containing hierarchy and apply interpolation to decrease the
complexity.
3.2 Benefit of Traffic Light Controller
When properly used, traffic control signals are important devices for the control of
vehicular in road. They assign the right-of-way to a choice of traffic movements
and thereby deeply influence traffic flow. Traffic control signals that are properly
designed, located, operated, and maintained will have one or more of the following
advantages:
I. Provide orderly movement of traffic II. Minimize completing movement III.
Coordinated for continuous movement IV. Provide driver confidence by assigning
right way
Traffic control signals are often considered a cure for all traffic problems at
intersections. This belief has led to traffic control signals being installed at many
locations where they are not needed, adversely affecting the safety and efficiency
of vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic. Traffic control signals, even when
justified by traffic and roadway conditions, can be ill-designed, ineffectively
placed, improperly operated, or poorly maintained. While traffic signals can help
in locations where they are justified and installed properly, they also have
disadvantages. There will always be some disadvantages even if the signal is
justified.
3.3 Types of Traffic Signals Components and Operations
Most traffic signals will have the following components or part:
I. Main display with red, yellow and green lights. II. Traffic signal cabinet
containing the traffic signal controller and Vehicle Detection Systems, either III.
Inductive loops or sensors
In the many cities, traffic signals mainly operate in three modes:
I Fixed-time mode: Under this mode, there are no detections for any approach. The
signal continuously cycles regardless of actual traffic demand. Pedestrian walk
signals are automatic and will cycle concurrently with the vehicular signal
indication. II Semi-Actuated mode: Under this mode, the detection system is
present only on a minor cross street. When detection is activated, the green light on
a major street is interrupted to allow the minor street traffic and pedestrians to
safely enter the intersection. Pedestrian walk signals for crossing a minor street are
automatic, while those for crossing a major street are not. Pedestrians crossing a
major street must push the “pedestrian push button” to get the walk signal. III
Actuated mode: Under this mode, there are detections for all approaches. The
traffic signal is set to provide the green light “ondemand” or only in the presence
of vehicles.
3.3 State Machine Design
A frequency design found in almost all types of digital design is a state machine. It
is easy to design and gives the designer great flexibility when the designer needs to
weak the design either for speed or area optimization. Most synthesis tools in the
market have special option to allow a designer to synthesize a state machine
design. A state machine format is the good examples of a design that can be coded
of an intelligent traffic control systems. A traffic control system has only certain
fixed conditions to fulfill in order to control the traffic lights that control traffic
flow
3.4 Explanation about Software and Hardware
This project is dividing by two parts, which are software for simulation and
hardware for implementation. In this project, Verilog HDL (Hardware Description
Language) is used for write a coding using Quartus11 Software. After finished
design gate logic and writing the coding, this project can proceed to another part;
implement gate logic in breadboard.
3.5 Quartus 11 Software
The Altera® Quartus® II design software provides a complete, multiplatform
design environment that easily adapts to your specific design
needs. It is a comprehensive environment for system-on-a-programmable-chip
(SOPC) design. The QuartusII software includes solutions for all phases of FPGA
and CPLD design (Figure 2.0)
 In this software, we can use the Text Editor to create a Verilog HDL, VHDL, or
Altera Hardware Description Language (AHDL) design. Use the Block Editor to
create a block diagram with symbols that represent other design files, or to create a
schematic. A Verilog HDL are used in this project for write a coding and the Block
Editor is use to create a block diagrams with system
3.6 Benefit of Using Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language)
Verilog is a widely used Hardware Description Language (HDL) for design digital
circuits. It can also be used for modeling analog circuits. Verilog is a descriptive
language that describes a relationship between signals in a circuit [17]. A Verilog
model describes a unit of digital hardware in terms of
I. Interconnections of other hardware unit whose models prescribe their behavior in
a simulation and II. Behavioral / procedural algorithms that abstractly describe
input/output behavior that could be personified in a hardware unit.
Hardware description language (HDL) is divided by two types, Verilog and VHDL
(VHSIC – Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language).
Both have its advantages and its disadvantage. In this project, Verilog HDL was
chosen because it’s used for synthesis of logic circuits (synthesizable code), used
for verification purposes of a circuit
 4. METHODOLOGY
In a traffic lights control system have a following assumptions are usable for
designing.
1. Four way junction where traffic are coming on the four directions. These
directions are a
north and west and south and east.
2. Where traffic is moves from north and south direction then traffic are stop from
west and
east direction.
3. Left and right side turns are not considered.
4. When East-west lane is assumed as the main approach or south-north lane is
assumed as
the main approach
5. Maximum and minimum time for green light are determine Fuzzy logic
controller is watching the north and south traffic is one side and west and east
traffic as another side.

III. STRUCTURE OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL

Basically two type of traffic lights control system are used in intersection junction.
First traffic lights single control to system they are used a preset cycle time to
change the light and second traffic lights control system are combine preset cycle
time with sensor which can change the light according to time cycling. We are
trying to show general Structure of traffic lights control system in a fig 1.
Traffic lights control systems Structures have a following component.
1. Sensors:- The fuzzy traffic light control system are use two sets of inductive
loop sensors on each approach to the intersection here two electromagnetic sensors
located on the way for each
lane. this structure first sensor are situated in before intersection of The cross point
of lane means first sensor behind each traffic lights single and its counts the
number of cars passing the traffic lights Second sensor are situated in behind the
first sensor and its count the quantity of cars coming to the intersection means
second sensor predetermined space from the junction to high traffic numbers
information.
2. Fuzzy logic controller:- This traffic statistics information will be used by the
fuzzy logic
controller for select the highest priority phase and determine whether to extend the
current green light phase. The selected light phase information is going to the
fuzzy logic controller for inputted to the PLC for actuation. Then traffic lights and
sensors are attached to the Programmable Logic Controller (state machine) via the
interface and protective devices. So fuzzy logic controller is basically responsible
for two things first are it is responsible for
controlling the length of the green time according to the traffic condition it is taken
in the two fuzzy inputs in sensor though arrival and queue variable and one fuzzy
output though extension variable in traffic light are a second effects. The fuzzy
logic controller use for simulation and it
determines sequence phase and whether to extend or terminate the current fuzzy
rule for green light time. maximum degree of priority-based queue length are
analysis by fuzzy rules and waiting time after that it uses traffic data to selecting
the phase and determine the duration of green phase extension.
3. State machine controls: - states machine control system responsible for the
controlling in the
sequence of states that the fuzzy traffic controller should cycle from elevation and
wherever incoming traffic is identify then traffic state is generated for busy lane
red single and no incoming traffic is detected then it generates to green light set
state of fuzzy controller means State machine are responsible for generate to the
single.
IV. FUZZY CONTROLLER DESIGN
We describe fuzzy logic controller for four lane traffic intersection of junction. We
describe
controller system for fuzzy controller and it’s used for two input arrival and queue
variables and one output Extension time variable First input Arrival variable are used
for quantity of the traffic on the arrival side it quantity are given to the first sensor
and Queue are another input variable they used for quantity of traffic on the queuing
side it quantity are given is input by second sensor and if green single looking is
north and south then time it side is arrival side means it used arrival variable and
west and east side have a traffic then time it is going to queuing side and if west and
east face have a green single then time it side is a arrival side means it used arrival
variable and north and south side have a traffic then time it is going to queuing side
means it used queue variable.

Fuzzy logic controller organization has a following function.

1. Fuzzification: - fuzzification is process of convert the crisp input into fuzzy
input means when
we convert crisp set to a fuzzy set is called fuzzification and number of vehicle are
counted by
all sensor in increment order and send this count number to fuzzification system.
Fuzzy set support numerical number between 0 to 1 and crisp set support any
numerical number then is needed to convert crisp number to fuzzy number.
Arrival, queue and extension are a Fuzzy variables they are used in traffic lights
control system and these values of input and output variable are for all time
between 0 to 1 means crisp value are convert to number of car is presents value to
fuzzy value.
2. Fuzzy Decision Making: - fuzzy decision making system is take a arrival and
queue fuzzy
value from fuzzification after that take a decision using knowledge base and fuzzy
rule base database after that result is transfer to fuzzification via output variable.
Decision support system for fuzzy component are execute a operation based on
rules and this rules are generated by using knowledge base and fuzzy rule base
database and fuzzy inference system are used is method (max-min composition).
2.1 Knowledge Base: - main aim of knowledge base is determine the best policy
for known input
like reduces a number of vehicles in an intersection lane. The knowledge base is
constructing using result of traffic simulation and it is complemented by rules and
searching algorithm like a heuristics, hill clamming search. Knowledge base of
fuzzy is defines an input and output variables as members of the universe of a
discourse and defines degrees of membership functions
Knowledge base system designs a membership function for all fuzzy variable like
a input or output. Traffic light control used four member ship function for each
input and output fuzzy variable. This member ship variable is list out in Table-1
and this variable is very useful for design a membership function
 5.RECOMMENDATION
In this paper we have describe the fuzzy decision support system and component of
fuzzy controller with fuzzy rule base that are currently implementing in four way
road in city. Sensor is a basic equipment of controller and it’s sans the traffic and
this traffic information goes to fuzzy
controller and fuzzy controller check rule base database and take a traffic
conclusion. We obtainable to some fuzzy rule database according to traffic this
database rules are an increase by traffic difficulty so goal key of this research paper
is given
 6.References
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308119207_A_Case_Study_for_Traffic_
Control_Signal_at_Four-Way_Intersection_Road [accessed Oct 16 2018].
BOETTGER, R - SIEMENS. The structure of urban traffic control and its
technical realization.
KESSAEI, A, HENRY, JJ and FARGES, JL (1990). Upper level for real time
urban traffic control systems. 11th World Congress of IFAC, August 1990.