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Introduction To Structures

This document provides an overview of various river structures including weirs, gates, culverts, bridges, screens, and fish passes. It discusses the functions and types of each structure. Key equations for calculating flow through different structures are presented, such as typical weir equations and equations for calculating headloss at bridges. Design considerations for each structure such as effects of drowning, scour, and construction requirements are also covered.

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Ved Doma
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
132 views

Introduction To Structures

This document provides an overview of various river structures including weirs, gates, culverts, bridges, screens, and fish passes. It discusses the functions and types of each structure. Key equations for calculating flow through different structures are presented, such as typical weir equations and equations for calculating headloss at bridges. Design considerations for each structure such as effects of drowning, scour, and construction requirements are also covered.

Uploaded by

Ved Doma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

river structures
Weirs
Function

• River control with known stage


discharge relationship
• Maintenance of minimum water levels
• Flow measurement (partial or full
range of flow)
• Spillway (e.g. to flood relief channel)
Types of Weir
Overview
• Triangular profile (Crump)
• Flat - V
• Sharp crested
• Broad crested
• Compound
• Other (spillway, side weir, labyrinth
weir, non standard)
Weir Equations
Typical form - horizontal crest

The typical weir equation is


Q = C L h3/2
h gauged head above weir crest
L length of weir crest
C is a coefficient which includes
two dimensional effects and
upstream velocity head (often
obtained experimentally)
Weir Equations
Typical form - horizontal crest

Typical Coefficient values


• C 1.5 for a broad crested weir
• C 1.8 for a sharp crested weir
• C = Cd g
Cd is the discharge coefficient (non-
dimensional)
Weir Equations

• Each type of structure has a


discharge equation incorporating Cd
• Cd will vary from structure to
structure and will depend upon flow
conditions (i.e. flow depth over weir,
height of weir etc.)
• For specific calculations ensure that
you use the appropriate equations
(refer textbooks)
Drowning of Controls

Equations of flow are modified using


“drowning functions”
Drowned weir flow
Crump and triangular weirs
Gates
Overview
Function
– Flow regulation
– Control of upstream level
Types
– Vertical sluice (underflow)
– Radial (underflow)
– Flap weir (overflow)
– Vertical sluice (underflow and overflow)
– Other (movable weir, float operated etc)
Vertical Sluice Gate

Undrowned Q = C w B (2gy1)1/2
C = Cc / (1 + Cc w/y1)1/2  0.6
Drowned C depends on y1/w and y3/w
Vertical Sluice Gate
Culverts
Overview

• Conveyance of flow through obstructions


• Used in channels or on flood plains
• Types include circular (pipe), box or ‘pipe-
arch’
• Six basic flow types
• CIRIA Report 168 - Culvert Design Guide
Culverts
Classification of culvert flow
Culverts
Design considerations

• Small pipes are prone to blockage


• Access for maintenance
• Screens
• Future channel improvements
Headloss at bridges
Headloss at Bridges
Overview
• Low stone arch type bridge
Yarnell’s equation for arch bridges

• High, flat deck, rectangular opening


type bridge
USBPR method for modern bridges
Stone arch type bridges
Yarnell’s approach
Stone arch type bridges
Yarnell’s approach
Stone Arch Type Bridges
Yarnell’s approach
• Sub-critical flow:
• To estimate headloss at bridge, y:
y/y3 = KF32 [K + 5F32 - 0.6][ + 15 4]
•  is the proportion of flow area blocked
• K varies between 0.9 and 1.25 depending
upon pier shape:
0.9 = semicircular nose and tail
1.25 = square nose and tail
USBPR (1970) for
Overview
y = k2v22/2g + 1[ (A2/A3)2 - (A2/A1)2 ] v22/2g
where:
2 energy coefficient under the bridge
1 energy coefficient downstream
Note  has a different meaning in this equation from
Yanell’s eq.
k total backwater coefficient, where:
k = kb + kp + ke + ks
kb = base coefficient, kp = effects of piers
ke = effect of eccentricity, ks = effect of skew
Design Considerations
Overview
• Deck above flood level
• Piers smooth and aligned with the flow
• Scour at piers
• Flood plain culvert design
• flood plain storage
• runoff and pollution
• temporary works
Screens
Overview
• Protection of hydraulic structures
• Safety
• Bars 50mm to 150mm spacing
• Clean by raking
• Head losses are:
– small when clean
– large when blocked
Screens
Fish Passes
Overview

• Allow fish to bypass man made obstacles


– divide single leap into several smaller
leaps
– sloping channel - baffles to reduce
velocity
• Fish attracted by strong flows
Impact on water level

Flow zones:
U Uniform flow (constant depth)
G Gradually varied flow
R Rapidly varied flow
F Froude number
Design considerations
• Range of discharge
• Afflux - available head loss is often limited
• Range of upstream and downstream levels
• Approach and exit conditions
• Energy dissipation
• Erosion, scour, bed and bank protection
• Hydrostatic uplift and seepage
• Cavitation, vibration etc.
• Construction requirements (e.g. river
diversion)
Further reading…

Hydraulics in Civil & Environmental


Engineering by Chadwick & Morfett
Open Channel Flow by F M
Henderson
Open Channel Hydraulics by Ven Te
Chow
Weirs and Flumes for Flow
Measurement by Ackers, White et al

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