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100 Numpy Exercises

This document lists 100 exercises for working with the NumPy Python library. It provides code snippets for tasks like creating arrays, manipulating arrays, performing mathematical operations on arrays, and more. The goal is to offer a quick reference and set of exercises for teaching NumPy. Users can contribute additional exercises by submitting pull requests to the GitHub repository.

Uploaded by

Shubham Jain
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
228 views

100 Numpy Exercises

This document lists 100 exercises for working with the NumPy Python library. It provides code snippets for tasks like creating arrays, manipulating arrays, performing mathematical operations on arrays, and more. The goal is to offer a quick reference and set of exercises for teaching NumPy. Users can contribute additional exercises by submitting pull requests to the GitHub repository.

Uploaded by

Shubham Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

100 numpy exercises
A joint effort of the numpy community

The goal is both to offer a quick reference for new and old users and to provide
also a set of exercices for those who teach. If you remember having asked or
answered a (short) problem, you can send a pull request. The format is:

#. Find indices of non-zero elements from [1,2,0,0,4,0]

.. code:: python

# Author: Somebody

print(np.nonzero([1,2,0,0,4,0]))

Here is what the page looks like so far:
http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html

Repository is at: https://github.com/rougier/numpy­100

Thanks to Michiaki Ariga, there is now a Julia version.

1. Import the numpy package under the name np (★☆☆)

import numpy as np

2. Print the numpy version and the configuration (★☆☆)

print(np.__version__)
np.show_config()

3. Create a null vector of size 10 (★☆☆)

Z = np.zeros(10)
print(Z)

4. How to get the documentation of the numpy add function from the command
line? (★☆☆)

python -c "import numpy; numpy.info(numpy.add)"

5. Create a null vector of size 10 but the fifth value which is 1 (★☆☆)

Z = np.zeros(10)
Z[4] = 1
print(Z)

6. Create a vector with values ranging from 10 to 49 (★☆☆)

Z = np.arange(10,50)
print(Z)

7. Reverse a vector (first element becomes last) (★☆☆)

Z = np.arange(50)
Z = Z[::-1]

8. Create a 3x3 matrix with values ranging from 0 to 8 (★☆☆)
http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 1/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
print(Z)

9. Find indices of non­zero elements from [1,2,0,0,4,0] (★☆☆)

nz = np.nonzero([1,2,0,0,4,0])
print(nz)

10. Create a 3x3 identity matrix (★☆☆)

Z = np.eye(3)
print(Z)

11. Create a 3x3x3 array with random values (★☆☆)

Z = np.random.random((3,3,3))
print(Z)

12. Create a 10x10 array with random values and find the minimum and maximum
values (★☆☆)

Z = np.random.random((10,10))
Zmin, Zmax = Z.min(), Z.max()
print(Zmin, Zmax)

13. Create a random vector of size 30 and find the mean value (★☆☆)

Z = np.random.random(30)
m = Z.mean()
print(m)

14. Create a 2d array with 1 on the border and 0 inside (★☆☆)

Z = np.ones((10,10))
Z[1:-1,1:-1] = 0

15. What is the result of the following expression? (★☆☆)

0 * np.nan
np.nan == np.nan
np.inf > np.nan
np.nan - np.nan
0.3 == 3 * 0.1

16. Create a 5x5 matrix with values 1,2,3,4 just below the diagonal (★☆☆)

Z = np.diag(1+np.arange(4),k=-1)
print(Z)

17. Create a 8x8 matrix and fill it with a checkerboard pattern (★☆☆)

Z = np.zeros((8,8),dtype=int)
Z[1::2,::2] = 1
Z[::2,1::2] = 1
print(Z)

18. Consider a (6,7,8) shape array, what is the index (x,y,z) of the 100th element?

print(np.unravel_index(100,(6,7,8)))

19. Create a checkerboard 8x8 matrix using the tile function (★☆☆)

Z = np.tile( np.array([[0,1],[1,0]]), (4,4))


print(Z)

20. Normalize a 5x5 random matrix (★☆☆)

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 2/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

Z = np.random.random((5,5))
Zmax, Zmin = Z.max(), Z.min()
Z = (Z - Zmin)/(Zmax - Zmin)
print(Z)

21. Create a custom dtype that describes a color as four unisgned bytes (RGBA)
(★☆☆)

color = np.dtype([("r", np.ubyte, 1),


("g", np.ubyte, 1),
("b", np.ubyte, 1),
("a", np.ubyte, 1)])

22. Multiply a 5x3 matrix by a 3x2 matrix (real matrix product) (★☆☆)

Z = np.dot(np.ones((5,3)), np.ones((3,2)))
print(Z)

23. Given a 1D array, negate all elements which are between 3 and 8, in place.
(★☆☆)

# Author: Evgeni Burovski

Z = np.arange(11)
Z[(3 < Z) & (Z <= 8)] *= -1

24. What is the output of the following script? (★☆☆)

# Author: Jake VanderPlas

print(sum(range(5),-1))
from numpy import *
print(sum(range(5),-1))

25. Consider an integer vector Z, which of these expressions are legal? (★☆☆)

Z**Z
2 << Z >> 2
Z <- Z
1j*Z
Z/1/1
Z<Z>Z

26. What are the result of the following expressions?

np.array(0) // np.array(0)

np.array(0) // np.array(0.)
np.array(0) / np.array(0)
np.array(0) / np.array(0.)

27. How to round away from zero a float array ? (★☆☆)

# Author: Charles R Harris

Z = np.random.uniform(-10,+10,10)
print (np.trunc(Z + np.copysign(0.5, Z)))

28. Extract the integer part of a random array using 5 different methods (★★☆)

Z = np.random.uniform(0,10,10)

print (Z - Z%1)
print (np.floor(Z))
print (np.ceil(Z)-1)
print (Z.astype(int))
print (np.trunc(Z))

29. Create a 5x5 matrix with row values ranging from 0 to 4 (★★☆)

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 3/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

Z = np.zeros((5,5))
Z += np.arange(5)
print(Z)

30. Consider a generator function that generates 10 integers and use it to build an
array (★☆☆)

def generate():
for x in xrange(10):
yield x
Z = np.fromiter(generate(),dtype=float,count=-1)
print(Z)

31. Create a vector of size 10 with values ranging from 0 to 1, both excluded (★★☆)

Z = np.linspace(0,1,12,endpoint=True)[1:-1]
print(Z)

32. Create a random vector of size 10 and sort it (★★☆)

Z = np.random.random(10)
Z.sort()
print(Z)

33. How to sum a small array faster than np.sum? (★★☆)

# Author: Evgeni Burovski

Z = np.arange(10)
np.add.reduce(Z)

34. Consider two random array A anb B, check if they are equal (★★☆)

A = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
B = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
equal = np.allclose(A,B)
print(equal)

35. Make an array immutable (read­only) (★★☆)

Z = np.zeros(10)
Z.flags.writeable = False
Z[0] = 1

36. Consider a random 10x2 matrix representing cartesian coordinates, convert them
to polar coordinates (★★☆)

Z = np.random.random((10,2))
X,Y = Z[:,0], Z[:,1]
R = np.sqrt(X**2+Y**2)
T = np.arctan2(Y,X)
print(R)
print(T)

37. Create random vector of size 10 and replace the maximum value by 0 (★★☆)

Z = np.random.random(10)
Z[Z.argmax()] = 0
print(Z)

38. Create a structured array with x and y coordinates covering the [0,1]x[0,1] area
(★★☆)

Z = np.zeros((10,10), [('x',float),('y',float)])
Z['x'], Z['y'] = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(0,1,10),
np.linspace(0,1,10))
print(Z)

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 4/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

39. Given two arrays, X and Y, construct the Cauchy matrix C (Cij = 1/(xi ­ yj))

# Author: Evgeni Burovski

X = np.arange(8)
Y = X + 0.5
C = 1.0 / np.subtract.outer(X, Y)
print(np.linalg.det(C))

40. Print the minimum and maximum representable value for each numpy scalar type
(★★☆)

for dtype in [np.int8, np.int32, np.int64]:


print(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
print(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
for dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
print(np.finfo(dtype).min)
print(np.finfo(dtype).max)
print(np.finfo(dtype).eps)

41. How to print all the values of an array? (★★☆)

np.set_printoptions(threshold=np.nan)
Z = np.zeros((25,25))
print(Z)

42. How to find the closest value (to a given scalar) in an array? (★★☆)

Z = np.arange(100)
v = np.random.uniform(0,100)
index = (np.abs(Z-v)).argmin()
print(Z[index])

43. Create a structured array representing a position (x,y) and a color (r,g,b) (★★☆)

Z = np.zeros(10, [ ('position', [ ('x', float, 1),


('y', float, 1)]),
('color', [ ('r', float, 1),
('g', float, 1),
('b', float, 1)])])
print(Z)

44. Consider a random vector with shape (100,2) representing coordinates, find point
by point distances (★★☆)

Z = np.random.random((10,2))
X,Y = np.atleast_2d(Z[:,0]), np.atleast_2d(Z[:,1])
D = np.sqrt( (X-X.T)**2 + (Y-Y.T)**2)
print(D)

# Much faster with scipy


import scipy
# Thanks Gavin Heverly-Coulson (#issue 1)
import scipy.spatial

Z = np.random.random((10,2))
D = scipy.spatial.distance.cdist(Z,Z)
print(D)

45. How to convert a float (32 bits) array into an integer (32 bits) in place?

Z = np.arange(10, dtype=np.int32)
Z = Z.astype(np.float32, copy=False)

46. How to read the following file? (★★☆)

# File content:
# -------------
1,2,3,4,5
6,,,7,8
,,9,10,11
# -------------

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 5/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

Z = np.genfromtxt("missing.dat", delimiter=",")

47. What is the equivalent of enumerate for numpy arrays? (★★☆)

Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
for index, value in np.ndenumerate(Z):
print(index, value)
for index in np.ndindex(Z.shape):
print(index, Z[index])

48. Generate a generic 2D Gaussian­like array (★★☆)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,10), np.linspace(-1,1,10))
D = np.sqrt(X*X+Y*Y)
sigma, mu = 1.0, 0.0
G = np.exp(-( (D-mu)**2 / ( 2.0 * sigma**2 ) ) )
print(G)

49. How to randomly place p elements in a 2D array? (★★☆)

# Author: Divakar

n = 10
p=3
Z = np.zeros((n,n))
np.put(Z, np.random.choice(range(n*n), p, replace=False),1)

50. Subtract the mean of each row of a matrix (★★☆)

# Author: Warren Weckesser

X = np.random.rand(5, 10)

# Recent versions of numpy


Y = X - X.mean(axis=1, keepdims=True)

# Older versions of numpy


Y = X - X.mean(axis=1).reshape(-1, 1)

51. How to I sort an array by the nth column? (★★☆)

# Author: Steve Tjoa

Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,3))
print(Z)
print(Z[Z[:,1].argsort()])

52. How to tell if a given 2D array has null columns? (★★☆)

# Author: Warren Weckesser

Z = np.random.randint(0,3,(3,10))
print((~Z.any(axis=0)).any())

53. Find the nearest value from a given value in an array (★★☆)

Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
z = 0.5
m = Z.flat[np.abs(Z - z).argmin()]
print(m)

54. Create an array class that has a name attribute (★★☆)

class NamedArray(np.ndarray):
def __new__(cls, array, name="no name"):
obj = np.asarray(array).view(cls)
obj.name = name
return obj
def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
if obj is None: return
self.info = getattr(obj, 'name', "no name")

Z = NamedArray(np.arange(10), "range_10")
http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 6/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises
Z = NamedArray(np.arange(10), "range_10")
print (Z.name)

55. Consider a given vector, how to add 1 to each element indexed by a second
vector (be careful with repeated indices)? (★★★)

# Author: Brett Olsen

Z = np.ones(10)
I = np.random.randint(0,len(Z),20)
Z += np.bincount(I, minlength=len(Z))
print(Z)

56. How to accumulate elements of a vector (X) to an array (F) based on an index list
(I)? (★★★)

# Author: Alan G Isaac

X = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
I = [1,3,9,3,4,1]
F = np.bincount(I,X)
print(F)

57. Considering a (w,h,3) image of (dtype=ubyte), compute the number of unique
colors (★★★)

# Author: Nadav Horesh

w,h = 16,16
I = np.random.randint(0,2,(h,w,3)).astype(np.ubyte)
F = I[...,0]*256*256 + I[...,1]*256 +I[...,2]
n = len(np.unique(F))
print(np.unique(I))

58. Considering a four dimensions array, how to get sum over the last two axis at
once? (★★★)

A = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,4,3,4))
sum = A.reshape(A.shape[:-2] + (-1,)).sum(axis=-1)
print(sum)

59. Considering a one­dimensional vector D, how to compute means of subsets of D
using a vector S of same size describing subset indices? (★★★)

# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río

D = np.random.uniform(0,1,100)
S = np.random.randint(0,10,100)
D_sums = np.bincount(S, weights=D)
D_counts = np.bincount(S)
D_means = D_sums / D_counts
print(D_means)

60. How to get the diagonal of a dot product? (★★★)

# Author: Mathieu Blondel

# Slow version
np.diag(np.dot(A, B))

# Fast version
np.sum(A * B.T, axis=1)

# Faster version
np.einsum("ij,ji->i", A, B).

61. Consider the vector [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], how to build a new vector with 3 consecutive
zeros interleaved between each value? (★★★)

# Author: Warren Weckesser

Z = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 7/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises
Z = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
nz = 3
Z0 = np.zeros(len(Z) + (len(Z)-1)*(nz))
Z0[::nz+1] = Z
print(Z0)

62. Consider an array of dimension (5,5,3), how to mulitply it by an array with
dimensions (5,5)? (★★★)

A = np.ones((5,5,3))
B = 2*np.ones((5,5))
print(A * B[:,:,None])

63. How to swap two rows of an array? (★★★)

# Author: Eelco Hoogendoorn

A = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
A[[0,1]] = A[[1,0]]
print(A)

64. Consider a set of 10 triplets describing 10 triangles (with shared vertices), find
the set of unique line segments composing all the triangles (★★★)

# Author: Nicolas P. Rougier

faces = np.random.randint(0,100,(10,3))
F = np.roll(faces.repeat(2,axis=1),-1,axis=1)
F = F.reshape(len(F)*3,2)
F = np.sort(F,axis=1)
G = F.view( dtype=[('p0',F.dtype),('p1',F.dtype)] )
G = np.unique(G)
print(G)

65. Given an array C that is a bincount, how to produce an array A such that
np.bincount(A) == C? (★★★)

# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río

C = np.bincount([1,1,2,3,4,4,6])
A = np.repeat(np.arange(len(C)), C)
print(A)

66. How to compute averages using a sliding window over an array? (★★★)

# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río

def moving_average(a, n=3) :


ret = np.cumsum(a, dtype=float)
ret[n:] = ret[n:] - ret[:-n]
return ret[n - 1:] / n
Z = np.arange(20)
print(moving_average(Z, n=3))

67. Consider a one­dimensional array Z, build a two­dimensional array whose first
row is (Z[0],Z[1],Z[2]) and each subsequent row is shifted by 1 (last row should
be (Z[­3],Z[­2],Z[­1]) (★★★)

# Author: Joe Kington / Erik Rigtorp


from numpy.lib import stride_tricks

def rolling(a, window):


shape = (a.size - window + 1, window)
strides = (a.itemsize, a.itemsize)
return stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=shape, strides=strides)
Z = rolling(np.arange(10), 3)
print(Z)

68. How to negate a boolean, or to change the sign of a float inplace? (★★★)

# Author: Nathaniel J. Smith

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 8/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

Z = np.random.randint(0,2,100)
np.logical_not(arr, out=arr)

Z = np.random.uniform(-1.0,1.0,100)
np.negative(arr, out=arr)

69. Consider 2 sets of points P0,P1 describing lines (2d) and a point p, how to
compute distance from p to each line i (P0[i],P1[i])? (★★★)

def distance(P0, P1, p):


T = P1 - P0
L = (T**2).sum(axis=1)
U = -((P0[:,0]-p[...,0])*T[:,0] + (P0[:,1]-p[...,1])*T[:,1]) / L
U = U.reshape(len(U),1)
D = P0 + U*T - p
return np.sqrt((D**2).sum(axis=1))

P0 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
p = np.random.uniform(-10,10,( 1,2))
print(distance(P0, P1, p))

70. Consider 2 sets of points P0,P1 describing lines (2d) and a set of points P, how
to compute distance from each point j (P[j]) to each line i (P0[i],P1[i])? (★★★)

# Author: Italmassov Kuanysh


# based on distance function from previous question
P0 = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
p = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
print np.array([distance(P0,P1,p_i) for p_i in p])

71. Consider an arbitrary array, write a function that extract a subpart with a fixed
shape and centered on a given element (pad with a fill value when necessary)
(★★★)

# Author: Nicolas Rougier

Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(10,10))
shape = (5,5)
fill = 0
position = (1,1)

R = np.ones(shape, dtype=Z.dtype)*fill
P = np.array(list(position)).astype(int)
Rs = np.array(list(R.shape)).astype(int)
Zs = np.array(list(Z.shape)).astype(int)

R_start = np.zeros((len(shape),)).astype(int)
R_stop = np.array(list(shape)).astype(int)
Z_start = (P-Rs//2)
Z_stop = (P+Rs//2)+Rs%2

R_start = (R_start - np.minimum(Z_start,0)).tolist()


Z_start = (np.maximum(Z_start,0)).tolist()
R_stop = np.maximum(R_start, (R_stop - np.maximum(Z_stop-Zs,0))).tolist()
Z_stop = (np.minimum(Z_stop,Zs)).tolist()

r = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(R_start,R_stop)]


z = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(Z_start,Z_stop)]
R[r] = Z[z]
print(Z)
print(R)

72. Consider an array Z = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], how to generate an
array R = [[1,2,3,4], [2,3,4,5], [3,4,5,6], ..., [11,12,13,14]]? (★★★)

# Author: Stefan van der Walt

Z = np.arange(1,15,dtype=uint32)
R = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z,(11,4),(4,4))
print(R)

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 9/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

73. Compute a matrix rank (★★★)

# Author: Stefan van der Walt

Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,(10,10))
U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(Z) # Singular Value Decomposition
rank = np.sum(S > 1e-10)

74. How to find the most frequent value in an array?

Z = np.random.randint(0,10,50)
print(np.bincount(Z).argmax())

75. Extract all the contiguous 3x3 blocks from a random 10x10 matrix (★★★)

# Author: Chris Barker

Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,10))
n=3
i = 1 + (Z.shape[0]-3)
j = 1 + (Z.shape[1]-3)
C = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z, shape=(i, j, n, n), strides=Z.strides + Z.strides)
print(C)

76. Create a 2D array subclass such that Z[i,j] == Z[j,i] (★★★)

# Author: Eric O. Lebigot


# Note: only works for 2d array and value setting using indices

class Symetric(np.ndarray):
def __setitem__(self, (i,j), value):
super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((i,j), value)
super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((j,i), value)

def symetric(Z):
return np.asarray(Z + Z.T - np.diag(Z.diagonal())).view(Symetric)

S = symetric(np.random.randint(0,10,(5,5)))
S[2,3] = 42
print(S)

77. Consider a set of p matrices wich shape (n,n) and a set of p vectors with shape
(n,1). How to compute the sum of of the p matrix products at once? (result has
shape (n,1)) (★★★)

# Author: Stefan van der Walt

p, n = 10, 20
M = np.ones((p,n,n))
V = np.ones((p,n,1))
S = np.tensordot(M, V, axes=[[0, 2], [0, 1]])
print(S)

# It works, because:
# M is (p,n,n)
# V is (p,n,1)
# Thus, summing over the paired axes 0 and 0 (of M and V independently),
# and 2 and 1, to remain with a (n,1) vector.

78. Consider a 16x16 array, how to get the block­sum (block size is 4x4)? (★★★)

# Author: Robert Kern

Z = np.ones(16,16)
k=4
S = np.add.reduceat(np.add.reduceat(Z, np.arange(0, Z.shape[0], k), axis=0),
np.arange(0, Z.shape[1], k), axis=1)

79. How to implement the Game of Life using numpy arrays? (★★★)

# Author: Nicolas Rougier

def iterate(Z):

# Count neighbours
http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 10/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises
# Count neighbours
N = (Z[0:-2,0:-2] + Z[0:-2,1:-1] + Z[0:-2,2:] +
Z[1:-1,0:-2] + Z[1:-1,2:] +
Z[2: ,0:-2] + Z[2: ,1:-1] + Z[2: ,2:])

# Apply rules
birth = (N==3) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==0)
survive = ((N==2) | (N==3)) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==1)
Z[...] = 0
Z[1:-1,1:-1][birth | survive] = 1
return Z

Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(50,50))
for i in range(100): Z = iterate(Z)

80. How to get the n largest values of an array (★★★)

Z = np.arange(10000)
np.random.shuffle(Z)
n=5

# Slow
print (Z[np.argsort(Z)[-n:]])

# Fast
print (Z[np.argpartition(-Z,n)[:n]])

81. Given an arbitrary number of vectors, build the cartesian product (every
combinations of every item) (★★★)

# Author: Stefan Van der Walt

def cartesian(arrays):
arrays = [np.asarray(a) for a in arrays]
shape = (len(x) for x in arrays)

ix = np.indices(shape, dtype=int)
ix = ix.reshape(len(arrays), -1).T

for n, arr in enumerate(arrays):


ix[:, n] = arrays[n][ix[:, n]]

return ix

print (cartesian(([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7])))

82. How to create a record array from a regular array? (★★★)

Z = np.array([("Hello", 2.5, 3),


("World", 3.6, 2)])
R = np.core.records.fromarrays(Z.T,
names='col1, col2, col3',
formats = 'S8, f8, i8')

83. Consider a large vector Z, compute Z to the power of 3 using 3 different methods
(★★★)

Author: Ryan G.

x = np.random.rand(5e7)

%timeit np.power(x,3)
1 loops, best of 3: 574 ms per loop

%timeit x*x*x
1 loops, best of 3: 429 ms per loop

%timeit np.einsum('i,i,i->i',x,x,x)
1 loops, best of 3: 244 ms per loop

84. Consider two arrays A and B of shape (8,3) and (2,2). How to find rows of A that
contain elements of each row of B regardless of the order of the elements in B?
(★★★)

# Author: Gabe Schwartz


http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 11/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

A = np.random.randint(0,5,(8,3))
B = np.random.randint(0,5,(2,2))

C = (A[..., np.newaxis, np.newaxis] == B)


rows = (C.sum(axis=(1,2,3)) >= B.shape[1]).nonzero()[0]
print(rows)

85. Considering a 10x3 matrix, extract rows with unequal values (e.g. [2,2,3]) (★★★)

# Author: Robert Kern

Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,3))
E = np.logical_and.reduce(Z[:,1:] == Z[:,:-1], axis=1)
U = Z[~E]
print(Z)
print(U)

86. Convert a vector of ints into a matrix binary representation (★★★)

# Author: Warren Weckesser

I = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 32, 64, 128])


B = ((I.reshape(-1,1) & (2**np.arange(8))) != 0).astype(int)
print(B[:,::-1])

# Author: Daniel T. McDonald

I = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 32, 64, 128], dtype=np.uint8)


print(np.unpackbits(I[:, np.newaxis], axis=1))

87. Given a two dimensional array, how to extract unique rows? (★★★)

# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río

Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(6,3))
T = np.ascontiguousarray(Z).view(np.dtype((np.void, Z.dtype.itemsize * Z.shape[1])))
_, idx = np.unique(T, return_index=True)
uZ = Z[idx]
print(uZ)

88. Considering 2 vectors A & B, write the einsum equivalent of inner, outer, sum,
and mul function (★★★)

# Author: Alex Riley


# Make sure to read: http://ajcr.net/Basic-guide-to-einsum/

np.einsum('i->', A) # np.sum(A)
np.einsum('i,i->i', A, B) # A * B
np.einsum('i,i', A, B) # np.inner(A, B)
np.einsum('i,j', A, B) # np.outer(A, B)

89. Considering a path described by two vectors (X,Y), how to sample it using
equidistant samples (★★★)?

# Author: Bas Swinckels

phi = np.arange(0, 10*np.pi, 0.1)


a=1
x = a*phi*np.cos(phi)
y = a*phi*np.sin(phi)

dr = (np.diff(x)**2 + np.diff(y)**2)**.5 # segment lengths


r = np.zeros_like(x)
r[1:] = np.cumsum(dr) # integrate path
r_int = np.linspace(0, r.max(), 200) # regular spaced path
x_int = np.interp(r_int, r, x) # integrate path
y_int = np.interp(r_int, r, y)

90. Given an integer n and a 2D array X, select from X the rows which can be
interpreted as draws from a multinomial distribution with n degrees, i.e., the rows
which only contain integers and which sum to n. (★★★)

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 12/13
8/12/2016 100 numpy exercises

# Author: Evgeni Burovski

X = np.asarray([[1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 8.0],


[2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
[1.5, 2.5, 1.0, 0.0]])
n=4
M = np.logical_and.reduce(np.mod(X, 1) == 0, axis=-1)
M &= (X.sum(axis=-1) == n)
print(X[M])

http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html 13/13

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