ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
BY THE REV.
WALTER W. SKEAT
Litt.D., L L. D. , D .C .L., P h.D.
EL.RINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGl..O-SAXON IN
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

"Were man to live co-eva I with the sun,

The patriarch-pupil would be leaming still."
YOUNG, Nillh, Thoullh,s, vii. 86

.
 CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
 A CONCISE

ETYMOLOGICAL
DICTIONARY
OF THE

English Language
BY THE REV . II
(
I
WALTER W. SKEAT
LITr.D., LL.D., D.C.L., PH .D.

A PERIGEE BOOK
 Perigee Books
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 CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTIO VlI
KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF THE DICTIONARY Xl

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Xli

CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

APPENDIX :

1. LIST OF PREFIXES 624

II. SUFFIXES 630
III. /632
SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
II
SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS I 644
• I J
IV. DISTRIBUTION OF ,,yORDS ACCORDING TO TH E
LANGUAGES FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED 647
 INTRODUCTION

THE first edition of my 'Concise Etymological Dictionary of the

English Language' was published in 1882, and it has since passed
through several editions.
Each successive edition contained several corrections and additions,
in order that the work might be, to some extent, brought up to
date.
Meanwhile, numerous and important contributions have been
made, by many writers, to the study of Indo - germanic philology;
more exact methods of analysing phonetic changes have been
adopted, and important advances have been made at many points.
Such works as Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of German, Franck's
Etymological Dictionary of Dutch, Godefroy's Dictionary of Old
French, the Modern French Dictionary by Hatzfeld and Darmesteter,
in addition to other highly important books such as the Comparative
Grammar of the Indo-germanic languages by Brugmann, have all
contributed to a much clearer and more exact view of the science of
comparative philology. Hence the time has come when partial
emendations of my Concise Dictionary, however diligently made,
have (as I fear) failed to keep pace with the requirements of
the present day; and I have accordingly rewritten the book from
beginning to end, making improvements in nearly every article,
whilst at the same time introducing into the body of the work
words which have hitherto necessarily been relegated to a con-
tinually increasing Supplement. The result is less a new edition
than a new book.
Since the year 1882 above-mentioned, a great advance has been
made in English lexicography. An entirely new edition of Webster
appeared in 1890, and The Century Dictionary, of which the publication
viii INTRODUCTION

was begun in 1889, was completed in 1891. In both of these works my

name appears in the 'List of Authorities cited'; though it is seldom
expressly mentioned except in cases of considerable difficulty, where
the writer preferred not to risk an opinion of his own. But the chief
event during this period has been the publication of The New
English Dictionary on Historical Principles, the unique value of
which is even now too little understood and respected by /the
general public. The first part of this great national work appeared
in 1884 .
The chief difference between the second and later editions of my
Concise Etymological Dictionary and the present one can now be
readily explained. The former editions were mainly reproduced from
the first edition, at a time when, from the nature of the case, little
help could be had from the works above-mentioned, owing to the
fact that they either did not exist or could not be much utilised.
But in the present work, I have endeavoured to glean from them all
their most important results. The work has been collated with the
Century Dictionary throughout, and with the New English Dictionary
from A to H (excepting a small portion of G). I have endeavoured
to make good use of Kluge, Franck, Brugmann, and other autho-
rities; and have gladly adopted a large number of corrections. In
particular, I have now marked the quantities of all the vowels
in Latin words, as this often throws much light upon Romance
phonology. And in many cases where the result is tolerably certain
I have given the primitive types of Teutonic and even of Indo-germanic
words.
In all former editions, I endeavoured, by help of cross-references,
to arrange derivative words under a more primitive form. Thus
ex-cile, in-cile, re-cile and rems-cil-ale were all given under Cile.
But experience has shewn that this endeavour was more ambitious
than practical, often causing needless delay and trouble. Hence the
only truly practical order, viz. an alphabetical one, has been here
adopted, so that the required word can now be found at once. But
in order to retain the chief advantages of the old plan, I have pre-
pared two lists, one of Latin and one of Greek words, which account
for a large number of derivatives. These will be found in · the
Appendix, § III, at pp. 632 and 644.
I have much pleasure in mentioning two more circumstances by
which I have been greatly assisted and encouraged. Some few years
 INTRODUCTION ix
ago, my friend the Rev. A. L. Mayhew was so good as to go patiently
through every word of the Concise Etymological Dictionary, making
hundreds of suggestions for improvement; and finally sent me the
copy in which all these suggestions were entered. They have all
been carefully considered, and in a very large number of instances
have been fully adopted. Again, while the revises were passing
through the press, they were read over by Mr. H. M. Chadwick, M.A.,
FeUow of Clare CoIlege, Cambridge, author of 'S!::Jies in Old
English' published by the Cambridge Philological Society in 1899;
and his exact knowledge of Indo -germanic phonology has been
suggestive of many improvements. I have only to add, in justice to
these scholars, that they are not responsible for all the results here
given. In some few cases I have held to my own preconceived
opinion; perhaps not always wisely. Still it was best that the final
form of each article should be left to the author's decision; for the
reader is then sure as to where he must lay any blame.
Many articles which, in former editions, appeared only in the
Supplement have now been incorporated with the rest, so that the
number of words now explained (in alphabetical order) amounts to
more than 12,750.
Considerable pains have been taken to ensure accuracy in the
printing of the forms cited; and I have received much help from the
care exercised by the press-reader. At the same time, I shall be
thankful to any reader who will kindly send me a note of any error
which he may detect. I have myself discovered, for example, that
under the word Cemtlery the 'Skt. fi' is an error for the 'Skt. fi:
A few belated corrections appear at pp. 662-3.

As I frequently allude to the ordinary vowel-changes in the course

of the work, I may note here those which are the most elementary
and common. They deserve to be learnt by heart at once.

ANGLO-SAXON. The most usual vowel-change is that produced

by the occurrence of an i or j (which often disappears by a subsequent
contraction of the word) in the following syllable. Owing to this, we
 x INTRODUCTION

frequently find that the vowels, as arranged in row (I ) below, are

changed into the corresponding vowels in row (2) .
(I) a, u (0) , ea, eo, ii, 0, U, ea, eo.
(2) e, y , le(y), ie(y ), ii, e, y, ie( ji, O . Merc. i), ie(ji).
Example :-fyllan, to fill , for *.fulljan; from/ull, full.
Moreover, substantives and secondary verbs are often formed from
bases seen in the past tense singular, past tense plural , or past participle
of a strong verb, rather than from the infinitive mood. Thus band and
bend are from the base seen in the A. S. band, pt. t. of bindan, to bind;
whilst bundle is derived from that which appears in the pp. bund-tn.
By way of distinction, I refer to bind- as the' prime grade,' to band-
as the ' second grade: and to bund- as the ' weak grade.'
Lastly, our modern words of native origin belong rather to the
Midland (or Old Mercian) dialect than to the • Anglo-Saxon' or
Wessex; and Old Mercian employs a (mutated to e) where the A. S.
has ea, and sometimes e for A. S. eo.

ICELANDIC. This language abounds in somewhat similar vowel-

changes, hut very few of these appear in English. But we must not
pass over the frequent formation of derivatives from the past tenses
(singular or plural) and the past participles of strong verbs. Thus
bail, Icel. bez"la, lit. 'to cause to bite,' is the causal of bila, to bite ; its
form may be explained by the fact that the pt. t. of bila is beli.
Again, as regards the Romance languages, especially French, it
'" must be borne in mind that they are also subject to phonetic laws.
These laws are sufficiently illustrated in Mr. Paget Toynbee's trans-
lation of Brachet's Historical French Grammar. In (!!lrticular, I may
note that most French substantives are derived from L r.dn accusatives ;
and that to derive bounty from bonziiis (nom.), or honour from Lat.
honor (nom.), is simply impossible.
For fuller information, the reader is referred to my Principles of
English Etymology, First and Second Series; the former deals chiefly
with the native, and the latter with the foreign elements of the
language. My Primer of English Etymology contains some of the
more important facts.
I subjoin a key to the plan of the work, and a list of abbreviations.
 INTRODUCTION xi

KEY TO THE GENERAL PLAN OF

THE DICTIONARY.
§ I. Order of Words. Words are given in their alphabetical
order; but a few secondary derivatives are explained under some
more important form . Thus campaign is given under Camp, and
cannon under Cane.
§ 2. The Words selected The word-list contains nearly all
primary words of most frequent occurrence, with a few others that are
remarkably prominent in literature, such as unaneled. Homonymous
forms, such as bqy (used in five senses), are numbered.
§ 3. Deft.nitions. Definitions are omitted in the case of common
words; but explanations of original fonns are added wherever they
seemed to me to be necessary.
§ +. La.nguage. The languagt: to which each word belongs is
distinctly marked, in every case, by means of letters within marks of
parenthesis. Here the symbol - or - is to be read as 'derived
from.' Thus Abbey is (F.-L.-Gk. -Syriac); i.e. a French word
derived from Latin; the Latin word being, in its turn, from Greek,
whilst the Greek word is of Syriac origin.
The order of derivation is always upward or backward, from late
to early, and from early to earlier fonns.
The symbol + l's employed to distinguish fonns which are merely
cognale, and are adduced merely by way of illustrating and confirming
the etymology. Thus, bz'le is a purely Englz'sh word, derived from the
Anglo-Saxon bilatz. The other Teutonic forms, viz. the Du. bi/len,
Icel. bila, Swed. bila, Dan. bide, G. beissen, and the other Indo-
germanic forms, viz. Lat. findere (base fid-) and Skt. MZd, to cleave,
are merely cognate and illustrative. On this point, there commonly
exists the most singular confusion of ideas; and there are many
Englishmen who are accustomed to derive English, of all things, from
Modern High German I I therefore introduce this symbol + by way
of warning. It has its usual algebraical value of plus or addz'lional;
and indicates 'additional information to be obtained from the com-
parison of cognate forms.'
xii INTRODUCTION

The symbol > means' older than,' or 'more pnmluve than'; the
symhol < means' younger than,' or ' derived from.'
§ 5. Symbols of La.nguages. The symbols, such as F.=French,
are not used in their usual vague sense, so as to baffle the enquirer
who wishes to find the words referred to. Every symbol has a spedal
sense, and has refe'rence to certain books, in one at least of which the
word cited may be found, as I have ascertained for myself by looking
them all out. I have purposely used, as far as was practicable, the
most easily accessible authorities. The exact sense of each symbol is
given in the list below.
§ 6. Roots. In some cases, a word is traced back to its original
Indo-germanic root. The root is denoted by the symbol ../, to be
read as 'root.' Thus bear, to carry, is from ../BHER. Some of
these roo ts are illustrated by the lists in § III of the Appendix.
§ 7. Deriva.tives. The symbol Der., i. e. Derivatives, is used to
introduce form s related to the primary word. Thus, under AeI, I
note such derivatives as ael-ton, ael-t've, &c., which cause no difficulty.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Arab.-Arabic; as in Richa rd ~ on's Per- Com.- Cornish; as in Williams' Dict.;
sian and Arabic Diet., ed. F. J ohn- 186 5.
son; 1829. See also Devic's Sup- Dan.-Danish; as in Ferrall and Repp;
plement to Littni's F. Dict. 1861.
A. S .-Anglo-Saxon; as in the diction- Dan. dial.-Danish dialects; as in
aries by Bosworth and Toller, Ett- Molbech,I8.p.
miiller, and Grein; in the Vocabu- Du.-Dutch; as in Calisch and in the
laries edited by T. Wright and Prof. Tauchnitz Dutch Dict. Middle
" /iilker; and in Sweet's Oldest Dutch words are from Oudemans,
English Texts. Hexham ( 1658), or Sewel (li54) .
Bavar. - Bavarian ; as in Schmeller's E.-Modern English; as in N . E. D.
Bayetisches \\' orterhuch; 1827- (New English Dictionary) ; and in
1837. the Century Dictionary.
Bret.-Breton; as in Legonidec's Bret. M.E.-Midd le English l English from
D ic!., ed. 182 1. the thirteenth to the fifteenth cen-
Brugm .- 13rugmann, Grundriss del' ver- turies inclusive) ; as in Stratmann's
gleichenden Grammatik, &c. ; vol. i. Old English D ict., ncw edition,
(2nd ed.), 1897; vol. ii. 1889- 90. 1891.
C.-Celtic; used as a general term for F.-French. Most of the forms cited
Irish,Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish, are not prec isely //lodern French , but
&c. from Cot. = Cotgrave's Dictionary,
 I NTRODUCTION xiii
ed. 1660. T his accounts for citation I Malay.-As in Marsden's Dict., 1812;
of forms, such as F . "ccreatiolZ , d. Notes by C. P. G. Scott.
without accents; the F. accents Mex. - Mexican; as in the D iet. by
being mostly modern. Such words Simeon, Paris, 18~5 .
are usually marked M. F . (Middle M. E.- Midd le English ; see under E.
French). See also the dictionaries above.
by Hatzfeld and Littre. M. H . G.-M iddle High German ; see
O. F .-Old French ; as in the dit:- under G. above.
tionaries by Godefroy, Burguy, or Norw.-Norwegian ; as in Aasen's Norsk
Roquefort. Ordbog, 1873 .
F rie,.- F riesic ; as in Richthofen, 1840. O. F.-Old French; see under F. above.
Gael. - Gaelic; as in Macleod and O. H. G.-Old High German; see under
Dewar, 1839; or Macbain, 1896. G . above.
G. - German; as iu Fliigel, 1883. O. Sax.-Old Saxon; as in the Heliand,
Low G.-Low German; as in the &c., ed. H eyne.
Bremen Worterbuch, 1767. O. Slav - Old Slavonic ; as in Mik·
M. H. G.-Middle High German; as losich, Etym. Diet ., Vienna, 1886.
in Schade, Altdeutsches Worter- Pers.-Penian ; as in Richardson's Arab.
buch , 1882. and Pers. Dict.; or in Palmer's PeTS.
O. H . G .- Old High German ; as in Diet. , 1876; cf. Horn, Neupersische
the same volume. Etymologie, 1893.
Gk.- Greek ; as in Liddell and Scott's Peruv.-Peruvian ; as in the Dict. by
Lexicon. Gon9ales, Lima, 1608.
Goth. - Meeso - Gothic; as in Balg's Port.-Portuguese; as in Vieyra, 1857,
Glossary, 1887- 9' Prov.-Proveu9al ; as in Raynouard's
Heb.-Hebrew; as in Gesenius' Diet" Lexique Roman, and Bartsch's
1893. Chrestomathie Provens:ale.
Hind.-H industani; as in Forbes, Bate , Russ.-Russian; as in Reiff's Dict. ,
or Wilson's Glossary of Indian 1876.
T erms . Scand.-Scandinavian; used as a general
Teel.-Icelandic; as in Cleasby and Vig- term for Icelandic, Swedish , Danish,
fusson, 1874. and Norwegian.
Idg. - Indo-germanic; the family of Skt.-Sallskrit ; as in !knfey's Diet.,
languages which inclndes Sanskrit, 1866.
Greek , Latin , English, &c. Span.-Spanish; as in Neumann, ed.
lrish.-lrish; as in O'Reilly, 1864' Seaone, 186l; Pineda, 1740; or
Ital.-Italian ; as in Meadows, 1857; Minsheu, 16l3·
Torriano, 1688 ; and Florio, 1598. Swed.-Swedish; as in the Tauchnitz
L.-Latin; as in Lewis and Short, 1880. Dict. , or in Widegren, or in Oman.
Late L .-Late Latin; as in the latest Swed. dial. - Swedish dialects; as in
edition of Ducange; by L. Favre, Rietz (1867).
1884-7. (Low L. - Late L . words Teut. - Teutonic; a general term for
of non-Latin origin.) English, Dutch, German, Gotbic,
Lith.-Lithuanian; as in Nesselmann's and Scandinavian.
Dict., 18!,I. Turk.-Turkish; as in Zenker's Dict.,
Low G.-Low German; see under G. 1866-1876.
above. W.-Welsh; ali in Spurrell, 1861.
 xiv INTRODUCTION

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS.
acc.-accusative case. nom.-nominative case.
adj .- adjective. obs.-obsolete.
adv.-adverb. orig.-original or originally.
A.V.-Authorised Version of the pl.-plural.
Bible, 161J. pp.-past participle.
cf.-confer, i. e. compare. prep.-preposition.
Ch.-Chaucer. pres. part.-present participle.
comp.-comparative. pres. t.-present tense.
conj.-conjun ction. prob.-proba bly.
dat.-datil'c case. pron.-pronoun.
decl,..-declensional. prov.-provincial.
Der. - Derivative. pt. t.-past tense.
dimin.-diminutive. q. v.-quod vide = which see.
f. or fem .-feminine. s. v.-sub verbo = under the word.
frequent.-frequentative. sb.-substantive.
gen.-genitive case. Shak.-Shakespeare.
i. e.-id est, that is. sing.-singnlar.
inf.-infinitive mood. str. vb.-strong verb.
interj.-interjection. superl.-superlative.
lit.-literally. tr.-translated, or translation.
m. or masc.-mascnline. trans.-transitive.
n. or neut. - nenter. vb.-verb.

Some of the longer articles are marked off into sections by the use
of the Greek letters 11, y. This is merely intended to make matters
clearer, by separating the various statements from each other.
Notes at the end of an article are marked off by beginning with
the symbol~. XIV, XV, XVI, mean that the word was introduced
in the 14th, 15th, or 16th century, respectively. Hyphens are freely
introduced to shew the etymological division of a word. Thus the
word concede is derived from Lat. con-cldere; meaning that concidere
can be resolved into con- and cedere. This etymological division is
often very different from that usually adopted in printed books when
worcis have to be divided; thus capacious can only be divided, etymo-
logically, as cap-ac-l~ouS, because cap- is the root-syllable; whereas,
when divided according to the pronunciation, it becomes ca-pa-ct~ous.
Theoretical forms are marked by an asterisk preceding them. Thus,
under Barrow (I), the Teutonic type *bergoz, a hill, is the primitive
Teutonic form whence the A. S. beorg and the G. berg are alike de-
scended; and under Beetle (2), the A. S. form byte! must have been
*bilel in Old Mercian.
 INTRODUCTION xv
The symbols t5 and p are both written for Ih. In Icelandic, p has
the sound of Ih in Ihz"n, and t5 that of th in Ihal; but the M. E. and A. S.
symbols are confused. The M.E. symbol 3 commonly representsy at
the beginning of a word, and g h in the middle. A. S. short and long
vowels, such as a and ii, are as distinct from each other as £ and 1'/,
or 0 and c.> in Greek.
The distinction between the two values of A. S. long (]J (as
made by Dr. Sweet in his A. S. Diet.) has been carefully observed.
Thus the A. S. ii invariably represents the mutation of A. S. ii (as
usual), and corresponds to Goth. az'; but A. S. li represents the
Wessex sound corresponding to the Anglian and Kentish i, and to
Goth. i. For example, heal is from A. S. heNan, cognate with Goth .
hailjan, G. hez'len ; but deed is from O. Mere. did (Wessex dlid),
cognate with Goth. deds , G. lhal.
 A
CONCISE ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A ABBEY
At indef. art (E.) See An. lies to the aft. Cf. M. E. "ia/ten. Gen.
A- (I), as in a-down=A.S. oft/unt. and Exod. 3377; A. S. btaftan. See A-
(E.) Here a- - A. S. of; see Of, Off. (2) , By, and Aft.
A- ( :I) ,as in afoot. (E.) For on Abandon. (F.-Low L.-O.H.G.)
foot; see On. .. This is the commonest M. E. abandounen. vb._ F. abandonner.-
value of the prefix a-. F. Ii baudOt" at liberty; orig. in tbe power
A- (3), as in a-long. (E .) Here a- = (of). - L. ad, at ; Low L. band"m, bannum,
A. S. and-; See Along. an order, decree; from O. H . G. ban,
A- (4). as in a-rise. (E.) Here a-= summons, ban; see Ban.
A. S. a-; see Arise. Aba.se. (F.- L.) M. E. abasen, from
A- (S). as ill a-cltieve. a-stringent. (F. A- (5) and Base; imitating O.F. aiJaissier,
-L.; or L.) Here a= F. prefix a = L. to lower.
ad, to; see Ad-. Abas,h. (F.) M . E. abaschen. abais-
A- \6), as in a-vert_ (L.) Here a- = chen, abasen. - O . F . esbaj'ss-, stem of pres.
L. Q; see Ab- (I). part. of esbai'r (F. ebahir), 10 astonish.-
A- (7). as in a-mmd. (L.) Here a-mend O. F. ts- ( =L. ex, out, very much); and
is for e-mend; and e- = L . i or ex; see Ex-. hair, bahir. to cause astonishment, a
A- (8), as in a-las. (F.) See Alas. word of imitative origin from the interj.
A- (9), as in a-byss. (Gk.) H ere a- = bah! of astonishment. .. Sometimes con-
Gk. d- or dv-; see Uno. AbY88. fused with abase in M. E. See Bashful.
A- (1 0). as in a-do. (E.) For at do; Abate. (F.-L.) M. E. abalen.-
see At, Ado. O. F. abalre. - Late L. "abbattere, to beat
A- ( II ), as in a·ware. (E.) Here a- is down (as in ltal.) . -L. ad, to; and balere,
for M. E. yo, i-. A. S. ge-; see Aware. for baluere. to beat. See Batter. .. Hence
A- (13), as in a-vast. (Du.) For Du. bate, for a-bale. Cf. Ab- (2).
Itoud vast; see A vast. Abbot. IL.-Gk.-Syriac.) M. E.
Ab- ( I), prefix. (L.) L. ab, from; abbot, abbod, A. S. aMad. - L. abbat- (nom.
cognate with E. 0/; see Of. In F ., it abbas), an abbot, lit. a father -Gk. d,8l:1a~.
becomes a- or av-; see Advantage. - Syriac abba, a father; Rom. viii. IS.
Ab- ( a), prefix. (L.) For L. ad, to, abbess. (F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
by assimilation; see Abbreviate . M. E. abbesse. - O. F. abuse, ab,:esse. -
Aback. (E.) For on back. A. S. Late L. abbat-issa. - L . abbat- (as above);
onkc; see A- (a) and Back. and -issa= Gk. -'<1<10, fern . suffix.
Abaft. (E.) From the prefix a- (2), abbey. ( F. - L. - Gk. - Syriac.)
and b-aft, short for !>i-aft, by aft. Thus M. E. aobeye. - O. F. abeie. - Late L.
a-b-aft= on by aft, i.e. at the part which abbat-ia. - L abMt· (auove).
B
 ABBREVIATE ABRIDGE
Abbreviate. (L.) From pp. of L. habere, to have. Cf. Habit. Der. abilily
abwmiiire, to shorten. -L. abo, for ad, from L. aec. llabilitalem.
to, b y assimilation; and breltis, short. Ablution. (F.-L.) F.; from L.
See Ab- (l) and Brief. ace. ab-lulio1ll!1Il, a washing away. - L.
Abdicate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- abMlus, pp. of ab·luere, to wash away.-
duan, to renounce. - L . ab, from; dicare, L . ab, from ; bure, to wash.
to proclaim. Allied to Dictiou. Abnegate . (L .) From pp. of L. ab-
Abdomen. (L.) L. abdomen (stem negiire, to deny .-L. ab, from: 1/egnn, to
a6domin-). lower part of the belly. say no. Cf. Negation.
Abduction. eL.) L. abductionem , Aboard. (E.) For on board; see A-
acc. of a6ductio, a leading away.-L. ab- ( 2) and Board.
diicer/!, to lead away. -L. ab, from; diicere, Abode, sb. (E .) M. E. abood, delay,
to lead. Cf. Duke. abiding. Formed a~ if from A . S. iibiid,
Abed. (E.) For on bed; see A- (2) 2nd stem of nbidan, to abide. See Abide.
and Bed. Abolish. (F. - L. ) F. aboliss-, stem
Aberration. (L.) From aec. of L. of pres. pt. of abolir. - L. abolere, to
aberriitio, a wandering from; from pp. of abolish.
L . ab-eYrare. - Lab, from; erriire, to Abominate. (L) From pp. of L
wander, err. See Err. ab'o1llinari, to tum away from that which
Abet, to incite. (F . -Seand.) O. F _ is of ill omen. - L. ab, away; olllin., for
abeler, to excite, set on (Godefroy) . - F. omen, an omen.
a- (Lat. ad· ) ; and O. F. beter, to bait (a Aborigine., original inhabitants.
bear), to set on, from Ice!. beita, to make (L.) L. aborigines, the nations which,
to bite. causal of bita, to bite. See Bait, previous to historical record, drove out
Bite. Der. bet, shott for abet, sb. the Siculi (Lewis and Short). Formed
Abeyance, expectation, suspension. from L. ab origi1ll!, from th e beginning ;
( F . - L. ) A. F. abeiance, suspension, where origim is the abl. of origo (Vergil ,
waiting ( Roq .) .-F. a; andbean/, pres. pt. lEn. i. 642).
of O. F. beer (F. bayer), to gape, expect Abortion. (L.) From acc. of L.
anxiously. - L. ad, at: and badiin, to gape. aborlio. an untimely birth. - L. aborltts,
Abhor. (L .) L. ab·horren, to shrink pp. of ab-ori1'i, to fail. - L. ab, away;
from in terror. - L. ab, from; horrere, to oriri, to arise, begin. Cf. Orient.
dread. Cf. Horrid. Abound. (F. - L. ) A. F. abtmder,
Abide (I), to wait for. (E.) A. S. O. F . ab(lJlder. - L. ab-undare, to overflow.
ii-bidan; from ii-, prefix, and bidan, to -L. ab, awa), ; tmda, l\ wave.
bide. See A- (4) and Bide. About. (E.) M. E. abutm, abottlen.
Abide (2 ), to suffer for, pay for. \E .) A. S. iibtita", onbl7tan; short for on·be-
In Sh.; corrupted from M. E. abyen, to 'Itatl; where be answers to E. /Jy, and iita",
pay for, lit. to buy up, redeem. -A. S. outward, is related to ut, out. See A- (2 :.
iibyegan, to pay for. See A- (4) and Buy. By and Out.
Abject, mean , lit. cast away. (L.) Above. (E.) M. E. aboven, abuftn.
L. ab-iectlts, cast away, pp. of ab-icere, to A. S. abll/an, for on-be-u/an ; where be
cast away. -L. ab, away; ineere, to cast. answers to E. by, and tifan, upward, is
Cf. Jet (I). extended from Goth. 'if, up. See A- (l ),
Abjure. (L.) L. ab-iiiriire, to deny; By, Up. (A. S. 'ifa" = G. obm. A. S.
lit. to swear away from. - L. ab, from; Ile-u/a" = Du. bovm. )
iiirii1'e, to swear. -L. iiir-, from nom . i.ls, Abrade, to scrape off. (L.) L . ab-
law, right. Cf. Jury. rnde"e, to scrape off. - L. ab, off; radere,
Ablative. (L.) L. abltititttlS, lit. to scrape. Der. abrasi011 (from L. pp.
taking away. - L. ab, from; and liiltlm a/Jraslls ).
(= tlnlum ), to bear, take; allied to tollere, Abreast. (E.) Put for 011 breasl;
to take. See Tolerate. ~ee A- ( 2) and Breaat.
Ablaze. (E. ) For on blaze; see A- Abridge. (F. - L.) M. E. a/Jreggen.
(2) and Blaze. A. F. abreggcr , O. F. abnger, abregier, to
Able, powerful, skilful. ( F. - L.) shorten. - L. abb1-e14iiire, to shorten. - L.
M. E. able, hable. - O. F . llabile, able, able. abo, put for ado, to; and breuis, short.
- I_ habi/is, casy to handle, active. - L. Cf. Brief. Doublet, abbreviate.
 ABROACH ACCLIVITY
Abroach, to set. (E. and F .) Put cult, concealed; pp. of abs.ll'lidere, to
for 10 set 011 broadz; see A. (2) and thrust away.-L. abs, away; l1'1idere, to
Broach. thrust. See Intrude.
Abroad. (E. ) M.E.abrood;putforoll Absurd. (L. ) L. absllrdus, inhar-
brood; lit. on broad; see A. (2) and Broad.. monious, foolish.- L. ab, from; surdus,
Abrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. ab- deaf, inaudible, harsh. Cf. Surd.
rogare, to repeal a law. - L . ab, away; Abundance. (F. - L.) F. abondmlCe.
rogare, to ask, propose a law. - L. abundantia. See Abound.
Abrupt. (L.) L. ab",~pIlIs, pp. of Abuse, vb. (F.-L.) F. abuser, to
ab-rumpere, to break off. - L. ab, off; use amiss. - L. abiisus, pp. of ab-lili, to
yumpere, to break . use amiss. - L. ab, away (amiss) ; uti,
Abscess. (L.) A gathering of humours to use.
into one place; lit. a going away.-L Abut, to project towards. (F.-L. and
abscesslls, a going away; abscess (Celsus). G.) O. F. abouter, to thrust towards.-
- L. abscessus, pp. of abs-cMert, to go L. ad, to; O. F . bouter, boler, to thrust.
away.-L. abs, away; cMere, to go, cede. See A· (5) and Butt ( I ).
Abscind. (L.) From L. ab-scitldere, Abyss, a bottomless gulf. (L. -Gk.)
to cut off. - L. ab, off; scindere, to cut. Milton. L. abyssus. - Gk. at/vO'O'or, bottom·
Der. abscissa , from fern. of L. abscissus, less. - Gk. d-, short for dv-, neg. prefix;
pp. of abscindere. and t/vrur6r, depth. See A· (9 ), Un. ( I).
Abscond, to go into hiding. (L.) L. Acacia, a tree. (L.-Gk.) L. acacia.
abscondere, to hide. - L. abs, away; condere, - Gk. ciKaK,a, the thorny Egyptian acacia.
to hide. Condere is from COtl- (cum), to- - Gk. dKjr, a point, thorn. (.v AK.) See
gether, and -dere , to _put, allied to Skt. Brugm. ii. § 52 (4) '
dho, to put. (.vDHE, to place; Rrngm. Academy. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
i. § 589.) See Do. acadbnie. -L. acadlmia.-Gk. dKa~Jlfla,
Absent, adj. (F. -L.) XIV cent. a grove where Plato taught, named from
O. F. absent, adj.-L. absml-, stem of ab- the hero Akademus.
sens, being away.-L. abo , away; -sens, Accede. (L.) L. ac-cldere, to come
being, occurring also in prlZ-sem. Cf. Skt. towards, assent to. - L. ac- (for ad), to;
sant, pres. pt. of as, to be; from .vES, to cMere, to come, cede.
be. Cf. Present, Sooth. Der. absence, Accelerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
F. absence, L. absentia. aue/era,-e, to quicken. - L. ac· (for ad),
Absolute, unrestrained , complete. to; celer, quick. Cf. Celerity.
(L.) L. absoliilus, pp. of ab-so/llere. to Accent. (F.-L.) F. accent, sb.-L.
set free. - L. ab, from; so/tlere , to loosen. acc. aceenlum, a tone. - L. ac- tfor ad);
absolve. (L.) L. ab-soluere, to set cat/tus, a singing, from canere, to sing.
free (above). Der. absolut-ion, from the Accept. (F.-L.) F. Qccepter. -L.
pp. above. acceptore, frequentative of ac-cipel'e, to reo
Absorb. (L.) L. absorblre, to swal- ceive. -L. ac- (for ad), to; capere, to take.
low. - L. ab, away; sorb11'e, to sup up.+ Access. (L.) L. accessus, a coming
Gk. PO</>EflV, to sup up. (Brugm. ii. unto.-L. acClssuS, pp. of ac-cMere, to
§ 801.) Der. absorpt-£qn, from pp. ab- accede. -L. ac- (for ad), to; cidert, to
surptus. come, cede.
Abstain. (F.-L.) F. abstenir (O.F. Accident. (F . -L.) F. accident, a
astemr). - L. abs-tinlre, to refrain from. - chance event (Cot.). - L. accident-, base of
L. abs, from; tmire, to hold. Der. abs- pres. pt. of ac- eidere, to happen. - L. ac-
linence, F. abstinence, from L. absline1l/ia, (for ad ), to; cadere, to fall. Der. ae-
sb.: abs/eTlt· ion , from the pp. ddenee, F . accidence, L. accidentia.
Abstemious. ( L.) L. abstrolius, Acclaim. (L.) Formed from L. ac-
refraining fromstrongdrink.-L. abs, from; dtinuire, to cry out at.-L. ac- (for ad),
timilum, strong drink, whence timu-Ientus, at; damon, to cry out. For the spelling,
drunken. cf. Claim.
Abstract. (L.) L. abstraetus, pp. Acclivity. (L.) XVII cent. From
of abs-Irallere, to draw away. - L. abs, L. acdiuiltitem, ace. of accuuilas. - L. ac·
away; Iraltere, to draw. (for ad); and c1ifJ-us, sloping, a slope; see
Abstruse. (L.) L. ilhstriisus, difli· Leu (I). (.vKLEI; Brugm. i. • +63-)
3
 ACCOLADE ACME
Accola.de, the dubbing of a knigbt. Accrue, to come to by way of increase.
(F. -Ital. - L.) F . accol/ade, in Cotgrave, (F. - L.) From A. F. acru, O. F. acreu,
ed. 1660 ; lit. an embrace round the neck, pp. of acrois/re (F. accroftre), to increase.
then a salutation , light tap with a sword - L. accrescere; see above.
in dubbing a knight. - Ital. accol/a/a, fern. Accumulate. (L.) F rom pp. of L.
of pp. of accollare, to embrace about the ac-cumuliire, to amass. - L. ac- (ad), to;
neck (Florio). - L. ac- (for ad), to, about; cumltlare, to heap up, from cumulus, a
ct>llllm , the neck. heap.
Accommoda.te. (L. ) From pp. of Accurate. (L.) From pp. of L.
L. accomfllodare, to fit, adapt. - L. ac- (fo r aeciirtfre, to take pains with. - L. ac- (ad),
ad) , to; and commodus, fit. - L. com- ( = to; curare, to care for, from (ura, care.
cllm) , with; and modw, measure, mode. See Cure .
Accompa.ny. (F.-L.) F. flecom- Accursed, cursed. (E. ) Pp. of M. E .
pagncr, to accompany. - F. a (L. ad), to ; aeursien. A. S. a-, prefi x; and cursian,
and O. F. compaing, companion ; see to cu rse; see A- (4) and Curse.
Company. Accuse. (F. -L.) A. F. acuser. - L.
Accomplice. (F. -L.) Pdt for a acciisare, to lay to one's charge. - L. ac-
(ompfire; a is the indef. art. - F. complice, (ad) , to; and cal/sa, caussa, a suit at law,
' a complice, confederate;' Cot. - L. acc. a cause.
(ompliam, from (omplex, confederate, lit. Accustom. (F.-L. ) A . F.aeus/umer
, interwoven.' - L. com- I (urn ), together; ( F. accoutumer), to make usua1.-F_ a
and stem plic-, allied to plicare, to weave. (from L . ad, to) ; and A. F . CUS/Uflle,
Cf. Ply. custom. See Custom.
Accomplish. (F. -L.) M. E. acom- Ace, the' one ' on dice. (F. -L.-Gk. 1)
plisen. - O. F. acomplis-, stem of pres. M. E.as. -O. F.as. -L. as. [Said to be the
part. of acomplir, to complete. - L. ad, to ; Tarentine ar, for Gk . • rr, one.]
complere, to fulfil.- L. com· (cum), to- Acephalous, headless. (Gk.) Gk.
gether ; piere, to fill. aIC'",a>-'-Or, headless ; with suffix -ous. - Gk.
Accord. (F. -L.) A. F. acorder, to 0.- , un -; and ICf<f>a>-.r" head. See A- (9) .
agree. - Late L. accordare. - L. ac- (for ad), Acerbity. (F. -L.) XVI cent. F.
to; and cord-, stem of cor, heart. Cf. acerbiN. - L . acc. acerbifiitem (nom. acer-
Concord. bitas ), bitteruess.- L. acer-b-us, bitter;
Accordion, a musical instrument. cf. tic'er, sharp, lit. piercing. - L. acire, to
(Ita!. - L.) From Ital. accord-are, to be sou r.
accord, to tune an instrument; with suffix Ache. verb. (E.) M. E. aken, vb.;
-ion (as in clar-ion ). - Late L. accordare, pI. t. ook. A. S. aean. (V AG, to drive.)
to agree. See above. -U Spelt adze by confusion with M. E.
Accost. to address. (F . - L. ) F. ache, sb., from A. S. ace, a pain. The verb
actoster, lit. 'to go to the side of.' - Late survives, spelt as the obs. sb.
L. accos/are (same). -L. ac- (for ad), to; Achieve. (F. -L.) M. E. acheven. -
cos/a, rib, side. See Coast. A. F. achever, to achieve; lit. to come to
Account. vb. (F. - L ) A. F. acounter, a head.-O. F. a chif, to a head. -L. ad,
aeunter. - O. F. a, to; conter, compter, to to; caput, a head. Cf. Chief.
count. - L. ad; and com-puiare, to com- Achromatic, colourless. (Gk.) See
pute, from com- (cum ), and puiare, to A - (9) and Chromatio.
think. Acid. sour, sharp. (F . -L.; or L.)
Accoutre. (F_ - L.l) F. accoutrer, F. acide. - L. ac-idus, lit. piercing. . V AK,
formerly also accous/rer, to dress, array. to pierce.) Der. acid-i-/y; acid-ul-a/·ed
Etym. quite uncertain ; perhaps from O. F. (from L. acid-til-us, dimin. of acid-us ).
coustre, cou/re, a sacristan who had charge Acknowledge. (E. ) XVI cent.
of sacred vestments, from Late L. custor M. E. knowlechen ; fro m the sb. knowlcche,
= L. custos, a custodian, keeper. mod. E. kno'wledge; see Knowledge. The
Accretion, increase. eL) From acc. prefix is due to M. E. a/mowen (= A . S.
of L. accri/io, increase. -I.. accri/us, pp. oncnawan), with the same sense; hence
of ac-crescere, to increase. -L ac- (for ad) ; the prefix is A- \ 2) .
crescere, to grow, inchoative form from Acme, top. (Gk.) Gk. a.,.'J'.J, top,
ere-are, to make. Cf. Creat.. !Oharp edie. (v AK, to pierce.)
4
 ACOLYTE ADDRESS
Acolyte, a servitor. (F.-Low Ih- 'npper city.' -Gk. dttpo -s, pointed , upper;
Gk.) F. acolyt~, Cot. -Late L. acolythus. and ".0'\«, a city.
- Gk. &xO'\01l90f, a follower. _ Gk. do, Across. (E. and Seand.) F or on O 'OSS;
with (akin to Skt. sao, with); ttf'\fv9o., a see A - (2 ) and Cross.
path ; so that dtto'\o1l90. = a travelling-com- Acrostic, a short poem in which the
panion. initial letters spell a word . (Gk. ) Gk .
Aconite, monk's-hood. (F. -L.- dttPOO'T<:x ls. - Gk. o.IfPO- S, pointed , also
Gk. ) F . aconit. - 1.. aconitum. - Gk. first ; and O'TLXOS, a row, line, from weak
dl<6viTov, a plant ; perhaps so called from grad e of O'TftX"" , to go. (.,t ST EIGH .)
growing .. dttovat., on steep sharp rocks. Act, sb. (F. -L.) F . aclt. - L. artlls,
- Gk. att-ov'1, a whetstone , sharp stone. m., and actum , n. - L. aetlls done ; pp. of
Acorn. (E. ) M. E. acorn. A. S . lZcenr, agere, to do, drive. See Agent. D er. act-
fruit ; properly' fruit of the fiel d,' from ion ; act-ive (F . act~f); act-or ; act-u-al ( L.
A. S. tEcer, a field ; see Acre.+lcel. akar" , artualis) ; act-ua,.,· (L. actuiirius ; acl-u-
D an. agern Goth. akran , fruit ; from Icel. at~ (from pp. of Late L. acluiirt , to per-
ak r , Dan. ag~r, Goth. akrs, a field. ~ N ot form, put in action).
from oak. Acumen. (L .) L. aC-tl-men , sharp-
Acoustic. (Gk.) Gk. dttOllO'TtttOS, ness, acuteness. Cf. acutre. to sharpen.
relating to hearing (or sound ).-Gk. Acute. (L.) L. aditlls, sharp; pp. of
aKOVftV, to hear. aC-Il-ere , to sharpen. (.,t AK, to pierce.)
Acquaint. (F. - L.) M. E. arqueyn- Ad-, prtjix. (L.) L. ad, to , cognate
t~1t , earlier acointul . - O. F. acoin ter , with E . At. ~ L. ad becomes_ac- before
acointier, to acquaint with. - Late L. C; af bef.f; ag- be£. g ; al- bef. l ; an-
adcogn itare, to make known (Brachet). - bef. 1l ; al- be£. I; ar- bef. r; as- bef. S;
L . ad, to ; and *cognitare, formed from at- bef. t.
cop litus, pp. of cog'losure, to know. See Adage, a saying. (F . -L.) F . adage.
Quaint. - L. adagillm. _ L. ad; :md agium, a say-
Acquiesce. (L. ) L. acquiescere, to ing ; cf. aio, I say.
rest in. - L. nc- (for ad), to; qu iesctre, to Adamant. (F. - L. - Gk .) M. E.
rest. See Quiet. adam aun t, a diarr. ~nd, a m3l:Det. -O. F.
Acquire. (L. ) L. acqui1'ere, to get, adamant. - L. adamanta, ace. of adamas.
obtain. - L . ac- (for ad), to; quO!rere, to - Gk. dMfta s, a very hard metal or stone;
seek. Der. acquisit-ion; from pp. ac- lit . 'unconquerable.' - Gk. a- ( = E . 1m- ) ;
quisifus. and taft""', I conquer, tam e. See Tame.
Acquit. (F. -L.) M . E. aquilen .- Adapt. (F.- L.) Earl y XVII cent.-
O. F. aquit~r. to settle a claim; Late L. F . adalter. - L . ad·altare , to fit to. - L.
acqllietiirt. - L. ac- (for ad), to; quietare. ad, to; altnre, to fi t , from apt lls, fi t , a pt .
vb., formed from qllietlls , discharged, free, Add. (L. ) M . E. addm. -L. addere,
orig. at rest . See Quiet. lit. to put to. - L. ad ; and -dere, to put.
Acre. (E.) M. E. aker. A. S. l1'cer. + See Abscond.
Dn. akker, Ice!. akr, Swed. riker, Dan . ag~r, Adder, a viper. (E.) M. E. addere ;
Goth. akrs, G. acker ; L. ager , Gk. a"pos, a. lso 1laddere, " eddere. [A" adder resulted
Skt. ajra. T eut. type *ak,·o7.; Idg. type, from a nadder , by mistake. J A. S. " cfd"e,
*agros. T he orig. sense was 'pasture .' " tld"re, a snake. + G. ' 1atter , a snake ; also
(.,tAG. ) Der. acor-n, q. v. cf. Ice1. na~ r, Goth . 11adrs (with short a ).
Acrid, tart . ( L. ) Coined by adding Addict. (L.) !'rom 1.. addict·tiS , PI'.
-d to L. acti-, stem of acer, sharp; on of ad· dicere, to adjudge, assign. - L. ad,
t he anal ogy of ac·id. to; dicere, to say, appoin t. Cf. Diction .
Acrimony. (F.-L.) F . actimoille. Addled, corru pt , un productive. (K )
- L. iieti- 11Iiill-ia. - L. acri-. stem of iicer Due to an attribu tive nse of the M . E. sb.
(above). adel, fi lth, used in the compound add -ey,
Acrobat, a tumbler. (F . -Gk.) F . lit. 'filth·egg' = Late L . Ovum iin"l(1!,
acrobat~. _ Gk. dttpO{JaTos, lit. walking on urine· egg ; mistaken form of L. ottum
t iptoe. - Gk. a/Cpo -v, a point. neut . of iirrmml, wind·egg, due to Gk. oilptoV &JOY,
o.I<-pOS, pointed; and {JaTO. , verbal adj. of wind-egg. Orig. ' mud ,' from A . S. adela,
{Jatv .. v, to walk; see Come. mu d (Grein). Cf. Low G. adel , a puddle.
Acropolis, a citadel. (Gk.) Lit. Adelress, vb. (F.-L.) F . adress~r.
:.
 ADDUCE ADROIT
- F. a, to ; dresser, to direct, dress; see standing the sense of O. I' . ajosler, to
DreslI. put side by side, arrange. - L. ad, to; and
Adduce. (L.) L. ad·diirtl"c, to lead it/xlii, near; see Joust.
to, bring forward . - L. ad, to; diicere, to Adjutant, lit. assistant. (L.) From
lead . bring. L. aaiiilanl-em, acc. of pres. part. of
Adept, a proficient. (L.) L. adepills, adiiiltire, to assist, frequent. of ad-iuuiire,
one who has obtained proficiency; pp. of to aid. -L. ad, to ; juuare, to help. Cf.
adiJisci, to obtain_-L. ad, to; aJisci, to Aid.
obtain, perhaps related to apl us, fit. Administer. (1'. - L. ) M. Eo am hz-
Cf. Apt. isb-en ._ O. F. ami1,islrer. - L. ad-minis-
Adequate. (L. l L. ad,eqt/alus, pp. Irare, to minister (to). - L . ad, to; minis-
of ad~qulla, to make equal to. - L. ad, Irare, to serve, from minisler, a servant.
to; leqllan, to make equal, from tZqUtlS, See Minister.
equal. Admiral. (F.-Arab.) M . E. ad-
Adhere. (L. ) L. ad-lztZrere, to stick miral, more often amiral.-O. F. amiral,
to. - L. ad, to; htZrere, to stick. amirail, also antire; cf. Low L. admi-
Adieu, farewell. (F.) M. E. a dieu' raldus, a prince, chief. - Arab. amiI', a
- F. a dim , (1 commit YOII) to God. -L. prince; see Emir. The suffix is due to
J
ad Deum, to God. See Deity. ' Arab. al in amir-al-bahr, prince of the sea.
Adipose, fatty. (L.) Late L. adi- I Admire. (F. -L.) F. admirer (0. F.
I
POSItS, latty.-L. adzp·, stem of adeps, sb., amirer).-L. admiran", to wonder at.-
fat. Connection with Gk. QAfIlpa, fat, is L . ad, at; miran", to wonder.
doubtful.
Ii Admit. (L.) L. ad-millcre, to let
Adit, access to a mine. (L.) L. adil-tls , to, send to. - L. ad, to; mittere, to send.
app.... oach, entrance. - L adil-~m, supine of Der. admi~s-ion; f~om pp. admiss-ttS.
ad-tre, to go to. - L. ad, to ; Ire, to go. . AdmOnish. ( F .-L.) M. E. amon-
Adjacent, near to. (L.) From base II eslm; so that admollislz has taken thc
of pres. pt. of L. ad-iacere, to lie near. - place of amonesl, with changed suffix due
L. ad, near; iacel'e, to lie. to verbs in -islz. ' I amollesle or warne' ;
Adjective. (F.-L.) F. adjeclij ( fem. 1 Wyclif, I Cor. iv. 14.-0. F. a",onesler. -
.ive). - L. ad-iecliuus, lit. put near to. - / Late L. admonesliire, new formation from
L . ad-iccltls, pp. of ad-iure, to put near. - L. admonere, to advise. - L. ad, to; 1/l0nere,
L. ad, to; iaure, to cast, throw~ I to advise. Cf. Monition.
Acljoin, to lie next to. (F.-L.) O. F . I A-do, to-do, trouble. (Eo) M. E. at
adjomdre. - L. ad-izmgere (pp. adizmcfus), I do, to do; a Northern idiom, whereby at
to join to. - L. ad, to; iungere, to join . was used as the sign of the infin. mood, as
Adjourn, to put off till another day. in IceI., Swedish , &c. See Do (I ).
(F.-L.) O. F. njomer, properly to draw Adolescent, growing up. tL) L.
near to day, to dawn ; also, to appoint a adolescent-clll,acc. of pres. pt. of ad-olescere,
day for one. - Late L. adjurna1-e, 'diem to grow up. See Adult.
dicere alicui;' Ducange.-L. ad, to; and Adopt. (L. ) L. ad-opliire, to adopt,
Late L.jurnus (Ital. gionzo ), a day, from choose. -L ad, to; oPlare, to wish.
L. adj. diu1'1tus, daily.-L. dies , a day. Adore. (L.) L. ad-ortire, to pray to.
Adj udge. (F. - L .) M. E. adillgm ; - L. ad, to; oriire, to pray, from os (gen.
also aiugat ( = ajllgeJt ).-O. F. ajuger, to Or-is" the mouth. Cf. Oral.
decide . - L. adiiidiciire, to award . - L. ad, Adorn. (L.) L. ad-orniire, to deck.
to ; iiidit-are, to judge, from i,ldic-, base - L. ad, to; orniire, to adorn.
of ittdex, a judge. See Judge. AdoW11, downwards. (E.) M. E.
Adjudicate. (L.) From pp. of L. adllne. A. S. of-dune, lit. from a down or
adizldiciire (above). hill. - A. S. of, off, from; and dune, dat.
Adjure. (L. ) L. ad-i,lrii,-c, to swear of dun, a hill; see A- (I ) and Down (2) .
to; in late L., to put to an oath. - L. ad, Adrift. (E.) For on dn"!t; see A-
to; iurare, to swear. See Jury. ( 2) and Drift.
.A.diust, to fit exactly. (F.- L .) From Adroit. (F.-L.) F.ad1l1il, dexterous.
F. aajuster , ' to adjust , place justly; 'Cot. - F. a droit, rightfully. -~. a (L. ad), to;
L. ad, to; iustus, just, exact; see Just. Late L. direclum, right, Justice, neut. of
~ :\ lIew F. formation, due to misunder- L . directus, pp. of di-ri~re , to direct,
G
 ADULATION AFFECT
from L. tli- (for dis-), apart, and regen, to warn. - Late L. aduer!ln, put for L. aduer-
rule. tere, to turn to, heed; see above.
Adulation, tlattery. (F.-L.) :F. Advice. (F.-L.) M.E. auis (avis),
adulalion. - L. acc. adulatiollem, from without d. _ O. F. avis, an opinion; orig.
adultilio, tlattery. - L. adultitus, pp. of a compound word, put for a vis, i. e. ac-
adular" to Aatter. cord ing to my opinion. -L. ad, according
Adult. ', L. ) L. adultus, grown up ; to; ttisum, that which has seemed good
pp. of ad-olescCI'e, to grow up. - L. ad, to; to one, orig. neut. of u,sus, pp. of tlidi n,
·olescere, incept ive form related to alere, to to sec.
nouri sh; see Aliment. Advise. (F . -L. ) M. E. adllism, also
Adulterate, to corrupt. (L. ) XVI auism (avism ), without d. - O. F. aviser,
cent. - L. adulleralus, pp. of adullerare, to to be of opinion . - O. F. avis (above) .
corrupt. - L. adulter, an adulterer, a de- Advocate, sb. (F. -L.) M. F . advocal,
baser of money. 'an advocate;' Cot. - L. aduocalus, an
Adultery. (F.-L.) M.E. avoulrie; advocate, one ' called upon' to plead.-
but a later form wr.s adulterie , in imita- L. aduocalus, pp. of ad· tlocdre, t o call to,
tion of Latin. Cf. O.F. avoutn'e, avollla'ie, call upon. - L. ad, to; uociire, to call.
adultery ; from avolllre, an adulterer, Advowson. (F.- L.) A. F. avoeson,
which represented L. adulter (see above) ; also advowoll, patronage; hence the right
so that avollirie was equivalent ill sense to of presentation to a benefice (Roquefort).-
L. adltllin'lIl1l, adultery. Late L. aduol"aliollem, acc. of aduociilio,
Adumbrate. (L.) From pp. of L . patronage. - Late L. adlloca/lIs, a patron;
ad·umbrare, to shadow forth. - L. ad, to; the same as L. aduoClilul, an advocate.
umbra , a shadow. Adze, a cooper's axe. (E.) M. E . adse,
Advance, to go forward. (F . - L.) adere. A . S. tUiesa, an adze.
XVI cent. A mistaken form; for M. E. Aerial. (L. - Gk.) Formed with suffix
auanci!1', avancell. - F. aVa1ICer, to go for- ·al from L. ailri·tls, dwelling in the air. -
ward or before. - F. avant, before. - L. ab, L. aer, air. - Gk. d~p , air ; see Air.
from; all/e, before. See Ante-, Van. Aerolite, a meteoric stone. (Gk.)
Advantage, profit. (F. -L.) A mis- Also aerolilh, which is a better form.-
taken form for M. E. avalliage. - F. avant- Gk. a..po-, from a~p, air; ),.tll-os, a stone.
age; formed with suffix -age from avalll, AeroDaut, a balloonist. (F. -Gk.)
before; see above. F . aeronau/e. - Gk. a.po-, from a~p, air;
Advent, approach. (L.) L. adltmills, vaVT-'7S, a sailor, from Ifails, a ship.
approach. -L. adr/etltltS, pp. of ad-umire, Aery, an eagle's nest, brood of eagles or
to approach. - L. ad, to; tWlire, to come. hawks. (F. -Late L .) - F. aire, 'an airie
Cf. Venture. or nest of hawkes; ' Cot. - Late L. area, a
Adventure. (F .-L.) M.E.avenlltl·e; nest ofa bird of prey ; ofunceitain origin.
with F. a- replaced by L. ado. _ F. ~ Sometimes misspelt eyry, by confusion
avenlure, a chance, occurrence. -L. ad- with M.E. ey, an egg; see Egg.
1I1!1l/iira, fem. of aduen/iirus, about to .Esthetic, refined. (Gk.) Gk. alall,],
happen, fut. part. of adue1tire, to approach; TIIc6s, perceptive. - Gk. alallfalla., to per-
see· above. ceive. (...; A W; see Brugm. ii. § 8,4' .)
Adverb. (F . - L.) Used to qualify a anesthetic, relieving pain, dulling
verb. F. adverbe. - L. adt/erbiul1l. - L. ad, sensation. - Gk. ti,,-, not; and alalhrr.,,6s.
to; uerbu1ll, a word, a verb. Afar. (E. ) For 011 far.
Adverse. (F.-L.) M .F.advers(O.F. A1fable. (F.-L.) F.aifablt.-L.aifti.
avers). -L. aduersus, turned towards, also bilis, easy to be spoken to. -L. af- =ad,
opposed to; pp. of L. aduerlere, to tum to; far" to speak .
t o (see below). Der. advers·ary,adversily. A1fair. ( F. -L.) M.E. aifere.-O.F.
Advert. (L.) L. at/-mrlere, to turn afeire, a/('[ire, a business ; orig. a fain ,
to, regard, heed. - L . ad, to ; tter/ere, to i. e. (something) to do. - L. ad, to; faure,
tum; see Verse. Der. in-adver/-enl, not to do .
regarding. .&ft'ect. (L.) L. aifectiire, to apply
Advertise. (F. - L.) M. E. aver/ism , oneself to (hence, to act upon) ; frequent. of
later advertise. From the Imsc of aVlfr- alficere, to aim at, treat. - L. a.l- = ad, to;
/iss-alll, pres. pt. of avertir, to inform, .facen, to do, act. Der. dis-affect.
i
 AFFEER AGATE
Atraer, to assess, confirm. (F.-L) af-, for L. o.i-, prefix; and F. fret, the
O. F . afturer, to fix the price of a thing f r 5 ht of
' a ship. See Fraught, Freight.
(officially). - Late L ajforare, to fix a • ht, to frighten. (E.) The
price. -L af- (for ad); andforum, market, double is late. From M . E . afrighl, used
price. as a pp., affrighted. - A. S. tifyrhl, afyr"ted,
AfIl&uce. (F.-L.) O.F.tijiance, trust; pp. affrighted; from infin. iifyrlltan (not·
cf. afJier, ajier,to trust (whence E. ajfy). - used). - A. S. a-, intensive; aud hrMan,
0.1. a (L. ad), to; and.luianl-, stem of to terrify, from fyrhto , fright; see Fright.
pres .. pt. of Late L. fititire, to trust. from AiI'ront. (F: - L.) M. E. afronten.-
L. fider,e to trust. Cf. Late L .fidmlia, O. F. afron/er, to confront, oppose face to
a A~ge. face.- Late L . affronliin - L. af- (for ad),
d&vit, an oath. (L.) Late L. affi· to; front-em, acc. of frons, forehead,
diiuil, 3 p. s. pt. t. of afficliire, to pledge.- brow.
L.af-=ad,to; Late L .fititire, for L.fidere, AflO&t. (E.) For onjloat.
to trust. Afoot. (E.) For onfool.
Aftl1i&tion. (F.-L.) F . ajJiliati01t, Afore. (E.) For on fore; A.S. on·
an adoption as a son. - Late L. ace. affilia. foratz, afore.
l;onem. - L. af- = ad, to; filius, a son. Afraid. (F. - Land Teut.) Orig.
Aftluity. (F. - L) F. affinill. - L. affrayed, i. e. 'frightened.' Pp. of Aft'ray,
a./finittitem, acc. of affinitas, nearness. - L. q. v.
a./finis, near, boroering on. - L. af- (for ad,', Afresh. (E.) For on fresh or offresh;
to, near; finis , boundary, enn . see Anew.
AfIlrm. (F. - L) M. E. affirmm. - Aft, After. (E.) A. S. tpftan, be-
O. F. afermer, to fix. - L. affirmare. - L . hind; tZfttr, after, both prep. and adv.+ ·
af- (for ad ), to; jinniire, to make firm, Icel. aplan, behind, aplr, aflr, backwards;
from jirm1ts, strong; see Firm. Dan. and Swed. ejler, Du. acnler, 0 ; H . G.
AftI:l:. (L.) Late L. affixare (Ducange), aftar, prep. and adv. behind. IJ. Aftan
frequent. of L. a./figere (pp. affix· us), to is extended from GOlh. of, off; see Of.
fasten to.- L .af- (for ad) , to;.figere, to fix. Af-ter is a compo form, IikeGk. o.YrOJ-Tfp,OJ,
Aftlict, to harass. (L) XVI cent. -L. further off; it means more off, further off,
ajJlit'llts, pp. of ajJl~re, to strike to the hence behind. Der. ah·aft, q v.; after-
ground.- L af- (forad) ,to; andjligere, to ward (see Toward'.
dash . So also eonjlict, from pp. con jlielus; Afterm&th, a second crop of mown
itt#:; and cf. projlig.att. grass. (E.) Here afler is an adj.; and math
uenC8. (F. - L.) F. ajJlutnct. _ means' a mowing,' unaccented form of
L ajJlutnlia, abundance. - L. ajJluenl-em A. S. map. Allied to Mead, Mow. Cf.
(acc.), flowing towards, pres. part. of G. manti, a mowing; nnchmahd, aftermath.
ajJluere, to"flow to, abonnd.-L. af- (for A.ftermost, hindmost. (E.) A. S.
ad), to; jlutr~, to flow. tZftellltsl, Goth. aflumists; but affected
Atrorc1. (E.) Altered from aforth, by after and most. The Goth. aj-fu'1Il-
M.E. afor/hen, to provide, P. PI. B. vi. isis is a treble snperI. form . See Aft.
301. - A. S. gtjor/Jian, fortJian, to further, .A.sr&, A:frha, a ehief officer. (Turk.)
promote, provide. - A. S. g~-, prefix; and Turk. agha, master.
f~, forth, forward; see Forth. .A«ain. (North E.) Cf. M. E. ayein,
AJfr&'1', to frighten. (F. - L. and Tent.) A. s:- ongegn (onglan. - A. S. on; and
XIV cent. M. E. affi'ayen. -0. F. tjJraier, gegn, of which the primary meaning seems
esjreer, to frighten. - Low L exfridti!'e, to to havc been 'direct,' or 'straight.'
break the king's pe:lCC, cause an affray or (N. E. D .) + Dan. igien, Swed. igm, again.
fray; hence, to disturb, frighten. - L. ex; against. (North E.) The I is added.
and O. H. G.fridu (G.fri~de) , peace. (See Cf."Kt E. ayeines, against; extended from
Rom:mia, 1878, vii. 1 n .) Der. affray, sb., M. E. ayein, against, with adv. suffix ·es.
also sp~ltfray; and afraid, q. v. - A. S. ongeOlt, against; the same as A. S.
,&jfreightment, the hiring of a vessel ongean, ongegn , again; see above. + lcel.
to convey cargo. (F.-L. and G .) An i gepz, G. mtgegen, against.
E. spelling of F. affrtltment. now written A.ga.te. (F. -It. - L.-Gk.) O.F. agate,
aifrttement. the hiring of a sbip.- F. agal/u. - ltal. agata, agatha, an agate
affrtler (now offrtter), to hire a ship. - F. (Florio).-L. aehalem, ace. of aclltites.-
8
 AGE AGREE
Gk. ciX4T'1f, an agate ; so named from being I Agitate. (L.) I •. agi/a/w, pp. of
found near the river Aehales (Sicily). I
agi/tire, to keep driving about, frequent. of
Age. (F.-L.) O. F .illlgtl, edage.-Late ! agere, to drive; see Agent. ( oV'~G. )
I
L. a/ii/icum. - L. altiti-, stem of atas (from Aglet a' tag of a lace. (1" . - L .) ~)so
*,zui-tas), age.- L. atm"" life, period.+ aygulet, Spenser, F. Q. ii. 3.16. - F. aigtt;l-
Gk. alaw; Goth. aiws; Skt. iiyus, life. leite, dimin. of oiguil/(, a needle. - Late L.
Hmgm. ii. § I l l . adieula, dimin. of ac-us, a needle, pointed
Agent. (L.) XVI cent. L. ogmt-, thing. Cf. Acme. CoV' AK.)
stem of pres. pt. of agere (pp. actus), todo, .Agnail, (1) a com on the foot, (2 } . n
drive, conduct.+Gk. a")'E'v; Ice!. aka; Skt. sore beside the nail. (E .) The sense has
aj, to drive. (¥ AG.) been confused or perverted. }<'rom A. S.
Agglomerate, to mass together. (L.) allgmzg/, a com on the foot (see A. S.
From pp. of L. agglomertire, to form into Leechdoms, ii. 81, § 34); with which cf.
n mass. - L. ag- (= ad) ; and glomer-, stem ' O. Friesic oglteil, ougneil, apparently used I

of glomus, a mass, ball, clue of thread, in a similar sense. From a prefix allg·,
allied to globus, a globe; see Globe. signifying afflicting, paining, and A. S.
Aarglutiaate. (L.) From pp. of nagl, a nail (as of iron), hence a hard
agg/illiniire, to glue together. -L. ag' round· headed excrescence or wart fixed in
{ = ad), to; .~liilin-, for gltitm, glue. the flesh; see Anger and Nail. /3 Soon
Aggrandise. (F. -L.) M. F. oxgrall- misunderstood as referring to the nails of
dis-, stem of pres. pt. of aggrand;r, to the toes or fingers, and so made -te--Il(ean
enlarge. Also agralldir (with one g) . - F. 'a sore beside the nail'; prob. by com-
a (for L. ad) ; and grandir, to increase, paring ( wrongly) the Gk. l1apo>"X1a, a
from L. grandire, to enlarge, which is whitlow (lit. beside the nail ), or by con-
from L. .f'·alldis, great. fusion with F. angonaille, a sore (Cot.).
Aggravate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- See N. E. D.
grattiire, toaddtoaload. -L.ag- (= ad) , Agnate, allied. (L.) L. aglllitus,
to; gralliit'c, to load, from grauis, heavy. allied; pp. of agllosci=(UI-gllasd. -L. ad,
Aggregate. (L.) From pp. of L. ag- to; nasci, earlier form g1lasd, to be born.
gngtire, to collect into a flock. - L. ag- (for Ago, Agone, gone away, past. (E.)
ad ), to ; greg-, stem of grex, a flock. M. E. ago, agon, agooll, pp. of the verb
Aggre88, to attack. (F.- L.) M.l". ag- agon, to pnss by, pass away. A. S. tigan,
gresser. - L. aggresslls, pp. of aggredi, to pp. of ligtill, to pass away. See A- (4)
assail.-L. ag- (for ad), to; grot/i, to ad- and Go.
vance. Agog, in eagerness. , F.) For a-gog,
~grieve. (l".-L. ) M. E. a.f'·evm.- in activity, in eagerness, where a- is
O. }<. agrever, to overwhelm. -0. F . a, to; the prefix A- (2). Adapted from O. l".
grever, to bunlen.-L. ad, tOj grarttire, to en gogues (Littn!), or a gogue (Godefroy),
weigh down, from grauis, heavy, grave. in mirth. Cot. has ulre en ses gogtles, 'to
See Grave (l). . be frolicke, ... in a veine of mirth.' The
Aghast, horror-struck. (E. ) Misspelt origin of O. F. gogue, fun, diversion, is
for agast, which is short for agas/ed, pp. of unknown.
M. E. agas/en, to terrify; Ch. C. T. 1341; Asrony. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. E. agonie.
Leg. of Good Women, Dido, 248. -A. S. -F":agoll;e.-L. ago1Iia. - Gk. ci"'(QWla, orig.
ii-, prefix; and gas/all, to terrify, tonnent. a contest. - Gk. ti")'':'''', coutest. - Gk. d.-yuv,
p. A. S. gastan is from the base gas- = to drive. (¥ AG.)
Goth. gais- in us-gais-jan, to terrify. (¥ Aarouti, a rodent animal, of the guiuea-
GHwAIS.) Hrugm. ii. § 802. pig 7amily. (F.-Sp. -Brazil.) F. agouli.
Agile. (F. - L. ) XVI cent. F. agile. - Sp. aguli. - Brazil. o.f'I/i, aadi.
-L. agiUs, nimble; lit. easily driven Agraft'e, a kind of clasp. (F. -O.H.G.)
about. - L . nge,-e, to drive. F. agrafe; also agraphe (in Cotgrave) ,
Agistment, the pasturage of cattle a hook, clasp; a.l,,..,.aftr, to clasp. The
by agreement. ( F.- L.) From theF. vb. verb is from F. a ( =L. ad), tOj and
agister, to assign a resting-place.-F. " M. H. G. krapfe, O. H . G. crapo, ekrapfo,
I
( = L.ad),to; and O.F.giste, a couch,IP<lg- . a hook, which is allied to 1::. cramp.
ing, verbal sb. from O. F. gesir (F. gesir), Agree, to accord. , }<'. -L.) O. F.
to lie, from L. iaeC're, to lie. agre(r, to receive favourably. -0. F. "gre,
'J
 AGRICULTURE ALBUM
f:lvourably.- O. F. a ( = L. ad), according AJar. (E.) From a char, 01t char, ou
to ; gre, grlf, pleasure, from L. gnitttm, th e t urn (G. D ouglas, tl". of Virgil, b. vii,
neut. of griiltlS, dear, pleasing. Cf. Grace. prol.). - A.S. 01t citr,-e, on the turn ; cf. A.S.
D er . dis-agru . c)lrt-an, tierran, to turn. See Cha.r (2) .
Agriculture. (L.) L. agri CltINira, .Akimbo, in a bent position. (Scand .)
culture of a field. - L. agri, gen. of ager, M. E. itt ktnebowe, Beryu, 1838. Perhaps
a fi eld ; and Cllltii,'a. See Acre and Cul- from I cel . i keng, into a crook; with
tura. E. !>ow, i. e. bend, superfl uously added.
Agrimony, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Here ke1lg is the acc. of kengr, a crook,
M . Eo agremoi'le, I'gremoine. -M . F. aigri- twi st, kink. Cf. also Icel. kmgboginn ,
fIl"Qine . - L. argemonia, argemone. - Gk. bent into a crook, from kellgr, a crook.
ap-y£;.uiJv'1 . (Lewis and Short, L. Diet. ) twist, kink, and bogi1tn, bowed, pp. of
~ound. (E. ) For Ole ground. lost verb bjl/ga, to bow. See Kink and
Ague, a fever-fit. (F.;. L.) Lit. Bow ( I ). (Very doubtful; a guess.)
• acute ' a\.tack_ - O . F. ague, fern of a"O't/ Akin, of kin. (E.) For of ki.l .
(F . aigu), acute. - L. ad/la (f ebris) , acute Alabaster. (F. -L. - Gk. ) M.E. ala·
(fever) ; fern. of aCt7tus; see Aoute. baslre. _ O. F. alabaslre (F. aIMlre). - L.
Ah! (F.-L.) M.E. a !-O.F. a !- alabaster, alabastrum. - G k. tiAa{3auT pov,
L. all! tiAa{3auTor. Said to be derived from Ala-
Ahead. (E.) For on hl!ad, i.e. in a basftwl , a town in Egypt. (Pliny.)
forward direction. See A- ( l ). A.la.ck. (E.) Prob. a corruption of M.E.
Ai, a sloth. (Brnzil.) From Brazil. ai. a! lack! alas! a shame' lit. (lack.' (It
Aid. (F.-L.) M. E. aiden . - O. F. cannot be the s,'!.me as alas.)
aider. - L. adi,Unrt, frequent. of adiuuiire, A.la.crity. (L. ) Formed by analogy
to assist. - L. ad; and iuuiirl, to help, pp. with celerity, from L. alacritifte11l, acc. of
iiitus. Cf. Brugm. ii. § fj83 . alacdtifs, briskness. - L altlcer, brisk.
Ail, v. (E. ) M.E. dim . A . S. egla)l, Alarm, a call to arms. ( F. - Ital. - L )
to pain; cognate with Goth. agljcl1l.- M. E. alarme. - F.alarme.- Ital. all'arme,
A . S. egle, troublesome (allied to Goth. to arms ! for aile ar11le. - Late L. ad
agius, hard ). Cf. A. S. ege, terror, orig. illas armas, for L. ad ilia a,.,na, to
pain; see Awe. those arms! to your arms!
Aim,toendeavourafter. (F . -L.) M . E. aJa.rum. (F. - Ital. - L.) The same
eimen. From confusion of ( I) A . F. word, with an old pronunciation, in which
esmer, from L . tZstimiirl, tl) estimate, aim the I' was strongly trilled.
at, intend; and (3 ) O . F. aesmer, from L. Alas! (F. -L.) M.E . alas .-O. F.alas
ad-tZstimiire, camp. with prefix ado, to. (cf. F. hllas). - O. F. a, ah ! and las,
See Esteem. wretched that I am ! - L. ah ! and lasSlls,
Air ~I). ( F._-L. -Gk;~ ~. E. air, eir. tired, wretched. (Allied to La.te.)
- F . all'. - L. aero- Gk. a'lP, aIr. Alb, a white vestment. (F.-L.) M. E.
ail' ( l ), mien, affected manner; tune. albe -0. F. albe .-Late L alba, sb. ; orig.
(F.-It.-L.-Gk.) F . air, look, tune. - fern . of L. albus, white.
Ita!. ada, ( a looke, . . a tune;' Flori!). - Albacore, a kind of tunny . (P ort. -
Jo·olk-L. neut. pI. ai!ra, treated as a fern. Arab.) Port. albacor, albaeora . Said to
sing. (Diez). - L . at r . - Gk. d.~p (above). be of Arab. origin.
Airt, a point of the compass. (Gael.) Albatross, a large sea· bird. (Port. -
Gael. aird, a quarter or point of the Span. - Arab. - Gk.) Formerly also alga -
compass. Cf. O . Irish aird, a point, limit. tross . - Port. alcatraz, a cormorant, alba-
Aisle, the wing of a church. (Y. -L.) tross ; Span. alcatraz, a pelican - Port.
Better spelt aile - F . aile. - L. ala, a wing. alcatruz, a bucket, Span . arcaduz, M. Span.
Prob. for *axla, dimin. of Axis. alcaduz (Minsheu), a bucket on a water-
Ait. ( E.) Sec Eyot. wheel. -Arab al-qiidus, the same (Dozy).
Aitch-bone, the rump-bone. (Hyb. ; Similarly Arah. saqqa, a water-carrier, a
F . - L. and E .) Orig. spelt "ache bone. - pelican, because it carries water in its
O. F. "ache, sing. of nachl!S, the buttocks; pouch. (Devic; BUpp. to Littre.)
and E. bOIU. NaclJes 0= ute L . natieas, acc. Album, lit. that which is white. (L)
of ~tica:, dimin. of L. natis, the bot· L album, a tablet, orig. neut. of albus,
tock •. white.
Ie:!
 ALBUMEN ALIVE
alb1llllen, white of egg. (L.) L . albU- algebra, computation. - Arab. ai, the j nnd
111m Ott; (also album OUI), white of egg.- jabr, setting, repairing j also, the reduction
L. albus, white. of fractions to integers in arithmetic ; hence,
Alcayde, a judge; see Cadi. algebra. -Arab. root Inbara, to set, con'
Alchemy. (F.-Arab -Gk.) O. F. solidate.
a!ckemie.- Arab. ai, the; and klmla, ~, a police-officer. (Span.-
alchemy.- Late Gk. X'7J.'Ela, cbemistry; Arab.) Sp~n. alguazil. - Arab. ai, the j
probably coufused with xiiJ.'fla, a ming- wazir, a vizier, officer; see Vizier.
ling, from Gk. Xl ..", to pour out, mix. Alg1un, sandal-wood . (Reb. - Skt.)
Alcohol. (Med. L .-Arab.) Med. L. In 2 Chron. ii. 8, ix. 10 j spelt almug,
alcohol, applied to pure spirit, thongh the I Kings x. I I. - Reb. a/gUmmim, or (trans·
orig. sense was a fine impalpable powder. posed) almugfm; a borrowed word. Sup-
- Arab. ai, the; and ko",1 or kulJ,/, a posed by Max Miiller (Sci. Latlg. i. 232) to
collyrium, very fine powder of antimony, be from Skt. va/gu-ka, sandal-wood j where
used to paint the eyelids with_ -ka is a suffix.
Alcoran i see Koran. A.lias. (L.) L. alias. otherwise.-L
Alcove, a vaulted recess. (F. - Span. - a/illS, another j see Alien.
Arab.) 1'. alcke. - Span. alcobo. a recess alibi. (L.) L. alibi, in another place.
in a room.-Arab. ai, the; and qohl>a", a - L. ali-, as in alius; and suffix -bi as in
vault, dome, cupola; hence a vaulted space. i-bi, there, u-bi, where. See below.
Alder, a tree. (E.) M . E. aid", aller alien. (F.-L.) M.E. aliene.-O.F.
(d being excrescent). - A. S. alor (aler, alien. - L. alilnus, strange j a stranger_ - L.
alr).+Du. els; Icel. olr (for plr) ; Swed. alius, another. + Gk. d.U.os, another; O.
aI; Dan. die, el; G. erie; O.R.G. erila, Irish aile, W. aill, all; Goth. aljis (stem
earlier elira; Span. aliso (from Gothic). a/jo-), other j see Else.
Tcut. stems ·alllz-, ·aliz-, ·alis-. Allied ~ht (I), to descend from. (E. ) M. E.
to Lith. alksnis, L. alntlS (for ·alsnos) ; ali/zten, to alight from horseback j A. S.
Russ. ollklza j and perhaps to Elm. ii/ihlan, the prefix a· being = A. S. ii-.
Alder-, prefix, of all. In alder-liefest The simple form lihlatl also occurs in A. S.,
(Sh.) j here aId" is for aller, O. Merc. meaning to make light, relieve of weight.
alra,. A. S. eaira, gen. pI. of ai, eal, all . ali~ht (from a horse); from Ii"', light,
See AlL adj. See :Light (3).
Alderman. (E.) Mere. aldo""an, alight (l), to light upon. (E.) M.E.
A. S. ealdDnlwn. - Merc. aldor (ealdor), a a/ihlen, with reference to the completion of
chief j and 1IIan, man. Allied to O. Fries. the action of alighting. See above.
alder, a parent j G. ellern, pI. parents j A.lisrn i see Aline.
and to 1.. ai-lor, a bringer up, from alere, Aliie, similar. (E.) M. E. alike, olikt.
to nouriah. Cf. Old. A. S. onlie, like j from lie, like, with prefix
Ale. (E.) M. E. ale. - A. S ealu, gen. Otl- = on, prep.
alop (stem ·allll).+Icel., Swed., and Dan. Aliment, food . (F.-L. ) F. aliment.
O!; Lithuan. alus j Russ. olovina. - L. alimmlum, food; formed with
Alembic, a vessel for distilling. (F.- suffix -menl"m from alere, to nourish.
Span. -Arab. -Gk.) M. E. alembyk. - F. (VAL. )
alambiqut (Cot.). - Span . alambi'!ue. - alimony, money allowed for a wife's
Arab. ai, the j and anbiq (pronounced a11l- support upon her separation from her
biq), a still. - Gk. a..ufJ/(, a cup, goblet j husband. (L.) L. alimimia, nourishment.
capof a still. Cf. Limbeck. -L. alere, to nourish j see above.
Alert. (F.-Ital. -L.) F. alerle; for- Aline, Align, to range in a line. (F.
merly allerle, and (in Rabelais) a flurle. -L.) Adapted from mod. F. aliC'u:r, to
i. e. on the watch. - Ital. all'erta, on the range in a line. From the phr. Ii ligne,
watch j from the phr. stare alferla, to into line. -L. ad, to; linea, a line. See
stand erect, be on one's guard. - Ita\. aI/a Line. (A/itt/! is the better spelling for
(for a la), at the, on the; erla, fern. of the E. word .)
erlo, erect. - L. trd, to, at; iI/am, fern . acc. Aliquot. (L.) L. aliquol, some,several
of il/e, he; "ee/aIII, fern. acc. of lreetus, (hence, 'proportionate). _L. ali·us, other;
erect; see Erec'. and 'luot, how many.
Altrebra. (Late L.-Arab.) Late L. Ali-ve, in life. (E.) From A. S. 1m !if~,
II
 ALKALI ALLOW
ill life; where life is dat. of lif, lifc ; sec Gk. a"A1J'YopE/v, to speak so as to imply
Life. something else; Galat. iv. 24- - Gk. a"" o-,
Alkali, a salt. (Arab. ) Arab. Ill, the; stem of a""os, other; and a'YopEll"v, to
and qali,ashes of salt-wort, which abounds speak, from ayopa, a place of assembly; cf.
in soda. a'Y"p«v , to assemble. Gk. ({""os = L. alil/ s;
All. ( Eo ) M. E. ai, sing. j aile, pI. - see Alien.
O . Merc. aI, all; A . S. eal, pI. ealle. +lcel. Allegro, lively. (I tal. -L.) Ital. aile-
aliI'; Swed. all; Dan. al; Du. al; O. H. G. g'·o. - 1.. alacrelll , acc. of alacer, brisk.
a/ ; Goth. ails, pI. al/ai. Teut. type *a l- Alleluia.. (Heb.) See Hallelujah.
1I0Z ; allied to Irish teile, all, from ldg. Allevia.te. (L. ) I' rom pp. of Late L.
type *ol)os. alleuiare, used for L. allettlIre, to lighten.
a.ll, adv., utterly. In the phr. all-to L. al- (for ad ), to; lellljr~, to lift, ligh ten,
brake (correctly allto-brak~) , Judges ix. 53. from lettis, light.
Here the incorrect all.to, for' utterly,' came Alley, a walk. ( F. -L. ?) M. E. ali!)'.
up about A .D. 1 5 00, in place of the old -0. F. alee, a gallery; a participial sb. -
idiom which linked to to the verb; cf. 'A I O. F. aler , to go ; F. allet·. 13. The ety·
is tobrostm thilke regioun,' Chaucer, C. T. mology of aller , much and long discussed,
2757. See To-, prefix. is not yet settled; the Provo equivalent is
a.lmost. ( E.) A. S. cal'lIliist, i. e. quite allar, allied to Ita1. a1ldare, to go.
the greatest part, nearly all; affected by Allia.nce; see Ally.
mod. E. most. See Most. Alliga.tor. (Span . - L. ) Lit.· the
a.!wa.y,a.lwa.ys. ( E.) ( I ) A.S.ealm lizard.'-Span. ellagarto, the lizard, i.e.
weg. every way, an accus. case. (2 ) M. E. the great lizard . -1.. ille, he, that; I(!(~rta ,
alles weis, in every way, a gen. case. a li zard. See Lizard.
Alla.y. ( E .) M. E. aleym, alaim, the Allitera.tion, repetition of initial
stem of which is due to A. S. aleg-es, aleg- letters: (L.) Coined from L. ai- (for ad. ,
e~, 2 and 3 pres. t . sing. of A.S. alecgall, to to; and //Iera, a letter; see L etter ..
lay llown , put down, which produced also Alloca.te, to set aside. 1,1..) F rom
M.E. aleggm , to lay or set aside. - A.S. pp. of Late L allocan , to allot. -L. al·
"-' prefix; and leegml , to lay, place; see ( = ad), to ; 10,"<lre, to place, from locus, a
A- (4) and Lay (I) . fl Hut much con- place. Cf. Allow ( I),
fu sed with other forms, especially with M. E. Allocution, an address. : L. ) From
aleglJeIl , to all eviate, from O. F. aleger, L. al/oat/io, an address. - L. aI- (for ad),
alegier , L. allettilIre; and with old form s to ; 10aJtio, a speaking, from lociittts, pp.
of alloy, See N . E. D. of loqui, to speak.
Allege. (1'.-L. ) M.E. alegm, aleggm. Allodia.l. (Late L. - O.Frankish .) Late
III form, the word answers to A . F. alegie,', L. allodialis, from allodittlll , alodiulJI, a
aligier= O. F. eslt~rier (see Godefroy) ; deri vative of alMis, a free inheritance
from A. F . a- = O. F. cs-, and ligier. - L. (Lex Salica). It mean s ' ent irely "(one'si
cx-; and lit igare, to contend (D ucange), pro perty,' from O. Frank. aiM; where al·
from L. lis (gen. lit-is), strife. Latinised is related to E. all , and Od signifies' pro·
as ad/igiare (Ducange ), and treated as if perty' or 'wealth.' This O. Frank . M is
allied to L. al/t'giire ( F. alllgller) ; hen ce cognate with O. H . G. ot, A. S. ea", Ice!.
the sense usually answers to th at of L. atltJr , wealth . Cf. G oth . atldags, blessed.
alli'gare, to adduce. - L. al· (for ad), to ; Allopa.thy, a treatment by medicines
legare, to dispatch, to tell, from leg-, base which produce an opposite effect to that of
of lex, law. disease. (Gk.) Opposed to hOIlla.'o}atJ,y,
Allegia.nce, the duty of a subject to q. v. - Gk. (iA"o-, for a""os, other ; and
his lord. ( F. - O. H. G.) M. E. a/egcattllce. TraD-.iv, to suffer; see Alien and P athos.
Formed from F . a (= L. ad ), to ; O. F. Allot, to assign a portion to. (F. - L.
ligallee, ligel11lCc, homage, from O. F./ige, alld E. ) A. F. a/oter. -A. F. a, from L.
liege, liege. See Liege. ~ The form ad, to; and M. E . lot, A . S. Mot ; see Lot.
ligallce (Godefro y) was due to a supposed Allow (I) , to assign, grant. ( F . -L. )
connexion with L. ligare, to bind. F. allouer, to let out for hire, assign for
Allegory. ( L.-Gk. ) XVI cent. L. an expense. -Late I.. alloclire, to allot.-
,t/legol·ia. - Gk. a~ "1J'Yopia . a cle;;cription IL. at- (for ad), to ; and /ocal'e, to place,
of one thing under the im age of another. - from loms, a place.
12
 ALLOW ALTER
Allow 2) , to approve of. (F. - L. ) Aloe, a plant. (I.. - Gk.) r.. aloi!
M. E. alo:ten. _ O. F . alouer, la ter allO:ler, (Pliny ). - Gk. dh0'7; John xix. 39.
to approve of. - L. allaudare. - L. al· (for Aloft. (Scand.) Ice!. a 10pl (pron.
ad), to ; laudare, to praise, from laud., loft), aloft , in the air. - Ice!. a ( = A. S.
stem of laus, praise. 01:), in ; lopt, air. See Loft.
Alloy, a due proportion in mixing Alone. (E.) M. E. al one, al oon,
metals. (F. - L. ) Formerly allay; M. E. written apa rt; here ai, adv., means ' en-
a/ay. - O. F . a/ay, aley, alloy. - O. F. aleier, tirely,' and 0011 is th e M. E. form of one.
aleyer, to comhine. - L. alligat'e, to bind cr. Du. a IIcell , G. alleill. See All and
together; see Ally. The O. F. aid, sb., One.
became alai, which was misunderstood as Along ( I), lengthwise of. (E.) M. E.
being alai = L. ad legem, according to rule alollg. A. S. a1ldlallg , along, prep. with
or law (Littre). gen.; orig. (like O. Sax. all/lang) an adj.,
Allude. (L.) L. alMdere, to laugh at, meaning complete (from end to end). -
allude tll (pp. alliisus). - L. al· (= ad ), A. S. alld·, prefix (allied to Gk. &vTi,
at; !iidere, to sport. Der. allus·ioll. Skt. aIlIJ', over against); lang, long. The
Allure, to tempt by a bait. ( F. - L. sense is 'over against in length,' or ' long
and G.) A. F. aitlrer; from F . a let/rre from end to end.' + G. mtlang, along. See
= tothe bait or lure. - L. ad, to; M. H.G . A- (3) and Long ( I) ; and see Anti-.
luoder (G. luder), a bait. See Lure. Alon, (2) ; in phr. all along 0/ you,
Alluvial, washed down, applied to (:re. (E.) Equivalent to M. E. £long.
soil. (L.) L. allrwi·tIS, alluvial. - 1.. al· Layamon, J 550 2.- A. S. ge/allg, 'depend-
( = ad), to, in additi on; luere, to wash. ing on ,' as in 01t (Jam gelang, along of
Ally, to bind together. , F. -I..) M. E. that. - A. S. ge·, prefix; Imlg, long.
alim.-O. F. alitI', to bind up.-L. ad, Aloof, away. ( E. and Du.) For on 100/;
to; ligare, to bind. Der. alli·allCe, M. E. answering to Du . Ie loej, to windward.
aliaullct. Cf. Du. loej koutim, to kee p the luff or
Almanac, Almanack. (Late I..) weather-gage, Dan. holde 1tlven, to keep to
Late L. almallaell. ~ Origin unknown; the windward; which suggested our phrase
/lol of Arab. origin (Dozy). 'to hold aloof,' i. e. to keep away (from
Almighty. (E .) O . Mere. a/mahlig , the leeward shore or roek ). See Lu1f.
A. S. a lillilztig. The prefix is O. Mere. Aloud, loudly. (E.) From a-, prefix,
a/', O. Sax. ala., O. H. G. ala·, related to due to A. S. all, prep. ; and A. S. Izliid,
All. And see Might. lond. See A- (2) and Loud.
Almond. (F.-I.. -Gk.) M. E. al· Alp. (L.) L. Alpes, the Al ps ; of
mam/d. - O. F. alma1ldre, more correctly, Celtic origin. Connected with I.. albus .
amantire ; the al being due to Span. and white (Stokes). Der. trans-aip-jllt, i. e.
Arab. influence; mod. F . amaltde. - beJ~md the Alps.
L. amygdala, amygdalum , an almond; Alpaca. (Span . - Peruvian.) Span. al-
whence the forms amygd'la, Dmyd'/a, paca; from paro, the Peruvian name, with
amYlld'la, amY1lfira (see Brachet). - Gk. the Arab. def. art. al prefixed.
al'lI')'OO.\'7 , al'''''OOAOV, an almond. Alphabet. ,Late I.. - Gk. - Phre·
Almoner; see Alm8. nician. ) Late L. alphabi/um. _ Gk. tihcpa,
Almost. (E.) A . S. ealmiist; see All. l3ijTa, the names of a and p, the first two
AlmS. (I.. - Gk.) M. E. almesse, later letters of the alphabet; Heb. tileph, an ox,
altIus. A . S. almasse. - Folk·I.. *ali· the name of the first letter; and !>ilh, a
mosilla (whence O. F. almome, F. at/· house, the name of the second letter.
mOllt , Ital. li1l10silla); Late L. eleemosYlla. Already. (E .) M. E. al redy, quite
- Gk. '''f'7l-,oI1U,,'1. pity; hence alms.- ready ; from ai, quite, representing the
Gk. E.\f~I'OJV, pitiful. - Gk. I " ..;." to pity. neut. of O. Mere. ai, all, used adverbially,
- Gk. t.\fOS, pity. ~ Thus alms is a and Ready.
si/lgl/lar form. .Also. (E.) M. E . al so, quite so; A. S.
almoner. (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.F . aI1ll0s, ealS7lJii; see above.
nier, a distributor of alms. -0. F. almome, Altar. (L.) A. S. allare, Matt. v. 2<4.
alms; F. aumOne. _ Folk-L. *alimosi1l(~ -I.. altare, an altar, high place.-I..
(above) . altlls, high.
Almug, the same as Algum, q. v. Alter. (L. ) Late L. al/trare, to alter.
 ALTERCATION AMBITION
_ L. aller, other. - L. al- (as in al·iw) ; Ama.tory. (L.) L. a11latiirius, loving.
with compa rative suffix ·tero-. -L. amator, a lover. -L. aman , to love;
altercation, a dispute. (F. - L.) with suffix ·tor-, -tor, of agent.
M. E. altercation. - O. F . altercation. - L. Amaze, to astound. (E.) M. E. amasen.
alterelitioltem, ace. of altereatio. - L. alter- A. S. amasiatt, pp. iimasod; Wulfstan's
eatus, pp. of altereari, to dispute, speak in Hom. p. 137, I. 23. From A . S. a-
turns. - L. alter, other, another. (prefix) ; and *"easiatt, to perplex. See
alternate. (L.) L. alternatus, pp. Maze.
of alternan, to do by turns. - L. aller· Amazon, a female wartior. (Gk.) Gk.
nits, reciprocal. - L. alter (with suffix dp.a(wv, one of a warlike nation of women
otto· ). in Scythia. ~ To account for the name,
Although. (E.) M. E. al thogl,; see the Greeks said that these women cut off
Already and Though. the right breast to shoot better; from Gk.
Altitude. (F . -L.) XIV cent. - F . d-, not; and p.a(os, the breast. Obviously
altitude. - L. allitiillo, height. - L. altus, an invention.
high . Amba.ssa.dor, Emba.ssador. (F.
a.lto, high voice. (ltal.-L. ) Ital. alto. -Late L.-C. ) F. ambassadeur. _ F.
- L. altw, high. ambassade, an embassy; prob. borrowed
Altogether. (E.) M . E. allogether, from Ital. ambaseiata. - Late L. ambaseia
quite tOl{ether. See Already. (Lex Salica); more correctly *ambactia;
Altruism, regard for others. ( Ital.- a mission, service. - L. ambaclus, a servant,
L.; will, Gk. mjfix.) Coined from Ital. emissary ; Cresar, de Bell. Gall. vi. J 5.
altrlti, an other, others, a form of altro, The L. word is borrowed from an O.
another, when preceded by a preposition. Gaulish (Celtic) word (ambactos?) a slave,
Orig. a dat. case. - L. alteri huie, to this lit. one dri ven about, a pp. form from
other; dative. of alter, other, and hie, ambi-, prefix, about, and the verb ago,
this. cognate with L. agere; cf. O. Irish ;mm-
Alum. ( F.-L.) M. E. alum.-O. F. agim, I drive about, send about. (Fick,
alum; F . a/un. - L. aliillun, alum. 1 894, ii. 34; Brugm. ii. § 79.) Cf. W .
Alwa.:y, Alwa.:ys. CE.) See All. a1llaeth, a husbandman.
Am. ( K ) See Are. Amber. (F . -Span. -Arab.) M. E.
Ama.in. (E.) F or ott main, in strength, aUlllbre. - F. alllbre . - Span. am bar. -
with strength; see A· ( 2) and Ma.in, sb. Arab. 'allbar (pronounced 'ambar), am-
Amalgam. (F. or Late L. - Gk . ?) F. uergris, a rich perfume. ~ The resinous
alltalgallle, Late L . alllalgama , a mixture, amber was so called from a resemblance to
esp. of quicksilver with other metals. ambergris, which is really quite a different
Origin unknown; said by some to be a substance.
corruption or an alchemist's anagram of a.mbergris, i. e. gray amber. Called
malagma, a mollifying application; per· gris amber in Milton, P. R. ii. 344. The
haps with Arab. al (= the) prefixed. - Gk. F . gris, gray, is from O . H. G. gris, gray;
p.aAa-yJUl-, an emollient. - Gk. p.aAauuflv cf. G. greis, hoary.
(for *p.aAaIC-Yflv), to soften. - Gk. j.UJAaIC6 ~, Ambi-, Amb-, prefix. (L.) L. ambi-,
soft . about; cf. Gk. aJUl>i, on both sides, whence
Ama.nuensis, one who writes to dic· E. prefix amphi.. Related to L. ambo,
tation. (L .) L. amanttells;s. - L. Ii mantt, Gk. afU/>oJ, both. Cf. A. S. ymb, Irish ;111,
by hand ; with suffix ·msis. about.
Ama.ra.nth, an unfading flower. (L.- Ambient, going about. (L. ) L. amb-
Gk.) Properly amarant, as in Milton ; iellt- , stem of pres. part of amb·ire, to go
but ·attlh is due to confusion with Greek a bout. from ire, to go.
dv6o~, a flower. _ L. amarantlts. - Gk. Ambiguous, doubtful. (L.) L. amb-
d,..apa.nos, unfading, or as sb. unfading igltltS, doubtful, lit. driving about (with
flower. - Gk. d-, not; and p.apa.ivflv, to ·ous (= L. .osus) in place of L. -us). - L.
fad e. (-v'MER.) amb·, about; and agere, to drive.
Ama.ss, to heap up. (F.-L.-Gk.) Ambition. (F. -L.) F. ambilion.-L.
F. amasser, to h-:ap up. - F . Ii masse, into alllbilionem, acc . of a",biliO, a going round,
a mass. _ L. tuI, to; massa, a mass. - Gk. esp. used of going round to solicit votes ;
p.ii(a, a barley-cake. See Mus (J). hence, a seeking for preferment. - L . a",b-
14
 AMBLE AMITY
itum, lupine of am"-,re, to go about (but sb. pl.-O. F . amende, reparation.-O . F.
note that ambrtio retains the short i of amender (above) .
ilum, the supine of ,reo, the simple verb). Amenity, pleasantness. (F.-L.) M F.
Amble. (F . -L.) M. E . amblen. -O.F. and F. amen;te. _ L. amanitatem, acc. of
ambler, to go at an easy pace. - L. ambu- amtzniliis. - L. amanus, pleasant. Cf. L.
liire, to walk. alllare, to love.
&mbulance, a moveable hospital. (F . Amerce, to fine. (F.-L.) A. F. (not
- L. ) F. ambulance. - L. ambulant-, stem O. F.) alllcrcier, to fine. - O.F . a ( = L. ad),
of pres. part. of ambulare, to walk. to ; mercier, to pay, acquit , bllt usually to
&mbulation, a walking about. (L. ) thank; cf. Latc L. merciare, to fix a fine.
From L. ambttliitio, a walking about. _ L. C£. O. F. mercit (F. merci), tbanks, pardon.
ambulatus, pp. of ambulare. - L. mercedem, acc. of merds, reward,
Ambrosl&, food of the gods. (Gk.) wages, also pity, indulgence, thanks
Gk. dJ.'fJpouia; fern. of dJ.'fJp6UIOS, length- (passing into the sense of 'fine ' ). - L.
ened form of l1J.'fJpoTos, immortal. - Gk. do, merc-, stem of merx, merchandise, traffic.
not (E. un- ) ; and *P.fJPOTOS, for *P.POTOS Amethyst, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. ame-
(Gk. fJpoT6~), mortal; see Mortal. Cf. tkyslus. - Uk. ap.f(JuoTOS, an amethyst; so
Skt. a-mrta, immortal. See Amaranth. called because supposed to prevent drunk-
Ambry, Aumbry, a cupboard. (1'. - enness. - G k. ap.f(JuoTOS, not drunken. _ Gk.
L.) M. E. aWlIlI!bry, awmery, Prompt. a., not; and P..(JVf.V, to be dnlDken, from
Parv. ; the b is excrescent. - O. F. aumaire, p.i()u, strong drink; see Mead .
almaire, armarie, a repository; properly, .A.mia.ble. (F.-L.) O. F. amiable,
for arms; but also a cupboard. - Late L. friendly; also loveable, by confusion with
a,.1Iuin·a, a cupboard; armarium, a re- aimable (from L. amabi/is). - L.amicabilis,
pository for arms. _ L. arma, arms. friendly. - L. amims, a friend. - L. amore,
Ambulance, -a.tion; see Amble. to love.
Ambuscade. (Span. - Late L.) From amicable. (L.) L. amicabi/is, friendly ;
Span. emboscada, an ambush. Orig. as above.
pp. of embosrar, to set in ambush. - Late Amice (I), an oblong piece of linen,
Lat. illlbosciire, lit. to set in a bush or variously worn by priests. (F. -L.) M. E.
thicket. -L. im- (for in), in; and Late L. amyse, and (earlier) amit. -0. F. amis,
bosrum, a bush. See Bush. amil (llurguy). -L. amict-us, a covering.
ambush. (F.-Late L.) Formerly -L. amictus, pp. of am;cire, to throw
embusk.-O.F. embusc!lI!r, em/lUissier, to round. -L. am- (amb·), around; iacn'e, to
set in ambush. - Late L. ;mbosciire; as cast.
above. Amice (2) , a pilgrim's robe. (0. F.-
Ameer, the same as Emir, q. v. Span. 1- Teut. I) 'In afl/ice gray;' Milton,
Ameliorate. (F. -L. ; witk L.suffix.) P.R. iv. 4l7.-0. F. aumuce (F.atlmusse);
Formed with suffix -ale (= L . -atus) from Late L. alnlllcia. - Span. a/mudo (Pineda) ;
F. amtliorer, to better, improve. - F. n where a/ seems to be the Arab. def. art.
( = L. ad), in addition; -me/iurer ( = Late (cf. Port. 1IIur(a). - G. 111ulu, a cap (cf.
L. lIleli5riire ), to make better. - L. melior-, Lowl. Sc. 1IIutck). But G. lIliitlet may be
from melior, better. from Late L.
Amen. (L. -Gk.- Heb.) L. iimm. - Amid, Amidst, in the middle of. (E. )
Gk. ap..Jv, verily. _ Heb. amen, verily, so be Amids-I is lengthened from M. E. amiddes.
it.-Heb. amm, firm, true. -Heb. aman, Again , amidde·s was due to adding the
to confirm ; orig. ' to be firm.' adv. suffix -s to amidde ~ A. S. on fIIiddan,
Amenable, easy to lead. (F.-L.) in the middle; where middall is the dat. of
From F . amener, to lead to, bring to.- midde, sb. , the middle. - A. S. mid, midd,
a,
F . to ; mener, to'Conduct, dri,·e. - L. ad, adj., middle. Amid= A. S. on middall (as
to ; Late L. minare, to conduct, lead about, before). See Mid.
al£o to drive out, chase away; L. mimiri, Am..iss, adv. wrongly. (E. or Scand.)
to threaten . - L. mintz, threats. M. E. on muse, i. e. in error. -Icel. ii mis,
Amend. (F. - L. ) M. E. ammden. - amiss. - Icc1. ii ( = A. S. on ), in; mis, adv.,
F. amender. - L. emendare, to free from wrongly (due to an older lost pp.). See
fault . -L. e, from; mendutll, a fault. MillS ( I) .
amends. (F. - L.) M. E. amendu. Amity. (F.- L.) O .F.amisle, amisted,
15
 AMMONIA ANAGRAM
amislel. - Late L. *amicitiitem , acc. of*a1ll1- -rpov, a theatre with seats all roun d the
citas, friendship. - L. amlefts , friendly. - arena. - Gk. 0.1'4>[, around; (J OiiTPOV, a
L . amare, to love. theatre.
Ammonia, an alkali. (L. -Gk. - Ample, full. (F. - L.) F. ampIe. - L .
Egyptian.) Suggested by L. sal am- amp/us, spacious.
11loninclt1lt, rock -salt. - Gk. ap.p.OJvlaK6v, Amputa.te. (L. ) From pp. of L.
sal ammon iac, rock-salt. - Gk. al'fLOJIIf('r, am/utare, to cut off round about. -L. am -,
Libyan. - Gk. ap.p.OJv , the Libyan Zeus- short for amb-, ambi- , round about;
Ammon ; a word of Egyptian origin; putare, to cleanse,also to lop or prune trees.
Herod. ii. 42 . ~ It is said that sal am- - L. pulus, clean.
1110"iac was first obtained near the temple Amulet. (F.-L.) F. amtlle/te.-L.
of Am mon. a11lulitulll , a talisman hung round the neck.
ammonite, a fossil shell. (Gk.) Coined [Once thought to be of Arabic origin; but
with suffix -ilc (Gk. -IT11r) from the name now given up.]
Ammon; because the shell resembles the Amuse, to divert. (F.-L. ) F.amuser,
twisted ram's horn on the head of the , to amuse, make to muse or think of, to
image of Jupiter Ammon. gaze at;' Cot. -F. Ii ( =L. (Uf), to, at;
AmmUJUtion, store for defence. (F. - O. F. fIItlSer, to gaze at, stare at , muse; see
L.) From Mid. F. amullition, a soldier's Muse (I ).
corruption of ,mmitiolt., due to substituting An, A, i1uiefiftite al1icle. (E.) A is
l'amu,dtion for la munition (Littre). - L- short for all; and all is an unaccented form
acc. miinlliol/ClJ/ , a defenuing. _ L. miini- of A. S. an, one; see One.
ItIS, pp. of mill/ire, to defend. An-, .A-, 1Icg. prefix. (Gk. ) Gk. av-,
Amnesty, lit. a forgetting of offences. a-, cognate with L. in-, and E. "n-; see
(F. -L.-G1"c.) F. amneslie. -L. amnis- Uno , In-, A- (9).
tia. - Gk. aJll'1J<1-r[a, forgetfulness , esp. of An, if. See And.
wrong. - Gk. aJ.LV1J<1TM, forgotten. - Gk. a-, Ana-,An-,prtjix. (Gk. ) Gk.ava-,av-;
not; and fU'a.OJ.Ull, I remember. (",MEN.) from Ok . .Iv", upon , on, up, back, again;
Among, Amongst. (E.) The earliest cognate with E. OIl; see On.
M. E. form is amOilge, whence amonges Ana, Anna, a sixteenth of a rupee.
with added s (a common adverbial suffix); (Hind.) Hind. ana, a sixteenth part, esp.
and hence anwngs-t wi th excrescent 1.- of a rupee. (H. H. Wilson.)
A. S. onmang, prep., among. - A . S. on , in ; Anabaptist. (Gk .) One who baptizes
maftg, a mixture, crowd. Cf. Mingle. again. Coined from Gk. ava, again; and
Amorous. (F.-L.) O. F. amoros; F. baptist. See Ba.ptize.
amOttreltx. - L. amorosus. - L. amor , love. Anachronism, error in chronology.
Amorphous, formless. (Gk.) From (Gk.) Gk. avaxpovI<1I'0r. -Gk. avaXPov[-
Gk. 4-, not; and p.op<f>-.q, shape, form. (flV, to refer to a wrong time. -Gk. ava,
Amount, to mount up to. (F. - L.) up, back (wrong); Xpovor, time.
O. F. amonter, to amount to.-O.F. a Anaconda, a large serpent. (Ceylon.)
11Wftl, towards a mountain or large heap. Now used of a S. American boa; but at
- L. ad, to; montem, acc. of mons , a first applied to a large snake in Ceylon.
mountain. The Tamil ii11ai-kolldra means • which
Amour. (F.-L.) F. 01110111". - L. killed an elephant' (Yule).
omorem, acc. of omor, love. Aluemia, bloodlessness. (L.-Gk.) A
Amphi-,p'-ljix. (Gk.) Gk. aM'[ , on Latinised form of Gk. aValp.la, want of
both sides, around; see Ambi-. blood. _ Gk. aVo, not ; aTp.a , blood.
Amphibious. (Gk. ) Gk. ap.</>[lllOr, Aluesthetic, rendering insensible to
living a double life, on land and water. pain. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. aVo, not;
-Gk. al'</>i , on both sides; Il[or , life. and al<1(J1JTIKor, full of perception; see An-
Amphibrach, a foot in prosody. and 2Esthetic.
(Gk. ) The foot composed of a short Anagram, a change in a word due t o
syllable on each side of a long one (....-...). transposition ofletters. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F _
Gk. o.JM/>[llpaxvr. - Gk. ci.J.L4>l, on both sides ; allag,·al/lIIl1!. - L. aftagram11la. - Gk. ava-
and Ilpaxvr, short ; see Amphi- and -ypal'p.a. - Gk.ava, up, here used distribu-
Briel. tively; -ypO./lp.a, a letter of th~ alphabet.-
Amphitheatre. (Gk. ) Gk. al.uf,,9fu- Gk. -ypO.</>EII', to write.
16
 ANALOGY ANG EL
Analogy, proportion. ( F . -L.-C,k.) A ncient ~ I > . old . ( F.-L.) With
F . analogie. - L. allalogia. - Gk. allall. o-yia, excrescent I. M. E. atmcien. - F. ancim.
equality of ratios . - Gk. wa, upon, - L atc L. a ··';·inus . old, bel onging to
throughout; -lI.o-yia, from lI.o-y-o<, a word , former ti rr.e. Formed with suffix -anus
statement , from lI.'-yEtV , to speak. fr om anlc, before.
Analysis. (Gk.) Gk.avall.lJ(TI< , a resolv- Ancient ( 2), a banner, standard-bearer.
ing into parts, loosening. - Gk. avall.""v , to (F. - L.) Confused with ancien/ ( I) ; but
undo , resolve . - Gk. ava, back; an d ~""v, from O. F. wseigne, m. (ensigne, auncient ,
to loosen. (-VLEU.) D er. O1lalyse , verb, a standard· bearer ; , Cot. ; also for O. F . eII-
coined word. seigne, f., (a banner;' Cot. See E nsign .
hanas , the pine-apple plant. (Span. And. (E.) A. S. and, end. O. Fries. +
- Braz.) Span. allanas (Pineda) ; mod. alida, elide; O. H. G. anti, tmla , G. tmd.
S pan. alllma. - Brazil. Ita11as or nana. Prob. related to L. ante, before, Gk . aVTi,
~ The Peruv. name is ac/l1Ipalla. over against.
Anapaest, Anapest, a foot in pros- an, if. (E.) Formerly also alld;
ody. (Gk. ) L allaplXstus . - Gk. wa- Havelok,2861,&C; the same word as the
1I'a «TTO<, struck back , rebounding; because above. An if= if if, a reduplication. Bill
it is the reverse of a dactll. - Gk. ava1T(Uf< II, and if= but if if ; Matt . .xxiv. 48.
to strike back . - Gk. ava, back; and 1I'al,,", Andante, slowly. (Ital.) ItaI.andallle,
to strike. moving slowly, pres. pt. of andare, t o
Anarchy. ;F.-L.-Gk.) XVI cent. go.
F. anarchic. - L. altarchia. - Gk. allapxla, Andiron, a fi re-dog. (F . - L.) Not
lack of government. - Gk. avapxos, without connected with iroll, but corrupted from
a ruler. - Gk. 0.11-, neg. prefix; c1PXOS , a M.E.01uie1'1te,a1mderllc,almdil'e.- O.F.
nller, from aPXELII, to rule, to be first. mtdier; mod. F. landier, put for l'atidiel',
Anathema, a curse. (L. - Gk. ) L. where l' is the def. art. Cf. Late L. ande-
anathema. - Gk. aVa9fl-"', a thing devoted rius, a1lde1la, a fire· dog.
or accursed. - Gk. avaTi9'/l-u , I deyote. - Anecdote. (F . -L.-Gk. ) F. anec·
Gk. ava, up; TI9'IfU, I place, set. C f. dote. - Late L. anecdota, orig. a neut. pl. -
T heme . Gk. ciVfK~OTa, neut. pI. of a"f"~OTOS ,
Anatomy. (F . -L. - Gk.) F . O1la· un published; hen ce an unpublished story ,
tomie. - L. O1Ia/omia . - Gk. aVaTO}-tia, the story in private life. - Gk. aVo , not; ''',
same as aVaTOf'~ , dissection. - Gk. aVaTff'- out; and ~OTOS, given. allied to ~1~OJf't, I
VftV, to cut up. - Gk. ava, up; TfP.Vftv, to give.
cut. Cf. Tome. Anemone, a flower . (Gk.) Gk.aVE-
Ancestor. (F.-L.) M. E. (\ ) ance.,tre, I'WV1], lit. wind-flower. - Gk.avff'oS, wind .
O. F . allCcs/I'e, from L. fl11tccessor, nom., Anent, regarding , with reference to.
a predecessor, foregoer ; and M. E. (2 , an- y .) M. E. anCllt , ane/lt£s; older form
cessom", O. F. a11CCSSOltr, from L. ante- onifcnt , where the t is excrescent. A . S.
cessore1ll, acc. - L . mite, before; ceSS-tiS, allefcll. ollifell . near; later form Onelll1l.
pp. of cedere, to go. - A. S, on, on; ifcn, even. Hence om/n =
Anchor. (L.-Gk.) Thecurrent spell- even with , on an equality with. Cf. G.
ing. imitates the false L. form, aruhora. 11eben, near (for i,t cbell \ See E ven.
A. S. ancor. - L. a'l(ora (wrongly a,uhora). Aneroid, dry, applied to a barometer
- Gk. a-yKlJpa, an anchor, lit. a bent hook; having no liquid mercury in it. (Gk.)
cf. Gk . a-yKwv , a bend . (-V ANQ.) Coined from Gk. a-, not; v1]p6·~, wet:
Anchoret, Anchorite, a recluse. fi~-o~, form , kind.
F . - Late L. - Gk ) F . aJlachorele (Cot. ); Aneurysm, a tumour due to dilata-
_ Late L. awu/ulraa. - G k. civaXOJ(1TJTr,S, tion. (Gk .: G k. aVf"PlJO'l'a , a widening.
one who retires from the world. - Gk. ava- - Gk. tiv-, for avci, up; and fUP';VEL V, to
XOJPflv, to retire. - Gk. ava, back; and widen , from fUp"S, wide. Also alleurism.
XOJPflv, to withdraw, from xwpos, space, Anew. ( E .) M. E. of-lIewe. A. S. of-
room. (-VG HE, G HO.) nilrwe , J ohn iii. i ( Rushworth). From Of
Anchovy, a fish. (Span. - Basque 1) and New.
Span. a1~ehova; cf. Basque a1uhoa , aneht/a, Angel. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F . mlgd e.
an anchovy. Perhaps ( dried fish'; from - L . allgelus. - Gk. a-Y'Yfll.o~, a messenger.
R'Isque antzlIa, dry. I Cf. Gk. a-y'YOp"', a mounted COllrier. from
I;
 ANGER ANNUL
O. Persian. Der. arclt.angel, q. v., ev- dowe.-O. Fries. ankd; also A.S. a1uleow,
angel-ist, q. v. ~ The A. S. form was with a longer suffix (cf. O. Fries. onklif).+
engel, directly from L. angelus. Dan. and Swed. ankel; Ice!. dkkla (for
Anger. (Scand.) M. E. anger, oft en iinkla = *ankula ); Du. and G. mkd. P er-
with the sense of vexation, trouble_- Icel. haps allied to Skt. aizguli, a finger, anga,
angr, grief; Dan. anger, Swed. anger, re- a limb.
gret. + L. a1lgor, a strangling, anguish. Anna a small coin; see Ana..
(-v'ANGH.) See below. Ann;as. (F.-L.) F . annales, pI. sb.
Angina, acute pain. (L.) L. angi1la , -L. an1llilh, pI. adj ., for lib,' j amuiles,
quinsy, lit. choking. - L. angere, to choke. yearly books, chronicles; from amuilis,
Angle (1) , a corner. (F. -L.) M. E . yearly. - L. a'tntts , a year.
angle. - F. a1lgle. - L. angulus, an angle. Anneal, to temper by heat. «I) E .;
Cf. Gk. QI'''UAOS, bent. ( 2) F.-L.) Twodistinctwordshavebeen
Angle (2), a hook, fish-hook . (E.) A. S. confused. 1. M. E. a,ze/c", to inflame,
angel, a fish-hook; dimin. of a1lga, onga, kindle, heat, melt, hum. A. S. oniila", to
a sting, prickle; cf. lcel. angi, a prickle, burn, kindle; from on, prefix, and {elan, to
Gk. o.l'"vpo., a bent hook, SkI. anka(s), burn. Cf. A. S. iiled, fire. 2 . M. E. a1lelen,
a hook.+Dan. angel; G. angel, dimin. of to enamel glass. - Prefix a- (perhaps = F. 0,
O. H. G. ango, 1 prickle, fish-hook. Allied L. ad); and O. F. nee/er, tliefer, to enamel,
to Anchor. Der. angle, verb, to fish . orig. to paint in black on gold or silver. -
Anguish. (F. -L.) M. E. a,zguise, Late L. nigel/are, to blacken. -L. nigel/us,
angoise. - O. F. anguisse; }<'. angoisse. - L.
blackish; from ,tiger, black.
angustia, narrowness, poverty, perplexity. Annex. (F.-L.) F. a,mexer.-L. all-
-L. angus/us, narrow.-L. angere, to nexus, pp. of annectere, to knit or bind to.
choke. (-v' ANGI-I.) - L. an- (for ad), to; and tteclere, to bind.
Aniline, a substance which furnishes Annihilate. (L. ) L. amlilliltilus, pp.
a number of dyes. ( F. - Span.-Arab.- of anniltiltire, to reduce to nothing. - L.
Pers. - Skt. ) Formed, with suffix -inc, from
an- (for ad), to; and nihil, not hing.
altil, a dye-stuff. - F. anil. - Span. a,lil, Anniversary. (L.) For ' anniver-
azure. - Arab. an-nil; for ai-nil, where al sary memorial.' - L. anniuersarius, reo
is the def. art., and nfl is horrowed from turning yearly. - L. anni- (from anno-),
Pers. nil, blue, or the indigo-plant. - SkI.from annus, a year; and uerstts, p p. of
nila, blue; nili, the indigo-plant. uerlere, to tl1rn (see Verse).
Animal. (L.) L. animal, a living crea- Annotate, to make notes on. (L.)
ture. - L. anima, breath, life. (-v' AN.) From pp. of L. antlo/iire, to make notes
animadvert, to censure. (L.) L. on.-L. all- (for ad), to, on; 1l0lare, to
animaduertere, to turn the mind to, hence, mark, from nola, a mark. See Note.
to criticise. - L. animo, for animus, the Announce. (F.-L.) F . a1l110ncer. -
mind (allied to anima, breath) ; ad, to; L. anmtn/ian, to announce. - L. an· (=
and uertere , to turn (see Verse). ad), to; nuntitire, to bring tidings, from
animate. (L.) L. animatus, pp. of nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio.
allill/{ire, to endue with life. - L. allima , Annoy, to vex. (F.-L.) M. E. anoim,
life. Der. in-animate, ,·e·mlimale. a'lttien . - O. F . alloier, amtier , to ann oy. -
animosity. (F.-L. ) F. animosiN. O. F . anoi, anui (F. ennui), vexation. Cf.
_ L. a1zimosilulem, ace. of animosilas, Span. mojo. O. Venetian illodio, vexati on.
vehemence. - L. animosus, vehement, full _ L. in odio, lit. in hatred, common in the
of mind or courage. - L. m,imus, mind, L ate L. phr. ill o"io ha/mi, lit. I had in
courage, passion. hatred, I was annoyed with; <:f. L. in odio
Anise, a herb. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. esse, to be hated by (Cicero). - L. ill, in ;
odio, abl. of odium , hatred .
anese, a1lys. - F. anis (Col. ). - L. anisum ;
Annual, yearly. (F.-L.) M. E. all-
also a"ellmm. - Gk. 0.1IH101l, 0.111/11011, orig.
Q.Y1]90v an ise.
I Iluel. _ F. annttel. - L. a1lllUtilis, yearly. -
Anker, a liquid measure. (D u. - Late L. ) L. alttlttS, a year.
Du. anker, the same. - Late L. allCeria, annuity. (A. F.-L.) A F. annttili!;
the same. + Swed. ankare ; G. allker; from A. D. 1304.- Late L. annuillitelll, ace. of
the same. a1tlluitas. _ L. amlUS, a year.
Ankle. (E.) M. E . ancle; also a'l- Annul. (L .) L. aml1l/larl!, to bring to
18
 ANNULAR ANTICIPATE
nothing.-L. an- (for ad), to; nul/us, no F. Q. i. 6. 26.-0. F. antelop. -Late L.
one; see Null. antalopus. -Late Gk. ciVOOAOlT-, the stem
Annular, like a ring. (L.) L. annu- of ciVOOAot/I, used by Eustathius of Antioch
laris, adj.; tram mlnulus, a ring, earlier to signify some uncertain quadruped. Of
spelling amtlw; dimin. of L. iinus, a unknown origin.
rounding, a circular form (Lewis). Antennae, feelers of insects. (L.) L.
Anodyne, a drug to allay pain. (L.- mztmll(z, pI. of antenna, properly the yard
Gk.) XVI cent. Late L. altOdyttus, a of a sail.
drug relieving pain. - Gk. QVW~wo<, free Antepenultima, the last syllable but
from pain. - Gk. w-, not; and Muvt}, two in a word. (L. ) L. ante, before;
pain. pfP1tultima, fern . adj. , last but one, from
Anoint. (F.-L.) M . E. a1wint, used pa:n-e, al most, ultima, last.
as a pp.=anointed.-O.F. enoint, pp. of Anterior. (L.) L. anterior, former,
elloindre, to anoint. - O. F. en, upon; more in front, com par. adj. from ante,
Oiltdre, to smear. - L. in, upon; ungere, before.
to anoint. See Unguent. Anthem. (L.-Gk.) Formerlyantem.
Anomaly. (Gk.) Gk. civ"'JUlAla, de- A. S. nntifn. -Late L. antiphiitta, an an-
viation from rule. - Gk. civwpaAo<, un even. them. - Gk. civTltpwva , considered as fern.
- Gk. avo, not; and ojlnAo<, even, related sing., but really neut. pI. of ciVTICP<llVO<,
to "p6<, one and the same. sounding in response to; from the alternate
Anon, immediately. (E.) M. E. anon, singing of the half·choirs. - Gk. ciVTI, over
anoon; also anan. A. S. an an, lit.' in again st; ",,.,v~, voice, sound.
one moment.' - A. S. 01t, on, in; an, one. Anther, the summit of the stamen of
Anonymous, nameless. (Gk. ) Gk. a fl ower. (Gk.) F rom Gk . av9t}pO<, bloom-
avwvvp-o<, nameless; with -ous added. - ing. - Gk. civO'lv, to bloom; tivOo<, a young
Gk. avo, neg. prefix; and ovopa, name. bud or sprout.
Another. (E.) For alZ other, one anthology, a collection of choice
other. poems. (Gk .) Lit. a collection of flowers.
Answer, to reply. (E. ) A. S. and- -Gk. avOoAO-Yla , a gathering of flowers. -
sweria1z, andswarian, to answer, speak in Gk. avOoA0-Y0<, flower-gathering. - Gk.
reply; a weak verb. - A. S. a1Zdswan~, a avOo-, for tivOo<, a flower; and "'f-YflV, to
reply. - A. S. mtd-, against, in reply; cull.
swerian, to speak, to swe:u. The A. S. Anthracite, a kind of hard coal.
alld- = G. attt- (in allt-worten) = Gk. aVTI; (Gk.) Gk. avOpaKlTt}<, resembling coals.
s~ Anti- and Swear. - Gk . avOpaK-, stem of tivOpal, coal.
Ant. (E.) M . E. amte, short for amele. Anthropophagi, cannibals. (Gk. )
A. S. (emette, an emmet, ant. Doublet, Lit. 'men-eaters.' - Gk. avOponro¢O.-y0<'
emmet, q. v. man-eating. - Gk. tivOpoJlTo<, a man; and
Antagonist, an opponent. (L.-Gk.) ¢a-Yflv, to eat. (.vBHAGw; Brugm. i.
Late L. antagOnista. - Gk. aVTa-Y<llVlo"rr1<, § 64 I. )
an opponent. - Gk. aVT-, for allTl, against ; Anti-, Ant-, prefix, against. (Gk .)
and a-ywvi(ol'al, I struggle, from a-ywv, a Gk . ani, against; allied to L. allte,
eontest. (.vAG. ) before. Cf. Skt. a1Zti, over against, allied
Antarctic. (L.-Gk.) L. arztardieus. to alzla, end; see End. ~ In anti·cilale,
- Gk. aVTapKT'K6<, southern, opposite to the prefix is for L. ante.
arctic. - Gk. aVT-, for aVTi, opposite to; Antic, fanciful , odd; as sb. a trick.
and ap"TlK6<, arctic. See Arctic. (Ital. - L.) Orig. an adj. Adopted in
Ante-, prefix, before. (L.) L. atfte, the XVI cent. from I ta\. antico, with the
before. Allied to Anti-, q. v. sense of ' grotesque'; lit. antique, old. -
Antecedent. (L.) L . antecidml-, L. antfqu1IS, old. See Antique.
stem of pres. palt. of antecedere, to go Antichrist. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
before. - L. attIe, before; eidere, to go. Anteerist. - L. Antiekristus (Vulgate) .
Antediluvian,beforetheflood. (L.) -Gk. aVT1Xpi<1TO< (I John ii. 18).-Gk.
L. ante, before; dfluuiu1ll, deluge, a UvTi, against; Xpi<1TO<, Christ.
washing away. _ L. diluere, to wash Anticipate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
away. _ L. di-, apart; hUre, to wash. anticipare, to take beforehand. - L. anti-,
Antelope. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Spenser, before ; and eapere, to take.
19
 ANTICLIMAX APHORISM
Anticlimax. (Gk.) From Anti· and Ito fait! np, but from ~L H . e. ·iJa'~CJ/., ~ s
Climax. above. Cf. L. illciis, an anvil , from ill,
Antidote. (F. - L. - Gk.: F. fluti· on, and alden, to strike ; and note the
dole. - L. a1ltidolum, a remedy. - Gk. u.vTi· A. S. gloss: . Cudo, percutio, anfilte;'
OOTOV, a remedy; a thing given as a Voc. 21 7. fi.
remedy. - Gk. u.ni, against ; 00T6v, neut. Anxious. ( L. ) L. allXi·1IS, rlistressed;
of OOTU<, given, from OiOOJJl' , I give. with suffix ·ous. - L. allgere, to choke,
Antimony, a metal. (Late L.) Late distress.
L. aI/timonium. (XI cent. ) Origin un· Any. (E. ) A. S. lenig, any; from nn,
known. +
one, with suffix .ig (E. -y). Du. emig,
Antipathy. (Gk. ) From Gk. aVTllra- from em, one; G. einige1', from Cil1, one.
Bfla, antipathy, lit. • a suffering (feeling See One .
strongly) against.' - Gk. ani, against; Aorta. (L.-Gk. ) Late L. aor/a.-
naB.tv, to suiTer. See Pathos. Gk. tlOpT~, th e great artery' rising' fro m
Antiphon. (L. - Gk.) Late L. anti· the heart. - Gk. a.ipMBal, to rise up;
pho1la, an anthem; see Anthem. d./p.w , to raise.
Antiphrasis. (Gk. ) See Anti- and Apace. (E. and F. ) F or a pace, i. e.
Phrase. at a (good ) pace; where a is put fo r
Antipodes. (Gk.) Gk. aVTilToOH, pI., 011 (cf. a-joot) ; see A· ( 2). Pace, M. E.
men with feet opposite to ours, from nom. pas, is from F. las (L. PasSllS). See
sing. anilTov<. - Gk. ani, opposite to j and Pace.
lTov<. foot, cognate with Foot. Apart, aside. (F . - L.) F. Ii p ari,
Antique, old. (F.-L. ) F.alltique. - apart, alone, singly; Cot. - L. ad par/em,
L. antiq'ws, also alltlcus, form ed with lit. to the one part or side, apart. - L. ad,
suffix · iCtls from ante, before; as posl/ms is to j par/em, acc. of pars, a part.
from post, behind. Doublet, anti,'. apartment, a separate room. (1'.-
Antiseptic, counteracting pnlrefac- Ital. - L.) F . apparten/mt. - Ital. appar·
tion. (Gk.) Gk. aVTi, against; and ta1llm/o,an apartment , a partition , lit. sepa-
1111" Tl 1<6s, pntrefying, l11/lTT·6s, rotten, from ration. - Ital. appartare, to separate. -
l1~lTflV, 10 rot. Ital. a parle, apart. - L. ad par/em; see
Antistrophe. (Gk. ) From A nti- above.
and Strophe. Apathy. (Gk. ) From Gk. dlTaeua,
Antithesis. (Gk.) From Anti- and want of feeling. - Gk. a·, not j lTaB.w, to
Thesis. suffer. See Pathos.
Antitype. (Gk. ) From Anti· and Ape. (E.) M. E. ape j A. S. apa. +Du.
Typ e. aap j Icel. api; Swed. apa j G. aiJe;
Antler. (F.) M. E. aWltclere, for Irish apa (from E. ) j O. Bohem. oj.
auntolicr (? ). - O. F. an/oil/ier, said to Aperient . (L. ) XVII cent. L it.
have been once in use (Littre). In this 'opening.' - L. apen'mt-, stem of pres. pI.
case the O. F. word is supposed to be of aperire, to open. Perhaps from ap-, old
equivalent to a Late L. *a1Itocu/tfrem, ace., form of ab, from, away, a nd -uer- = Lith.
i. e. the branch (of the horn) in fron t of we,'- in 7uerti, to move (to and fro),
the eyes j cf. G. augm-sprossc, a brow- whence Lith . at·7oe,.ti, to open. Brugm.
antler (lit. eye-sprout). See Romania, iv. i. § 36 I.
349. From a.nte, before, and oculus, the Apex. (L.) L. apex, summit.
eye. Aph-, P'·ejix. (G k.) See Apo-.
Anus, the lower orifice of the bowels. Aphmresis, the taking a,,:ay. of a
IL. ) L. antiS . letter or syllable from the begmmng of
.Anvil. ( E.) M. E . anvelt, a1ifeld, all- a word. (L. - Gk.) Late L. apM!resis.-
felt. A. S. anfilte, onfi'l i. _ A. S. an, 011, Gk. 4atp.111S, a taking away. - Gk. ap-, for
on, upon ; and a verb *.fic/tan (see below) , cilT6, away; alp.als, a taking, from alp.w ,
causal of *:feallatl, to infix, redupl. verb to take. See Heresy.
cognate with O. H . G. *jalza11, M. H. G. Aphelion, the point in a planet's orbit
valzen, whence G./a/:;, a groove. ~ Some fartliest from the sun . (Gk.) Coined frolll
derive it from 011 and jealda'l, to fold j Gk. wt>., ~or alT,), from! ~)"IOS, the sun.
however, the O. H. G. ana/a lz, an anvil, AphorlSm, 0. AefimtlOn. ~Gk.). Gk.
is not deri,-ed from ana, on, and/alda'l, dPOPll1fl6s, a definItion. -Gk. acp()p'~'IV, tu
20
 APIARY APPEAL
deline, limit. - Gk. a</>-, for air", off; L. apostolus. - Gk. alrO<1TOAOS, one who j,;
Opl(flV, to limit, from 0pos , a boundary. sent off. - Gk. alTO, off; <1TEAAELV, to send .
Apiary, a place for bees. (L.) L. api- Apostrophe. (L. - Gk.) L. apo-
tiritt1J1, nent. of apiarius, belonging to strophe.-Gk. arrouTpo</>~, a turning away;
bees. - L. api-, stem of apis, a bee. in rhetoric, a turning away to address
Apiece. (E. a,td F.) Orig. (at so some one else. - Gk. alro, away; (HPE</>EIJI,
milch ) a p iece, where a is the indef. article. to tum. ~ In the sense of a mark used to
Apo-, prefix, off. (Gk.) Gk. alro, off, denote an omission, it shou ld be apostropl,
from; cognate with E . of, off; see O f . It ( L. apostrophtts, Gk , alr6UTp0</>OS).
Lccometi aph- before an aspirate . Apothecary. (F. - Late L. - Gk. )
Apocalypse. (L.-Gk.) M . E. apo- M . E. apotecary' l Potecary. - O. F. apote-
(a/ips (Wyelif). - L. apOt'alypJis. - Gk. ,·aire. - Late L. apothecarius, lit. a store·
dlrOICaAtlI/ILs, a revelation. - Gk. " ".oICaAu,,- keeper. - Late L. apotheca , a store-house
TELV , to uncover, reveaJ.- Gk. d"o, off; (esp. for drugs) . - Gk. a1100f,IC'l, a store-
and ICaA';lrTEIJI , to cover. Cf. ICaAI(', a cot. house. - Gk. &Ir" , away; Ti-O'l-pl. I put.
Apocope. (L. - G k.) L. apocope. - Gk. Apotheosis, deificat ion. (L. - Gk. :
alrOICO~, a cutting off (of a letter). - L. apotlllosis. - Gk. dlTOOEQ)UIS, deification .
(;k. a"o, off; and IC01TTflV, to hew , cut . - Gk. d".OOEOQ), I deify, set aside as a god .
Apocrypha. (Gk.) Lit. ' hidden - Gk. a"o, away, fully ; O,os, a god.
things;' hence, uncan on ical books of the Appal, to terrify. (F. - L. ) The present
Old Testament. - Gk. a1TlJICptltPa, neut. pI. sense is late; the M. E. apalled meant
of alr6ICptI</>os, hidden . - Gk. alTOICpVlTTflV , 'rendered pale ' ; cf. Chancer, C. T ., 10679
to hide away. - Gk. &".6, from, away; (F 365 ). - 0. F. apallir, apalir, appali",
ICPV"TflV , to hide. to wax pale, also to make pale (Cot.). -
Apogee, the point of the moon's orbit O. F . a- , prefix; O. F. pale, palle, pale.-
furthest from the earth. ( F. - L.-Gk ' F . L. ad, to; pallidus, pale. Cf. Pale.
apogee (Col.). - L. apogtClllil. - Gk . a"o- Appanage, Apanage, provision for
),aLOV, !lCUt. of a1Tl,),alOs, away from earth. a depenuent, &c. (F. -L.) O. F. apa'I<lgc
- Gk. a"o, away from; )'ii , earth. (also appanage) , properly, a provision for
Apologue, a fabl e, story. ( F. - L. - maintenance. - O . F. apane)', lit. to supply
(;k .) F. apologue. - L. apolog1ls. - Gk. with bread (Late L. appa1Ul"e ). - L. ap·
arroAo)'os, a fable. - Gk. a".6, off; ,\6)'os, (for ad), to, for; pa't-is, bread.
speech, from AE)'UV, to say. Apparatus, gear. (L.) L. apparattts,
apology, a defence. (L.-Gk.) L. prt:paration. - L. appani/us , pp. of ((ppa-
apologia. - Gk. &lroAo)'la, a speech made in rare, to prepare for. - L. ad, for; paran ,
uefence. - G k. a"o, off; .\0')'05, a speech to get ready.
(above). Apparel, to clothe. (F.-L.) M. E.
Apophthegm, Apothegm. (Gk. ) aparailm. - O. F. apareiller, to dress,
Gk. a"O<!>Oeypa , a thing uttered, a terse apparel. - O. F. a, to; pareiller, pt/railler,
saying. - Gk. alTu, off, out ; and </>Of,),,),op.al, to assort, put like things with like, to
I cry aloud, utter. arrange, from pareil, like, similar. - L.
Apoplexy. (F. -Late L. -- Gk.) F. ad, to ; Med. L. pariwlus (Ducange
apoplexie. - Late L. apoplexia. - Gk. alro- has parie/a, pariwla ), similar, from L.
"A'lEia, stupor, apoplexy. - Gk. a "o lrA~<1- pa ri-, stem of par, equal. Cf. Par. D er.
UflV , to cripple by a stroke. - Gk. a"o, ofT; apparel, s.
7rA ~UU"V, to strike. Apparition. (F.-L.) 1'. apparition.
Apostasy. ( F.-Late L.-(;k .) F. - L. acc. appa,·itiomm. - L. apparl re, to
apostasie. - Late L. apostasia . - Gk. &" 0- appear. See Appear.
uTQuia, late form for alrUaTaUIs, revolt, lit. apparitor, an officer who attends
'a standin/? away from.' - Gk. alro, off, magistrates to execute their orders; an
away; <1TQUIS, a standing, from aTa-, officer who serves the process of a spiritual
base allied to 'iaTTJ/I.I, I place. Cf. Statics. court. (L.) L. apparitor, an attendant ,
apostate. (Late L. - (;k.) M. E . lictor. - L. appllrere, to appear as attend-
apostata. - Late L. apostata. - Gk. alro- ant, wait OIl. See Appea r . .
oTaT'ls, a deserter, apostate. _ Gk. alrJ , ofT ; . Appeal. Y. (1'. - L.) M. E. ape-,CII. -
CTTaT'lS, standing, from aTa- (see above). 10. F . apelcr, to call. - L. appel/an, to
Apostle. \ L. - (; k.; A. S. "postol. - addre.;, caJl upon; a >eeondary fortll,
21
 APPEAR APPROPRIATE
from appe/lere, to drive to, incline towards; A1.'point . . (F.-L) M. E. apoi1ltm.-
from L. ap· (for ad ), to; pellere, to drive. O. F. aj>oillter, to prepare, arrange, settle.
Appear, to become visible. (F.-L. ) - Late L apptmctare, to repair, appoint,
M. E. ap~rm. - O . F. aper., tonic stem (as settle a dispute; Ducange. - L.ap- (for ad);
in pres. subj. apere ) of O. F. afareir, Late L. plmetlire, to mark by a point, from
aparoir, to appear. - L. apparere. - L. ap· Late L. pUluta, a prick, fern . of PUtutus,
(for ad), to, forth; parere, to come in pp. ; see Point. Der. disappoillt.
sight, also spelt parrere. Cf. Apparition. Apportion. (F.-L) F. apportio"er,
A~pease. (F. - L.) , M. E. apesm, to portion out to. - F. ap· (put for a before
apmsen. - A. F. rlpeser, apeiser, O. F. p, in imitation of L ap- = ad), to; portion,
apeser ( F , apaiser) , to bring to a peace.- a portion; see Portion.
O. F. a peis, a pais, to a peace. -L. ad Appose. (F . - L ) F. apposer; formed
pacem, to a peace. See Peace. to represent L apponere, on the analogy of
Appellant. (F. - L.) F. appellant, composer, exposer, and other presumed re-
pres. pt. of appeller, O. F. apder, to presentati ves of com pounds of L. follere ;
ap peal; see Appeal. but really formed on F. poser ( Irom L.
Append, to attach. (F.-L.) I'ormerly pausare). See Pose.
also M. E. apmden, to pertain to.-O. F. Apposite. (L.) L.appositus, suitable;
apmdre, to depend on. -L. appemlere, for pp. of alPonere, to put near. - Lap- (for
L. appendere, to hang to or UpO.I. - L. ap· ad), to; pihzet'e, to put. See Position.
(for ad) , to; penciere, to hang. Appraise. (1<' . - L.) M. E. apraisen,
appendilr:, an addition. (L.) L. to varue. - O. F. *apreiser (cf. O. 1<'. atre-
appendix. - L. appendh-e, to suspend upon. tier in Roquefort). - O. F. a-, prefix;
- L. ap· (for ad), to; pendt'lre , to weigh. preiser, to value, from preis, value, price.
Appertain. (F. -L.) M . E. aper· - L. ad, at; p,-etium, a price.
tmm. -0 F. apartenir (F. appartmir), a.ppreciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
to belong to.-L. ap- (for ad), to; per- appretian, to value at a priee.-L. ap-
ti1Zere, to belong. See Pertain. (for ad " at; pretium, a price.
Appetite. (F. -L.) O. F. appetit.- Apprehend. (F. -L.) F . apprehendre
L. appemus, an appetite; lit. 'assault (COL). - L. apprehendere, orig. to lay hold
upon.' -L. appetere, to attack. -L. ap- (for of. - L. ap- (for ad), to. at; prdzt1ldere,
ad), to; pelere, to seek, attack. to grasp. See Prehensile.
Applaud. (L.) L. applaudere, to apprentice. rF. -L.) O.F . aprentis,
applaud.-L. ap-. (for ad), at; plauciere, to nom. of aprmtif (see Godefroy, S. v.
applaud, clap (hands). Der. applause, aprmtic ). The O. F. aprentis, aprmtiJ,
from pp. applausus. represent Late L. *apprenditivtls, uom.,
Apple. ( E.) M . E. appd A. S. ceppel, and *apprmditivu1lt, ace., from a Late L.
cepl. + Du. appd; Ice!. epli; Swed. lipk; *apprCluiitus, used as a pp. of L.
Dan. ceble ; G. ap/eI; Irish abhal; GaeL apprettdere, to learn, short for L. appre-
uMalj W. a/alj Russ. iabloko; Lithuan. Jundcre, to lay hold of (above ).
obolys. Origin unknown. Some connect a.pprise, to inform . ( F.-L.) From
it with Abella in Campania; cf. Vcrg. the M. E. su. aprise, information, teach-
JEn. vii. 740. ing. - O. F. aprise, instruction. - O. F.
Allply. (F.-L) M.E.aplyen.-O.F. appn's, apn's, pp. of aprmdre, to learn.-
apher. - L applieare, to join to, tum or L. apprendcre (above).
apply to. - L ap- (for ad), to ; plieare, to Approach. ( F.-L.) M. E.approclzen,
fold, twine. Der. appli-a1ue; also appli- aprot'hen. - O. F. aprochie,-, to approach.-
cation ( 1'. application ). L. appropiare, to draw near to (Exod. iii.
Appoggiatura., a grace-note or passing S) . - L. ap- (for ad) , to; prope, near.
tone prefixed, as a support , to an essential Approbation. (F . - L.) F. approba-
note of a melody. (Ital.-L O1ui Gk. ) l io". - L. acc. approbiitione1lt, approvaL-
Ital. appoggiatt~ra, lit. a support. - Ital. L. approbatlls,l'p, of approbare, to approve.
appoggiare, to lean upon. - Ital. ap- (for See Approve.
ad), to, upon; poggio, a place to stand or Appropriate. (L) From pp. of L.
lean on, &c. - L. ad, to; podium, an ele- appropn'al'e, to make one's own. - L a~
vated place, a balcony, from Gk. "J~lQv. (for ad) , to ; propn'us, one's own. See
See Pew. Proper.
 APPROVE ARCH
Approve. (F. - L.) O. F. approver. - aqueous. As if from L. *aqueus, adj.,
L. apP"obare, to approve. - L. ap- , for ad), a form 1I0t used. - L . aqua, water.
to; jwobiire, to test, try, estecm as good. Aquiline, like an eaglp.. (1'.-L.) F.
D er . appro-val; dis-approve . aquilill; hence llez aquilill , 'a nose like
Approximate. , L. ) From pp. of L. an eagle;' COl. - L. aqui/i11us, adj. from
approxi"ltire, to draw near to . - L. ap· aquila. an eagle. Cf. Eagle.
(for lId), to; proxillltls, very near, super!. Arabesque. (F. -ltal.-Arab.) XVll
adj. from prope, near. cellt. F. Arabesque, A rabian· lik~; al so
Appurtenance. (F. - L. ) A . F.apur- full of fl ourishes, like fin e Arabian work .
te,taullCe (0. F . aparte"altu) , that whi ch - Ital. A rabesco; where ·esco = E. -ish. -
helohgs to. - O. F. aparlmir, to belong to. Arab. 'arab, Arabia.
l:iee Appertain. Arable. ( F . - L.) F . arable. - L.
Apricot. ( F. -Port . - Arab. - Gk. - arabi/is, that can be ploughed. - L. arl;re,
L.) F ormerly also apricock, from Port. to p lough . (.v AR.) See Ear (3).
albricoque direct ly. Also abricol. - F. Arbiter. (L.) In Milton. - L. arbiter,
a/lricot , ' the abricot, or apricock p lum;' a witn~~s, judge, umpire.
Cot. -Port. alb,7·{oque. - Arab. al bQ1'qiiq, arbitrary. (L.) In Milton. - L.
where al is the def. art. - Mid. Gk . "pall'U- arbilrtirius, orig. like the uecision of an
ICIOV (Dioscorides) ; pI. "'poI"u"Ia. The umpire. -L. arbitrare, to act as umpire.
1'1. 1fpalIC6ICIa was borrowed from L. pru:- - L. arbiler (above).
{oqua, apricots, neut. pI. of prl&coquus, arbitrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
another form of prtEcox, precocious, carl y arbitrlire, to act as umpire (above).
ripe (Pliny; Martial , 13. 46). - L. p m, Arboreous, belonging to trees. (L.)
beforehand; and coquere, to cook, ripen. L. arbore·tts, adj . from arbor, a tree; with
l:iee Precocious and Cook. ~ Thus the suffix -OilS.
word r~ach ed us in a very indirect manner. Arbour, a bower. (F . -L.) Theword
April. (L.) L . Aprilis; said to be so seems t o be really due to M. E. herbere,
named because the earth then opens to also ed,cre, from O. F. l:erbier, L. her-
produce new fruit. - L . aperire, to open; bariulll, a herb-garden, also an orchard. -
see Aperient. L. lll:rba , grass, herb. T he special sense
Apron. ( F . -L. ) l'ormerl y ,taproll. - was due to confusion with L. arbor, a
O. F . no/eroll , a large cloth; augmentative tree.
form of O. F. lIape , n cloth (F. ,,,,ppe). - Arc. (F. - L.) XIV cent. F. arc ..-
L. mappa, a napkin, cloth (with change of L. anUIJl , acc. of arcus, a bow, arch, arc.
m to Il , as in F . 'latte, a mat). See arcade. (F . -Ita!.-L.) F. arcade.
Map. - Ita!' arcata, an arched place; fern. of
Apse. (L. - Gk.) Now used of a recess pp. of arc are, to arch. - Ita!' arco, a bow,
at the end of a church; formerly apse, - L. ace. armm (above).
apsis, n turning-point of a planet's orbit. - Arcana. (L.) L. arcana, things kept
L. apsis , pI. apsides, a bow, turn.-Gk . secret , secrets. - L. arc~re, to keep.
o.tflS, a tying, fastening, felloe of a whee l, Arch ( I), a vault, &c. (F.-L.) 0.1'.
curve, bow, arch. - Gk. S.1fTflv, to tie, bind. arche, .a chest, box (L. area, see Ark);
A.pt, fit. (L.) XIV cent. L. apills, also, by confusion, an arch, owing to the
used as pp. of apisci, to reach, get, but use of Med. Lat. arca with the sense of
reall y pp. of O. Lat. apere, to fit or join L . arcus, a bow, arch. See Arc.
together. Arch ( 2), roguish, waggish. (L.-Gk. )
Aquatic. (L.) L. aquaticus, pertain- , So arell a leer ; ' Tatter, no. 193. The
ing to water. - L. aqua, water. examples in the New E. Dictionary prove
aqua-fortis. -L. aqua/ortis, strong that it is nothing but the prefix Arch-,
water. chief (for which see below ), used separately
aquarium. - L. aqulirium, a water. and peculiarly. Cf.' The most arcn act'
v ess~l. - L . aqua, water. in Shako Rich. Ill. iv. 3. 2: 'An heretic,
aquarius.-L. aquarius, a water- an arch one;' Hen. VI II. iii. 2. 102.
bearer. - L. aqua, water. Also' Byends . . . a yery arcn fellow, a
aqueduct. -L. aqutEduetus, a con- downright hypocrite' ; Bunyan's Pilgrim's
duit; from aqua:, gen. of aqua, water, and Progress. A. S. arceo, O. F. arcne -, L.
ductus, a duct; sec Duot. areAi·, Gk. a.PXI- (prefix). See below.
aa
 ARCH- ARGENT
Arch-, prejiz, chief. (L.-Gk.) The principal, and Lat.lrabim, ace. of IraQs,
form arch- is due to A. S. arceo, as in arC/!- a beam. See Trave.
biscegp, an archbishop, and to O. F. arcM-, Archive., s. pl., public records; but
as in arc1lt-diacre, an archdeacon. This properly an arckive is a place where re-
form was borrowed from L. arcki-=Gk. cords are kept. (F.-L.-Gk.) }<'. ar-
apXI-, as in apXI-uriITIr01l'os, an archbishop. ckif, pI. arckives; Cot. - L. arckiulIIII,
-Gk. o.PXflII, to be first. to rule; cf. Gk. archium.- Gk. cipX.IoIl, a public building.
apx.q, beginning. Der. arch-biskop, arch- residence of magistrates. - Gk. apxfI. a
deacon, &c.; but, in ardl-angd, the ch beginning. a magistracy.
remained hard (as k ) in the Romance ArctiC. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. arlik.-
languages, on account of the following a. O . F. artiquc; F. ardique.-L. arcticm ,
Cf. Ital. arcangelo, Span. arcangel. - Ck. apICTu<uS, near the constellation of
arcluaology. ~ Gk .) Ck. aPXllloAo-yta. the Bear, northern. -Gk. o.p"TOS, a bear.
-Gk. apxaiOs, ancient, which is from Cognate with L. urStls; see Ursine.
apxfI, the beginning; and the suffix -logy, Der. anl-arclic.
Gk. -Ao-yla, due to A6-yos, discourse, from Ardent. ', F.-L. ) XIV cent. M.E,
AE..,.III. to speak. ardaunt. -O. F. artiattt, pres. part. of
archaic. (Gk.) Gk. apxtUICOS, antique, ardre, to burn. - L. ardelll-em, ace. of
primitive. - Gk. dpXalos, old. - G)(. apx.q, pres. pt. of ardin, tp bum.
a beginning. ardour. (F.-L.) O.F. ardQltr, artiar,
archaism. (Gk.) Gk. apxtUlTJWs, an heat. - L. an/Orem, acc. of ardor, a bum-
antiquated phrase. - Gk. apxaiC.",. to ing, fervour. -L. artib-e, to burn.
speak antiquatedly. - Gk. apxalos, old Arduous. (L.) L. ardtt-tls, steep ,
(above). difficult , high; with suffix -QltS.+lrish ard,
Archer. (F. -L.) M. E. archer. - high; Ck. op90s , upright.
A. F. archer; O. F. arckier, a bow-man. Are, pres. pI. of the verb substantive.
- Late L. aralriu!, a bow-man; from (E.) O. Northumbrian ar011, O. Mere.
arms, a bow. eat-utt, as distinguished from A.S.(Wessex )
Archetype, the original type. (F. - sinl, silld, s;'ld01'. Cf. Icel. er-u, they are.
L. - Gk.) F. archetype, 'a priucipall From the Idg. -V'liS, to be; from whence
type;' Cot.-L archetypum, the original also are Skt. s-attti, Gk. fler-/v , L. s·t/ut,
pattem. -Gk. apXETV'roll, a model; neut. G. S· i1zd, Ice!. cr·u (for *es·tt) , they are.
of apXfTtJfTOS, stamped as a model.-Gk. am. O. Northumb. alll , O. Merc. cam,
apx.-=apXI., prefix (see Archi.); TV1I'OS, A. S. cOIII.+Skt. as-mi, Gk. fI-!-'i, Goth.
a type. ~'· m , Ice!. c-m; &c.
Archi-, prefix, chief. (L. -Gk.) L. art. O. Northumb. a~ , O. Merc. ea~ ;
archi·, for Ck. lipXI' ; see Arch-. A. S. carl (with I due to -I in seeal·l, shalt ,
archimandrite. (L-Gk.) L.an;'i· &c.). Icel. esl, Itrl.
mant/rila, 11 chief or principal of monks, i,s. A. S. is. + Icel. es, later cr. Cf. also
an abbot.-Late Gk. apXI/UlIl3p[T'IS, the Goth. and G. is.t , Skt. as.li, Gk. fer'TI, L.
same.-Gk. apXI-; chief; ptlll3pa, an en- es-I. See also Be , Was.
closure, fold. afterwards a monastery. See Area. (L.) XVI cent. L. area, an
Arch· and Madrigal. . open space.
archipelago, chief sea, i. e. Aegean Areca, a genus of palms. (Port. -
sea. )tal.-Gk.") Ita!. arcipelago, modified Canarese.) Port. areca. - Canarese adiki,
to archipelago. - Ck. apXI-, chief; and ad ike , areca·nut; 1" being substituted for
wfAa-yos, sea. the cerebral d (H. H. Wilson ). Accented
architect. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F . arclli- un the first syllable.
fecte. - L. arclzileclus, the same as archi· Arefaction; see Arid (below).
tectiln. -Gk. apXITEKTQIII, a chief builder Arena.. (L.) L. arilla, slll1d ; the
or artificer. - Gk. dPXI" chief (see Archi-) ; sanded space in which gladiators fought.
.,fICTo.lI, a carpenter, builder. Orig. harma; cf. Sabine/asena, sand.
architrave. (F.-Ital.-L. alzdGk.) Argent. CF.-L.) White; in heraldry.
In Milton. -F. arckitrave. -Ital. arcki· -F. argelll.-L. argentwJl, Silver; from
~rave, the part of an entablature resting its brig?tness. C~. Gk. Q.p-yvpos, si~ve~,
Immediately on the column . A barbarous I Skt. a'1una(s), whlte. (-V' ARG, to shme.)
compollnd; from Gk. cipX'" prefix, chief, I Brugm. i. §§ 529, 604. See below.
24
 ARGILLACEOUS ARRACK
.\zgillaceo1Ul, clayey. (L.) L ar· armada, an armed Beet; fem. of armaao,
gilltieells, adj. from argilla, clay, esp. pp. of armar, to arm. - L. armiire, to arm
white clay. Cf. Gk. 4P'Yo., white. (above) . Doublet, army.
Argonaut. (L - Gk.) L. argonatlta. armadillo, an animal. (Span. - L. )
-Gk . 4P'Y0va~f, one who sailed in the Span. armadillo , lit 'the little armed one,'
ship Argo. - Gk. opr&', the name of Jason's beca.use of its hard shell. Dimin. of ar·
ship (lit. swift, from 4P'Y6~, swift); and mado, pp. of armar, to arm; as above.
vav"'7~ , a sailor; see Nautical. armament. (L.) L. armiimentum ,
Argo9, a merchant·vessel. (Dalma. an eqll ipment .-L. armiire, to arm, equip.
tian.) Formerly s~lt arguze and ragusy - L. a7'1l1a, arms.
(see N . and Q. 6 S. IV. 490; Arber's Eng. armature, donblet of al'moul'.
Gamer, ii. 67). The orig. sense was 'a armistice. (F.-L.) F. armisliCl!.-
ship of Ragusa,' which is the name of a Mod. L. *armislilium, coined on the
port in Dalmatia. Ragusa appears in analogy of sol·stitium, i. e. solstice. - L.
XVI cent. E. as Araguuse. arm;·, for arma , arms; and 'slilium , for
Argue. (F.-L.) M. E. arg'Uen. - ·statiulIl (through atonic position), from
O. F. argller. _ Late L. argiitiire (L. ar· stat 11m, supine of stare, to stand. (Cf.
giilarj') , frequent . of argzure, to prove by Solstice.)
argument, lit. to make clear; cf. argl7fus , armour. (F.-L.) M. E.armour, ar·
clear. lIlU1"e. - O. F. armure, armciire. - L. ar·
Arid, dry. (L.) XVII cent. L . addus, mii/ura, armour. - L. armaills, pp. of
dry.-L. iirlre, to be dry. anltilre, toarm . -L.arma,arms. Doublet,
arefaction. (L.) XVI cent. Coined armatu re.
from L. iirifacere, to make dry. - L. are·re, arms, s. pI. weapons. (F.-L.) M. E ..
to be dry; and/aare, to make. armes. - O . F. armes, rl.-L. amla , nent.
Aright. (E.) For on rzg'ht, in the right pl., arms, lit. ' fittings. (.v AR, to fit.)
way. army. \F . -L.) O. F. armel, fern . of
Arise. (E.) M. E. arism. A. S. pp. of armer, to arm . -L. armiila , fern .
arlSa1l. - A. S. a·, prefix; risan , to rise. of pp. of aN1lii ~e, to arm. - L. anna,
See Rise. arms.
AristoCracy. (Gk.) Modified from Aroint thee! begone! Origin un -
Gk. 4p<uTo"paTia, government by the known. The usual reference to rynlye in
nobles or 'best' men . -Gk. apluTo" for Ray does not help ns.
4p<UTO~, best; and "paT"v, to be strong, Aroma, a sweet smell. (L.-Gk.)
govern, from "paTV~, strong. The form Late L. aroma. - Gk. apotjla, a spice,
6.p"UTO~ is a superlative from the base sweet herb. Der. aroma/·ic, from the
up. seen in 4P-'T~, excellence. Der. aristo- Gk. stem dpotjlaT •.
cratic; whence adsloeral, for' aristocratic Around, prep. and adv. (E. and F.-
person.' L.) M. E. 01"OU11d; for 011 round ; see
Arithmetic. (F.-L.-Gk.) In Sh A · (2 ) and Round.
- F. arith1llltique; Cot . - L. arithmelica. Arouse. (E. and Scand.) From A - (4)
- Gk. ap<8jlrrr'''~, the science of numbers; an d Rouse .
fern . of ap<8JlTIT' '',sS, adj., from ap,8jl .... v, Arquebus, a kind of gun. (F.-Du. )
to number. -Gk. apI8}l6s, number, reckon· F. arquebllsc, 'an hRrquebuse , or hand·
ing. gun,' Cot . ; Walloon harkibuse , dialectnl
Ark, a chest, box; hence a large fl oat· variati oll of Mi<l. Du. haeckbtme, Du.
ing vessel. (L.) A. S. are.-L. area, a haak/>tls , lit. 'a gun with a hook.' This
chest , box; cf. L. arcci e, to keep. refers to the hook whereby it was attached
Arm ( I ), part of tbe body. (E.) M. E. to a poi nt of support. - Mid. Du. haeck ,
arm. A . S.ea ,·m.+Dn. arm; lcel.armr; Du. haak , a hook; and Mid. Du. btlSse,
Dan., Swed., and G. arm; Goth. arms; Du. bus, a hand barrel, a gun . See
L. ar11lttS, the shoulder; Russ. ramo , Hackbut.
shoulder. See Brugm. i. § 524. Arrack, an ardent spirit. (Arab.)
Arm (2) , to furnish with weapons. (F. Arab. 'araq , sweat, juice, essence, distilled
-L.) F. armer. - L. armiire, to fur· spirit. - A rab. root •araqa, to sweat.
nish with arms. - L . arma, arms. ~ Sometimes shortened to Rack; cf. Span.
armada, a fleet. (Span.-L.) Span raque , arrack.
2S
 ARRAIGN ARTILLERY
Arraign. (F.-L.) M.E.araimn.- Arsenal. (Span.-Arab.) Span. ar-
O. F. areimier , to speak to, discourse smal, a magazine, dock -yard, arsenal;
with, cite, arraign. -O. F. a (L. ad) , to ; longer forms, atarazanal, atarazana, where
reis,zer, ,-eisoner, to reason, from O. F. the a· answers to Arab. aI, def. article.
reSOIl , raison, reason , advice, from L. acc. Cf. Ita!. darsC1la, a wet dock. - Arab. dar
rationem; see Reason. af-fina'alt, a house of construction, place
Arrange. (F _ - L. ami O. H. G.) for making things, dock.yard. - Arab. dar,
M. E. arayngen, are,zge,z.-O. F. arengier, a house; aI, the; and (inaah, art, trade,
to put into a rank. - O. F. a (L. ad), to; construction.
rangier, nmgier , to range, from O. F. Arsenic. (L. - Gk. - Arab. - Pers.)
m ng, reng, a rank . See Rank. Late L. arsenicum. - Gk.o.po'fY,,,Oy, arsenic;
Arrant, knavish, notoriously bad. (F . seeming to mean a male principle(thealche-
-L.) This word is now ascertained to mists had a strange fancy that metals were of
be a mere variant of errant (cf. parso,z for different sexes ). But really borrowed from
persofl). Chaucer has t/uif errau'lt, arrant Arab. az-zerniklt; where az is for aI, the,
thief, C . T. 17173; and see Piers Plow· def. art., and zerniklt, orpiment, is from
man, C . vii. 307. See Errant. Pers. zerni, orpiment, yellow arsenic (froOl
Arra.s, tapestry. (F.) So named from zar, gold) . See Devic, P.4.
Arras, in Artois, north of France. Arson, incendiarism. (F.-L.) O . F.
Arra.y, verb. (F. -L. and O . Low G.) arson , incendiarism. - Late L. acc. ar-
O. F. arraiel', to array. - O. F. arrai, SiOnelll, a buming.-L. ars·us, pp. of
arroi, preparation. - L. ad (becoming al'- ardere, to burn. See Ardent.
before 1"), to , for; O. Low G. and O. Fries. Art (1), 2 p. s. pres. of verb. (E.) St:c
r?de (cf. Goth. garaid-s), ready, A. S. Are.
rlide, ready; so that to array is ' to get Art ( 2), skill. (F.-L.) M.E. arl.-
ready.' See Ready. O. F . al't.-L. arlem, acc. of ars, skill.
Arrears, sb. p!. (F. -L. ) From M. E. Artery. (L.-Gk .) L . arten'a,propt:r1y
arere, adv., in the rear.-O. F. arere (F. the wind·pipe; also , an artery. - Gk. apT'}-
arriere), behind.-Late L. ad retro, back- pia, wind-pipe, artery.
ward. - L. ad, to; relro, behind. ~ What Artesian, adj. ~ F. ) A rlesia,z wells arc
we now call arrears answers to M. E. named from F . A rt(sim, adj. formed from
flrerflges, s. pI. formed from M. E. aren Arlois, a province in the north of France,
with F. snffix -age. wh ere these wells were early in use.
Arrest, to stop. (F.-L.) O.}<'. arcs- Artichoke. (Ita!. - Arab.) Ita!. arti·
tel' (F. arreter), to stay. _ O. F. a ( = L. ciocco, a corrupt form; Florio also gives
ad), to; L. restare , to stay, remain, from the spellings arc/Ziciocco, arch.icioffo; also
reo, back, and stare, to stand; see Rest (without the ar, which answers to the
(2). Arab. def. art. aI, the) the forms carciocco,
Arrive. (F.-L.) F. arriver. -Late carcioffo. Cf. Span. alcachofa, an arti-
L. arripare, adrija,-., to come to shore, choke. - Arab. al k/larslziif, or ltarshaf, an
land _- L. ad, to; ripa, shore, bank. Der. artichoke. ~ Not Arab. ar'di sltauki
arriv-al. (Diez), which is a modem corrupt form
Arrogate. (L.) From pp. of L. arro· borrowed from Italian.
gare, to ask , adopt, attribute to, add to.- Article, a ~mall item, part of speech.
L. ar· (for ad), to; rogare, to ask. Der. (F.-L. ) F . ar/ide. - L. artimlus, ajoint,
arrogallt, from the pres. pt. knuckle, article in grammar; lit. ' a small
Arrow. (E. ) M . E. arewe, arwe. A.S. joint.' Dimin. of artus, a joint, limb.
arwe, and larlt (rare). + Ice! . iiI', an arrow articulate. (L.) L. articu/t1tus, dis·
(gen. iiroar) ; allied to Goth. arlzwazna, tinct; pp. of ar/iwltire, to supply with
an arrow. From Teut. base ar/tw.; cog- joints, divide by joints. - L. articulus, a
nate with L. arc-us, a bow. joint (above).
arrow-root. (E.) So called, it is said, Arti1ice. (F.-L.) In Milton. -F.
because the tubers of the Maranta were artifice. - L. ar/ijicitlm, a trade, handi-
used as an antidote against poisoned craft; hence skill. - L. arli-, stem of aI'S,
arrows. art; and -fie., for faure, to make. Der.
Arse. (E.) M. E. ars, ers. A. S. tCrs. artific-er, a skilled workman.
+Gk. iJppos, the rump. Idg. type *oysos. artillery. (F.-L.) O . }<'. artilleri~,
26
 ARTISAN ASPECT
equipment of war, machines of war, in- Ashes. (E.) The pI. of aJn, which is
eluding cross-bows, &c., in early times. - little used_ M. E. aJcne, axe, sing.; the
O. F. arlil/n', to equip. - Late L. -arli/- pI. is commonly ascnen, axen, but in North-
tare, to make machines; a verb inferred em E. it is asches, askes. A. S. IZSct, pI.
from the sb. arlillator, a maker of machines. IZscan, IZxalZ, ascalz. + Du. ascn; Ieel. and
Extended from arti-, stem of ars, art. We Swed. aska; Dan. aske; Goth. aago, pI.
also find artil/iator. answering to an older azgon; G. ascne. Teut. stemS' -askm- ,
*artuulator; also Late L. arluultmz, :uti- -azgOtz-.
fice; arlimla, art. Ashlar, Ashler, a facing made of
artisan, a workman. (F.-Ital.-L.) squared stones. (F.-L.) It consists of
F. artisan. - Ital. artigiano, a workman. - thin slabs of stone for facing a building;
Late L. *artftialltls, not found, but formed formerly applied to a square hewn stone;
from L. artfttls, cunning, artful. _ L. arti-. and, probably, so called because it took
stem of ars, art. the place of the wooden beams used for
As, conj. (E.) M. E. as, ab, a/st, also, the same purpose. -0. F_ aiseler (Livre
al so. As is a contraction of also. (Proved des Rois), extended from O. F. aise/le,
by Sir F. Madden. ) See Also. aisiele, a little board, dimin. of ais, a
AsafCBtida, AssafCBtida, a gtlm. plank - L. axilla, dimin. of L . axis an
(Med. L.-Pers. and L.) From Pers. azii, axis. also, a board, a plank.
mastic; the L.jO!tida, fetid, refers to its Ashore. (E.) For 011 snore.
offensive smell. See Fetid. Aside. (E.) For Of' side.
Asbestos, a mineral. (Gk.) Gk. n- Ask. (E.) M. E. askm, axien. A. S.
ufjEuTor, unquenchable; because it is in- tisdall, a!zsiatJ , acsiatJ; the last answers to
I;ombustible. - Gk. do. neg. prefix; and provo E. ax. + Du. eischm; Swed. iiska;
-U/3fUTOS, quenchable, from afUVVVP.I, I Dan. IZske; G. neiscnetJ, O. H. G. tisCOll.
quench, extinguish. See Brugm_ i. § 653. T~ut. types *aiskOtt, *aiskOjatJ. Cf. Russ.
Ascend. (L.) L. ascendere, to climb iskate, Lith. je:rkoti, to seek; Skt. icnrnhti,
up. - L. ad, to; sca,ulere, to climb_ See a wish, desire, un, to search.
Scan. Der. ascellS-ion, from pp. ascmSlfS. Askance, obliquely. (Ital. -L.) Spelt
Ascertain. (F . - L. ) From O. F. a·scallte by Sir T. Wyat; ascallCne by Pals-
aartailler, acertetJer, to make certain grave, who gives de tratlers, etl 10rgtJallt,
(with s inserted). - F . a ( = L. ad, to) ; and as the F . equivalent. Etym. doubtful; but
certaill, certain. See Certain. prob. due to Ital. sransare, 'to go a-slope
Ascetic. (Gk.) Gk. dUK'1TIK6s, given or a'SCOllce, or a-skew , to go sidelin j' Florio.
to exercise, industrious; applied to hermits, - ltal. s- ( = Lat. ex, out of the way ) j and
who strictly exercised themselves in reli- ransfl1'e,' to gcra-slope, give place;' Florio.
gious devotion. - Gk. dUK'1njs, one who This is derived, according to Diez, from L.
practises an art, an athlete. - Gk. dUKElv, campsare, to turn round a place, bend
to work, exercise; also, to mortify the round it ; cf. Gk. Kap.-rrTfIV , to bend.
body, as an ascetic. Askew, awry. (0. Low G.) For Oft
Ascititious, incidental. (L.) Coined, skew; Hexharn gives M. Du. scneif,' askew,
as if from L. *asciticius, from ascittls, pp. awry;' see Skew.
of asciscere, or adsciscere, to receive, learn. Aslant. (Scand. ) For on slant.
-L. ad, to ; sciscere, to learn, inceptive Asleep. (E.) For on sleep; Acts xiii.
form of sci,'e, to know. 36.
Ascribe. (L. ) L. ascribere, to write Aslope. (E.) For on slope.
down to one's account. - L. a- (for ad), to ; Asp, ASJ;>ic, a serpent. (F. - L. - Gk.)
sCl'ibere, to write. F. aspe, asplr.-L. aspidem, acc. of aspis.
Ash, a tree. (E.) M. E . asen. A. S. iPse. - Gk. aa-rris (gen. du-rri50s), an asp.
+ Du. esell; Ice!. askr; Dan. and Swed. Asparagus, a vegetable. (L. - Gk.-
ask; G. esche. T eut. type *askiz. Cf. Pus.~) L. asparagus. - Gk . uu-rrapa'Y os .
Russ. iasene, Lith. ftsis, ash. Supposed to be of Pers. origin; cf. Zend
Ashamed. (E.) A. S. aseamod, pp. of rparegha, a shoot, a prong; Lithuan.
aseamian, to put to shame. -A. S. a-, ex- spurgas, a shoot (Fick , Prellwitz).
tremely; seamiatJ, to shame. from scamtl, Aspect. (L. ) L. aspeetm, look. - L.
shame. fl Or for A . S. ofseamod, with the aspectus, pp. of aspirere, to look. - L. t/-
iiamc sense (with prefix 0/-, off, very). I Jor ad), to, at; specere, to look.
27
 ASPEN, ASP ASSOCIATE
Aspen, Asp, a tree. (E .) M. E. asjJ, ad, to; saltus, a leap, attack, from saltus,
Chaucer, C. T . 292.,; aspen is an adj . (like pp. of sal/re, to leap. See AlI8ail.
golden), and is used for aspell-tree ; cf. Ch. Assay, s. ; the same as Essay, q. v.
C. T . 7249. A. S. aspe, aps + Du. est ; Assemble. (F.-L. ) O . F . assembler.
I ce!. osp , D an. and Sweei. asp; G. espc, aspt. - Late L. assim1tltin , to collect (different
Cf. Lithuan. apuszis ; R uss. osi1la. from L. assim ll la,-e, to feign ). - L. as- (for
Asperity. (F. -L.) F. asplriN. - L. ad ), to; simul, together.
asperitalem, ace. of asperittis , roughness - Assent. (F. - L.) O . F . asstnlir - L.
L. asper, rough. assenttre, to assent, agree to. - L. as- (for
Asperse, to cast calumny upon . (L. ) ad), to ; se'ltire, to feel, perceive.
From L. aspersu.s, p p. of aspergere, to Assert. (L.) From L. asstrttts , pp.
besprinkle. - L. as- (for ad) ; spar..f{ere, to of asserere, to add to, claim, assert. _ L.
scatter. as- (for ad), to ; serere, to join, connect .
Asphalt. (Gk.) Gk. ([(ftpa" TO~, ([(f</>a" - Asses s , to fix a tax. (F. - L. ) O. F .
T W , asphalt, bitumen. A foreign word . assesser. - Late L. assessa"e , to sit as as-
Asphodel . (Gk) Gk. dt1(p6 6."o~ . a sessor, to assess ; cf. L. sb. assessor, one
plant of the lily kind . D er . daffodil, who a rijustcd taxes ; orig. a judge's assis-
q. v . tant, one who s~ t by him. - L. assessus,
A s phyxia, suffocation. (Gk .) Gk. a- pp. of assidi1oe, to sit near. See A ssize ( I ) .
(f,p u,ia, a stopping of the pulse : cf. a· Ass et s , sufficien t effects of a op.ceased
(fcpuIC Tor , without pulsation. - Gk. a-, not; dehtor. ( F. - L.) O . F . assez (pron. assets),
and (f</"Jtl ~, t he pulse, from (f'/>v'ftV, to pul- sufficient (to pay with) ; proJ.lerly an ad".,
sate; cf. (f</>u-YJl6~, pulsation . bu t, in E., mistak en to be a pI. sb. - L. ad
A s pi re. \ 1:'. -L. ) F . nspirtr, to breathe, sat is, up to what is enou g h.
covet , aspire to. - L. asp/nire, lit. to breath e Asseverat e. (L.) L. asseueratus, pp.
toward s. - L a- ( for ad" to; sjJrriire , to of asselleriire, to speak in earnest. - L. as-
breathe. D er. aspir-nte, v. to pronounce (for ad ), to : seub u s, earnest.
with n full breathing. A s si duous. (L.) L. assidu ous, sitting
A s s. ( c. - L.) M. E. asse. A. S. assa. down to, apply ing closely to; with suffix
- Irish assan. - L. asimts; whence also - dltS - L. assidere, to sit near. - L. as- (for
\\' . asyn , Swed . clma, Icel. asni. H ence ad ), at , near; sedere , to sit. See Sit .
also (or from L. dimin. asellus) came I r ish Assign. (F .-L.) O. F. assigmr. - I..
asal, Du. ezel, Dan . and t~ . esel, Goth. assignare, to assign , mark ont to. - L. as-
nsilus. Prob. of Sem itic origin; cf. Arab . (for ad ), to; signiin, to mark , from sig num,
alalt, H eb. iithiin , a she-ass. a mark, sign.
Assail. ( F.-L.) M . E.asailen . - O. ro. A s similate. (L.) F rom pp. of L. as -
asaillir, to atta ck. - Late L. assalfre ; L. sillliltire, to make like to. - L. ns- (for ad),
assilire. - L. ad, to ; sallre, to leap, rush to ; similis, lik e. See Simila r.
forth . See S a.li'lnt. Assis t. ( F. -L. ) F. assister. - L. as-
Assart, the offtnce of gru bbing up trees sistere, to step to, approach, assist. - L. as-
and destroying the coverts of a forest. (F. (for ad ', to; sis/tre, to place, stan d, from
- L.) F rom A. F. a.csnrter F. !Ssarter, to stare, to st and .
gruh up, clear groun d of shrub, . - L. ex, Assize (J ), a session of a court of justice.
out , thorough ly; Latc L. sarta"e , freq uent . (F .-L. l M . E. assise. - O. F . assise, an
of L. sarri'·e. sarire, to g ru b up weeds. assembly of judges ; also a tax , an im post.
Assassi n, a secret murderer. . ( F . - P rot;ably fern. pp. of O. F. asseoir, to sit
A rah.) F.assassilt. F rom Arab. bashiislti1l, near, assist a judge. - 1.. asside,.e, to sit
pl.. e'",ters of' hashish,' the name of a nea r ; see A ssiduous , A ssess.
sect in the J 3th centu ry; the' O ld Man of assize (2 " a fix ed quantity or dim en-
th e Mountain' roused his foll owers ' spirits sion. ( F . -L ) O.F. assise, atax, im post;
by help of this preparati on, and sent th em the Late L. assisa was also used in the
to stab hi s enemies, esp. the lead ing cru- sense of a fixed all owance of provisions.
saders . - Arab. '-'ashlsh , an intoxi cating The same word as the above. Another
preparation from the dried leaves of Ca1l- form is Size, q. v.
1labis indica, a kind of hem p. Cf. Arab. Associate. (L .) F rom pp. of L. as-
'-'asMy , dry. sociiire, to join to. - L. as- (for ad-), to;
Assault. (F . - L.) O. F. assalt. _ L. sociare, to join, associate. - L. socius, a
,s
 ASSOIL ATHWART
companion, lit. follower. - L. sequi, to Astriction. (L.) From L. acc. as-
follow. See Sequence. tricliottem, a drawing together. - L. astn'c-
Assoil, to absolve, acquit. (F.-L. ) tus, pp. of astrittgere; see Astringent.
M. E. assoilen. - O. F . as(s)oi/le, pres. subj. Astride. (E.) For on (Ihe) sln·de.
of assoudre, asoidre, to absolve. - L. abo Astringent. (L.) From skm of pres_
soluere, to absolve. - L. ab, from; soluere, pt. of astn1lgere, to bind or draw closely
to loosen. See Solve. Doublet, absolve. together. - L. a- (fo r ad), to ; sln'ngere, to
Assonant. , L.) L. assonant· , stem of dra w tigb t.
asS01'UlnS, sounding like; pres. pt. of asson· Astrol ogy. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F.astro-
tire, to respond to. - L. as- (for ad-), to ; logie. - L. astrologia, ( I) astronomy; (2)
sontire, to sound, from son us, sOllnr!. astrology, or science of the stars. - Gk.
Assort. ( F.-L.) O. F. assortir, to afTTpoAo1'ia, astronomy. - Gk. afTrpo-, for
sort, assort, match (I ~th cen tury ). - O. F. aarp ov, a star; and -Ao1',a, allied to A6-yO~,
as· (= L. as·, for L. ad ), to; sort-, stem of a d iscourse, from Af'YEtV, to speak.
L. sors, lot. See S ort. Astronomy. (F.-L. - Gk .) F. as-
Assuage. (F. - L. j O. F. asollagier, tronolJlie. - L. astrollomia . - Gk. rifTr po-
asoagier. to soft ell, appease; (P rov. asua· vo}-tia. - Gk. afTrpo-J', a star; and -vo}-tla,
viar). - F. a (= L. ad), to; and L. mauis, allied to y6}-to~, law, from y<}-t ftV, to dis-
sweet. See Sua.ve. tribute .
Assume. (L. ) L. assiimcre (pp. as- Astute. (L.) L. astttlus, crafty, cun-
sump/us), to take to oneself. - L. as· (for ning. - L. astus, craft.
ad) , to; siimere, to take , which is from Asunder. ( E.) For on sunder. A. S.
emere, to take, wi th a prefi x of doubtful on·sunt/ra", apalt. See Sunder .
origin. Der. assumpt-ion (from the pp. ). Asylum. (L.-Gk.) L. asjlum. - Gk.
Assure. (F.-L.) M.E. assurm. - (ifTVAOV, an asylum; nellt. of afTIJA o~, adj.
O. F. aseurer, to make secure. - O. F. a UlJ harmed, safe from violtn~e. - Gk. rio,
(= L. aa ), to; seur. sure, from L. s~ciirus, nut; and aVA." , a right of seizure; cf.
secure, sure. See Sure. aIJAuOJ, I despoil an enemy.
Aster, a flower. (Gk.) Gk. dm·.qp, a Asymptote, a line which, indefinitely
star. See Star. produced, does not meet the curve which it
asterisk. (Gk.) Gk. darfp,aKo~, a cont inually approaches. (Gk. ) Gk. riav }-t-
little star, also an asterisk *, used for dis- 7frOJTO~ , not falling together, not coincident.
tinguishing fine, p~ssages in MSS. - Gk. - Gk. rio , not; a V}-t, for fTVV, together; and
aarfp-, stem of aaTT'Jp, a star. ".rOJTo ~, fa lling, from ""trTftV ( pt. t. ".l-
asteroid, a minor planet. (Gk. ) Pro- 1TTOJKa), to fall. (-v'PET .)
perly an adj., signifying 'star-like.' - Gk. +
At. (E. ) M. E. at, A. S. a t. Ice!. at ;
dOTEpO- ft5f]~, star-like. - Gk. ciarfpo-, for Goth. at ; Dan. ad; Swed. at; L. ad.
daTf]p, a star; and fr~-O~, form , figure. Atabal, a kettle-drum. (Span. - Arab.)
Asthma, difficulty io breathing. (Gk. ) Span. alabal. - Arab. at (for ai, def. article) ;
Gk. J.fTOfUl, panting. - Gk. aa{ftv, to breathe tabl, a drum.
hard. Cf. Gk. a'7}-tt , I blow. See Air. Ataghan; see Yatagha.n.
Astir. (E.) For on stir ; Barbour's Atheism. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
Bruce, xix. 577. aOf -o~, denying the gods, without a god;
Astonish, Astound. (F . -L.) The with suffix -ism. - Gk. 0.-, negative prefix;
addition of ish, as in exlingl4-ish, is due Of6~, a god.
to analogy with other verus in -ish . M. E. Athirst. (E.) M. E. 0ftllurst, at/lurst,
aslonien, astlmiet:, astonen; whence later very thirsty; orig. pp. of a verb. A. S.
as/ony, afterwards lengthened to aSIonish ; iif)yrsted, very thirst) ; pp. of iif)yrstan, to
also astound, by the addition of excrescent be very thi rsty. - A. S. oj, very (prefix);
dafter n, as in sound, from F . son . All and )yrstan, to thirst; see Thirst.
from O. F. es/oner (mod. F. ;tonner\ to Athlete. (L. -Gk.) L. a/M~ta.-Gk.
amaze. - Late L. *exlonare, to tbunder d6A."r.q~, a combatan t, contender in games.
out, from ex, out, and tonare, to tbunder. - Gk.aOAf-ftV,tO oontend for a pri ze. - Gk.
Cf.L.altonan, to thunder at, astouud ( with J. OA o ~ (for aFfOAO~), a conte. t; dOAOV (for
prefix at- for L. ad, at). aFfOAOV ) , a prize. See Wed.
Astray. For on stray; Barbour's Bruce, Athwart, across. For on thwart, on
xiii. 195. See Stray. the transverse, across ; see Thwart_
 ATLAS ATTORNEY
Atla.s. (Gk.) Named after Atlas, the attain. - I .. al- (for ad) , to; tatzl:~re, to
rlemi-god who was said to bear the worlel touch.
on his shoulders; his figure used often to attainder. (F . -L.) From the O. F.
appear on the title-page of atlases. - Gk. ateindre, verb, to convict; used substan-
'ATAar (gen. 'ATAa_Tor), prob. 'the sus- ti vely; see above.
tainer' or bearer, from ""TEL, to bear. attaint, to convict. (F. - L.) From
atlantic, an ocean, named after Mt. M. E. atleynt, ateynt, convicted, whence
Atlas, in the N.W. of Africa. (Gk.) From the verb has been evolved; orig. pp. of
'ATAaVTt- , stem of' ATAar; with suffix O. F. ateindre (above). ~ In no way
-/lor. allied to taint.
Atmosphere. (Gk.) Lit. 'a sphere Attar of Roses. (Arab.) Also, less
of air round the earth.' Coined from correctly, otto of roses, i.e. perfume. - Arab.
dT/LO-, stem of dTJLOr, vapour, air; and 'itr, perfume. -Arab. root 'a{ara, to smell
Sphere. sweetly.
Atoll, a group of coral islands forming Attemper. (F.-L.) O. F . atemprer,
a ring. (Maldive Islands.) 'We derive the to modify. - O. F. a ( = L. ad), to ; temprer,
expression from the Maldive islands ... temperer, to temper. - L. temperare, to
where the form of the word is atoltt. It is apportion, regulate, qualify. See Temper.
prob. connected with the Singhalese prep. Attempt. ( F.-L.) O. F. atmlj>ter,
iitul, inside.' (Yule.) to undertake. - L. attmftfre, to attempt.-
Atom. ( F. -L.-Gk.) F.atome (Cot.) . L. at- (for ad), to; tmlare, to try; see
- L. atomus. - Gk. aTO/LOr, sb., an indivisi- Tempt.
ble particie; allied to aTO/LM, adj., indivisi· Attend. (F.-L.) O. F. atmdre, to
ble. - Gk. a-, not; TOP.-, o-grade of TE/L-, as wait. - L. attendere (pp. attentus), to
5een in Tf/L-VEtv, to cut, divide. stretch towards, give heed to. - L. at· (for
Atone, to set at one, to reconcile. (E. ) ad), to; tendere, to stretch. Der. attmt-
Made up from the words at and one, and iol/. (from the pp.) ; attmt, adj., 2 Chron.
clue to the frequent use of the phrase at vi. 40, vii. 15.
oon, at one (i. e. reconciled) in Middle Attenuate. (L. ) From pp. of L. at-
English. A I at 011 = all agreed; Rob. of tm uare, to make thin. - L. at- (for ad), to;
Glouc. p. 1I3. Tyndall has atone maker, telm-is, thin. See Thin.
i. e. reconciler, Works, p. 158. Der. atone- Attest. (L.) L. atteslriri, to be witness
ment, i. e. at-One'mmt; we actually find to. - L. at- (= ad), to; testar;, to be
th e word olzement, reconciliation, in old witness, from L. testis, a witness.
authors; see Hall, Satires, iii. 7. 69. Attic, a smalll1pper room. (L. -Gk.)
Atrocity. (F.-L. ) F.atroeite, Cot.- It orig. meant the whole of a parapet wall,
L. atrocitatem, acc. of atrocitas, cruelty. - terminating the upper fa yade of an edifice.
L. atroci-, from atroJC, cruel. Named from the Attic order of architecture;
Atrophy. (Gk.) Gk. dTpo<{>la, want of see Phillips, ed. 1706. - L. Attims. - Gk.
nourish ment or food , hunger, wasting away 'A'TTtK6r, Attic, Athenian. Cf. F . atlique,
of the body, atrophy. - Gk. d-, not ; ami an attic; A ttique, Attic.
Tp'<{>ftV (pt. t. Tf-Tpo<{>-a) , to nourish. Attire. (F. - Teut.?) M. E. atir, atyt-,
Att&Ch. (F. - Teut. ?) O. F. attacheI', sb. ; aliren, alynn, verb. - O. F. atirier,
to attach , fasten. - O. F. a, for L. ad, to ; to adorn (Roquefort ). - O. F. a ( = L. ad,
and (perhaps) a Low G. word with the prefix) ; and O. F. tire, tiere, a row, file;
sense of E. tatk, a nail. See Tack. Cf. so that atirier is properly ' to arrange: Cf.
Picard adaker , to attach; Bret. tacha, to O. Provotiera, a row (Bartsch ). See Tier.
fasten, from tach , a tack, nail; and see Attitude. (Ital.- L. ) Orig. apainter's
Detach, Atta.ck . Der. attach-ment. term, from Italy. - Ital. attitudine, aptness,
attack. (F. - Ital. - Teut.?) F. alta- skill , attitude. _ L. aplitl,dim1ll, acc. of
queI'. - Ital. attaccare, to fasten, attach; aptitiido , aptitude. - L. aptus, apt.
attauare battaglia, 'to ioyne battell,' Attorney. (F. - L.) M. E. attourne.
Florio. Cognate with F. attacheI'; so that _ O. F. atonle [i. e. ato1"11{], lit. ' one ap-
attack is a doublet of attach. pointed or constituted;' pp. of atonzer, to
Attain. (F.-L.) M. E . ateitten. - direct , prepare, constitute. - F. a (= L. ad),
O. F . atezc,,·, pres. stem of altindre, to; O. F. tortur, to tum, from L. tor·
atail1dre, to reach to. - L. attingere, to nare. See Turn.
 ATTRACT AUSTRAL
Attract. (L.) From L. attrartus, pp• . an increase. - L. (wgfft, to increase. Sec
of attm/ure, to attract. - L. at- ( =ad), Auction.
to; Imhere, to draw. Augur. (L. ) M. E. augur. - L. allgm-,
Attribute. (L.) From attrib1ltlls, pp. a sooth-sayer; said to mean a diviner by
of L. attribllere, to assign. - L. al- ( = ad), the flight and cries of birds. Hence a sup-
to; tribmre, to assign ; see Tribute. posed etymology (not certain) from allis, a
Attrition. (L. ) From L. acc. atlrl- bird, and -gllr, telling, allied to garrire, to
liii,zem, a rubbing or wearing away. - L. shout. Cf. L. au-eeps, a bird-catcher.
attrltus, pp. of alterere, to rub away. - L. August. (L. ) L. augu stus, "enerable ;
at- ( =ad), at; le,'ere, to rub. See Trite. when.:e E. augusl, "enerable, and August,
Attune, to bring to a like tune. (L. the month nam ed after Augustus Caesar.
and L.- Gk.) From L. at- ( =ad), to; Cf. Skt. ii/as, strength. Brugm . i. § 213.
and E. Tune, q. v. Auk, a sea-bird. (Scan d.) Swed. alka ;
Auburn. (F. - L.) M. E. aborne, alt- D:ln. alke; I cel. alka, iilka, an auk.
burne,ori~. citron-coloured or light yellow. Aunt. (F. -L. ) M_ E. atmle. - A. F.
- O. F. albo1'1te,allbonu, blond (Godefroy). atmle ; O. F. anle (mod. F, t -anle). - L.
- Late L. albllrmtS, whitish, light- a1ll ila, a fathe r's sister. Cf. G. all/me, nurse.
coloured. Tomano explains Ital. albur1tO Aureate. (L.) Late L. aurealus, gilt,
by ' that whitish colour of women's hair from aureus, golden; in place of L. au-
called an aburll colonr.' Cf. L. alburnum, "iilus, gilded, pp. of aurare , to gild. - L.
the sap-wood or inner bark of trees aur u m , gold; O. L. aurum. D er. aw'-
(Pliny). - L albus, white. elia , a gold, col oured chrysalis ; aur-e-
Auction. (L.) L . aucliiinem, acc. of o/.a , aur-e-ole, the halo of golden glory
aUdio, a sale by anction,l it. 'an increase,' in paintings; auriferou s, gold-producing,
because the sale is to the highest bidd er. - from ferre, to bear.
L. a l/clw, pp. of augen, to increase. See Auricula, a plant. (L.) L. auricula ,
Eke. the lobe of the ear; used to mean th"
Audacious. (F . -L.) F. alldadeux, 'bear's ear,' a kind of primrose ; see below.
bold, audacious. - L. "audnciiislls, not auricular, told in the ear, secret. (L.)
found; extend ed from L. audnri" from Latc I .. auriwltiris, in the phr. aurimlaris
alldax, bold. - L. auder!!, to dare. con/e.rsio, auricular confession. - L. aun',
Audience. (F. - L. ) F. audietlce, 'an m Ia, the lobe o f the ear; double dimin.
audience or hearing;' Cot . - L. audi!!ntia , from auri-s, the ear. See E ar.
a hearing. - L. aIldiwt-, stem of pres. pt. Aurora, the dawn. ( L.) L. a ul'tJm ,
of audire, to hear. For *allisdire; cf. Gk. the daw n; from prehistoric *ausiisa. + Gk .
alu9iu9at, to perceive, for aFtu9fU9at . .tEolic avwr, Jon, ~wr, dawn , from pre-
RT\lgm. i. § 240. hi storic *auuwr. See East.
audible. (L. ) Late L. aIld/bilis, that Auscultation, a listening. (L.) L.
can be heard. - L. audire, to hear. auscullliliiinl!1ll, acc. of ausCllltnlio, a
audit. (L. ) From L. audit1lS, a listening; from the pp. of auswlla,'e, to
hear ing. - L. auaire, to hear; whence also listen. - L. *aus-, base of aut'is, the ear.
audi-Ior. See Ear.
Auger. ,E. ) For nauger. M.E. ,laue- Auspice, favour, patronage. (F. -L.)
gar ( = navegar), Izauger, a tool for boring F. auspice, a token of things by the flight
holt's - A. S. na/ogiir, an auger, lit. nave- of birds, an omen, good fortune. - L. au-
piercer, lvr boring holes in the nave of a spiciulll, a watching of birds for the pur-
wheel. - A. S. '10/'1., a nave; ga,', a piercer, pose of augury. Short for *auispiciu1Jl. -
that which gores; see N ave (1 ) and L. aui-, for auis, a bird; and spicere,
+
Gore (3). Du. avegaOl' (for navegaar) ; speare, to spy, look into.
l cel. Ita/al'r ; Dan. l1aver; Swed . na/vare; Austere. (F . - L. - Gk .) M. E.
O. H. G. /labager. auslere. - O. F. austere. - L. austin!.s,
Aught. (E .) M. E. akl, agltt, attglzt. harsh, severe. - Gk. aVuT1/p6., making the
.\. S. tiM, earlier ii1vikl; from ii, ever, and tongue dry, harsh. - Gk. av"", to dry.
1(·,'/11, a creature, wight, whit; lit. 'e'er a See Sere.
whit.' See Whit. Austral. ( F . -L.; orL.) We find F.
Augment. (F.-L.) F. attgllletller. - atlstrale, 'southerly ; ' Cot. - L. A mlriilis,
L.aug'llle11ttire,toeniarge. - L. augmentum, southerly. _ L . Austlr, the South wind.
31
 AUTHENTIC AVERAGE
Authentic. (F.-L.- Gk. ) M . E.au- helping, assisting. - L. auxilium, help. -
lentike , all/mlik . - O. F . au/en/ique, later L . augere, to in::rease.
all/hm /ique (Cot.). - L. au/ltentim s, Ava.da.vat, a finch-like E. Indian bird.
origi nal, written with the author's own ( Arab. and Pers.) F ormerly amadauat
hand. - Gk. aVIIEvT",eSf, vouched for, wllr- (N . E. D. ) ; or amudavad, N . and Q. 6
ranted, - Gk. aVIIIJlT'1f, also airro-fJlT'1f, one S. ii. 198. Named from the city of A hmed-
who does things with h is own hand, a abad, whence they were im ported . _ Arab.
, self- worker'; see Auto-. 13. Gk. ~JlT'1f A hmed, a proper name ; Pees. abtid, a city.
(for * (f<VT'1f ) is prob. allied to L . sons Avail. (F . -L.) M .E. auailm ( =
(gen, sontis), guilty, responsible. availat ). Compounded of O. F. a, to ;
Author. \F. - L.) M . E. aulour, and vail-, tonic stem of O. F . valoir (valer ),
atttor; latcr attthor (with /h once sounded t o be of use. - L. ad, to ; uali:re, to be
as t, but now as /h in thin)•• . O. F. autor strong.
l Bar.t sch). - L. attclorem, acc. of auctor, an Avalanche. (F . -L.) F . avalattc1te,
originator, lit. 'increaser, grower: - L. the de ;cent of snow into a valley. _ F.
auglre, to increase. Cf. Auction. avaler, to swall ow; but the old sense was
Auto-, prefix. (Gk. ) Gk. aUTo- , stem ' to let fall down: - F. aval, downward,
of aUTOf, self. Der. auto-biograplty, a lit. ' to the valley.' - F. a ( = L. ad), to;
biography written by oneself (see Bio- val, yale, from L. uallem, acc. of uallis, a
graphy) ; autograph, something in one's valley.
own handwriting, from Gk. 'Yp6.CPE'JI, to Avarice. (F. - L.) M . E. auarice
write (see Graphic). (with u for v). - F. avan'ce. - L. auan'/ia,
autocracy. (Gk.) Adapted (with greediness. - L. attarus, greedy; cf. L.
suffix -cy for Gk. -TE,a) from Gk. aUTo- auidus, greedy. -L. auere, to wish, desire.
"paTElfl, absolute power. - Gk. airro-, self; Avast, stop, hold fast. (Du.) Du. holt
-"paTEla (in compounds), power; from vast, houd vast, hold fast. - Du. hou, short
"paTEE"', to rule. - Gk. "paTVf, strong; form of hOlld, imper. of houden, to hold
cognate with E. Hard. (see Hold); and vast, fast (see Fast).
automaton, a self-moving machine. Avatar. (Skt.) Skt. avatara, descent j
(G.) Gk. aUTop'(1.TOJl, neut. of aUToflaTof, hence, the descent of a Hinuu deity in
self-moving. - Gk. aUTo-, for aUTof, self; incarnate form. - Skt. ava, down; and t,.r,
and -flaTeSf, cognate with Skt. matas, to pass over, pass.
thought, considered, known, pp. of man, Avaunt, begone I (F. - L.) A. F.
to think. (",MEN.) avaunt; O.F. avallt, forward! See Ad-
autonomy, self-government. (Gk.) vance.
Gk. aUTovofl,a, independence. - Gk. aUTo- Ave, hail. (L.) Short for Azte M aria,
1I0flOf, free , living by one's own laws. - Gk. hail, Mary (Luke i. 28). -L. atle, hail I
aUTo-, self; and VOflOf, law, from JlfflOjllll, imper. sing. of auere, to fare well.
I sway, VE/"<I', to distribute. Avenge. (F.-L.) O. F. avC1tgier, to
autopsy, personal inspection. (Gk.) avenge. - F. a (L. ad), to; vmgier , to
Gk. aUTo"',a, a seeing with one's own eyes. avenge, from L. ttindiciire, to lay claim
-Gk. aUTo-, self; i¥1f, sight (see Optic). to, also, to avenge. See Vindicate.
Auto-da-fe. (Port. -L.) Lit.' decree Aventail, the mouth-piece of a visor.
of faith;' a judgment of the Inquisition, (F. -L. ) A. F. aventaille ; O.F. esven/ail,
also, the execution of such judgment, when air-hole. - O.F. esventer, to expose to a ir. -
the decree or sentence is read to the L. ex, out ; tlentus, wind. See Ventail.
victims. - Port. alita, action, decree; da, Avenue. (F. -L.) F.avenue, advenue,
short for de a, of the ;/t, faith. [The Span. access; hence an approach to a house (esp.
form is ateto de p, without the article one shaded by trees) ; fem. of avenlt, pp. of
la = Port. a.] - L. actum, ace. of actus, F. avenir, to come to. - L . ad, to ; uenire,
act, deed ; de, prep.; iIla, fem . of iIle, he; to come.
fidem, acc. of pdes, faith. Aver . .(F . -L.) A.F. andO.F.averer.
Autumn. (F.-L.) M.E. autumpne. _ Late L. aueriire, adueriire, to affirm to
- O.F . aNtompne. - L . autumnus, attclum- be true. - L. ad, to; uerus, true.
ntis, autumn. I, Perhaps allied to aug ere, Average, an eq)la~estim ate. (F.)
to increase.) F ormerly a duty; tax, im post; then, an
Auziliary. (L.) L. auxiliiiritts, extra charge on goods, the incid ~nce of
32
 AVERT AWKWARD
iuch a charge, the general estimate or ledge, recognise. - L. ad, to; 1I0U71'C, to
apportionment of loss of goods, &c. call. ~ Another M. E. avowm, to bind
Formed, with suffix -age, from F. avar-ie, with a vow, to vow, is obsolete; see Vow.
now usually' damage' (cc. Span. averia, Doublet, aVlntdl (above) .
haben'a,' the custom paid for goods that Await. (F.-L. alldO. H. G.) o. F.
are exported' (Pineda), Port. and Ita!' awaitier, agaitier, to wait for. - O. F. a
avaria, Late L. avaria, averia). A ( = L. ad) , for; waitier, to wait, from
Mediterranean maritime term, orig. signify- O. H . G. wahtbl, to watch, from the sb.
ing' duty charged on goods' (G. P. Marsh, wahta (G. 1vacht), a watching. See Wait.
in N. E. D.). Origin unknown; perhaps Awake. Awaken. (E. ) M. E.
from Ita!' avere, havere, goods, chattels awakien, awaken j and awak,wI, awake-
(F. avoir), a sb. use of have1'c, haver (L. nm; both orig. intransitive. Two A. S.
habere), to possess. ~ Not from Arab. verbs nre cC'nfused; a1i'acia1l, wk. vb.:
'avar, damage, which is borrowed from and OIIWama1t, with wk. pres. t., but
ltn!. avaria, in a late sense. strong pt. t. ol/woe, pp. O1twaee1l. The
Avert. (L.) L. a-ueriere, to turn away. prefix is either A- (2) or A - (4). See
- L. ii (= ab), off, nway; uertere, to turn. Wake, Waken.
Der. averse, fro m L. pp. iiuersus. Award. vb. (F.-L. alld O. Low G.)
Aviary. (L.) L. auia1-ium, a place M. E. mvardm. - A. F. awarder; O. F.
for birds; neut. of adj. auiiirius, belonging eS1lJardu', esgardcr, to examine, adjudge. -
to birds. - L aui-, stem of attis, a bird. O. F. es· (= L. ex), out j O. F. 7IJarder, to
Avidity. (F. - L ) F. avidiN, greedi- ward, guard, from O. Low G., ns in O. Sax.
ness, eagerness.-L. auiditatem, ace. of ward5n (cf. G. wartm), to watch, gnard.
auiditiis, eagerness.-L. auidtts, greedy, See Ward, Guard.
desirous. -L. auert, to crnve. Aware. (E. ) A corruption of M. E.
Avocation. (L.) From L. auoca- iwar, ywar, aware (common) ; from A. S.
#omm, ncc. of atlocatio, a calling nwayof gewar, aware. - A. S. ge-, a common
the attention, hence a diversion, amuse- prefix, not altering the sense j 1uar, ware,
ment j afterwards used in the sense of wary j see Wary.
employment. - L. auocalus, pp. of ii-uo(iire, Away. (E.) For OIL way, i. e. on
to call away. _ L. a (~ ab), from, away j one's wny, so as to depart. A. S. 011weg,
uocare, to call. See Vocation. away. See Way.
Avoid. to shun. (F.-L.) M. E. Awe. (Scand.) M. E. a;e, aghe, awe.
atloiden (= avoidm), to empty, empty out, (Also ~e, (glu, C)le; all orig. dissyllabic.
get rid of j later, to keep away from, shun. The latter set are from A. S. ege, awe. ] -
- O. F. uvuidier, to empty out, ~et quit lcel. ap, awe, fear; DaD. ave. +A. S. ege ;
of. - O. F. u-, prefix (L. ex, out); and Goth. agis, fear, angnish; Irish eagal,
O. F. vuit, v uide (F. vide), empty, void. fear, lerror; Gk. axo~, anguish, affliction.
See Void. (4/ AGH.) Der. awful.
Avoirdu]?ois. (F. - L.) Formerly Awkward. clumsy. (Scand. and E.)
avoir de POlS (Anglo.F. aveir de peis), Orig. aD adv., signifying 'transversely,' or
goods of weight, i. e. heavy articles. - F. 'in a backhanded manner.' M. E. awk-
avoir, goods, orig. ' to have j ' de, of j ward, awkwarl; 'atlkwart he couth him
O .F. pois,A.F.peis, weight.-L.hablre, ta' = he gave him a backhanded stroke,
to have; de, of; pensum, that which is Wallace, iii. 175. 13. The suffix -11'ardis
weighed out, neut. of pmsus, pp. of pen- E., as in jor-1IJard, ott-ward, &c. The
dere, to weigh. ~ The F. pois is now prefix is M. E. auk, awk, contrary, perverse,
misspelt poids. See Poise. wrong; this is a contraction of Ice!. ojug-
Avouch. (F. -L. ) M.E. avotlchen. [Swed. ajvltg, in WidegrenJ, like hawk
- O. F. avochier, to call upon as guarantor from A. S. hajoc. - lcel. JJft4gr, often con-
(Godefroy).-L. aduocare, to call to or tracted to ojgrt, adj., turning the wrong
summon (a witness).-L. ad, to; uocare, way, back foremost, contrary. y. Here
to call. Cf. Vouch. oj- is for aj- , off, from, away; and -teg- is
avow. to confess, to declare openly. a suffix. Cf. O. H . G. ap,u!l, M. H . G. eb-
(F.-L.) M.E. avowen. -O.F . avouer, idl, turned away, perverse; from apa=
avoer. -L.aduocare,tocallupon;Med.L. , G. aI>, off, away, and the suffix -II . S.
to call on as pntron or client, to acknow- I Thus the ~en se of aWN is ' tllrned away' ;
33
 AWL BABE
{rom lcel. aj-, cognate with E. of, off, old edd. of Shak., /!cc. Origin uncertain;
Gk. aTTO. perhaps a variant of Yea.
Awl. (E.) M.E .aw~/,au/[wealsofind Ayah, a native waiting.maid, in India.
ai, el]. A. S. awel, awul; perhaps cog- (Port. - L.) Port. aia, a nurse, governess
nate with L. aciil~us, a sting, spine, allied (fern. of aio, a tutor). Prob. from L. auia,
to L. aeus, a needle. ~ The A. S. al or a grandmother. - L. a,lms, a grandfather.
/11, an awl, seems to be a dis tinct word, Aye, adv., ever. (Sc.'lnd.) M. E. ay. -
and allied to lcel. aIr; G. ahle; Skt. ani Icel. ei, ever.+A. S. a, ever, also awa;
(Kluge). Goth. aiw, ever, case-forms from Teut.
Awn. (E. ) M. E. agune ( 13th cent. ), *aiwoz (Goth. aiws) , an age, which is
awene, awne. A. S. pI. agnan, Corp. Gl. allied, t~ ~ ', a!UUTII, Gk. ruwv, an age. Cf.
+ Ice!. iign, chaff, a husk; Dan. avne, Gk. alft, afl, ever.
chaff; Swed. agn, only in pI. ag,zar, Aye-Aye, a kind of lemur. (F . - Mada-
husks; Goth. a/lana; O. H. G. agana, gascaL) F. aye-aye, supp. to Littre.
chaff. Cf. Gk. pI. axvot, chaff; O. L. From the native name ai-ay in Madagas-
ag1lf1, a straw. car; said to be named from its cry.
Awning. (0. F.? ) In Sir T. Herbert's Azimuth. (Arab.) A zimuthal circles
Travels, ea. 1665, p. 8; the proper sense are great circles on the sphere that pass
seems to be 'a sailor tarpauling spread through the zenith. Properly, azimuth is
above a ship's deck, to keep off the sun's a pI. form, answering to Arab. as-samiit,
heat.' Perhaps from O. F. auvan, auvant, ways, or points lor quarters) of the horizon;
mod. F. aI/vent, 'a pent·house of cloth from al samt, 5ing., the way, or po int (or
before a shop-window;' Cot. Cf. Provo quarter) of the horizon. - Arab. ai, the;
anvalt, Late L. altlevallna, auvamta, and samt, a way, quarter, direction; whence
ava,wa . Perhaps from L. ante, before; also E. zenith. See Zenith.
lIanmtS, a fan (fern. sb. l. Azote, nitrogen. (F.-Gk.) Socalled
Awry. (E.) For Olt wry, on the twist; because destructive to animal life. - F.
Barbour, Bruce, iv. 705. See Wry. azote. - Gk. a-, negative prefix; (w'Ttlc6$,
Axe, Ax. (E.) M. E. ax, ex. A. S. ax, preserving life, from (w·~, life, 'aEtv, to
older fo rms aeus, acus. + Du. aaks; Ice). live.
ox , ox;; Swed. yxa; Dan. oxe; Goth. Azure, blue. (F . -Arab.-Pers.) M . E.
akw;zi ; O. H . G. aeelms; G. axt; L. aseia asttr , azure. - O. F. azur, azure; a cor-
(if for *aeseia ) ; Gk. ti[iv~ . rupted form, standing for lazllr, which was
Axiom. (Gk. ) XV cent. - Gk. a(iwJloo mistaken for I'azur, as if the initial I
(gen. ti[tWJ1.'1.TOS), worth, quality.; in science, indicated the def. article; Low L. lazur,
an assumption. - Gk. a,t';W, I deem worthy. an azm e·colomed stone, also call ed lapis
- Gk . ",LOS, worthy, worth, lit. 'weighing lazuli. -Arab . ltizward (see Del'ic) . - Pers.
as mu ch as.' - Gk. cl)'EtV, to dri"e ; also, to ltijulIJard, lapis lazuli, a hlue colour. So
weigh. (.vAG.) called from the mines of Lajwurd , where
Axis, axle. (L.) L. axis, an axis, axle- the lapis lazuli was found ( Marco Polo,
tree. + Gk. a!wv; Skl. aks/la, an axle, ed . Ville).
wheel, cart. Cf. also A. S. tax, an axle;
Du. as; G. aellse; Russ. os'; Lith. aszis.
(.vAG, to drive.) See below. B
axle. (Scand.) M. E. axel. [A. S. has
eaxl, bu t ollly with the 5euse of shoulder.] Baa, to bl eat. (E. ) In Shak.; an imita-
- Ice!. o'x u ll, axis ; when ~e oXlll-tre, an tive word .
axle- tree ; Swed. and Dall. axel, axl e. Babble. (E.) M. E. babdell, to prate,
/3. It is a dimin. of the form appearing mum ble, chatter. Th e suffix ·Ie is fre-
in 1,. ax is ; see Axis. C f. \\' . eelul, axle. gl1entative; the word means ' to keep on
D er . axle· I ra , where tree is a bl ock of saying ba, ba,' syllables imitati ve of a ch ilcl's
wood. attempts to speak .+ Du. /labbe/CIl; Dan.
Ay! in terj. (E. ) M. E. ey! A natural bable ; IceL baMla ; (;. bappel.. ; ~nd cf. F .
interjection. ~ The phr. ay me is Fren ch; babiller.
O. F. ayllli, alas for me! Cf. ltaL ahilllf , Babe. (E. ) M. E. /Jab, ea rliest forn.
Span . ay di me, Gk. otJloOt. See Ah. /laball . ProbaLlydue to infa ntile utterance;
Ay, Aye, yea, yes. (E.?) Spelt I in ! cf. Babble.
34
 BABIRUSA, BAB I ROUSSA BAIRN
Babirusa, Babiroussa, a kind of Hen. VIII, an. 5. To baff/lll is' a great
wild hog. (Malay.) Malay Mbt ntsa, reproach among the Scotle~'; it means to
lit. ' deer-hog,' or 'hog like a deer'; from disgrace, vilify. cr. Lowland Sc. bauch/e
rttsa, deer, and babi, hog. (XV cent. bach/e), to vilify. Origin doubt-
Baboon. (F. or Low L.) O. F . babui1l, ful; but cf. F . bejJler, to deceive, mock
F. baborti1t; we also fi nd M. E. habioll, (Cot.), bafouer (Cot. baffouer, to baffie,
babia1l, babewine; Low L. babew)'1tus, a revile, disgrace) ; allied to Ital. be.ffare, to
baboon (A. D, 1295) ' Origin ullcertain. lIout, scoffe (Florio), from bcjfa, a scoff;
Cf. O. F. babou, a grimace (Codefroy). Norman F. baffir, to slap in the face;
1'rob. from the motion of the lips. Cf. Provo bafa, a scoff. Prob. from M. H. G .
Babble. b~(fm, to scold; cf. G. biiffm, Du. baffin,
Ba.ccha.na.l. (L.-Ck.) L.BacdullIlllis, to bark, yelp ; of imitative origin, like
a worshipper of Bacchus, god of wine. - Du. paf, a pop, a box on the ear.
Ck. BaItXo~, god of wine. Bag. (Scand.) M. E. bagge. - Icel. baggi,
Bachelor. (F. -L.) M. E. bacheler. - O. Swed. bagge, a bag, pack, bundle. Not
0 . 1<'. bache/cr . - Late L. *baccaltiris, bnt found elsewhere in Teutonic. (Gael. bagis
only found ~ baccalarius, a holder of a from E.)
small farm or estate, called in Late L. bagatelle, a trille, a game. (F. - Ita\.
baccalaria . Remoler origin unknown, and - Teu t. ) F. bagatelle, a trifle. -Ital. bagat-
much disputed. Hardly from Late L. lelia. a tritle, dimin. of Parmesan bagata,
bacca, for L. uaaa, a cow. a little property; from Lombard baga,
Back. ~ E.) 1\1. E. bak. A. S. bo?C.+ a wine-skin, of Teut. origin; see Ba.g,
Ieel. bak; O. Sax. bak; O. Fries. bek. baggage (I ) .
Der. a ·back, q. v.; back-Mte, M. E. bak- baggage ( 1" luggage. ; F .- Scand.)
bitClt (P. PI. B. ii. 80 ) ; bark-ward, M. E. M . E.oaggage, bag age. - O.F.bogage, acol-
bac7tJard (Cursor Mundi, 2042 ) . lection of bundles. - O. F . bague, a bundle.
baclatammon, a game. (E.) In baggage (2) , a worthless woman. (F.
Butler's Rudibras, pt. iii. C. 2. The sense - Scand.) The same as Baggage ( 1) , in a
is • back-game,' bem use the pieces, when depraved sense. Perhaps inlluenced by F .
taken , are put !Jack. See gammon ( 2). bagasse,' a baggage, quean,' Cot.; Ital.
Bacon. (F. - Teu!. ) M. E. bacon. - O. F. bagascia,' a baggage-wench;' Florio.
baeo,,; Low L. baco. - O. H . G. bacha, Bail ( I ), security; as verb, to secure.
M. H. G. bach~, !Jutlock, ham, a tlitch of ( F. -L. ) O. F. bail, s. custody; from
bacon. Cf. C . bache, a wild sow; M. Du. bailler, a law term, to s!cure, to keep in
bak, a pig; M. Dan. bakke, a pig. custody. -L. biiiuliire, to carry a child
Bad. ( E.) M. E. badde . Formed from about, to take charge of a child. - L.
A. S. baddel, s., a hermaphrodite; and baiulus, a porter, carrier.
allied tu A. S. b,edlillg, an effemina te ba.ili1f. (F . - L.) M. E. hai/if. - O. F.
man. baillif, Cot. - Late L. baJitlivum, ace. of
Badge. (Unknown. ) M.E . bage; Prompt. bajulivus, a custodian, &c. - L. Miulare
Parv. Low L. bagia, bagea, • signum , in- (above).
signe quoddam;' Ducangc; apparently, bailiwick. (F . - L.; a1ld E .) From
a Latin version of the E. word. Origin M. E. baili, short for bailif (above) ; and
unknown. M. E. wik, A. S. 7IJic, a district; hence,
bad~er. (Unknown.) Spelt bageard 'district of a bailiff;' later, • office' of the
in Sir 'J . More; a nickname for the brock. same.
Dr. Murrnyshews that badger = animal with Bail ( 2), a bucket. See Bale (3).
a badge or stripe. See above. Bail (3), at cricket. (F. - L.l) O. F. bail,
Badinage, jesting talk. (F.- Prov. - an iron·pointed stake; Godefroy adds that
L.) F. badi1lage. - F . badi1ter, to jest. - • ill the arrondissements of Vervins and
F. badin, adj., jesting. - ProVo bader (= F. Avesnes, bail is the name of a horizontal
bayer), lit. to gape ; hence, to be silly. - piece of wood fixed upon two Slakes.'
Late L. hadare. to gape; prob.of imitative Perhaps from L. baml1l1Jl, a stick.
origin, from ba, expressive of opening the ( Doubtful.)
mouth. Cf. Babble. Bairn, a child. (E.) M . E. barn. A. S.
Ba.1Ile, to foil , disgrace. (F . ?-G.?) A bearn. + Icel., Swed., Dan., and Goth .
Scotch word, as explained in Hall's Chron. barn. Lit.' that which is born;' Teul.
35
 BAIT BALLAST
type */,an .om, neut. sb., from bar, 2nd Ba.lderdash, poor stuff. (Seand.1) It
grade of /I(r-an, to hear; with suffix -110-. formerl y meant a jumbled mixture of
See Bear ( I) . liquors. Cf. Dan. balder, noise, clatter ;
Bait, to feed. (Scane\.) Lit.' to make and daske, to slar, lIap. Hence it appears
to bite;' a bait is ' an enticement to bite.' (like slap-dash ) to have meant a confused
~L E. baitm, bdtm. - Ice!. beita, to make noise; secondarily a hodge- podge (Halli-
to bi te, causal of /lita, to bite; Swed. beta, well) ; and generally, any mixture. (Un -
to pasture; Swed. bete, Dan. b'ed, a bait. certain.)
See Bite. B aldric, a girdle. (F. - M. H . G. -
Baize, coar,e woollen stuff. (F . - L.) L.) O. F. *baldrie (not recorded ), older
An error for bay"s, pI. of F . {I(.ye, ' the form of O. F . baldret, baldrei; Low L.
clot h called baycs;' Cot. - O. F. bai , bay- baldringus. - M. H. G. baldench, a girdle;
colo ured. - L. baditts, bay. From the orig. extended from O. H. G. balz, a belt. - L.
colour. Cf. Span . bayo, bay, bayeta, balteus, a belt. See Belt.
baize ; &c. See B a.y ( r). Bale ( I), a package; see B all ( 2)_
Bake. (E. ) M.E.bakm . A.S.baean, Bale (2), evi!. (E.) M. E. bale. A.S.
pt. t. bOe, pp. bacm. + Icel. and Swed . bealtt, balu, evi\. + O. F ries. and O. S.
baka: Dan. bage ; Dl1. bakkm; G. baekClt; balu; Ice\. MI, misfortune; O. H. G.
cf. G k. c(>WYftV , to roast. (1/ BHOG. ) balo, destmction. Teut. *ba/wo1ll , neut. of
Bakshish, Backsheesh, a present, *bahooz, adj. evil; cf. Goth. balwawesei,
small gratl1ity. (Pers.) Pers. bakhsh.' s/. , wickedness. Der. bale-fu l.
a grat uity; from /laklt"hidall , to give; Bale (3), to empty water out of a ship.
baksh, a share, portion. Cf. Zend. /laks/z, (F. -Teut.) XVII cent. It means to
to distribute ; Skt. Maj, to divide. empty a ship by means of bails, i. e.
B a.lance. (F. -L. ) M. E. bala1lce. - buckets. - F. bailie, a bucket. Cf. Du.
F. balance, ' a ballance, pair of weights or balie, a tub; Swed. balj a, Dan. baIlie, G.
ballances ; ' Cot. Cf. Ital. bilalzeia. - L. balje, a tub. - L'lte Lat. *baeula (Diez),
bilallcem, ace. of bilaux, having two scales. dimin. from Du. bak, M. Du. back , a trough.
_ L. />i-, for bis , double, twice; and la1tx, Ba.lk (I ), a beam, ridge of land. (E.)
a cli,;h, phtter, scale of a balance. M. E. balke. A. S. balea, a ridge, heap;
Balas-ruby, a variety of ruby, of a which explains balked = laid in heaps,
pale rose-red or orange colour. (F. - 1 Hen. IV, i. I. 69. + O. Sax. balko, a
Low L. - Arab. - Pers. ) Formerly balais. beam; D u. balk, a beam, bar; Swed. ball:,
_ F. balais; Med. L . balascus, balascius. - a beam, partition; G. balken. Tent. stem
Arab. balaMsh, a rnby (Devic ). - Pers. *balkolt-, a bar. Cf. Phalanx.
badakhshi, a ru by ; named from lladakh- ba.lk ( 2), ba.ulk, to hinder. (E .)
shan, N. of the river Amoo (Oxus). M. E. balken. T o put a balk or bar in a
Balcony. (Ital. - Tent.) Ital. ba/colle, man's way.
palcone, orig. a stage. - O. H . G. balclto, a Ball ( I) , a spherical body. (F. -
beam. + 0. Sax. balko, a beam. See Balk( I). O. H . G .) M. E. bal, ba/le. - F. balle. -
Ba.ld. (C. ) M. E. balled; the orig. M. H. G. balle, O . H. G. ballo (G. ball),
+
sense was ' shining, white,' as in 'bald- a ball, sphere. Ice!. biilb·.
facet/stag,' a stag with a white streak on bale ( I ), a package. (F . -O. H . G.)
its face; cf. provo E. ball , a white-faced M. E. bale. - F. bale, a ball, also a pack ,
horse. - Gael. and Irish bal, ball, a spot, as of merchandise; Cot. The same as F.
mark, speckle (properly a white spot or balle, a ball; hence, a ronnd package.
streak) ; Bret. bal, a white streak on nn Ball ( 2), a dance. (F. -Late L.) F.
animal's face; W. bali, whiteness in a bal. _ F. baller, to dance. - Late L. ballare,
horse's forehead. Cf. Gk. qxlAws , white, to dance.+ Gk. j3aAAi(flV, to dance.
cpaAfll<p6s, bald -headed; Lith.baltas, white. balla.d. (F. -Prov.-Late L. ) M. E.
Balda.chin ( pronounced haoldakin or balade. -0. F . oalade ; F. ballatk. - P rovo
breldakin), a canopy over an altar, throne, balada, a song for dancing to.-Late L.
&c. (F. or Ital. - Arab.) F. baldaquin ; ballare, to dance.
Ita!. baldaakino, a canopy, tester, orig Ballut, a load to steady a ship. (Scand.
hanging. or tapestry made at Bagdad. - or O. Low G.) Thr~e forms are found:
Ita!. Baldaao, Bagdad. _ Arah. Baghdad, (I) O. Dan. oar/ast, I.e. bare load, mere
Ragda!\. i weight, Swed. bar/asl; ( 2) O. Low G.

36
 BALLET BANG
ballast, I. e. 'bale last,' useles. load, Du., i L.jJlIl<I, a rumour. (.v HHA.) llru~lII .
I
Dan., E. Fries. ballast; (3) Dan. bag· last, i. § 559.
i. e. back load. Of these. ( 3) seems due to Banana, the plantain-tree. (Span .)
p opular etymology ; and (2) arose out of Span . ballam" fruit of the banal/o; said to
( I). See Last (4) ; also B are , Bale ( 2), be of African origin (from Guinea).
Back. Cf. M. Du . bal-daedt, evil deed Band (I) , Bond. (Scand.) M. E .
(Hexham ) . baud; variant, bond. - Ice!. band; Swed.
Ballet. (F. - Late L.) F . ballet, dimin. band; Dan. baalld ; cf. Du. and G. band.
of bal, a dance. See Ball (2 ). Teut. *ba1Idom, n.; from band·, 2nd grade
Ba.lloon, a large ball. (F. - O. H . G. ) of bi1ld-all, to bind; ~e Bind. Allied to
Formerly balooll, a ball used in a game like A. S. bm", Goth. bam/i, a bnnd. Cf. Skt.
football; (also ba/lolle, from Ital. ballolte, balldha, a binding. Der. band· age (F .
in Florio) . - O. F. balolt, 'a little ball, or baltdage); band· box ; batrdog, q. v.
pack; afootbaUorbaloon;' Cot. Mod. band ( 2) , a company of men. (F.-
F. ballolt; Span. balo11; Ital. pallone; T eut.) F . band~; Cot.; whencc G. ballde,
augmentative form of F . balle, &c., a ball. a gang, sct. - Low Lat. banda, a gnng;
See Ball ( I) . allied to Low L balldulII, a banner. See
ba.llot. (Ita1. -0. H. G. ) Ital. ballot- Banner and Bind .
tare, 'to cast lots with bullets, as they Bandann a , a silk handkerchief with
vse in Venice;' Florio. - Ital. brrllotla, a white ;pots. (Hind .) Hind. bi;lIdhnii, 'a
little ball used for voting; dimin. of Ital. mode of dyeing in which th e cloth is tied
balla, a ball. See Ball ( I ). in different places, to prevent th e parts tied
B alm. (F. - L. - Gk.) A modified from receivin g tbe dye ... a kind of ~i lk
spelling; M. E. basllle, bame, baullle. - cloth;' Shakespear's Hind. Dict.
O. F. baslllt . - L. balsa1l1wlI. - Gk. {3uAua- B andicoot, a large lndian rat. (Telugu. ~
p.ov, fragrant resin of thc {3aAuap.o< , or Tclugu pa1ldi-kokkll, lit. pig-rat (Yule) .-
balsam-tree. Prob. Semitic; cf. H cb. Tel. pa1ldi, a pig, kokktt. a rat.
Msam, balsam. B an dit. (lt a1.- 0 . H. G. ) In Sh.-
balsam. (L. - Gk.) L. balsa1l/ulII ; ltal. bandito, outlawed, pp. of bandi1-e, to
as aboye. proscribe. - Low L. bamrln, to proclaim.
Baluster, a rail of a staircase, small - O. H. G . bannatl. to summon; whence
column. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) F . bahlS- O . H. G . ban, cognate with E . ban.
tre; baltlStres, 'ballisters, little, round , B an dog, a large dog. (E.) Orig.
and short pillars, ranked on the ou tsides of ballddog, a dog that is tied lip. See
cloisters, terraces,' &c. ; Cot. - Ital. balates.. ,' Prom pt. l'arv. p. 43. See Band ( I ).
Iro, a baluster ; so called from a fancied Bandy, t o beat to and fro, contend.
resemblance to the Rower of the wild iF. - T ellt. Orig. to balld (Turtervile).-
pomegranate. - Ital. balattsto, balattstm , F . bauder, 'to bind; also, to ball die, at
the Rower of the pom egranate . - L. balaus- tcn nis ;' Cot. Se ba1rder, to lengue against.
lill1ll. - Gk. {3aAavuTtov, the flower of thc - F. balld..-, a band; see Band (2).
wild pomegranate. Der. balltstr-ade, F. bandy-leg ged, bow·legg(d. ( F.-
balustrad., from Ital.balallsfrata, furnished Tcut. and Scand.) Prob. from batldy, for-
with balusters. merly tbe name of a bent stick for playing
B amboo. (Malay - Canarese.) XVI a game ca lled bandy, in which a ball was
cent. Malay oambrf. - Canarese banbu, bam/ied about. See above.
or bmlwu, bamboo. Bane, harm. (E.) A . S. batra, a mur-
Bamboozl e. to hoax. (Unknown.) derer, banc.+O. Sax. and O. H. G . bano;
Ban , a proclamation. (E.) Chiefly in Ice\. ba1ri, Dan. and Swed. batte, death ,
the pI. banlts (of marriage) . M. E. ban. murder. Teut. stem *bal1on -, m. Cf. Goth.
A. S. gebtltm, a proclamation (the prefix baltja, a wound. D er. /1a1u-fttl.
g~- making no difference). Cf. A . S. aban- Bang ( I ), to beat. (Scand. ) In Sh.
nan, to summon, order out. Influenced - leel. ballga, Dan. ballke, to beat; O.
by O. F . ban, of G . origin (as below). + Swed. b!illg , Ice\. bang, a hammering. cr.
Du. bmt, excommunication; Ice!. and G. bmgel, a cudgel.
Swed. bmm, Dan. band, O. H. G. ban, a Bang (2), a narcotic dnlg. (Pers. -
ban. All from T eut. strong vb. *ba1lIZQIl- , I Skt.) Pers. ball;;. - SkI. bha1lga, hemp; the
to proclaim; a. ill O. H. G. bannan. Cf. , dntg bciul,; madc from the wild hemp.
37
 BANGLE BARBAROUS
Bangle, n kin d of bracelet. ( H ind .) M. H . G. /)all(, a bencb , table; sec bank
lli nd. /langl'l, a b racelet, bangle. tH o I-l. ( 2).
Wil son.) Banshee, a fem ale spirit su pposed to
Banian; sec Banyan. warn families of a death. (C. Gael.
Banish. (F. - 0. H. G.) M. E. batiis. beansllith , a banshee, from Gael. llean , a
shen. - O . F. banis-, stem of pres. part. of woman; sitlz , a fairy ; O. Iri sh ban -side,
baniI', bantlir, to proscribe. - Low L. ban- fairi es ( Windi sch, S. v. side), from O .Ir.
nire, to proclaim; see Bandit. ben ( = E. quean ), a woman, side, fai ries.
Ba.nisters; a corru ption of Balusters . Bantam. (Java. ) A fowl from Bal/ tam ,
Ba.njo, a six-stringed musical instru- in Java.
ment. \ l tal.-Gk.) A negro corruption Ba.nter, raillery. (Unknown.)
of bmtdo re, balldorn, or patu{ore. - I tal. Bantling, an infant. (G. ?) Prob.
pandora , a musical instrument, usually considered as bal/d-ling, one wrapped in
with three strings. - Gk. -rravoovpa, the swaddling bands; with double dimin.
same. Perhaps of Egypt. orig. suffix -t-itlg; hut really no adaptation of
Ba.nk (1) , a mound of earth. (Scand .) G. bii"k/i1lg (with the same sense as batlk-
M. E. banke. - O. Scand. *ballke, orig. art), an illegitimate child; from batIk, a
form of Icel. bakki, ridge, eminence, bank bench; i. e. 'a child begotten on a bench ,'
of a river ; cf. Dan. bak!..·e, Swed . backe, not in the marriage-bed (Malll\). Cf.
hank; whence also Norman F. banque, a bank (2).
bank. Teut. stem *bankOtl-. Cf. O. Sax. Banya.n, a tree. (Port.-Skt.) An
and Du. bank, O . H. G. bandt, A. S. betIC, English, not a native nam e for the tree. So
a bench (see B ench). called because used as a market-place for
ba.nk ( 2), for money. (F. - Teut.) F . merchants or 'bannyans,' as we termed
I>anque, a money-changer's table or bench. them; see Sir T. Herbert, Travels, ed.
-M. Du. banck, M. H .G. batlC, a bench, 1665,PP.51 , 123. -Port.ba1liall,anlndian
table. See above. merchant. - Skt. bant/, a merchant.
bankrupt. (F. - Ital. - Tent. ami Ba.oba.b, a tree. (African. ) Thc native
1,.) Modified from F. bmlquer(lute, bank - name in Seneg~1 (Adanson) .
nlptcy, by a knowledge of the relati on of Ba.ptise, Baptize. (F . -L.- Gk.)
th e word to L. rttpttlS, broken. - Ital. b(11lca Formerly baptise; M. E. baptism . - O. F.
l'ot/a, a broken bank, due to the money- baptiser. - L. baptiziire. - Gk. flmrriC .. v ;
changer's failure. - M. H. G. bane, a bench from fl/urTftV, to dip. Der. baptist Gk.
(see above); and L. rupta, fern. of ,'uP/us, flaTTTt(!T~S, a dipper; baptism, Gk. flJ TTTIU'
pp. of rtlmpere, to break. pn , fl6.1r'T1UfIOS, a dipping.
Banner. (F .-Tell!' ) M . E. b(mere. Ba.r, a rail. ( F.-LateL.) M.E. barre.
-0. F. bamre (Sllpp. to Godefroy , s. v. - 0 . F. ba,·rc. - Late L. barra, a bar.
bmtiere) , also bam ere. - Low L. *battdiiria Ba.rb ( I ) , hook on an arrow . (F.-L. )
tD lI callge gives balldlria ), a banner. - Low F. barbe. - L. barba , a beard . Hence O. F.
L. bandulIl , bannum, a standard . From jleS(he ba,'belte, 'a bearded or barbed
a Tellt. (Langobardic) source; cf. Goth. arrow;' Cot. See B eard .
Ooni7l1a , a sign, token. 'Uexi11um, quod barbel, a fish. (F . -L.) M. E. bat··
ba11du1Il appellant;' Paulus, de Gut is belle. - O . F. barbel. - F. barbeau. - L. bar-
J.angob. i. 20. Prob. allied to Band (I ) bdlus, dimin . of barbus, a barbel. - L.
and Band (2). barba, a beard. ~ Named from four
banneret, orig. a knight wh o had beard-like appendages near the mouth.
men under his own banner. (F . -Teut.) barber. ( F.- L.) M. E . barbour.-
M.E.banerd. - O . F.balleret (F . banmret) ; A. F . barbour, with sllffix -our = Lat. acc.
lit. ' bannered .' - O. F.bamre (above) ; with -atorem ; cf. O. F. barbier, a barber.
suffix -et = L. pp. -iitus. - F. barbe, a beard ; from L. barba,
Be.nnock, a cake. (C.-L.?) Gael. beard.
bamtaelz , a cake. Perhaps from L. patti- Ba.rb ( 2) , a horse. ( F . - Barbary.) F.
d u m, a t hing baked ; from piini-s , bread. barbe, a Barbary horse; named from the
Ba.nns, pI. of Ban, q. V. country.
Banquet. (F.-ItaL-Teut.) F.bOll- Ba.rba.rous. (L.-Gk) L. barbarou s ;
qUe! . -hai. balldletto (Torriano), a feast ; with suffix -OtiS. - Gk. flap'3n p' s. foreign .
also a bench; dimin . of batuo, a bench . - lit. stammering; a name given by Greeks
38
 BARBED BARRATOR

languages. Cf. L. "al/lUs, stamm ering.

I
to express the strange sou nd of foreign for storing. A. S. IXrll is fur *rall(ll\
cognate with Ice!. ra1llt ; see B an sack.
Ba.rbed, accoutred, armed; said of l Ba.rm ( I ), yeast. (E .) M. E. bel'lllc.
+
horses. (F. - Scand.?) Also (more cor- A: S. bcor1lla:. Low G. bal/II ; Swed.
rectl y), ba,·d~d. - F. bardt, ' barbed as a Imrma ; G. bamu . T eut stem *benlloll- ;
horse,' Cot. - F. ba.-de, horse-arm our. _ ! perhaps allied to Ferment.
I cel. bar~, a brim, edge; also, a beak i Barm ( 2), the lap. (E. ) M. E . bar1Jl .
or armed prow of a warsh ip (cf. bartJt', a I A. S. bean ll, Inp, bosom.+ O. Sax. , Swed.,
shield) ; whence it may have been applied , Dan. barm; I ce1. barmr; Goth. barms.
to horses (Diez). i T ell t. type *barllloz; fr om har -, 2nd grade
Barbel, Bal'ber; see Barb ( I ). : of hcr-an, to bear ; see Bear ( I) .
Ba.rberry, Berberry, a shrub. I Barn. (E.) See Barley.
(Med. L.) f 'rom Med. L. oarbm-is, a bar- ' Barnacle (I ), a kind of goose. ( 1'. -
I
berry-tree ; of unknown origin. Hence Med. L. ~ Di min. from F . bema que (Cot.) ;
also M. F. berb~ris, Sp. berben's, and even Med . 1.. "enlam. 'Ben lncff, nnes aucis
mod . Arab. ba,·biiris. ~ The spelling I palustribus similes ; ' Ducange. Used by
should be berbery or baroary; no con- : Giraldus Cambrensis. Cf. Port. bC1'11ara,
nexion with oeny. I berllaeha ; Span. bemic/a (Neuman). (See
Ba.rbican. (F.) M. E . barbialll. - F . Max Miill er, Lectures, 2nd Series.)
oarbaealle, a barbican or outwork of a barnacle (2 ), a sort of ~ h ell-fi sh . (F.
castle; also, a loop-hole ; al so, an outlet ' - Med. L. ) The same as Barnacle ( I ).
for water. Hardly from Arab. bar bakh, See N . E. D.; and Max Miiller, Lect. on
an aqueduct, a.sewer (Devic). i Science of Language, ed. 7, ii. 583.
Ba.rd. (C.) v.'. bardd, Irish and Barnacles, spectacles , orig. irons pllt
Gael. bm-d, a poet. Cf. Gk. ",paCftV, to ' on the noses of horses to keep them quiet.
sJ'Cak. I (F. ) The sense of ' spect acl es ' is late.
Ba.re. (E.) M. E. oar. A. S. blXr. +' and due to a hum orous allusion. M. E. ber-
I ce!. ben' ; G. bar, bam'. Teut. type ! Ilak , dimin. Ilerna/cill. ' fia'Ilak for hor"
*bazoz ; cf. Lith. b(uas, O. Slav. oost';, ! hem aNll, C hamu s' (i. e. L. t"a1J/us) ; Plompl.
barefooted. Par\,. We find oemac in A . F. (in an
Ba.rgain. (F. - Late L.) M. E. bar- Eng. MS.) ; Wrigh t's Vocah. i. 100, I. 3.
g ay", sb.-O. r·. h(l1'ga igfti~r, hargenir, to O :'igin unkn own.
chaffer. -Late L. oarciilliii1'e, to change Barometer, an instrument for measur-
about. Remoter origin unknown . ing the weight of the air. (Gk. ) Gk. f3opo- ,
Ba.rge. (F. -Late L. - C. ?) M. E.l>al6"c. for /3apo< , weigh t; and J-Il-rpov , a measure;
- F. barge. - Late L. barga, variant of see Metre.
harm ; see Bark ( I). Ba.ron, a title. (F . -Late L. ) M. E.
ba.rk ( I ) , barque. (F.-Lale L.- baroll . -F. baroll ; older form 0(1", nom.
C. ?) Bark is an E. spelling of F. barque, (Prov. bm'), the suffix -Oil marking the acc.
n little ship. - Late L. ba."Ca, a sort of ship case (Diez ). Cf. Ital. ba"oll~, Sp. vm'Oll,
or large boat, a lighter. Perhaps of Celtic P ort. 1Ja,·iio.-Late L. ba.·o, acc. -omm, a
origin (Thumeysen). -0. Irish barc (fern . man , a mal e. Origin unknown .
a -stem) , a bark. Ba.rouche, a carriage. (G. -Ital.-L.)
Ba.rk ( 2) , the rind of a tree. (Scand.) G. harutsehe. - Ital. baroccio, oi,wcio, a
M. E . ba,·k. - Swed. bark; Dan. bark ; ch ariot, orig. a two-wheeled ear.-L. bi-
l cel. bOrkr . T eut. type *ba rku z. ,-olm , two-wheeled; with suffix -orrio
Bark (3) , to yelp as a dog. (E. ) M. E. assimilated to that of earr-orrio, a chariot
berkm . - A. S. oeoreall, to bark. Cf. Ieel. (D iez\. - L. bi- , double; and "ora , a wh eel.
o("kja, A. S. borciml, to bark. P erhaps Barracks. (F. - Ita!. ) F . bamqtle.
of imitative origin. - Ital. bam a a , a tent for soldiers; cf. Sp.
Barley. (E. ) M.E.barH. -A.S. bt1!rlic. han ·am. Prob. connected with Late L.
Cf. A. S. be" f, barley (Low!. Sc. bear) ; and barra , a har, pale.
-/ie, for lie, likp.. Cf. also Goth. bar izeilts, Barrator, one who incites to q\larrels
made of barley; L . far, com. and lawsuits. (F. ) Formerly barratour,
barn. (E .) M. E . berm. A. S. ben t, bm-atoltr ; from M. E. bam t , deceit , strife.
contr. form of "(r-un (Luke iii. ) 7) . - - F. Imral , , cheating, deceit, guile, also
A . S. bere , barley; and ern, arft , a place a barter,' Cotgrave. Alli ed to Barter.
39
 BARREL BASK
.. Influenced by Icd. bartilla, a light, a base. - }<'. bas, m., basse, fern. - Late L . bas·
turmoil. Stll, low; the same word as L. Bassus,
BarreL (F.) M. E-{lQrtl.-O. F: (and proper name, which seems to have meant
F.) bari!. Perhaps from Late L. {>nnw, a 'stout, fat ,' rather than merely • low.'
bar, pale; from the staves of it. Bue (3), a foundation. (F.-L.-Gk.)
Barren. (F.) M.E. baraill. -A.F. M.E.bas. -F.bast.-L.basis.-Gk, IMu.s,
barai" , ·e; O. F. bre!zaillg, fern. bre· a step, a pedestal, base. - Gk. base /30' ,
Ilaillglle, baraig llc; F. brlltaiglle, sterile. to go (as in pa:" ..", to 1';0); with suffix
Of unknown origin. o(f,- (for -TI'); cf.Skt.ga·ti(s), a going, from
Barricade. (F.-Span.) }<'. barrio gam, to go. See Come.
rade. - ::ipan. barrieada, a barricade, lit. Buement, lowest floor of a building.
one made with barrels full of earth. -Span. (F. - Ital.-L. ) Appears in F. as sOtlbasst·
"arriea, a barrel. Perhaps from Span. IIlmt, the basement of a building; formed
barra, a bar; see Barrel. from SOliS, under, and ·bassmlenl, borrowed
Barrier. (F.) M. E. ban·en.-O. F. from Ital. bassammto, lit. an abasement . ..
barrere (Godefroy, s. v. basseil, ) ; }<' . bar- Ital. bassan, to lower. - Ital. basso, low.-
riere.-F. ban'er, to bar up.-F. barre, a Late L. bassus; see Base (I).
bar. See Bar. Basenet, BUD-et; see Baainet.
barrister. (Low L. ) A barbarous Bashaw; the old form of Pallha.
word; formed with suffix·isler (=Low L. Bashful. (F. and E.) For abasn-jul;
.istaritls) from the sb. bar. Spelman gives see Abash. Prob. by confusion with abase
the Low L. form as barraslirtus. and base.
Barrow (I),a burial-mound. (E.) For Basil (I ),aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F.
"ernnv (like parsoll for perSOil , &c.). basile (Snpp. to Godefroy) ; short for
M. E. "ergll, benu, a hill, mound. O. basilit; cf. F . basilie, 'herb basill;' Cot.
Merc. berg; A. S. beorg, beorn, a mountain, - L. basilimm, neut. of basiliws, royal.-
hill, mound. + O. Sax., Du. , G. bcr/{. Gr. /3aIlIAINt"" basil; neut. of /3auIAIN6s,
Teut. type *bergoz, a hill. Cf. O. Irish bri, royal. - Gk. /3auIAfvs, a king.
a mountain; Skt. brllallt, large. basilica, a large hall. (L.- Gk.) L.
Barrow (l ) ,awheel-barrow. (E. ) M.E. basilica, fern. of basilicus, royal.
barewe. - A. S. bar-, 2nd grade of ber-an , ba.silisk, a fabled serpent. (L.- Gk.)
to bear, carry. Cf. M. H. G. rade-bel', L. basiliscus.-Gk. /3auIAluIC6s, lit. royal;
wheel· barrow, from rad, wheel. also a lizard or serpent, named from a spot
Barter, to traffic. (F .) M. E . barlry,t. on the head like a crown (Pliny, viii. H ).
-0. F. bareler. barater, 'to cheat, beguile, -Gk. /3auIAfvs, a king.
also to barter;' Cot. O. F. baral, ' cheat- Basil (2), the hide of a sheep tanned.
ing, also a barter;' Cot. fJ. Of doubtful (F. - Span.- Arab.) A. F. bascy"e (LiLer
origin; perhaps Celtic (Littn!). Cf. Bret. Albus , 22s).-F. basmle, M. F. basSalle.-
barad, treachery, Irish brain, W. brad, Span. badalla,a dressedsheep-skin. -Arab.
treachery, Gael. bralll, advantage by unfair /!i{atlan. the finner J lining of a garment,
means; Irish bradac/z , Gael. "radaelt, for which basi ·leatherwasused. Cf.Amb.
thievish, roguish; W. bradll, to plot. /'a{", tbe inside.
Barton, a court-yard, manor. (E.) O. Basin. (F.-Late L. \ M. E. badll ,
Northumb. ben-1171t (Matt. iii. 11). -A. S. basitl. -0. I' . bacitl, bacllill; F. bassin.-
bewe, barley; and 'iitz, an enclosure; see Late L. baehinw, bacchintlS, a basin
Ba.rleyand Town. (Duc.). Supposed to be from Late L
Ba;rytes, in chemistry. (Gk. ) Named bacca, water-vessel (Isidore). Cf. Du. bak,
from its weight. - Gk. /3ap~s, weight. - a bowl. trough.
Gk. /3ap6s, heavy. Sce Grave (2). basinet, basenet, basnet,a light
barytone. (lta1.-Gk.) Betterbari· helmet. (F.-Latc L. ) I n Spenser; F. Q.
IOllt; a musical term for a deep voice. - vi. I. 31.-0. F. baline', dimin. of "aetn,
Ita1. bari/ono, a baritone. _ Gk. /3ap6-s , a basin; from its shape.
heavy, deep; and TUVOS, a tone; see Tone. Basis. (L. - Gk.) L. basIS. - Gk. /3auls;
Basalt. (L.) Also basa/tes. L. ba· see Base (2) .
salles, a hard kind of marble in }Ethiopia. Bask. (Scand. ) M. E. "a ske. to .bathe
An African word (Pliny). I oneself, Pahgrave; and cf. "atlle lI /1'e, to
Bue (I), low. (F.-L.) M. E. bas,·, i bask herself, Ch. C. T. Nonnes Prestes
4°
 BASKET BATTER
Talc, «i.-Ice\' *batJask (later /la6ast), ' Bastion. (F.-Ita\.) :1'. bastioll.-Ital.
for ba6a sik, to bathe oneself. Cf. also bnstitme, part of a fortification . - Ita\. bas-
Swed. dial. nt basa sig i solen, to bask in tire, to build; allied to O. F. baslir, to
the Slln, badjisk, fishes basking in the sun build. See Butile.
<,Wedgwood). See Bathe. ~ Formed Bat ( I), a cudgel. (E.) M. E. balle.-
hke Busk. A. S. ball (Eng. Studien , xi. 65). Cf. Irish
Baaket. (F. ?) M. E . basket. Mod. bala, bat, a staff. Der. bal-let, with double
Norman F. basqtulle (Moisy). Origin dimin. suffix -I-d.
unknown. Bat (2 ), a winged mamma\. (Scand.)
Basnet; see Buinet. Bat has t.~ken the place of M. E. bakke. -
Bass (I), the lowest part, in music. Dan. bakke, now only in compo a/ten-IJakke,
(F.-L.) The same word as Bue (1 ) ; evening-bat. Cf. O. Swed. tlafl-barka,
but so spelt in imitation of Ital. basso, 'night-bat' (IIue) ; for which we find
base. Swed. dia\. 'latl-IIntta (Rietz)_
Bass ( 2), Barse, a fish. (E.) M. E. Batch. (E.) A bntch is as much as is
baru; also base, baa (with loss of r ). baked at once; hence, a quantity. M.E.
A . S. liars, a perch.+Du. baars; G. bars, bacche, a baking; from A . S. bacan, to
barsch, a perch. Named from its prickles. bake. See Bake.
From *b(lrs-, 2nd grade of Teut. root Bate (1 ) , to beat down, diminish.
*bers, whence also Bristle, q. v. Cf. SkI. (F. - L.) Short for Abate, by loss of a .
bh?,shli, pointed. Bate (2 ), strife. (F.-L.) M. E . bale;
Bassoon, n base iustmment. (F. - L. ) a clipt fonn of Debate, in the sense of
}". bassoll, augmeutative from :1'. basse, strife. ~ So also/etta for de-fmre.
Lase (in music), fern. of bas, base. See Bath. (E.) M. E. ba}. A. S. ba'tJ.+
Base ( I). Icel. batJ; O. H . G. bad; Swed ., Dan.,
Bast. (E. ) M. E . basi; bast-tre, a lime- Du. , G. bad. Teut. *ba-}011l, neuter. The
tree. A. S. b(ut, inner Lark of a lime- orig. sense was a place of warmth; cf.
tree; whence bast is made.+lcel., Swed., O. H. G. Mjan (G . biihm ), to foment.
Dan., G. basi. Often spelt bass. bathe. (E.) A. S. batJiatl, to bathe.-
Bastard, an illegitimate child. (F.) A. S. bab, a bath. And see Bask.
M. E. baslard, applied to Will. 1.-0. F. Bathos. (Gk. ) Lit. depth, sinking.-
bastard, the same as lis de baSi, lit. 'the Gk. /36.(Jo<, depth; cf. /3a6v<, deep .
son of a pack-saddle, not of a bed. [The Baton, Batoon, a cudgel. (F. ) F.
expression a bast ibore, illegitimate, occurs batoll, O. F. bast01I. -l.ate L. baslihlem,
in Rob. of Glouc. p. 516.J-0. F. /Jast, a ncc. of basto, a cudgel. Origin doubtful;
pack-saddle (F. Mt ); with suffix -arci, from connected by Diez with Gk. /3acTTli(•.." to
O. H. G . hart, hard, first used as a suffix sllPport.
in proper names and thengeneraJly. Battalion. (l·.-Ita\.-L.) F.bataill011 .
Baste (I), to beat. (Scand.?) The -Ita\. battagli01tt, a battalion. -Ital. ba/-
form bas-it occurs as a pp. in J553. Cf. taglia, a battle; see Battle below.
Swed . basa, to strike, beat, whip. Batten ( 1), to grow fat; to fntten.
Baste ( 2), to pour fat over meat. (Un- (Scand. ) Orig. intransitive. -Ice\. baltla,
known.) In Sh. . To baste, linire;' Levins, to grow better, improve, recover. Cf.
ed.15io. Goth. ga-balnan, to. be bettered; Icel.
Baste (3), to sew slightly. (F. -M . bat-i, s., improvement, E. Better, q. v.,
H.G.) M.E. bastm. -O. F. basti,., F . and Boot ( 2 ) . Cf. also Du. batm, to
Mtir, to sew slightly; a tailor's term.- yield profit; bani, profit.
M. H. G. buten (for .bastja1l) , to bind; Batten (2 ), a wooden rod. ( F.) To
orig. to tie with bast.- G. bast, bast. See batten down is to fasten with battms. Bat/m
Bast. is merely another spelling of Baton.
Baatile, a fortress. ( F. ) O.F. bastil/e, Batter ( I ), to beat. (F.-L.) M. E.
a building. _ O. F . bastir (F. Mtir ), to bal-er-en; with frequentative suffix -(r-.
build. Origin uncertain; perhaps al:ied to - F . bnttre. - L. bat/ere, popular form of
Baton. battuere, to beat.
Bastina.clo. (Span.) l' lOm Span. l>as- batter (2 ) , a compound of eggs. flour,
t01lOOa, a beating. -Span. bast01t, a stick. - and milk. (F. - L .) M. E . ba/our, bature.
Late L. baslonem, acc.; see Baton. - O. F. bail/re, a beating. - F. battre, to
.p
 BATTERY BEADLE
beat (above). So called because beaten Bay (2), a kind of laurel; properly, a
up. berry-t rec. (F. - L.) M. E. bay , a berry
battery. (F. - L.) F . baterie, halfe·rie, - F. baie , a berry. - L. bOca, a berry.
' be· ti r battcry ;' Cot. - F . bat/t'e, t o beat. Bay (3) , inlet of the sea . ( F. -L.) I'.
ba.' .Je. (F. -L.) M.E.batail/e ,llataile. baie, an inlet. -Late L. baia, a harbour
-0. ' c . batail/e, (I) a fight, ( 2) a battalion. (Isid ore) . /3. Confused with bay, a recess
- Folk-L. battlilia, neut. pI. (turned into in a wall.-O. F . baee, a gap.-Late L.
a fern. sing.), figh ts; Late L. ba ftu alia, badata, fern . of pp. of bat/are, to gape.
neut. pI. of adj . bat/ualis, fighting. - Late Bay (4) , to bark as a dog. (I'. - L.)
L. bat/uere, to beat. M . E. bayen. - O. F. baier , to yelp (Gode-
battledoor. (Prov.-L.) M. E.baiyl- froy). Cf. Ital. baiare, 'to barke,' Florio.
doure, Prompt. Parv. - Provobatedor, Span. F rom the sound.
batidor, a wnshing-,beetle, which was also Bay (5\ in phr. at bay. (F.-L. ) Foral
at first the sense of the E. word. [The abay. - F. abois, abbois; lire at/x abois, to
corruption to battledoor was due to con- be at bay, lit. ' to be at the baying of the
fusion with battle, vb. to fight.]-Prov. dogs.' Pl. of F . aboi, the bark of a dog;
batre, Spau. batir, the same as F. baltre, to verbal sb. from F . aboyer, O. F. abaier, to
beat; with suffix odor, which in Provo and yelp, bay. - O. F. a (for L. ad ) ; and baier
Span. = L. suffix -torem, ace. form from (above).
nom. -tor, expressing the ageut. Bay-window; from Ba, (3, sect. fJ)
Battlement. (F.) M. E. bate/mml, and Window.
bali/lllmt,*baleille1llenl, from 0 .:1'. baltiI- Bayonet. (F. ) XVII cent. F. baiim ·
lier, to fortify; formed from bataille, battle, netle; bayonette, a knife; Cot. Probably
fight, but confused with O . F. bastiller, to named from Bayonne (France), where
fortify, derivative of O. F. bastir, to build. first made or used.
See Battle and Baatile. Bazaar. (Pers.) Pers. bat:iir, a mar-
Bauble (I ), a fool's mace; (l) a play- ket.
thing. (1'.) ( I ) M. E. balWl, bah/e, babel, Bdellium. (L.- Gk. -Heb.) A pre-
Gower, C.A. i. 224; (2) M . E. babe/, cious substance. - L. bdellium. - Gk. fj3~"-­
Tudor E. bauble. From O. F . hatthl, "-'01'. - Heb. bedolakk (Gen. ii. u ).
babel, a child's plaything (Godefroy). Be-, prefix. (E.) A. S . be-, prefix;
Perhaps connected with M. Ita!. babbola, ofI en callsati ve, as in be-1111mb, to make
a toy (Florio ) ; and with L . babltlus, a fool numb. Note also be-head, to deprive of
Cf. E. Babble. the head; be-sel, to set upon, set round;
BaviD., a faggot. (F. ) Provo E. (Wilts.) be-mire, to cover with mire; &c.
bavin, a faggot; hence, as adj., soon kin- Be, to exist. (E. ) M. E. bUll. A. S.
dled and burnt out, J Hen . IV. iii. 2. 61.- +
bloll, to be. W. b'od, to be; Russ. buite ;
O. F. baffe, a faggot, bundle (Godefroy, L. .lore (pt. t . .111;) ; Gk . "'VEil" ; Skt. bh,i.
Roquefort). Remoter origin unknown. (-v BHEU.)
Bawd, a procurer or procuress, go- Beach. ( E. 1) X VI cent. Orig.
between . ( r. - O. H . G.) The full M. E. , shingle: Prob. E., and the same as
form is baw ds" 'ot, P. Plowm. A. iii. 40 provoE. backe, a valley ; also, a sandbank
(another MS. has bawde). - O. F . -haMe- near a river. A . S. bo1£', a valley; Kemble,
strot (found only in the later form baude- Cod. Dip\. iii. 386.
trot), equivalent to Lat. p roltuba, a bride- Beacon. (E.) M. E. bekm. A. S.
woman.- O. H. G. bald, bold, gay, lively beam, Mm. + O. Sax. bOkatl; O. H . G.
(cognate with E. bold) ; and M. H. G. boltkkan. Tent. type *baukltom, neut.
strotzm, vb. (E. strut) . Bead. (E.) Orig.' a prayer;' hence
Bawl. (Scand.) Ice!. baula, to low as a perforated ball, for counting prayers.
a cow; Swed. bola , to bellow: see Bull, M . E. bede, a prayer, a bead. A. S. bed ,
Bellow. gebed, aprayer. -A. S. bhMan (-*bidjan ),
Bay (I ) , reddish brown. \F . -L.) to pray. + Du. bede; G. bille; Goth.
M. E: bay. -O. F. bai. -L. badius, bay- bida, a yrayer. See Bid ( I) .
coloured. Beadle. (F . -Tellt.) M . E. bedel.-
ba7&1'd. (F.-L.) A bay horse ; O. F. bedel, F . bedeau , a beadle ; lit. 'pro-
from the colour; also, any horse. The claimer,' or' messenger.' - M . H. G. Mitel,
6uffi x -ard is Teuton ic; see Bastard. O. H. G. bttti/. - O. H. G. bllt., weak
-4l
 BEAGLE BEDRID, BEDRIDDEN
I
grade o..f biD/an, G: bidm; cO~Date with B~au, a dressy man . .(I'.-L.) *}<'. beau;
A. S. beodalZ, to bid. Cf. A. S. byde/, a , O. F . bel. - L. bdlus, fair. For bm,lus;
beadle, from beMan. See Bid (2) . from ben- (as in ben-e) , variant of bono, as
Beagle, a dog. ( Unknown.) M. E. in bo,z-w, good. Brugm. ii. § 67.
begie, Squire of Low Degree, 1. 771. beauty. (F. - L.) M. E. beu/e. -A.F.
Beak. (F.-C.) M. E. bec. -F.bec.- beule, 0.1". beatlle, be/ltI.-L. belliialelll,
~te L. !>ealls, of Gaulish origin. Cf. acc. of bdlilas, fairness. - L. bellttS, fair
Irish baa, W. bacn, a crook, a hook. (above). Der. beauli-fitl, beaule-ous.
Beaker. (Scand.-L.-Gk.) M.E. Beaver ( I), an animal. (E .) M. E.
biker, byker.-lcel. bikarr, a cup. + O. b.'Ver. A. S. bifer, beofor. + Du. broer;
Sax. bikeri; Du. beker; G. becner; Ital. lcel. bjdrr; Dan. ba:ver; Swed. bizjVer;
biccniere. 13. Perhaps from Late L. bic,,- G. biber; Russ. bobr; Lith. bebrus; L.
n'um, a wine-cup.-Gk. PiKos, an earthen fiber. Skt. bablzrus (I ) brown; (l ) a large
wine-vessel; a word of Eastern origin. ichneumon. Teut. type *bemlz; Idg. type
Beam ( I ) , a piece of timber. (E.) *bhebhrus, reduplicated deriv. of bllru-,
M. E. beem. A. S. beallt, a tree. + Du. brown, tawny. Brugm. i. § 566. See
boom; G. ballm. Cf. also Ice!. ba8mr, a Brown.
tree; Goth. bagms. Beaver (2), Bever, lower part of a
Beam (l), a ray. (E.) [UsuaUy iden- helmet. (F.) Altered by confusion with
tified with Beam ( I ), specially used to beaver-hal. - M. E. baviere. - O. F. bavihe,
signify a column of light; cf. A . S. byr- a child's bib; also, the bever (beaver) of
1lenae beam, • the pillar of fire .'] But A. S. a helmet. - F. baver, to slaver. - l'. !Jave,
bialll, a beam (as in slmne-beam, a suu- foam, slaver. Perhaps from the move-
beam) answers to a Teut. type *batt-moz, ment of the lips; cf. Bret. babOIlZ, slaver.
prob. cognate with Gk. </Xlv-a,s, light, <f>tios Beaver (3 ), Bever, a short imme-
(for <f>tiFos), also tf>01s, light. See Phos- diate repast. (F. - L. ) M. E. better (=
phol'\l8. broer).-A. F. bfivre, a drink; substantival
Bean. (E.) M. E. bme. A. S. biall. use of O. F. bevre, beivre, to drink. - L.
+Du. boon; Ice!. baun; O. H. G.pona, bibere, to drink.
bOna (G. bonne). Teut. type *bautUi, f. Becalm, to make calm. See Be- and
Bear ( I ) , to carry. (E.) M. E. berm. Calm.
A. S. beralZ.+lcel. bera; O. H.G. bera,,; Because. (E.alldF.-L.) SeeCauae.
Goth. bairall; also L.ftrre; Gk. "'<"*"'; Bechance. (E. and F. - L.) See
Skt. blzr; O.Jr. berl11l, I bear; Russ. brate, Chance.
to take, carry; Pers. burdan, to bear. Beck ( I), to nod , give a sign. (E. )
(.vBHER.) Der. ttpbear. M. E. bek-yn, the snme as bek-nyn, to
Bear (2), an animal. I E.: M. E.jere. beckon (Prompt. Parv.). See Beckon.
A. S. bera.+lcel. bera (bjOm) ; O. H. G. Beck ( 2) , a stream. (Scand.) M . E.
bero, pero, G. bar; Du. beer. Cf. Lith. be.~. -Icel. bekkr; Swed. back; Dan. buk;
berns, brown (Kluge). Teut. type ·bero1l-. a stream. Teut. type *bakkiz. Also
Beard. (E .) M. E. berd. A. S. beart!. Teut. type *bakiz ; whence Du. /leek, a
+Du.baard; G. bart. Teut. type *bart/oz. beck; G. badl.
Allied to Russ. boroda; l-ith. barzda ; 1.. Beckon. (E.) M. E. btknm. A. S.
barba, beard; from Idg. type *bhardna. becnan, bi'acniatz (also biecna1Z ), to make
Beast. (}<'.-L.) M. E. besle. -0. F. signs. -A. S. beacn, a sign. See Beacon.
besle (F. bRle ).-L. beslia, a beast. Become. (E.) A. S. /lewman , to
Beat. (E .) M . E. belm. A. S. /li'atan. arrive, happen, tum out, befall. Goth. +
+Icel. baula; O. H. G. PArt, M. H. G. bi-kwiman; CC. G. be-quem, suitable, be-
bihen. Teut. type *bautan-. coming. From Be- and Come.
Beatify'. (F. - L .) F. blatijier.-L. Bed. (E.) M.E.bed. A.S.bed,bedd.
bealijicare, to make happy.-L. beat;-, for +Dn. bed; Goth. bad;; G. bell. Teut.
bealus, pp. of beare, to bless, make happy; type *I>adjom, n.
and -fic-, forfacere, to make. bedrid, bedridden. (E.) M. E.
beatitude. (F.-L.) F. Watilutie. bedrede (Ch. C. T . 7351 ) ; I>edreden (P.
- L. bealilud;nem, acc. from nom. beal;- PI. B. viii. 85). A. S. bedrida, bedreda, lit.
tiido, blessedness. - L. beali-, for !JUlIus, • a bedrider ;' one who can only ride 011 a
blessed; with suffix -liidll. bed, not on a horse. - A. S. b~d, a Led ; and
-43
 BEDSTEAD BEHOOF
.jid.tl, one who rides, frorn the weak i sharp , or from 1\1. E. bilil, a l;ect le. 111
dade of ridrm , to ride. eit her case from bil·, weak /.:rade of bilall,
bedstead. ( E. ) M. E. bdslede. - to bite.
11.. S. bed, a bed; and stede, a stand, Befall, Befool, Before; see Fall,
station; see Stead. &c.
Beda.bble, Beda.ub, Beda.zzle, Beg. (F. ) M. E. beggen. A. F. begger,
Bedew, Bedim, Bedizen. See Langtoft, i. 248; used as equiv. to be-
D a.bble, Daub, &c. guigller, Britton, L 22 . § 15. Formed
Bedell. (Low L. - Teut.) From the from the sb. beggat· ; see below.
Latinised form (bedelllls), of O. F. and Beget, Begin; see Get, Gin ( I).
M. E. bde!; see Beadle. Begga.r. (F. ) M. E. beggore; cr.
Bedla.m. (Palestine. ) 1\1 . E. bedlem, Begger = a Heguin or Beghard, Rom. Rose,
~ormpti on of Bethlehem, in Palestine. 7256 (F. text, B cguin). - O. F. begard, be-
Now applied to the ho,;pital of St. Mary gart, Flemish beggoert, 1,a te L. Be.IfIIa I'dus.
of Bethlehem, for lunatics. Formed, with suffix ·ard \G. -IIarl), from
Bedouin. ( I<'. - Arab. ) O. F. bedou;", Begue, a man's name. See Beguine.
a wandering Arab; orig. p1. - Arab. bada· Begone, Beguile; see G o , Guile.
Will, p1. of Arab. bada'Wiy, wandering in Beguine, one of a class of religious de-
the desert. - Arab . bad1/}. a desert. votees. (F.) C hielly used in the fem .; F .
Bedridden, Bedstea.d; see Bed. beguine, Low L. beglllna, one of a religious
Bee. (E.) M. E. bee. A. S. bilo, earlier order, first established at Liege, about A.Il.
blo.+ Du. bi}; O. H. G. bia . Cf. G. 1207. Named afo : r Lambert Le Begue,
bie·ne; L ith. bi.tte; If. bea-cll . Perhaps priest of Li ege ( 12th c.); whence also
, lIuttercr' ; cf. Skt. bM, to fear; O. H . G. Beguin, B('ghard, mase. Le Begue means
bi-bctl, to tremble. ' stammerer,' from the verb be",U'tti, to stam-
Beech. (E. ) A . S . bOece, beet, a beech; mer, in the dialect of Namur; allied to
I'Ccen, adj., beecheu; both derivatives (by Picard btfg ller, F. ve/rayer.
mutation) from the older form Me. See Begum, in the E. Indies, a lady of the
Book. highest rank. (Pers. - Turk.) Pers. be-
Beef. (F. -L.) M. E. beef - A. F . bif; gUill, a q ueen, lady of rank . - TurJ" b~g,
O. F. boe/ ( F. ba:lif '.. - L. /louem, acc. of be)" a bey, governor. See Bey.
Ms, an ox. + Gk. {J our , ox; Ir. btf, Gael. bJ, Beha.lf, interest. (E.) Formerly in the
\V. buw. Skt. go, A. S. Cit, a cow; see Cow. M. E. phrase Oil my bellaltte = on my
beef-ea.ter, a yeoman of the guard. behalf, on my side; substituted for thc
(H yb. ) Li t. ' an eater of beef;' hence, an A. S. phr. on (mill) IIealfe, on the side of
attendant . Cf. A. S. Mal-!eta, a loaf-eater, (me' , by confllsion with be healje (m,;) ,
a servallt. ~ The usual derivation (from us~d in the same sense. From A. S. be,
Mr. Steeven.· imaginary beaulelier, later by; and IIealf, sb., side. See Half.
spelt /l uffifier ) is historically baseless. Beha.ve. ( E.) 1. e. to be-Ilave oneself,
Beer. ( E. ) M. E. ben. A. S. beor. + or control oneself; from have with prefix
Du. and G. bier; Icel . Ijon', be-, the same as prep. by.
Beestings; sec Biestings. beha.viour. (E.; with F. mifix.)
Beet. (L.) M. E. befe. A. S. befe. - F ormed abnormally from the verb to
L. /li'ta , beet (Pliny). bellave; con fused with F. sb. avoir, ( I )
Beetle ( I), an insect. (E.) Provo E. wealth, ( 2) ability. Cf. Low!. Sc. havings,
hittle. A. S. bitda, lit. 'biting one.' - A. S. ~ I ; wealth, (2) behaviour.
/lit·. weak grade of bitall , to bite; with adj. Behead. (E. ) From B e- and Head.
suffix -01; d. w(U-ol, wakeful. See Bite . Behemoth. (Heb.-Egypt.) Heb.
Beetle ( 2), a large mallet. (E.) M . E. beMmoth , said to be pI. of /lellhlllfh, a
betel. A. S. /ljtt! ( = O. Wes. "bletd, beast ; but probably of Egypt. origin .
U. Merc. "belel) ; d. Low G. botel. Tellt. Behest, Behind, Behold. (E.) Sec
type*bclut-iloz, 'a beater;' from "/laut-an-, Hest, Hind. Hold (1).
to beat; see B eat. Behoof, advantage . ( E.) M. E. to bi-
Beetle (3 ), to overhang. ( E.) From floue, for the advantage of. A. S. /lehOf,
the M. E. adj. bitel·brouwed, 'beetle- advantage. + O. Fries. bihOf, Du . behoif,
browed;' 1'. Plowm . A . v. 109. Orig. advalltage; C. beh/if; Swed. beho/ ; Dan.
sensc doubtful; either from M. E. bitd, behov, need. 13. The prefix be is A. S. be,
H
 BE H OVE BEND
E. by. The simple sh. appears in Icel. pression to the eres, the pllpi ls of which
Iii!/. moueration, measu re; cf. Goth . gao it expands.
hobaills, temperance, sel f·r estraint. F rom B elligerent. (L.) More correctly.
A. S. hO); 2nd stem of the vb. Heave. bdligerant .- L. belligerallt-, stem of pres.
behove, to befi t. (E. ) A. S. beMjia1t, pt. of belligernre, to carry on war. - L.
verb fo rmed fro m the sb. behif ahove . + belli -, for bd/o-, stem of bl'l/ulII, wa r ;
Du. behoevm, from sb. behoif; Swell. be- geren , to carryon (war). Bel/u m is for
hO/va; Dan. beliOz,t!. O . Lat. duellum ; see Duel.
B elabour, Belay j see Lab our, Bellow. (E.) M. E. bdwelt (c. 1300).
Lay . Not full y expla ined. It may have resulted
Belch. (E.) M. E. helkm. A . S. fro m con fu sion of A . S. bel/alt. to roar,
bealcian, I'(i!lcm" to utter ; translat ing L. bell ow, with the st r. verb belg alt, to be
entf /(/re, used fi gu rati vely. Cf. ba:lc, sb. + angry, or wit h the rare verb b}'/giall, to
Ou. bal/ml , to bray. See B ellow and B ell. bell ow (wh ich would have gi ven billow).
Beldam. (F . - L.) I ronicall y for bel- See B ell. Cf. B u ll.
dame, i. e. fi ne lad y. - F. belle da1J/e. - L. Bellows. (Scand.) M. E. beli, bely.
be/la, fern. of bellus, fa ir; and domilla, belO1Q, n bag, but also used in the special
lady, fern . of dom intls, lord . See B eau. sense of ' bello ws.' B el/ows is the pI. of
Beleaguer. ( DlI. ) See L eaguer. M. E. below, a bag, from Icel. belgr; and
Belemnite, a fossil. (Gk.) Gk. M. E. beli (from A. S. ) also means belly.
P''''jAViTT}>, a stone shapeu like the head Cf. G. b!au-balg, a 'blow-bag,' a pair
of a dar t. - Gk . P'''f jAVOV, a dart. - Gk . of bellows ; A. S. bUst-be/g , bellows, lit.
PtiA" fI v, to cast. ClIGwEL.) ' blast-hag.' See helow.
Belfry. ( F.- G .) Orig. ' a watch- belly. l E.) M. E. bely. A. S. balg,
tower.' Corru pted (partly by infl uence of be/g . a bag, skin (for holding things) ;
bell) from M . E. berfray , berfrey, a watch . hen ce (later), helly.+lcel. belgr, bag ;
tower. - O. F. bet/rei, bnfroi, be!fr oi (F. D n. ba/g, skin, belly ; Sweu. M ig, belly.
beJ1roi ). - M. H .G. berifril, a w:tkh-tower. bellows ; Dan. ba:lg, husk, belly; (,.
- ,\1 . H. G . berc-, for be'-g-, base of bel-gel' , balg ; Goth . balgs, ha g. T eut. type *balg i z.
to protec t; and M. H. C . fril, f r ide, a F rom balg-, 2nd stem of T eut . root bd g
place of secnrity, a tower, the same word ( = l dg. lIHH ELGH ), to swe ll. Cf. I ri sh
as G. fi'iede, peace ; hence the lit. sense bolg , bag, belly ; bolgai1ll , I swell; W . bol,
is ' a protecting shelter,' watch-tower. belly. D er . Ile/I01QS, q. v.
Allied to Borough and Free . Belong, Beloved, Below; see
Belie. (E.) A. S . bclfogml, to tell lies Long , Love, Low .
abont. From be-, by, p refix ; and leogan, Belt, a gird le. ( L. ) M. E. !>clt . A. S.
to lie. See Lie ( 2) . bell .+lcc l. !>elti ; Irish and Gael. ball, a
Believe. (E.) M. E. bdellm (bdrom). belt, border; O. H . G. ba/z ; Swed. b,ilte .;
The prefix be- was substitn ted for older D an . ba:/l e. All borrowed from L. ba/letts,
ge-.- O. Merc gdifafJ, A . S. gcliejan ,ge- a belt.
!jfm. , to believe; lit. to hold dear. + 1)u. Beltane, Old May-day. (C.) O . Irish
geloovm; O. H . G. giloubmt, G. g-laubm ; bel-Ime ( vVindisch ) ; lit. ' fire-k indling,' from
Goth. g a-Iaubja fJ. Teut. type *Iallbiml, an old custom. Celtic type *belo-Ie(p )" in ;
with A. S. ge-, prefix; from lallb , md where belo- is cognat e with A. S. b,~/, a
stem o fTeut. root *Iellb = I dg . lIL E UBH , blaze, and tepm'a is from *tep"os, type of
to like. See Lief. O. I rish ten, fire ; cf. L. tep-b-e, to be w:um
Bell. (E.) M. E. belle. A. S. belle, (Fick. ii. 125, 16i ) .
a bell. + Du . bel. Perhaps named from its Bemoan. (E.) Be- anti
lond sound ; cf. A. S . bella I t, to roar, Moan.
bellow. See Bellow. Bench. (E. ) M. E. benche. - A. S.
Belle, a fair lady . ( F . - L. ) F . bdle, bmc. + Du. bank, a bench, table, bank for
fern. of F . beau, O. F . bel, fa ir. - 1.. bellus , money ; Swed. bdn k ; D an . /xz1/.k ; Icel.
fa ir, fi ne. See Beau. bekkr; G . bank. Teut. type *bankiz.
belladonna. (Ita\. - L. ) Ital. bella Doublet. !>a1/k.
domza , fair lady. - L. be/In dom i na; see Bend (1), to bow, curve. (E.) :M. E.
Beldam. A name given to the nightshaue, beuden . A. S. bendan, orig. to string a
from the use of it hy Indies to gi ve ex- bow, fasten a banel or string to it ; cf. A. S.
-45
 BEND BESEECH
bmd, a hand ( ... Teut. *bandiz); from band, bengifJi seems to have been substituted for
2nd stem of bim/-an, to bind. See Bind. the Arab. name, lubii" jawi, lit. frankin·
So also Icd. benda, to bend a bow; allied cense of Java. (Further corrupted togum
to ba,td, a cord. benjamit,.)
bend ( 2), an oblique band, in heraldry. Bequeath. (E.) A.S. becwe~an to
(F. - G. ) O. F. bende, also bande, a assert, bequeath. - A. S. be-, prefix; and
band; see Cotgrave. The same word as C'We~an, to say, assert. See Quoth.
F . bande, a band of men; see Band (2). bequest. (E.) M. E. biqlteste, bi-
Beneath. (E.) M. E. bmellte. A. S. quiste. Formed, with added -te (cf. M. E.
beneo(Jan, prep. below. - A. S. be-, by; reqtuste), from A. S. *bicwiss, *b.tcwiss
neo(Jan, adv. below, from the base n.etm- (not found) , sb. due to bec1IJetJan, to be-
in neo(J-era, nether; with adv. suffix -an. queath, assert, say. The components of
Cf. G. nied-m, nied-er; see Nether. this fonn occur; viz. be-, bi-, prefix, and
Benediction. (F.-L.) F. btnldic- cwiss (in f e-cwis), a saying. CUliss is
lioll. - L. benedictionem, ace. of bmedicti~, from T~ut. kwessiz, Idg. *g(w)ettis, fonned
a blessing. - L. benedictus, pp. of bene- (with suffix -li-) from Idg. base *g(w )et-,
dicere, to speak well, bless. - L. bme, well; whence cwe/Jan, to say (Sievers, A. S.
and dicere, to speak (see Diction). Gr. § 232) ; and becwiss is thus a regulnr
benison. (F. -L.) M. E. beneysun. deriv. of becwelJa", to bequeath.
- O. F. beneison. - L . ace. bmedictianem. Bereave. (E.) A. S. bercajian, to
Benefa.ctor. (L.) L. benefactor, a dispossess ; see Reave.
doer of good. - L. bene, well; and factor, Berga.m.ot (1 ), an essence. (Ita!.) Ital.
a doer, from facen, to do. bergamotta, the essence called bergamot.-
benefice. (F. -L.) M. E. bmejia. Ita!' Bergamo, a town in Lombardy.
-F. btnlfia (Cot.).-Late L. bmrjicium, Berga.m.ot (2), a kind of pear. (F.-
a grant of an estate; L. benrjicittm, a Ita!. -Turk.) F. bergamotte (Cot.). -
well-doing, a kindness. - L. bme, well; Ital. bergamo/t-a (pI. -e) , ' a kind of excel-
andfacere, to do. lent pears, come ont of Turky;' Torriano.
benefit. (F. - L.) Modified (badly) -Turk. beg anm7di, 'prince's pear.'-
from M. E. benfet. - O. F. bienfet (F. Turk. beg. prince; ar11liid, pear.
bienfait). -L. benefactmll, a kindness con- Berry. (E.) M. E. berie. A. S. berie.
ferred; neut. of pp. of benefacen, to do + Du. [,es, bezie; Icel. ber; Sweet. M',·;
well, be kind. Dan. ba!r; G. bcere ; Goth. basi. All
Benevolence. (F. -L.) F. btnlvo- from a base bas-. Lit.' edible fruit;' cf.
lence (Cot.). - L. beneuolcntia, kindness. - Skt. Mas, to eat. Der. goose-berry,
L. acc. bme uo/e"tem, kind, lit. well- &c.
wishing. - L. bme, well; and uolentem, Berth. (E.) Formerly' convenient
acc. of uolens, wishing, from uolo, I wish sea-room'; prob. from the M. E. ber-m,
(see Voluntary) . to bear; as if 'bearing-off room.' .. Cf.
Benighted. (E.) See Night. provo E. bertlt, a foothold, grasp, pOSItIOn.
Benign. (F. -I..) O. F. benigne (F. See Bear (1); and cf. Birth. .
btnin). - L. bmigntts, kind; short for *be- Beryl. (L. - Gk.- Skt.) M. E. benl.
1ligenus. - L. beni-, for *bemtS, variant of - O. 1'. beril. -L. biryl/us. - Gk. {J.qPlJ)..-
bonus, good; and -ge,ms, born (as in )..os; cf. Arab. bil/attr, crystal, beryl.-
indigmus), from gmere, old fonn of Skt. vaidl1rya (Prakrit veitJriya), orig.
gignere, to beget. beryl, brought from Vidura in S. India
Benison, blessing; see Benedic- (Yule; BOhtlingk).
tion. Besant, Bezant, a gold circle, in
Bent-grus. (E.) M.E. bent. A.S. heraldry. (F.-L.-Gk.) Intended to
beonet, for earlier *binttt, bent-grass (in represent a gold coin of Byzantium.-
place-names).+O. H. G. l>inus, G. bime, O. F. besanl, 'an ancient gold coin;'
bent-grass. Cot. - L. Byzantium. - Gk. Bu(av'TlOv, the
Benumb. From Be- and Numb. name of Constantinople.
Benzoin, a resinous substance. (F. - Beseech. (E.) M. E . besecJ'etJ. From
Ita!. -Arab.) F. benjoin. 'gum benzoin be·, prefix; and secl/en, Southern form
or gum benjamin; • Cot. _ Ital. ben- corresponding to Northern seken, to seek.
zoino, bmgWi (Torriano). The Ita!' 10 See Seek .
•6
 BESEEM BEZONIAN
Beseem, Beset, Beshrew, Be- In Sh. Sonn. 121.-0. F. - bivel, *buvd,
side, Besiege; see Seem, Sit, Shrew, only found in mod. F. bivealt, and in F .
&c. buveall, , a kind of squire [carpenter's rule J,
Besom, a broom. (E.) M. E. besum , having moveable and com passe branches,
besme. A. S. besma.+Du. bezem ; G. besen. or the one branch com passe and the other
Teut. type ·bumoll-, m. straight ; some call it a bevell ; ' Cot. Cf.
Besot, Bespeak; see Sot, Speak. S~an . baivel. Origin unknown.
Best; see Better. Bever, a pota tion; see Beaver (3).
Bestead; from Be- and Stead. beverage. (F. - L.) O. F. bevrage
Bestial. (F. - 1..) F. bestial. - L. (Supp. to Gode froy) , drink. - O. F . bevre,
bestitilis, beast-like. - 1.. bestia, a beast. boivre, to drink. - L. bibere, to drink.
See Beast. bevy. (F. - 1..) It answers to O. F.
Bestow, Bestre:w, Bestride; see bevee, a drin k ; from O. F . {levn, to drink
Stow, &c. (above). Cf. Ital. /leva, a bevy (Florio) ;
Bet, to wager. (F . - Scand.) Short for also, a drink (T Ol riano) .
abet, in the sense to maintain, or 'back,' Bewail, Beware, Bewilder,
as abet is explained in Phillips, ed. 1706. 1Bewitch; see Wail, W ar e, Wild,
See Abet. Der. bet , sb. I Witch.
Betake. (10:. alld Scand.) See Take. Bewray, to disclose. (E.) Properly
Betel, a specits of pepper. (Port.- to nccuse. M. E. be7tJYaim, bi7tJYeym, to
Malayalim.) Port. belel, betele.- Malaya- disclose. A. S. be-, prefix (sec B e-) ; ami
lim vettila, i. e. veru ila, mere leaf ( Yule) . wriigall, to accu£e (for older *'icl1'ogia1l,
Bethink, Betide, Betimes, Be- with mutation from 0 to e) . Cf. Icel.
token; see Think, &c. ragja (for vYcegja ), to sland er, Swed . "o/a ,
Betray. ( F. - L.; w ith E. prefix .) to discover; O. Fries. biwrogia, to accuse ;
From be., prefix; and O. F. trair ( F'. I Goth. 11'rohjatl, to accuse ; G. 'iigen, to
tYahjr ), to deliver up, from L. traden' l censure. f3. T hese are causal verbs, from
~ The prefix be- was due to confusion the base 1vroll - seen in Goth. 11'rO/IS ,
with bewray. See Tradition. accusation , Icel. yog, a slander.
Betroth. (E.) See Troth. Bey, a governor. (Turk.) Turk. be..~·
Better, Best. (E.) 1. From the (p-,·on. nea rly as bay), a lord, prince.
Teut. base ·bat, good, was formed the Beyond. (E .) M. E. be)'onde. A. S.
T ent. compo stem *batizoll- , a; in Goth. begeolldau, beyond. - A. S. be-, for be or bi ,
batiza, better, A. S. bctera (with mutation by; ancl geond, prep. across, beyontl, from
from a to e), M. E. bdter. The A . S. bet, geo1t, yon. Cf. Goth. jail/dre, tbither,
M. E. bet , is adverbial and comparative. jain", there; from jaills, that, yon. See
2. From the same base was formed Goth. Yon.
batisla, best, A. S. betst 'Jor bet. ist), M. E. Bezel, the part of a ring in which tbe
best. Similarly Du . bel!!r, best; Icel. betri, stone is set. (F. ) Also spelt basil; it
be~tr; Dan. ber/re, bedst; Swed. billlre, also means a sloping edge. - O. F. bisel
/!iist; G. besser, best. D er. (from the (Roquefort) ; mod. F. biseau, a bezel, basil,
snme base) batten, boot ( 2). slant, sloped edge. Cf. Span. bisel, the
Between. :E.) _\ . S. betweollall , be- slanting ed ge of a looking-glass. P er·
tween; earlier bctweollll1lt. - A. S. be, by ; h;\ps from L. bis, double. .
tweomml, dat. pI. of tweom, double, allied Bezique, a game at cards. (F. - Pers. )
to tWII, two ; see Two. Here t1v~omWI F. besiglle (with g ) ; also blsy (Littre \,
(nlso tWlmtm) answers to Goth .tweihllaim, {3. The fi r; t form = Pers. bazidwh, sport, n
<lat. pI. of tweihnaj, ' two each.' Cf. L. game; the second = Pers. bllZi, play. -
/Jini. Pers. biizldall , to play. [A guess.]
betwixt. (E.) (M. E . betllJix; to Bezoar, a stone. (F. - Span. - Arab.
which t was afterwards added. - A. S. -Pers.) O. F. bezoar, F. bezoard. - Spall.
bd1Vix, bet1vttx, betweox, bctweohs, appa· bezoar . - Arab. btidizaltr. - Pers. pad-zahr,
rently extended from A. S.betwill, between. bezoar; lit. 'counter-poison,' fro m its
From A. S. be, by; and ·twill, answering supposed virtue. - Pers. pad, expelling;
to Iweill' in Goth. Iweill" tai, two each. and ztlhr, poison.
See above. Bezonian, a beggarly fell ow. (F.)
Bevel, sloping; to slope, slant. ( F .) In 2 Hen. IV. v. 3. 11 8. Formerly
47
 BI- BIGOT
bisoniall; made hy add ing E. -ian to the forms of which haVl~ taken the place of
F. bisogm, spelt bisollgm, in Cotgrave, those of Bid (2) .
'a filthe knave . . . bisonian.' Or from Bide, to await, wait. (E.) M. E. biden.
Ital. bisogno, need, want; whence bisoglli, A . S. bidan. + Du. beidm; Icel. bitJa;
pI. 'new-levied souldiers, such as come Swed. bida; Dan. bie; Goth . btidan;
. .. needy to the wars '; Torriano (not in O. H. G. bilan. Teut. type *bidall-_
Florio). O rigin unknown _ Biennial, lasting two years. (L.)
Bi-, prefix. (L.) L. bi-, for *dui-, twice. Formed as if from biuwi-IIm, a space of
- L. duo, two. So also Gk. ~L" Skt. dvi. two years; the true L. word is bimnalis.
See Two. - L. bi· two; and almalis, lasting a year,
Bias. (F. - L.) F. biais, a slant, yearly.- L_ amlUs. So also fri-mllia/,
;lope; hence, inclination to one side. Cf. from tri- (for Ins). three; quadr-mllial,
Ital. s-bieseo, s-bitscio, oblique. Origin more correctly quad,oi-emlial, from quadri-
unknown . (for qlladnts) , belonging to four ; qU ilU]ui.
Bib. (L.) A cloth under a child's enllial, from quillqui. (for qttitzqw:), five;
chin; from M. E. bibben, to drink. - L. dec-mllial, from du·em, ten; cenl-emtial,
bibelot, to drink. Hence 7tJitlt·bibber from centum, a hundred; mill-emtia/,
(Luke vii. 34) ; L. bibens IlimMl (Vu lg.) . from mille, a thousand. &c.
Bible. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. bible.- Bier, a frame on which a corpse is
F. bib/e. -Late L. biblia, fern. sing.; for borne_ (E.) M.E. beere, bare. A_S.
L. biblia, neut. pI. - Gk. /3L(3)..[a, collection b~r , bel'. - A. S. Mr-, 3rd stern of beran, to
of writings, pI. of /3L(3)..[Ol', little book, carry. + Du. baar; O. H . G. bOra (G.
dimin. or /3[(3)..os, a book. - Gk. /3v(3)..os , bahre); allied to Icel. barar, fern. pI.;
Egyp.tian papyrus; hence, a book. L.feretrum; Gk. </>'pETP0l'.
blbliography. (Gk.) Gk. /3L(3)..io-, Biestings, Beestings, the first
for /3L(3)..[Ol'; and 'Yp<l</>ELI', to write. milk given by a cow after calving. (E.)
bibliomania. (Gk. ) Gk. /3Lfj)..[O-, A. S. bjsting, byst (for *bies/ ), thick milk.
for (3L{3)..iol'; and Mania. From A. S. b1osl, first milk after calving.
Bice. (F.) Properly' grayish'; hence +Du. biesl; G. biest-mileh.
Mew b)'re, grayish blue. - F. bis, dusky. Bifurcated, two-pronged. (L.) Late
cr. Ital. bigio, gray. Origin unknown. L. bifureatlts. pp. of bifurcari, to part in
Bicker, to skirmish.- ( Uncertain.) two directions. - L. bi -furms, two-
M. E. biker, a fight; /likeI'm, to skirmish. pronged; from bi-(s ), double; furca, a
Cf. M. E. beken, to peck; bikm, to thrust fork.
with a pointed weapon. Apparently from Big. (Scand.1) M. E. big; also bigg.
O. F. beqmr, to strike with the beak (see rich (Hampole). Not A. s. cr. provo E.
Beak) ; or from A. S. becca, a pick.axe. bug, big, bog, hoastful. Prob. of Scand.
Cf. Du. Mkken, to notch a mill· stone ; also origin. Cf. Norw. bugge, a strong man.
E. Fries. bikktm, to hack, gnaw, from Bigamy, a double marriage. (F. -L.
bikkm, to hack , bikke, a pickaxe (G. and Gk.) F. bigamie. - Late L. bigamia;
bicke). a clumsy compound from L. bi-, double
Bicycle. (Hybrid.) In use since 1868. (see Bi-) . and Gk. --yal-'[a, from "Y4I-'OS,
Coinea from Bi- and Cycle. marriage. It should rather have been
Bid (I), to pray. (E.) Nearly obso- digamy (Gk. 3L'Yal-'ia).
lete; preserved in bidding.prayer, and in Biggen, a night·cap. (F. ) M. F.
to bid beads (pray prayers). M. E. bidden. begt4in, • a biggin for a child;' Cot.
A. S. /Jiddalt . + Du. biddm; G. bitten; Named from the caps worn by begnines;
Ic ~l. billia; Goth. bidjan. Teut. type see Beguine.
*bidjal1', allied to L . /ido, I trust; Gk. Bight, a coil of rope, a .bay. (E.)
WEill.", I prevrtil upon; frolll-VBHEIDH . M. E. bigltt. A. S. byht, as In waleres
See Brugm. i. § 589; ii. § 890. byltt, a bight (bay) of water (see Grein). -
Bid ( 2). to command. (E.) M. E . bedm. A . S. bug-, weak grade of bjigalt, to bow,
- A. S. bi odan , to command.+Du. biedm. bend; with mutation of 14 to y. +G . buch/.
to offer; I cel. bjo~a; G. bietm; Goth. Teut. type *bulttiz. See Bow (I) .
alla·biuda1t ; Gk. 1rEvllop.aL, I enquire; SkI. Bigot, an obstinate devotee to a creed.
l'IIdll, to understand. Teut. type -bmdan -. (F. ) F. bigot. 'an hypocrite, sllpersti-
(-V BHEUDH .) Confused with Bid ( I ) , t ious fellow;' Cot. Applied by the
-+8
 BIJOU BIRCH
French to the Normans as a term of Billow, a wave. (Scand.) Icel. /':1100,
reproach (Wace). Of unknown origin. a billow; Swed. bOlja; Dan. bOlge.+M.
It is an older word than beguine, with H . G. btllge, a billow, a bag. Lit.' a
which it seems to have been somewhat swell' or surg. , cf. Ice!. be/gja, to inflate,
confused at a later period. puff out. The Icel. by/gja has mutation
Bijou, a trinket. (F. - C. 1) F. bijMI. of tl to y, and, like M. H. G. bulg-e, is from
Perhaps from Bret. bizou, a ring with a btllg-, 3rd stem of be/g an, to swell with
stone, a finger-ring, from biz, a finger. anger.
Cf. Com. bisou (the same), from bis, Bif. (E.) ~ . E. bi,me. A. S. him"
bu, a finger; W. byson, ring, from bys, a manger; Lu. 11 . 7.+Du. bm, G. knne,
finger. a sort of basket. Perhaps of Celtic origin;
Bilberry, a whortle-berry. (Scand.) cf. Gaulish Lat. bmna, body of a cart; W.
Dan. hiillebar, a bilberry; where bar is E. ben , n cart.
berry. In M. Dan., bOlk had the sense of Binary, twofold. (L.) L. binan"ttr,
Dan. bttgle, i. e. boss (Kalkar). Cf. Norw. consisting of two things. - L. binlts, two-
bola, a swelling, tumour. ~ North Eng. fold .-L. bi-, double; see Bi-.
blea-berry = blw:·krry; see Blaeberry. Bind. (E.) M. E. hindm. A. S. bin-
In both cases, -berry takes the E. form; dan. + Du. and G. bindm; Ice!. nnd
see Berry. Swed. hinda; Dan. binde; Goth. bitldan;
Bilbo, a sword; Bilboes, fetters. Skt. band", to bind. (.vBHENDH.)
(Span.) Both named from Bilboa or Billf, a heap of com; obs. (Scand.) In
Bilbao in Spain, famous for iron and Surrey s Poems.-Ice!. /Iirter, Swed. binge,
steel. a heap.+M. H . G. bi~, a heap of corn ;
Bile ( I), secretion from the liver. (F. whence Ita!. bica. ~ Distinct from bin,
-L.) F. bile. -L. bilis. L. bilis is for though perhaps confused with it.
*bislis, Brugm. i. § 877; cf. W. busll, Binnacle, a box for a ship's compass.
Bret. bestl, bile (Fick, ed. 4. ii. 175). Der. (Port.-L. ) A singular corruption of the
bili-aus. older word bi/tade, by confusion with-""",
Bile (2), a boil. (E.) See Boil (2). a chest.-Port. bi/acola, a bittacle (i. e.
Bilge. (F. -C.) A variant of btl~e, binnacle); Vieyra. Cf. Span. bilacora,
which orig. meant the bottom of a ship's F. "obi/ade, the same. The Port. bilafola
hull; whence bilge-waler (N. E. D.). See stands for */Iobilacola, the first syllable
Bulge. being lost. - L. "obilom/um, a little dwell-
Bill ( I), a chopper, sword. (E.) M. E. ing, i. e. the • frame of timber in the steer-
bil, sword, axe. A . So bill, sword, axe. age of a ship where the compass stands '
+ O. Sax. bil, O. H. G . hill, n.; (cf. G . (Bailey).-L. "abi/tire, to dwell; frequent.
bille, axe, f. ). Tent. type *biljom, n. of Izabn-e, to have.
bill (2), a bird's beak. (E.) M. E. Binocular, having two eyes. (L.)
bile. A . S. bile (Teut. type *biliz 1). Allied From Lat. bin-i, two each; oml-us, eye;
to Bill ( I ). with suffix -tin"s. .
Bill (3), :1 writing, account. (F. - L.) Binomial, having two terms. (L.)
A. F. bil/e . ..., Late L. /iiI/a, a writing; the From Late L. bi,10mi-tls, equiv. to L.
dimin. is billlta, bulllla, shewing that bil/a binominis, adj. having two names; with
is a corruption of L. bulla, a papal bull, suffix ·tilis. From L. bi-, two; nOlllill-,
&c.; see Bull (2). for n011lt1l, a name.
billet ( I), a note. (F.-L.) A. F. bil- Biography. (Gk.) A written ac-
lelle. - Late L. billetta, bil/lIa, dimin. of count of a lite; from lJ(o-, for /JiOf, life;
billa, a writing; see Bill (3 ) above. and "("a</>flV, to write. The sb. /Jlof is
Billet (2), a log of wood. (F.) F . allied to Quick.
billelle, billo/, a billet of wood. Dimin. biology. (Gk.) Science of life; from
of bille, a log, stump. Origin unknown _ Gk. /Jlo-, for 1J(0f, life; and -)..cryla, a dis-
billiards. (F.) F . hillard, 'a 'billard, coursing, from M"(Of, a discourse .
or the stick wherewith we touch the hall Biped. (L.) L. biped-, stem of bipis,
two-footed; from /,,'-, two; Pls, foot.
:lt bill yards ;' Cot. Formed with snffix
·ard (G. -hart) from bil/e, n log, stick, as
above.
I B~~, a tree. . (E.) 1\1. E. "jn:"e.
A. S. b,rre, f.+G. b,rlte, f.<Teut. b,,·!t-
Billion; see Killion . jon-. fJ. Also A. S. hrc, beorr. DII. +
49
 BIRD BrZARRE
Nrl; Icel, bjij,'k, Swell. bjork, Dan. In'rk M. E. In'll (2 lyl1.). A. S. hila, a morsel.
(cf. North E. Mrl).<Teut. ·/Jerkti, f. Cf. From A. S. bil·, weak grade of bflan, to
also O. Slav. brlza, Russ. Nriza ; Lith. bite. + Du. beel"; Ice\. bili; Swed. bil;
btrlas. Also Skt. Miirja, a kind of birch. Dan. bid.<Teot. type *hilon-, m.
Bird. (E.) M. E. brid (the r being bit (1), a curb for a horse. ( E.) M. E.
shifted); A. S. bridd, a bird. esp. the bitt. A. S. bite, m. a bite,:l biting.<Teot.
young of birds. type ·bitiz, :l bite; cf. bilol, a curb.+Dn.
Biretta, a clerical cap. (Ital. - L - gebil; Ice!. bili" (dimin.) ; Swed. bCIt;
Gk.) ltal. /Jertl/a (Torriano); cf. L:1te Dan. bid; G. gebiss.
L. bjrrilum. orig. a scarlet cap.-Late L. Bitch. (E.) M. E. biehe, bicche. A. S.
1n'"US, lINrrrlS, reddish. See BUl'eau. bi,w.+Icel. bikkja; also grey-baka.
Birth. (Scand.) M. E. bUrlhe, birl!u. Bite. (E. ) M. E. /lilm. A . S. hilall.
Cf. Ice\. lIN~r, m.; Swed. bOrdo Dan. + Du. bijlm; Ice1. llila; Swed. bi/(I ;
byrd, f. (= O. Icel. by~. f.). + A. S. Dan. bide; G. beisslll. Teut. type ·bllall-.
gebyrtl, f.; O. H. G. gillNrl (G. geb"r/) ; Allied to L.ji1zdere (pt. t. pdi ), to c1ea\'e ;
Goth. gabaurlhs, (.<Teut. ·/JurtJiz = Idg. Skt. Mid, to clea,·e. (vHHEID.)
·Dhrlis (Skt. iJhr/js, f. nourishmeut). All bitter. (E.: M. E. bileI'. A . S. bi/c"r,
from the weak grade of ",BHER, to bitor, lit. 'biting.' - A. S. bil-, weak gradc
bear. See Bear (I). o( bilall, to bite.+ Dn. biller; Ice!. bit,.;
Bi.cuit, a kind of cake. (F.-L.) }o'. Swed., Dan., G. billeI'.
biscuit, lit. twice cooked.-F. bis (L. bis), Bittern, a bird. (1". -Late L.) The
twice; and cuil, cooked, from L. (1K11lm, " is added. M. E. bolar, bitoll1·e. - 1'.
acc. of (<<Ius, pp. of (oguere, to cook. bUlor, I a bittor [bittern];' Cot. Prob.
Bisect. (L.) From L. bi-, short for named from its cry; cf. L. b,lt/re, bubiirc,
bis, twice; and sUI-um, supine of seetire, to cry like a bittern ; whence also L. MHo ,
to cut. said to mean I bittern,' though the same
BWhop. (L. - Gk.) A. S. biseop. - L. word as biileo, i. e. buzz,'\rd.
epistflpus. - Gk. '''IITIr07rOS, a bishop; lit. Bitt_, naval term. (Scaml. 1) The
I overseer.' _ Gk. f"l, upon; ITIr_OS, one bilts are two strong posts on deck to
that watches, from 1T1r0,,-, a-grade of ITlrnl-, which cables are f.utened. Prob. from
as in ITlrf"·TOJUU. I spy, overlook. See Ice!. bi/i, a bit, mouthful (see Bit ( I» ) ;
Speoies. also, a cross· beam in a house; a thwart
Bumuth, a metal. (G.) G.bismul"; (L. Iramlnull) in a ship. [F. biles, bitts
also spelt 1uisnlui. wissmlll, wissnllltn. (see Col.), Span. hilas, may hal'e been
O~in unknown. borrowed from E.] Cf. also A. S. b,Uillg ,
BUIOJ1, a quadruped. (L.-Teut.) L. a cable for holding a ship, from bie/an,
bison (Pliny) ; L:1te Gk./JIIT01V. Not a L. to restrain, curb, equivalent (in fo rm) to
word, but borrowed from Teutonic; Ice1. beila; see Bait. Also Swed. bcling,
O. H. G. wisunI, G. wisenl, a bison; a bitt, whence belillgbult, a bill·bolt, bitt·
A. S. weosend, a wild ox; Icel. vistmdr. pin; Dan. bc(lillg : used also on land for
See O. H. G. wisuni in Schade. tethering horses, as in Swed. belingbull, a
Bu.eldiile. a name (or leap-year. pe-g for tethering, from be/a, tl> pasture, bait.
(L. ) Late L. bissextilis annus, bissextile Bitumen. (L.) L. billimm, mineral
year.-L. bisstztu.<, an intercalary day; so pitch. Cf. Brugm. i. § 663.
called because the intercalated day (for- Bivalve. (F. -L.) From Bi- and
merly Feb. 24) was caUed the sixlh of Valve.
the calends o( March; there being thus Bivouac. (F . -G.) F. bivouac, orig.
two days with the same name.-L. Ms, bivac. -Swiss G. bdwacht, an additional
twice; sextus, sixth, from sex, six. watch at night (Stalder) ; cr. bei·gebm,
Bu~n, purblind. (E.) In Sh. M. E. to add. - G. bd, in addition; wadll, a
bisen. O. Northumb. bisln, blind (Matt. watch, from wadu"., to wake. Sec Wake
ix. 28). Origin unknown. ( I ). cr. G. beiwacht.
Binre, a dark brown. (F. -G.?) }<'. Bisarre, odd. ;F.-Span.) F. bi-
/lislre, a dark brown. Perhaps from provo zarre, strange, capricious ; orig. I valiant.'
G. biesler, dark, gloomy, also bistre (FlU. -Span. bizarro, valiant, gallant. Perhaps
gel) . of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra, a
Bit ( I), a mouthful, small piece. (E.) beard. Cf. Span. hornbre de bigote, a man
50
 BLAB BLAZON
of spirit; where bigoll means C mous- blanch, white. Nasalised form from
tache: O. H. G. blan, shining; cf. Gk. ~lI.6-Y-EO~,
Blab, to tell tales. (E.) M. E. blaOb~, flaming, shining, from ~lI.I"(- ..", to shine.
a tell.tale; blabtren, to babble. Cf. Dan. blanket. (F.-O. H . G.) Orig.ofa
blabOre, to babble; Dan. diaL b/affr~, G. white colour. M. E. blanket. - A. F'. bfall-
pla/pern, to babble, prate. Of imitative kel (F. blanenel), dimin. from blanc, white;
origin; cf. Gael.plaO, a soft noise; piabair, see above.
a babbler; blabaran, a stammerer, blaM· Blare, to make a loud noise. (E.)
dacll, babbling, garrulous. M. E. blarm. Cf. Du. Maren, Low G.
Black. (E.) M. E. blall. A. S. blac, blarren, to bleat; M. H. G. blirm, hltr-
blOlc [which editors have often confused I ren (G. pliirren) , to bleat, blubber. Prob.
with bille, bright, shining]. Cf. lcel. I imitative, like bleat; but cf. Blaze (2).
blakkr. dark; also A. S. blOIe, Low G. Mak, Blaaon; see Blazon.
O. H . G. blacn, Ice!. blak, Swed. bltek, Dan. Blaspheme, to speak injuriously. (L.
blak, all meaning 'ink.' Connexion with -Gk.) L. blasphitnare.-Gk. lJlI.aq~I]­
Du. "faken, to scorch, is doubtful. flEW, to speak ill of. - Gk.IJ"".q~flO~, adj.,
blaclara.ard. a term of reproach. (E. speaking evil. - Gk. lJlI.aq·, for *1JlI.alJu.,
alld F.) From black and guard. A name i. e. hurtful (cf. 1Jl\6.1J·I]. hurt) ; and CPl]pi, I
given to leullions, turnspits, and kitchen say: see Fame. Brugm. i. § 744.
menials, from the dirty work done by Blast, a blowing. (E. ) M. E. blast.
them. See Trench, Select Glossary. A. S. blt1st, a blowing; cf. Icel. blastr, :l
Bladcler. (E.) M. E. bladart. A. S. breath, blast of a trumpet; O. H. G. blast.
bl/Mare, bltUrc, a blister, bladder (lit. Formed with Idg. suffix 10- from the old
blowing out).+Du. blaar [Icel. 6la3ra 1]; base of Blaze (2).
O. H . G. blatara (G. blalt~r). Teut. type Blatant, noisy, roaring. (E.) Spenser
*blharim·, wk. fern. From Teut. stem has' blalant beast'; F. Q. vi. 12 (head-
*bl/Z·, to blow (see Blow (I»; wilh suffix ing); also biallant, id. vi. I. 7. Plob.
·aron similar to Gk. 'TpO. (cf. X{/Tpa, a pot). imitative. Cf. Lowl. Sc. blaa. to abuse;
Blade, a leaf, flat of a sword. (E.) blaller, a rattling noise; G. platz, a crash.
M. E. blade. A. S. Mad, a leaf.+Icel. Blay, a bleak (fish). (E.) A.S. Mege.
bla3, Swed., Dan., Du. blad, a leaf, blade; +Du. blei; G. bleine.
G. blall. Teut. type *bla.ao11l, neut., with Blaze (I) , a flame. (E.) M. E. blau.
sense of 'blown,' i. e.• flourishing;' pp. A. S. blase, a flame, in compo bathlase,
form (with suffix ·do- = Idg. ·to.) from a bright light; blase, f. a torch; <Teut .
.vBHL6. See Blow (2). type ·blasim. Cf. M. H. G. bias, a torch;
Blaeb8r'1'7, Bleaberry, a bilberry. also G. bliisse, Icel. hlesi, a 'blaze' or
(Scand. and E.) From N"orth E. blat, white mark on a horse, Swed. bias, the
livid, dark; and btrry. The form blat is same.
from Ice!. bla-r, livid; see under Blue. Blaze (l), to proclaim, noise abroad.
Blain, a pustule. (E.) M. E. blein. (Scand.) Mark i. 45. M. E. blaUtl. -
A . S. blegen, a boil. + Du. blein; Dan. Icel. blasa, to blow, blow a trumpet, sound
blt.t;n. Cf.O.H. G.plehm-oug;,weak.eyed. an alarm; Swed. blasa, to sound; Dan.
Blame, vb. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. blau, Du. b1azm, to blow a truillret; G.
blamen. - O. F. blasmer, to blame. - L. blasen. Also Goth. tif-bllsall, to puff up.
blasplt.imare, to speak ill, also to blame. < Teut. type -bllEs·all., to blow; whence
_ Gk. lJlI.aq~flfW; see Blaapheme. I A. S. bllEst, E. blasl. Much confused wilh
I
Blanch ( I), to whiten. (F. -0. H. G. ) blaum.
From F. blancnir, to whiten.-F. blanc, Blazon (I), Blason, a proclamation.
white; see Blank below. " Hamid, i. 5. 2I; Shako Son. 106. A cor·
Blanch (2), the same as Blenoh. ruption from Blaze (2), M. E. Masm, to
Bland. (L.) L 61ant/us, mild. proclaim; due to confusion with Blazon
blandish, to flatter. (F.-L. ) M. E. (2) below.
1,lanaisetl.-O. F. blant/is-, stem of pres. Bluon ( l), to pourtrayarmorial bear·
part of blandi"., to flatter.-L. blandiri. to ings. ( F.) M. E. Mason, blasorm, a shield;
caress.-L. blandus, bland. I whence blauIn, verb, to describe a shield.
Blank white. (F. - O. H. G.) In : -F. b1ason, & coat of arms, orig. a shield
Milton, p~ Ih x. 656.- F. b1anc.-O. H. G. I (Brachet). Cf. Span. blaml, heraldry ,
51
 BLEABERRY BLISS
blazonry, glory, kacer biasolZ, to blazon, A. S. and Goth. blmulalt, str. re<1upl. vb.,
l>las01zar, to blazon, brag, boast; snggest- O. H. G. bla1llan, to mix.
ing a (very doubtful) connexion with G. Bless, to consecrate, &c. (E.) The
blaselJ, to blow the trumpet, as done by orig. sense may have been' to consecrate
heralds, to proclaim a victor's fame; see by blood,' i. e. either by sacrifice or by the
Blaze (l) above. (See Scheler.) Or if the sprinkling of blood, as the word can be
orig. gense was a bright mark on a shielri, clearly traceU back to blood. M. E. blessetZ,
it is allied to Blaze (I). A. S. Melsian, O. Northum b. blidsia, bloed-
Bleaberry j see Blaeberry. sia (Matt. xxv. ~4, xxvi. 26), which can
Bleach. ( Eo) Orig. 'to whit~n;' M. E. be explained from blM, blood,with the usual
Mechen, Ancren Riwle, p. 324, I. I. A. S. °
"owel-change from to oe or e. Teut. type
""'lcan. - A. S. bUc, shining, bright, pale. *bIOdiso". Cf. bleed. (Suggested by Sweet;
See bleak below. + Ice!. bleikja; Du. Anglia, iii. 156.)
bleekm; G. bleichm; <Teut. *blaikja,,-. Blight. (K ) XVII cent. Of unknown
bleak ( I ), orig. pale. (Scand .) M. E. origin; perhaps allied to M.E. blichming ,
bleik. - Icel. bleikr, pale; Swed. bl"k; mildew. And cf. M. H. G. blirze, G. blit:;,
Dan. bleg.+A. S. blac; Du. Meek; G. lightning.
bleich. Teut. type *bla iko~. From *blaik-, Blind. (E.) A. S. blind.+Du. bli1zd;
strong grade of Teut. *bleikalt- (A. S. Icel. blindr; Sw., Dan., G. blilld; < Tent.
blica1t ), to shine. type *blindoz , Id g. base *Mlmdh- ). Cf.
bleak (2 ), a fish. (Scand .) From its Lith . b/~sti-s (3 pr. S. /IlCll dz ia-s) , to become
pale colour. dim (of the sun).
Blear-eyed, having watery, inflamed, blindfold, vb. (E.) M. E. Milld-
or dim eyes. (E.) M. E. bleer-eyed. lolden, verb (T yndale) ; corruption of
Cognate with Low G. Marr-oged, blear- blilllifeidm (Palsgrave), where the d is
eyed; cf. blarr·oge, an eye wet with tears, excrescent. The true word is blilldlellen,
from blarren, to howl, weep; which seems to' fell' or strike blind, Ancren Riwle, p.
to be allied to E. blare. 106. - A. S. blind, blind; and lellatl, to
Bleat. (E.) M. E. blettlt. A. S. bl,e- strike; see Fell.
lan, blelml, to bleat as a sheep.+ Du . Blindman's buff; see Buft'.
blalm; O. H. G. pliiza1l. Cf. Russ. ble- Blink, to wink, to glance. (E. ) M. E.
jale, to bleat; L.jlere, to weep. Menken, to shine, to glance; whence mod.
Bleb, Blob, a small bubble or blister. E. bli1lk, by change of m to ill, as in
( E.) Cf. M. E. Mober, a bubble on water; many word s. Allied to A. S. blallc, white
blttbber, a bubble. By comparing blobber, (as in blallc-a, a white horse ), cognate with
blubber, with bubble, having much the same O. H. G. blanch, M. H. G. blanc; see
meaning, we see the probability that they Blank. Cf. Du., G. blinkm, Swed.
are imitative, from the action of forming blinka, Dan. blinke, all late forllls; and
a bubble with the lips. A. S. blira11, to shine.
Bleed. (E.) M. E. bledm. A. S. bli- Bliss. (E.) See Blithe.
da1t, formed (by mutation of 0 to i ) from Blister. (F.- Teut.) M. E. blesler,
A. S. blOd, blood. <Teut. type */IlOd.ian-, to blisler. (Not fonnd before 1300.) -0. F.
lose blood >lcel. blafJa. blestre, • tumeur,' Godefroy. Of Teut.
Blemish, to stain. (F.) ~-r. E. ble- origin; cf. Ice!. bliis/r (dat. blilslri), a
misshen. _ O. F. blllllis-, stem of pres. Fart. blast, also a swelling, allied to E. Blast.
of blemir, bles1Ilir, to wound, stain, make From the notion of blowing out.
pale. - O. F. blmu, "Iemu, wan, pale. Of Blithe. (E.) M. E. l>Iilhe. A. S.
unknown origin. bliiJe, sweet, happy.+O. Sax. blfiJi, bright,
Blench, to shrink from. (E.) M. E. glad; Du. Mijde, blij; I cel. bliiJr j Swed.,
blmchm, to avoid, elude. A. S. blenra1l, Dan. />lid; O. H. G. blTdi, glad j Goth.
to deceive; as if from a Teut. type *blll1tk- blei/hr, merciful, kind.
ja,t-, causal of *f>lt'nkn1t-, to blink. But bliss. (E. ) M. E. blis. A. S. blis,
proof is wanting. bliss; contr. from A. S. bliiJs, happiness,
Blend, to mix together. (Scand. ) lit. blitheness. - A. S. b/jlJe (above) . +
M. E. bll1Idm. Due to blmd- base of the O. Sax. bllzZn., bHdsta, happiness. Tellt.
pres. indie. of lcel. blatula t S~ed. Malltia' j stem *blissia; with ss <fI, the suffix being
Dan. hlnnde), to hlend; cognate with ·Ii,i, as in I.. laeli-lin..
52
 BLOAT BLUNDERBUSS
Bloat, to swell . (Scand.) We now Blotch, a large blot. (E.) A moo.
generall y use bloated to mean 'puffed variant of blot, perhaps suggested by {,oldl.
out' or 'swollen,' as if allied t f) blow. Blouse, a loose outer frock. (F. )
Hut the M. E. form was blout, soft; con· From F . blouse, a frock much used by
nected with Ice!. blaulr, soft, effeminate, workmen (XVI ll cent. ). Origin unknown.
imbecile, blotna , to become soft, lose Blow (1), to puff. (E. ) M.E. b/OWeIl.
courage. Cf. Swed. bIoi , Dan. blOd, soft , +
A. S. b!tiu'an. G. Miihm, O. II. v. bler-
pulpy, mellow. Allied to IceJ. blau6r, Ilan; allied to 1.. )lan.
soft; A. S blia}, G. bliJd~, weak. Blow (1) , to bloom, flou rish as a flower.
bloater, a prepared herring. (Scand.) (E .) M. E. blO1IJw. A. S. bl.noan .+Du.
A bloa!~r is a cured fish, cured by smoke; blod/m; G. bluhm, O. H . G. bluojall.
but formerly a 'soaked ' fish. - Ice\. blatt!r, Allied to L. jlifrfre; see Flourish.
soft. C f. Swecl . blotfisk, soaked fish; from Blow (3) , a stroke, hit. (E.) M. E.
biota, to soak, steep ; from I>lJ!, soft blowe. Not in A. S. ; but we find M. Du.
(above) . strong verb bloflwen (pt. t. blatt ), to strike,
Blob a bubbl e. (E.) See Bleb . dress flax by beating; O. H. G. Mit/wall ,
Block, a large piece of wood. (F.- whence G. blauen, to beat; Goth. bligg-u'oll,
M. H. G.) M. E. blok. - O. F. bloc. - to strike; all from Teut. *bliw1lJa1l-, to
M. H. G. bloch , a block; cf. Du. hlok, Dan. strike. (H istory obscme.)
blo~', Swed. block. D er. block-ode. Blubber. (E.) M. E. blober, a bubble;
Blond. (F. ) XV cent. F. blond, m. blobentz, to bubble up, to weep copiously.
"'OItde, fern . ' light yell ow ;' Cot. Referred Of imitative origin; cf. Blob. The
by Diez to Ice\. blm/dimt, mixed; cf. A. S. blubber of the whale consists of bladder-
l>lo1tdm-feax, having hair of mingl ~ d like cells fi lled with oil. Blubber-lipped..
colour, gray-haired. See Blend. ~ But with swollen lips. Cf. E . Fries. blubber,
the Low L. form is bhmd/ts, pointing to a bubble, a blob of rat; blubber1l, to
a Teut. type *hltmdo-, answering to Skt. bubble.
bradh 1ta-s, reddish , pale yellow (Kluge). Bludgeon. (E. or F.) XVIII cent.
Cf. O. Slav. bron', white; Brugm. i. Of unknown origin.
§ 814. Blue, a colour. (F. -0. H . G .) M . E.
Blood. (E.) M. E. Nod, blood. A. S. ble1l', bleu. - A. I'. bItt, blew, O. F. b/eu,
1>lOd.+Du . bloed, Icel. "'06, Swed. blod, blue. - 0. H. G. blao, bille, livid, v. blatt.
l;oth. bloth; G. bitt!; <Teut. type *"'Odolll, +Icel . bliir, livid ; Swed. b18, Dan. blaa;
n. Hence bleed. A. S. bliiw (0. E. Texts, p. 588 ' ; < Teut.
Bloom, a flower. (S,ancl.) M. E . type *bltewoz. Cognate with Lat.jlat/llS,
Mome; not in A. S. - Icel. Mifm, Mifmi, a yell ow.
fl ower; Swed. blomma; Dan. blomme. + BId, downright, rude. (Du. ?) A
Du. hio~1It; Goth. Mifflla ; allied to O. Ir. bluff is a steep headland. It appears to be
hMIll,L.jlifs ; see Flower. And see bel ow. Dutch. M. Du. blo/, fl at, broad ; blaffatrt,
blossom. (E.) M. E. blosllle, also one having a broad flat face, also, a
Nos!me. A. S. blOs/ma, a blossom; from boaster (Oudemans) ; bla}" vall htl voor-
base blif- of A. S. blif-1IJall, with suffixes hoo./I, 'tlie flat of a forehead' (Hexham );
-st and -1110 (Teut. ·1/t01l ) . + D u. bloesem; blaffm , bleffm, to mock (id.) . Cf. E.
M. H. G. bluost (with su ffix -sl) . See Fries. bluffm, to make a noise, bluster,
above. impose on.
Blot ( 1), a spot. (Scand.?) M. E. Mot, Blunder, to Rounder about, err.
Molle. O rigin unkn own. It has some (Scand.) M. E. blo,ldrm, to confuse, to
resemblance to I cel. bleltr, a blot, stain; move blindly or stupidly. Formed (as a
Dan. dial. !>Iat, a spot, a bI oI. frequentative ) from Icel. blumla, to doze,
Blot (l ), at bnckgammo:J. (Scand.) slumber; Swed. blunda, to shut the eyes;
A blot is an 'exposed' piece. - Dan. blo!, Dan. bltmdt, to nap. Cf. Iccl . blm/dr,
bare, nak ed; whence give sig blot, to lay Dan. and Swed. bltmd, a doze, a nap.
oneself open, expose oneself; Swed. b1ott, From the sense of ' confusion.' Allied to
naked; blotla , to lay oneself open.+ Du. Blend and Blind.
bloot, naked, blootst~llm, to expose; G. Blunderbuss, a short guo. (Hyb. )
bloss, naked. Allid to Ice!. blatttr, soft; In Pope. Formerly spelt blallte1-busst,
see Bloat. pla"t~rbusse (Palmer, Folk-E tymology ) ;

53
 BLUNT BOHEA
i. e. ' a gun on a rest.' Apparently from short for aborde, used by Palsgrave. - F.
L. planttire, to plant (see Plant); and aborder, 'to approach , accost, abboord ,
Du. bus, a gun, orig. a box, barrel ; see or l:1y aboord;' Cot. - F . a, to (L. /Zil);
BOX ( I ). Butthe correspondi ug Du.word bord, edge, brim, side of a ship, from
is doltdt rbtlS, i. e. thunder-gun. Ice!. borlJ, Du. boord, side of a ship. See
Blunt, dull. (Scand.?) M. E. blunt, Board (I).
"'OIIt, dull , dulled. Origin unknown; Boast. (E.) M. E. bost. [ W. bost,
perhaps allied to Ice!. blu.uia, Dan. Corn. bost, Irish and Gael. bosd, are all
Mllnde , to sleep, doze; see Blunder. borrowed from E.] Origin unknown, but
Blur, to stain; a stain. (Scand. 1) perhaps a late formation (with suffix -st)
Properly • to dim'; metaphorically,' to from A. S. bogall, Mn, to boast; ce. provo
deceive.' We find : 'A Mirre, deceptio; E. bog, to boast.
to blirre, fall ere ;' Levins (1570). Of Boat. ( E.) M. E. boot. A. S. btll.
uncertain origin. Cf. Swed. dial. blura, Cf. Icel. btitr; Swed. h&t; Du. boo/: Russ.
to blink, partially close the eyes; Swed. bof; W . bad: Gael. billa, a boat. IJ. The
pli"a, Swed. dial. b1ira, to blInk; blirra Ice!. word is borrowed from A. S.: and
fojr augu, to qniver (be dim) before the the other forms either from E. or Ice!.
eyes, said of a haze caused by heat: Teut type -baitOll, m.
Bavarian pIerr, a mist before the eyes. boa~8W&in. (E.) Lit.' boat-lad:'
Blurt, to utter impulsively. (E.) Ice!. rodn", a lad ('"' A. S. nlNi,,).
Lowl. Sc. blirl, to make a noise in weep- Bob! to jerk. (E.) Perhaps imitative.
ing; cf. M. E. blerm , to make a loud BobDin, a wooden pin on which thread
noise, to blare. Of imitati.,e origin. is wound: round tape. (F .) Formerly
Blush. (E. ) M. E. b1usc"m, blussMn, ~in.-F. /JoIJi1lt, 'a quil for a spinning
to glow. A. S. blysC01I, used to translate wheele, a skane:' Cot. Ong. unknown.
L. n4tiMre, to shine (Mone, Quellen, 355) ; Bod., to foresbew. (E .) M. E. btxim,
cf. tfblysian, tfblisian, to blush; from A. S. bodian. - A. S. Wian, to announce. - A. S.
IJlys in biil-blys, lit . • a fire-blaze.'+ Dn. boda, a messenger: W, n message. From
blozm, to blush, from bIos, a blush: Dan. W-, weak grade of biodan, to command,
blwse, to flame, glow, from IJlus , a torch; announce. See Bid (2 ).
Swed. blossa, to blaze, from bloss, a torch. Bodice, stays. (E.) A corruption of
From Teut. root -bleus, to glow. Wies (pI. of body), which was the old
Bluster, to be boisterous. (E.) Doubt- se:rn-~ (Cf. F. corset, from corps.)
less associated in idea with blast (Icel. BocI~D, orig. a small dagger. (?)
bMstr, Swed. blast). Cf. E. Fries. blus- M. E. boydekin, Ch. Origin unknown.
tern, to be tempestuous (esp. of wind); Body, the frame of an animal. (E.)
blusler, blfiser, a breeze: bliistfl, to blow M. E. Oodi: A. S. Wig.+O. H. G. potadJ.
strongly: b1use, wind. Boer; the same as Boor.
Boa, a large snake. (L.) L. boa Bog. (C.) Irish bogue", a bog, from
(Pliny): perhaps allied to bos, an ox: from bog, soft: cf. Irish bogaim , I shake; a bog
its size. being a soft quagmire. So also Gael.
Boar,ananimal. (Eo) M.E. bore, boor. bogrzn, a quagmire: bog, soft, moist: bog,
A. S. Mr. + Du. beer: M. H. G. bir. to soften, also to agitate. Cf. O. Irish
Teut. type -bairoz, m. bocc, soft.
Board ( I). (E.) M. E. />om. A. S. ' Bogsrard. Bosrn.rt;, a spect~. (C.:
bord, board, side of a ship, shield. +.Du. wit" Y. suffi.r.) -From bog, variant of
boord: Ice!. bo~,plank, side of aship ; G. Bug (I); with suffix -ard, -art (F. -arti
bord: Goth. -batlrd in /otu·baurd, a foot- as in bast-ard). See below.
stool. Cf. Irish, Gael., W ., and Com. Boggle, to start aside, swerve for (ear.
bonl, a board (from E.) . Teut. type (C.l) Prob. coined from provo E. boggle,
-bordom, n. ~ The sense ' side of a ship' bogle, a spectre. Cf. W . Irwg, a goblin;
explains slar·board, lar-board, on kard, bygel, a scarecrow: bwgwl, a tbreat,
over-board. Der. board, to have meals as o/gylH, to threaten; Irwgwt", to scare.
a lodger; from IJoard, a table. See Bug (I ).
board (2), to go on board a ship, to Bok.... a kind of tea. (Chinese.) So
:tccost. (F.- Teut.) The sb. board is E., named from the Bohea hills: the moun-
bllt the verb, formerly spelt borde, IJord, is ! tain called B014-), (or Wi,.,) is situated in
H
 BOIL BOOBY

S. E. coast of China.
I
the province of Fokim or FukUzn, on the L. MItis (not L. bOlus), a Latinised form
of Gk. SiiJAos, a clod, lump.
Boil (r ),tobubbleup. (F.-L.) O.F. Bomb, a shell for cannon. (I' .".Span.
!willir, to boil (F. hcuil/ir). - L. b,,//ire, to -L. ~ Gk.) F. homhe; Span. homha.-L.
bubble up, boi1.-L. "ttlla, a bubble; st"C bomhus., a humming noise. -Gk. S6p.{Jos,
Bull (2). Cf. Norman F. boil/i,.., to the same. See Boom (J).
boil. bombard. (F. -L.-Gk.) The verb
Boil ( 2), a small tumour. (E.) Provo is from E. honlbard, a great gun; Sh.- F.
E. bile; prob. affected by boil ( I). M. E. bomba,..dt, a cannon; extended from F.
byle. A. S. Iljl, a boil, swelling.+Dn. bom"e; see Bomb. Dar. bombard·itr, F .
bui/; G. beule. Cf. Goth. u.fbaMljan, to bombardier (Cot.).
puff up; Ice!. btyla, a hump (with muta· Bombut, orig. cotton wadding; hence
tion). See Bowl (2). padding, affected language. (F.-L.-
Boisterou. (F.) Lengthened from Gk.) From O. F. bombaa (with added t),
M. E. boislous, Ch.; lit.' noisy.' Boislcus cotton wadding. - Late L. bon/Mum, acc.
answers to O. F. boistous, lame, but the of bombax, cotton; for L bombyx. - Gk.
difference in sense is remarkable. The S6p.{Jvt, silk, cotton; orig. a silkworm.
O. F. boislcus also meant 'rough,' as Cf.· to talk/uslian.'
applied to a bad road; hence perhaps bombubae, bombuine a fabric
M. E. boislOUS, rough, coarse, noisy. of silk and worsted. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
Bold. (E.) M. E. bold, bald; A. S. bOil/basin. - Late L. bo",hacin"m. - L. bom·
beald, bald, baI).+Ice!. ballr; Du. boud; bjcin,IS, adj. silken; from ho11lbyx, silk;
O. H. G. /laid; d . Goth. balillaha, Ildv., see above.
boldly. Tent. type ·bal)os. Bond. (E.) See Band (J).
Bole, stem of a tree. (Scand.) ~. E. Bondaire, servitude. (F. - Scand .)
holt. - lcel. bolr. bufr, the trunk of a tree, M. E. ana A. F . horul4ge, servitude; the
stem; Swed. bal; Dan. bul. Cf. Gk. sense being due to confusion with the verb
<I'<iA-o...,t, a log, trunk. Cf. Balk (I). to bind. But it orig. meant the condition
Bolled, swollen. (Scand.) Earlier of a bondman, called in A. S. bOnda, a
forms are M. E. bollen, pp., and bolned, word borrowed from Icel. hindi, a hUI'
pp. The latter is the pp. of M. E. bolnen, bandman. And bOndi =btiandi, a tiller;
to swell. - Dan. /lulne, Swed. bulna, led. from Icel. hlia, to till, rrepare, cognate
MIgna, to swell, inchoativc forms from with A. S. Mia", to dwel , and G. bauen.
wk. grade of helg· (d. Ice!. klgja, to in· Thus A. S. hUnt/a is allied in sense and
/late). Cf. A. S. helgan (pp. bolgtll) , to origin to E. boor, q. v.
swell with anger. See Bellowa, Billow. Bone. (E.) M. E. hofm; A. S. M".
Bolate1'. (E.) A. S. bolster, with suffix +Du. hem; Icel. ki,,; Swed. hm; Dan.
sler as in hol·sle,... From ita round shape. hun; O. H. G. btin. Teut. type ·baino",.
+ Du. bolster, IlUlsler; Ice!. bolstr; O. bon1lre. (E. ) Orig. a bone·fire.
H. G. bolslar (G. polsler). Teut. type 'Bane-Jire, ignis ossium;' Catholicon
·"ul-slroz; from Tellt. ·/lul, weak grade Anglicanum, A. D. J-483; where hime is
of *beul, to puff up. See Boil (2). (See the Northeru form of hone. Cf. Picard/u
Franck.) d'os, a bonfire.
Bolt (I), a stout pin of iron, an arrow. Bonito a kind of tunny. (Span.-
(E.) A. S. boll.+Du. hout, formerly bolt; Arab.) Span. hollito. - Arab. ba7"flll.
Dan. bolt; G. bolz, bolsen. Root unknown. a bonito.
Bolt (2), Boult, to sift meal. (F.- Bonnet. (F.) F.bonnel; O.F. htmtt
L. - Gk.) Spelt holllie in Palsgrave. - (A. D. Jo,*7), the name ola stuff of which
O. F. hulltr; mod. F. hluter; oldest form bonnets or caps were made. Origin
bultttr, a corruption of ·bureter, to sift unknown.
through coarse cloth; cf. M. ltat burat· Bo~, fair. (F.-L) From F. bontU,
lare, to boult (Florio). - O. F . and F. fair, fern. of bon, good.-L bonus, good i
hllre, coarse woollen cloth. - Late Lat. O. L. d_us.
bura, ~"a, coarse red cloth. - Lat. Boase, at:riest. (Port.-Japanese.)
""rNII!. reddish. - Gk. ""PpIir, reddish. - Port. """-. - ap. IIMfIO, a religions man.
·Gk. ""P, fire. See B1INau and~. I Boo'b7. (pan.-L) Span. w., a
Bolu, a large pill. (L-Gk.) Late blockhead, booby (related to F. 6auN,
55
 BOOK BOTANY
stammering). - L IxUbus, stammering; - M. ])u. bule, Du. Imil; cf. Ice!. l'ili,
hence. stupid. Dan. bJl/te, Swell. byte, exchange, barter,
Book. (E.) M. E. {1(){)1t; A. S. biic, a also booty, spoil; G. Mlle, spoil.
book; also, a beech-tree. The orig. Borage. (F. - Span. - Arab.) For-
I books' were pieces of writing scratched merly bourage. _ F . bolin-ache. _ Span.
011 n beechen board.+Du. botk; Ice!. bOlt; /Jorr(l/a.- Arab. aM ,-asM" lit. I father of
Swed. bok; Dan. bog; G. bUell ; all in the sweat;' because it is a sudorific.
sense of ' book '; Goth. bOlta, a letter, pI. Boraz. (Low L. - Arab. - Pers.) Low
bOkos, writings. p. With A. S. biic, beech, cf. L. borax; also boracllm. - Arab. buraf}. _
L. fa!J'IIS, a beech, Gk. 'Pmos, a tree with Pers. biirah, borax (VulJers).
edible fruit. Bo:rder, an edge. (F. - Low L -
Boom (1), to hum. (E.) M. E. bom· Teut.) M. E. bordure, bordeurt.-O. F.
111m; not found in A. S.+Du. bommen, borcleure (Span. bordadllra), an edging.-
to boom, to give out a hollow sound like Low L. bort/aliira, edging.-Low L. bor-
an empty barrel. An imitative word; dare (Ita!. borclare, Span. bordar, F.
like L. llombus, Gk. {3op.fks, a humming. horder), to edge. - Low L. bordus (F.
Boom (2), a pole. (Du.) Du. boom; {lOrd). - Teut. (0. Low G.) bord, side; see
the Du. form of Beam (1). Board.
Boomerang, a wooden missile weapon. Bore (1), to perforate. (E.) M. E.
(Australian.) From the native Australian borim, A. S. boriall. + Du. borm; Icel.
name. bora; Swed. borra; Dan. bore; G. bokrm.
Boon (1), a petition. (Scand.) M. E. Also L.forare, to bore; Gk. tpap<ifIV, to
1'Dlle, Ch. -Icel. bOlt; Dan. nnd Swed.{liilI, plough. llrugm. i. § 510. (.vllHER,
a petition.+A. S. bOen, bin (whence bme to cut.)
in Wordsworth) . The sense of I favour' bore (2), to worry. (Eo) Possibly a
arose from confusion with Boon (2). metaph. use of the verb above; Hen. VIII,
Boon (2), good. (F.-I-) In the phr. i. I. 128.
1 /10011 companion.' _ F. bon, good. - L. Bore (3), a tidal surge in a river.
/lomls. Sec Bonn:y. (Scand.1) Perhaps from Ice!. Mt'a, a
Boor, II peasant. (Du.) Du. /Joet·, a billow caused by wind; Nonv. baara. a
peasant, lit. I tiller of the soil.' _ Du. billow. swell in the sea.
/louwm, to till. + A. S. /Jl/all, to dwell in, Boreas, the north wind. (L.-Gk.)
whence gebl/t', s., a peasant (only preserved L. Boreas. - Gk. BOpfas, Boflpiis, the N.
in nCI:lih·bour). So also G. baueII, to till, wind.
whence batter , ·a peasant; Icel. bUa, Goth. Borough. (E.) M. E. burgll, /Jorgh;
ballalt, to dwell. Teut. stem ·bu-, related also bOr7tJt. A. S. burk, burg (gen. and
to Be. (Streit berg, § 90.) dat. byrig), a fort. Perhaps from Teut.
Boot (1), advantage, profit. (E.) M. E. burg·, weak grade of ·btrgan-, to pro-
/Jole, boot. A. S. bOt, profit.+Du. boele; tect; whence Goth. ba;rgan, to hide, keep;
Icel. bol (d. bat.), advantage, cnre; Dan. see Barrow. + Du. IlUrg; Icel. borg;
bod, Swed. bol, remedy; G. busse, atone- Swed. and Dan. borg; G. bllrg; Goth.
ment; Goth. bola. Teut. type ·bUta, f. battrgs. See below. Brugm. i. § 566; ii.
J<'rom bOl-, strong grade of bat-; see § 160.
Better. Der. bool-less, profitless. borrow. (E.) M. E. borwm; A. S.
Boot (2), a covering for the foot. (F.) borgian, lit. to give a pledge.-A. S. borg,
M. E. bole. - O. F . bole (F. botle) ; cf. Span., born, a pledge. - A. S. borg· , weak grade
Port., Late L. bola. Origin unknown. of beorgml, to keep, protect; see Bar-
Booth. (Scaod.) M. E. botke. - M. row and Borough.
Dan. bOtll (Kalk:u) , Dan. bod; Swed. bod Bosom. (E.) M. E. bosom. A. S .
(cf. Ice!. biiiI, a dwelling, booth).-Dan. /loslll.+Du. botum; G. /lilsen.
bot, Swed. bo, Ice!. b'/(I, to dwell; see Boss, a knob. (F.-O. H . G.) M.E.
Boor. + G. IlIwe, a stall. Teut. type {'ou, bos.-O. F. boa (F. bosse); cf. Ital.
·bii)ii, f. Cf. also Irish /Joth, a hut, boz-:.o, a swclling; M. Ita!' bozzare, to
W. bM, a residence; Lith. bula, bllllas, rough-hew, to bungle. Prob. froin O. H.
a house. See Build. G. bUzan, to Peat; a bump being the
BootJ'. (F .;-Low G.) J<'onnerly spelt effcct ofa blow. Cf. bOlch, beal.
"ulin. _ F. bulill, I a booty, prey;' Cot. I Botany_ (F.· - Gk.) F. IJolal1ique,
56
 BOTARGO BOURD
orig. an adj. - lik. /JOTR"'It6s, belonging 6OA; of which the orig. sense was • an
to plants. - Gk. /JOT.m" grass. - Gk. imn.'+Icel. Mer, Sweel. bog, Dan. 6orJ,
/JOtrltf''', to pasture; cf. /JOT6", a grazing the shoulder of an animal, hence the bow
animal. (shoulder) of a ship; G. bug; Gil . .n;XClS,
Bota.rgo, a cake made of the roe of the the fore-arm j Skt. lui/IUS, the arm. Teut.
sea·mullet. (ItaI.-Arab.) M.ltaI. 6oIargD, type ·6Oguz; Idg. type ·bluighus. See
pI. 6oIarglu; see Florio and Torriano. - Bow (4). Brugm. i. § 184.
Arab. buiarRAa, botargo; given by Devic. Bought, a bend, tum, fold. (Low G.)
SUf.posed to be composed of !tu, Coptic In Spenser, F. Q. i. I. IS. Low G. bllgt,
de. article, and Gil. TOpcXOS, dried fish a bend; Du. bogt, bocht; Dan. bugt. Cf.
(Journ. des Savants, Jan. 1848, p. 45). G. buck!. The E. form is Bight. And
Botch (1), to patch. (E.) Origin see Bout.
unknown. Similar is M. Du. !tuUm, to Boulder, a large stone. (li. 1) Etym.
strike, beat. also to patch up; d. Du. obscure; d. Swc:d. dial. b"lIerstem, a
boisen, to beat. large rolling stone; so called from its
Botch (3) , a swelling. (1<'. - G .) rolling down stream with a crash.-Swed.
M. E. bMne. - O. North F. bMne; Picard bul/ra, to tbunder, roar; and stun, a
boehe j O. F. boee (}<' .bDsse), a swelling; see stone. Danish bas lmldre, to roar,bultler,
Boss. a crash.
Both.. (Scand.) M. E. bap, Scot. Boult, 10 sift meal; see Bolt (3).
"ailn. - Ice1. baMr, both, dual adj. ; Dan. BOlUlce, to jump up quickly. (E.)
baade; Swed. b8da.+G. bulle. And d. M. E. bunsetl, to beat. Cf. Low G. bun-
A. S. loa, both; Lat. -bo in ambo; Gk. -</>OJ sen, to beat, knock at a door; Du. bemen,
in 4Jl-<f>oJ j Skt. -blza in II·Ma, botb. IceI. to bounce, throw, from Du. bom, a bounce,
-tJir is for tJeir, they, the; so that be·tA thump; G. bumps, bounce j Icel. bops,
was orig. two words; cf. Goth. bajoskipa, bump! Prob. imitative.
both the ships (Luke v. 7). BolUld (I ), to leap. (l'.-L.-Gk.)
Bother, vb. and sb. (£.) In Swift. Cf. F. bondir, to bound j but orig. to resound.
pother; prov. E. FlIdde,., confusion; M. E. - L. bOlllbitnre, 10 resound. - L. bombll S,
putneren, to bestir oneself. Origin un- I a humming sound. - Gk. fJOl'/3os, tbe same.
known. Der. r~-bo/l/l(' (F. rebolld;r).
Bot., small worms. (E.) Lowl. Sc. BolUld (3), a boundary. (F.-C.~)
bals. Of unknown origin. M. E. bou"tIe. Ch.; with excrescent d, as
Bottle (I), a hollow vessel. (1".- iu soun-d. A. F. bou"de, bunde; O. F.
Late L. -Gk.) M. E. bo/el.-F. bou/eille. bomlt, a boundary; also spelt bodllt (Bur-
-Late Lat. bu/ieu/a, double dimin. of guy) ; Late Lat. bodina (contr. form
Late L. btelis, bllltis, a cask, a butt j see bOlma), a bound, limit. Perhaps of Celtic
Butt (2). origin j Thumeysen, 91. Der. bollnd-ary.
Bottle (l) , a bundle of hay. (F.- BOlUld (3), ready to go. (Scand.) In
O.H.G. ) M.E. betd.-O.I'. botd,llOt- 'the ship is bou,ui for Spain,' &c.
die, a small bundle, dimin. of botle, a I"ormed, with excrescent d, from M. E.
bundle, as ofbay.-O. H. G. bOzo, a bundle boun, ready, Ch. C. T. 11807. - Ice!.
of straw or flax; allied to O. H. G. Mum, bui,m, prepared; pp. of Ma, to till, pre-
to beat (see Beat) j perhaps from the pare.+A. S. buan; see Boor.
beating of flax. BOlUlden, tbe old pp. of Bind. (E.)
Bottom. (E.) M. E. bottem, botMm. As in • bOllnde" duty.'
A. S. botlll.+Du. bodem; Ice!. bot,,; Swed. BolUlty, orig. goodness. (F. - L. )
bot/ell; Dan. btmd; G. bodm; Lat.jtmdus; M. E. bou/ztce. - O. F. bontet. - L. acc.
Gk. 'Irv8Jl.q,,; Vedic Skt. budnnii, depth, bonita/em, from bonitas, goodneSs. - L.
ground. Allied to Irish b01m, sole of tbe bOllus, good. See Bonny.
foot; Gael. bomt, sole, bottom; W. bon, Bouquet. (F.-Late L.) F. bouqtut;
base, stock. See Fundament. Brugm. O. F. bosque/, orig. • a little wood,' dimin.
i. §§ 103, 704. of O.F. bos (F. bois), a wood.-Late L.
I
Boudoir. (F.) F. boudoir, a private bos(u1II, buseum, acc. of boscus, bus(tu, a
room for a lady; lit. a place to sulk in. - wood; of unknown origin. Cf. Bush.
F. bowier, to sulk. Cf. E. pout. , Bourd, a jest; to jest. (1-'.) M. E.
Bough. (E.) M. E. bouglt. A. S. biig, : bOtlrde, sb.; bourdm, Y. - Jo'. bOtmk, a
57
 BOURN BRACELET
lill!n~ j {Iol/rdcr, to play. OC unknown M. E. bolle. A. S. bolla j from its round
ongtn. (Not as in Diez.) fonn.+Du . bol, baU; Ice!. bolli, O. H . G.
Bourn (I ) , a boundary. (F.) In Sh. b"lla, bowl (G. bolle). From Teut . • bul·,
- F. bDrlU, a bound j for O. F. bodne, weak grade of *beul· , to swell ; cf. Goth.
variant of O. F. bonne, a boundary j see tif-bauljan, to puff up. See Boil ( 2).
Bound (2 ). Bow-line. (Scalld.) Not so called
Bourn (2 ), Burn, a stream. (E.) because it keeps a sail w /Cietl (for it rather
M. E. bourlu. A. S. bllma, a Countain, keeps it straight), but because fastened to
stream, wel!.+Ice!. brunnr; Swed. brunn j the ship's bow. - Nor\\,. and Swed. bog-
Dan. bnmdj G. brunnm j Goth. brunna, li,uz, bow-line, from bog-, bow of a ship j
a spring, well. Du. boeg-lijn, from boeg, bow. For the
Bouse, Bouze, BOOM, to drink pronunciation, cf. bow-spril. See Bow (4)
deeply. (Du.) M. E. bousen (ab. 1300). and Line.
-M. Du. *biisen, later IIUYun, to drink Bow-window; see Bow (I ).
deeply.-M. Du. flUte (Latinised as bUsa Boz ( I), the name of a tree. (L.-Gk.)
by Erasmus) , buyse, a large cnp, also a M. E. box; A. S. box. - Lat. bUJ.·IIS, the
tap, a conduit (Kilian); Du. buu, a con- box·tree. - Gk. '"'los, the box-tree.
duit, pipe. Cf_ O. F. buse, a conduit j boz (2), a chest or case to put things
G. hausen, to bouse. in. (L. -Gk.) M. E. box j A. S. box.-L.
Bout, a tum, a round, occasion. (Low bUXfI"" anything made of box-wood;
G.) The same as BOUCh.. (above); prob. hence, a box.-Lat. bIUUS, the box-tree.
influenced by alHlut. (Hence a box at a theatre; a shooting-bDx;
Bow (1), to bend. (E.) M. E. bowen, a Christmas box or present; &c.) Cf.
bogen, btlgCII. A. S. bi7g-atl.+Du. buigen j Pyx.
O. H. G. /liogan; Goth. biugan; Teut. Boz (3), to fi~ht with fists; a l>low.
type ·bmgan- or .biigalJ-. Cf. Skt. Muj, (E. ) The verb IS from M. E. box , sh.,
t~ bend; L:'-t. /tlrre, to take to fligh!, a blow. Cf. N. Fries. bakke, Silt bakke,
gtve way; Gk. ,/>ftryflll, to flee. Brugm. I. a blow (Outsen) ; M. H. G. bllc, a blow j
H 658. 701. Du. I,,:tlkm, G. pol Aen, to beat.
bow (2), a bend. (E.) FrOID the Boz (4), in phr. 'to box the compass.'
verb. Apparently one of the nnmerous uses of
bow (3), a weapon to shoot with. (E.) the vb. formed from box ( 2). See
M. E. bowe. A. S. /loga, a boW; because N. E. D.
it is bent or bowea'.+Du. boog; Ice!. bogi ; Boy. (E.) M. E . bDi, boy. Preserved
Swed. Mgt: Dan. bue j O. H. G. bogo; in E. «' riesic /lui. boy, a boy (KooIman) :
G. bDg-m. From A. S. /lDg- j cf. bDg-m, pp. allied to M. Du. boeve, a boy, Du. boif,
of Mgan , to bend. a knave. + Ice!. bM, 1\ knave; G. /lube,
bow-window. (E. ) A window of Bavarian btteb, blla, /lui, a boy. Cf. A. S.
semi-circnlar form; not the same as bay- DO/a , personal name.
~lIi"a'ow. Boycott, to combine with others in re-
Bow (4), the 'shoulder' of .Jl ship. fusing to have dealings with anyone. (E.)
(Scand.) From Ice!. bOgy, sh9ttfder j see From the treatment accorded to Capt. Boy-
Boush.+Du. boeg, bow of a ship. CDIt, of Lough Mask House. co. Mayo, Ire-
Bowel. (F.-L.) M. E. bouel.-O. F. land. in Dec. 1880.
pail; (mod. F. boyau).-Lat. acc. bottllulII, Brabble, to quarrel. (E. ) Cf. Du.
a lIIlusage j in Late L., an intestine; brabbi/en, to stammer, confound; whence
dimin. of bollI/US, a sausage. /lrabbtllaal, foolish talk. See Blab,
Bower an abode, chamber, arbour. Babble.
(E.) M. E. bDur. A. S. Mr, a chamber. Brace, orig. a firm hold. (1'.- L.)
- A. S. bllan, to dwell. + Icel. b;ir, a From the notion of embracing. - O. F.
chamber: Dan. butlr, Swed. bur; O. Sax. ImJet, the two arms (Bartsch); hence a
b;irj O. H. G. bur. Teut . types ·burtfln, measure of 5 Ceet, formed with extended
n., ·btirD::, ID. ; see BO::Jr. Cf. Booth. arms (Cot.); and hence, a grasp.-Lu.t.
Bowl (I ), Il round wooden ball. (F.- bralMa, pl. of bradIi""" the arm.+lrish
L.) M. E. boule. -F. bouk. -L. blllla, a btw, W. brailA, the arm: Gk./JpaXI01ll •
bubble; hence, a round thing, a ball. bracelet. (F. - Ih) F. braulel;
Bowl (a), a drinking-vessel. (E.) i dimin. of O••'. bracel, an armlet (llartsch).
58
 BRACH BRAND
-L. brodda/e, an a rmlet.-L. broc/tiu1II, bracal, malt liquor.- W. brag, malt; Irish
an arm. and Gael. braich, malt, fermented grain.
Brach, a kind of hunting-dog. (F. - Cf. Gae!. brach . to ferment.
G.) M. E. brache, pI. brae/us. - A. F. Brahman, Brahmin. (!:ikt.) !:ikt.
brac/uz, pI. of brae/tet, dimin. of O. F. br(zhmana, a brahman, holy man. -Skt.
brae (F. broque). - O. H . G. bracco (G. bra/lmatl, prayer ; also devotion , lit .• a
braek), a dog that hunts by the scent. greatness' of the soul; cf. b,ha'll, great.
Bracken, fern. (Scand.) M. E. bra- (.vBHERGH, to be great. )
ken. From O. Ice!. *brak1li, not found; Braid (I), to weave. (E.) M.E. breidm.
represented by Swed. briikm, Dan. bre/{1le, A. S. bregda,z, bredan, to brandish, weave,
fern; cf. Ice!. burlmi. fern. braid. + Ice!. bre~a, to brandish, turn
Bracket, a corbel, &c. (F.-C . ?) about, change, start, braid, &c.; whence
:Formerly spelt bro,l{ge/, as in Minsheu, ed. brag6, a sudden movement.
1627. !:io named from the resemblance to braid (2 ), full of deceit. (E.) In
the front part of a pair of breeches, as All 's Well, iv. 2 . 73, braid is short for
formerly made. - F. braguette, 'a cod- braided, i.e. full of braids or tricks. M.E.
piece,' Cot. (the front part of a pair of braid, trick, deceit. - A.S. brtzgd, deceit;
breeches) ; the allied Span. bragueta also from A. !:i. brtzgd, 2nd grade of bregdan, to
meant a projecting mould in architecture, draw out, weave, knit, braid.
a bracket or corbel. Dimin. of O. F. Brail, a kind of ligature or fastening.
brague, 'a kind of mortaise,' Cot. ; from (F.-C.?) O.F.braul,acincture; orig.for
bragues, breeches; so also Span. /Jragueta fastening up breeches. - F. bra ie, breeches.
is the dimin. of Span bragas, breeches.- -L. bractz, breeches.
L. l>roctz, breeches; said to be of Celtic Bra.in. (E.) M.E.brayne. A.S.brtzl:'z,
(or Teutonic?) origin. See Breeches. breegm, the brain. + Du. brei". Cf. Gk.
Brackish. (Du. ) Du. brak, briny, (3PfXJ.Wf, the top of the head.
uauseous; older form wrack, brackish Brake ( I), a machine for breaking
(Hexham); allied to M. Du. wracke, a hemp; a name for various mechanical
wreck, Du. wraken, to reject, blame, tlis- contrivances. (0. Low G. ) M. E. brake.
approve. - Du. wrak, orig. 2nd grade of - Low G. brake, a flax-brake; M. Du.
",nken, to wreak; orig. to drive. See b,-auke,' a brake to beat flax; , Hexham;
Wreck. [So also wrang, sour, is allied Dn. braak. - Du. bruk, 2ud grade of brekm,
to 7un'nxm, to wring. See Frauck.] to br<:ak; see Break.
Bract. (L. ) Lat. braetea, a thin plate Brake (2 ), bush. (E.) M.E. brake.
or leaf of metal. +Low G. brake, willow-bush (Brt:men);
Brad. (Scand.) M. E. l)rod. - Ice!. also stumps of broken trees, rough growth.
broddr, a spike; Swed. brodd, Dan. brodde, From A. S. breca", (pt. t. breec), to break.
a frost-nail.+A. S. brord, a spike. Teut. ~ In the sense of 'fern,' modified from
type *brozdoz. Cf. O. Irish "rot, Ir. brod, Bracken.
W. brath, a sting. Bramble. (E.) M. E. bremoil. A. S.
Brae, brow of a hill, steep bank, slope. bremel, brembel. Allied to Du. broam, a
(!:icand.) M. E. bra, bro (North) . - Icel. blackberry; Swed. brom-bilr, Dan. br01ll-
bra, brow; hence, brow of a hill; see ba r, G. brombure, a blackberry. Here Du.
Brow. bmam, G. brom (0 . H. G. brama j answer
Brag, to boast. (Uncertain.) M. E. to A. S. orom (see Broom) ; of which A.S.
braggen, to sound loudly, to vaunt. Etym, brem-li (for T eut. *brlimiloz ) is the diminu-
unknown; cf. Gael. bragh, an explosion, tive).
crack; A.S. gebrO!c, a breaking, crash, Bran. (F.) M.E. bran.-O.F. bran,
noise; Ice!. brak, a creaking, braka, to brm. Cf. VV. bran, Irish bra II, husks,
creak; cognate with L. fragor, noise. chaff(from E.) ; Bret. bremz, bran (from F.) .
Also (late) M. F . brag"er, 'to flaunt , Branch. (F. -L.) F . branche. -Late
brag: Cot.; M. F. bragard, ' gay, gallant, L. bra,zca, the paw of an animal.
braggard,' whence E . braggart. We find Brand, a burning piece of wood, scar
also W. braga/, to vociferate (from E.) ; of fire, a sword. (E.) M. E. brond, A. S.
Bret. 'raga, to brag (from F .). Cf. Bray. bralld, a burning, a sword: from brann,
lJ·_·a.gget. (W. ) M. E. tragot.- W. 2nd stem of Tent. *bruma1l-, to burn; see
bragot, a kind of meau ; allied to Irish Burn. + Icel. bralldr, a fm:-branu, sword-
59
 BRANDISH BREACH
blade (from its flashing); Swed. and Dan. ' ( F. - Teut. ?) M. E. brelasehe, brtLasee,
bratuf, fire-brand, fire; M. H. G . bralll, brutaske, a parapet, battlement. - 0. F.
a brand , sword. brelesc/It, a small wooden outwork, battle-
brandish. ( F. -Scand .) M .E .brautl- ment; cf. Provo berlresea, Ita!. bC"lesca,
" ism. - F. bralldiss-atll, pres. pt. of brandiI', the same. A difficult word; prob. formed
to brandish a sword. - A. F. brand, a from G. brdl, a plank.
sword. -lee!. brandr; see Brand above. Bravado. (Span. ) See Brave.
brandy. (D u.) F ormerly braluf· Brave. ( F.-Ita!.) F. brave, • brave,
wille, brawly-wille ; whence bralzdy. - D u. gay, fille, proud, braggard, valiant;' Cot.
bmlUu·wi.fll, M. Du. brandwi.fll , brandy; - Ital. bravo; the same as Span. and
lit. 'uurut' (i. e. distilled) wine (or, acc. Port. bravo; Provo brau. Et ym. unknown;
to Kilian, because it easily burns). - D u. none of the explanations are satisfactory;
branden, to burn; and wijll, wine; see the Bret. brav, O . Swed. braj, appear to
Burn. be borrowed from F.
Branks, a punishment for scolds. (E. ) bravado. (Span.) AlteredfromSpan.
See Jamieson. Hence were borrowed bravada, '3 bravado;' Minshe\l's Span.
Gae!. brallgas (0 . Gael. bratuas), a sort Dict. - Span . bravo, brave.
of pillory ; Gael. bra11g , Irish brancas, a bravo, a daring villain. (Ita1.) Ital.
halter. + Du. pranger, pincers, barnacle, bravo, brave; as a sb., a cut-throat, villain.
collar; G. pranger, a pillory ; Du. bravo! well done ! (Ita!.) Ita!' bravo,
prangm, to pinch. Cf. Goth. alla-pragga'l, brave; used in the voc. case masc.
to harass. Brawl ( I ) , to quarre!. (E . ?) M. E.
Bran-new. (E. ) Short for bt'and-lItw, braw/ell. Perhaps E. Cf. Du• .bra/lm,
i. e. new from the fire . See Brand. to brag, boast; Dan. bralle, to prate,
Brant-fox, Brant-gooseorbrent- chatter; G. praltlm, to brag.
goose. The prefix isScand., as in Swed. Brawl ( 2) , a sort of dance. (F.-Scand.
ora/zdriif, a brant.fox, bratuig/is, a brent- orO. H.G .) 'A Frenchbrawl,'L.L.L.iii.
goose. The orig. sense is 'burnt,' with 9.- F. brattSle, 'a totter, swing, .. . brawl
the notion of redness or blackness. or dance;' Cot. - F. bransler, to reel; mod.
I
Brasier, Brazier, a pan to hold coals. F. bralzlcr. Allied to O. F. "ralldeler
(F. -Scand. ) F. brasier. - F. braise, live (Littre), bratwiller, to shake (Cot.) ,
coals. -Swed. brasa, fire (below ). frequent. forms of F. brandir, to brandish.
Brass. (E. ) M. E. bras. A. S. bru:s. See Brandish.
l'erhaps allied to the verb seen in Ice!. Brawn, muscle. ( F.-O.H.G.) M.E.
/>ram, to harden by fire; Dan. brase, to bmwz, muscle, boar's flesh . - O. F. bmoll.
fry; cf. Swed. brasa, fire. D er . braz-C/t, a slice of flesh; cf. Provo bradoll, the same.
A. S. bnesen. - O. H. G. briilO.l, acc. of briilo, a slice
braze ( I), to harden. (E.) K. Lear, of flesh for roasting.-O . H . G . bnitan
i. I. 11. It means to harden like brass; (G . bralen) , to roast.+A . S. b,·,i'datt.
see below. Bray ( I), to bruise, pound. (F. - G.)
braze (2), to ornament with brass. M . E.oraym. -O. F . bnier (F. /woyt'l')'-
(E. ) In Chapman, tr. of Homer, Od. xv. O. Sax. brekall (G. brechm" to break;
) 13; from brass, sb. 'Aero, ie brasige;' see Break.
h:lfric, Gram. p. 215. Bray (2), to make a roari ng noise.
Brassart, the piece of armour which ( F . - C.) A. F. braier ; F. l'raire (Med.
protected the lIpper part of the arm. (F. - Lat. bragire). Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael.
L.) F. brassart (Cot.), brassard (Littn!) ; brag!z, a burst, explosion, braigh , to crackle
also "rassal. Formed with suffix -ard (Thurneysen) ; and cf. L.frag-or, noise.
from F . bras, arm. - L. bnfcMttm, arm. Braze; see Brass.
Brat ( 1), a cloak , rough mantle. (C .) Brazier; see Brasier .
It also meant a rag. clout, or pinafore. - Breach. (E.) M. E. breche, a fracture.
Gael. and Irish brat, a cloak, rag; O. Irish - A. S. brue, as in hltij-irebrece, a piece of
bral, a rough cloak; 'V. bretltYll, woollen bread (more commonly brice, a breaking);
clolh. (W.bralis from E.) O. :Fries. breke.-A. S. brecall, to break.
Brat ( 2), a child ; esp. 'a beggar's brat.' ~ M. E. bruhe is also partly from O . F .
Perhaps' a rag,' the same as Brat (I ). breclte (F. brcche; , a fracture. - G. brt"chm.
Brattice, a fence of boards in a mine. to break.
60
 BREAD BRrDEGROOM
Bread.. (E.) M. E. breed. A. S. briatl lIUlle sense as F. bise, the N. wind; cf.
+Du. brood; lcd. brau3; Swed. and Dan. Span. brisa, Port. In';uz, the N.E. wind;
brOd; G. brot. Teut type ·brautiom, n.; Ital. brezuz, a cold wind. Orig. unknown.
or ·braut/oz, neut. form in -oz. It some· Breese (3), cinders. (F.-Scand.)
times means 'bit' or 'piece'; cf. A. S. O. F. brue (brese in Cot), F. braise, live
, brlatiru, frnsta janis,' BJickling Glosses; coals. See Brasier.
O. Northumb. briati, a bit, morsel; John Breve. (Ital. -L.) Orig. a short note;
xiii. l7. now the longest in nse.-ItaJ. breve, brief.
Bread.th. (E.) The final -th is late; - L. breuis, short. Der. semi-breve.
from M.E. brede, breadth ; Ch. -A.S. brevet. (F.-L.) F. brevet, , a brief,
brfetit4.+Icel. breidd; O. H.G. bniH (G. breviate, little writing;' Cot. Dimin.from
brei/e) ; Goth. braide;, f. From Teut. F. brif, brief. -L. breuis, short.
*bra;doz. broad; see Broad. breviary. (F.-L.) F. brlviaire.-
Break. (E. ) M. E. brl!ken; pt. t. brak; L. breuiarium, a summary. - L. breuis.
pp. brokm. A. S. brecan, pt t . .brcec, p~. brevitl' (F. -L.) F. brihlett. -L.
brocen.+ Du. breken; Goth. bnkan; G. acc. breultatem, shortness. - L. breu;s,
bruhm. Cf. Icel. braka, to creak; Swed. short.
braka, to crack; Dan. brcekke; Lat..fran- Brew. (E.) M. E . brewen. A. S.
gere. to break; Gael. bragh, an explosion. brlowa1', pt. t. brlaw, pp.gebrO'lutlt.+Du.
(-VBHREG.) The orig. sense is to break brouwen; G. brauen; Icel. brugga; Swed .
with a noise, to crack. brygga; Dan. brygge. Cf. L. dl:fru-tIl11l ,
Brea.m, a fish. ( F. - Teut.) M.E.breem. new wine boiled doWD; Thracian fJpiiTov ,
-O.F. brume (F . brhlze). -M . H.G. beer. (-VBH REU, to decoct.)
bra/lSClJl (G. brassm) ; O. H. G. brahsilla Brewis, Browis, pottage. (F . -
(Kluge). Cf. Du. braSCI1l. O. H. G.) M. E. brewes, browes. -O. F .
Breast. (E .) M. E. brest, breest. A. S. broue%, broe%, nom. of brouet, broet, soup
breost. + lcel. brjost (Swed. brost, Dan. made with broth of meat; dimin. of brm,
bryst ) : Teut. type ·breustom, n. Also G. pottage ( Roquefort). - O. H. G . brod, brot,
brust, D u. borst, Goth. brusts: Teut. stem broth; see Broth. Also speIt brose.
*brust- (with weak grade). Briar, Brier. (E.) M: E. brere.
Breath. (E.) M.E .breeth,bretn. A . S. A. S. brter, O. Merc. brer.
brlC6.+ 0 . H.G.brtidalll.G.brodem,broden, Bribe. (F.) M. E. brik -O. F. bn'be,
brodel, steam, vapour, exhalation. a piece of bread given to a beggar.
Breech. (E.) See Breeches. Cf. briber, to beg; Span. "riba, idleness,
Breeches_ (E.) Really a double bribar, to loiter about; Ital. birbn, frand;
plural, the form breech being, in itself, a pI. birbante, an idle beggar. Origin un -
form. A. S. bric, breeches; pI. of broc. with kD9WD; not Celtic.
the same seDse.+Du. broek, a pair of Brick. (F. - M. Du.) F. brique, a
hreeches; lcel. brok (pI. brakr); M. H. G. brick; also a fragment, hit. - M. Du. bricke,
bruoen. Cf. L. bracce, said to be a word a brick; cf. Walloon briquet. a large slice
of Celtic (but rather of Teutonic) origin. of bread. - Du. brtken, to break. Der.
See Brogues. brick-bat (see Bat) .
breech. (E.) M. E. breech; A. S. Bride. (E.) M. E. bride; also birde,
bric, the breech; A. S. Leechdoms. ii. brude, burde. A. S. brjd, a bride. + Du.
146. Cf. A. S. bree, breeches, pI. of broc; bruid; lcel. bru6r ; Swed. and Dan. bntd;
see above. O. H. G. briit; G. braul; Goth. brtitns.
Breed. (E.) A. S. "redan, to produce Teut. type ·bn"id;z, f.
or cherish a broon.-A. S. "rOd, a brood bridal. (K) Formerly brit/eoOle, a
(with mutation from 0 to e ).+G. briiten; bride-feast. A. S. brjd·ealo, a bride-ale,
from brut. See Brood. bride-feast. - A. S. 6rjd, bride; aDd ealo,
Breeb, breeches. (Scand.) Northern ale, also a feast; see Ale.
E. From Icel. brakr, pI. of brok j see briclegroom. (E.) For bridegoom ;
Breeches. the second r is intrusive; by confusion
Breeze (I), a gadfly. (E.) M. E. brm. with groom. A. S.l>rjd-guma, lit. bride-
A. S. 6rioSfl. man; where guma is cognate with L.
Breeze (l),astrongwind. (F.) Formerly homo, a man; see Homage.+Du. bruille.
"r;ze. -0. F . brUe. used hy Rabelais in th e gom; Ice1. bnil1gttm;; Swed. brllt/gum:
6,
 BRIDGE BROCADE
Dan. brw(l{VII/; G. bni"tltt:~IIl, O. H. G. clil). - M. E. bYlJl1I·m, to bum, and SIOOIl,
bYliti~lIlo., • . stone. So also Icel. bremzisleillll, brim-
Bnc1ge. (E. ) M. E. ongge, brugge. stone. See Burn.
A. S. brycg.+Icel. bryggja; Swed. blygga; Brindled, Brinded, streaked.
Dan. blygge, a pier; Du. bnlg; G. brzkkt. (Scand.) Icel. brolld-, as in bront/ott,-,
Teut. type ·bru.r;if, r.. Allied to Icel. brii, brinded, said of a eow.- Icel. brandr, a
Dan. bro, n brtdge, pavement; O. Swed. brand, Rame, sword. Thus brilUied,..
bro, a paved way. bralld~d.
Bridle. (E.) M. E. b,-idd. A. S. Brine. (E.) M. E. brille. A. S. brjillc
bride!. + Du. breitlel; O. H. G. bridd, (for bri'te), brine, salt liquor.+M. DII.
brittil (whence 1" . bride). A. S. bride! brijne; Du. brijlt, pickle.
represents an earlier ·brigrlef (cf. brigdils, Bring. (E.) A. S. bri11gall, also
a bridle, O. E. Text~, p. H, 1. Il7). - A. S. brengalt, pt. t. brohte.+ Du. brengm; G.
bregd-alt, to pull, twitch (with change of brillgell; Goth. briggall (written for
e to i ). See Braid. brillg'QIt), pt. t. brahta.
Brief ( I), short. (F.-L.) M.E. bre;: Brink. (Scanel. ) M.E. bri11k.-Dan.
- F. ""e/- L. brelll's, short.+Gk. ~paXIJ~, brink, verge; Swed. bri,lk, descent or
short. slope of a hill; Icel. breMa (for brillka\ n
brief (2" a writ, &c. (F. -L.) F. slope, crest of a hill; allied to Icel. brillg</ ,
brief, n brief; Cot. The same as F. bref a.wassy slope, orig. the breast.
above; from its being in a short form. Brisk. (F.-Ital.) Spelt bmisk in
Brig, Brigade; see Brigand. Lowl. Sc. ( IS60).-F. bnlSl/ue, 'brisk,
Brigand. (F. - Ital.) F. bri.~1kI, a lively, quieke, rash, harsh;' Cot.- Ital.
robber. - Ital. brigalltt, an intriguer, rob- brt/sco, tart, harsh; see Brusque.
ber; orig. pres. part. of brigare, to strive Brisket. (F.) O. F. brisdle! (Erachet),
after. - Ital. briga, strife, quarrel, trollble. s. v. breekel), also bruseket (Ducange) ;
Orig. uncertain. brickel, 'the brisket, or breast-piece,'
brig; short for brigantine. bruclle!, 1 the craw-bone of a bird;' Cot.
brigade. (F . -Ital.) F. brtgade, a Mod. F . bneket. cr. Bret. brllehed, the
crew, troop. - Ital. brigala, a troop; mig. breast; spelt brusk in the dialect of
fern. of pp. of bngare, to strive, fight, as Vannes.
above. Bristle. (E.) M. E. bristle, berstle,
brigandine, a kind of arm our. (F. birstle; dimin. of A. S. l'Yrst, a bristle.+
- Ital.) F. brigaltdi1te, a kind of armour, Du. borsle!; Ice!. burst; Swed. borst;
worn by brigands. - F. briga1ld, a robber; G. bors/e. From Teut. ·burs-, weak grade
see a bove. of · bers = Idg. ·b1urs, to bristle; cf. Skt.
brigantine, brig, a ship. (F. - sahasra-bhrslzti, having a thousar.d pointg.
Ital.) Bng is merely short for bngattlim. See Burr.
- F. bY/gait till, a kind of ship. - Ital. Brittle. (E.) M. E. brilel, brold,
brigaltthlo, a pirate-ship. - Ital. brigallte, brtltel. For A. S. ·bryte! = Teut. ·b,·utiloz,
a robber. See Brigand. from brut-, weak grade of A. S. brrotan,
Bright. (E.) M. E. brigkt. A. S. to break. It means 1 fragile.' Cf. Icel.
beorht, berM. + Ieel. bjartr; M. H. G. brz'O/a, Swed. bryta, Dan. bryde, to break.
berM; Goth. bairMs, shining. Teut. type Broach. (F.-L.) M.E. setten Olt
·berktoz, shining. Cf. Gk. cpoP"os, white. broche = to set a-broach, tap liquor. - F.
Brill, a fish. (E.) Origin unknown. lIIellre m broehe, to tap, by piercing n
Brilliant, shining. (F. - L. - Gk. - barrel. - F. broeher. to pierce; brorhe,
Skt.) F. bril/01II, pres. part. of briller, 'a broach, spit,' Cot.; ~ee Broocb .
to glitter; cf. Ital. brillare, to sparkle. Broad. (E.) M. E. brood. A. S. brad.
The orig. sense was to sparkle as a beryl. + Du. breed ; Icel. brei(Jr; Swed. and
- L. belylllls, a beryl; see Beryl. Dan. bred; Goth. braids; G. breit.
Brim. ( K) M. E. brim. (Not in Brocade. (Span.-L.) Span. brocado,
A. S.) Cf. Icel. barmr, brim; Swed. brocade; orig. embroidered. the pp. of .\
briim, border, edge; Dan. bramme; M. verb ·broear (not used) ans~ering to .F.
Du. brellle; G. gebYlfme, border. brocher, 'to broach, also, to stitch ... WIth
Brimstone, sulphur. (E.) M. E. great stitches;' Cot. - F. b,whe. - Late L.
brim.rton, bremsloon, also brens/ootl (Wy- . brocra. 1.. bro(ms; Sfe Brooch.
6:J
 BROCCOLI BROTHEL
broccoU. (Ital.-L.) Ita1. br«cD/i, Named from its ill odour. FO!'Illed, with
sprouts; pI. of brocc%, a sprout. Dimin. suffix oint, from Gk. fJpiill'-OS, a stink.
of brocco, a skewer, a shoot, stalk.-L. Broachial. (Gk.) Gk. IJp/ryX"" neut.
brocc1ls, projecting, like teeth. pl., the lamifications of the windpipe.-
brochure, a pamphlet. (F.-L.) F. Gk. lJp/ryxos, the windpipe; CC. fJpO.'YXos, a
brochure, a few leaves stitched together.- gill. Der. broltc/,-itis; from lJp6"(xos.
F. br«her, to stitch; see Brocade. BroDSe. (F.-Ita1.~L.) F . bronu.
Brock, a badger. (C.) A. S. br«.- -Ita1. brtmzq; bronzino, made of bronze
W., Com., and Bret. brocA; Irish, Gae\. , (z = ds).- L. iis Brunt/usinum. -L. Brun-
and Manx broc, a badger. Named from "usium, Brindisi (in Italy); where bronze
his white-streaked face; cf. Gael. !>rqcach, mirrors were made (Pliny, xxxiii. 9).
speckled, grayish, aHa badger; Gk. ,/>oP"os, Brooch. (F.-L.) Named from the
white, [Tay. (Cf. E. graJ', a badger.) pin which fastens it. M. E. broellt, a pin;
Brocket, a red deer two years old. peg, brooch.-F. broche, a spit, point.-
(F.-L.) F. brocarl, the same; so called Late L. broan, a pointed sti.:k; brom, a
because he has but one tine to his hom.- s~ke; L. bro!cus, projecting, like teeth._
F. broche, a spit, also, a tine of a stag's Brood. (E.) M. E. brod. A. S. brod
horn; see Brooch. (rare); 'hi brldalJ heora brOd' = they
Brogues, coarse shoes, leggings. (C. nourish their brood; lElIric's Hom. ii. 10.
- E.) Gael. and Irish brog, shoe; M. Irish +Du. broed; G. britt. Teut. stem *brO-lJ-,
broce, shoe. - A. S. brOc, breeches; or Icel. from a verbal base *bro-, preserved in G.
brok. See Breeche.. br#-hm, to scald (orig. to heat), Du.
Broided braided. (E.) The wk. pp. broe-ien, to brood, hatch; from the idea of
broidtti took the place of the str. pp. • heat' or 'warmth.' Der. breed.
broidm, woven, itself due to confusion of Brook (1), to endure, put np with.
browden with broider (below). Srtrwden (E.) M. E. broke", brollken. A. S. bri,-
represents A. S. brogden, pp. of bregdan, can, to use, enjoy; which was the orig.
to braid. See Braid. sense. + Du. gebruikm, Ice!. llriikn, G.
Broider, to adorn with needlework. brauchen, Goth. brukjan, to use; d. L .
(F.) [In I Tim. ii. 9, broidered (as in /ru;, to enjoy. See Fruit. ('V'BHREUG.)
some edd.) is au error for broided; see Brugm. i. § III.
above.] Used as the equivalent of F. Brook (2 ) , a small stream. (E.) M. E.
brMer, 'to imbroyder,' Cot. The oi is brook. A. S. brOc.+Du. broek, G. bruch,
due to confusion with broided. - O. F. a marsh.
brouder, also brosder (Supp. to Godefroy) ; brook-lime, a plant. (E.) M. E.
cf. Late L. brmdlls, brosd,~s, embroidered brok-Iemke, brok-lemok. From A. S. 111'0",
work (Ducange). Of unknown origin; a brook, and lzle01lloc, brook-lime.
perhaps from Teut. *brozd-, whence A. S. Broom. (E.) M. E. brome, broolll.
"r01'd, Ice!. broddr, a spike; see Brad. A. S. br01ll, the plant broom; hence, a
Broil ( I ), to fry, gr-ilI. (F.) M. E. besom made from twigs of it.+Du. br~m ;
broilen. - A. }<~ . broiller (Bozon) , O. F. Low G. braa11l, broom. Teut. type *br.1-
bmiller, to boil, roast (Roquefort). Origin 1110%. Allied to Bramble, q. V.
unknown; cf. O.F. bruir, to roast; per- Brose, a later form of browis or brewl);
haps from ?It . H.G. brnejen, to scald; see see Brewi ..
Brood. Broth. (E.) A. S. bro).+Icel. br~;
Broil (l), a (umult. (F. ) F. brouiller, 0, H . G. brod. Teut. type *bro)om, n.;
to jumble, confuse, confound. Cf. Ita!' from bl'O-, bru-, weak grade of bl'eu-, as in
brogliare, to disturb. broglio, confusion A. S. brlowan, to brew. Lit.' brewed.'
(whence E. im ,broglio ). Origin nn- Brothel. (E. ; con/used with F .-
known. Teut.) 1. M. E. brotlte!, a lewd person,
Broker. ( F. - L.) M. E. brOC01tr, base wretch. - A. S. brolJ-en, pp. of
nn agent, witness of a transaction. - A. F . brlolJ(m, to perish, become vile; whence
/;roc()Ur, an agent; orig. a ! broacher' or also tibrolJen, degenerate, base. Hence
selIer of wine. - Late L. broccator, one was made brothel-house, a honse for vile
who broaches. - Late L. /lrocca, i. e. spike; people (Much Ado, i. I. 256) , afterwards
see Brooch. contracted to /lrothe!. 2. Orig. distinct
Bromme, a chemical element. (Gk .) from M. E. bordd, which was used, how-
(,3
 BROTHER BUCKRAM
e\'er, ill much the same sense. - O. F. /)(",- twigs. - O. F. broce, F. brosse. brushwood:
del, a hut. orig. of boards. -Du. bord, a also. later, a brush.-Low L. brusda , n
plank, board; see Board. thicket. Derived by Diez from O. H. G.
Brother. (E.) M. E. brollzer. A. S. burslii, G. borsle. a bristle; but perhaps
br0601'.+Du. broeder; Ice!. briJ6ir: Goth. Celtic (Thurueysen).
brotlrar; Swed. and Dan. broder; G. Brusque, rough in manner. (F. -Ital.)
bruder; Gael. and Ir. bratlrair; W. F. brusque. - Ital. brusco, sharp, tart, sour.
brawd; Russ. brat'; La!. frater; Gk. applied to fruits and wine. Origin un-
~parltp; Skt. bhralr. Teut. stem *brotner-; certain.
Illg'. stem *bkraler·. Brute. (F. -L.) F. brul, fern . brute.
Brougham, a kind of carriage. (per- - L. briitus, stupid.
sonal name.) Date 1839. Named after B170n;r. (L. - Gk.) L. bryonia. -
the first Lord .Brougham. Gk. tJplJoma, 1JpuWtrt" bryony. - Gk. IJPrJEI",
Brow. (E.) M. E. brtnlJe. A. S. brii. to teem, grow Inxuriantly.
+Icel. brim. eyebrow; Lith. bruwis; Bubble. (E.) Cf. Swed. bubb/a, Dan.
Ross. brove: Gk. o."prJs; Pers. abrii; Skt. boO/e. a bubble; also Do. bobbel, a bobble,
bhrii. Brugm. i. § 554. boOklen. to bubble. Of imitative origin.
Brown. (E.) M.E. brOUtl. A.S. Bucc&D.ier. (F.-West Indian. ) F.
brtln.+Du. bruin; Icel. briinn: Swed. bouca,zier, a pirate. - F. boucaner, to broil
orun; Dan.brutm: G.oraun: Lith.brutlas. on a sort of wooden frame.-F. OoUCa1z.
Cf. Gk. ",pI, ·'or, a toad; Skt. l>a.b!tru (s), a wooden frame, used by hunters for
tawny. smoking and drying flesh. The word
Browse. IF. - M. H. G.) For brousl; bouca" is said to be a F . spelling of a
lit. 'to feed on young shoots.' - M. F. Tupi (Brazilian) word, and to mean 'a
orouster (F. orouler). to nibble off young frame on which meat is smoke-dried.'
shoots.-M. F . brousl (F. brout) , a sprig, Buck (I), a male deer, goat. (E.)
shoot, bud. - M. H. G. broz, a bud; Bavar. M. E. bukke. A. S. b/ll:, male deer. bucca.
orosst, bross, a bud. From the weak grade a he-goat.+Du. bok, Icel. IllIkkr, ~wed.
of O. H. G. bdozan, to break, also, to bock, a he. goa~; Dan. buk, a he-goat, ram,
break into bud; which is cognate with buck; G. bock; also W. Inven, Gael. boc.
A. S. briolan. See Brittle. Irish !Joe. Brugm. i. § 800.
Brain. (Du.) In Reynard the Fox, Buck (2), to steep clothes in lye. (E.)
the bear is called bruin, i. e. brown. - Du. M. E. bouken. As if from A. S. *Mcia't,
bruitl, brown. See Brown. not found. Prob. from A. S. blIC. a pitcher
Bruiae. (E.; partly F.) A. S. (/0)- (prov. E. bouk, a pail, tub); but M. E .
brjsan, to bruise. Influenced by O. F. Oouken has the specific sense of 'steep in
bruiser, mser, to break, perhaps of Celtic lye,' like M. H. G. bue/un, Swed. byka,
origin; cf. Gael. bris, to break, Irish bris- Dan. byge, Low G. bllkm, buken (whence
i11', I break. (The spelling ui, from A. S. ltal. btlear~, F . buer).
j. occurs in S. Eng. Legendary, z95. 58.) bucket. (E.) A. F. boket (Bozon).
Bruit, a rumour. (F. -L.?) F. bruit, Formed with A. F. dimin. suffix -et from
a noise. - F. bruire, to make a noise. A. S. btle, a pitcher. Cf. Gael. bucaid,
Scheler derives F. bruir~ from L. rugir~, Irish buicead, a bucket (from E. ).
to roar, with prefixed b. F. bruit = Late Buckle. (F. -L.) M. E. bokel.-O. F.
L brugilus, a clamour (Ducange) ; cf. L. bucle (F. boucl~), the boss of a shield, a
rugitus, a roaring. Partly imitative; cf. ring, a buckle. -Late L. bueula, the boss
G. briillen, to roar. of a shield; /luccu/a, beaver of a helm, boss
Brunette. (F. - G.) F. brltnetl~, fern . of a shield, buckle. - Lat. buccula. the
of brunet, brownish. -M. H. G. by tin, cheek, dimin. of bUfea, tbe cheek.
brown; see Brown. buckler. (F.-L.) M. E. bokder.-
Brunt. (E.) Prob. imitative ; cf. dint O. F . bud" (F. bouclier) , a shit:ld; so
(dun!), a blow; infloenced by North E. named from the boss on it; see above.
brunt, i. e. ' burnt,' as if the' hot' part of Buckram, a coarse cloth. (F.-
the fight. Ital.) M. E. bokerrzm.-O. F. boqueratzt
Brush. (1'. - Teut.?) M. E. brtlsene, (F. bougran), a coarse kind of cloth; Low
a brush; also brush-wood, which is the L. boquera'lntls or (in Italy) bZlchiranus
olcler sense, the orig. bnlsb being made of (for Ital. bllchirano), late Ital. bucnerame.
6,.
 BUCKWHEAT BULGE
Origin uncertain; perhaps from Bokhara buffen. to strike, orig. to buffet on the
(Tartary). cheek; see Butret (I).
Buckwheat. (E.) Lit. beech·wheat; bdooD. (F.) F. bouifon, a buffoon.
from the resemblance of its seeds to the jester, onewhomakesgTimaces. - F.bouffer.
mast of the beech-tree. The form buck is to puff.
from A. S. Me. as in buek·mast. beech- Bdet (2), a side-board. (F.) F . buffet,
mast. So also Du. boekweit. buckwheat; a side-board. Origin unknown.
G. buehweiun. See Beech. Bug (I). a spectre. (C.) In Sh. - w.
Bucolic, pastoral. (L. - Gk.) L. Meo- /r.tw, a hobgoblin, spectre; Gael. and Ir.
licus. - Gk. l301JKo),.,,c6~. pastoral. - Gk. boca", a speetre.+Lithuan. baugtls, terrific.
l301JK6''o~. a eowherd.-Gk. l3oii.~, an ox; from bug/i. to terrify. allied to Skt. blzuj.
and K<A.A.m', to drive. to tum aside; see Bow (I). Brugm. i.
Bud. (E.?) M. E . bodde. blldde, a bud; § 70I.
budden , to bud. Not found in A. S. Cf. Bug (2). an insect. (C.?) Said to be so
DIl. bot. a bud; botten. to bud. sprout. nameo because an object of terror, exciting
Budge (I), to stir. (F. -L.) F. bOIl/{er. disgust; see Bug (I). Hut cf. A. S.
to stir; answering to Ital. bulieare, to seearn-budda, dung-beetle (Voe.). provo E.
bubble up (Diez).-L. bu!lire; see Boil shorn-bu/{ (Kent).
(I) above. Cf. Span. bullir, (I) to boil, Bug-bear. (C. and E.) A supposed
(1) to stir. spectre in the shape of a bear; see
Budge (1), a kind of fur. (F.?) Bug (I).
Perhaps related to O. F. boehet, btfUC/zet. a Bugle (I), a wild ox; a hom. (F. -L.)
young kid. Bu/{li, a horn, is short for bu/{Ie-horn;
Budget, a leathern bag. (F.-C.) a bu/{Ie is a wild ox.-O. F. bu/{Ie, a wild
F. bou¢te. dimin. of bou/{e. a bag. - L. ox. - L. ace. Meulum, a yonng ox; double
bulga, a leathern bag (Gaulish). -O. Irish dimin. of 60s, an ox.
Iiol/{, -bole, a sack. B11Jle (1), a kind of ornament. [Low L.
Bd (I), the colour of dressed buffalo- bugal" pl., the name of a kind of pad for
skin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. buffie, a buffalo. the hair (A.D. 1388), throws no light on
- L. bulalus; see Buft'alo. the word.] Etym. unknown.
Bd (2), in Blindman's buff. (F.) Bugle (3), a plant. (F.) F. bu/{le;
Formerlyblindman-buff, a game; in which Cot.; cf. Span. and Late L. bu/{'Ula. Cf. L.
game boys used to buffit ooe (who was b'!P"o, (perhaps) bugle.
blinded) on the back, without being BuglOBB,aplant. (F.-L.-Gk.) Lit.
caught, if possible. From O. F. buft, F. 'ox-tongue.'-F. buglosse.-L. buglossa;
bujfe, a buffet, blow; cf. Low G. buff, also bu/{lOssus. - Gk. l3o.r,"QJt1t10~, ox-
pu/, a blow (Lubben ). See Bu1fet (I). tongue; from the shape of the leaves.-
B1rlfa.lo. (Port. or Ital. - L. -Gk.) Gk. l3oii-s, ox; .,,.JiJt1t1-<J., tongue.
Port. bulalo, Ita!. buffalo,olig. a kind of Build. (E.) M.E. buJden. Late
wild ox. - L. bulalus, also bubalus. - Gk. A. S. byldan, to build. - A. S. bold, a bouse,
l3ovl3a.A.os, a buffalo; a kind of deer or variant of botl, a dwelling, n. = Teut.
antelope. (Not a trne Gk. word.) .bu-)lom, from bu-, related to bie-an, to
Bder (I), and (2); see Butret (I). dwell; see Bower. Cf. A. S. bytlian, to
Bdet (I), a blow; to strike. (F.) build, from botl (above). [Cf. O. Swed.
M. E. boffet, buffet, a blow, esp. on the /Jylja, to build (Ihre). -O. Swed. bol,
cheek.-O.F.buftt, ablow,dimin.ofbuft, a house, dwelling; Icel. MI, a bouse,
a blow, esp. on the cheek; cf. buler, buffer, Dan. bol, a small farm.]
to puff out the cheeks, also to buffet; mod. Bulb. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. bulbl!.-L.
F. bouffer. Prob. of imitative origin, allied bulbus, a bulb. - Gk. l3oA./36s, a bulbous
to,ouffer, to puff; see Butr(l), Pu1f. root, onion.
der (I), a foolish fellow. (F.) Orig. Bulbul, a nightingale. (Pen.) . PelS.
a stammerer; bence, a foolish fellow. M .E. bulbul, a bird with a melodious voice.
buffin, tOitammer.-O.F. buler, to puff resemblingtbe nightingale. Of imitative
out the cheek.. (hence, to puff or blow in origin.
talking). B1ilire, to swell out. (F.-C.) Formed
bder (2), a cuahion, to deaden con- from 1.f. E. lmll[t, a wallet, pouch.-
cussion. (F.) Lit. 'a striker;' from M.E. O. F. boulge (bou/{I!.' , a bag.-L. Otllga,
65
 BULK BUNDLE
a bag «(;anlish). See Budcet. Doublet, Bole. Or Im/l may mean 'large,' with
bUst. ref. to a WI. Cf. bu/l-daisy, &c. (Britten).
Bulk (I), size. (Scand.) M. E. Ioolke, Bulwark. (Scand.) Dan.lnuvark.
a heap. - lcel. Miki, a heap; O. Swed. Swed. /Jolverk (Ihre); cf. Du. /Joi1uerk, G.
1M11t; Dan. b,,!II, a lump. Cf. Swed. boll-werll (whence F. !JotI/evartl). Com-
bulna, to swell. pounded of Dan. bul, Swcd. 1001, trunk of
Bulk (1), the trunk of the body. (Du.) a tree, log, Jcel. bulr, bolr, the stem of a
In Sh. - M. Du. bukke, thorax (Kilian). tree; and Dan. vark, Swed. verk, a work.
(Prob. confused with Du. buill, Icel. biillr, Lit. 'log - work,' or 'bole-work'; see
the trunk; Swed. bult, Dan. bug, G. bauch, Bole.
the belly.) Bum-b~, under-bailiff. (E. all/I
Bulk (3), a stall of a shop. (Scand.) F.) A slang term. Todd quotes passages
Perhaps related to Balk. Cf. Dan. dial. to shew that it arose from the pursuer
bulk, a half-wall; Icel. Mlkr. a beam, also, catching at a man by the hinder part of
a partition; Linc. bulker, a beam, a wooden his garment.
hutch in a workshop. Der. bulk-head, a Bumble-bee, a bee that booms or
partition. hums. See Boom (I).
Bull (I), male of the cow. (E.) M. E. Bumboat. (E.) From bUill and boat.
bole, In,/e. Not found in A. S., but the Orig. a scavenger's boat on the Thames
dimin. bullue, a bullock, occurs. Prob. (A. D. 1685); afterwards used to supply
, the bell ower ;' cf. M. H. G. "ul/en, to v~etables to ships.
roar; and see Bellow. + Du. b"l; Icel. Bump (I), to thump; a blow. (E.)
"o/i; G. bul/e; Lithuan. bul/us. Der. Of imitative origin; cr. M. Dan. bumpe,
bull.«k, A. S. bul/t", as above. to strike with the fist; W. pwmpio, to
Bull (1), a papal edict. (L.) M. E. thump; pwmp, a lump; Corn. "0111, bmll,
bulle.-Lat. bul/a, a bubble, boss, knob, a blow. The senses are: (I) to stnke,
leaden se(ll on an edict; a bull (in late (1) a blow, (3) its effect. See Bunch.
Latin). Bump (1), to boom. (E.) Imitative;
bullet. (F.-L.) M. F. /Joultl,dimin. cf. Boom (I), and Bumble-.b ee.
of F. oOI,le, a ball.-L. bu/Ia, a boss, Bumper, a full glass. (E.) From
knob, &c. bump; with the notion of a bumping or
bulletin. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. bulle- full glass; cf. thumping, i. e. great.
till, a ticket. - Ital. bu/kllino, a safe- Bumpkin a thick-headed fellow. (Du.)
conduct, pass, ticket. Dimin. of bululla, M. Du. 1M0mken, a little tree (Hexham) ;
a passport, lottery ticket, dimin. of bulla, dimin. of boolll, a tree, a beam, bar; see
a seal, bull. - L. bulla, a boss, &c. Beam ( I). The E. bumkin also meant
Bullace, wild plum. (F. 1) M. E. a luff-block, a thick piece of wood (Cot-
boltls. Apparently related to O. F. beloCt, grave, s. v. Chicamba"lt, and see bumkin
a bullace; cf. Bret. oolos , polos, bullace; in the Eo index ) ; hence. readily applied
LowL. bollum; Walloon . bi!oc (Remacle). to a block-head, thick-skulled fellow.
Bullet, Bulletin; see Bull (1). Bun. (F. ) Cf. provo F. bugne, a kind
Bullion. (F. -L.) TheA. F.bullion of fritters; perhaps the same as O. F.
me~nt a mint, and Late L. bulliona, bullio bugne, a swelling or bump due to a blow
meant a mass of. metal, apparently, from (Burguy) , also spelt b~fJ1le, 'a bump,
its being melted; cf. F. bouillon, a boiling. knob;' Cot. O. F. bllg7ltte,a fritter (Gode-
- Late L. bullionem, ace. of ou/lio, a boil- froy) ; also llUgnd (id., Supp. p. 393).
ing.- L. bul/ire , to bubble up, boil.-L. 'Big/lets, little round loaves, buns,' &c.;
II14I1a, a buhble. Cot. Minsheu has Span. bunue/os, ' pan-
Bull,., a noisy rough fellow. (0 . Low cakes, cobloaves, buns.' See Bunion.
G.) In Sh. The oldest sense, in E., is (Doubtful.)
'dear one, Inver.' - M. Du. hoel, a lover Bunch. (E.?) M. E. bundu. Cf.
(of either sex); borrowed from M. H. G. M. E . bunchtm, to beat. Prob. imitntive,
Inwle (G. bullk), lover. like Inmlp, bOUI1Cl. And see Bunk.
Bulrush. (E.) M.E.bulrysche,Prompt. Bundle. (E. ) M. E.lnmde/. Dimin.
Parv. , p. 244, col. 2. Perhaps 'stem-rush '; of O. Northumb. hund, a bundle (Mntt.
from its stant stem; cf. Shetl. bUnIJalzd, xiii. 30) . -A. S. IlUnd-, weak grade of
'l bulrush._ Dan. /t"I, stem, trunk; see bindan, to biml.+Dn. homlel; G. In'mid.
66
 BUNG BURKE
Bung,astopple. (Du. -L.) M.Du. / l>ij,·da; Dan. b)".de; Goth. baurlhi:j; G;
hOl/ge (Du. bom ), a bung; dialectal form biit-de; from the same root, with varying
of -botlde, as preserved in F. bonde, a bung. suffixe~. For the form burden, see below.
Cognate with Swiss pUlII (Weigand, s. v. Burden (2), the refrain of a song.
SpUIld). - L. plllu la, an orifice; orig. fem. (F. - Late L.) F. bouraOll, a drone-bee,
I'p. of pungere, to prick. Cf. W. Inlmg, humming of bees, drone of a bagpipe;
an orifice, also, a bung. see Cot. - Late L. bllrdollenz, acc. of burdo,
Bungalow, II. Bengal thatched house. a drone. Prob. of imitative origin; cf.
( Hind.) Hind . bangala;', of or belonging Lowland Sc. birr, to make a whizzing
to Bengal, a bungalow; Rich. Dict. p. noise, E. buzz. .. Confused with Bur-
293. From the name Bengal. den (x).
Bungle. (Scand.!) Of imitative Burea.u. (F.-L.) F. bureau, a desk,
odgin. Cf. Swed. dial. bmlgla, to work writing-table; so called because covered
ineffectually; O. Swed. bunga, to strike with brown baize. - F. bureau, O. F. burel,
(Rietz, lhre.) And cf. Bang. coarse woollen stuff, russet· coloured. _
Bunion. (F.-G.) O.F.buig7101l,only O. F. buire, M. F. bllre, dark brown; F.
in the sense of a fritter (Godefroy) ; bnt bure, coarse cloth. - L. burnu, reddish.-
really an augmentative of O. F. ~uigne Gk. trvppOs, reddish.-Gk . • iip, fire.
(F. bigne, 'a bump, swelling,' Cot.). - Burgeon, a bud. (F. - Teut.) F.
O. H. G. btltZgo, a lump (Graff, in bourgeon, a young bud. Lengthened (rom
Schmeller); cf. Ice!. btmga, convexity. Languedoc boure, a bud, eye of a shoot
So also Ital. bugnolle, augment. of mtg7lo, (Diez). - M. H. G. burm, O. H. G. pur-
a boil, a swelliug. See Bun. jtm, to raise, push up, push out. - M. H. G.
Bunk, a wooden case or box, berth. bor, por, an elevation; whence G. empor
(Scand.) Cf. O. Swed. bunke, the plank- ( = ill po 1') , upwards.
ing of a ship forming a shelter for mer- Bu~ge ••• (F. -M. H. G.) M. E. bur.
chandise, &c. (Ihre) ; the usual sense of geys. - n. F. burgeis. -bow Lat. burgensis,
Swed. bUllke is a heap, pile, something belonging to a fort or city. - Low L'lt.
prominent; M. Dan. bunke, room for burgus, a fort. - M. H . G. Imrc (G. burg) ;
cargo. cognate with A. S. burg; see Borough.
Bunt, the belly of a sail. (Scand.) It burgher. (Du.) Formerly burger._
answers in form to Dan. bu"dt, Swed. Du. burger, a citizen. - Du. burg, a city;
bunt, a bundle, a bunch; from the weak cognate with E. Borough.
stem of the verb to Bind... But the right burglar. (A. F. - E.) A. F. burgle,',
words for • bunt' are Dan. bug, Swed. burglour; Law L. burgulolor. - Law L.
buk, Du. bttik, G. bauc;' ; see Bulk (2). burg7tltire, to break into a house. - A. S.
BuntiJur ( I), a bird. (E.!) M. E. bud/., bllrg ; see Borouah.
buntilZg; also mmlyle (= bunlel), Lowl. burgomaster. (Du. a"d F.) Du.
Sc. mmtlin. Origin unknown. burge-metster, a town-master. - Du. burg,
Bunting (2), Il thin woollen stuff for cognate with E. Borough; and meesler, a
flags. (E.) Perhaps' sifting-cloth'; from master, from O. F. meislre; see Kaster.
M. E. bon/en. provo E. bunt, to sift. Cf. Burgonet, a helmet. (F.) F. oour-
F. Itallli"e, in the same senses. gtlignole, • a burgIlDet,' Cot. So called
Buoy. (Do. - F. - L.) Du.·boei, a buoy; beclIIJse first used by the Burgundians.-
also a shackle, a fetter.-O. F. buie, a F. Bourgogne, Burgundy.
fetter, F . bOIl{e, Il buoy. -Late L. boia, a Burial. (E.) M. E. buriel, biriel, a
fetter, c10g.-L. boite, pI. a collar for the tomb; also spelt ben'els, biriels. -A. S.
neck, orig. of leather. byrgels, a tomb. - A. S. byrgan, to bury;
Bur Burdock; see Burr. see Bury. The spelling with -al is due to
Burbot, a fish. (F.) F. bourbotte association withJuner.al, &c.
(also barbole).-F. bourbeller,' to wallow Burin, an engraver's tool. (F.-G.)
in mud,' Cot. - F. bourbe, mud; of nn- F. bllrin; Ital. borino. Prob. from
known origin. M. H. G. borm (G. bo;'rm) , to bore; see
Burden ';"!), Burthen, a load carried. Bore (x).
(E.) A. S. byr3en, a load. From Teut. Burke, to murder by suffocation; to
*bllr', weak grade of -beran-, to bear; see murder, stille. (Personal name.) From
Bear (I ) . + Ice!. byr3r, ,,?r3i; Swed. the name of Burke, an Irishman who com -
67
 BURL BUSS
mitted murder. by suffocation; executed B1l1"1'Ow, a shelter for rabbits. (E.)
at Edinburgh, Jan . 28, 1829. M. E. borwgh, a cave, shelter; merely a
Burl, to pick knots and loose threads varied spelling of borough. Der. burrO'W,
from cloth. (F. - L.) To burl is to pick verb.
off burls. M. E. burle, a knot in cloth.- Bursar. (Med. L.-Gk.) Med. L.
O. F . bourle; dimin. of F. bourre, a flock bursarius, a purse·bearer. - Med. L. bursa,
or Jock of wool or hair. - Late L. lmrra, a purse. - Gk. pvpua, a hide, wine-skin.
a woollen pad; allied to L. burnz, trilles, Burst. (E.) M. E. berslen, bresten, pt.
trash, Late L. reburrlls, rough. t. brast. A. S. berslan, to burst asunder,
burlesque, comic. (F. -Ital. -L.) break; str. vb.+Du. berslen; G. berslm;
F. burlesque. - Ital. burlesca, ludicrous. - Icel. bresla; Swed . brisla; Dan . brisle;
Ital. bttrla, waggery, a trick . A dimin. also O. Irish briss-im (for *brest-im), I
from L. burnz, trifles, nonsense (Ansonius). break.
See Burl. Bury (1), vb. (E.) M . E. burien.
Burly. (E.) M. E. burli, burNche, A. S. IlJIrigan, byrgan, to hide in the
borli; provo E. bowerly ; Shetland boorly. ground, bury. From burgo, weak grade
Formed by adding the suffix -ly (A. S. of beorg·att, to hide; see Borough.
-lie) to A. S. bt"jr, a bower, a lady's Bury (2), a town . (E.) As in Canter-
chamber; hence, tire old senses of ' fit for bury. - A. S. byrig, dat. of burh, a borough.
a bower,' stately, excellent, large, great; See Borough.
and, finally, stout, big. E. g. 'n burly bed.' Bus, a shortened form of omnibus. (L.)
Burn (1), verb. (E.) M.E. bernm; also See Omnibus.
bremu". There are two forms. a. intrans. Bush (I ) , a thicket. (Scand. -L.)
A.S. bearna,t, byma", strong verb, pt. t. M. E. busc/t, busk. - Dan. busk, Swed.
beant, bratt, pp. barnen. +O. IceI. britt1Ja; buske,a bush, shmb.+Du. bosch; O. H. G.
Goth. brittnan; Teut. type *brennan- ; cC. busc; G. bllsch. All from Late L. boscus,
A. S. brynt, lIame. 13. trans. A. S. barnan, a bush; a word of unknown origin.
wk. vb.+lcel. brenna, Dan. brande, Swed. Bush (2), the metal box in which an
IIYI'inna; G. brmnm; Goth. brannjan ; axle works. (D u. -L. - Gk.) M. E. busse.
Teut. type *bralZlIjan-, causal to the form er. - Du. bus, a box, barrel (of a gun) ; G.
Burn (2), a brook; see Bourn (2). buchu. - Late L. buxis, a box. - Gk. 1I'V[IS,
Burnet, a plant. (F. - O. H. G.) a box. - Gk. 1I'v[os, box-wood, box-tree.
Low L. burneta. - O. F. bru,tele, the name See Pyx.
of a 1I0wer: burnette, brunette, a kind of bushel, a measure. (F. -L.-Gk.)
dark brown cloth, also a brunette. See M.E. bushel. -A.F. bousselle, Q. F. boissd;
Brunette: Named from the dark brown Late L. bustellus, a small box; for
colour of the flowers . *boislel, dim in. of O. F. boisle, a box. -
burnish, to polish. (F. - O. H. G.) Late L. buxida, acc. of buxis, a box
M . E. burtzishen; also burnen. - O. F. (above).
bumir, brunir (pres. part. bumis-ant), to Busk (11, to get oneself ready. (Scand.)
embrown, to polish.. - O. H. G. briinen Ice!. bt"jask, to get oneself ready. - Ice!.
«*bnt,yi:m).-O.H.G. bn"jn, brown; see bua, to prepare; and -sk , for sik, oneself.
Brown. See Bound (3) ; and cf. Bask.
Burnouse, Burnoose, an upper Busk ( 2), a support for a woman's
cloak worn by the Arabs. (F. -Arab.) stays. (F.) M. F. busqm, 'a buske, or
F. burnous, baurnous. - Arab. burnus, a buste; , Cot. Mod. F. busc. Of uncertain
kind of high-crowned cap, worn formerly origin. Cf. M. F. buc, 'a busque;' Cot.
in Barbary and Spain; whence Span. a/- Buskin. (Du.) Du. braasken, buskin
burna:, a kind of cloak with a hood. (Sewel); mod. Du. braos, with dimin.
Burr, Bur. (E.) M. E. burre, knob suffix -ken. Or from M. F . brousequi".
on a burdock; barre, roughness in the now brodequin; or from Span. borcegui.
throat. Not in A. S. N . Fries. burre, Origin unknown.
borre, a burr, burdock. + Swed. barre, asea- Buss, to kiss. (E.) [The old word was
urchin; kardborr~, a burdock; Dan. borre, bass. _ F'. baiser, to kiss. - Lllt. basiu1ll, a
burdock. From Teut. base *bun·< *b1lrs., kiss.] The modem buss, of imitative
weak grade of Teut. root *bers, to bristle. origin, may have been partly suggested
See Briatle. Der. bur-dock. by it. Cf. provo G. (Bavarian) bussen,
68
 BUST BUZZ
to kiss; Lith. bU(2IOIi, to kiss; also Gael. /lutle. Cognate with Jcel. buttr, s~ort;
and W. bus, mouth, lip. see Buttock. D er. btllt-end. .
Bust. (F. - ltal.) F . busle. - Ital. Butt (4), a kind of lIat fi sh. (E.)
bltslo, the bust, trunk of human body, Allied to ·wed. butta, a turbot, M . D an.
stays ; Late L. bustu1Il, the trunk of the blttte, Low G. bul, Du. bol, a hut t. Prob.
body. Etym. uncertain. from bltl, stumpy; see Buttock.
Bustard, a bird. (F.-L.) Formerly Butter. (L. - Gk .) M. E. bolere;
also bisfard (Sherwood). - O . F. bistarde, A. S. buten. - L. b,ltyrtt1ll.- Gk. /30rJ-rV-
'a bustard; • Cot. (Mod. F. oulm'de. ) - L. pov, butter. Probably of Scythian origin.
auis larda, a slow bird (Pliny, N . H. x. butterlly. (E.) A. S. bUllor-jlioge,
'12 ) . Cf. Port. abelarda, also belarda, a lit. butter-lly. So called from its excre-
bustard. ~ Hot!! O . F. bislarde and F. ment resembling butter, as shewn by the
outartle are from allis larda; in the former M. Du. bOler- sdl1jie, a butter-fly, lit.
case, initial a is dropped ; in the latter, butter-voider (Kilian). + Du. botervlieg :
oularde stands for an older oustarde, where G. butter-jliege.
ous = L. arn"s. See Diez. Aft;s tartia, Buttery, a place for provisions, esp.
lit. 'slow bird,' is far from being truly liquids. ( F.-Late L.) A corruption of
descriptive; so that it is prob. a substitu- M. E. bole/erie, a bullery, properly a place
tion for some form foreign to Latin. for a butler; from M . E. boteler, a butler;
Bustle. (Scand. ) A variant of (ob- see Butler. (Thus bltttery= bottlery.)
solete) buskle, to prepare; also, to hurry Confused with the word blttter.
about. Frequent. of bltsk, to prepare one- Buttock. (E.) M. E. bttttok. F ormed,
sel f ; see BU8k (1). Cf. Icel. bust/a, to with dimin. suffix -ok (A. S . -tIC), from
splash about as a fish. butt, a thick end, a stump. Cf. Icel.
Busy. (E.) M. E. bisy. A. S. bisig buttr, short, bulr, a log : Dan. but, Swed.
(bysig), active; whence bisgu, exertion. + butt, stumpy, surly: Du. bot, blunt, dull.
Du. bezig, busy. See Butt \ 3).
But ( I ) , prep. and conj., except. (E .) Button. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E.
A. S. be·utan, bulan, buta, lit. 'without.'- bololl, also, II bud. - O. F. b%n (F.
A. S. be, by; ulan, adv. without, from iit, bouton), a bud, a button: properly, a round
+
onto Du. bttitm. knob pushed out. - O. F . boler, to push,
But (2) ; see Butt ( I), Butt (2). push ont; see Butt (I).
Butcher. (F.- G.) M_ E. bocher. - buttress, a support, in architectnre.
O. F. bodlier, orig. one who kills goats. - (F. - O. Low G.) M. E. boleras; Palsgrave
O. F. bot ( F. bouc), a goat. - G. bock, a has boUras, bttlleras. Orig. a plural form,
goat. See Buck. as if for *bttttertts. - O. 1<'. boutel'ez, pI. of
Butler. ( F.-Late L.-Gk.) M. E. bOlilerel, a prop. - F. bouler, to thrust,
boteier, one who attends to bottles; from prop. Cotgrave also has boulanl, a bul-
M . E. bolel, a bottle; see Bottle. tress, from the same verb; see Butt (I ).
Butt (1) , a push, thrnst; to thrust. (F. Butty, a companion or panner in a
- O. Low G.) [The senses of the sb. may work. (F. - Low G .) Shortened from
be referred to the verb; just as F. botte, boty-/elowe or bootyj'ellow, one who shares
a thrust, depends on bouter, to strike. ] boo ty with olhers. From boty, old spell-
M . E. butten, to push, strike. - O. F. boler, ing of booty = F. bltlin, booty. Of Low G.
to push, butt, strike. - O. Frank. *bOlan, origin; see B ooty.
corresponding to M. Du. booten, to beat, Buxom. (E.) M. E. VOXOIll , bullsum;
M. H. G. bUzen, O. H . G. bUzan, to beat. the old sense was obedient, obliging, good -
D er. butt (mound to shool at), from M. F . humoured . Lit.' bow-some.' - A. S. Mig-
butte, the same, allied to F . but, a mark, alt, to bow, bend, obey; and -sum , suffix,
from bllter, O. F. boter, to hit. Der. as in win-some.+Du. buipaam; G. bieg-
a-but. See Beat. sam. See Bow (1).
Butt (2), a large barrel. (F. -L.) We Buy. (E.) From A. S. byg-, as in
find A. S. by tt; but our mod. word is byg·est, byg-elJ, 2 and 3 p. sing. pres. of
really F . - O. F. bOUle, F. botte, ' the vessel A. S. bycgan, to purchase, whence M. E.
which we call a butt;' Cot. - Late Lat. bllggen, biggen. + Goth. bttgjan. Der.
bttaa, Imtt;s, a cask. abide (2), q. v. See Sweet, N. E. G. § 1293.
Butt (3) , a thick end. ( E.) M. E. bill, Bun. (E.) An imitative word; cf.
69
 BUZZARD CADDY
LuwL ~ . bi::, to hiss ; Ital. buzzit·,zrc, to
hum, whisper.
Iship,'
a cook'~ caLin; also' the ch imney ill a
Sewel. (Bence also Dan. kabys,
Buzzard. (F. - L. j 1\1. E. /losa1'd, Swed. kab}'sa, caboose.)
busard, an inferior kinu of falcon. - F . Cabriolet. (1'. - Ital. -L.) Cab is
btosard.-F. bwe, a buzzard; with suffix short for cabrio/d. -F. cabriolet, a cab;
-ard ( fro m O.H.G . hart ). -Late L. bwio from its supposed lightness. -F .cabrio/e,
~ L. btl/eo, a s{>arrow.hawk. , a caper, leap of a goat; formerly ,-apriole.
By, prep. (E.) M. E . bi. A. S. bi, - Ital. caprio/a, a caper, a kid. - Ita\.
big.+Du. bij; G . bei; Goth. /ri. Cf. Skt. caprio, wild goat; capra, a she-goat.-
a·blzi, Gk. dl'--.pl. L. (apeI', goat; fern. capra.
By-law, a law affecting a township. Cacao, a tree. (Span. - Mexican.) Span.
(Scand.) Formerly also birlaw. _ lcel. (0(00; from the Mexican name (m catlat/)
b,t -I', bj-r, a village (gen. bajar, whence of the tree whence chocolate is made.
bir- ) ; log, a law. So also Dan. by-lov, a ~ Not the same as co(oa.
town-law. Ice!. biZr is allied to biia, to Cachinnation. (L .) L. ace. m (nitz-
dwell. See Boor. ,zationem, loud laughter. -L. cachimulre,
Byre, a cow-house. (E.) A Northern to laugh. Cf. Oackle.
1-:. deriv. of bower. A . S. bjre, a shed, Cachucha, a dance. (Span.) Span.
hut. - A. S. biir, a bower; cf. Icel biir, a cackuclza.
pantry. See Bower. Cacique~ a W. Indian chief. (Span.-
W. Indian.) Span. caci'l'te, an Indian
C. prince. From the old language of Hayti.
Cack, to go to stool. (L.) M. E.
Cab (1 ) ; see Oabriolet. cakken_- L. cactlre.
Cab ( 2) , a Heb. measure. (Heb.) Heb. Cackle. (E.) M. E. kakdm, l1 fre-
'lab, the 18th part of an ephah. The literal quentative form. Not in A. S. + Du.
sense is ' hollow'; cf. Heb qabab, to form kake/en; Swed. ka(kta; Dan. kagle; G .
in the shape of a vault; see Alcove. gacke/II. The sense is 'to keep on snyinj;
Cabal. (F. - Heb.) OriK" a secret.' F. kak;' cC. gaho-Ie, griM-Ie, gagg-Ie.
(<lbale, 'the J ewes Caball, a hidden science; , Cacophony, a harsh sound. (Gk. )
Cot. - Heb. qabbiilah, reception, mysterious Gk. lCalC~v[a, a harsh sound. - Gk. I<O.ICO-
doctrine. - Heb. qabal, to receive; qibb?l, </>OJvos, harsh. - Gk. ICaJ<O-S, bad; and
to adopt a doctrine. cpow-~,sound. Der. cacophollous (Gk. lCalCu-
Cabbage (1), a vegetable. (F.-L.) </>oJVor).
M. E . caliac"e, caboe/It. - F. (Picard ) (a- Cad, a low fellow. (F.-L.) Short
boche, lit. 'great head;' cf. Picard caous, for Low!. Sc. eadie, an errand-boy; sec
F. choux (abus, large-headed cabbage. - L. Jamieson. - F. cadet; see Cadet.
mp-tlt, head; with augmentative suffix; Cadaverous, corpse-like. (L.) L.
cc. Ital. (apoa hia, head of a nail. (adal/erosus. -L. cadauer. a corpse. - Lat.
Cabbage (2), to steal. ( F. ) From cad-cre. to fall, fall dead.
F. cabasser, to put into a basket; Norman Caddis! a. kind of w?rsted lace or tape.
(abasser, to cabbage (aod see Supp. to (F.) In Wmt. Tale, IV. 4. 208. M. E.
Godefroy).-F. cabas, a basket; Norman (adas, explained by bombici1tiu1/l in
(abas, tailor's cabbage; of unknown orig-in. Prompt. Parv.; (hence Irish cadas, cad-
Caber, a pole. (C.-L.) Gael. cabal', dis). Though also used to denote 'wor-
a rafter. - L . type *(aprio, a rafter; see sted, ' it was orig. coarse silk. - F . (adara.
Chevron. ' the coursest part of silke, whereof sleave
Cabin. (F. ) M .E mbam. - F. cabane. is made;' Cot. Cf. Span. cadano, coarse,
_ Provo (abana. _ Late L. (apallna, a entangled silk, that cannot be spun on a
hut (I sidore). reel; Port. cadar{o, a coarse silk. On!:;;:
cabinet. (F .) F. cabimt, dimill. of unknown; probably Eastern. Der. caddis-
F. cabalte, a cabin (above) . worm, from the caddis-like shape of the
Cable. (F.-L.) M. E. caO/e.-O. F. case of the larva.
cab/e. -Late L. caPt/ltllll , caplu"" a strong Cadely, a small box for tea. (M alay.)
(holding) rope. -L. captre, to hold. Better spelt catty. A small package of
Cabo~se, the cook's cabin on bpard ship. tea, less than a half-chest, is called ~ ~he
lDu.) t ormcrly call/boose - Du. kOll/butJ, : tea-trade a (acidy or (atty. - Malay katl , a
70
 CADE CALENTURE.
weight equal to It lb. avoirdupois. This ! Calabash, the shell of a gourd. (F.
wcight is also used in China and Japan. - ~pan. - Arab. - Pers.) F. ca/~basSt. ­
and tea is often madc up ill packages con· Span. {a/abaza (Port. fa/abara ). _ Arab. _
taining one catty. Pers. kharim:, a melon ; lit .• ass·gourd,'
Cade, a barrel, cask . ( F.-L.-Gk.- i. e. large gounl.-Pers. khar. ass (hcncc,
lIeb.) F . ..ad~. - L. (adtu, a barrel, C3 Sk. coarse) ; bllzah, odoriferous fruit. Cf. Skt.
- Gk . .moor, a ea.k. jar. - lieb. kad, a pail. 1:11am, all ass.
Cadence. a fall of the voice. (F. - Calamint, a herb. (F. - L. - Gk.)
Ital. - L.) M. Eo {adma. - F . {tZllma , ' a M. F. (alam~nI, Cot. _ Late L. (alolllilliha.
cadence, just falling of words;' Cot. - - Gk. ltQ).aJJ1v9".
Ital. (adenw.-Late L . {tZilenlia, a falling. Calamity, ( F.-L.) I". {alalllilt.-
- L. (adnl/·, stem of pres. pt. of (ad~re, to L. ace. {alamilalem, a misfortune.
fall.+Skt. (ad, to fall. Calash, a sort of carriage. (F.-G.-
Cadet, orig. a younger son. (F.-L.) Slavonic.) 1'. {alh ll(. -G. kalcuhe.-Pol.
1<'. (add. a younger brother; Provo (aj>tld. Itolaska, a small carriage, dimin. of kolasa.
Caj>t{d is a Gascon form = Late L. ,'apil· a carriage; Russ. koJiaska, a carriage.-
ellum (the substitution of t for /I being l'o1.koto, a wheel; O. Slav.kolo. (vQEL.)
regular in Gascon; P . Meyer); lit. a little Calcareou. (L.) Should be {al-
(younger) head, dimin. from L. (apili, a ,'ariollS. - L. ,ak/irius, pertaining to lime.
head. -L. ,ak-, Item of {alx, lime.
Cadi, a judge. (Arab.) Arab. tJadi, calcine, (F. - L.) I'. ,·akitler.-
tJii::.f, a cadi orcazi, ajudgc. Hence Span. Mod. L. fa/Cilllire, to reduce to a calx.-
alcalde, the judge (Eo ako)ltk) ; where al L. (aic-, stem of {a/x, lime.
is the Arab. def. article. oalculate. (L.) L. ,'a/m/al'lIs, pp.
Cad1l0OU, falling. (L.) L. {tZllzk·us, of calcuMr•. to reckon by belp of small
falling; with suffix -OilS. - L. (adere, to pehbles. - L. {a/wlw, pebble; dimin. of
fall. See CadeDce. calx, a stone.
Ceaura. (L.) L . ..,mira, a cutting; Caldron, Ca.uldron. (F.-L.) M. E.
a pause in a verse.-L. CIEI·tIS, l'p. of (allderOIl, A. F . mudrtlll.-O. North F.
{~d(re, to cut. (Picard) eauderoll. for O. F. "hauderoll,
Ca.ftan, a Turkish garment. (Turk.) mod. F . d,atldroll (ltal. ,'altkrone, Span.
Turk. lJaftii1l, a dress. (altkroll), a vessel for hot water. Extended
Cage. (F. - L.) I'. eage. - Late L. from L. (aldar-ia, a hot hath. - L. ,'aldus,
{avea, L. cauea, a cave, den, cage. - L. contr. form of {alidus, hot. - L. ea/jre, to
{altus, hollow. See Cave. be bot.
CaiQlle, a boat. (F.- Turk.) F. callJlle. Calendar. (L.) L. {almdarium, .an
- Turk kaik, a boat. account-book kept by money· changers ; so
Cairn, a pile of stones. (C.) Gael, called because IDterest was due on the
Irish, W., Brd. carll, a crag, rock; also a ealmas (lSt day) of each month; also, a
pile of stones. calendar. - L. (alenJ«, calends.
Ca.it~. (F. - L.) M. E. cailif. - Calender (I), a machine for PTCISing
A. F. (ailif, a captive, a wretch (F. (M/if). cloth. (F. - L . - Gk.) F. calandre._
- L. capliuu11I, ace. of (a/liuus; see Med. L. *(a/mdra, (e/mdm, a calender; an
Captive. adaptation of L. ()lliluirus. a cylinder; ICC
C~ole, (F.) }<'. (ajoler, to cajole; Cylinder. Der. calmder, a smoother of
formerly, to chattcr like a jay. Perhaps linen, a mistaken form for (alendrer.
of imitativc origin; cf. (ackle. Calender (a), a kind of wandering
C~llPllt, Ca.jepllt (with j as y), a monk, (F. -PerL) F. (alender.-PeB.
trcc yie1ding an oir. (Malay.) Malay ljala1ldar, a kind of wandering Muham-
ka)lll pijf,n, lit. 'white wood.' - Malay madan monk. who abandons evcrything
k,;yu, wood; piilin, white. and retires from the world.
Cake. (E. or Scand.) M. E . cake. Calends, (L) L. caJend«, S. pI.,
N . Fries. kak, Mr, late Icel. and Swed. the first day of the (Roman) month. Orig.
kaluz; Dan. kap. Tc:ut. stem -"akM" obscure; but certainly from the base cal-,
fem. ; from Teut. root .W·, of which the as in O. Lat. (<<!tire, to proclaim. + Gk.
strong grade i. *1:011· (whence provo E. MGA,i.., to summon. Allied to Hale (2).
,'QOitie, Du. kock, G. /;udu", & cake). Calatlan, & feverouti maduc~i. (1",
71
 CALF CAMEL
-Span.-L.) F. calellllun.-Span. eo/elJ· L. Cal/OSf#, thick·&kinned.-L. ca/lus, cal·
/JWa.-L. caklll-, stem of pres. pt. of III"., hard skin.
calire. to be hot. Callow. unfledged, bald. (L.) M. E.
Calf (I). (E.) M.E. ka/f. O. Merc. calu. cawe. A. S. Ca/II. bald.+Du. kaaI,
calf; A.S. ceaV-+Du. ka¥; lcel. IIlilfr; bald; Swed.llal; G.kalU. Teut . -kaIwn,
Swed. kaJf; Dan. kaI'D; Goth. kalbO; early borrowed from L. Ca/II1U. bald.
G.!laJIJ. Der. calve, vb., A.S. (ea/jitm. Calm. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. ca/me, adj.
Perhaps allied to Skt. grzrb/la, womb, a Allied to Prov. c/,aume, the time when the
fCEtus. Brugm. i. § 656. flocks rest; F. cMmet' (formerly ckau1Iler),
Calf (2), the {hick hind part of the to rest from work; Ita!. ca/ma, rest. - Late
shank. (E.) PC'rhapsthesameastheabove; L. cauma, the heat of the sun (whence,
cf. Gaulish L. ga/lJa, great·bellied; Ice!. time for rest); Job xxx. 30. [It is sag-
hi/ji, calf of the lc:g. See Cave in. gested that the change from au to al was
Caliber, Calibre, bore of a gun. due to association with L. cal·ire. to be
(F.) F. ca/iIJr~ size of a bore; Span. hot.] - Gk. KoiiJ-Ul. heat. - Gk. ltai(tY. to
ca/ibre (1623). Etym. unknown. Perhaps bum. Der. be·calm.
from Arab. qlilib, a form, mould, model. Calomel. a preparation of mercury.
Rich. Diet. p. I I I I (Diez). Mahn sug· (Gk.) Coined to express a while product
gests L. qua libra, with what measure. from a black substance. - Gk. itaAO-s. fair;
CaliCO. cotton -cloth. (E. Indian.) and I-'EA-aS, black.
Named from Ca/icul, on the Malabar Caloric. (F.-L.) F. calorique.-L.
coast, whence it was first imported. calor, heat. - L. calire, to be hot.
Calif. Caliph. (l".-Arab.) F.ca/ije, calorific, making hot. (L.) L. ca/ori·
a successor ot the prophet. - Arab. llka- ficus, making hot. - L. ca/iri-, stem of calor,
lifall, successor. - Arab. khalafa, to suc· heat; and -fie-, for facere, to make.
ceed. Doublet, kha/i£~. CalthroP. Ca.ltrap. a star-thistle, a
Caligraphy, Ca.llig1'aphy. good ball with spikes for annoying cavalry.
writing. (Gk.) Gk. w.JV.alpa</>lO. - Gk. (L. and Tent.) M. E. kalke/rappe. A. S.
KaJVu-, prefix (for Ka.u.OS, beauty, from calee/rep/e, a star· thistle. Coined from
iCI1Aos, good. fair); and .,p6.</>flII, to write. L. calci-, stem of calx, the heel; and the
caJiatheniC., calliIIthenic., Teutonic word trap. Lit.' heel·trap'; see
graceful exercises. (Gk.) From Gk. Trap. So also F. chausse/rappe, the same.
KOAAU1BE"'-qS, adorned with strength. - Calumet. a kind of pipe for tobacco.
Gk. Ka).A,- (for KCiAAos, beauty, from (F. -L. - Gk.) Norman F. calumet, a
KUAOs, fair); and aBI,,·os, strength. pipe; paralle! form to O. F. cha/emel, F.
Calipers, compasses. (F.) F orcaliber· chalumeau, a pipe. - L. calamus, a reed.-
compasses, i. e. compasses for measuring Gk. KOJ...OPO~, a reed. See Sbawm.
diameters; see Caliber. Calumny. (F.-L.) F.calomnie.-L.
CaJiatheDic8; see CalilP'&Pby. calumnia, false accusation. - L. (alui,
Caliver. a sort of musket. (F.) Named ca/uere, to deceive.
from its ca/iberor bore; see Kersey's Dict. Calve; see Calf.
See Caliber. Cab::. (L.) L. calx, stone, lime (stem
Calk; usually Caulk, q. v. calc- ) ; in Late L., a calx.
Call. (E.) M. E. callen. A. S. cea/lian ; Ca.lyz. (L. - Gk.) L. ca/;Ix . - Gk.
cf. hildecalla, a herald. E. Fries. lIallen.+ KOJ...V[, a covering. calyx (or cup) of a
Ice!. and Swed. kalla; Dan. kalde; Du. flower. Allied to Helm (2 ).
kallen; O. H . G. cllallOn. Teut. type Cam, a projection on a wheel. (Du.)
*kafIQn· or -kallo/an-, weak verb; cf. W. Du. kamm, a comb (see Kilian ) ; Low G.
ga/w, to call, Russ. g%s', voice, sound. kamm; cf. Dan. kam, comb, also a ridge
Callet, Callat. a worthless woman. on a wheel. cam, or cog. See Comb.
(F.-Low L.-Low G.) In Oth. iv. 2. Cambric. (Flanders.) Named from
In.-F. caillelle, a gossip, chatterer; Kamerijk. also called Cambray, a town
lit. a little quail; dimin. of cail/e, a quail, in Flanders, where it was first made.
also a woman. Littre gives caille coiffie, Camel. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) M. E.
femme galante. See Quail. (DOUbt· camel, cama;l, ckamel. - O. North F. camel,
CuI.) O. F. chamel. - L. cami/us. - Gk. ,.al-"/)..o•.
CaJ.lou, hard. (F.-L.) F. ca/leu.x.- - Beb. gallltil. Cf. Arab.jamal.
73
 CAMELOPARD CANISTER
camelopa.1'd, a giraffe. (L.-Heb. ·,-u1l4e) has lost an ". l. The pr. fOIl/h,
muiGk.) FormerlyctllIlllopardalis._L.ca- A. S. diiJ, known, only survives in tlll-
1II1lopardalis. - Gk. I«JJIfIAo.,ap&v..u, giraffe; couth, which see. Allied to Xen and
partly like a camel, partly like a pard.- Know. (~GE.1'oJ.)
Gk . .aJlflAo-s,a camel (Heb.gamal); and Can ( 2), a drinking-vessel. (E.) A.S .
.,apllaMs, a pard ; see Pard. camll, a can. + Du. kan; Ice\. ka,ma;
Camellia. (Personal name.) A plant Swed. karma i Dan. ka'lde; G. kamu, a
Darned (by Linnreus) after Geo. Jos. Kamel, tankard, mug. (Apparently 11 true Teut.
a Moravian Jesuit (17th cent.), who de- word.)
scribed the plants in the island of Luzon. Canal. (F. - L i F . canal (whence also
Camelopard ; see Camel. Du.kn7wa/). -L {ana/is, a channel, trench.
Cameo. (Ita\.) Ita\. Camllll0. a cameo, Canary, a bird, a wine, a dance.
precious stone carved in relief. Origin (Canary Islands.) All named from the
unknown. , Callary Islands.
Camera. ( L. L. (tll/ura, a chamber; ! Cancel. (F . -L) F. {a'ledler.-Law
hence camera obsdira, a dalk chamber, ' L callce/ltire, to cancel a deed by (lrawing
box for photography; see Chamber. ; lines across it. - L. ((In{el/TIS, a grating, pI.
Camlet, a stuff. (F.-Arab.) Formerly callce/fi, lattice·work ,crossed lines; dimin.
camelot. - 1\1 . F . {ame/ot, Cot.; supposed of pI. ,'alurf, lattice-work.
to be named from containing callld s hair. Cancer. (L.) L. (aluer, a crab; also
Rea\1y from Arab. kliallllaf, khamalat, an' ealing' tumour. Cf. Gk. KOPKiIlOS, Skt.
camlct; Rich . Dict. p. 628. karkata, a crab; cf. Skt. klzrkara, hard.
Camomile; see Chamomile. Named from its hard shell. Brugm. i. § 464.
Camp. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.{amp (Cot. ). Candelabrum. (L.) L.calldlltibrtlm,
-Ilal. "alllpo, a field, camp. -L. {ampu1Il, a candle·holder; from {audlla, a candle.
nee. of ((III/PUS, a field, ground held by an Candid. (F. -L.) F. {n7ldit/e, white,
army. llmgm. i. § 563. fair, sincere. - L. ca7lllidus, white, shining.
campaign, orig. a large field. (F.- -L (0I1drre, to shine.-L. ·,mldttre, tu
Ita1.-L.) 1'. £amjlaigne, campagne, an set on fire (in compo i'HlIldere).+Skt.
open field.-Ital. ca"'jlag71a, a field; also {hand(forf{lialld),toshine. ( ~SQEND. j
a campaib'fl.-L. campania, open fie!d.- llmgm. i. §§ 456,818 (2).
L. campus, a field. (Also spelt {ha1llpaig1l. candidate. (L.) L. ca7lliidalus,
and C\'en (lialllpiOt' in old authors.) white-robed; because candidates for office
campestral, growing in fields. (L. ) wore white. - L. {andit/tlS, white.
!'rom L. call1peslr is,' growing in fields;
o candle. (L.) A. S. candel. - L. catl·
with suffix ·al.-L. "07IlPIIS, a field. dlla, a candle.-L. {07ldire, to glow.
Campanula. (L. ) Lit. 'a little bell;' candour. (F . -L.) F. {alldeur.-L.
dimin. of L. {alllparw, a bell. Hence also acc. {a"darem, brightness (hence, sincerity) .
{allljlalli./o-rm. Candy, crystallised sugar. (F. - Ital. -
Ca.mphor. (F.-Amb.-Malay.) For· Skt.) F. suereca7llIi,sugar·candy; whence
merly spelt camphire with an inserted ,j . F. sc {amiir, ' to c.'lndie;' Cot. - Ita1.
_ F. call1plire, 'camphire;' Cot. - Low callt/ire, to candy; mlldi, candy; suer/uro
L. (amphora (whence the form (ampllo ,·). (at"ii, sugar·candy.-Arab. qaml, sugar;
-Arab. kafiir,camphor ; cf. Skt. karpii1"tl , whence Arab. qa1ldi, made of sugar.
camphor.-Malaykapiir,lit.chalk; kaplir The word is Aryan; cf. Skt. kII,/ndavII,
Bariis, chalk of Barous, a name for cam· sweetmeats, klianda, a broken piece, froUl
phor. Barous is in Sumatra. kl/and, to break. Der. mgar.{andy, Ita1.
Can (I), I am ablc. (E.) A. S. (alt , : zttt:(liero {mIdi.
cawl , 1st and 3rd persons sing. pres. 'If ! Cand~,:l; plant. (Hyb.) From
<tIll1lall, to know. The pres. t. call IS ' Landy, I. e. CandIa (Crete); and Iti/i.
really an old perf. t. ; the same peculiarity Cane. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. E. cane,
occurs in Du. ktlllllCll , Ice!. and Swed. (mUle. - F. {aIl1le. - L . {amla. - Gk. KOVVO,
kumla, Dan. kwule, to know, to be able ; a reed. Cf. Heb. 'la1le/1, reed; Arab.
G. kiimll!n, to know. tJ. The pt. t. is 'lawili, cane.
{ollld, with intrusive I; M. E. {ollde, A. S. canister. (L.-Gk.) L. ctlllistrulII,
ciibe; cf. Goth. k-1l11/ha, ])u. !.·omie, G. a light baskct. - Gk . .a1lOf1TpOr, the same'.
I.·ijllll/e; shewing that A. S. {liiJe (for - Gk. K<inI - Kalil/a, n reed.
73
 CANNON CANZONET
caDJ10n. (F.-Ital.-L.-Gk.) F. CaD.OroU., tuneful. (L.) L. (anDr'us ;
ca_. -Ital. (amume, a cannon, orig. a with suffix ·OIU. - L. (anere, to sing. Brugm.
great tube, a ~n. barrel. - L . (all1l4, :t reed; i. § lSI.
..r
see Cane. The Span. (ailon, a tube. a cant ( I), to sing ill a whining way,
deep gorge, is cognate. whine. (L.) L. canltire (whence Picard
canon (I ), a rule. (L.-Gk.) A. S. and Walloon c~nter, to sing) ; freqnent.
( lUum. - L. ea_. a rule. - Gk.lfCIJ'cIw, a rod. of ca~, to Slug. Cant was at first a
rule. -Gk. w'l-.ci....a, a (straight) cane. beggar's whine; hence, hypocrisy; see
caaon (2), a dignitary of the church. Reoant.
(F. -L.-Gk.) M . E . canu", (tUUIU".- caaticle. (L. ) L. (anticulum, a little
O. F. (ano~, now d,anoitu. - Lat. (anom·· song ; dimin. of canti(""" a song ; dimin.
ell"" acc. of (anoni(us, adj., one on the of (antus, II song; cf. (antus, pp. of
chnrch·roll or list. - L. cano", the church· canere, to sing.
roll; also, a rule. See canon ( I) . canto. (Ita!. - L.) Ital. canto, n sing·
C&DiJae. (L.) L . (aninus, belonging ing. section of a poem. - L. acc. cant"m,
to a dog. - L. canis, a dog; see Hound. a singing, song (above).
Cw.ter; see Oane. cansonet. (Ital.-L.) Ital. canso·
Canker. (F. -L.) North F. (anere. tullia, dimin. of ca"stme, a hymn, song. -
(F. ehancn).-L. cancrum, ace. of (ancel", L. (m,tu;'lelll, acc. of canlio, a song.-L.
a crab, a canker. See Canoer. .Tbe G. eantus. pp. of (a~, to sing.
IM"ker may be Teutonic (Kluge); so Cant (2), an edge j as verb, to tilt. (Du.
perhapa E. (anker in the sense of' disease -L.) Du. kant, an edge, comer.+Dan.
of trees'; CC. Gk • .,orrpos, an excrescence and Swed. kant, edge; G. kanle, II comer.
on trees. p. All from Late L. ca,uus, a comer; which
Ca.DJLel-coal. (L. and R) Lit. a IS prob. from L. (antAuf = Gk . .al'6os, the
• candle·coal,' because it bnms brightly. comer of the eye felloe of a whee!.
Provo E. (annel, a candle. See Oandle. Canteen. (F.-Ital.) F . (antitu.-
CaJmibal. (Span. - W. Indian.) For· Ital. cantina, II. cellar, cool cave (hence
merl y eani6a/. - Span. canil>al; for CarilJal, the sense of vessel for liqnids). Origin
a Carib, native of the Caribbean Islands. donbtfu!. Perhaps from Late L . eantus, a
The W. Indian (Hayti) word (ari6 means comer.
• brave.' Hence also CalilJa". Canter, an easy gallop. (Proper name.)
Ca.DJLOII. ( I ) ; see Cane. Short for Canter"",,, gallop, the pace at
CaDDOn (2), at billiards. (F.-Span.) which pilgrims rode thither.
A corruption of carrol", shortened fonn of Canticle, Canto; see Oant (I).
F. (aram6oler, v., to make a cannon at Cantle, a small piece. (F.-L.?) O.l".
billiards, to tonch two other balls with ca"tel, a small piece (F. chan/eau), dimin.
one's ov.-n; see Hoyle's Games. Orig. of Picard cant (F. chant), a comer; Late
sense, to touch the red ball; whence L. cantus. Prob. (rom L. (antAus, comer
(ara,,~/Ioler, to cannon (as above) and of the eye j see Oant (2).
cara",6olage, sb , a cannon. - Span. (aram· Canton,aregion. (F.-Ita!.) F.ca"toll.
6o1a, a manner of playinl; at billiards, a - Ita!. (antinU, a nook, angle: also, II
device, trick, cheat. OriglD unknown. corporation, township (Torriano) ; Late L.
Canoe. (Span.- W.Ind.) Sl;l&n.canoa; (aniOnum, canto, a region, province.
orig. a Haytian word for • boat. Origin donbtful.-.r Canton (in heraldry),
Canon (I) and (2); see Cane. a comer of a ahield, is from F. canton,
Canop,.. (F.-ltal.-L.-Gk.) Shonld a comer, Ita!. canlone, from ltaI. canto, an
be COI"'PY; but we find F. canopl, borrowed edge ; see Oant (2).
from.ltal. (ano~. (Also F. (onopk.)-L. Can"... (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E.cnnevas.
C,,1IO#""" JudIth xiii. 9. -Gk.•_ .....,io.., North F. (allftldS.-Late L. cana6tidus,
an I£gyptian bed with mO$C{uito cnrtains hempen c1oth. -L. cannalJis, hemp. -Gk.
(hence, any sort of hangings). - Gk. _ ...... , ftwaIJ,r, hemp. Cf. Skt. pzna, hemp;
:item of _""", a moeqllito, gnat; lit. see Hemp.
• cone·faced' or • cone· headed,' from the caa"..•• (F. -L.-Gk.) Orig. to
shape of ita head. -Gk. ........." a cone; tou in a CIIIffIISS meet, to criticize or
and 6/-, face, appearance, from Gk. base discllJll thoroughly. From CtunltU, ab.
on, to ICe (ICe OpU08). Ce.nscmft; ace Cant (I ) .
74
 CAOUTCHOUC CAPTIOUS
Caoutchouc. (}<'. -Carib.) F. mottl· : North 1". (apilt! (F. ehapiteall) ; from L
eMuc ; orig. a Caribbean word, cahttelm. capitellum (above).
Cap, a head-covering. (Late L.) A. S. capitation, poll· tax. (}<'.-L.) F.
capp e. -Late L. cappa, a cap (Isidore). capitalion.-Late L. acc. capitatio1um,
Capable. (F. - L.) F . capable. - L'lte poll. tax. - L. capil., stem of caput, poll,
L. capabilis, comprehensible; afterwards, head.
able to hold. -L. capere, to hold (below). capitol. (L.) The temple of Jupiter.
capacious, able to contain. (L.) at Rome, called Capi/olillf/l. - L. capito,
Coined from L. capaci-, stem of capax, stem of caput, a head; but the reason for
able to hold. - L. capere, to hold, contain; the name is obscure; see Smith, Class.
see Heave. Brogm. i. § 63~. ('V'QAP.) Diet.
Caparison, trappings 01 a horse. (F. capitular, relating to a chapter. (L.)
-Span. -Late L .) O. F. caparasson.- Med. L. capitutaris, adj. of (apitulum,
Span. caparazon, cover for a saddle; aug. a chapter of a cathedral, or a chapter of
mentative from Med. L. caparo, a cowl; a book; see Chapter.
from Span. capa, a cloak, cover.-Late L. capitulate. (L.) Late L. capitulaills,
aipa, a cape; as below. pp. or capitular~, to divide into chapters,
Cape ( I ), a covering for the shoulders. also to propose terms (for surrender).-
(F.-Late L) O. North F. (apl!'. -Late L. LateLcapitulum,achapter; seeChapter.
((pa, a cape (Isidore of Seville) ; whence Der. re-capitlllat~.
also Prov., Span., Port. capa, Icel. kapa, Capon. (L.-Gk.) A. S. (apun.- L.
&c. Allied to cap. Doublet, cope. acc. (apone"" from nom. (apo. - Gk. ~"'Q"',
Cape (1), a headland. (F.-Ital.-h ) a capon.
F. cap.-Ital. capo, head, headland.-L. Caprice. (F.-ltal.-L.?) F.caprice.
caput, head. - Ital. (apriccio, a whim. Perhaps from
Caper (I ) , to dance about. (Ital.-L.) Ital. capro, a he-~oat; so that capriccio
Abbreviated from capreole (Sir P. Sidney). might mean a fnsk like a goat's; see
-Ital. capriolare, to skip as a goat. -ltal. Cape;r (1) .
capriola, • a caper in dancing,' Florio; capricorn. (L.) L. capn·(o,."us,
also, a kid; dimin. of capra, a she-goat. homed like a goat. - L. capn·-. for capro-,
-L. mpra, a she-goat; cf. caper, he-goat. stem of caper, goat; and corn ..., hom.
+Gk. Ma....poS, a goat; A. S. haftr, Icel. capriole, a peculiar frisk of a horse.
ha/r. (F.-Ital.-L. ) F. capriole (see Cot.). -
Caper (1), the flower·bud of a certain !tal. capriola, the leap of a kid; see
plant. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. F. (aprl!' (F. Caper (I).
cdprl!') .-L.capp"ris.-Gk . ~"."ap..,caper- CapsUle to upset. (Span. ?-L.) Per·
plant; its fruit ; d. Pers. kabar, capers. haps from Span. capuzar, to sink (a ship)
Caperca.ilsie. (Gael.) Here. repre- by the head; apparently a derivative of L.
sents M. E. J, pron. as y . - Gael. capull- caput, the head. (A guess.)
coille, great cock of the wood; lit. horse Capstan. (F. -Span. - L.?) F. cabe·
of the wood. -Gael. capll//, a horse (see stan; Provo cabeslan.-Span. (abestranle,
Cavalier); cDille, gen. of coill, a wood, (abreslanll!', a capstan. Of these forms,
cognate with E. Holt. (abutra11te is the better, and is allied to
Capi11ar:v, like hair. (L.) L. capil- Span. (abeslrag~. a halter, or a haltering,
laris, adj. ; Trom capilllls, hair. Perhaps and to cabeslrar, to haIter. - L. capistrant.,
allied to cap-ut, the head. stem of pres. pt. of capistrarl!', to haIter.
Capital ( I) , chief. (F. -L.) F . capital. - L. (apislrum (Sptln. cabulro), a halter.
- L. (apita/is, belonging to the head. - L. - L. cap·eTl, to hold; with double suffix
capito, stem of (aptlt , the head.+Skt. kapo- -is-tro.
la(m), skull; A. S. ha/ela, head. Brogm. Capsule, seed·vessel. (F. - L.) 1".
i. § 64" capsu/I!', a small case. - L. capsula, dimin.
capital (2), stock of money. (F.- of (apsa, a case; ~ee Case ( 2).
L.) F. capital. -Late 1. (apitall!', wealth; Captain. (F. -L.) M. E. (apitain.-
neut. of (apitalis, chief; see Capital ( I ). O. F. (api/ain. -Late L. (apitn"eus, capit-
capital (3), head of a pillar. (L.; 0-1' lillUS, n leader of soldiers.- L. capito, stem
F. - C ) L. capi/~IlIlIll, head of a pillar; of caPllt, head.
dimin. from L. (ap"t, head. Or from 0. , Captious. ( ~' . - L.) F. caplimx, cavil-
75
 CAPTIVE CAREER
ling. - L. capliOstlS. - L. capio, a taking, I karawiyn-a, caraway-seeds or plant. Cf.
a sophisticaf argument. -L. caplus, pp. of I' (jk. Kapos , Kapov, cumin.
capert, to hold. See Capacious. Carbine. (F. - Gk. ) Formerly (ara-
captive. (F. - L.) F. raplif (fern. ' bim, a musket, the weapon of a carabin,
mptivc). - L. caplimts, a captive. - L. or musketeer. - }o'. carabin, 'an arque-
capills, pp. of capac, to take.+ v\'. caet/t , bllzier;' Cot. Perhaps from 0, F . calabr;n,
a captive; O. Irish (oeM, a female captive. a light-armed soldier; of uncertain origin.
captor. (L.) L. (aplor, a taker. -L. Carbon. (F.-L.) F, (arbolle. -L.
capo , as in capere, to take ; with suffix -lor. acc. carbiinelll , a coal.
capture. (F.-L.) F. caplurt.-L. carbonado, broiled meat. (Span.-
t/,p"ira, a taking. - L. capo, as in cape,'c, to L. ) Span. carb01lnda, meat broiled over
take ; with fern. suffix -tiira. coals. - Span . carbon, coal; see above.
Capuchin, hooded friar, hood. ( F. - carbuncle. L. carblmm/us, (1) a
Ital. - Late L.) M. F . capttclzilZ; F. small coal, (2) a carbuncle, gem, from its
capucin. - Ital. cappttcino, a small hood, glowing, (3) a red tumour. Double
hence a hooded friar; dimin. of cappuccio, dimin. of L. carbo, coal.
a cowl. - Ital. cappa, a cape; see Cap and Carboy, a large glass bottle, protec!t:d
Cape ( I). by wicker-work. (Pers. ) Pers. qarnbah ,
Car. (F.-C.) M.E.carre.-O.NorthF. a large flagon; which is prob. of Arab.
carre, a car (Dllcange, s. v. Mar(ellum ). origin. Cf. Arab. qirbah, a water-skin,
- Late L. carra, f.; allied to L. carrtlS, water-bottle.
a car; of Gaulish origin.-Bret. karl', Ca.rcanet. (F.-Teut. ) Dimin. ofF.
a chariot; W. car, O. Gael. cdr, Irish mrm1t, 'a collar of jewels, or of gold.-
carr. Allied to L. currus, a charlot; O. H . G. qltcrca, the throat; cf. Icel.
llrugm. I. § 516. kverkr, pI. the throat; Lith.gel'kle, throat.
Caracole. (F. -Span.) F. carll<:ol, gerti, to drink. Brugm. i. § 653.
caracole, a snail; whencefairt Ie caracole, Carca.se,CarCa8s. (F. -Ital.) From
applied to a manreuvre by soldiers, and to M. F. cal'qllasse, a dead body. - Ital.
turns made by a horse. - Span. caracol, carcassa, a kind of bomb-shell, a shell ;
a snail, winding staircase, turning about also, a skeleton, frame; cf. Port. carcassa,
(from the snail-shell's spiral form). Per- a carcase, a very old woman. Of unknowil
haps of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. carach, origin.
circling, winding; car, a turn, twist. Ca.rd ( I), piece of pasteboard. (1'.-
Carafe, a glass water-bottle. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Corruption of F. carle, 'a
Span. -Arab.) F. carafe. -Span. garrafa, card,' Cot. - Ital. carla; L. charla. - Gk .
a cooler, vessel to cool wines in. - Arab. xapT7J, XaPT7J<, a leaf of papyrus. Der.
ghirn/. draughts of water; Arab. root cardboard. DOUblet, cnarl.
gkarafa, to draw water. (Dozy, Devic.) Card (2), an instmment for combin!:
~ Or from Pers. qariiball, a large flagon; wool. (F. -L.) F. carde. - Med.L.cardtts,
but see Carboy. L. cardutts, a thistle ; for wool-combing.
Ca.ra.t. (F.-Ital.-Arab.-Gk. ) F. Ca.rdinal. (L.) L. cardi1ltllis, prin-
(ami, a very light weight. - Ital. carato. _ cipal, chief; orig. relating to the hinge of
Arab. qir1'ti/, a. pod, husk, carat, 24th a door. - L. cardin -, stem of cardo, a
part of an ounce. -Gk. KlpaTIOV, fruit of hinge.
the locust-tree; also, a carat; lit. 'a smal1 Cardoon, a plant. (F.- Provo - L.)
horn.' - Gk. KfpaT-, stem of KfpaS, a horn; F. cardon, Cot. - Provo canion; with aug ·
see Horn. ment. suffix from Med. L. card-us, a
Caravan. ( }o' . -Pers.) F. caravane. - thistle. See Card (2 ).
Pers. kii1'7un" , a caravan, convoy. Care. (E.) M. E. care. A. S. caro,
caravansa.ry. (Pers.) Pers. kiir- cealU, anxiety. + O. Sax. kara, sorrow;
wii1ua r ny , an inn for caravans.-Pers. O. H. G. cnara, a lament ; Goth. kara;
kiirwnn, caravan; sariiy, public building, Teut. type *kllrii, f. Hence, care, vb.; A . S.
inn. caria1t. ~ Not allied to L. dira.
Caraway, Ca.rrawa.y. (Span.- Careen. (F.-L.) Lit. 'to clean the
Arab.) Span. al-cara/meya, a caraway; keel;' hence to lay a ship on its side.- F,
where 01 is merely the Arab. def. art.; cari"e, carem, keel. - L. carr,ta, keel.
also written ca1'tli. - Arab. karwiytl-a, Ca.reer. (F. - C.) F . carriere, a race-
76
 CARESS CARP
course. - Late L. canaria Ilia), a road and lemire, to lift, remove, take away,
for cars. - Late L. carra, L. carrus, a car; from leuis. light.
of Celtic origin; see Car. carDivoro1l8. (L.) L. camillorus,
Caress. ( F. -Ita\. - L.) F. caresse, flesh.tating. - L. cami·, decI. stem of cora,
a fondling. - Ita\.carezza, a caress, fondling. flesh; and tlOr'are, to devour.
- Late L. carilia, dearness. - L. canIS, Carob-tree, the locust·tree. (F.-
dear. Brugm. i. § 637. Arah. ) M. F. carobe, carorlbe. - Arab.
Carlax. (F. - L.) M. E. caifoukes, kharriib. bean·pods.
a place where four roads meet. - O. F. pI. Caroche, Carroche, a kind of coach.
enrrifourgs, the same : from sing. carre· (F. -Ital. - C.) Nearly obsolete; but
/ ourg. - Late L. quadrijurms, four ·forked. the present sense of carriage is due to it. -
- L. qlladri· (from qualllor), four; and F. carroche, variant of rarrosSl, ' a carosse
/ "rca, a fork . See Fork. or caroach; ' Cot. - Ital. carroccia, (ar·
Cargo. (Span. - C.) Span. cargo,freight . rozza, a chariot. Extended from Ita\.
load ; cr. cargar, to load. - Late L. carr;· carro. a car. See Car.
care. to load a car; see Charge. Carol, a song. (F. - L. - Gk . '/) For·
caricature. (Ital.-C. ) Ital. enr i· medy, a kind of dance.-O. F. carole,
caltn'a, a sat irical picture; so called because a (singing) dance. Godefroy (s. v. carole)
exaggerated or ' overl oaded.' - I t'<l I. (ari· cites Swiss Rom. coroula, a round ·dance,
rare, to load, burden. - Late L. carricare, also a dance·song. Prob. from 1..
to load a car; see Charge. chorallles, a flut e. player to a chorus. - Gk.
Caries. (L.) L. car ils, rottenness. xopav)..1Jr, the same. - Gk. xop-6r, a chorus,
Cark. bu rden, anxiety. (F.-C.) A. F. round-dance; and av)..or , a flute.
{'arke, North. F . form of F. charge. i. e. Carotid, adj. (Gk.) Gk. KapOTT.3u , S. 1'1..
load; see Charge. Cf. M. E. karke, a the two great arteries of the neck; it was
load; as in ' a karke of pepper: thought that an alteration in the flow of
Carkanet; see Carcanet. blood through them caused stupor. -
Carminative, expelling wind from Gk. KapOOJ, I stu pefy; Kapor, stupor,
the body. (F. - L.) F. corm iI/a/if, 'wind· Carousal, ( 1) a drinking· bout; (2 ), a
void ing;' Cot. - I.. (ar1llillal·us, pp. of pageant. ( I . F . - G.; 2. F. - Ital) 1.
enrmillare, to card wool (hence, in old Sometimes used as if from the verb cm'ome
med icine, to cleanse from gross humours) ; below. 2. But, in old authors, (anntsll
with suffix '1111IS. - I.. carmin', from car· (also (arollsal) means a sort of pageant,
111m, a card for wool. - L. carl1'e, to of which some kind of chariot· race formed
card. a principal part; Dryden, Virgil, ~n. v.
Carmine. (Span. -Arab. - Skt.) Span. 7i7. - F . (an'otml, a tilting.match. - Ital.
(,1rlllill, short form of carmesi1" adj.; from carost/lo, also spelt garosello, a touma-
mrlllesi, crimson. - Arab. qirmizi, crimson ; ment; of uncertain origin.
fromqirllliz,cochineal.-Skt.kr1lli,aworm, Carouse. (F.-G.) F. earOIlS, 'a ca·
the cochineal insect. rousse of drinke,' Cot. - G. garaus, right
Carnage; see below. out; used of emptying a bumper. - G. gar,
Carnal. (L.) L. (amalis, fleshly. - quite ; and aus. out. (Raleigh even writes
L. carn·, stem of ((tro, flesh. Brugm. i. ga1'ottse; directly from G. caralls.) Der.
§ 515. (arous·al, but onl y in one sense of that
carnage. (F.-I..) F. (arnage, flesh- word; see above.
time, slaughter of animals. -Late L. car· Carp ( I ), a fish. (F.) M. E. carpe.
1J.aticttm, a tribute of flesh· meat ; cf. X V cent. - O. F. cmope (Span, Port. carpa ,
(omalum, time for eating flesh . - L. conI', Ital. carpa, Florio) ; also Du. karper;
stem of (oro, flesh. Icel. katji; Dan. karpe; Swed. karp ;
carnation. (F. -L.) F. carnalio". G. karp/ell; O. H. G. charyho ; Russ.
flesh colonr (Littre). - L. acc. car"ali01lllll, karp' j Lith. karpa .
fleshiness. _ L. can,', stem of cora, flesh . Carp (2), to cavil at. (Scand .) M. E.
carDival. (F. - Ita\. - 1..) F. (arna· carpen, which often merely means to talk,
val,Shrovetide. - Ital. camroale, c017f()Vole, say. - Icel. k01pa, to boast; Swed. dial.
the last three days before Lent. - Med. L. karpa, to boast. talk much. ~ The pre·
can,t/roale,,'a1'1ule1!alJltn, removal of flesh. I sent sinister sense is due to confusion with
Shrovetide. - L. ( an le·"" ace. of caro, flesh; i L. carpn-e, to pluck.
77
 CARPENTER CASINO
Carpenter. (I<'. - C. ) A. F. carpmler; register. _ Late L. chartula, a document.
O. Nortlll<'. carlmtier eF. dlarpmtier)._ dimin. of charta, a paper; see Card (I ). '
Late L. caryentarills, sb. j carpe/IUre, to Carve. (E.) M. E. keruen. A.S. ceorfan;
work in timber. - L. carlmtlllll, a carriage; pt. t. cear[, p1. curlon, pp. coifen. [The
a word of Celtic origin. - O. Irish carpat, A. S. ceoifalO would have given .ckaroe;
Gael. and Irish carlltU!, W. cerbyd, a car· c was retained from the pt. pI. and pp.]
riage, chariot, litter. + Du. kervm; G. kerbm, to notch, cut;
Carpet. (F. - L.) O. F. carpite. - Late also Dan, karoe , Swed. karfva, to notch,
L. carpita, carpeta , a kind of thide cloth; from the 2nd stem. Gk. -yp6.cpflV. Brugm.
also carpia (F. cnarpie), lint. - L. car- i. § 791.
pere, to pluck, pull to pieces (lint being Cascade. ( F.-Ital.-L.) F.cascaae.-
made of rags pulled to pieces, and carpet, Ita1. cascata, a waterfall; orig. fern. pp. of
probably, from shreds). cascare, to fall. For *casicare. - L. ciisare,
Carrack. (F. ) O. F. carraque, a ship to totter. -L. casum, sup. of Cluiere, to fall.
of burden; Late Lat. enrraca, the same. Case ( I ), an event. (F.-L.) M. E.
Of unknown origin. cas. - F. cas. - L. acc. casum, a fall, a
Carriage. (F.-C.) M.E. cariage, that case.-L. casus, pp. of caaere, to fall.
which is carried about (as in Bible, A. V.). Case (2), a receptacle. (F.-L.) O. F .
-0. F. caria.~e ; from caria, to carry; see casse. - L. enpsa, a box, cover. - L. capere,
Carry. ~ Its modem use is due to COIl- to hold.
fusion with cal-ock , a vehicle (Massinger, Casemate. (F.-Ita1. ) F. cnsemnte,
Renegado, i. 2); see Ca.roche. a loop.hole in a fortified wall. - Ital. rasa·
Carrion. (F.-L.) M. E. caroigne, a matta, a chamber built under a wall or
carcase. -O. North F. caroipte ; Late L. bulwark, to hinder those who enter the
mrii/lia, a carcase. - L. caro, flesh. ditch to scale the wall of a fort. It seems
Carronade, a sort of cannon. (Scot- to mean 'dark chamber.' - Ita\. and ] •.
land.) So named because made at Can'on, casa, house, cottage, room; and Ital.1Ilatla,
ill Stirlingshire. fern. of matto, orig. mad, but the Sicilian
Carrot. ( F. -L. - Gk.) F . carote, ClI- mattu means 'dim.'
rotte. - L. carota. - Gk. KOPOITOV , a carrot. Casement, frame of a window. (F.-
Carr:y._ (F. -C.) 0.1<'. carier. - Late L.) Coined with the sense of encaselllCllt,
L. cnrncnre. - L. carn4S, a car; see Car. that which encases or encloses. From
Cart. (E.) A . S. creet , rrat; cf. Du. case, verb; with suffix ·mmt.
krat. Or from Ice!. kartr, a cart; whence, Cash, coin. (F. - L.) Orig. a till or box
probably, Picard carti, a cart. to keep money in. - F . casse, a case ; see
Carte, a bill offare. (F.-Gk.) Chiefly Case (2) above. Der. cas/l·ier, sb., one
in the F. phr. rarte blalOche, lit. white who keeps a money-box or cash.
paper. - Late L. mrta; see Card ( I ). Cashew-nut, the nut of a W . and E.
oartel. (F. - Ital. -Gk.) F. cartel. - Indian tree. (F. - Brazilian 1) Cas/lew is
Ita!. fartello, lit. a sll1all paper; dimin. of a corruption of F . acajoll, which is said to
carta, p~pe r, bill; see Card ( I ) . be from the native Brazilian name acajaba
Cartilage. (F. -L ) F. cartilage, or acajaiba. (Mahn, Littre.)
gristle. - L. cartiltiginelll , acc. of rarti/tfgo. Cashier, to dismiss from service.
Der. cartilagilO·ous. (Du. - F. -L.) Du. casserm, to cashier;
Cartoon. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) F. carton. - merely borrowed from F . casser, 'to
Ita!' cartone, lit. a large paper; from carta, breake, burst, . . also to casseere, dis·
a card; see Card ( I). charge;' Cot. [Du. words, borrowed
oartouche, cartridge. (F.-Ital. from F., end in .eren.]-L. qllass{i,-e, to
-Gk. ) Cartridge (with intrusive r) is for shatter frequent. of quatere, to shake;
ror/idge. corrupt form of cartouche. _ F. which :mnexed the senses of L. CIlssifre, to
cartouche , a roll of paper. _ Ital. cartoccw, annul discharge, from L. cassus, void, null.
a roll of paper, cartridge. _ Ital. mrta, C~hmere, a soft wool. (India.) So
paper; Late L. carta; see Card ( I). ~ The called from the vale of Casnmere, in India.
cartrid~ took its name from the paper in Also spelt cassimere, kerseymere.
which it was rolled up. Ca8uaO, a room for dancing. (ltal. - L.)
oartulary. a register. (Late L.- Gk.) Ital. casino, dimin. of casa, II cottage,
Late L. ca,-tultiritml, rhartulariu"" II house. - L. casa, II cottage.
78
 CASK CATAPLASM
Cuk. (Span. -L.) Span. casco, a skull, /el/u"" dimin. of cast"""" a fortified
sherd, coat of an onion; also a cask of place. Der. cas/ell-an, O. North }o'. (fIs/e-
wine, a casque or helmet. The orig. sense lain, O. F. chas/elain, the keeper of a
is • husk'; cf. Span. cascara, peel , rind, c"aslel, or castle; also chtilelaine (fern. of
shell, Port. casca, rind. - Span. cascar, to F.c"tf/elain = O. F . chaslelain) ,now applied
burst open; formed (as iffrom Lat. ·qllas- to a lady's chain or • keeper' of keys,
sican) from an extension of L. quassar~, &c.
to break, burst; see Quash. C...tor. (L. - Gk.) L. cas/or. - Gk.
c ...que. a helmet. (F.-Span.-L.) KaO"TOJp, a beaver. But of Eastern origin;
F. caJque. -Span. casco, a helmet, head- cf. Malay kasliiri, Skt. kas/uri, musk;
piece; see o.bove. Pers. khaz, beaver.
C...ket. a small box. (Span.-L.) Ap- c ...tor-oil. Named from some con-
parently confused with F. cassette, 'a small fusion with cas/oreu"" 'a medicine made
casket; ' Cot. Formally, it is a dimin. of of the liquor contained in the little bags
Cask. that are next the beaver's groin;' Kersey.
C...que; see Cask. But it is really a vegetable pFOduction.
C....ava. a plant. (Span. - Hayti.) Castrate. (L.) L. castra/us, pp. of
Span. (fIzabe; also casavi, 'the bread made cas/riir~, to cut.
in the W. Indies of the fruit called the C...ual. (J<'.-L.) F. casu~/.-L. casu-
yuca ;' Pineda. It properly means the ii/is, happening by chance. - L. ciisu-,
plant, which is also called manioc; said to stem of ciisus, chance. See Cue (I ) .
be from the Hayti ensaMi, with the same Cat. (E.) A. S. cat.+ Du., Dan. kal,
sense. See R. Eden's works, ed. Arber, Icel. Mllr, Sw. kalt, G. kat", katu; L .
p. 175. See Tapioca. cii/us, W . cat", Ir. Gael. cal, Russ. kot',
C...sia, a species of laurel. (L. - Gk. - koshka, Arab. qUI, Turk. k~di. (Proh.
Heb.) L. casia, cassia. - Gk. Kllola, a spice Eastern.)
like cinnamon. - Heb. qels,'ol", in Ps. xlv. Cata.-. prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Ka"Ta, down,
8, a pI. form from qetsi 'o". cassia-bark. - thoroughly.
Heb. root qalsa', to cut away; because the Catacly.m, deluge. (Gk.) Gk. KaTO -
bark is cu t off. KAIIOpOS, a dashing over, flood. -Gk. Ka"Ta,
C....iDlere; see Cashmere. down; KAVCfIV, to dash, wash, as waves.
Cas.ock. a vestment. (F.-Ita\.) F. Catacomb. (Ital. - L.) Ital. ra/a-
casaque. - Ital. (fIsatca, an outer coat. Of comba, a sepulchral va ult. - Late L. rala-
uncertain origin. (umbas; of which the sense and origin are
CasSOW&r7, a bird. (Malay.) First unknown.
brought from Java. Malay kasuwari. Catafalque, a stage or platform,
Cast. (Scand.) Ice\. kasla, to throw ; chiefly usecT at funerals. (F. - Ital.) F.
Swed. kasla; Dan. kasle. Der. r~-cast. catafalqlle. - Ital. ca/afalco; of unknown
Castanet., instruments used for origin. See Scaffold.
making a snapping noise. (F. -Span. - · Catalep.,.. a sudden seizure. (Gk.)
L.-Gk.) F. caslagnettes, 'finger-knack- Formerly ca/a/~psis. - Gk. KaTaAfJ'IIS, a
ers, wherewith players make a pretty grasping, seizing. - Gk. KaTa, down; Aap.-
noise in some dances; ' Cot. - Span. cas- !3ti"fl", to seize.
tanclas, castanets; pI. of caslallela, 0. Catalogue. (F. - Gk.) F. (a/alogue._
snapping noise resembling the cracking of Late Lat. acc. calalogum. - Gk. KaTaAO")'0r,
roasted chestnuts. - Span. castalia , a chest- a counting up,enrolment. - Gk. KaTa, fully;
nut. - Lat. castanea, the chestnut-tree.- AE'YfI", to say, teU; see Logic.
Gk. KaO"TCJJIO"; see Chestnut. Catamaran. a sort oCraft. (Tamil.)
Caste. a breed, race. (Port. -L.) Port. In Forbes, Hindustani Diet., ed. 1859,
caSla , o. race, orig. a • pure' breed; a name p. 289, we have ' katmaran, a raft . . ; the
given by the Port. to classes of men in word is orig. Tamil, and means tied logs:-
India. - Port. cosla, fern. of caslo, pnre,- Tamil kattu, binding; maram, wood
L. castus, pure, chaste. (Yule) .
castigate. (L.) L. casligatus, pp. of Catapla.m. a poultice. (F.-L.-
casligtire. to chasten; lit. ' to keep pure: - Gk. ) 1<'. cataPlas1Jl~.-L. (ataplasma.-
1.. (fIs/us , chaste. Doublet, chastise. Gk. KaTa-rAacrp.a, a plaster, poultice. - Gk.
Castle. (L.) A. S. casltl.-L. cas- Ka"Ta-rAaITOfl,., to spread over. - Gk. K/1TO,
79
 CATAPULT CATTLE
fully; and ..~oaa ..", to mould; see accifrre, to receive, also to buy; see
Plaster. Accept and Cates.
C.t.pult. (Late L. -GIc.) Late L. C.tenn, a Highland robber. (Gael.)
(alapuila, an engine for throwing stones. - Low L. caleranus, answering to Gael.
GIc. tcaTa"fll. TTJS, the same. - GIc. KaTo, cealhainze, lit. 'common people;' cf.
down; ""~.\fLV, to swing, hurl. cealhairne-c1loiiie, s. pl., freebooters, out.
C.ta.ra.ct. (L.-Gk.) L. calaracta, laws. From Irish cethent, ailhern, a
Gen. vii. II. - Gk. KaTa~{llutTTJf, as sb., a troop, band; cf. L. calema, a band of
waterfall; as adj., broken, rushing down. men. See Kern.
Prob. allied to KaTa~~fryvvp.t, I break C.tercousin. (F. - L.) Nares (ed.
down; the 2 aor. KaTf~~Y'I" was used 1876) has: 'Caler-cot/sim, friends so
of the rushing down of waterfalls and. familiar that they eat together.' If so,
storms. - Gk. KaTo, down; m""I" , I the word is from caler, vb., and
break. cousin.
Cat.rrh. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) . F. C.terpillar. ( F.-L.) Adaptedfrom
ralanhe. - Late L. calarrhus. - Gk. O . F . cllalepe/ose, a caterpillar (Godefroy) ;
"aTa~Poos, a flowing down (of rheum), the latter half of the word was assimilated
a cold in the head. - Gk. "aTo, down; and to pil/er, one who pills, or robs or spoils.
~ffll', to flow. O. F. chalepe/ost is lit. 'hairy she·cat.'-
C.tastrophe. (Gk.) Gk.KaTaaT~, O. F. chafe, fern. of chat, cat; pdose,
an overturning, sudden tum. - Gk. "aTo, hairy. - L. ciilus, cat; pi/vsm, hairy, from
down; aTpf",.w, to tum. pilus, a hair.
C.tch. (F.-L.) O. Picard cachier, C.terwa.ul. (E.) M. E . ..aterwil7iJm;
variant of O. F. chacier, to hunt, chase; coined from cal, and Wa1iJell, to make a
hence, to catch. It answers to Ital. cae· wailing noise.
dare, Late L. *captiiire, extended form of C.tes, provisions. (F. - L.) So called
L. enptare, to catch.-L. caplus, pp. of because provided by the catOlf.t", mod. E.
enpert, to seize. .. We even find M. Du. (altr-tr; see Cater. 'Cale,., a steward, a
Raelsm, to catch, borrowed from Picard provider of cales;' Baret (1580).
(achier. The M. E. pt. t. cauJit imitated C.tha.rtic, purging. (Gk.) Gk. Ka(Jap'
/auJlt, pt. t. of M. E. /acchm, to catch. TurUS, purgative. - Gk. "a(JaipEll', to cleanse,
Doublet, (hast ( I). pnrge.-Gk. "a(JapOs, pure.
C.techise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. cali· C.thedraJ.. (L. - Gk.) L. (a tlh'-
(n;zare. - Gk. ltaTTJxi,.,,,, to catechise, driilis ecdesia = a cathedral church, or one
instruct; lenrhened form of KaTTJxf'II', to which has a bishop's throne. - Late 'I •.
din into one s ears, lit. 'to din down.' - cathedra, a throne. - Gk. Ka(Jf3pa, a seat.
Gk. ltaT' o, down; ~X'&I', to lound; cf. - Gk. Ka(J., for "aTo, down; and E3pa, a
QXos, a ringing in the ears; see Echo. seat, chair, from '(Op.tll ( =E3,),oJlO'\ I sit;
Category, a class. (Gk.) GIc. ltaTTJ' see Bit.
"(opia, an accusation; but in logic, a pre· C.tholic. (L. - Gk.) J.. rnlholim:,
dicament or class. - Gk. ItOTTJ"fOPf&l', to (Tertullian.) - Gk. Ka(Joll.I,,6~, universal.
accuse.-Gk. ItOT-ci, down, against; *ci"(o- _ Gk. tca(J6~,01J, adv., on the whole, in
pEw, with the sense ofci"(opEv.lI', to declaim, general. _ Gk. Ka8-, for KaT", according
address an assembly, from 4,,(opd, an to; and o~o'" gen. ofo~os, whole.
assembly. C.tkin. (Du.) A loose spike of
C.ten&.ry, belonging to a chain; used flowers, named from its soft downy ap·
of the curve in which a chain hangs. (L.) pearance. -M. Du. kaflekm, 'a kitling,'
From L. callna, a chain; see Chain. Hexham. (It also meant ' catkin'; cf.
C.ter, to buy provisions. (F. - L.) F. chatlons in Cot.) Dimin. of Du. kal, a
Formed as a verb from M. E. catour, a cat (M. Du. Ralte).
buyer of provisions (whom we should now C.toptric, relating to optical retlec-
call a taler·er). Calollr is short for tion. (Gk.) Gk. KaTOfrTp'KOs, reflexive.-
acalour, formed from acal, a buying, pur- Gk. KOTo.-TPOI', a mirror. - Gk. KaT.a,
chase, Ch. pro!. 571.-0. F. aeal (mod. down, inward ; ;;""ToJlO" l see, with suffix
F. achat), a buying. _ Folk·L. aeaPf/wl, a .TPO", of the instrument. _
purchase; for acea/lttlll. _ Folk-L. aceap - C.ttl~. (F. - L.) M.E.rafel, property;
lat-e, to purchase (A. n . 1060), frequent. of 1 hence, hve stock, cattle. -O. North F.
80
 CAUCUS CEIL, CIEL
( ale/. - Late L.capitdle, capital, property; rallfft , to beware. cr. Skt. kavi(s) , wise.
see Capital (2) and Chattels. Brugm. i. § 635 . Der. pre-cautio".
Caucus, :\ name applied to certain Cavalier. (F.-Ital.- L ) F. cava-
political meetings. ( American I ndian ?) lier, a holl. u.m. _ Ital. cavaliere, the
Said to be from an Algonkin word mean- same. - L. caballiiriwll, acc. of cahalltirills,
ing to speak, to counsel, whence kaw-kaw- the same. - L. caballus, a horse. See
asu, a counsellor. 'Their elders, called Chevalier.
call/Ca1vwassoughes;' Capt. Smith's Works, cavalcade. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
ed. Arber, p. 347. 'Caucorouse, which is cavalcadt:. - Ital. cavaltata, a troop of
captaine ; ' id. p. 377. ~ This is more horsemen; orig. fern. of pp. of cava/care,
like1y-than the entirely unsupported story to ride. - Ital. cavallo, a horse. - L. ca-
about caulkers' meetings. hallum, ace. of cabal/liS, a horse.
Ca.udal, belonging to the tail. (L.) L. cav&lry. (F. - Ital. - L.) O. F.
(auda, the tail. cavallerie. - Ital. (aval/eria, cavalry. -
Caudle, a warm drink. (F. - 1,.) O. Ita!' cavalz'ere, a knight; see Cavalier.
North F. caudel, O.F. challde!, a sort of Cave. ( F.-L.) M. E. caue. - O. F.
warm drink. - O. F. chaud, cllald, hot. - cave, a ·cave. - F olk·L. cava, a cave. - L.
L. caldt~, for calit/us, hot. cauus , hollow. (.vKEU.) Der. cav·ity ;
Caul, a net, covering, esp. for the head. cav-ern (F. cavt'1'1le, L. (atterlla ).
( F.) O. F . cale, 'a kind of little cap;' Cave in. (M. Du.) Properly to
Cot. Origin unknown. calve itt, a phrase introduced by Du.
Ca.uldron; see Caldron. navvies. Cf. W. F landers inkalvm, to
Cau1i1lower. (F. - L. ) Formerly cave in; E. F riesic kalfm, to calve as a
colyjlory. F rom M. E. col (0 . F . co/), a cow, whence kaifm in , to cave in. The
cabbage; and jlory, from O. F. jlori, falling port ion of earth i. compared to a
jlcuri, pp. of jlturir, to /lourish. The calf dropped by a cow. Confused with
O. F . col is from L. aec. caulem, from cave, a hollow.
(aulis. a cabbage; andjleurir is from 1.. Caveat, a caution. (L.) 1.. (aueat,
jlorere, to/l ourish. See Cole and Flourish. lit. let him beware. - L. cauffe , to beware.
Caulk, Ca.lk. (F. - 1.. ) M. E. Caviare, roe of the sturgeon. (F.-
callkm, to tread; hence, to squeeze in (as Ital.) F . caviar. -Ital. caviaro; whence
oakum into a ship's seams).-O. F. cau- also Turk. khavyar, caviare.
que,-, to tread; to tent a wOlmd with lint. CaviL (F. -L.) O. F. caviller.-I..
- L. ca!ctirt:, to tread, force down by cauil/iir i, to banter; hence, to wrangle,
pressure. - L. calc-, stem of calx, the heel. object to. - L. cauil/a, a jeering, cavil-
Cause. (F. -L.) F. cauSt'. - 1.. cama, ling.
CDussa, a cause. Der. cause, vb. Caw. (E.) An imi tation of the cry of
C!l.useway, a paved way, raiserl way. the crow or rlaw. Cf. Du. kaauw, Dan.
( F. -L. ; antI Eo ) Formerly caw·ty-way; kaa, a jackdaw: which nre imitative.
by arlrling way to M. E. causl, cowie, Cayman, an American alligator. (Ca·
CDlIsty.-O. North F. caucie (mod . F . ribbean.) Also caimall. The spelling
chaussle, Provo cattsada, Span. calzada). - caymatt is Spanish. - Caribbean acayiiman
Late L. m/Ciii.ttl, for ca/data ttia, a paved (Littn!) .
way. - Late L. calciiitus, pp. of cakiii1-e, Cease. (1<'. - L.) F. cess~r. - L. assii1''',
to make a roadway by trearling it down; to loiter, go slowly, cease; frequent. of
from L. calcii.re, to tread. - 1,. calr·, stem cedere (pp. cessus" to yield, go away,
of calx, heel; see Ca.ulk. go.
Caustic. (L.-Gk .) L. catlstict~. - Cedar, a tree. (F.-L.- Gk. ) O. F.
Gk. lCavuTlIC6~, burning. - Gk. lCavuTt~. ccd,'e. - L . cedrus. -Gk. K'6po~.
burnt. - Gk . t<alf'" (fut. KaVUQI) , to bum. Cede. (L.) A late word ( A. D. 1633).
cauterise. (F. -Late L. -Gk.) F. - L. cMere, to go, to come, to yield.
cauter iser. - Late L. catlten'zare, to sear. Ceil, Ciel, to line the inner roof or
-Gk. lCaVT'Ip,ti(flV, to sear. - Gk. lCaVT~- walls of a room. ( F.- L.) Hence the
ptO", a branding-iron. - Gk. lCaifl", to sb. ceil·i,lg or ciel-iflg. M. E. ae!en, to
burn (above). ce il ; from the sb. syle or cyll, a canopy.-
Caution. (F. -L.) F. caution. - L. F. ciel, a canopy ; th e same word as tid.
acc. ca"tio"nn, heed . _ L. ((1l1t"s, pp. of I heaven. [Cf. Ita!. <ie/o, heaven , a canopy,
81
 CELANDINE CENTAUR
a cieling.)-L. e<zl*m, heaven. ~ Not to pass., to fall asleep. Allied to Itf'ijla" I
be confused with E. sill, nor with seal: nor lie down; Skt. (i, to lie down.
with sui (F. siller): nor with L. eiltire, Cenobite. (L. - Gk.) L. (tZnobi/a,
to hide. The L. e<zltire, to emboss, seems a member of a (social) fraternity (Jerome).
to have bad some influence on the word, - L . etznobium, a convent. _ Gk. 1t0","/j1G",
but did not originate it; cf. M. E. eelure, a convent. - Gk. 1t",,,6/j,o,, living socially.
a canopy. Late L. e<zMt,ira. - Gk. ItOC"O-" common; /jlOf, life.
Celanc1iDe. a plant. (F.-Gk.) O. F. Cenotaph. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F .
celidoine. - Late L. ee/idonia. _ L. duli- (lnolapill. - L. (enotaphium. - Gk. 1t1"0-
donia. - Gk. XIN3cS",o", swallow-wort. - ~,o'" an empty tomb. - Gk. It."o-"
Gk. X"NISo,,-, stem of X"N3.W, a swallow. empty; Ta~of, a tomb.
(The n is intrusive.) Censer. (F . -L.) M. E. eenser.-
Celebrate. (L.) 1.. celebratus, pp. O. F. eemier, semer (Godefroy) ; short-
of celebrtire, to frequent, to solemmse, ened from O. F. encemi",.. - Late L. in-
honour. - 1.. eeleber, {requented, populous. eeman""" also ineemOrium (whence
Celerity. (F.-L.) F. dlMtl. - L. mod. F. mumMr). - 1.. incensum, in-
acc. eelerittitem, speed.-L. eeier, quick. cense; from pp. of incmdere. to kindle.
Cf. Gk. ItfA."" a runner; Brugm. i. § 633. See Incense.
Celel"J'. (F.-1..-Gk.) F. elleri, in. Cen8or. (L.) L. eemlW, a taxer, valuer,
troduced from the Piedmontese Ita!' sel- assessor, critic. - L. (emire, to give an
leri: for Ital selim, pI. of selina, parsley. opinion, appraise.+Skt. films , to praise.
-L. selinon, parsley.-Gk.1T4N"tw, a kind C8n.ure. (F.-L.) F. (ensure.-1..
o~parsley. censiira, orig. opinion. - L. etnsire
Cele.tial. (F.-L.) O.F. celestiel. (above).
- L. e<ZlesH-s, heavenly. - L. etllum, celUlU. (L.) L. (fflS*S, a register-
heaven. iug. - L. eensire (above).
Celibate. (L.) The orig. sense was Cent, a hundred, as in per (mi. (L .)
• a single life'; it was afterwards an adj., In America, the hundredth part of a
and ~in a sb., meaning • one who is dollar. - 1... centum, a hundred; see
single. - L. ((zlibtitus, sb. celibacy, single Hundred.
life. - L . c<zlib-, stem of e<zlebs. single, un- centenary. (L.) L . emlintin'us,
married. Der. celibacy (for ·e<Zlibtitia). relating to a hundred. - L. eenlilms, a
Cell. (L.) M. E. etlk. - L. cel/a, hundred (usu. distributively). -L. centum.
small room, hut. Cf. dlart, to hide. centeDDial. (L.) Coined to mean
See Helm (3). (,¥"KEL.) relating to a century. - L. cenl·um, hun-
cellar. (F.-L.) M. F. etler. A. F. dred; alln·us, a year.
(tier: O. F.eelier.-1.. cellarium, a cellar. C8nteamal. (L.) L. flntisi", ·us,
-L. cella (above). hundredth. - L. (mt,um, hundred.
Celt (I), a name originally given to the centinacie. (L.) Divided into a
Gauls. (C.) From 1.. pI. CelllZ, the hundred degrees. - L. unl;-, for cenlU1lI,
Celts: the word probably meant • war- hundred; grad·us, a degree; see Grade.
riors'; cf. A. S. llila, Ice!. llildr, war: centipede. centiueci. (F. -L.) F .
Lith. kalli, to strike: L . per·(dlere, to (mlipMe. - L. (mlipeJa, a many-footed
strike through, beat down (Rhys) . (lit. hundred-footed) insect. - L . emti-, for
Celt (3), a primitive chisel or axe. (mlum, hundred: and pea., stem of pis,
(Late L.) Late L. cellis, assumed nom. foot.
of the abl. celie ( = with a chisel), in the centuple. (L.) L. emluplex (stem
Vulgate Version of Job xix. 34. But this eenluplie- ), a hundredfold. - L. emlu-111,
reading is due to some error, and there hundred: plic·iire, to fold.
seems to be no such word in Latin. centurion. (L.) L. aec. emlu,-io-
Cement. (F.-L.) O. F. ci",mI. - nem, a captain of a hundred. - L. centm-ia
L. a~",entum. rubble, chippings of stone: (below).
hence, cement. Perhaps for ·(lZamm/tlm, century. (F.-L.) F. emlurie.-
from (lZan-e, to cut (Brugm. i. § 587). L. emturiiJ, a body of a hundred men:
Cemetery. (L.-Gk.) Late L . etZmi· number of one hundred. - L. {entll-m,
li"';u",. _ Gk. 1t00/A.,rlIIHtw, a sleeping-place, hundred.
cemetery. _ Gk. 1t0l~ 111111 to sleep: in Centav. (L. - Gk.) L . een/allrus.
 CENTAURY CHAIR
- Gk. Klvrallpor, a centaur, a creature half I Hen. IV. ii. 1. 8. Orig. a tax, rate,
man and half horse; which some have com- rating, assessment; see Spenser, State of
pared with Skt. gandharoas, a demi-god. Ireland, Globe ed., p. 643. col. 2. For
centaury, a plant. (L. -Gk.) L. StsS; from stss, verb, to rate; which is
centauria. -Gk. KfJlTaVpflOJl, centaury; a short for Aaaess.
plant named from the Centaur Chiron. Cessation. (F .-L.) F. ussa/ion. -
Centenaryl Centennial, Centu- L. acc. eusationem, a ceasing. - L. cusa-
ple, Centunon, &c. ; see Cent. Ius, pp. of assart, to cease. - L. eessus
Centre, Center. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. (below).
centre. - L. centrum. - Gk. ItfJlTPOII, a cession. (F. - L.) F. cession. - L.
spike, goad, prick. centre. - Gk. Itfl'TlOJ, acc. eessiOnem. a yielding. - L. cessus, pp.
I goad on. Cf. W. cethr, a spike. of eidere, to yield, to cede.
cen~al, flying from a centre. Cess-pool. (Hybrid.) Most probably
(L.) L. centn'-, for centro-, stem of cen- equiv. to (se )ctss·pool; see N . E. D. Cf.
trum; and/ug-ere, to tly. Ital. eusa, a privy (Torriano) ; which is
centripetal, tending towards a a shortened form of seasso, a retreat. -
centre. (L. ) L. centri- (above); pet-ere, L. siassus, 'the draught; ' Matt. xv. 17
to seek. (Vulgate).
Ceramic, relating to pottery. (Gk.) Ceta.ceous, of the whale kind. (L.-
Gk. Kfpa/-uK-or, adj. - Gk. K'pa~-or. potter's Gk.) L. eitus. - Gk. IC'1TOr, a sea·monster.
earth. Cf. Kfpa"""~1 (fut. "fp<iUOJ), I mix_
Cere, to coat with wax. (L.) L. Ch.
cirare, to wax. - L. cira, wax.+Gk. KflpOr,
wax. Chablis, a white wine. (F.) From
cerecloth. (L. and E.) Lit. a waxed Chablis, 12 mi. E. of Auxerre, in the de-
cloth. parlment of Y onne, France.
cerement. (L.) From cere; with Chafe, to warm by friction, vex. (F.-
suffix -ment (L. -mentum). L. ) M. E. cllau/en, to warm. - O. F.
ceruse, white lead . (F. -L.) O. F. chau/er (F. ehauffer), to warm; cf. Provo
centst. - L. cintssa, white lead. _ L . cira, ca(far, to warm. - Late L. *califare, to
wax. warm; for L. califocere, to warm, make
Cereal, relating to corn. (L.) L. to glow. - L. cali-re, to glow; /am'e, to
cereolis. - L. ce1'U, corn. make.
Cerebral, relating to the brain. (L.) Chafer, Cockchafer. (E.) A. S .•
From L. arebr -um, the brain. Cf. Gk. cefer (also cea/or), a kind of beetle.+Du.
,,6.pa, the head. Brugm. i. § 619. kever; G. kafer.
Cerecloth, Cerement; see Cere. ChaJr. (E.) A. S. cenf, later due/, husk
Ceremony. (F. - L.) M. E. cere- of grain.+Dn. ka/; Low G. kaif. ~ The
11l0nie. - F. ctrtmonie. _ L. Ctzrimollia, a verb to chaff= to chaft, i. e. vex. So also
ceremony, rite. chaifwax, for chafe-wax.
Certain. (F . - L. ) O. F. certei,t, cha.1linch, a bird. (E.) 1. e. chalf-
certaill. - L. eert-us, sure ; with suffix ji1tc/I; it frequents barn·doors.
-anus. Allied to L. ctmere. to discrimi- Chaffer. (E.) The verb is from the
nate; Gk. "ptJlflJl, to separste, decide. M. E. sb. chap/are, also chaffare, a bargain-
ce~. (F.-L.) . M. E. certijim. - ing.-A. S. ciap, a bargain, and/am, a
F. ctrtijier. -Late L. ctrtijicare, to make journey, also business; see Cheap and
sure. - L. arti., for ctrto-, stem of artus Fare.
(above) ; and -.fic., for lac-ere. to make. Cha.mnch; see Chaft'.
Cerulean, azure. (L.) L. crzrukus, C~. (F.) F. chagrin, melan·
cO'rulus. blue; for *crzluleus, ·crz/ulus, from choly. [Diez identifies it with F . chagrin,
crzltmt, sky. Brugm. i. § 483. shagreen; but wrongly.]
Ceruse, white· lead ; see Cere. Chain. (F. - L.) O. F. chaine, chahlt.
Cervical, belonging to the neck. (L.) - L. catma, a chain.
From L. ee,."it·, stem of eeruix, neck~ Chair. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E . ehai"e,
Cervine, relating to a hart. (L.) L. cluure.-O. F. duzi,rt, ckaer,.-L. cathe·
Ctnlin·tlS. _ L. eeru-us. a hart; see Hart. dra, a throne, raised seat, chair. - Gk.
C..., limit, measure. (F. - L.) In ICa813po., a seat.-Gk. "a8., for _T4, doWD;
83
 CHAISE CHAP

I sit; see Cathedral, Sit.

I
apa, a seat, from ;(01'4< ( = :3')'01"11), named from Cllfllllpagn,· in FrnnCC', which
means' a plain' ; see below.
chais., a light carriage. (F.-L.- champaign, open country. (F.-L.)
Gk.) F. chaise, a chair, also, a chaise; a In Sh. F. champaiglle, of which the Picard
Parisian modification ofF. chaire, a pulpit, form was campaigne; see Campaign.
orig. a seat. Champak, a tree. (Skt.) Skt. c/Ifllll.
Chalcedony, a kind of quartz. (L. - paka, the champnk.
Gk. ) L. chakedollim, Rev. xxi. '9, - Gk. Champion. (F. - L.) O. F. cham·
xa~K~&:'v, Rev. xxi. '9. pion . - L. (ampionem, acc. of (ampio, a
Chaldron, a coal· measure. (F. - I ~) combatant (Isidore ). - L. campus, a place
O. F. dl a/droll, orig. a caldron; see for military .exercise ; a peculiar use of
Caldron. campus, a field. See Camp.
Chalice, a cup. ( F. - L.) A. F.chalice; Chance, hap. ( F. -L.) M. E. cht(lll1u,:.
O. F. calia. - L. enliam, ncc. of enlix, a - O. F. c!teflllce, chaance. - Late L. c(lt/ell'
I
cup. Allied to ((Ilyx, hut not the same tin, a falling, a chance. - 1.. {(Idere, to fall,
word. happen ; see Cadence.
Chalk. ( L .) M. E. chalk. - A. S. ceak Chancel. (F . - I..) So called because
(Southern). - L. (alc., stem of ((Ilx, lime. orig. fenced off by a latticed screen.-
Challenge. (F.-I..) M. E . •halenge, O. F. challcel, an enclosure fenced off with
((Ilcllge, often in the sense 'a claim. ' - an open screen. - Late L. (an(ellus, a
A. F. chalmge, O. F. chalollge, (nlenge, a chancel, screen; I.. cancelli, pI. , a grating ;
dispute, claim; an accusation. - L. calum· see Cancel.
Ilia, false accusa tion; see Calumny . chancellor. ( F.-I..) O. F. chall(('
Chalybeate. ( I ~ - Gk.) Used of lier. - Late L. acc. callce/ltirillm, a chan.
water containing iron. Coined from I.. cellor; orig. an officer who stood near the
(halyb·s, steel. - Gk. xa~1fI/! (stem xa~IJf3' ) , screen before the judgment.sent. - I.. (all,
steel ; named from the Cha lybes, a people celli, a grating; see Chancel, Cancel.
of Pontus, who made it. chancery. (F.-I..) Forchallcdry.
Chamber. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F.chanl · M.E. cllfl.llce/erie. -O.F. challcellerie.-
bre; Provo (ambra. - L. (all/era, ((I1IIam, L'lte L. cancelltfria, the record·room of a
a vault, vaulted room, room. - Gk. KaP.apa , cfl1lCelltfrius; see Chancellor.
a vaulted plsce. Cha.ndelier. (F. - L.) O. F . c11f111de·
chamberlain. (F.-O.H.G.-L.- lier, a candle·holder. - Late L. cam/j·
.C k. ) F.cllam/Jeriain,O. F.chambrclmc . - lnr£lIS, m. ; cf. c,111diltfrin, a cand le·stick.
O. II. (;. chamerlilk', M. H . G. kamer/illc, - L. calldila; see Candle.
one who has the care of rooms; formed chandler. (F . -L.) O. F.challdelier,
with su ffi x ·'·illc (the same as E . .'·ing), a chandler. - Latc L. calldi lt/rills, a
from L. call/era (above). candle· seller. - L. calldela; sec Candle.
Chameleon. (I.. -Gk.) L. chama - Der. corn-cllalldlcr, where c!tandler merely
leoll. - Gk. xaf'al.~fow. lit. a ground·lion, means seller, dealer.
dwarf· lion ; a kind of lizard. _ Gk. xapa', Change, vb. (F. - L \ O. F. Chfl1lger,
on the ground (also dwarf, in comp. ) ; and challgier.-Late L. call1bitfre, to change
)./OIV, lion. Cf. L. humi, on the ground. (Lex Salica). - L cambire, to exchange.
cha.momile. \ Late I.. -Gk.) Late Cf. Late L. cambium , exchange; whence
L. camolllilla (dlamolllilla ). _ Gk. xap.a'· F . change, E. change, sb.
f''fJ).ov, lit. ground-apple, from the apple. Channel. (F.-L.) M. E. chaml,
like smell of the Rower. -Gk. Xapa'-, on callel.-O. F. chaml, cmld, a canal.-L.
the ground (see above) ; 1-'~).OJl, apple. ace. caml/em; see Canal.
Chamois. (F.- G.) F . chamois; Chant. (F.-L.) F.chanler,vb.-L.
borrowed from some Swiss dialectal form; canltfrt, to sing; frequent. of canere, to
cf. Piedmontese ((III/ossa . _ M. H. G. gamz sing. Der. challl·ry, M. E. chalmlerie,
(for *galllllz), a chamois (G. gUllse) . Late L. (atl/aria; . c~an/i·cleer, M. E.
Cha.mp, to eat noisily. (E.) Formerly chaut/le·cleer, clear·smgmg. .
c/la1lZ or chamm; of imitative origin, like Cha.oS. (Gk.) L. chaos, Lat. spelhng
jam, to crush. Cf. Swed. dial. kif1l1sa, to of Gk. xaor. chaos, abyss, lit. a cleft. Cf.
chew with difficulty. Gk. XaI1K"JI, to gape. See Chasm.
Champa.pe. (F. - L. ) A wine Cha.p I I ) . to cleave, crack. (E. ) M. E.
84
 CHAP CHASE
chtlppm, to cut; hence, to gape oven like Character. (L. - Gk.) L. charader.
a wound made by a cut. E. Fries. kappw, - Gk. xapa".,.~p , an engraved or stamped
to cut; not found in A. S.+M. Du . kappen, mark. - Gk. xapaCTCTuv, to furrow, scratch ,
to cut; Swed. kappa, Dau . kappe, to cut; engrave.
G. kappm, to cut , lop. See Chop ( I ). Cha.ra.de. (F.-Prov.) F. charade,
Chap ( 3) ; see Chapman. introduced from Proven~al cllarTada, a
Chapel. (F.-L.) O. F. chapele.- long talk, from cltarr(j. to chatter (Supp,
Late L cappella, orig. a shrine in which to Littre) ; cf. Languedoc ,harrade, idle
was preserved the capa or cope of SI. talk. Cf. also Span. (/wr/"ada, speech or
Martin (Brachet) .-Late L. ciipa, cappa, action of a clown, from Span. charro, a
ca pe, hooded cloak; see Cape (I) . clown, peasant.
chaperon. (F. -L.) F. chaperoll, a Charcoal. (E.) From ellar and coal;
protector; orig. a kind ofhood.- F. dlape , but the sense of char remains unknown;
a cope. - Late L. capa; as above. some refer it to M, E. chern", to tllrn (as
Chapiter. the capital of a column . if to turn to coal), Lut there is no proof
(F. - L. ) O. F. chapilre, usually a chapter of this. See char (2).
of a book, but representing L. capillllllm , Charge. (F.-C.) F. clzarger, to
which meant 'chapiter' as well as load. - Late L. carrictire, to load a car.-
'chapter.' See Chapter. L. carrus, a car, a Gaulish word; see
Chaplet. ( F.-L. ~ M. E. dlapelel. - Cark, Car. Der. charg-er, a dish or horse,
O. F. dlapelel, a head-dress, wreath. - because carrying a burden.
0.1'. chapel, head-dress. - O. F. chape, a chariot. (F.-C.) F. chariot, allg-
co»e; see Chaperon. mentative of F. char, a car. - L. carrus, a
Chapman. a merchant. (E.) The car; see Car.
familiar ellap is merely short for chapman. Charity. (F.-L.) O. F . clzaritet.-
- A. S. ciapmaIJ, a merchant. - A. S. ciap, L. acc. cadtatem, lo\'e. - L. carus, dear.
price, barter (see Cheap) ; and man, man. Brugm. i. § 637. ~ Not alli~d to Gk.
Chaps, Chops, the jaws. (E.) A xap's.
late word, of unknown origin; possibly Charlatan. (F. - Ital.) F. charlalan.
from Chap ( I). ~ Perhaps suggested by -Ita1. ciadatOllo, a mountebank, great
North E. chajts or chaffs, jaws (Cleveland talker, prattler.- lIal. dar/are, to prattle j
~loss.).-Icel~kjaPIr (p~ pro~. as/t), the ciarla, prattle; prob. of imitative origin.
Jaw; Swed. kdjt, Dan. k/(Ejt, Jaw. Charlock, a kind of wild mustard.
Chapter, a division of a book, synod (E.) Provo E. enr/o,'k, - A. S. cerlic;
of clergy. (l'.-L.) M.E.chapitre,in both origin unknown.
senses. - F. chapitr., variant of an older Charm. (F.--L.) M. E. charllle, sL.
form ,kapit/e. - L. enpitul1l11l, a chapter - O. I' . chartl/e, t n enchantment. - L. (ar-
of a booK (little head ) ; also, in Late L., nzell, a song, enchantment.
a synod; dimin. of caput, a hearl. Charnel. (F.-L.) Properly an adj.;
Char ( I ) , a turn of work. ( E.) Also containing carcases, as in charllel-house. -
ellare, chore, chewre; M . E. ,'her, ,har, O. F. cltartzel, adj. carnal; as sb. a ceme-
orig. a tum, hence, a space of time, tum tery. - Late L. carIJale, glossed by jl.lschlls
of work, &c. - A. S. cerr (below). Hence , (flesh-house) ; Wright-Wiilker, Voc. 184'
dlar-womaIJ, a woman who does a turn of 37. - L. CtlY/lalis; see Carnal
work. See Ajar. Chart. (F. -L. - Gk.) O. F. d,arfe.
char (1), usually cha.re, to do a -L. (hal·ta, a paper.-Gk. Xap""l, a leaf
turn of work. (E.) M. E. cllel7'etl, cltar- of paper. Doublet, caro (I ).
ren, to turn; A.'S, cerra", to turn. - A. S. charter. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
cerr (derr, cyrr), a tum. ~ The sense dlllrtre. - O. F. chartre. - Late L. cartula,
, bum' is later than the appearance of the a small paper or document. - L. charla, a
ab. char-foal. p~ECr; see above.
Char (3) , a fish. (C.!) Of unknown Chary, careful, cautious. (E.) M. E.
origin; perhaps named from its red belly cltari. A. S. cearig, full of care, sad.-
[the W . name is torgocll, red-bellied, from A. S. cearu, ctlnt, care.+Du. karig, G.
lor, belly, and cock, red].-O. Gael. ceara, karg, sparing. Chary meant (1 ) &arrowful,
red, from cear, blood j Irish cear, red, ( 3) heedful. See Care.
also blood , Chue ( I), to hunt after. (F.-L.)
Ss
 CHASE CHEEK
O. F. ,hader, chao!r, to pursue; see L. ; in particular, that O . H. G. chotifo, a
Oatch. huckster, is from L. caupo, a huckster.
Chue ( 2) , to enchase; short for en- But this is now held to be unlikely (Kluge,
chau, which see. Franck) .
Chase (3) , a printer's frame. ( F. -L.) Cheat, to defraud . (F. -L.) Cheat is
Jo'. chasse, a shrine. - L. capsa, :1 box; see m<!rely short for escheat; cf. M. E . chele,
Case (l l. an escheat ( Prompt. Parv.). The n chea.
Chum. (L. - Gk.) L. chasma. a ters were often cheaters; hence the verb.
gulf. - Gk. X41T1'O, a yawning cleft. Allied See Escheat.
to XalT"flV, to g:1pe; see Chaos. Check, a sutlden stop, repulse . (F.-
Chute. ( F.-L.) O. F.ckaste. -L. Pers. ) ' M,E. chek,:1 stop; also check!
.-astus, chaste; see Casts. in playing chess. The word is due to the
chuten. (F. - L .) Used in place of game, which is very old. The orig. sense
M. E. eI,asty or chastim; see below. of check was' king ! ' i. e. mind the king,
chutise. (F . -L.) M. E. ehastism; the king is in danger. -O.F. esehee, 'a
shorter form eI,astien. - O. F . chastier. - L. check at chess-play,' Cot. - Pel's. sntlll, a
casliglire, lit. 'to make pure.' -L. castus, king, king at chess; whence shan·mal,
ch:1Ste ; see Castigate. check-mate, lit. 'the king is dead,' froUi
Chasuble, a vestment. ( ~'. -L.) F. Arab. mal, he is dead . Similarly we have
d,asllble. - Late L. casu/lulcz, with the same F. tcnec, a check, repulse, defeat. pI. tclucs,
sense as L:1te L. casula, a little house; chess; Ita!' scacco, a square of a chess-
hence, n mantle. - L. casa, a cottage. board, also a check, defeat. See che811
Chat, Chatter. (E.) M. E . cnaleren, below. ~ Devic shews that O. F. escltec
also chiterm, to chatter, twitter; frequent- represents Arab. esh-shag; where esn is
ative form of chat. An imitative word; for ai, the def. art., and shag is the Arab.
cf. Du. kwel/erm, to warble, chatter, Swed. proll. of Pers. sniil,.
kvillra. to chirp. checker, chequer, to mark with
Chateau. ( F.-L.) F.chdteau.O.F. squares. ( F. -Pers.) To mark with
dzasle!. - L. casle/lum, dimin. of caslrum, squares like those on a chess· board. M. E-
a fortified place. Der. castel/·a1l; also chekker. dukere, a chess-board. ( Hence
cndtdai1le; for which see Castle. The Checkers, an inn-lign.)-O. F . esche-
Chattels. (i".-L. ) PI. of M. E. quier, a chess· board, also, an exchequer.
cnatd, property, also cattle. -0. F . cllatel, - Low L . scaccarium, a chess·board.-
O . North F. calel, property; see Cattle. Low L. scacci, chess, pI. of seaccus, from
Chatter; see Chat. the Arab. form of Pers. shtih, king.
Chaudron, entrails. ( F. ) Macb. iv. checkers, chequers, an old name
J. 33. The I' is inserted by confusion with for the game at drauglits; from the checker
F. cnamiro1l, a caldron. - O. F . cnaudun. or chess-board; see above.
older forms caudull, ealdulI, entrails check-mate. (F. - Pers. and Arab.)
(Godefroy). [Cf. G. kaldatmen, entrails; From Arab. *sl,ag-mtit, for S/liil,.mal, the
from Mid. Low G. kaldlme, the same.) king is dead; see Check .
Thought to be from Late L . caldiina, cheque. (F. - Pers.) A pedantic
a dish containing entrails (Dncange). Per- spelling of clleck, from confusion with
haps from L. caliC/us, warm ( F. chami). excnequer; it is really a name given to a
Chaw; see Chsw. draft for money. of which one keeps a
Chaws, by-form of Jaws; see Jaw. memorandum or COUllter-chuk.
Cheap, at a low price; orig. a sb. (E. ) chess, the game of the kings. (P".-
M.E. eI,ep, ellUP. barter, price; always a Pers.) Equivalent to checks, i. e. kings;
sb. Hence. good cheap, in a good market see Check above. -0. Jo'. esches, chess;
(F. I)(m lIIarcht ) ; whence E. cheap, used really the pI. of eschec, check, orig. 'king.'
as an adj. A. S. ceap. price; whence the ~ Jo'rom Pers. shah, a king, were formed
verb ceapian, to cheapen, buy. So also O. F . eschec. F. tcnee, E. cneck, Ital. scacco,
Du. koop , a bargain, koopm, to buy; G. Span. xaque,J3que, Port. xaque, G. scnach,
kauf, purchase, kall/m, to buy ; Icel. kaup, Du. scnaak. Dan. skak, Swed. schack,
Swed. kiip, Dan. kio", a purchase; Goth. Low Lat. !tidus sCacCQrt11ll - game of
I
kal/poll ( weak vb. ). to traffiC. ~ Some che"ks. or of kiugs.
~ay that these words arc borrowed from . Cheek. (E. ) M. E . cheke, <,heoke. O.
86
 CHEER CHICORY
Mere. cia, A. S. cenu, cheek. + Du. in M. Eo chestdn.-O. F. ellastaiglle (F.
kaak, jaw, cheek j Swed. kiill, jaw. cnata~~le). - L. castanea, chestnut-tree.-
Cheer. (F.-L.) M. E. ckere, orig. Gk. KaU'TlWOII, a chestnut. Chestnuts are
the mien j hence, 'to be of good cheer.' said to have been called KaUTaVa, or KaptJa
-0. F . c,,"e, the face. - Late L. cara, KauTavcUa, from KaUTal'a, Castana, the
face. (Relationship to Gk. Kapa, the head, name of a city in Pontus where they
is doubtfu!.) Der. ellter-jul. abounded; but more probably from Armen.
Cheese. (L.) M. Eo chese. O. M~rc. kaskmi, a chestnut.tree, from kask, a chest-
else (A. S. cjse, for earlier · cuse<·clasi), nut (Kluge).
with i-mutation; prehistoric A. S. ·cilsi Cheval-de-friae, an obstruction with
< ·casioz. - L . caseus, cheese; whence spikes. (F.) Lit.' horse of Friesland,' a
other fonns (G. kiise, Du. kaas) are bor- jocular name; the pI. elltvatu;·de·Frise is
rowed . Sievers, lnd ed. § 75. l. commoner. See below.
Cheeta. Cheetah, the hunting leo- chevalier. (F.-L.) F. cktva/itr, a
pard, a leopard used for the chase. (Hind. horseman. - F. cktval, a horse. - L. ca·
-Skt.) Hind. ckila. - Skt. ckitralla, a ballum, ace. of caballus, a horse.
chccta; from elzilra, spotted, also visi- Cheveril, kid leather. (F. - L.) O. }<' .
ble, clear.-Skt. ekit, to perceive. See cktvrele, fern., a little kid. Dimin. of
ChintB. 0 .1'. cktvre, F. cMvre, a goat, kid. -L.
Chemise. (F.-L.) F. ckemise. - capram, acc. of capra, a she-goat.
Late L. camisia, a shirt, thin dress; chevron, an ordinary, in heraldry, re
whence O. Irish caimtnst. shirt (Stokes). sembling two rafters of a house. (F. - L.)
Chemist, Chymiat; short for al· (Most likely meant to represent the saddle·
chemisl j see Alohemy. peak.) -F. chtvrott, 'a kid , a chevron ill
Cheq..,ue, Cheque; see Check. building, a rafter;' Cot. Augmentative
Chenah. (F. - L.) O. F . cheris., form of ckevre, a she-goat.-L. capra, a
stem of pres. pt. of cherir, to hold dear. - she-goat j see Caper ( I) . Cf. L. capre·
F. cher, dear. - L. carus, dear. olus, which likewise means a prop.
Cheroot, a cigar. (Tami!.) Tamil Chew, Chaw. (E.) M. E. elte'Welt.
slmruUu, a roll j hence, a roll of tobacco A. S. cUnua1t, to chew. eat.+Du. kaaflwen;
(Yule). G. kallen j O. H . G. kiuwltn; Russ.jtvate.
Cherry. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. ckeri, a Cf. also Icel. tyggja, Iyggva, to chew
mistake lor cheris, the final s being mis- (Strdtberg).
taken for the p!. inflexion.-O. North F. Chibouk, a Turkish pipe. (Turk. )
ckeriu, O. F. cerise; representing Folk- Turk. chibuk, eltybiik, a stick, tube, pipe
L. *aresia, .ceresea. - L. cerasus, a cherry- (Zenker, p. 349).
tree. - Gk. "fpaUOS, a cherry-tree; usually Chicanery. (F. - Pers. 1) l". cnica·
said to come from Cerasos, in Pontus; nerie, wrangling, pettifogging; Cot. - }<' .
a story which Curtius doubts. ckicatter, to wrangle j orig. to dispute in
Chert, a kind of quartz. (1) Unknown. the game of the mall orckicane (Brachet).
Cf. Irish ceart, a pebble. Perhaps from the medieval Gk. T'UKaVIOl',
Cherub. ~Heb. ) The true pI. isellerub· a word of Byzantine origin (id.) ; from
;tIl. - Heb. k riiv (pI. Ilruvitll), a mystic Pers. chaugan, a club, bat.
figure. Chicken. (E.) Sometimes shortened
Chervil. a plant. (L.-Gk.) A.S. cer- to ckick; but the M. E. word is ckikm.
jil/e. - L ckarepkylla, pI. of ckarepkyllum . A. S. cicen, earlier *ciucin. + Du. Rieken,
- Gk. Xazpf</>uAAov, chervil, lit. pleasant kuiken, a chicken, Low G . kaken j cf. G.
leaf.-Gk. Xa1P-flV, to rejoice; </>6A)"Oll, kiicltlein, a chicken, Ice!. kjukllng, Swed.
leaf. 'kyckling; related to Cock, which shews the
Chess; see Check. weak grade *cuc-; see Cock (I ). Sievers,
Chest. (L. - Gk.) M. E. cheste, chisle. 2nd ed. § 165.
A. S. cisl.-L. cisla. - Gk. KiaTf] , a chest, Chicory, a plant, succory. (F. -L.-
box (whence G. kisle, &c.). Gk. ) l". ckicorte. - L. cic;'oriullt. -Gk.
Chestnut, Chesnut. (F. -L.-Gk.) KtxopLa, neut. pI. ; also K1XWptOV , K1XWI"1,
Ckesnul is short for chest1lul, which is succory. 13. Succor)' is a corrupter form
shorl for ckestelz·nut, nut of the cheslen, of the word, apparently for siccory or
which i~ the old name of the tree, called ..idIOY)', from L. cic/zorillHl.
87
 CHIDE CHIRURGEON
Chid•. (E.) M.E. d,idell. A.S. cftiall, pI.: hence Ckinee in the singular, by a
to chide, brawl: pt. t. ctdde. second dhff{~g of se.
Chi.f. (F. -L.) M.E. chef, chiej. - Chinc , a small rodent animal.
O. F. chef, chief, the head. - L. type (Span. -L.) Span. d,iluhjl/a, lit. 'alittle
*mpuIII (Ital. mpo). - L. caput, head. bug,' as iffrom its smell: but undeservedly
Der. ker-ckiej, q. v. so named. - Span. chillChe, a bug. _ L. ci-
Chieftain. (Y . -L.) O.F. (hevetai,ze . miam, acc. of cimex, a bug.
- Late L. capita,uus, capitanus, a captain. Chinchona; the same as Cinohona.
- L. capito, from (aput, a head. Chincough, whooping-<:ough. (E.)
Chiffonier, a cupboard. (F.) Lit. a For ckink-(ough: cf. Scotch ki"k-(ougll,
place to put rags in. - F . (hi/limier, a rag- kink-IlOSt \host means cough ). A kink is a
picker, also a cupboard . - F. chiffon, aug- catch in the breath, nasalised form of a
ment. of chi/ft, a rag. Orig. unknown. +
base *kik, to gasp. Du: kinkhoest: M.
Chignon. (F . - L.) Hair twisted ; Du. kieckhoest: Swed. kik/zosta, chincongh,
another spelling of F . chat"on, a link. - kik,,'!. to gasp i G. keichen, to gasp: ,
F. chaille, O. F. chaille, a chain.-L. (a- Chine. ( F.- O. H . G. ) O.F. eschme (F.
lelia, a chain. (ehillt), the back-bone. - O. H . G. ski,za, a
Chilblain. (E. ) A blain caused by needle, prickle (G. sehime, a splint). For
a chill. the sense, cf. L spina, a thorn, spine,
Child. (K ) M . E. child. A. S. cild. backbone.
Teut. type *kiI)OIll, neut.; cf. Goth. kil- Chink ( I), a cleft. (E.) Formed with
Ilu i , the womb. suffixed k, from the base of M. E. chille, a
Chill, cold. (E.) Orig. a sb. A.S. c1eft,rift. -A.S.cinu,a chink.-A.S. cill-,
a le, dde, chilliness. Teut. type *kaliz, weak grade of cr'lall, to split (strong vb.) .
sb. i from *kal-an, to be cold, as in A. S. + Du. keen, a chink, also a germ, kent'"
ralnll , to be cold, Icel. kala, to freeze.+ to bud i cf. G. kdlllt1l, Goth. kei,,,lII, to
Du. kil, a chill; cf. L. gelu, frost. bud. (Germinating seeds make a crack in
Chime, sb. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. the ground.)
dlimbe, of which the orig. sense was cym- Chink (2 ) , to jingle. (K ) An imitative
bal; henc ~ the chime or ringing of a cym- word: cc. clink, clank; and see Chin.
bal. Shortened from O. F. chimbale, dia- cough. E. Fries. kinkm (a strong vb. );
lectal form of O. F. cilllbale, a cymbal. - M . Dan. kinke.
L. (Ylllbalttlll. - Gk. K6,.tJaAo,,: see Cym- Chintz. (Hindustani -Skt.) Forchittts,
bal. N. B. We find M. E. chy"ze-btlle, pI. of chillI. Hind. (h"',,,, spotted cotton
which looks like a popular form for cymbal. cloth , named from the variegated patterns
Der. dlime, verb. on it i chhit, chintz, also a spot. -SkI.
Chimera, Chimera. (L. - Gk.) L. chilra, variegated, spotted. See Cheeta.
d,ifll<Era. - Gk. X'JUIlpG, a she-goat; also, Chip, vb. (E.) Related (with a lighter
a fabulous monster, with a goat's body. - vowel ) to cltap (I) or chop; as if to eut
Gk. X'JUlpos, he-goat. a little at a time. Cf. A. S. for-cypj>o<l,
Chimney. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. chemin/e, gloss to praeciSlls lLye); E. Fries. kippm ,
' a chimuey;' Cot. - Late L. caminala, to cut.
providedwithachimney; hence, a chimney. Chirography, handwriting. (Gk.)
- L. (aminus, an oven, a fire-place. _ Gk. From Gk. Xflpo-ypa"'fW, to write with the
1t4,.."OS, oven, furnace. hand. - Gk. Xf'po·, from XElP, the hand;
Chimpansee, an ape. (Mrican.) I am ,,(pO"'.''', to write. Cf. cltiro-mallcy, for-
informed' that the name is Isimpan zee in tune· telling by the hand; cltiro-pod-ist,
the neighbourhood of the gulf of Guinea. one who handles (and cures) the feet.
Chin. (E.) M. E. chill. A. S. cill.+ ChirP. (E.) Alsochirrttp. M. E. (Mr-
Du. kin , Ice!. kin", Dan. ki,ut, Swed. pen. Also M. E. chirkm, chim/tn, to
Id"d; Goth. ki,mus, the cheek: G. ki"n , chirp. The forms (hir-p, chir-k, chir-m
chin; L. gm4, cheek; Gk. ,,('''lIS, chin i are Irom an imitative base i d . Du. kirrm,
cf. Skt. hawlS, jaw. to coo.
China. (China.) Short for china-ware, Chirurgeon, the old spelling of sur-
or ware from Chi.uz. The name of the geon. (I'. - L. - Gk.) F. chirttrsien,
people was formerly Chi/zeses; we have 'a surgeon ;' Cot. -F. chirllrgie, sur-
dropped the final s, and use Chinese as a gery.- L. dlirl,rl,'ia.-Gk. XflPOIIP'YI(1, a
8~
 CHISEL CHRIST
working with the handa, skill with the quent lengthening. Cf. lcel. NONa, to
hands, art, surgery. - Gk. XfIPO-, from ~j>; Roll, the gullet.
Xflp, the hand; and lnfl", to work. Choler, the bile, anger. (F. -L. -Gk. )
ChiseL (F.-L.) M. E. c1!isel.-A. F. Anger was supposed to be due to excess of
cllisel, O. F. dse! (F. duau). Cf. Late L. bile. M.E. coler. -O.F. colere. -L. cholera,
cisel/us, scissors (A. D. 135l) . O. F . dse! bile; also cholera, bilious complaint. - Gk.
answers to Late L. *cise/lum , with the xo1..fpa, cholera; xo1..~, bile; xo1..os, bile,
sense of L. cisOrium, a cutting instrument wrath. See Gall.
(Vegetius); see Scheler's note to Diez. - cholera. (L. - Gk.) L. cholera, as
L. *ciSUIII, for crzs-um, supine of crzdere, above. And see Melancholy.
to cut; whence also Late L. incisor, a Choose. (E .) M. E. chum, chusm.
carver, cutter; see Ceesura. A. S. closan (also ((osan), to choose
Chit ( I) , a pert child. (E.) M. E. chil, (pt. t. das, (((is).+ Du. and G. kiuen,
a whelp, cub, kitten. Allied to kil-ling Icel. kjosa, Goth. Riusan; Teut. type
(Icel. kellingr), and to kit-ten; cf. G. kitze, *keus-an-. Allied to L. gus-tare, to taste,
a fem ale cat. Gk. 'Y.60",41, I taste, Skt. jush, to relish.
Chit (l) , a shoot, sprout. (E.) In Hol- (.y'GEUS. ) See Gust. llrugm. i. § 60l.
land's Pliny, xiii. 4. Perhaps allied to Chop ( I), to cut; a later form of
M. E. chilhe, a sprout (N.E.D.). -A. S. ChAp ( I ).
crtJ, a germ, sprout. ce. Goth. keinan, to Chop (l) , to barter. (E.) Probably a
produce a shoot; G. Reilll, a germ. variant of chap, a verb which seems to
Chivalr,y. (F.-L.) M.E. chivalrie. - ha,-e been evolved from the sb. chapman.
O.F.chevalern, horsemanship, knighthood. Chopine, a high-heeled shoe. (F. -
- F. cheval, a horse. - Late L. caba//ufIl, Span.) In Hamlet, ii. l. 447 ; for chapine.
acc. of caba/lus, a horse. - O. F. chapin; later chappin (Cotglave).
Chlorine, a pale gleen gas. (Gk.) - Span. chapin, a clog with a cork sole,
Named from its colour. - Gk. XAOJP-OS, pale woman 's shoe, high cork shoe. Perhaps
gleen. from Span. chapa, a thin plate (of metal) ,
chloroform. (Gk. andL.) The latter used to strengthen the work it covers.
element relates toformyl andfarmic acid, Chops; see Chaps.
an acid formerly obtained from red ants. - Chord. (L. - Gk.) L. c;'arda. - Gk.
L.formfca, an ant. xopM" the string of a musical instrument,
Chocolate, a paste made from cacao. orig. a string of gut. llrugm. i. § 605.
(Span. - Mex.) Span. chocolate. - Mex. 4111" The same word as Cord.
chocolatl, chocolate; Claligero, Hist. Chorus. (L. - Gk.) L. chorus, a band
Mex. i. 433. .. Not allied to cacao. of singers. - Gk. xopOs, a dance, a band of
Choice. (F. - Tent.) Not E. M. E. dancers or singers. See Choir. Der.
chois. _ O. F. c/zois (F. c;'oix). - O. F. c;'ar-al, chor·i-sler.
c;'oisir, O. North F. (oisir, to choose. Of Chough, a bird. (E.) M. E. cllole,
Teut. origin. - Goth. kausjan, to try, chough. Not found in A. S., which has
test; causal of kiusan, to choose. See (however) the forms cia, cio, and the early
Choose. forms ciae, cJlyae. Somewhat similar forms
Choir. (F. -L.-Gk.) The choir of a are seen in Du. Raauw, Dan. !laa, Swed.
chnrch is the part where the choir sit. kaja, 0. jackdaw.
Also spelt quire; M. E. queir, quer. - Chouse, to cheat. (Turk.?) To act as a
O. F. cuer, later clloeur, 'the quire of a chouse or cheat. Ben Jonson has chiaus in
church, a troop of singers;' Cot. - L. the sense of 'a Turk; with the implied
C;'OrIl1ll, acc. of cllorus, a choir. - Gk. sense of 'cheat '; Alchemist, i. J. The
xopos, a dance, a band of dancers or allusion is alleged to be to a Turkish
singers. See Chorus. c;'iaus or interpreter, who committed a
Choke. (E.) M. E. choRen, cheken, notorious fraud in 1609. - Tnrk. cJuj'us;',
cheoken. A. S. ciocian ; only in the deri- a sergeant, mace-bearer, Palmer's Pers.
vative iiciocung, to translate L. rumitra/io, Dict.; chiiwush, a sergeant, herald, mes-
which the glossator hardly seems to have senger, Rich. Dict. p. 534. Or (medi-
understood, and in the pp. iiciocod, JElfric, ately) from M. Ital. daus.
Hom. i. 216 : with change from io to eO, Chrism; see below.
shortening of q to 0 in M. E., and subse- Christ, the anointed onc. (L. - Gk.)
89
 CHRISM CID
A.S. C,·;sl.-L. Chrislus.-Gk. XPltITOS, Chuck (I), tostrikegently,tos:;. I.F. -
anointed. -Gk. XplOJ, I rub, anoint. Der. Teut.) Formerly written chock (Turber-
Christ-iatf, Christ-m·dom, &c. ; Chrisl- ville). - F. choquer, to give a shock, jolt.-
lIlas (see ]1(&1>8 : ; allti-christ, opponent of Du. schokkm, to jolt, shake; allied to E.
Christ (from Gk. d"rl, against; see shock and shake.
1 John ii. 18). Chuck (l), to chuck as a hen. (E.)
chrism, holy unction. (L. -Gk.) An imitative worn; Ch_ has chuk to ex-
Also spelt chrisome, whence chrisOlllt-child, press the noise made by a cock; C. T.
a child wearing a chrisOllle-c/olh, or cloth 15180 (B. 3,.6,.). Cf. cluck. Der.chttek- It,
which a child wore after holy unction; cr. in the sense 'to cluck'
O. F. cremu, • the crisome, or oyle ; , Cot. Chuck (3), a chicken. A variety of
-Late L. ChriSIllQ, holy oil. -Gk. )(piUIM', chick, for chickell. See above.
an unguent. -Gk. xplOJ (as above). Chuckle. (E.) To chuckle is to laugh
Chromatic, relating to colours. (Gk.), in a suppressed way; cf. Chuck (l ).
Gk. XfJOJfl2TIICOS, adj.-Gk. Xf'OJ/ltT.T-, stem Chump, a log. (E.) Cf. Swed. dial.
of XPJJfltT., colour; allied to )(pOn, skin. kUlllpa, to chop into logs; kumpil/g, a
chrome, chromium. (Gk.) A log, round stick; also Icel. kUIIIOr, Ir,~-
metal; its compounds exhibit beautiful Immbr, a log of wood, from Icel. Immll/',
colours. - Gk. XPOJfI-G, colour. nasalised form of kuhbr, a chopping ;
Chronicle. (F.-LateL.-Gk.) M.E. lcel. kubba, to chop. Der. chll1llp-e'ld,
owlic!e, with inserted I; also Croll ike, i. e. thick end.
crollique. -A. F. cronic!e j O. F. crollitJl,e, Church. (Gk.) M. E. chirche, chi'·I!.-h.:.
pI. cro/liqlles, chronicles, annals. -Late L. A. S. cil'ict:, later cilU j (cr. lcel. kirkja;
dlrollica, fern. siug. j for neut. pI. - G. kirche, Du. kerk).-Gk. ICVPCOICOII, a
Gk. XPO"lltcl., pl., annals. -Gk. xpo""toS, church, neut. of ICVPItT.ItOS, belonging to
adj. from XpOvos, time. Der. c!n'oll-ic the Lord; or (possibly) from Gk. /CVpcOJta ,
teo ){PO"IICOS) . pl., treated as a fem. sing. - Gk. ,roPIOS,
chronolol7, science of dates. (Gk.) a lord, orig. mighty. - Gk. IC;;POS, strength.
From xpOllO -S, time j .Ao-yltT., from AO'Y-os, cr. Skt. {lIra, a hero.
discourse; see Logic. Churl. (E.) M. E. (herl, clllorl. A.1;.
chronometer, time-measurer. (Gk.) ceorl, a man. + Du. hId, G. kerf; Dan.
l' rom x.p6"o-s, time j /lfTPOII, measure j see Sw. Ice!. ka1'l. Teut. types, *kel'/Q~,
]l(etre. *karloz.
Chrysalis, the form taken by some Churn, sb. (Eo) A. S. cYFi,,; oltler
insects. (Gk.) Gk. )(pIIUOl\l\jS, the gold- form cirill (printed cirtll ), Corp. gloss.
coloured sheath of butter/lies, chrysalis. - 1866. + Ice\. kima, Swed. kama, Dun
Gk. XPIIU-OS, gold. kienle, a churn; cf. O. Swed. kema,
chrysa.nthemum, a /lower. (L. - Swed. kiima, Dan. kier1ze, to churn, Du.
Gk.) L. chrysallthemum. _ Gk. Xf'Vua~ kemm, to churn.
(Jf/lOV, a marigold.-Gk. XPII(1-0S, gold; ChutneY ChutD.y, a kind of hot
W(J'flOIf, a bloom, from dv(J,,,,, to bloom. J
relish. (Hin.) Hind. chaflli (Yule).
related to Ilv(Jos, a /lower, a bud.. Chyle, milky fluid. (F. -L.-Gk.) F .
chrysolite, a yellow stone. (F.-L. chyle. - L. chyltts. - Gk. XIIAOS, juice. -
-Gk.) O. F. crisolile. -L. cnrjsofilhus, Gk. XfOJ (= xfF'OJ), I pour. (.vGHEU.)
Rev. xxi. 20. - Gk. XPIIUOAI(JOS. - Gk. chyme, liquid pulp. (L.-Gk.) For-
XPIIUO- S, gold ; Aj(JOS, stone. merly chYlIItis. - L. chj1llus. - Gk. XllflOS,
chr3rsoprase. (L. - Gk.) L. cllrjSO- juice. - Gk. Xf -OJ; as above.
prasus, Rev. xxi. lO. - Gk. XpIIUOftpauos, a Chymist; see Alchemist.
yellow.green stone. - Gk. XPIIUU-S, gold;
ftp6.uov, a (green ) leek. Ci-Cz.
Chub, a fish. (E.) Etym . unknown.
Cf. Dan . kobbt. a seal, provo Swed. kublmg, Cicatrice, scar. (F.-L-) F. cicalrice.
chnbby, fat j Norw_ kllbbf1l, stumpy ; -L. cicalr/am, ace. of cicalrix, a scar.
Swed. kubb. a block, log. This does not • Cicerone. (Ita!. -L.) Ita\. cicerone, a
explain the ch; but see Chump. guide j orig. a Cicero. - L. acc. CiaI'OIlC1Il.
chubby, fat. (Eo) Lit. 'like a chubj' pro~r name.
cf. provo SWell. kub"u!: (above) . : Cid, lit. a chief or commander. (Span.
90
 CIDER CITE
- Arab.) Usually a title oi Ruy Diaz, (alsu drmit'e), to go wlwd. - L. dr{//m.
the national hero of Spain. - Arab. sayyid, ronnd; fre, to go.
a lord; Richardson's Diet. p. 864. Circum-, prefix, round. (L.) L .
Cider. (F . - L. - Gk. - Heb.) It circum, around, round; orig. ace. of
merely mean s strong drink. M. E . siur, {irCtlS, a circle; see Circle. Der. cirmTJI-
ryder. - F. d dn; O. F. cisdre (for *cisre). ambient (see Ambient ) ; rirCtllll·ombttlale
- L. siam. - Gk. U[KEpa, strong drink. - (see Amble) ; and see below.
Heb. shikiir, strong drink. -Heb. shakor, circumcise. (L.) L. d'·{1/1/lcis·t1s,
to be intoxicated. pp. of cirmmcfden, to cut round. - L.
Cieling; see Ceil. cirmlll, round; and {(zdere, to cnt.
Cigar, Segar. (Span.) Span. cigan'o; circumference. (L.) L. dr(tlIlI-
whence also .... cigore. fcrt!1llia, boundary of a circle. - L . circulll'
Cinchona, Peruvian bark. (Span.) fermi., stem of pres. pt. of drctllllferre, to
Named after the Countess of Cnillcnoll, carry round; fromftn'e, to bear.
wife of the governor of Pern, cured by it C1rcumllex. (L.) L. syl/aha {ir-
A. D. 1638. Chinchon is S.E. of Madrid. cumjiexa , a syllable marked with a cir.
(Should be chillchona.) cnmflex (A) or 'bent' mark. -L. cirm1ll'
Cincture. (L.) L. d,lCliil'a, a girdle. jiexus, pp. of circum-jiedere, to bend
- L. cine/tis, pp. of ciltgere, to gird. round; fromjieclere , to bend.
Cinder. (E.) Misspelt for siltder (by circumjacent, lying near. (L.)
confusion with F. celtdre = L. cinertlll; From stem of pres. part. of cirrttm-iacirc,
see Cinerary). A.S. sillder, 'scoria,' slag. to lie aronnd; from iach'e, to lie.
+Jcel. sindr; Swed. siltder; G. sillier, circumlocution. (L.) L. cirmlll-
(hoss, whence Dn. siltle/s, cinders. • The IOciilio, a periphrasis. -L. ci"cumloctIlIlS,
A. S. siltder occms in the 8th century. pp. of cirmm-Io~ui, to speak in a round -
Ciner~, relating to the ashes of the about way; from lo~ui, to speak.
dead. (L.) L. cilterl'rius. _ L. cimr-, circUDUIcribe. (L.) L. cirClt/ll ·
stem of cillis, dnst, ashes of the dead.+ scribere, to write or draw around, to limit ;
(jk. K6vtS, dust. Der. cilleraria, a flower; from scr,bere, to write.
Hamed from the ash· coloured down on the circumSpect, prudent. (L.) L. cir-
Laves. Brug-m. i. § 84. wlIlspecltlS, prudent; orig. pp. of drwlIl-
Cinnabar, Cinoper. (L. - Gk. - Jpicere, to look around; from speare, to
Pers. ) L. cilmabaris. _ Gk. Kllfva/Japt, look.
yermilion. From Pers. %injifrah, ziltjalJ, circumstance. (F. -L.) Adapted
red lead, vermilion, cinnabar. from O. F . drcoltslal/Ct . - L. cirmlllstanlill,
Cinnamon, a spice. (L.-Gk.-Heb. ) lit. a Manding around, also an attribute,
L. ct'mzal1lolllum. _ Gk. KtVJ'QfUJJ"'ov. - Heb. circumstnnce (influenced by}' . cil'con-
~ilmamon; said to be of Malay origin slalue). - L. cirCtlmslalll·, stem of pres. pt.
t Gesenius). Cf. Malay kaJIN manis, ciona- of circtll1l-slare, to stand round; from slare,
mon; from kayu, wood, 1/lattis, sweet. to stand.
Cipher. (F. - Span. - Arab. ) O. F . Circus; see Oircle.
cifre (F. chi../fl't), a cipher, zero. -Span. Cirrus, a fleecy cloud, tendril. (L.)
cifra. - Arab. ~ifr, a cipher; lit. 'empty L. cirrus, a curl, curled hair.
thing;' from lifr, adj. empty; Rich. Diet. Cist, a sort of tomb. (L. - Gk.) L.
P. 937. (A translation of SkI. pinya, (I ) cis/a, a ehest. -Gk. K[UT'I, a box, chest.
empty; (2) a cipher.) Der. de·cipher, cistern. (F.- L. - Gk.) F. cislerne.
from L. di, in the verbal sense of Ult-, and - L. {isterna, a reservoir for water. - L.
cipher; cf. M. F. dechiffrer, • to decypher;' cisla, as above.
Cot. cistvaen, a British monument. (L.
Circle. (F. - L.) A.S. circul; but M.E. alw W.) W . cisljaen, a stone chest,
cere/e. - F . cercle. -L. circulus, dimin. of monument made with four upright stones,
circus, a ring, circle; see Ring (r ). Dar. and a fifth on the top. -W. cisl, a chest
eltcircle, semi-circle; and see cir{um-. (from L. cisla) ; and mom, a stone.
circus, a ring. (L.) L. circus (above). Cit, Citadel; see Civil (below).
Circuit. (F.-L.) F . circuit. - L. Cite, to summon, quote. (F.-L.) :1<'.
acc. rirmilttlll , a going round. - L. cir- ciler. - L. ciliire, frequent. of dire, to
wi/us, also circumilus, pp. of circumire rouse, excite. call. + Gk. K:"', I go.
91
 CITHERN, CITTERN CLARION
(VKI.) See Hia. Dar. ex-cite, ifl-cile, outcry.-L. damare (above). Dar.c1amtlt'-
re-cite. ous.
Cithern, Cittern, a kind of guitar. Clamber, to climb by grasping tightly.
(L. -Gk. ) [Also M. E. gilerne; from O. (E.; 1>"'laps Scand.) XV. cent. M. E.
F. guiterlle, a guitar.] The n is excres- clamerm, dambre1Z. Cf. Ice\. klambra,
ceut, as in bitter-tl, in imitation of M. E. to pinch closely together; Dan. klamrt,
giterne. - L. cilkara. - Gk. Kl9o.pa, a kind to grip firmly; see Clamp. Affected by
of ly:e or lute. Climb, of which the M. E. pI. t. was
Citisen; see Civil (below). clamb, clam.
Citron. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. cilroll.- Clammy, viscous. (E.) Earliest form
Late L . ace. rilr01lt111. - L. citrus, orange- daymy, perhaps. from A. S. clam, clay (see
tree. - Gk. KLTpOV, a citron; KITpLa, citron- Clay) ; but confused with an adj. clam,
tree. sticky ; with which cf. E. Fries. and Du.
City; see Civil (below). klam, Dan. klam, clammy, moist. See
c;:ivet. (F.-Arab.) F. civelte, civet; Clamp.
also the civet-cat; Ital. zwetto; borrowed Clamour; see Claim.
from medieval Gk. (allfTIOV (Brachet). - Clamp. (Du.) XV. cent. Du.klampe,
Arab. zabtfd, civet; Rich. Diet. p. 767. a holdfast; whence klampm , to clamp,
Civil. (F.-L.) F. civil.-L. "uilis, grapple , also to board a ship. + Dan.
belonging to citizens. -L. ciuis, a citizeu. klamme , a cramp-iron; Swed. klamp, the
Allied to A. S. Iziwa1l, members of a same; I cel. klolllbr, a smith's vice; Teut.
household. Dar. civil-ise, civil-j-an. base *klamp, answering to the lnd grade
cit; short for citizen (below). of M. H. G. klimp/en, to press tightly
citadel. (F. -Ital.-L.) F.citadelle. together. Cf. Clump.
- Ita!' cit/adelia, a small town, fort; Clan. (Gael. ) Gael. dam/, offsprmg,
dimin. of cittade = ciliate (cit/a ), a city.- children; Irish cTand, clmm, descendants,
L. ciuittitem, acc. of ciuitas, a city. -L. a tribe; W . plant, pI. offspring, children.
ciuis, a ciiizen (above). Cf. Skt. kula( m), a herd, family. Brugm.
citizen. (F. - L.) M. E. cltesei1l, i. § 669.
from A. F. citisei1l, in which s was an Clandestine. (L.) L. clandestfnus,
insertion. - O. F . cileain (F. citoyen) ; secret , close. Allied to clam, secretly.
formed from O. 1<'. cite (cill) city, by help Clang, to resound. (L.) L. c!angere,
of the suffix -aill- L. -atlus; see below. to resound; whence clangor, a loud noise.
citf. (F. -L.) M. E. cite, citee. - +Gk. K>.am, a clang; allied to KAa(~I",
O.F. CIte (F. citl) . - Late L. type*civ'tatem, to clash (Cut. K>,o.l{OJ) . Dar. clang·or.
for "uita/nn, acc. of cluitas; see citadaL See below.
Clachan, a small village with a chnrch. Clank, a heavy ringing sound. (Du.)
(Gael.) Gael. dackan,( I ) a circle of stones, X VII cent. - Du. klank, • a ringing;'
(2) a small rude cburch, (3) a small village Hexham. Cf. Du. klonk, pI. t. of klinken,
with a church. - Gael. d ack , a stone. So to clink. See Clink. Dar. clank, vb.
also Irish c1ackan, a hamlet; dack, O. Ir. Clap. (E.) M. E. clappen. [We only
dock , a stone. fiud A. S. cltEppetan, to palpitate; Voc.
Clack. (E. ) M . E. dacken. Imitative; 473.] E. Fries. klappen, to clap hands.
allied to Crack. E. Fries. klakken.+ The orig. sense is to make a noise by
Ice!. k1aka, to chatter; Du. klakken, to striking. + Icel. klappa, Swed. klata,
clack, crack; Irish dag, the clapper of Dan. klappe, Du. klappm, M. H. G. kla /!It,
a mill. to pat, clap, prate, make a noise. A lied
Claim, to demand, call out for. (F.- to Clack, Clatter.
L.) O. F. daimer, clamer.-L. d amare , Claret. (F.-L.) Orig.alightred wine.
to call out; cC. O. L. calare, to pro- M . E. clard. - O. F. clard, clairet (F.
claim; Gk. Ka>'Ew, to summon. Dar. clairet) , adj. ; dimin. of clair, clear. - ~.
ac-daim, de·daim, ex -daim , pro·claim , ciartls, clear. See Claar
re·c1aim; also (from pp. clama/us) ac- clarify. (F. -L.) O. F. clari.fie:.. ~
clamat-iol', de-clamat·ion, e.r-clamat-iotz, L. clanjicare, to make clear.-L. dan· ,
pro·damat·ion, re-clamat-ion. from clarus, clear; and -.fic., for /acert,
clamour. (1" . -L.) M. E. ,·lamour. to make.
-0. F. clamour.-L. acc. dtilllorem, an clarion. (F. - L.) M. E. clariquH. -
 OLASH CLEVER
O. F. ·claM/, claron (~'. clairon), a clear- iron to fasten ropes to. (E.) M. E. dele,
soundinghorn.-Late L acc. dtiriimnn.- a wedge (as if from A.S • • dla!), also
L. dari- (as above). dite, dote, a lump; cognate with Du.
Cluh. (E.) An imitative word; sug- kl()()t, a ball, G. kum, a clot, lump. Allied
gested by clack and erask, dask, &c. Cf. to Clot; and see Clout.
E. Fries. klalsen, to crack a whip. Cleave ( I), to split. (E.) Strong verb.
Clasp. (E.) M~ E. daspe, dapse, sb.; A. S. ellolan, pt. t. dlal, pp. dolen (=-
daspen, dapsen, vb. The base seems to be E. doven ).+Du. klieven, Ice!. kljiila (pt. t.
Illap-s-, extended from klap- (see Clap), klauf), Swed. klylva, Dan. kidve, G. klie-
and influenced by M. E. dippen, to em- ben. Teut. base *kleub; cf. Gk. '"fA';-
brace. Cf. G. klajter, a .fathom; Lith. <pflV, to hollow out.
gllbys, an armful; and cf. Grasp. cleft, clift. (Scand.) The old spelling
Class. (F. -L.) F. dasse, a rank . - is clift. - Ice!. klujt, Swed. klyft, Dan.
L. acc. classem, a class, assembly, fleet. k/Oft, a cleft, chink, cave. - Ice!. kluj- ,
Clatter. (E.) A frequentative of dal, weak grade of kljiila (above); cf. Swed.
which is a by-form of Clack. A. S. c/al- klylva, to cleave.
rung, a clattering; E. llries. klallern, to Cleave (2 ), to stick. (E.) Weak verb.
clatter. + Du. klaltren, to clatter. Of The correct pt. t. is cleaved, not clave,
imitative origin. which belongs to the verb above. A. S.
Clause. (F.-L.) F. dause. - Late L. elijian, deo/ian. pt. t. cltfode. +Du. klevm ,
clausa , a passage from a book, a c1ause. - Swed. klibba sig, G. /zlehen, to adhere,
L. datlsus, pp. of daudere, to shut.+ cleave to. All from Teut. base *klib-,
O. Fries. slula, to shut. See Slot ( I ) . weak grade of Teut. root *kleib-. found in
('V'SKLEU.) llmgm. i. § 795. A. S. eli/an (pt. t. eMf), Du. bt-klijven,
Clavicle, the collar-bone. ( F . - L.) to cleave to. Allied to Clay, Climb.
F. c/avicule, the collar-bone.-L. c/auicula, Clef, a key~ in music. (F. -L.) F. clef.
lit. a small key; dimin. of dauis, a key. - L. clautm, I cc. of clauis, a key.
Allied to elaudere; see Clause. Cleft; see Cleave (1).
ClaW. (E.) M . . E . clau, d ee. A. S. Clematis, a plant. (Gk.) Gk. ICA'lJ.ll1TIS,
clawu (also clla), a claw. +Du. klaauw; a creeping plant. -Gk. ICA'lP.OT-, stem of
G . klaue ; Ice!. klo, Dan. Swed. klo. /CAfip.o, a shoot, twig. - Gk. /cAaf"', to
Allied to Clew; from a Teut. base *klau-, break off, prone (Brugm. ii. § (61).
2nd grade of *kleu-, to draw together; Clement. (F. -L.) F. clement. -L.
cf. O . H. G. kluwi. forceps. cllmenlem, acc. of c/ltnens, mild.
Clay. (E.) M. E. clai, city. A. S. Clench; see Clinch.
c/ag.+Du. and Low G . klti, Dan. klag. Clerestory,annpperstoryin achurch,
Teut. type *klaijti, fern.; from *klai-, 3nd furnished with windows. (1'. -L.) Old
grade of Tent. root *klei-; CC. A. S. dam spelling of clear-story. The triforium
(for *klai-moz) . earthenware; Gk. '"fAo<-6s, below is sometimes called the hli1ld·story.
sticky matter. See Cleave (1) and Glue. See Story (2 ).
Claymore, a Scottish broadsword. Clerk. (F . - L. - Gk.) A. S. and O. F .
(Gael.) Gael. daidlzeamk f1lOr, a great c/erc. -L. cllricus. - Gk. ICA'lP<IC6s. one of
sword. Here claidheam" is cognate with the clergy. - Gk. KAfipos. a lot; in late Gk.,
W. deddyj, O. Ir. daideb , sword; and the clergy, whose portion is the Lord,
Gael. mor, great, is allied to W. mawr, Dent. xviii. 2 , 1 Pet. v. 3; cf. Acts i. 17.
great. Cf. W. c/edd, a sword. (St. Jerome. )
Clean. (E.) M. E. clene. A. S. dane, clergy. (F. -L.) M. E. clergie, often
clear, pure. + O. Sax. dlni, cleini; O. also (2) 'learning.' - (I) O. F. c/ergie, as if
Fries. kiln; Du. kltin, small; G. klein, from L. *cllricia; (3) mod. F. dergl,
O. H . G. clt/eini, pure, bright, fine, small. from Late L. ellricatus, clerkship. - Late
All from Teut. *klaini-,orig. ' clear, pure.' L. C/~ricus, a clerk (above).
• cleanse. (E.) A. S. d amian, to Clever. (Eo) Cleverly is in Butler's
make clean. - A. S. clane, clean. Hudibras, i. I. 398 (1663). For M. E.
Clear. (F.-L.) M.E.c/eer,cler.-O.F. cliver, adj., meaning ready to seize, allied
der, da;,·. -L. clarus, bright, clear, loud. to M. E. diver, a claw, and to Cleave (3).
Cleat, a piece of iron for strengthening So also E. Fries. kliiler, clever, Dan.
the IOles of shoes; a piece of wood or dial. klover, klever (Molbech) . ~ It took
93
 CLEW, CLUE CLOG
the place of M. E. deliver, quick, nimble, Cf. Du. k!illk, a latch, rivet; also, a blow;
eh. pro!. 84. - O. F. dclivre, free, prompt, and O. H . G. klmkalt, to knot or bind
alert ; compounded of L. de, prefix, and together.
libel', free; see Deliver. Cling. (E.) M. E. clillgm, to become
Clew, Clue, a ball of thread. (E.) stiff, be matted together. A.S. clillgall
M. Eo clewe. A. S. cliwen, a clew; also (pt. t. clang, pp. dUII.fen), to dry up,
cllowe (Epinal gl. c/eouttae). + Du. kluwen, shrivel up.+Dan. klynge, to cluster. Allied
whence klllwenen, to wind on clews (E. to Swed. klti"nga, to climb; O. H. G.
clew up a sail); M. Low G. kltlwm; and clu'!fa, a clew.
er. G. kniittel (for *kliiuel), a clew. Per- Clinical. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. clinique,
haps allied to L. gluere, to draw together. 'one that is bedrid;' Cot. - L. clinicuf,
Cf. Claw. the same.-Gk. KAt""t6s, belonging to a
Click. (E.) An imitative word, ex- bed, a physician; >i KAt"''"', his art.-Gk.
pressing a lighter and thi nner sound than KA,,,,,!, a bed. -Gk. KAI""", to lean; see
Clack. E. Fries. klikkm. Cf. Du. klik- Lean (I).
klakkm. to clash. Clink. (E.) E. Fries. kHnken. Nasa·
Client. (F. -L.) F . client, a suitor. - Iised form of Click.+Dn. klinken, to
L. dim/em, acc. of clims = c/uem, orig. a sound, pI. t . klotzk, pp. geklonkm i Swed.
hearer, one who listens to advice; pres. pt. kliftka, to jingle. Cf. Clank.
of cluel'e, to hear. (.vKLEU.) clinker. a hard cinder. (Du.) Du.
Clift'. a steep rock, headland. (E.) Hiltker, a clinker, named from the tinkling
A. S. clif, a rock, cliff.+Dn. and Ice! . sound which they make when they strike
Hi/i O. H. G. klep. Cf. G. and Dan. each other. - Du. kliltkm, to clink; cog·
klippe, Swed. klippa, a crag i an d Icel. nate with E. clink.
kleif, a ridge of cliffs. clinCJ,uant. glittering. (F. - Du. ) In
Clima.te. (F. - L. -Gk.l. M.E. climat. Shako LIt.' tinkling.' - F . dinqutlnt, pres.
-F. d imat. -Late L. d imat-, stem of pt. of O. F. cli,zquer, to clink. - Du.
clima.-Gk. KAtjJaT-, stem of I<AljJa, a I klinken (above).
slope, zone. region of the earth, climate. - . Clip. to cut. (Scand.) M. E. klippen. -
Gk. I<AlvEI", to lean, slope; see Lean. Ice!. Hippa, Swed. klippa, Dan. klippe, to
clima.cter, a critical time of life. (F. clip, shear hair. Cf. Snip. Der. clipper,
- Gk.) M.F. climactere, adj. i whence I'llll a' cutter,' a fast vessel.
clilllactere, 'the climatericall (sic ) year ; Clique, a gang. (F. - Du.) F. cliqllc, a
everr 7th, or 9th, or the 63 yeare of a gang, noisy se t. - O. F. cliqueI', to click,
man s life, all very dangerous, but the last, make a noise. - Du. klikkelt, to click,
most;' Cot. - Gk. I<AtjJal<T17P, a step of a clash; also to inform, tell; cf. Du. klikkel',
ladder, a dangerons period of life. - Gk. a tell-tale. See Click.
I<Ai}Jal<-, stem of I<AijJa[ , a ladder, climax, Clou. Cloke. (F .- C .) M. E. cloke. -
with suffi x -'T1)P of the agent; see below. O. North F . cloque, O. F. cloche. - Late J..
climax. the highest degree. (Gk.) cloca, a bell; also a horseman's cape, which
Gk. I<AIjJa[, a ladder, staircase, highest resembled a bell in shape: see below.
pitch of expression (in rhetoric). - Gk. clock. (C.) The orig. sense was 'bell' i
I<Ai"."" to slope. Der. all/i-climax. bells preceded clocks for not ifying times.
clime. (L. - Gk. ) L. dima, a climate. Either from M. Du. docke (Du. klok ) , a
- Gk. I<AijJa; see Clima.te. bell; or from O. North F. cloque, n bell. -
Climb. (E.) M. E. climben , pt. t. clomb. Late L. cloc(c)a, a bell; of Celtic origin. -
A. S. climl>alt, pt. t. clamb, pI. clumbolt.+ Irish clog, a bell , clock ; dogailll, I ring
Du. klimmm, M. H.G. klimmen. Teut. or sound as a bell; O. Irish c/oc, a bell.
type *klimban-. The lit was orig. in- Cf. W. cloch, a bell, &c. The G. glocke is
serted in the present stem, and did not a borrowed word; so also Du. klok, &c.
belong to the root; as is shewn by Icel. Clod. (E.) M. E. clod, clodde. A. S.
kif/a, to climb. Hence it is allied to clotl (in compounds), a lump of eartn.
Clea.ve (2). Teut. type *klu-do-, from the weak grade
Clime. see Climate. of Teut. root *klm" to stick together. See
Clinoh. Clench. to rivet. (E.) M.E. Clew, Cloud. Cf. Clot.
rlmcllm , kletzken, to strike smartly, to Clor. a hindrance; a wooden sole of
make to clink; causal of Itlink,.". to clink. I a shoe; wooden shoe. (E.) M. E. clog,
94
 CLOISTER CLUMSY
a log, clump. Not found in A. S. A late dt girojle, 'a clove,' Cot.; from the
word: cf. Dan. klagge, mud (Molbech). semblance to a nail. Cf. Span. clava, a
Cloister. (F. -L.) M. E. cloister. - nail, also a clove. -L. claIm"" acc. of
O . F . doistre (F. d ottre). -L. clatlslrtl1ll, claullS, a nail.+O. Irish c/o, a nail.
lit. enclosure. -L. claus· liS, pp. of clau- Clove (3), a bulb, or spherical shell of
dere, to shut. See Clause. a bulb of garlic, &c. (E.) A. S. c/tifu, f. ;
cloae (I ), to shut in. (F. -L.) M. E. cf. clUf-TtI)'rl, a buttercup (l it. clove-wort) .
closin.-O.F. clos, 1 pro s. of O. F. clore, Named from its cleavage into shells.-
to shut in. - L. clawlere (above). Der. A. S. cluf-, weak grade of clio/all, to split:
close, a field; dis-close, m-close, itz-close. see Cleave (I). Cf. Iccl. klo/i, a cleft.
close (1), shut up. (F.-L.) M. E. Clove (3), a weight. (F.-L.) A. F.
clos, cloos. -O. F . c/os, pp. of clore (above). clOtl: the same word as Clove ( I).-Late
closet. (F. - L.) O. F. clOstl, dimin . L. d c/1ms, n weight (for wool) .
of dos, an enclosed space. -0. F. dos, Clover. (E.) M. E. (/aver. A. S.
pp. : see olose (1). claire, cl~fre, trefoil.+Du. klaver, whence
Clot. (E. ) M. E. ( /ot, clotte, a ball, Swell. klO/ver, Dan. klijver; Low G.
esp. of earth. A. S. clolt, clol, a lump.+ klever ; cf. G. kIte. ~ The supposed
G. klolz, a lump. Teut. type *klul-Io- , conncxion with cleave ( I ) is impossible.
from the weak grade 'of Teut. base *klml ; Clown. (Scand.) Ice!. kllInni, a clumsy,
see Cleat, Clout, Cluster. boorish fellow : Swed. dial. klunn , a log,
Cloth. (E.) M. E. clolh, clath. A. S. kluns, a clownish fellow; Dan. klunl, a
t/cil1.+Du. kleed, G. kldd, a dress. Der. log; cf. Dan. klu111tl, clumsy. Allied to
dol/us, A. S. c1al1as, pI. of cla". Clump. Orig. sense' log' or 'clod.'
clothe, to cover with a cloth. (E.) Cloy. (F. -L.) Orig. to stop up, hence,
M. E. clol/lm, clalhen, pt. t. clolhede (or to sate. M. F.c1oyer,' tocloy,stopup,' Cot. ;
c1adde), pp clolhed (or clad ). Formed a by-form of F . douer (0 . 1<'. cloer), to nail ,
from A. S. cllil1.+Du. kleedm, from kIted ; fasten up. [A horse pricked with a nail,
so also G. kldden, from kldd. ~ But the in shoeing, was said to be cloyed.) -0. F.
pt. t . and pp. clad are of Scand. origin : clo, F. clotl, a nail; see Clove ( I) . ~ Cloy
cf. Icel. klfEdd-r, pp. of klfEl1a, to clothe; (in E.) is usually short for a(-c1oy or a-cloy,
Swed . klizdd, pp. of klada. where the prefix a- represents F. tIl- ; see
Cloud. (E.) M. E. cloud, orlg. a mass F. endotur, endoyer in Cotgrave.
of vapours ; the same word as M. E. (/iid, Club ( I), a heavy stick. (Scnnd.) M. E.
a mass of rock. A. S. (/iid. a round mass, (/tlbbe. - Ieel. kluMa , kltmlba, a club ;
mass of rock, hill. From Teut. root *kleu, Swed . klu"!>, a club, log, lump; Dan. klt/b,
to stick together; see Clew, Clod. club, klump, lump. A mere variant 01
Clough, a hollow in a hill·side. (E. ) Clump below. See Golf.
M. E. c7ough, cloJl!. Answering to A. S. club (1), an association. (Scand.)
*dan, not found ; cognate with O. H . G. XVII cent. Lit. • a clump of people.'
kIt/h . The A. S. *clan ( = O.H. G. kla/" Cf. Swed. dial. kluM, a clump, lump, also
:\s in Klan ·ue/de, Forstemann) represents a knot of people (Rietz). See above.
:\ Teut. type *klanxo-, from *klanx, ~nd Cluck. (E.) M. E. clokkm, to cluck
grade of *klhtx; cf. G. klinge, O. H. G . as a hen; n mere variant of Clack.+
(ldinga, n clough (Acad., Aug. and Sept. Du. klokkm, Dan. klukke, G. glu(km ;
1889). L. glocire. An imitative word.
Clout, a patch. (E.) M. E. clout. A. S. Clue; see Clew.
(!tit, a patch; whence W. clwl, Corn. dul, Clump, a mass, block. (E.) XVI
a patch, clout; Ir. and Gael. d ud, the cent. NOt in A.S. , except as in clymp-re,
same. Orig. sense' mass, piece of stuff'; a clump. Cf. Dan. k lumjJ, Swed. klt"'lP ;
orig. Teut. type *kliit-oll, from Teut. root Du. klomp, Low G. klump, a clump,
*kNit-, *kleul-, as seen in Clot. Closely lump, log; (Icel. klumba, a club, with b
allied to CleAt (which is from the 2nd for p ). From klump-, weak grade of
grade of the same root). Teut. *klemp-, as in M. H . G. klimp/en, to
Clove (I) , n kind of spice. (F. -L.) press tightly together. Cf. Clamp.
M. E. c/oT/}; the change to clove, in the Clumsy. (Scnnd.) Cf. M. E. clumud,
XVlth cent., was due to the influence domsed, benl1mbed : benumbed fingers Rre
of Itn!. d ti01.lo. _ F . dOli , n nail; dOtl cll1m~y. This is the pp. of dOI JIUtl, to
95
 CLUSTER COCHINEAL
benumb, or to feel benumbed. Cf. Swed. Coarse, rough. (F.-L.) Formerly
dial. ldummsen, benumbed (Rietz) ; Icel. course, an aclj. which arose from the phrase
klumsa, lock-jawed. Cf. Du. k fem1ften, to in course to denote auything of an ordinary
pinch ; kleumen, to be benumbed, kleumscn, character ; cf. mod. E. tif course. See
numb with cold; also A. S. clom, dam, a Course.
bond, clasp. See Clammy. Coast. (F.-L.) M. E. cosle. -O. F .
CI1l8ter, a bunch. (E.) A. S. dusler, cosle (F . cOle) , a rib, slope of a hill, shore.
clysler,a bunch.+Low G. k/usler. Suggests - L. cosla, a rib.
a Teut. type *k/ul-Iro· , a cluster; form ed CO&t. (F.-G.) M.E. cole. - O.F.
with suffix -11'0 from *k/ul·, weak grad e of cole (F . cotte) ; Low L. cola, cotta, a coat.
Teut. root *kfeul-, to mass together; for -M. H . G. kotte , kulle, a coarse mantle;
which see Clot, Cleat, Clout. O. Sax. col, the same.
Clutch, to seize. (E.) M. E. c!uccnen, Coaz. (E. ?) Formerly coka, vb., from
cliccntn. A. S. clyccan (whence pp. ge- cokes, sb., a simpleton, dupe. Perhaps
diM, Somner). We find also M. E. cloke, allied to Cocker or to Cockney.
a claw; which was superseded by the Cob (I), a rouud lump, knob. (E.) As
verbal form. applied to a pony, it means short and
Clutter, a clotted maas; also clutter, stout. M. E. cob, a great person
vb., to clot. (E.) Clutter, vb., is a variant (Hoccleve). In some senses, it seems to
of clotter, to run into clots; see Clot, and be allied to A. S. copp, a top, summit.
cf. E. Fries. klulern, to become clotted. cobble (1), a small round lump. (E.)
Clutier also meant confusion, a confused M. E. cobylsltme, a cobble-stone. Dimin.
heap, turmoil, din; by association with of cob (above).
Clatter. Cf. E. Fries. k/oler, a rattle. Cob (2), to beat. (E.) Cf. W. cobio, to
cqster. (L.-Gk.) L. clyster, an tbump; cob, a bunch; provo E. cop, to
injection into the bowels. - Gk. ICAVtTTf,P, a strike, esp. on the cop or head. See Cob
clyster, syringe. - Gk. ICAVCIIV, to wash.+ ( 1).
L. cluere, to wash. (.vKLEU.) Cob&1t, a mineral. (G.) G. koba/I,
CO-, prefix. (L.) L. CD-, together; cobalt; a nickname given by the miners,
used for ctm- (=cum), together, before a because considered poisonous; better
vowel. Hence, co-ejJitienl, co-equal, co- spelt kobold, meaning (I ) a demon, ( 2)
operate, co·ordinate. See others below; cobalt. Of G. origin (Kluge).
and see Con-. Cobble ( I); see Cob (1).
Coach. (F. - Hung.) F . cocM, 'a Cobble ( l), to patch up. (E.) Origin
coach;' Cot. Etym. disputed. Said, as unknown; cf. Cob (2) , of which it seems
early as A. D. 1553, to be a Hungarian to be the frequentative.
word; from Hung. !tocsi, a coach, so called Cobra., a hooded snake. (Port. - L.)
because first made at a Hung. village called Port. cobra , also cobra de capello, i. e. snake
Kocsi or Kocs, near Raab; see Littre, and with a hood. - L. coillbra, snake; dZ, of;
Beckmann, Hi5t. of Inventions. capellum, acc. of capel/us, hat, hood,
Coadjutor. (F.-L.) XV cent. A. F. dimin. of ciipa, a cape. See Notes and
coadjulour. - L . co·, forctm- = cum,together; Queries, 7 S. ii. lOS.
and adiu/or, an assistant, from vb. adiu- Cobweb. (E.) M. E. copweb, coppe-
uiire, to assist. - L. ad-, to; iuuiire, to web; from M . E. coppe, a spider, and web.
help. Cf. M. Du. ROP, koppe, 'a spider, or a cob,'
Coagulate, to curdle. (L.) L. coagu- Hexham. From A. S. coppa, as in iittor-
Iii/us, pp. of cOiigultire, to curdle. - L. coppa, a spider; lit. poison-bunch; from
coiigulum, rennet, which causes milk to A. S. altor, iitor, poison, and cop, a head.
run together. - L. co- (cum ), together; Coc&,a Peruvian plant. (Span. - Peruv.)
ag-ere, to drive. Span. coca. - Pernv. cuta; Garcilasso, Peru,
Coal. (E.) M. E. col. A. S. col.+ bk . 8. C. 15. Distinct both from cccoa (or
Du. koo/, Icel. Swed. kol, Dan. kul, G. coco) and cactIQ. Der. coca-into
Nonie. Cf. Skt. jval, to blaze. Cochineal. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.)
COale8Ce, to grow together. (L.) L. F. cochenille. _ Span. cochinilla, cochineal
coalesce1"/!. _ L. co-, for co,,- = cum, together; (made from insects which look like berries).
and a/ucere, to grow, inceptive of alere, to _ L. c«cinus, of a scarlet colour; see
nourish. Isaiah i. 18 (Vulgate). -L. cocat"" a berry;
¢
 COCK COD
also kermes, supposed to be a berry. - Gk. · !Tead; with fern. s!lffix · Irix, of the
I<61<I<or, a berry, cochineal. agent.
Cock ( I ) , a male bird. \E.) M. E. cok. Cocker, to pamper. (E- 1) M. E.
A. S. coec; from the bird s cry. 'Cryde cok~relt (whence W. cocri, to fond le, in-
anon (ok! (OR!' C h. C. T. Nun's Priest's dulge). Cf. M. Du. kokelen, kmkden,
Tale, 457. Cf. Skt. kukkura, a cock; 'to cocker, to foster,' Hexham; M. F.
Malay kukuk, crowing of cocks. And coqueli1Zer, 'to dandle, cocker, pamper
cf. Cuckoo. (a child ) ;' Cot. Perhaps from (ock, as if
cock, the stop.cock of a barrel, is the to make a nestle· cock or chick of.
same word. So also G. hahn, (I ) a cock, Cockerel; see Cock (I ).
( 2) a stop·cock. Cockle (I), a sort of bivalve. (F.-L.
cock, part of the lock of a gun. From - Gk.) M. E. (oke!. [Cf. cock, a cockle
its original shape; cf. G. dm Hahn span. (P. Plowman, C. x. 95) ; A. S. sil·cocca;
nm, to cock a gun. (where sii = sea). ] -F. coq ui/!~, a cockle·
cockade, a knot of ribbon on a hat. shell; cf. ltaI- cochiglia. - Lat. type · COCIIY-
(:F.) }<'. coquarde , fern. of coquard, saucy; lium, for conchyliu11l, a cockle, shell·fish.
also coquard~, bOllllet Ii la coquarde, 'any -Gk. I<O"'(xv}uOJl, a cockle, dimin. of 1<0"'(-
bonnetorcapworn proudly ;' Cot. Formed I<""TJ, from I<6'Y1CTJ, a cockle or mussel.
with suffix -ani from F. roq, a cock (from Cockle (2), a weed among com. (E-)
the bird's cry). A. S. cocal, tares; whence Gael. cogal/,
cockerel, a young cock. (E-) Double tares, husks, cockle; cogull, corn· cockle ;
dimin. of Cock (I ) . Cf. pik·ere!. Irish cogaN, corn-cockle. •
cockloft, upper loft. (E. a1Zd Scand.) Cockle (.~ ) , to be uneven, pucker up.
From cock andl<?ft. SoalsoG.hahnbalkm, (Scand.) Of Scand. origin; cf. Norw.
a roost, cockloft; Dan. Ioftka11l11ler, a loft- koklutt, lumpy, uneven, 'cockled up;'
chamber, room up in the rafters. from Norw. kokle, a little lump, dimin. of
Cock (2), a pile of hay. (Scand.) Dan. kok, a lump; see Cock (2). Cf. Swed.
kok , a heap; provo Dan. kok, a hay-cock, kokkel, dimin. of koka, a clod.
at kokke Met, to cock hay; Ice!. kOkkr, Cockloft; see Cook ( I).
lump, ball; Swed. koka, clod of earth. Cockney, orig. an effeminate person.
Cock (~) , to stick up abruptly. (E .) (Eo) Florio has: 'Caccherelli, cacklings
Apparently with reference to the posture of hens; also egs, as we say (ockanegs:
of a cock'} head when crowing; or to that From M. E. cokmay, a foolish person, Ch.
of his cre~t or tail. Cf. Gael. coc, to cock; C. T. 4208. Lit.' cocks' egg;' i. e. yolk-
as in coc , do bhoindd, cock your bonnet; less egg. From M. E- coken, gen. pI. of
coc·shroltach, cock-nosed. And see Cock- cok, a cock; and ay, ey, A. S. tZg, egg.
ade. See C. S. l~urne, Shropshire Folk· lore,
Cock (4), Cockboa.t, a small boat. p. 229·
( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. coque, a kind of Cockroach. (Span.) From Span.
hoat, orig. a shell. Cf. Span. coca, Ita!. ctlcaracha, a wood-louse, cockroach; from
cocca, a small ship. Derived (by Diez) m ca (also cuco), a kind of caterpillar.
from L. concha, a shell; .from Gk. tr6"'(lCTJ, Origin uncertain.
a cockle; see Cockle (I). COCOa. ( I) , COCO, the cocoa-nut palm.
Cockade j see Cock (I ). (Port.) Port. and Span. coco, a bugbear,
Cockatoo, n kind of parrot. ( Malay.) an ugly mask to fright en children; hence
Malay knkaliia; from the bird's cry. Cf. applied to the cocoa-nut on account of
Malay /.:ukuk, crowing of cocks. Skt. the monkey. like face at tlte base of the
kukkll(a, :l cock. See Cock (I ) . nut. Cf. S{lan. cocar, to make grimaces.
Cockatrice. (F.-Late L.-L.) By COCOa. ( 2), a corrupt form of Cacao.
confusion with cock, it was said to be a Cocoon, case of a chrysalis. (F. -L.-
monster hatched from a cock's egg. - O. F . Gk.) F. COCO", a cocoon; from coque, a
coca/rice. - Late L . cociilricem, acc. of shell. See Cook (4).
cacatrix, cauCtUrix, answering to a Latin Cod ( I), a fish. (E.!) Spelt codde in
type *calcalrix, i. e. 'the treader or tracker,' Palsgrave. Perhaps named from its round-
used to render the Gk. lXI'E"/low, and ed shape; cf. M. Du. kodde, a club (Hex-
afterwards transferred to mean' crocodile' ham) ; and see below. Der. coa·ling, !\
(see Recount in N. E. D .). -L. (-alea-re, to young cod; M. E. ,·odlyllg.
97 E
 COD COISTREL
Cod (3), a husk, bag, bolster. (E.) Cogniuaoe knowledge, a badge. (F.
Hence,peas-cod, husk of a pea. A. S. (odd, -L.) Formerly conisaunce.-O. F . con-
a bag. +Icel. ko"Ji, pillow, ko(Jri, scrotum; noissal1(t, knowledge; M. F. (ogn<lissallce.
Swed. kudtle, 1\ cushion. - O. F. conoissant, pres. pt. of O. F.
Codclle, to pamper, render effeminate. conoistre, to know. - L. cOgn<lsctre, to
(F. - L. !) Perhaps for caudle, vb. (in know. - L. c{)- (mm), together, fully;
Shak.), to treat with caudle; see Caudle. gnoS(ere, to know; see Know.
cr. provo E. coddle, to parboil, stew. cognition, perception. (L.) From
Code, a digest of laws. (F.-L.) F. acc. of L. {ognitio . -L. cOg7litus, pp. of
code. - L cOdicem, acc. of cOdes, a tablet, cognosctre (above).
book; older form caudes, a trunk of a cognomen, a surname. (L.) L. co-
tree. gnolllm, a surname. -L. co· ((um ), with;
codicil. (L.) L . cMidl/us, a codicil nomen, a name, altered to gn§men by con-
to a will; dimin. of cOdes (stem cOdic-). fusion with gn<Iscere, ntlscere, to know.
CoclliDg (I ), Codlin, a 'kind of apple. See Noun, Name.
(C. 1) Earlier spellings querdling, quad- Cohabit. (L.) L. co-habitiire, to
ling, quodling. Apparently formed, with dwell together with. -L. c{)- (cum-), to-
E . suffix -ling, from Irish clleirl, an apple- gether; nalJitare, to dwell. See Habi-
tree. tation.
CoclliDg(2 ) j seeOOd(I). Cohere. (L.) L. (o-harire, to stick
Coerce. (L) L. cotrcire, to compel. together (pp. co!raSlls). - L. co-, together;
-L. co-(cum), together j arcere, to en- harire, to Itick. Dar. {ohes.ion, cohes·
close, confine, allied to ana, a chest j see ive, from the pp.
A.rk. Cohort, a band of soldiers. (F.-L.)
Co«ee. (Turk. -Arab.) Turk. qan- F. cohorte.-L. acc.cohorlem, from cohors,
ven. - Arab. qanwall, coffee. a court, also a band of soldiers. See
Co«er. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. co/re. Oourt, of which it is a doublet.
-0. F. co/re, also (ojin, a chest.-L. acc. Coif, Quoif, a cap. (F.-G.-L.)
(ophinum. - Gk. KIxpcl'Or, a basket. O. F. coiji, coi./fi; Low L. co/ea, a cap. -
coSn. (F.-L.-Gk.) Orig. a case, M. H . G. ku./fi, bp/e, a cap worn under
chest.-O. F. cojin, as above. (Doublet the helmet; O. H. G. rhtlpp!ra; stem
of cO./fir.) *kuPP-Jo",,-O. H . G. cMph (G. kop/ ), a
Cog ( I), a tooth on a wheel-rim. cnp ; also, the head. -L. N1ppa; see Cup.
(Scam!.) M. E. coggt [whence Gael. Coip; see Ooin.
and Irish cog, a mill-cog; W. c{)cos, coes, Coir (I), to gather together. (F.-L.)
cogs of a wheel]. Not inA. S. -M. Dan. • Coiled up in a cable;' Beaumout and
koge , a cog, koggt-n}u/, a cog·wheel Fletcher. - O. F . coillir, to collect. - L .
(Kalkar) ; Swed. kuge , a cog; M. Swed. collig;ere; see Colleot.
kugg (Ihre). Coil (3) , a noise, bustle. (F. - L.!)
Cog (3), to trick. (Scand.) Prob. Orig. a colloquial or slang expression;
to catch as with a cog; to cog a die, to prob. from Coil (I). We find' a coil of
check it so as to make it fall as desired. hay,' a heap; nnd coil, to twist.
Cf. Swed. dial. kug, Norw. kogga. to Coin. (F.-L.) M. E. coin. - O. F.
~~upe; Swed. kugga, 'to cheat, to cog; ' coin, a wedge, stamp on a coin, a coin
Oman. (stamped by means of a wedge). - L.
Cogent. (L.) L. cogent·, stem of cuneum, ace. of N1neus, a wedge. Perhaps
pres. part. of cogrre, to compel; for allied to Cone.
(o·agere (=con-agrre), lit. to drive to- coign. (F.-L.) F. coing, {oi" , a
gether. Brugm. i. § ¢8. corner; lit. a wedge (as above).
Cogitate. (L.) L. togitiilus, pp. of Coincide, to agree with. (L.) L co-
cogitiire, to think; for {lNZgitiire, from (for con-=cum, with); and inridtn , to
(0-, con·, together, and agitiire, to agitate, fall upon, from in, upon, and cadere, to
frequent . of agrre, to drive. fall.
Cognate. (L.) L. {o'gnatus, allied Coi8trel, a mean fellow. (F. - L.)
by 1)irth. - L. {D · (for (1111 ), together; For cMlStrei, the older form (Palsgrave).
gnatus, born, old form of ntit11S, pp. of An E. adaptation of M. F. rouslilli~r,
nard, to be born; see Natal. an Ilrmour.bearer, lackey; lit. • one who
98
 COlT COLLOP
carries a poinard.' - M. F. cOtlstille, a conference. ( F. - L.) O. F. col/a/um, a
poniard; variant of O. F. cMlste/, better conference. - L. acc. collatiUnem, a bring-
coultl, a knife. - L. cul/ellum , ace. of cul- ing together, a conferring. - L. colltitum,
tellus, a knife; dimin. of culler. See supine in use with the verb confirre, to
Coulter. bring together (but from a different root).
Coit; see Quoit. - L. col- (for COIl- = cum), together; /;itum,
Coke, charred coal. (E. 1) , Coke, snpine of /ollere, to take, bear. See
pit-coal or sea·coal charred;' Ray, 1674- Tolerate.
Etym. unknown; cf. M. E. calk, the core Colleague (1), a partner. (F.-L.)
(of an apple). M. F. colTegue. - L. colliga, a partner in
Colander Cullender, a strainer. office. - F. col· (for con-, cum), with;
(L.) Equivalent to Med. L. colalmum, a legere, to choose; see Legend.
strainer; apparently coined from L. colall/-, Colleague ( 2), to join in an alliance.
stem of pres. part. of coltire, to strain. _ L (F. - L.) O. F. colligller, co!/eguer, to
colu11l, a sieve. Or the M. E. colimiore colleague with. - L colligare, to bind
may have been taken from Span. (olador, together. - L . col- (for COIl-, cum), to-
a strainer (from L. colare). get her; ligare, to bind. See League (I ).
Cold. (E. ) M. E. cold, kald, adj.; Collect, vb. (F. -L.) O. F . co/lecler,
O. Mere. cald, A. S. eta/d, adj. + Icel. to collect money (Roquefort). - Late L
kaldr, Swed. kall, Dan. ko/d, Du. koud, colleetare (the same), from collecla, a col.
Goth. kalds, G. kalt. Teut. *ka/-doz, lection, orig. fern. of pp. of co/ligere, to
cold; from Teut. *kal, to be cold (as in collect. - L col- ( for con-, cum), with;
lcel. kala, to freeze), with suffix -doz = Gk. Iltgere, to gather; see Legend.
• TOS. Cf. Lat. ge/-ilius, cold; see Con- collect, sb. (L.) Late L. collecta, n
geal, Chill, CooL collection in money, an assembly for
Cole, Colewort, cabbage. (L.) For prayer, hence a. short prayer; see above.
-wor/, see Wort. M. E . col, caul. A. S. Colleen, a girl. (Irish.) Irish cnili",
ciiul, cawe! (or Icel. MI). - L caulis, a a girl; dim in. of caile, a conn try-woman.
stalk, cabbage. +Gk. KavA6s, a stalk. Gael. cailill, dimin. of caile.
Coleoptera, sheath - winged insects. College, an assembly , seminary. (F.-
(Gk. ) Gk. ICoAEO-r, a sheath; 1fTfp-OlI, a L.) O. F. col/ege. - L collegium, society of
wing. colleagues or companions. - L. co!/lga, n
Colic. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for colic colleague; see Colleague (I).
P(li1t. - F. co/ique, adj. - L. co/icus. - Gk. Collet; see Collar.
KWALKOS, for /cOA'K6s, suffering in the colon. Collide. (L .) L. collititre, to dash to-
- Gk. KOAOII. See Colon (2). gether. - L. col- (for C01'-, Ctt1/l) , together;
Coliseum. (Med. L. -Gk.) The same ltEdere, to strike, hurt. Der. col/is·ion
as colosseum, a large amphitheatre at Rome, (from tlP. collis-Its).
so named from its magnitude (Gibbon). Collie, Colly, a kind of shepherd's
The Ital. word is (o/iseo. See Colossus. dog. (E.) Formerly, coally, coley; prob.
Colla.;pse, to shrink together, fall in. the same as coal,)" coal-coloured, black.
(L.) F ITSt used in the pp. collapsed. Cf. obs. co!!y, adj ., coal-black; co!!ied in
Englished from L. collapms, pp. of co/Ubi, Shako M. N. D . i. I. I.~5.
to fall together. - L. col- (for con-, i. e. cum), Collier. (E.) M. E. colier; from M.E.
together ; labi, to slip. See Lap8e. col, coal. Cf. bow-yer, saw-yer.
Collar. (F . - L.) M. E. and A. F. Collocate, to place together. (L.)
co/er. -O. F . colier, a collar.-L. collare, a From pp. of L. col·locare, to place together.
band for the neck. - L. collum, the neck.+ -L. col- (for COtt·, cum), together; /ocarc,
A. S. heals, G . lla/s, the neck. to place, from locus, a place.
collet, the part of the ring in which Collodion, a solution of gun-cotton.
the stone is set. (F . -L) F. collet, a (Gk.) From Gk. /CoMw~-'1r, glue-like. -
collar..- F. col, neck. - L: colltltll, neck. Gk. /CoM-a, glue; -d3'1r, like, ElaOS,
Collateral. (L.) Late L. collatera/is, aJlpearance.
side by side. - L. co/- (for com- = cum), Collop, a slice of meat. (E.?) M. E .
with; lateralis, lateral, from Ialer-, for c%ppe, col-hoppe; pI. col-llOppes (P. Plow-
*Iales- , stem of la/us, side. man \, whence M. Swed. kollops, Swed.
Colla.tion, a comparison; formerly, a kalops. Here col- = coal (see Coal) ; cf.
99
 COLLOQUY COMBUSTION
Swed. dial. K'ii(tf)kcppa, a Cllke baked over Colt. (E.) A. S. (011. a young c;.1mel,
gledes or hot coals. (I<:. Bjorkman) . young ass, &c.+Swed. dial. Imlll, a boy ;
CoUoq117. (L.) From L. (olloquium, Swed. kull, Dan. kulJ, a brood; cf. Dan.
conversahon. - L. (ol-lo,/lIi, to converse dial. koltrinK, a lad.
with, lit. to speak together.-L. (01- (for Columbine, a plant. (F. -L.) M.l".
(on-. (UIII), together; l0'lt~i, to speak. col~mbin. - Late L. (olumbil1a, a colum-
Collude, to nct with others in a fraud. bine; L. (Ollimbilltls, dove· like ; from a
(L.) L. (olbidn'e (pp. (olliims), to play supposed resemblance. - L. columba, a
with, act in collusion with. - L. col- dove. See Culver.
(for COIl-, ctlm) , with; bidere, to play. Column, a pillar, body of troops.
Der. (ollus-ioll, from the pp. (F. - L. ) L. coltlllma, a pillar; cf.
Colocynth, Coloq,uiDtida., pith of colu11lm, wlmt1Z. a summit, (ollis, a hill,
the fruit of a kind 01 cucumber. (Gk.) Gk. KO'\QIVO~, a hill. See Hill. (-vQEL. )
From the nom. and acc. cases of Gk. Colure, one of two great circles on the
Ko'\o"""Sls (acc. KOAoKvvSl3a), a kind of celestial sphere. at right angles to the
round gourd or pumpkin. equator. (L. - Gk. ) So called because
Colon (I ), a mark (:) in writing and a part of them is always beneath the
printing. (Gk.) Gk. /(w».o~, a limb, horizon. The word means docked, clip-
clause; hence, a stop marking off a clause. ped. - L. (olt,rlls, curtailed; a colure.
Colon (2), p3rt of the intestines. (Gk.) - Gk . K6,\ovpos, dock-tailed, trun cated; a
Gk. KO'\OV, the same. • colure. - Gk. /(u'\·o~, docked, clipped; and
Colonel. (F. -Ital.-L.) Sometimes oiJpO. , a tail.
corol/el, which is the Span. spelli ng ; Colza oil, a lamp-oil made from the
whence the pronunciation as kurml. - F. seeds of a variety of cabbage. (F. - L. alld
(olonel, cololZ1ul. - Ital. colonello, a colonel ; Du.) F. colza, better colzat. - Du. koolzaad,
lit. a little column, as being' the upholder rape-seed, cabbage-seed. - Du. kool ( bor.
of the regiment;' Torriano. The colonel rowed from L. caulis) . cole, cabbage; and
was he who led the company at the head Du . zaad = E. ued.
of the regiment. Dimin. of Ital. cololtlza, Como, prefix. (L.) For L. cum, with ,
a column. - L. columna, a column. See together; when followed by />, f, 111 ,
Column. p. See Con-.
colonna.de. (F . - Ital. - L. ) F. Coma.. (Gk.) Gk. /(wp.a, a deep sleep.
co lonnade. - Ital. £"0101lnala, a range of Comb. (E. ) A. S. camb, a comb, crest,
-:olumns. - Ital. cololllla, a column (above). ridge. + Du. kam, Icel. kambr, D.n. Swed.
Colony. (F. - 1..) F. colollie. - L. kam; G. kalllm . Tellt. type 'ka1llbo~;
(olollia, a colony, band of husbandmen. Idg. type *g ombhos; cf. Gk. 'Y6p.",o~, a
-L. (olollus, a husbandman. -L. (olen, pin , peg; Skt.jamblta-s, a tooth.
10 till. Colere is for *'luelere; cf. L. Comb, Coomb, a dry measure. (E.)
inquilinus, a sojourner. Hrugm. i. § 121. A. S. ctt1llb, a cup.+Du. kom, a bowl; G.
Colophon, an inscription at the end of k umpf, kzmzme, a bow!.
a book, with title, and (sometimes) name Comba.t. (F. -L.) Orig. a verb.-l".
and date. (Gk.) Late L. colophon. - Gk. combattre, O. F . combat1'e, to fight with. -
KOAOcpWV, a summit; hence, a finishing- F. (om- (for L. cum ), with; and F. /Jalln,
stroke. Allied to Column. O. F. balre, to fight, from */tattl!re, for
ColoquiDtida. j see Colooynth. L. bal/ture, to beat. Der. combat·al1l,
Colossus. (L. - Gk. ) L. (olossus. - from the F . pres. pI.
Gk. KO».ouuos, a large statue. Der. coloss- Combe, a hollow in a hill·side. (C.)
ai, i. e. large; coh"sell1Jl, q. v. W. cwm, Com. (um, a hollow, dale;
Colour. (F . -I..) M . E.colollr.-O. F. Celtic type *ku1llbii, a valley; cf. Irish
colour (F . cot~/ellr). -L. acc. co!iirem, from CIImar, a valley.
(olor, a tint. Combine. (L. ) L. com/ti1uire, to unite,
Colporteur, a hawker of wares. (F. - join two things together. - L. (0111, (cttm ).
I ..) Lit.' one who carries wares on his together; and /lil1t1S, twofold. See Binary.
neck;' F. colporleur. - F. coiportl!r, to I Combustion. (F . -I..) F . combus-

carry.
1-
carryon the neck. - F. (01, neck; }orler, I/ioll. - L. ace. c01ll0usli;;11( 1II, a burning up.
to carry. _ 1,. MII"m, neck; }orltire, to L. (ombllSt-us, pp. of com-hiircn . to burn
up. _ L. com- (for tum ), together; and
100
 COME COMMISSARY
(perhaps) lirere, to bum. with b in.erted clause of a sentence, a comma (that marks
by association with amo-iirere. the clause). - Gk. K9"-TflV, to hew, strike.
Come. (E.) A. S. cuman, pt. t. c(w)om, Command. (F. - L.) O. 1" . (om-
pp. Cttmen.+Du. komtll, Ice!. koma, Dan. mal/der, comallJer. - L. e011lIlUI/dare, to
/;omme, Sw. kOlllma, Goth. /nviman, G . entrust to: confnsed with Late L. com-
kOlJlm(1l: L. flen-ire, ( *gllell-ire~ Gk. mal/dart, as if an intensive form of mal/-
{3a;v•• v, Skt. gam, to go. (.vGwE .) dan, to command. Both forms are from
Comedy. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. c medie, L. (om- (wm ) , together: and mandan, to
' a play:' Cot. - L. c01lla·dia. - Gk. KOJI''I'- pnt into the hands of, entrust to, command.
~la, a comedy. - Gk . KOJI''l'liOr, a comic See Mandate.
actor. - Gk. KWJIoO-r, a banquet, revel, Commemorate. (L.) From the- pp.
f~stal procession ; amliOs, a singer, from of L. cOlllmmlorare, to call to mind. - L.
a.13ftv, to sing. A comedy was a festive COIll- (for cum), together; l1ltlllOrare, to
spectacle, with singing, &c. See Ode. mention, from mt11l0r, mindful.
comiC. (L.-Gk.) L. comicus. - Gk. Commence. (F. - L.) F. cOlllmmcer:
KOJP..KOS , belonging to a KWJIo0S, as above. O. F . cOn/metr (with one m: cf. Ital.
Comely. (E.) M. E. comli, kflmli. (omi1Uia,·t). - L. C011l- (mm), together;
A. S. cymlic, earlier form cjmlic, beautiful, illitiare, to begin; see Initiate.
fair. The A. S. cjme, ex quisite, is closely Commend. (L.) L. cOlllme/llitlre, to
allied to O. H. G. ctilllig, weak, tender, entrust or commit to; see Command.
and to O. H. G. kltm, with difficulty (G. Commensurate. (L.) "From L.
"aulll ). The A. S. j was shortened before (olll1JltllsiiraltlS, as if from *coIll11lellsul'iirt,
111/, and the M. E. comli was associated to measure in comparison with: a coined
with M. E. com(1l, to come, and so gained word. -L. com- (cum), with; 1IItmiira, a
the sense of 'becoming,' pleasing, decorous. measure: see Measure.
Cf. M. E. kime, a weak person. Comment, vb. (F.-L.) F.c011l1lltnter.
Comet. (L. -Gk.) Late A. S. cOlllela. - Late L. c011l1llmltfre, for L. commmlari,
- L. comila.- Gk. KOJ!oTJT'llf, long-haired; to consider, make a note on.-L. com-
a tailed star, comet. - Gk. KOIA'l, hair.+L. mel/tus, pp. of com1llinis(i, to devise. - L.
coma, hair. ~ Also O. F. comdt. com- (cum), with; -min- fo~ *1IIUI, to
Comfit, sb., a sweat meat. (F.-L.) think, a8 in 11Ie-lIIill-; (= *me-·m m-i), ~
Formerly conJiI, cOIlJile. - O. F. c01ZJiI, lit. remember, and mell'S, mind. See Mental.
confected, p repared; pp. of COltJire. - L. Commerce, traffic. (F.-L.) F . ,"0111-
(oll/eclllm, pp. of conJiare, to prepare, put meree. - L. cOllllllercium, trade. - L. com-
together. -L. C01I- (cum) , together: facen, (= m1Jl ), with: mtre-, stem of 1IIerx,
to make. See Confeot. merchandise, with suffix -i-um.
Comfort, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. COtl- Commination, a threatening, de-
forlel', later (olll/orien. - O. F. conforler, nouncing. (F. - L.) F. cOlllmillalion.-
to comfort. - Late L. c01Zjorldre, to L. aCc. c01llminaliollem, a threatening. -
strengthen . - L. C011- (cllm ) , together; L. comminatus, pp. of (o m-minari, to
and fori· is, strong; see Force (T). threaten. - L. C01Jl- (Cfllll), intensive prefix;
Comfrey, a plant. (F. - L.) O. F. and mil/arl, to threaten. See Menace.
conJire, CtlIllJin'e; Late L. eumJiria; pro- Commingle. (L. and E.) From
bably for Lat. cOll/eroa (Pliny), comfrey, Com- and Mingle.
a name given to the plant from its sup- Comminution, a reduction to small
posed healing powers. - L. conftnlire, to fragments. (L.) Fonned from L. (om-
grow together, heal up (Celsus) .-L. eon- mimi/-us, pp. of com-fIIinuere, to break
(cum), together; ftnure, (orig.) to boiL into small pieces ; see Minute.
~ It was also called conJirma (from L. Commiseration. (F.-L.) M. F.
Jirnufre, to make firm ), and eonsolida (ommiseratioll. - L . ace. com1llisertitiolltm,
(from L. solidare, to make solid). part of an oration intended to excite pity.
Comic; see Comedy. - L. c01llmiserari , to excite pity (pp. -al-
Comity, urbanity. (L.) L. comitalem, tIS). - L. eom- (cum) , with; 11Iiserar;.
acc. of comitas, urbanity. - L. (Ol1l1'S, to pity, from L. mistr, wretched, pitiable.
friendly, courteous. Commissary, an officer to whom
Comma. (L.-Gk.) L. eomma. - Gk. something is entrusted. (L ) Med . L.
K6J1o~, that which is struck, a stamp, a cOllll1lissiirius, a commisiary. - L . COIll-
101
 COMMIT COMPENSATE
lIIissltS, pp. of commit/ere, to commit; see a companion, O. F. compani01l (F. com-
below. p agllon), a companion.] - Med. L. com-
commit, to entrust to. (L.) L. COJJl- poniem, acc. of cOlllpatzi1s, a taking of
millere, to send out, begin, entrust, meals together. - L. com- (cum), together;
consign ; p p. COJJlllliSSIIS.-L. (OJJl- (cum ), and potlis, bread; see Pantry. Der.
with; mittere, to send, put forlh. Der. compani01l, from O. F. comp a"ion. Also
cOlllmiss-io", F . comlllissio/l, from L. acc. accompany, O. F. accompaigllier , from F. a
cOJJlllli.rsioIJelll, perpetrati on. (for L. ad) and O. F. compaigllier, to asso-
Commodious. (F . -L. ) O. F. com- ciate with, from compaiptie, company.
1IIodieu x ; Med. L. com1llodiosus, useful. - Compa.re, to set together, so as to
L. cOlll1lJodtlS, fit, suitable. - L. com- examine likeness or difference. (F. - L.)
(cum) , with; modus , measure. F . comparer.-L. comparare, to adjust, set
Commodore, the commander of a together.-L. compar, co-equal.-L. com-
squadron. (Du. - }<- . - L.) Formerly (CU11l ), together; par, equal.
spelt commantiore (1695) ; also comm(ltl- Compartment. (F. -Ital.-L.) F.
deur, as in Dutch; Hexham has: ' den cOlllpar/iment, • a partition;' Cot. _ Ita!.
Commandel~r V(m U1I Stadt, The Com- compartimento. - Ital. compartire; Late L.
mandeur of a Towne.'- }<' . comllla1ldeur, compartin, to share. - L. COIll- (cum ) ,
a commander. - L . ace. type *comman- together; parlire, to share, to part, from
diitorem, from Late L. "om11la"dare; parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part.
see Command. Compass. (F. - L.) F. compas, a
Common. (F.-L.) M. E. CO/IWltm , circuit, circle, limit; also, a pair of com-
comoun. - O. F. COllltttl. - L. commiinis, passes.-Late L. compasstls, a circuit.-L.
common, general. -L. '"DIIl- (cum) ,together com- (cum ), with; passus, a pace, step,
with; and miitlis, ready to serve (Plautus) ; passage, track; so that compassus= a track
cf. munus, service. (As if' helping each that joins together, circuit. See Pace.
other. ') Cf. Lith. mai/las, Russ. mima, Der. compass, verb; ~ompasses, s. pl., an
barter. Brugm. i. § lOS. Der. (ommUtl- instrument for drawing circles.
iO/l, commun-ity. Compassion. (F. - L.) F. com-
commune, verb. (F. - L. ) M. E . passio". - L. compassio1lem, acc. of com-
comu/le/l.-O. F. cOllllllumr, to commuue passio, sympathy.-L. com- (cum), with;
with; Late L. colltmuntire. - L. cOlll1lttl/zis, passio, suffering, from pati, to endure.
common (above). compatible. (F. -L.) F. compati-
oommunicate. (L.) L. cOJJlmihli- ble, • compatible, concurrable;' Cot.-
catus, pp. of comlllunicare. - L. C01/l1Iltl/lis, Late L. compatibilis, adj. , used of a bene-
common. Der. excoJJlll11micate . fice which could be held together with
Commotion. (F.-L.) F.(olllmotion. another.-L. compali, to endure together
-L. (olllmotionem , acc. of cOIll1llotio. -L. with. - L. COffl- (cum), with; pati, to
cOlllmot-IlS, pp. of cOlllmou1re, to llisturb. endure.
-L. com- (CUIll ) , intensive; and /1/ou1re, Compeer, an associate. (F. - L. )
to move. See Move. M. E. comper.-F. como, together; O. F.
Commute, to exchange. (L.) L. COIll- p er, a peer, equal. - L. com- (cum ), to-
mutare, to exchange with. -L. com- (cu m ), gether; parem, acc. of par, equal; see
with; mlliare, to change. Peer.
Compact (I ), adj., fastened together, Compel. (L.) L. com-pellere, to com-
fitted, c10se, firm. ( F.-L. ) M. }<' . com - pel, li t. to drive together.-L. com- (cum ),
pacte. - L. cOlllpaelus, filted together, pp. together; p ellere, to drive. Der. compuls-
of compingere.-L. com- (cum ), together ; ion, from Pl" cOlllpuls-tIS.
pangere, to fasten. See Pact. Compendious, brief. (F. - L.) }<'.
Compact ( 2), sb., a bargain, agree- t"ompcndieux. -L. compendioms, adj., from
ment. (L.) L. C01llpactum , sh. _ L. COIll- compmdium, an abridgment, lit. a saving,
pactus, pp. of compacisci, to agree with. - sparing of expense. - L. compendere, to
L. com- (cum), with; padsci, to make a weigh together. - L. com- (cum ), with;
bargain, inceptive form of O. Lat. pacere, pendere, to weigh.
to agree. See Pact. oompensate.. (L.) Fro~ pp. of L.
Company. (F.-L.) M. E. compa"ye. comjemore, to weigh one thing agamst
- O. F. companie. [Cf. alio O. F. cOlllpai'l, another. - L. com- (cum), together; pc"-
loa
 COMPETE COMPREHEND
stire, to weigb, frequent. of pendere, to Compliance, Compliant; formed
weigh (pp. pewus). with F. suffixes -ance, -atlt, from the yerb
Compete. (L.) L. cOllljlelere. _ L. to comply, which, however, is not of F.
COIll- (CUIll) , together; petere, to strive origin; see Comply.
after. Compliment. (F. - Ital. - L.) F.
competent. (F. -L.) M. F. com- compliment. - Ita!. complimt1llo, compli-
petml; orig. pres. part. of compeltr, to be ment, civility. -Ita!. (omplire, to fill up,
sufficient for. - L. competere, to be sufficient to suit. - L. complire, to fill up; see Com-
for. - L . COIll- (CUIIl), with; pelere, to seek. plete. Doublet, (olllplemen!.
competitor. (L.) L. competitor, a compline. (F.-L. ) M. E. (olllplill,
rival candidate. - L. COIll- (cum), with; the last church-service of the day; it was
petllor, a seeker, from petltus, pp. ofpelere, orig. an adj. (like gold·en from gold), and
to seek. stands for complin slmg; the sb. is (omplie
Compile. (F.-L.) O. F. compiler.- (Ancren Riwle). - O. F. complie (mod. F.
L. compi/tire, to llunder, pillage, rob; so complies, wbich is pl. ) , compline. - Late
that tbe word ha ,at fir~t, a ~inister mean- L. complita (sc. ;'ora), fem. of (omplilus,
ing. - L. com- (mm), with; pilare, to rob. complete; because it completed the' hours'
&:e Pill (2). of the day's service; see Complete.
Complacent. (L.) From stem of comply, to yield, accord with. (ltal.
pres. pt. of complacire, to please. - L. - L.) lt has no doubt been supposed to
com- (cum), intensive; placere, to please. be allied to ply (whence compliant, by
complaisant. (F. - L.) F. com- analogy witb pliant), but is quite distinct,
plaisant, obsequious, pres. part. of com- and of Ital. origin.-Ital. complire, to fill
plaire, to please. - L. complacere, to please up, fulfil, to suit, 'also to use compli-
(above). ments, ceremonies, or kind offices and
Complain. (F. - L.) O. F. com- offers;' Torriano. Cf. Spall. complir, to
plaip'-, a stem of (omplaindre.-Late L. fulfil, satisfy. -L. cOlllplire, to fill up; see
complanKere, to bewail. - L. com- (cum ), Complete. Cf. supply.
with; plangere, to bewail, lit. to strike, Complot, a conspiracy; see Plot (I).
beat the breast. Component, composing; (L.) L.
Complement. (L.) L. complimelltum, (ompoll~nt- , stlm of pres. pt. of cOmpOlle11!,
that which completes. - L. complire to compose. - L. (om- (cum) , together;
(below). Doublet, compliment. p01lere, to put. See Compound.
complete, perfect. (L.) L. COIIIP/i/US, Comport, to behave,suit. (F.-L.) F.
pp. of complire, to fulfil. - L. com- (WfIl), se comporler, to behave. - L. (Olllportare,
together; plire, to fill. Allied to pli-1I1ts, to carry together. - L. COIll- (CUIll" to-
full. See Plenary. gether; porttire, to carry.
Complex. (L.) L. (omplexus, en- Compose. (F. - L. and Gk.) F.
twined round; bence, intricate; pp. of composer, to compound, make; Cot.-
complecti, to embrace. - L. com- «(um) , F. COIll- (L. cum), together; and F. poser,
together; and pledere, to plait, allied to to put, of Gk. origin, as shewn under
p/i(-are, to twine. See Pleach. Pose, q.v. ~ D ist inct from compound.
complelrion. (F. - L.) F . C01l/- Composition. (F.-L. ) F. composi-
plexion, appearance. - L. (ompleximelll, lion. - L. ace. compositiollclIl, ace. of COIll-
aec. of (omplexio, a comprehending, com- positio, a putting together. - L. (omposlius,
pass, habit of body, complexion. - L. (om - pp. of L. comp01lere; see compound.
p lexus, pp. of (olllpleeti, to surround, compost, a mixture. (F.-L.) O. F.
entwine. - L. com- (cum), together; plec- COlllpost, a mixture. - 1.. (ompositulII, neut.
tere, to plait. of composilus, pp. of (ompmere (below).
complicate. (L.) From pp. of L. compound. (F.-L.) The d is ex-
complican, to fold togetber. - L. COIll- crescent; M. E. COlllpoullen. -0. F. com-
(cum), together; plicare, to fold. po"1'e ( Bartsch) . - L. compmere, to com-
complicity. (F.-L.) F . compHeile, pound, put together. - L. (om- «(um) ,
'a bad confederacy;' Cot. - F. complice, a together ; pOllere, to put. See Component.
confederate. - L. cOlllplicem, ace. of (om· Comprehend. (L.) L. COIJl ·p'·~;'m"~re,
plex , interwoven, confederate with; see to grasp. - L. fom- (cum), together, and
Complex. pe;'endere, to seize; see Prehelllile.
lof
 COMPRESS CONCLAVE
Com~. (L.) L. CQlllpress,ire, to ' CQllavojr, to conceive, though the real
oppress. -L. CQIII- (CUIII) , t~ether; pres· pp. was CQncm (1'. rQllfU) ; by analogy
sare, frequent. of prelllere, to press. with deetil, q.v. See below.
Comprille. (F.-L.) From O. :1<'. conceive. (F. -L.) M. E. CQluevm,
CQIIlPris, compris~d, comprehended; pp. ctmctiven. - A. F. cQnceiv·, a stem of O. F.
of cQmpnmire, to comprehend. -L. COIll- cOluever, rOllcevoir, to conceive. _ L. rOIl-
pre1undere; see Oomprehend. cipere, to conceive. - L rOil· (CUIIl) , alto-
Compromise, a settlement by con· gether ; capen, 10 take.
cessions. (F. - L .) F. amlpromis, 'a conception. (F.-L.) F. cOllaptioll.
compromis~, mutual promise;' Cot. Orig. - L. cOllcepliiinem. - L. cOlletpl.m, pp. of
pp. of F. COIllP"ollldlre, • to put unto com· conciptre, to conceive (above).
promise; , Cot. - L. cOlllprolllillere, to Concentre, to draw 10 a centre. (1'. -
make a mutual promise. -L. COIll' (CUIIl ), L. antiGk.) F. concmlrer. - L. COil· «(lim ) ,
mutually; pronzillere, to promise; see together; a nd celltr·ltlll, a centre, from Gk.
Promise. "l"TPO"; see Oentre. Der. COllCtlltr·ir,
Comptroller, another spelling of rOil' C01tcentr·ate (modem).
troller; see Oontrol. Concern, vb. (F. -L. ) F. romulic/·.
Compulsion. (F. -i...) See Oompel. -L. cOllumen, to mix; in Late Lat. , to
Compunction, remorse. (F. - 1..) refer to, regard. - L eM' «(tim), with;
O. F. compuncliolt. - Lnte L. acc. rOIll· and amen, to separate, decree, observe.
punctiOnelll. - L. cQmpultdus, pp. of COIll- + Gk. Itpi"E"', to separate, decide; Lith.
pungi, to feel remorse, pass. of cOlllpungere, skir·ti, to separate, distinguish. Brugm.
to prick. -L. COIll' (cum ) ; ptmgere, to ii. § 61l. C.vSKER.)
prick. concert. (F. -ltal -L.) Often con·
Compute. (L.) L. compullin , to fused with cmSQrt in old writers. - F. Call·
reckon.-L. CQIIl· (CUIIl), together; puNre, eerter, • to consort, or agree togelher;'
to clear up, reckon. Doublet, lount (2). Cot.-Ital. cmeerlare, 'to agree or tune
Comrade. (F.-Span.-L.) F. call1ar· together, sing in consort,' Florio; cf. can·
ade. - Span. call1aratia, a company; also arlo, sb., agreement. The Ital. forms
an associate, comrade. - Span. cat1zara, a shew that it was derived from L. conredare,
chamber, cabin. - L. camera, a chamber. to contend, struggle together; indeed, we
Con (I), to study, peruse, scan. (E.) find also Span. coneerlar, to settle or adjust,
M. E. Clmnen; A . S. CUllnlan, to test. covenant, bargain; which also poinls to
AIli~d to A. S. cunnan, to know; see the same origin. [It would seem that the
Oan (I). Der. ale·coltner, i. e. ale· tester. L. vb. took up the sense of to settle by
Con (~), short for conlra, against. (L.) debate, and so, to agree.]-L. COII- (m ill ),
In the phrase' pro and con.' logether; ceriare, to contend, vie with;
Con·, prefix. (L.) For COlli· (CUIll ) , orig.' to decide by contest;' frequent. of
with, when the following letter is c, d, g. ceNltre, to decide. See OOl)cern. Der.
j . 11, q, s, I, or V. Before 0, fIl, p, it is r01uert, sb., r01lcerl·ina.
CQIII' ; before I, col·; before r, cor· t before Concession. (F. - L.) :1'. e01ucssiolt.
f, 111 or fl. - L. acc. rOllceSS;Otzefll. - L . ro/ueSSI/S, Pl'.
Concatenate. (L.) L. cOllcatnlalus, of concltlu-e, to concede; see Concede.
pp. of roncatintire, to link together.-L. Conch, a marine shell. (L.-Gk.) L
con· (mill ), together; ratena, a chain. concha. - Gk. "D-ylt'f/ (also 1t6'Y'''o~), n cockle·
Concave. (F. -L.) F. concave.-L. shel1.+Skt. (aftkka, a conch. Der. rOil·
concauus, hollow. - L. con· (CUIII). with, eMlogy (from ,,6'Y"o-~),
rogether; cauus. hollow. Conciliate. (L.) From the pp. of L.
Conceal. (F. -L.) O. F. canceler. concilia1-e, to bring together , conciliate. -
- L . eonclian, to hide. - L. CQn· (CUtll ), L. coneilium. a council; see Council.
completely; dlare, to hide. See Helm ( ~ ). Concise. (F. -L. ; or L. ) F. ((}luis.
Concede. (L.) L. conddere, to retire, -L. (oncisus, brief, cut short; pp. of ron·
yield. - L. co,,· (cum ), together; cidere, cfdere. -L. (on· (cum), intensive; cO!derc,
to yield. Der. concess-iqn (from pp. con· to cut. Der. coneis·io1l.
assus). Conclave. (F. -L. ) F. cOlldave, a
Conceit. (F.-L.) M. E . conceit, con· small room (to meet io).-L. ronddttC,
ceilt. Formed as if from the pp. of O . F. a room; later, a place of assembly of
IOf
 CONCLUDE CONFE'DERATE
cardinals, assembly. Orig. a locked up noWlce to be guilty. _ L. {1m- (wm),
place.-L. clm- (cum), together; dtiuis, wholly; damnare. to condemn.
a key. CondeDSe. (F.-L.) F. c(ltu/ellSer.-
Conclude. (L.) L. cOJ/diidere, to L. ((ltldmsare.-L. ((ltldm,Slts, ,'ery thick.
shut up, close. end. - L. (011- (cum), - L. con- (cum), very; dmStls, thick, dense.
together; and -dwlere=c/audere, to shut. Condescend. (F, - L.) F. conde-
Der. amelus-ion. Similarly ex-dude. in- scetmre. - Late L. ctmtilscemure, to grant
dtu/e, pn ·dude, se-dude: whence in-chlS- (lit. to descend with). -L. (on- (cum), with;
ive, pre-clus-ion, se-clus-ion (from pp. tilscendere, to descend; see Descend.
-diims =clausus). Der. cotukscms-ion, from the pp.
Concoct. (L.) From L. ctmCoclus, pp. Condign. well merited. (l' .-L.) 0 .1'.
of (ollcoquere, to cook together, digest. - cOlldigne. - L. ctmdignus, very worthy.-
L. (011- (m 1Jl) ; (oquere, to cook. L. con- (mm), very; dig-ms, worthy.
Concomitant, accompanying. (L.) Condiment. (L.) L. COIlIii11leniulll,
From L. COI'- (mm), together; and seasoning, sauce. - L. co"dire, to season,
(Omitallt'elll, acc. of pres. pt. of c(ltllittiri. spice, preserve (as fruit).
to accompany, from cumit-, stem of comes, Condition. (F. -L.) F . (ondition.-
a companion; see Count (1 ). L. ctmtlitju"em, acc. of COllditio, a late
Concord. (F.-L.) F. cOluurde. -L. spelling of co,uliciu, a covenant, condition.
(uncordia, agreement. -L. (oncord-, stem - L. cottdfrere, to talk over together, agree
of COIl-COrs, agreeing.-L. con- (mm) ; cor upon. -L. con· (cum ), together; dicere, to
(stem cortl- ). the heart. speak.
concordant. (F.-L.) F. concord- Condole. (L.) L. cOIlt/olire, to grieve
{lilt. pres. pt. of cOluorder, to agree.-L. with. - L. con· (cum), with; dulire, to
''OIlCortitire, to agree.-L (untord- (above). grieve,
concordat. (F. -L.) F. ctmCurtial, Condone. (L.) L. cOlldullare. to remit,
an agreement. -Late L. concurtiatlml, a pardon.-L. con- (cum), wholly; dunal'e,
convention, thing agreed on, esp. between to give; see Donation.
the pope and }<' . kings; pp. of cUn(ortiare, Condor, a large bird. (Span. -Peru-
to agree (above). vian, ) Span. cOlldur. - Pernv. ,""tur, a
Concourse. (F. -L.) F.c(ltuours.- condor.
L. acc. cunctlrmm, a running together. - Conduce. (L. ) L. co,m/lcere, to draw
L. cuncursus, pp. of cun·currere, to fWI together towards, lead'to . - L. cun- (cum ),
together.-L (Oil, (cum) , together; and together; ducere, to lead.
currere, to run. See Concur. conduct, sb. (L.) Late L. ((ltu/uctus,
Concrete, formed into one mass. (L.) defence, protection, guard, escort.-L. coll·
L . cOlurit·us, pp. of (uncrescere, to grow due/us, Jlp. of ((ltl·ducere (above).
together.-L. cun- (cum) , together; cres- conduit. (F. -L.) M. E. (tmduit.-
cere, to grow. O. F. cOl"'uit, a conduit. - Late L. C(ltl ·
Concubine. (F.-L.) O. F. concubine. dtutus, a defence, escort; also, a caual,
-L. cunctlbina.-L. elm- (cum ), together; tube; see above.
cubiire, to lie. Cone. (F.-L.-Gk,) M.F . cone.-L.
Concupiacence. (F.-L.) F. concu- (Qnus. -Gk. lliill'Of. a cone, peak, peg. +
piscmce. - L. concupucmtia, desire. - L. Skt. (ana·s, a whetstone; cf. L. cus, the
cOllcupiscere, to desire; inceptive form of same. See Hone. Brugm. i. § -401.
cuncupere.-L. COil' (cum), intensive; and Cone,.; see Cony.
cupere, to long for. Conf8.bulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Concur. (L.) L. (OllCUrrere, to run con/abulari, to talk together. - L. (011·
together, agree. -L. COII- (mm), together; (cum), with; /abulari, to converse, from
currere, to run. Der. ctmCourse. /abu/a, a discourse; see Fable.
Concussion. (F.-L.) F. concussUm. Confect, to make up into sweetmeats.
- L. COllettSSjUne"', acc. of c(ltuussio, a (L.) L. cun/ertm, pp. of conficere, to put
violent shaking. _ L. C(l1lmSSm, pp. of together, make up. - L. (Ull- (cum) , to-
<'ullw/ere, to shake together. - L. COil· gether; /a,,!re. to put. Der. cOlif'ecl·itm ,
(milt), together; qltalere, to shake. cOliferlioll-er. See Comfit.
CondeDUl. (F. -L.) O. F. comu1Il,zer. Confederate. (L .) L. c(ltifO!tieriittlS,
- L. condefmltire. to condemn wholly, pro- united by a covenant, pp. of ctm/fZtiertire.
~5 E3
 CONFER CONGLOMERATE
_ L. (0"- (CUIIl) , together; /crder-, for L. (Oll/uluiere , to pour together, confound.
-.t11!({es-, stem of /crdus, a treaty. See - L. con- (Cltm ), together; /ulldere, to
Federal. pour. See Fuse ( I ).
Confer. (L.) From L . (OIl/ern, to Confraternity. \}<".-L.) From L.
bring together, collect, bestow. -L. con- COII- (cum), with; and Fraternity, q v.
(cum' , together; ferre, to bring, bear. Confront. (F. -L.) F. con/roluer, to
IV' Not from F. bring face to {ace.-Med. L. (oll/rlmlari,
Confe••. (F.-L.) O. F. cOlifesser. - to be near to.-L. (on- (mill), together;
Late L. confimire.-L. confissus, pp. of /ron/·, stem Of/y(IIIS, forehead, front.
(onjillr;, toconfess.-L (Oll- (cum), fully; Confuse. (L.) M. E. (OIl/US, used al
/al;ri, to acknowledge, allied to /ar" to a~. in Chaucer. - L. cOIl/tisus, pp. of
speo.k. Cf. Gk. 'l>QTIS, a speech. Brugm. (011 ulmre, to confound; see Confound.
i. § 195. onfute. (F. -L) F. c(mluler. - L.
Codae. (I..) L. (onf"ufere, to trust con/tilare, to cool by mixing cold water
fully. - L. con- (cum), fully; /idere, to with hot, to allay, also to confute. - L (on·
trust, allied to .foies, faith; see Faith. (cum), together; -.tulare, to pour out (1) ;
ConAguration. (F. - L.) F. (1m- cr./ul;s, a water-vessel to pour from, from
fig'llralion. - L. conjigUratiolUm, a con- the L. basejii-, to pour. Bnlgm. i.' 605.
formation. -I.. (oltjig'liralus, pp. of con- See Futile, Befute and FUlle (I).
jiguriir" to put together.-L. con- (wm ); Congeal. (F.-L.) F. (ollgeler.-L.
jigiiron, to fashion, fromjigUra, a figure. conge/are, to cause to freeze together.-L.
See Filfure. con-, together; grlart, to freeze, from gelu,
ConAne to limit. (F.-L.) F. c"n- frost See Gelid.
jiller, to keep within limits. - M. F. Congee, Co~', leave to depart. (F.
C"'tji", near; Cot. -L. clmfinis, bordering -L.) F. c"ngl, leave, dismission;' Cot.
on. - L (on- (cum), with ; finis, boundary. O. F. ("ngie, ,"IIge, (""g'I'el (Burguy); the
See Final. ~ Mod. F. has only (Ol!fins, same as Provo (OIlYal.-Late L. (ominlus,
sb. pl., confines; representing O. F. (on- leave, permission (VIII cent.); the same
jilles, I.. (onfi"ia, pI.; whence E. conjines, as L. (Olllmen/us, a travelling together,
pI. also leave of absence. - L. (om- «(UII~) ,
Con1lrm. (}<".-L.) M. E. (olifer",m. together; tIIellltlS, a course, from pp. of
- O. F . (olifertller. - L. conjirmore, to meart, to go.
make firm, strengthen. - L. (on- «(um) , CongeDia.l, kindred. (L ) Coined
fully ;jiYmnre, to strengthen, from jir",us, from L. (011 - «(um) , with; and gmjal,
firm. alij. from I.. gm;us; see Genial.
ConAscate, to adjudge to be forfeit. Congenital. (L.) Coineli by addiug
(1..) L. (onjiscalus, pp. of' cOl/jiscnre, to al to the oba. word cOlIgmj/e (XVII
lay by in a coffer, to confiscate, transfer to ceut.).-I.. cOl1gellilfls, born with.-I.. ( 011 -
the treasury. - L. con- (wm) ; jiscus, a (cum), with; genitw, born, pp. of gigllert,
purse. to produce. See Genital.
Conlla.gra.tion. (F. - I..) F . COil- Conger, a Sfa-eel. (F. - 1.. - Gk.;
jlag'ratio". - L. acc. cOltjiiigTiiliolum, a M. E. (ollgTe. - O. F. (Ollgre. - L. cong rum ,
great buming.-L. CO/l- (cttlll) , together; acc. of (OIl,,"''''S, by-form of cOllger, a sen·
jlngriire, to burn. See FI&jfr&nt. eel. - Gk. ",(u"'("lpoS. the same.
Conflict, an encounter. (L.) L . (on- Congerie., a mnss of particles. (L.)
jiiclus, a striking together; from the pp. I.. (ollgrries, a heap. - I.. cOllgerere, to
of (olljiigere, to strike together.-L. (on- bring together.-L. (on- (cu m ), together;
(wm), together; jiigere, to strike. gerere, to carry.
Conlluent. (L.) From stem. of pres. conge.tion, accumulation. (L.) From
pt. of (Olljllure, to flow together; see L . acc. congtstiolltfll. - L. (ongesllls, PI'. of
Flueht. l:)o also (Ol1jlux, sb., from the (ongerere (above).
pp. (OlljiIlXltS. . Conglobe, to form into a gloLe. (L.)
Conlorm. (F.-I..) F. (on/ormer.- L. con-globiire. -I.. cm- (cum ), together;
L. "OlifOrllltire, to fashion like. - L. ,'Oll-, globus, a globe.
together; /ormare, to form , from /01'llIa, Conglomerate. (L.) }<"rom pp. of
form. (ollglomeriire, to wind into a ball, heap
Conf01Uld. (F.-L.) }<". COlifOllcln.- togcther.-L. (on- ("/lm :, together; aud
106
 CONGLUTINATE CONSIDER
I
glomer -, for *glom ts-, stem of g lolllus, Connive. (F. -L.) 1'. lOI/1liver. - 1..
a baU , clew of yam. cOl:1liulre, to close the eyes at, overlook.
Conglutinate. (L.) From pp. Of l -L. cun- (cum) , together; and *nlgturc,
L. cOllgirltim irc, to glue together. _ L. to wink; cf. nic-Iare , to wink. + Goth.
COIl- (m ill), together; glutiniirc , to glue, lmeiwafl, to bow ; Brugm . i. § 664.
from Cliilin-, stem of g liilen , glue. COJUloisseur, a critical judge. (F.-
Congou, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In L .) F. cOlmaissellr, formerly conlloissmr ,
the Amoy dialect, called kallg-hu te, where a knowing one. - O. F. comloiss-nlll, pres.
ka1lg-1LU is lit. 'work , labour;' i. e. tea on pt. of O. F. conoislre; see Cognisance.
which labour has been expended (Douglas). Connubial. (L.) L. c01ml/bia"s, re-
The true Chinese is ktmg-fu cll'a, with lating to marriage.-L. co(n )mibium, mar-
the same sense. riage.-L. COft- (cum) , with ; nt/bert, to
Congratulate. (L.) From pp. of L. marry. See Nuptial.
congrtiluliiri, to wish much joy.-L. C01l- Conquer. (F . -I..) M . E. c01lqllerm.
(w m ), fnU y ; griilt~/iir;, to wish joy, from -O. F . cOll'lllern . -L. cOllquirere, to seek
adj. griiltts, pleasing. See Grace. after, go in quest of ; in Late L., to con-
Congregate, (L.) From pp. of L. quer. - L. C01l- (ClI m ) , with; qll(£rere, to
c01lg regiire, to collect into a flock. - L. . seek. Der. cOflquest, M. E. cOllqtusle,
COfl- \ wm), together; p 'egiire, to assem- : from Late L. cOIl'ltlesla, L. cOllquIslla,
ble a flock, from grego, stem of grex, a I' fern. of cOflqtllsilus, pp. of cottqtlirere.
flock. Consanguineous. (L.) From L.
Congress, a meeting together. (L.)! cOlzsaftg uille·tIS, relnted by blood, with
L. congressus. -L. congressus, pp. of C01l- 1suffix · QUS. - L. COII- (mill) , together;
gredi.. to meet together. -L. COII-, together; sa1tgw',,-, stem of sang uis, blood.
gradi, to advance, walk. Conscience. (F. -L.) F. comcience.
Congrue, to agree, suit. (L.) L. C01l· I L.conscienlia, consciousness. - L .co1tScient-,
,,'Ttlere, to suit. (Root uncertain.) Der. stem of pres. pt. of (Om Clre, to know along
congru-ous, from L. cungrtms, suitable; with. - L. C011- (cum ), with; scire, to
<oltgru-ify. know. See Soience. Der. conscionable,
Conjecture, (F. -I-.) F. cottjtcfure. an ill-contrived word, used as a contrac-
- L. c01liecltira, a casting together, a tioll of c01lScim(ce)·abie.
guess. - L. COllicc/us, pp. of conicere, to conscious, (L ) From L. comei-tlS,
throw or put together.-L. COIl- (milt ;, to- aware, with suffix ·QUs. -L. cOllscire, to be
gether ; iacere, to throw. aware of (above).
Conjoin. (F. -L. ) O. F. con/oindre. Conscript. (L. ) L cQ1IScripttlS, en-
L. (On£ullgere (pp. COlliuncllls) , to join rolled, pp. of comerlbere, to write down
together.-L. COIl- (cum) , together; iult· together. -L. con- (cum ), together; scri-
gere , to join. See Join. Der. conju11Ct- bert, to write.
iOll, conjlmct-ive, from the pp. Consecrate. (L ) :From pp. of L.
conjugal, relating to marriage. (F. - cOlzsccrar e, to render sacred. - L. COil-
1..) F. cOl/jugal. - L. COfliugaiis, adj. - (cum), with, wholly; sacrii1-e, to conse-
L . ,·ollit~gelll , acc. of cuniux , ~ spouse. - crate; see Sacred.
L '·011-, together; iflg-, allied to itlngere, Consecutive. (F. -L) M . F.cofzsecu-
to join, iugt~m, a yoke ; see Join. Iif, Cot. Formed with suffix -if (L. -lUllS)
conjugation. (L.) Froll. L . cunitt- from L. conseal/-us, pp. of comequI, to
ga/io, a conjugation (Priscian) ; lit. a follow together. - L. con- (cum ) , together;
yoking together. -L. conit~giitus, pp. of sequi , to follow . See Sequence.
eoniltgare, to yoke together. - L. COIt- consequent, (L.) L. conseqt~ent-,
(mm), together; jug-um , a yoke. stem of pres. pI. of consequ i (aboye ).
Conjure. (F. -L.) M. E. coniuren.- Consent, vb. (F. -L.) F. consen/ir.
F . colt/urer. - L. COllil~rart, to swear to- - L. cOllsentire, to agree to. - L. con-
get her, combine by oath . - L. COIl-, to- (cum) , with; senlire, to feel. See Sell8e.
get her ; ii/riire, to swear; see Jury. Conserve, vb. (F. - L.) F . comervn.-.
Connect. (L.) L cOlmee/ere, to tie - L . c01zseruiire, to p reserve. - L. cott-
together. - L . C01l- (cum), together; and II (cum) , fully; seruare, to keep. Der. COII-
llertere, to bind (pp. 1UXtlS). Der. COfl- serve, vb ; cOlzserv·a/ory . See S erve
llex·um [not comuclioll], from the pp. I Consider. (F. -L.) O. }<' . {QllSidtrer.
107
 CONSIGN CONTAIN
_ L. (Ollsidercire, to consider, orig'. to con- stenla/iOIl . - L. ace. cOllsterllatiollelll,
template the stars (Festus). - L. COil· (cum ) , fright. - 1.. cOllsterlliitlts,. pp. of cOllster-
together; sider-, for *sides-, stem of sid/ts, wire, to frighten ; intensive form of (Oll-
a stnr. slemen, to bestrew, throw down . - L. COIl-
COl1sign. (F.-L.) F. (oltSipzer.- (mill ), together; stemere, to strew; see
L. (ollsipzare, to attest, register. record . Stratum.
_ L. (on- (CUIll) , together; sigmire, to COl1stipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
mark; see Sign. comtipare, to join closely, press together.
COl1sist. (F. -L.) F. (onsisler, to - L. C011- (cum ), together; stiptire, to
collsist, rest. abide, &c. - L. consistere, to press, cram.
stand together, consist. - L. (Oll- (cum ), COl1stitute. (L. ) L. constillllus, pp.
together; sistere, causal fOTm from sttire, of comlituere, to cause to stand together,
to stand; see State. Der_ (01tsistory. establish. -L. COIl- (cum), together; sta-
C0l1s01e. (F. - L. ) F _ cOllso/er. - L. tuere , to set up, denom. vb. fTom slattlS,
COIlSOltiri, to comfort. - L . (on- (CUIIl ), with; a position; sec Statute.
soldri, to comfort; see Solace. COl1stra.il1, to compel. (F. - L.) O. F.
COl1solidate. (L.) :From pp. of L. cOlzslra£gll-, a stem of (onstrai1Zdre, later
cOleso/idare, to render solid. - L . COI'- cOtltrailldre. - L. C011strillgere, to bind
(mill) , together; solidare, to make solid, together, fetter. - L. C011- ( CUIII ) , together;
from solidus, solid. Dar. cOllsols, n slrillgere . to draw tight.
familiar abbreviation for consolidated all- COl1struct. (L.) From L. comt,-u,'-
mtities. tus , pp. of conslruere ( below) .
C0I1S0I1&11t, agreeing with. ( F. - L .) cOl1strue. (L.) L. cOllStmere, to
F. coltSonallt, accordant; Cot. - L. (omo- heap together, build, construct; in Late L.,
'lallt-, stem of pres. pt. of (OnSOllare , to to construe a passage. -1.. COll- (Cltlll) , to-
sound together. - L. con- (CUIIl ), together; getheT ; slruere, to pile, build. Der.
sOltare. to sound; see Souad (3) . lIIis-collstnu.
COil sort, sb. ( F.-L.) F. cOllsorl_- COI1Sul. (L.) L. consltl, a consul.
L. consort-, stem of consors, one who shares Etym. doubtful; but allied to comttlere,
property with another, a partner. - L. C011- to consult : see below.
(CU/ll), together; ~ort-, stem of sors, a lot, COl1sult. (F.-L.) F. consulter.-L.
sbare. See Sort. (o1lsltllare, to consult; frequent. form of
COl1spicuous. (L.) L. conspi(u-tlS, COil-SIt/ere, to consult. Root uncertain;
visible, with suffix -OttS. - L. cOllspicere, to prob. allied to sedire, to sit; cf. soliu11l,
see thoroughly. - L. ( 011- , fully; speare, to a seat.
see. See Species. COl1sume. (L.) L. C01tSttlllere, lit. to
COl18pire. (F. -L.) F. conspirer.- take up wholly. - L. (011 - (mill), together,
L. compirare, to breathe togetheT, com- wholly; Sltlllere, to take up, from *Sttps-,
bine, plot. - L. con- (cum) , together i allied to sub, under, up, and e1lle,-e, to take,
spirare, to breathe. buy. Brugm. i. § 240. Der. <'o1lSttmptioll,
COl1sta.ble, a peace-officer. (F_ - L ,) from the PI'.
O. F. cOllestable (F. connitable) . - L. comes COl1summate. (L.) From pp. of L.
s/abuli, lit.' count of the stable,' the title of consttmmiire, to bring into one sum, to
a dignitary of the Roman empire and after- perfect. - L. C011- (atlll) , together; sum-
wards ill use among the Franks. See mare, to sum, from slt1l1ma, n sum; see
Count ( I) an d Stable. Sum,
COl1stal1t, firm. ( F. -L.) F . C011- COl1sumptiOI1; see Consume.
Statlt. - L. cons/aI1t-, stem of cOl1stans, COl1tact, sb. (L.) 1.. colttaettlS , a
firm; orig. pres. pI. of cOllSttire, to stand touching. - L. <'oillactus, pp. of contillgera,
together.-L. con - (cum ), together; stare, to touch cl osely; see Contingent.
to stand; sec State. COl1tagiOI1. (F.-L.) F. ,'olltagioll.
COl1stellatiol1 . (F. -1..) F. (Olestel- - L. COlltngiolzem, acc. of cOllttig io, a
Ialion. - L. acc. ,'01ts/elltiliollem, cluster of touching, hence contagion. - L. <'tlll - (,'Ulll) ,
sta rs_-L. (Oll- ( <'tllll ) , togdher; sId/tit-ItS , with; tag- , ~nd grade of tag-, as in *tag-
pr' of s/elUre, to sel with stars, from Itts ( >tat'- Itts). pp. of tallgo'e. to touch .
stella, a star. See Star. COl1tail1. ( F . -L.) From a tonic stem
COI1.te~atiol1. y.-L.; F. ,'Oll- of O. F. cOll/mir. - L. <'OlttillirC, to hold
108
 CON'"AMINATE CONTRIBUTE
together, contain; pp. elm/moo. - L. Clm- Continue. (F.-L.) F. (onlinuer.-
(cum), together; tmlre, to hold. L. continuare, to continue.-L. conti"uus
Contamjuate. (L.) }' rom pp. of L. (below). Der. dis·cmtinue.
conttimjndre, to defile. - L. conttimin-, continuous. (L.) L. (ontj"u-us,
stem of cotl/omm, contagion; which stands lit. holding together ; with suffix -ous.-
for *contagmen. - L. con- (cum ) ; tag-, L. continn-e, to hold together, contain. See
as in tac/us, for *tag-tus, pp. of tangere, to Conta.in.
touch. Brugm. i. § j68. Contort. (L.) L. contortus, pp. of
ConteDlD.. (F. - L.) M. F . contemner. c01ltor9ulre, to twist together. - L. con-
- L . contemnere, to despise. - L. ron- (cum) , together; tor9ulre, to twist.
(cum), with, wholly; temnere, to de- Contour. an outline. (F.-Ital.-L.)
spise. F. contour, esp. in ~n artistic sense. -ltal.
contempt. (F.-L. ) M.F.contempt; colttorno, a circuit; contamare, • to en-
Cot. - L. contemptus, scorn. - L. con- circle; ' Florio. - L. con- (cum) , together;
temptlls, pp. of contemnere (above). tontare, to rotlnd off, to tum; see Turn.
Contem~late. (L.) From pp. of Contra-, prefix. (L.) L. c01ltrtf,
contempUn, to observe, consider; used at against; orig. the abI. fern. of an obs. adj.
first of augun;. - L. con- (cum) ; temp/um, *con-/(e)r-U$, a comparative form from COtl- ,
au open space for observation (by augurs) ; prep. together; cf. extra froUl exte/·us.
see Temple. Contraba.J1d. (Span. - Ita\. - L. and
Contemporaneous. (L.) L. can- Teut. ) Span. rOlltrabando, prohibited goods.
temporane-us, adj., at the same time; with - Ital. contrabbando, prohibited goods. -
suffix -ous. - L. can- (cum), with; tempor- , Ital. cotltm ( = L. con/ra l, against; bando,
for *tempos-, stem of tempus, time. a ban, from Late L. bannum , a word of
contemporary. (L.) L. con-, with; Teut. origin, viz. from O. H. G. ban, a
and L. temporan 'us, temporary, adj., from command. See Ban.
tempor- (above). Contract (x), to draw together. (L.)
Contend. (F. - L.) O. F. contendre. - L. cOtl/rac/lls, pp. of contrahere, to draw
L. contendere, to stretch out, exert, fight.- together. - L. COIl- (mm), together; tra-
L. con- (cum ), fully; tendere, to stroive. here, to draw.
Der. contmt-£o1l (from the pp. contentus). contract (2), a bargain. (F. - L. )
Content, adj. (F.-L.) F. content, M. F . cotttracl; Cot. - L. cOlltraclum,
satisfied. - L . contmtus, content; pp. of acc. of contrac/us, sb., a drawing together,
continlre; see Conta.in. Der. dis-con- a bargain. -L. contractus, pp. (above) .
tetlt . Contradict. (L.) L. contradi(tus,
Contest, vb. (F. - L.) F. cotltester. - pp. of cOl1trtidicere, to speak against. - L.
L. cOlltutar" to call to witness, to bring contra, against; dicere, to speak.
an action. - L. can- (mm), together; tes- Contralto. (Ital. - L. ) Ital. (olllr-
tori, to witness, from testis, a witness. 0110, counter-tenor. - Ital. contra, oppo-
Der. contest, sb. site to, and alto, high. - L. (onlro, against;
Context. (L.) L. context'!s, a joining altus, high.
together, order (hence, conte ,; t of a book). Contra.ry. (F.-L.) A. F. co1ttrane;
-L. contexttls, pp. of contexert, to weave F. conll·airt. - L. cOlltrorius, contrary;
together. - L. con- (cum), together; from (antra, against; see Con tra-.
texere, to weave. Contrast, vb. (F. -L.) F. contraster,
Contiguous. (L.) L. contiguous, that to strive, contend against (hence to be in
may be touched, near; with suffix -ous.- opposition to, &c. ). - Late L. controsttire,
L. can- (cum), with; and tag-, as in to stand against. - L. contra, against;
tac-ttlS (for *tag-/us), pp. of tmlgere, to stare, to stand.
touch; see Contingent_ Contravene, to hinder. (F.-L.) F.
Continent. (F. -L.) F. rontinmt, c01tlrevtttir, ' to thwart;' Cot. - Late L.
adj., morlerate. - L. conti1Utlt-, stem of co1ttratUllire, to oppose; to break a law.
pres. pt. of continlre; see Contain. - L. cotttrii, against; tlenire, to come.
Contingent, dependent on. ( L. ) Contribute. (L.) From pp. of L.
From stem of pres. pt. of continl{ere, to co1ttributre, to contribute, lit. pay to-
touch, relate to. - L. can- (cum ) ; tan~re, gether. - L. can- (cum), together; trio
to touch. See Taneent. butre, to bestow i see Tribute.
ID9
 CONTRITE CONY, CONEY
Contrite. (F.-I..) F. ctmlril.-L. orig. pres. pt. of ronumire , to come to-
r01llr/lus, thoroughly bruised, hence, peni- gether, suit (above) .
tent; pp. of L. conlerere, to rub together, convent. (L.) L. ronuenlus, an as-
bruise. - L. con- (cttm), together; lerere, sembly. _ L. cOltuenlus, pp. of con-t/enire.
to rub. See Trite. convention. ( F.-L.) F. COllven·
Contrive. ( }o·. -L.alldGk.) An li01I, 'a compact;' Cot.-L. ace.. r01l-
altere<l spelling ; M. E. r01llrouen, ron- u ettliiintlll, a meeting, compact. _ L_ C01t-
'reuen ( = ron/rovelt , r01tlrevtn). - O. F. tUII/US , pp. of rD1t-tun/re, to meet.
rOil/rover, to find , find out (Bartsch). - Converge. (L.) Late L. ronuergere,
O. }o~ . C01t- (L. ron-, forrttm ); O. F. 'rover, to incline together (Isidore). _ 1.. C01t-
to find; see Trover. ' 1 Contn've (cf. (mm ), together; tter,fere, to bend, in-
relrieve ) is from M . E. ronlreve, answering cline.
to O. F. conlrlt/v-, stressed stem of rtfn- Converse, vb. (F. - L.) F. converslt·,
trover. to associate with ; Cot. - L. COlnlerSar/, to
Control, sh. (F . - L.) C01tlrol is short live with. _ L. rOIl- \,111/1 ), with; fursar i,
for c01llre-,.oll, old form of rot/.,ler-roll. - to dwell (lit. turn oneself about), orig.
O. F. cOlllre-rol(l )e, aduplicateregister,used pass. of the frequent. of tter/ere, to turn.
to verify the official or first-made roll.- convert, vb. (F.-L.) O.F. rlm-
O. F. cOlttre, over against; ro/(l )e, a roll. - verlir. _ Folk-L. ·rollve.·tire, for L. rolt-
L. rO'llrii, against; rotttlltm, ace. Qf "0- uerlere, to tum wholly, change. -L. rOIl -
Itllus, a roll; see Roll. (rttm), wholly; uer/ere, to tum.
Controversy. ( F. -L.) A. F . ron- Convex. (L.) 1.. c01tuextls, nrchcd,
Iroversie ( 13 ) 7 ) . - L. cOlllrouersia, a quar- vaulted; related to ronuekere, to bring
reI. - L. cOnlrouerms. opposed . - 1.. together (hence, to unite by an arch). - L.
(on/ro-. masc. or neut. form corresponding am- (for cum), together; tukere, to carry,
to fern . ronlra, against; turSt~, pp. of bring. See Vehicle.
turlen, to turn. See Contra-. Convey, Convoy, vb. (F. - L.)
Contumacy. (F.-L.) A. F. r01tltt- M.E. contuien, rOlltloien (ronveien, rOIl-
lIIade ( 130;\).-L.conltmuicUz, obstinacy.- voiut), to convey, also to convoy. -A.I' .
L. (Onltlmaci- , st em of c01l/umax, stuh- cOllveier, O. F. C01tVOt'er, to convey, convoy,
hom. -L. rOIl- (mm ), very; and -Itlm'ax , accompnny on the way. - Late L. r01l1liare,
prob. from IlIm-i're , to swell with pride; to accompany.-L. ro1/.- (rt'm), with; 1Iia,
see Tumid. way. ~ Convey is the A. F. or Norman
Contumely. ( F. -L.) M. F . C0111t/- form; convoy is Parisian.
melie. - L. rOltlumi/Uz, insult, reproach; Convince. (L. ) L. rontlillrtre, to
prob. allierl to C01tlumaria; see Con- overcome by proof. - L . COIt- (mill ).
t umacy. wholly ; tti'lcere, to conquer. Der. ,'011-
Contuse, to bruise severely. (L.) L. v iet, verb and sb. , from A. F. convirt<L.
r01tlitstts, pp. of ronttmdere, to bruise coltttid1ls, pp. of conuinCl!re.
s~ verely. - L. con- (rum) , with, much; and Convivial. (L.) Coined as adj . from
Itmdere, to strike.+Skt. Itld , to strike; L. C01l11iu,;-tIIlt, a feast. - L. ron- (mm),
(;oth. slatllatt, to strike. (VSTEU D.) together ; 1I/lIlt'e, to live (hence, eat).
Hmgm. i. § 818. Convoke. (F.-L.) F. ronvoqtlu'. -
Conundrum. (Unknown.) Fonnerly L. C01tttoca,.e. to call together. - L. ron-,
used in the sense of whim, crotchet, or together; uocare. to call.
hoax. Also q1l01tlmdrttm; orig. in univ. Convolve. ( L.) L. rOnt/o/llere, to roll
slang; prob. uf L. origin. together , writhe about. -L. COIt- (ft/m ,
Convalesce. (L.) L. r01ttla /csCl!"e, to together; 1I0/uere , to roll. Der. (D1t1101ut-
hegin to grow well; an inceptive form . io.t, from pp. colZtwliilus; convo/V-t/I' lIS,
-L. con- ( = ettm) , fully; tUl/ire, to be L. C011110luultts , a twining plant.
,trong. Convoy; see Convey.
Convene, to assemble. (F.-I..) F. Convulse, to agitate violently. (L.)
roltvt1tir, to as..o;emble.- L romunire, to L. r01t"tllsttS, pp. of r01lt1ellere, to pluck
come together. -I.. rOIl- (CUlII), together; up, convul50e. - L. co.t- (CIt''' ), with,
uellire, to (,Oll1e. severely; ttel/ere. to pluck.
convenient, suitable. ( F. - L. ) Cony, Coney, a rabbit. (F . - L. )
l'rnm , tem of L. 1'01l11nlie1ls, ~\lih,hle; M. E. roni; allO (on)'1t;/f. Anglo-F. rlmil,
ItO
 coo CORACLE
(1m;,,; O. F. ctnl7lil. - L. (u7Iimlus, a Copeck, a small Russian coin, worth
rabbit; a word of uncertain origin. less than Id. ; a hundredth part of a rouble.
COO. (E. ) A purely imitative word; (Russ.) J{uss. kopieika, a copeck; dimin.
also spelt croo. ce. cuckoo, cock. of Russ. kope,!, a lance. So called from the
Cook. (L.l M. E. COMn, to cook; figure of Ivan IV, holding a latla ( 1535).
A. S. (OC, a cook. - L. coquus, a cook; co- See Rouble.
quere, to cook.+Gk ..... /T/TfI~; Skt. padz, Copious, ample. (F. - L.) O. F. co-
10 cook; Russ. ptcll (e), to bake. (.vPEQ; pieux. - L. copiostlS, plentiful. - L. copia,
whence Lat. *pequere, becoming *ql/equcre plenty; for *co-opia. - L. co- (for mm ),
by assimilation, and then coqllere; Gk. together; op-, base of op·is, wealth. Cf.
*frlq-tflv, whence frf/T/TflV.) Brugm. i. § ill-opia, want.
116 r. A. S. coc = Late L. cocus, for coqtllls. Copper, a metal. (Cyprus. ) M. E. copeI'.
Cookie, a cake; see Cake. A. S. (OPOy. -Late L. cuper, 1.. mprullt, n
Cool. (E.) A. S. col, cool.+Du. koe!; contraction for Cupritt11l teS, Cyprian brass.
Teut. type *kol-ulI: ; also, with mntation, - Gk. KV"'p'or, Cyprian; K.51Tpor, Cyprus ,
Dan . kol, G. kiihl; from kol-, lnd grade whence the Romans got copper.
of kal-, as in A. S. caia7l, leel. kala, to copperas, sulphate of iron. (F.-L.)
freeze (pt. t. M/); see Cold. M. E. coperose. - O.F. coperas.: (couprose) ;
Coolie, Coo~, an East Indian porter. cf. Ital. copparosa. According to Diez,
(Hind. or Tamil.) Hind. kuli, a labourer, from L. mpr, rosa, rose of copper, a trans-
porter, cooley (Forbes); prob. from Koli, lation of Gk. Xa.v.-av8os, brass - flower,
a tribal name (Yule). Or from Tamil kitli, copperas. But this is prob. only a popular
daily hire or wages; hence, a day- etymology; and the Late L. cuprosa seems
labourer (Wilson). to be merely an adj. form from (1IP1'll1/l.
Coomb; see Comb. See N.E.D.
COOp. (L.) M. E. (tIpe, a basket; Coppice, Coppy, Copse, a small
answcdng to A. S. *ciipe, not found, though wooo. (F.-L.-Gk.) Coppy is short fol'
rijipe (with i-mutation ) occurs as a gloss coppice, and copse is contracted. -0. F.
to dolitllll. - L. ciipa, a tub, whence also (opeiz [Low L. copeda], underwood fre-
Du. ktliP, Ice!. kNpa, a bowl; also Late L. quently cut, brushwood. - O. F. coper , F.
copa, whence G. ""ife, tub, vat, coop; cOt/per), to cut. -0. F. cop ( F. coup), a
O. Sax. copa, a tub. Cf. Skt. kiipa, a pit, stroke. - Low L. coiptlS, L. co/alllus, stroke,
hollow. Der. coop-er, tub-maker. blow.-Gk. KoAacpor, a blow. ~ O. F.
Co-operate. (L.) From pp. of L. coptilt answers to a Late L. type *colpifll-
co-optrar;, to work with; from (0- (CUIll ), cium, from colplire, to strike. CoPIY arose
with; and operari, to work; see Operate. from coppice being taken ns coppies, pI. ;
Co-ordinate. (L.) From L. co- ({tim ), and copse (cops) from reducing a supposed
with; and the pp. of ordiniire, to order. pI. *coppis to cops.
See Ordinate. Coprolite. (Gk.) Lit.' dung-stone.'
Coot. (E.) M. E. cote, coote, a water- Made from Gk. ,yofrpo-r, dung; and hl8-or,
fowl.+Du. koel, a coot. Origin unknown. a stone. For -lile, cf. Aerolite.
Copal. (Span. - Mexican.) Span. copal. Copulate. (L.) From pp. of L. coptt-
- Mex. copalli, resin. !tire, to join. - L. copula, a band; see
Co-parcener, nco-partner. (F.-L.) Couple.
Parcener is the true old spelling ofpartney; Copy. (F.-L.) M . E. copy, abun-
see Partner. dance; the mod. sense is due to the mul-
Cope ( I), orig. a cape. (Late L. ) M. E. tiplication of an original by means of copies.
cope, earlier cape; A. S. *t'lipa, not found; - O. F. copie, abundance; also a copy. -
but Ice!. kaptz occur~. - Late L. capa, a L. copia, plenty; see Copious.
cape; see Cape ( I ). [Cf. pope, from Coquette. (F.) F.coqllttte, 'apratling
A. S. Pilpa.] Der. copillg-stolle. or proud gossip,' Cot.; fem. of c0'ltlet, a
Co;pe el ), to vie with. (F. -L.-Gk. ) little cock, dimm. of coq, a cock. C. provo
M.1<:. COpell, COt/petl, to fight. - O. F. cOpt1', E. cocky, i. e. strutting as a cock.
(o'llpel' , colper, to strike ( I'. COliper, to cut). Coracle, a light wicker boat. (W.) W.
-0. F. (Op, COIIP, (olp, a blow. - Late L. cOrtvg/, cwrwgl, coracle; dimin. of corwg,
co/pttS, L. colapll1ls, a blow. -Gk. ,y6Aa<{Ws, a carcase, C1Vywg, a boat, frame. So Gael.
a blow on the ear. See Coupon. Ctlrachall, coracle, from mradl, bont of
III
 CORAL CORNET
wicker-work; cf. Ir. corraclt" O. Ir. curaclt" rant, cormaran (Littre). -0. F. corp, a
a boat. crow; and O. F. *manne, belonging to
Coral. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. coral. - the sea, deriv. of L. mare, sea, with G.
L. cora/lu1ll , coralium.-Gk. I<Op4AA'Oll, suffix -ing; cf. F.Jlamant, flamingo.-L
coral. See Schade, p. 1374. coyuum, acc. of coruus, a crow; &c.
Corban, a gift. ( Heb.) Heb. qorban, Cf. Port. corvomarinko, a cormorant; lit.
an offering to God, in fulfilment of a vow; 'marine crow;' from L. corum marinus.
from qarab, to draw near. Cf. Arab. qur- But probably -moran was due to, or con-
ban , a sacrifice. fused with, Bret. morvran, a cormorant
Corbel. ( F. -L.) O. F . corbd, a rayen, (from mol', sea, and bran, a crow).
a corbel (in architecture), from the notion Corn ( I) , grain. (E.) A. S. rorn.+Du.
of a projecting beak. - Folk-L corbel/um, koren, Icel. Dan. Swed. G. korn, Goth.
for corvt//um, acc. of corve//us, dimin. kaurn. T ellt. type *kurnom, Idg. type
of L. coruus, a raven. • Distinct from *g3rnom, com; whence O. Slav. ~ri1'UJ,
~rbei/, a basket full of earth (F. corbeil/e, Russ. urno, com. Cf. Lat. gt'anum,
L. corbicula, dimin. of corDis, a basket). grain; Skt . ji~a-, worn down, pp. ofjri.
Cord. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. COrtie. - Doublet,grain. See Churn. Drugm. i.
F. cortie. -Late L. corda, a thin rope; the S 638. (~GER.)
same as L. ckorda. -Gk. xo","" the string Corn (3 ), a hard excrescence on the
of a musical instrument. Der. cord-age foot. (F. - L.) O. F. corn (F. cor), a hom,
( F. cordage) ; cord-on (F. cordolt) ; cord- horny swelling.-L. com it, a horn; see
-elier (F. corde/ur, a twist of rope, also Horn.
a Gray Friar, who used such a twist; from cornea, horny membrane in the eye.
cortie/er: to twist ropes). See C.hord. (L.) L. cornea, fern. of CONmts, horny.-
CordiaJ.. (F. -L.) F . cordtal, hearty. L. corml, a hom.
-L. cordi-, decL stem of cor, heart; with cornel, a shrub. (Du.-L.) M. Du.
suffix -a/is; see Heart. komel/e, 'the fruit of the cornelle-tree:
CorduroJ', II. thick-ribbed or corded Hexham; cf. M. H. G. comdbaum, coruel-
stuff. (F. -L.) F. cortie du roi, a trade- tree; Weigand. [Cf. M. F.comille, a cor-
name, invented in England; lit. 'king's nel-berry; comil/itr, cornel-tree.] - Late L.
cord.' See Cord and Royal. corno/ium, cornel-tree.-L. comus, a cor-
Cordwainer, shoemaker. (F. -Span.) nel-tree; from the hard,. horny nature of
M. E. cortietvaner, a worker in cortitwane, the wood. -L. cornu, a hom.
i.e. leather of Cordova. -0. F. cordouan, cornelian, a kind of chalcedony.
Cordovan leather. -Late L. Cordoa, Cor· (F. -L.) Formerly coma/ine. -F. coma-
dova in Spain (L. Corduba). /ine , 'the cornix or cornaline, a flesh.
Core, hard centre in fruit, &c. (F. -L.?) coloured stone;' Cot. Cf. Port. come-
Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from F . cor, a/ina; also Ital. comio/a, (I) a cornel-tree,
hom, also, a com on the foot, callosity. - (3) a carnelian, prob. so named because
L. contu , a horn, a horny excrescence. its colour resembles that of the fmit of the
Coriander. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. corio cornel-tree (Schade).-Late L . cominta,
andre.-L. coriandrum (whence A.S. cel- cornel-berry; corno/ium, cornel.-L. cor-
lendre). -Gk. I<op/alllloll, 1<0(,.011, coriander. neus, adj. of comus, a cornel. ~ Altered
Cork. (Span. - L.) Apparently from to corneD/liS in Late L. (Schade, p. 1379),
O. Span. akorqut, a cork shoe, which carnelian in E., and carlltol in G., from
seems to be an Arab. form allied to Span. a popular etymology which connected it
al-cornoque, the cork-tree, where a/ is the with L. cant·, stem of caro, flesh. cr.
Arab. def. art., and co,.,,·oque is formed onyx = Gk. i)IIV[, finger-nail.
from L. quern·us J ar *qutrcnus), oaken, corner. ( F.-L.) A. F.conzere; O. F.
adj. from L. qutr/·us, an oak. ~ But the corniere. - Med. L. corniria, corner, angle.
bark of the tree was called, in Span., corcke, - Med. L. corna, angle. - L. cornua, pI. of
curclt,o. _ L. cortiCl!f1t, acc. of cortex, bark. cornu, hom, projection; taken as a fern.
Hence cork is often derived from Span. sing.
corcko, though k for cit, seems improb- cornet. (F.-L.) M. E.conzet,ahorn;
able. later, a troop of horse (who carried a co,'-
Cormor&Dt a bird. (F.-L.) The t nette or standard); also an officer of such
is excrescent.- F. cormoran; O. F. COY11ta· a troop.-F. COl'7Ut, (ornette, dimin. of F.
IU
 CORNICE CORSE
ronle, a horn. - Med. L . (orn.a, a hom (Span. - L.) Span . (o}'1'al, a court, yard,
(above) . en closu re. - Span. corl'O, a ci rcle, a ring of
Cornice. (F. - Ital. ) M. F . and Picard people mel to see a show. From the
cornice ; F. corniche. - Ital. cornice , a ph rase corre, '~ros, to hold a bull -fight,
ledge for hanging tapestry (Florio) ; lit. to ru n bulls. _ L cUJnre, to run (Diez).
usually, a crow (from L. acc. cornicem , a See Kraal.
crow). Origin uncertain; by some idenli - Correct, adj. (L.) L. coneetus, pp.
lied with coronix, a square frame . _ Gk . of corrigere, to correct. - L. cor- (for
lCopowis, curved; as sb., a wreath. CO',-= C1l11l ), together ; regere, to rule.
Corolla. (L.) L corolla, dimin. of co· corregidor, a Spanish magistrate.
rOlla , a crown. See Cr ow n . (Span. - L.) Span . corregitior, lit. ' cor-
corol.la.ry. (L ) L cO"ollarium, a pre- rector .' - Span . corregir, to correct. - L.
sent of a garland, a gratuity ; also, an corrigere (above) .
additional inference. - L corolla (above). Correlate, t 3 relate or refer mutually.
coronal, a crown. (F. - L ) Properly (L.) Coined from L. cor- ( = cum), to-
an adj. - 1<·. coronal, adj. - L corOnalis, gethef; and R elate, q. v.
belonging to a crown. - L cOrona, a crown. Correspond. (F. - L. ) F . cOlr Up01l-
coronation. (L) LateL acc. corona- dre. - L . cOr- (for con-, cum ), together;
tionelll, from pp. of corow 1.re, to crown. - and Resp on d, q. v.
L corO,ta, a crown. Corridor. (F . -Ital.-L.) F . corridor.
coroner. (F . - L ) Also crowmr; - Ital. corridore, a swift horse ; also, a
both forms represent A. F . conmer, roroner , long (running al ong) gallery. - Ital. cOr·
Latinised as coronar ius, a crown-offi cer, a nre, to run. - L . c/trt'ere, to run.
coroner (afterwards Latinised as coro- Corrie. (Gael.) Gael. coire, a circular
nalor ). - O. F. corolle, a crown. - L corOlla, hollow surrounded with hills, a mountain
a crown. dell ; also, a cauldron. [Cf. G. kessel, a
+
coronet. (F. - L ) Dimin. of O. F . kettle, a ravine.] O. Irish coi"e, core, a
corone, a crown. - L. corona , a crown. kettle ; VI/ . pair, A. S. hwer, a cauldron .
Coronach, a dirge. (Gael. ) Gael. cor- Hrugm. i. § 123 .
ranach, a dirge, lit. ' a howling together.' - Corroborate. (L ) From pp. of L.
Gael. comh- ( =Lcum), together; ranaich, cOl'robornre, to strengthen. - L COI'- (fo r
a howling, from the verb rail, to howl, COtl- = cum), wholly ; robor -, stem of roblll',
cry, roar, which is from 1"Il1l, sb., an outcry . strength.
So also Irish (ora"ach, a dirge. Corrode. (F.-L.) F. corroder. - L.
Corporal (I), a subordinate officer. cor riidere, to gnaw to pieces. - L. cor - (for
(F. -L.) O.F. corpor al. - Late L. cor- COtl-= W11I ), wholly; "odere, to gnaw.
lOra/is, a captain; a leader of a bod y of D er. corrosive, from pp. corros·us.
troops. - L. corpor-, for *corpos-, stem Corrody, Corody, allowance, pen-
of corpus, body. ~ F . has now the form sian . (Low Lat. - T eut. ) A. F . rorodie. -
caporal, from Ital. caporale, a chief of a Low L. corrOriiu11l , earlier (orrediu1lt, L.
band ; as if from Ital. capo, head (L. form of A. F. conrei, preparation, pro-
caput) ; but this does not explain the -01'- . vision, allowance. See Curry ( I ).
corporal (2), belongi ng to the body. Corrugate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(F. - L.) O. F. corporal, corporel. - L. corriignrt, to wrinkle. - L. cor- (mm),
corporait's, bodily. - L corpor-, for *cor- wholly ; and n ;gare, to wrinkle, from
pos-. stem of corpus, the body. D er . n'iga, a wrinkle.
(from L. corpor- ) corpor-ate. corpor-e-al Corrupt, adj. (F. - L.) A. F . (ol'UPI.
(L . corpore-us), &c. llrugm . i. § 555. - L. corruptus, pp. of corrumpere, to break
corps, corpse, corse, a body. wholly, corrupt. - L. cor- (for con- = m lll),
(F. - L.) [Here corpr is I'. ; corse is from wholly; "lImpere, to break.
theO. F .con1 M.E. cors,corps. - O. F. Corsair. (F . -Ital.-L.) F. corsairt
cors, M. F . corps, the body. - L. corpus , body. (Prav. corsari, one who makes the course,
corpulent. (F. - L.) F . corpulml. - corsa). - I tal. corsart, earl ier rorsaro, a
L. rorpulentus, fat. _ J:. corpus, body. pirate. - Med. 1.. ctlrsiirius, a pirate. -
corpuscle. (L. ) L. corpw-w-lum, L . cursus, a course. See Course.
dOUble dimin. of corpus, body. Corse, a body. (F. - L. ) M. E. ( 0 1'.<. -
Corral, an enclosure for animals, pen. O. F. corso- L. (orpus, a body.
113
 CORSET COUGH
corset. (F.-L. ) F. (orsel, a pair of Costive. ( F.-L.) From O. F;(vs/rot.
stays; (!i min. of O. F. (ors, body. - L. crmslipnlus, constip:lted. See ron.
corslet. (F. - L.) F. (orse/d, , a little sliltr ill Littn: ; and Constipate.
body,' Cot.; hence, body·amour. Double Costume. ( F.-Ita\.- L.) O. F . cos."
dimin. of O. F. cors, body (above) . tWlle, a costume. _ Ital. costume; Low L.
Cortege. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. cort~ge, a cosliima; see Custom. Doublet of Ctls·
train, retinue. - Ital. corleggio, a retinue. tom.
-Ital. corte, a court. - L. corlem, (0- Cosy, Cozy, comfortable, snugly shel-
horlem, ace. of (ohors, a court; see Court terce\. (C.?) L owland Scotch (osie, rozil'
( I ). (Bums). Etym. unkn own; perhaps cf.
cortes, the Span. national assembly. Gael. riJsarll, casagnch, abounding in reo
(Span. -L. ) Span. (ortes, pI. of (orle, a ce~ses, also snug, sheltered; Gael. <'Ils, a
court.-L. (ortem (above). holl ow, recess, cave; Irish mas, a cave.
Cortez, bark. (L. ) L. cortex (gen . Cot, a small dwelling; Cote, an ell-
corlids). bark. Der. (orlical. closure. (E.) M. E. role. A. S. cot, (ole, a
Coruscate. ( L. ) From pp. of L. cot,den; Northumbrian (ol .+Du. kol, Icel.
(oru$((lre, to glitter. kol, cot, hut; provo G. koth., cot. Der.
Corvette, a small frigate. (F. - Port. - (ott-age (with F. suffix) ; (ott-a l' or ro/l-er;
L. ) F. (orvel/e. - Port. corveta; Span. sheep-role.
(orbela, a corvette. -L. corbila, a slow- coterie, a set of people. (F.-Teut.)
sailing ship of burden, - L. corbis, a basket. F. (oleric, a set of people, company;
Cosmic, relating to the world. (Gk.) allied to O. F. colo'ie, servile tcnure
Gk. Ko ull",6~, adj., from "oUIlOS, order, also (Littre); Low L. cole1'ia, a tenure hy
the worlcl, universe. Der. cosmo-l{olZy, cottars who clubbed together. - Low L.
(osmo· g raphy, (osmo - logy. cosmo' po/ile cola, a cot. _ Du. kot (ahove).
(citizen of the world, Gk. flO)..{TTJS, a Cotillon, Cotillion, a dance for 4 or
citizen 1. 8 persons. ( f'. - M. H. G.) F. colil101I, lit.
cDsmetic, that which beautifies. (Gk.) a petticoat; see Cotgrave. Formed, with
Gk. KOUI'-TJTIKOS, skilled in adorning; suffix -m-OIl, from O. F. (ole, a coat,
whence also F. cosmtlique. -Gk. KOU}JEOJ, frock: see Coat.
I aelorn .-Gk. K6u}Jo ~, order, ornament. Cotton ( I), a downy substan ce. (F.-
Cossack, a light-armed S. Russian Span. -Arab.) M. E. anel A . F. colotm. -
soldier. ( Russ. - Tatar.) Russ. kozak', F. (01011. _ Span. rololl, algor/ott, colton
kazak'; of Tatar (Tartar) origin. - Turki (where al is the Arab. arL). - Arab. qUt1Z,
qllzzliq, a vagabond; a predatory horse· quttm, cotton.
man (Yule) . cotton ( a), to agree. From a technical
Cosset, to pet. (E.) From 16th cent. use of COtt01l, to form a down upon; from
rosse/,a pet-lamb, a pel Prob. the same as Cotton ( I); see Nares.
A. F. coseet, cozet, a cottar; A. S. rol-s(2Ia, Cotyledon, seed· lobe. (Gk.) Gk.
a dweller in a cot, 'cot·sitter.' From KOTVATJ&liV , a cup-shaped h ollow. - Gk.
A. S. cot, cot; s{2ta, dweller, from sillalt , KOTV)..TJ, a hollow vessel, cup.
to sit. Cf. provo G. kossat, a cottager. Couch to lay down , pla<:e, Sct. ( L-
[So Ital. casiccio, pet lamb (Florio) ; from L.) M. E. (otlchm, to set, armnge.-O.F.
msa, a cottage.] coucher, colrlur, to place. - 1.. (olloriire, to
Cost, vb. ( F. -L.) M. E. coslen. -0. F . put together. - L. rol- (rt/m ). together;
coster (F . coater), to cost. _ L. c01lslare, to and loctire, to place, from loms. a place.
stand together, last; also to cost. -L. C01t- Der. cotlch , sb., a place 011 which one is
(cum), together ; and stare, to stand. (ouched or laid .
Costal, relating to the ribs. (L.) From Couch-grass, a ~rass which is troub!e-
1.. rosta, a rib. See Coast. some as a weed. ( \<..) Here COttell l~ a
Costermonger. ( F. and E.) F or- va riant of qtlilch , palatalisecl form of
merly costerli-moll/fc r , or coslard-mtm,l{er. qtlirk, i. e. tenacious of life; see Quick.
a seller of (oslards or apples. [ The suffix Cousrh. (E. ) M. E. (oll.f[hm, r07lJhen.
-mollger is E.; see Monger.] M. E. A. S. 'trohhialt, onl y found in the deriv.
roslard, an apple . where the suffix -ard is coJ/hetall, to make a noi se. [The usual
F. ; prob. from O. F . coste, F. cOte, a rib ; A. S. word is h7i'l'slall .l C f. Du. J:lI.1UI/,
cr. Y . /mil rl1ftll, rihbed fmit (Hamilton). to cough; M. H. G. kii(hm, C. kell(hen,

IT"
 COULD COUPLE
to gasp. From an imitative base *keuh , jo;,u! is a corruption of O . F. cOlltepointe,
· k llh, to gasp; see Chincough. a counterpane (see courlepoillle in Littn!).
Could; see Can (I) . -L. culcila puncta, a connterpane, a
Coulter, part of a plough. (L.) M. E. stitched ql1ilt (see Ducange) . - L. culeita,
coller. A . S. Cltlter. - L. culter, a coulter, a quilt; fu'lCta , fem. of functus, pp. of
knife. Cf. per-eel/ere, to strike. pungere, to prick. See Quilt.
Council. (F . -L.) F. concile. -L. con· Counterpa.ne (2), counterpart of a
cilium, an assembly called together. -L. deed . (F.-I..) M. F . cont1'epall, con Ire-
COil' (cum), together ; and calan, to pant; Cot. - F . {01ltre (L. contra ), over
summon. ~ Often confused with co/msd. against; pan, a piece, part; see Pane.
Counsel. (F. - L .) M. E . cOllseil. - Counterpoint, the composing of
O. F. c01lSeil. -L. c01zsilium, deliberation. music in parts. (F . -L.) M. F. C01ltre·
- L. {o1lSulere, to consult; see Consult. poinct,' a ground or plain song, in mnsic ; ,
~ Often confused with coullcil. Cot. The lit. sense is point agai1lst poi1lt,
Count (I ), a title of rank. (F .-L.) from the points or dots which represented
The orig. sense was • companion.' A . F . musical notes, and were placed on staves
cO/mle (not in M. E.). - O. F . conle; also over or against each other in compositions
(omle. - L. comite1ll, acc. of {01lles, a com- in two or more parts.- F. contre (L. {Olt-
panion (stem com· it. ). - L.com- (for cum- ), tra), against; point, a point ; see Point.
together ; and it-1I111, supine of f1'e, to go. Counterpoise. (F.- L.) F rom {OWI-
Der. cOlmt-ess; also cOllnl-y (below). IeI' and poise; see Poise.
Count (2), to reckon. (F. - L.) F. Counterscarp, exterior slope of a
(oilIer, formerly also {ompter. -L. compu- ditch. (F . -ltal.-L. a1tdTeut. ) F . {01l-
tarc, to compute; see Compute. trescarpe; Cot. - Ital. cOlltrascarpa. -
Countena.nce. (F. -L.) O. F. COll- Ital. c01ltra, over against; scarpa, a scarp.
Imanee, gesture, demeanour; also look, See Counter - and Scarp.
\'is,lge. - L. continenlia, continence, which Countersign, to attest by signing in
in Late L. meant' gesture, demeanour.' - addition. , F .- L.) F. contreslC'ur, • to
L.{oIlHl1cnt -, stem of pres. pt. of cOlltilli re; subsigne;' Cot. - F. cOlltre, over against;
see Continent. Der. dis- cOtll1ten411ce, vb. siguer, to sign; see Counter- and Sign.
Counter, a piece to count with, a Countertenor. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F.
bureal1. (F. -L. ) M. E . counlollr.-O. F . cOlllrdcltctlr; Cot. -Ital. C011lratmore . a
101lleour, cOllntour. From O. F . conler ; countertenor, the highest adult male voice.
,ee Count (l ). -!tal.conlra, against, over against ; Imore,
Counter-, prefix. (F . - L.) F . contre, a tenor ; sec Tenor.
against. - L. (onlra, against. Countervail. (F. - L.) M. E. (011,
Counteract. (F.-L. ) See Counter-, trevailm. - O. F. cOI/It'evail-, a stem of
prefix, and Act. c011Irevaloi1', to avail against. - O . F. con -
Counterfeit, imitated. (F. - L.) tre , against; valoir, to avail. - L. (011trt7,
1If. E. cOlmlerjeit. - O. F. contrifait, pp. against ; Ita/ire, to be strong.
of ronlrifaire, to imitate. _ F. c01ltre, over Country. (F. - L.) M. E. C011Iree.-
against, like; faire, to make. - L. cotllra, O. F. contree (= Ital. conlrada ). - Late L.
against ; faure, to make. cOlllnlda, cont1'ata, a region, lit. that which
Counterma.nd, to revoke an order. lies opposite; cf. G. gegmd, couutry, lit.
(F. - L.) F . contremallder, to recall a opposi te, fromgegm , opposite. - L. {onI1"I,
command . - F. conlre (L. contra), against; opposite; see Contra-.
mander (L. mamitire), to command. Country-dance. (F.) From country
Counterpane ( I), a coverlet for a bed. and d(l1Iu. (The F. cOlltredamc was bor-
(F. -L.) An altered form , in place of rowed from this E. form.)
(owllerpoint, as in Shako - M. F . contre- County, orig. a province governed by a
poinct, the back-stitch or quilting-stitch, count. (F. - L.) M. E . COU1ttee. - O. F .
also a quilt; Cot. 13. Thus named, by a cotmte (i. e. cOUll-Ie'), F. comlt, a province.
popular etymology, from a fancied connec- - Late L. comiliiltml, acc. of "omit,itus, a
tion with M. F. cOlltrejoi1lder, to work the coullty , though the old meaning was aCom-
back·stitch (from cont1'/! = L. contra ). But ! pany or suite). - L. comi/-, stem of COllies,
I
really connected with M. F. coulrepoinlcr, a count; see Count ( I).
to q uilt (al so in Cotgra\'ey. In fact, cOlllre- . Couple. (F. - L.) n . F . (opl.·, later
115
 COUPON KI NE
I
rouple. - L. cupula, a bond, band, that a cousin. - L. COlt · (rum), together; sobri-
which joins; short for *co·ap-ula. - L. (0 - 1111.<, for *swesr-i1t1ts, belonging to a sister;
(cum), together; and O. L. apere, to join, from L. soror (for *swuiJr) , a sister; cf.
preserved in the pp. aptus; see Apt. Skt. roasr, a si ter. See Sister. (Cf.
Coupon, one of a series of conjoined Brugm. i. § 319.)
tickets or certificates. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F. Cove, a nook . (E.) A.S.cofa,a cham-
(oupon , a piece cut off, a coupon. - F.couper, ber, a cave. + Icel. kofi, a hut; Swed.
to cut, slash. - F.{oup, ablow. - LateL. kofva; G. koven, a cabin. ~ Distinct
colpus, short for colaphus, a blbw. - Gk. from cave, roop, alcove. llrugm. i. § 658 .
KuAacpos, a blow on the ear. Covenant, agreement. ( F.-L.) O. F .
Courage. IF.-L.) F. courage, O. F. covenallt, also convenant, agree ment. -
corage; formed with su ffi x -age (L .-titictem) O. F. cO(Il)vma..t, pres. pt. of. co(,,)vmir,
from O. F. cor, heart. - L. cor, h eart. to assemble, agree. - L. conuellire, to as-
D er. encourage. semble, come together ; see Convene.
Courier. l F . - Ital.-L.) M. F.courier, Cover, to hide. (F.-L.) O.F. covrir
a runner ; F. coun-ier. -Ital. con'iere, lit. ({ouvrir). _ L. coojJerire, to cover. - L. (0-
'runner.' - Ital. correre, to run . - L. cur- (cum ), wholly; operire, to shut, hide. For
rere, to run . *op-uerire; cf. Lith. aZ-7IJeriu, I shut,
course. (F. - L.) F. course. - L. cur- wartai, doors, Oscan acc. venl, a door .
sum , acc. of mrStls, a course; from pp. of llrugm. i. § 350.
currere. D er. rours-er, a swift horse. coverlet. (F . -L.) M. E . coverlite.
Court ( I), a yard; royal retinue, judicial - A. F. covedet, ~overlit. (not in O. F-) ,
assembly. ( F .- L. ) M. E. cort, curt. - a bed-cover. - O.l<.. covr,r, to cover ; itt,
O.F. cort, curt (F. cour/), a court, a yard, a bed, from L. lectum, acc. of lect.u, a
also a tribunal. - L. acc. cUrtem, cohorlem bed.
(nom. cohors), a pen, enclosure, cattle- covert. (F. - L. ) O. F. cove,t, pp.
yard, court, also a cohort, or band of sol- of covrir, to cover (above) .
diers. - L. co- (£11m), together; and h ~'-!-, Covet. (F.-L.) M. E. coudten (co-
as in hort-tlS, a garden, yard, cog-a ate with veitm). - A. F. coveiter ( F. convoiter).
yard. (.vGHER.) Cf. Ital. ettbitare (for cupitare), to covet.
court (2) , to seek favour. (F.-L.) Formed, as if from L. *C1Ipidittire, from
From the sb. court; hence, to practise arts cup iditti-tem, acc., eager desire, which
in vogue at court. is from cupidus, desirous of. - L. ettpere,
courteous, of courtly manners. (F. to desire. See Cu p id .
-L.) M. E. {orteis , later corteous. - Covey. (F.-L.) O. F . covee (F . rou-
O. F. corteis, courteous. - O. F. cort, a vee), a brood of partridges; fern. ofpp. of
court; with suffix -eis ( L. -emis). cover (F. couver), to hatch, sit. - L. cuhtirc,
courtesan. (F. -Ital. - L.) Fern. to lie down, sit. Cf. Gk. KIJcp6s, bent.
of 1'. co/n-lisan, a conrtier. - I tal. corti- Covin, secret agreement, frand; a law-
giano (in F lorio cort<:~"iano) , a courtier. For term. (F . - L.) M. E. (ovi1,e. - O. F.
*ror/esiano, an extension of cortese, cour- covine, agreement. -0. F. covenir, to as-
teous ; from Ital. corte, court. - L. ace. semble, agree. - L. conuellire, to come
(ur/em; see Court ( I). together. See Con ven e, Covenant. (The
courtesy. (F . -L.) M. E. cor/esie. O. F. covine answers to Late L. convenia,
- O. F . cD1'/esie, courtesy. - O. F. corteis, pI. of convelZium, an agreement.)
courteous; see courteous. COW ( I), fem ale of the bull. ( E.) A. S.
courtier. ( F. - L.) M. E. courteotlr. cu; pI. cj, whence M. E. ky, and the
From A. 1'. *cortei-er (0. F. (ortoi-er), to double pI. ky-tn = kine. Teut. stem *ku-,
+
live at court; with suffix -our (L. -ii/orem). whence also Icel. kjr. Dn. koe, Swed.
- O. F. rort , a court . Dan. ko , G. kuk; Teut. stem *ku-. Also
Court cards j a corruption of coat Irish and Gael. bu, W. btlw, L. bUs (gen.
rards, pictured cards, the old name. bou-is), Gk. {Jo"" Pers. giiw, Skt.go- (nom.
Courteous, &c.; see Court . gaus); cf. Russ . goviado, oxen. Idg.
Cousin. (F. - L.) M. E. eosin. - O. F. stems ~r(w) iitl-, *g(W)07I'-. See B eef.
rosin ( F. (otlsin; Late L. cosinus, Ital. kine, cows. ( E.) A double pl., made
m gino, Romaunsch cusrin, {usdrin~ .- L. by adding -1t, short for ·e'l (A. S. -an), to
(ol1.fof,rimiS, the child of a mother's sister, M. E. ky, A. S. cj. cows. The A. S. cy,
11 6
 cow CRANBERRY
pl. of CIt. a cow, is formed by vowd- daw ; G. krebs (0. H. G. crebiz) , a crab,
change from i, to y_ Du. kree/t, a crab. See Crayfish.
Cow (2), to dishearten. (Scand.) Ice!. crabbed, peevish, cramped. (E. )
kliga, to tyrannise over; Dan. kue, to From crab, sb.; i. e. crab-like, snappish
coerce, subdue; Swed. kufva, to sup- or awkward. Cf. Du. krabben, to scratch,
press. kn'bbm, to be peevish.
Coward. (F.-L. ) A.F.couard,ahare, Crab (2), a kind of apple. (E.) Cf.
a coward , F. cOttard, a coward; cf. Ita!. Swed. krabbiiple, crab-apple. Perhaps
codardo, a coward. Probably named from allied to cra.bbed (above) .
the 'bob-tailed' hare.-O. F. coe (Ital. Crabbed; see Crab (I).
foda ) , a tail; with F. suffix -ard, from Crack. (E.) A. S. cracian, to crack.
Teut. -Ilart, orig. hard. - L. cauda, a +Du. krakelt , to crack, creak; G. kra·
tail. cllelt. Cr. Gael. crac, a fissure, ettaC, a
Cower. (Scand.) M.E. couren.-Ice!' crack, to crack (from E. ). Imitative, like
kl,ra, Dan. kure, to doze, lie quiet ; Swed. crake, c,-eak, croak, "'asll, g-nash, knock.
kura, to cower, lie quiet; Swed. dial. kura, cracknel. (F. - Du .) Formerly crake-
to sit hunched up. Cf. G. kauern, to nd, corruption of F. craque!in, a cracknel.
cower. - Do. krakeling-, a cracknel. Named from
Cowl ( 1), a monk's hood. (L.) M. E. its crispness. - Du. krakett, t o crack.
aile, cOttle. A. S. mg-e!e, cug-Ie.-L. cu- crake, corncrake, a bird. (E.)
cttlla, a cowl; cf. also CUCttl/us. From its cry; M . E. craken, to cry out.
Cowl (2 ), a vessel carried on a pole. Allied to crack, croak.
(F. - L.) M.E. COtte!. - O.F. Cttve/ (cuveau), Cradle. (E.) A.S. cradol. Cf. O. H,C;.
a little tuh; dimin. of CttVe, a vat, tub. - cralto, a basket; also O. H. G. crezzo,
L. Cltpa, a tub. Der. cowl-staff. pro v; G. kratze, a basket.
COwry, a small shell used for money. Craft, skill. (E.) A. S. CYlzft.+Du.
(Hind .-Skt.) Hind. kauri, a small shell kracht, Icel. kraptr,kraftr, Swed. Dan. G.
( Cypraa tltOlzcta) used as coin in the kraft, force . Cf. A. S. crajian, to crave,
lower provinces of India. - Skt. kaparda. demand. Der. kandi-craft.
Cowslip, a flower. (E.) M. E. cou- Crag. (C.) W. craig-, Gael. creag,
sloppe. A. S. ctt-sloppe, cit-slyppc, lit. cow- crag, rock; Irish creag-, a rock; d . W .
slop, i. e. a piece of dung. (Other A. S. careg-, Gael. carraig-, rock , cliff, Bret.
llames of plants are of a very homely karrek , O. Irish carr£c, a rock.
character.) Cf. oxlip, q. v. ; and provo E. Crake; see Crack.
bull-slop, a Inrge kind of oxlip (Britten). Cram. (E.) A. S. crammian, to stuff.
Co][comb. (E.) A fool, named from + I ce!. kremja, Swed . krama, Dan.
his "ock's comb, or fool's cap, cap with a kramme , to squeeze. From cramm· , 2nd
cock's crest. grade of the str. vb. crimm-an, to crumble.
Cozswain. (F. and Scand.) For And cf. Cramp.
cock-swain; from cock (4), a boat, and Cramp. (F. - Teut.) F. crampc, 'the
swain. crampe,' Cot.; cf. crampon, 'a cramp-
Coy. (F. -L.) O. F. coi, older form iron.' - Du. kramp, a cramp, spasm. From
tJuei, quiet, still; spelt coy, qugy, in Cot- the 2nd grade of Teot. *krempan-, *krim-
grnve. - Folk-L. *quetum, acc. of *quetus, pan- , to draw together, as in O.H.G. krim-
for L. quietus, still. See Quiet. phan, to draw together, str. vb. Cf. E.
Coyote, a prairie.wolf. (Mexican.) crimp, cramp, crumple; Icel. krappr,
From coyote, Span. pron. of Mex. coyotl. cramped; kreppa, to pinch. And com-
Cozen. (F . - L.) To cozen is to act pare Crank.
as cousin or kinsman, to sponge upon, Crane. a bird. (E. ) A. S. cran.+Dl1.
beguile. - F. cousiner, to call cousin, to kraan, Icel. trani (for kram), Swed .
sponge, live on other people; see Hamil · trana, Dan. trane, G. kran-ich; W. and
ton and Cotgrave. - F. cousin, a cousin; Bret. g-aran, Gk. 'YffK1YOS, a crane, also a
see Cousin. crane for raising weights. Cf. L. g-rus, a
Crab ( 1), a shell-fish. eE.) A . S. crane, Lith. g-anzys, a stork. From
,.,·abba. +Ice!. krabbi, Swed. krabba, Dan. ",GER, to cry out; cf. Gk. -yi]PIIS, voice
krabbe, Du. krab , G. krabbe. Allied to (Prellwitz).
E. Fries. and Du. kraMm, to scratch . cranberry. (Low G.) Modern; from
 CRANIUM CREAK
l.ow G. kraal/ben (Berghaus) , (;. krall- , worn by the Croa/iallS, who were called
been, lit. crane berry ; cf. Dan. tralleba:r in }<'. Croata or Crovales or Cravate.-.
lfrom t rallt = krane, as above); Swed. Croat is a name of Slavonic origin; cf.
Irallbiir. I Russ. K raal', a Croatian.
Cranium. (L.-Gk.) Med. L. era- I Crave. (E.) A. S. eraJian, to. crave,
uitllJl. - Gk. ItpavLov, skull; allied to Itapa, ask. Cf. Ice\. krifja, Swed. Imijva, Dan.
head. krtZVe, 1'0 demand; Ice\. krafa, a de-
Crank (I) , a bend. (E. ) M. E. erallke. mand.
Allied to E. Fries. krlmkm, pp., bent. I Craven. (F. - L. ?) The oldest (orm
Cf. Du. kronkcl, a wrinkle, kronkelen , ' is M. E. eraval11, with the sense of beaten,
to wrinkle, turn, wind. Teut. base *krmk-, I foiled, or overcome. 1. Mr. Nicol sug-
I
variant of *kreng-. C(. Cringe, Crinkle. gested that it is a clipped form of O. F.
crank (2) , easily npset, as a boat. , eravalll!, pp. explained by- Cotgrave by
(E.) I. e. easily bent or twisted aside. : ' oppressed, foiled'; this is the pp. of
Cf. Du. kralik, ill, poor; also krengen, to O. F . eravanter, to break, oppress~Late
careen a boat; Swed. kriinga, Dan. L. *ercpalllare, formed from erepant-, stem
kr«1Ige, to heel over; see Cringe. of pres. pI. of erepare, to crack, break.
crank (3), lively. (E.) The same Cf. Span. qtlcbraillar, to crack, break.
word , from the idea of turning quickly. 2. But it seems rather to be due to a con·
Cf. Norw. krillg , active, brisk; Dan. dial. fusion of the E. vb. to crave with M.E.
k ncll,f{. dexterous. creaunt, used in the precise sense of
Cranny. (F. - L.?) M. E. crany. recreant, craven, beaten; this answers to
- F. crall, a notch; with E. suffix -y o O. F. crealll, trusting, from Lat. acc.
Allied to ltal. crma,anotch (Florio). Cf. credmtem, believing; from cridere, to
Late L. crena, a notch (a word of doubt· believe, in Late L., to yield, to fear (d.
ful authority). See Crenellate. re·creant). Cf. prov o E. cradde", cradant,
Crants, a garland. (M. Du. -G.) M. a coward; prob. from an A. F. form of
Du. krallls, Du. kra1ls, a garland, wreath l. . cridel11em.
(whence Dan. krat"'s, Sw. krans). All Craw, crop of fowls. (E.?) M. E.
from G. kram , a wreath. a"awe. As if from A. S. *craga, the neck;
Crape. ( F. - 1..) F . crepe, formerly not found; N . Fries. krage. neck, craw.
cresp, • fri zzled, crisped, crisp;' Cot. Allied to Du. kraag, G. kragm, neck,
h om its wrinkled surface. - L. crispus, collar (whence Late Ice\. kragi, Swed.
cllrled. See Crisp. krage, Dan . krave, a collar) . Note also
Crare, a small ship. (F.) In Cymb. Dan. kro, thecrawofa bird; Swed.kni.fva.
iv. l. 205. M.E. crayer.-O.F. craie,', Crarish, the same as Crayfish.
o'eer, a war-vessel. Of unknown origin. Crawl. (Scand .) Provo E. crajJle,
Crash, vb. (E.) Of imitative origin; . crojJle, to craw!' - Ice!. krafla, to paw,
closely allied to crack. Cf. clas/l, dash; crawl; Swed. krafla, to grope; Dan.
and see Craze. k"avle, to crawl. Cf. N. }<-ries. krabli,
Crasis. (Gk.) Gk. Itpa.u<s, a mixing; krawli, to crawl ; l.ow G. krattelll. Frc-
hence, contraction. - Gk. ItfpO.yVV,,", I quentative from Teut. base *krab-, to
mix. scratch, claw; see Crab.
Crass. (L.) 1.. crassus, thick, dense. Cransh. (F. - O. H . G.) Altered
Cratch, a crib, manger. (F.-O.H.G.) from M.E. creviu.-O.F. crevisse, es-
M. E. crecene. - O. F . cree/Ie (creche) ; crevisse (tcnvisse). - O. H . G. crebiz, G.
Provo crepcha. -0. H. G. crippea (whence krebs, a crab; allied to G. krabbe, acral>;
G krippe), a crib. See Crib. see Crab ( I ).
Crate. (L. ) 1.. crales, a hurdle ; hence, Crayon. (F . -L.) F. crayon; extended
a wicker-case, &c. from F. craie, chalk. - L. erela, chalk.
Crater. (1.. - Gk. ) L. crallr, a bowl, Craze. (Scand. ) M. E. crased, i. e.
a crater. _ Gk. ItpO.TTtp, a large bowl in cracked. _ Swed. /..'Yasa, Dan. k"ase, to
which things were mixed. -Gk. ItfpOVVV,,", crackle; whence also F. tcraur, to break
I mix. : in pieces. Cf. Swed: sla. 11I kras, Dan.
Cravat. (F. -Slavonic.) F. cravate, slaae i kras , to break 10 shivers.
( I) a Croatian, (1 ) a cravat. Cravats I Creak. (E.) M. E. kre~en. All ~ed to
were introduced into }<'rance in 1636, as . erake, crack. Cf. Du. kn ck, a CrIcket,
118
 CREAM CRIB

to crack. Of imitative origin.

I
M. F. (riqueI', to creak, allied 10 cmqllt!l', of European blood. (F . -Spall. - L.) F.
crtole. -Span. (1'io/lo, a negro corruption
Cream. ( F. -L. -Gk.) O. F. crume of *crilldillo, di min. of criado, one edu-
(F. (r~lIIe); really Ihe same word as O. :F. ! cated. instructed, or brought u]'; hence, a
cresme (F. chrbJle), chrism (Ihough con - child of European blood. Criado is pp.
fused with L. crelJlor, thick juice) .-L:tle ' of ( riare, 10 Cleate, also, to educale.-L.
L. chrisma, consecrated oi\. - Gk. XP :UJU1. , I creare, tu create, make. ~ Cf. Span.
an unguent; see Chrism. criadi//a, dimin. of oiada, a servant-maid.
Crease (1), a wrinkle, as in folding Creosote, a li cJuid distilled from tar.
paper, &c. (F. -L.) Earliest spelling (Gk. ) Lit. ' flesh · preserver.' - Gk. "PfO-,
creast, a ridge (later, a furrow). Variant for Kpfaf, flesh; and Uo.rT-, short for Uo.rT-~p,
of crest, ridge (as of a roof). Cf. Walloon preserver, from uw,,,v, to preserve. (lll-
cress, a crest, ridge of a roof, kretie, formed. )
wrinkled (Remade) ; Provo crest, creis, a Crescent. (L.) The 'increasing'
ridge; and provo E. crease, a ridge-tile of moon. - L. crescmt-, stem of pres. pt. of
a roof. (Athen. Sept. 18, 1897.) cresecre, to grow, increase (pp. (rl-/us),
erease (~ ) , Creese, a dagger. (Ma- inchoalive form allied to ere-are, 10
lay. ) Malay kris, 'a dagger, kris, or make; see Create.
creese;' Marsden_ Cress. (E.) M. E. ere!, ako kerse (by
Create. (L.) From pp. of L . erelire, shifting of 1-). A. S. clZ1'se, cerse, cressrz.
to make.+Skt. kr. to make. Der. ereat- +Du. l.-e1's, M. Du. and Low G. kerse, G.
ure, O. F. creature, L. enatura. And see kresu, O. H. G. cressa.
Crelloent. Brugm. i. ,6..p. Cresset. (F. - L.) M. E. cressel,
Creed. (L.) M. E. erede; A. S. erlda. a light in a cup at the top of a pole.-
- L. erMo, I believe: the first word of O. F . a -esset, eraisset, a cresset (with
the creed. + O. Irish eretim, I believe; grease in an iron cup).-O. F. craisse (F.
Skt. (rad-dadltlillli, I believe. Der. cred- graisu), grease; Littre. -l'·olk-L. *crassia,
mce (0. F. a'ldenee, L. eredenlia); cred- I grease, from L. crOSS1lS, thick, dense. So
iMe; C1'edit (L. pp. crMitus); cred-uluus also 'Wa11oon cracht, a cresset, from
(I.. crMulus), &e. Brugm. i. § 539. erache. grease.
Creek. (E.?) M. K mke, a creek.+ Crest. (F. - L.) O. I'. cmle (f'.
Du. kreek, M. Du. krike; cf. Ice!. kriki, a crete.) - L. crista, a comb or tuft on a
crack, nook (whence F . crique ). The bird's head , crest.
orig. sense is 'a bend,' as in Swed. dia!' Cretaceous, chalky. (L. ) L. cre-
armkn'k, bend of the arm ; krik, an angle, tiice-tts. adj. from crila, chalk; with suffix
nook. -ous.
Creel, an angler's osier basket. (F. - Crevice, Crevasse. (F. - L.) M. E.
L.) O. F. ereil, wicker-work (Ducange, crevice, crevase, crevasse. - O. I'. crevasse,
S.V. c!eia).-L. type ·criifimIUlIl, for a rift (Late L. crepiitia;. -O. F. crever, to
cra/icula, wicker-work, double dimin. of burst asunder. - L. (1'epiire, to crackle,
crates, a hurdle. See Crate and Grill. burst.
Creep. (E. ) M. E. crepm; A. S. Crew. (F. - L. ) 'F ormerly cmc, short
crlo}att.+Du. kntipm, Ice!. krjlipa, Swed. for a{(nle, a re-inforcement. - O. F . ac·
krypa, Dan. krybe, to craw!' Tent. type creue, increase; orig. fern. of pp. of ae-
*krellpan-, str. vb. croistre, to increase. - L. acerescere, to
Creese; see Crease ( 2). grow to . -L. ac- (for ad), to; creseere, to
Cremation, burning. (L.) L. cremli- grow.
tiollem, ace. of crematio; from pp. of cre- Crewel, a thin worsted yarn. Origin
ma,'c , 10 bum. unknown .
Crenate, notched. (L.) From Late Crib, a manger. (E.; A. S. cn·b.+
L. erma, M. Ita!' crma, a notch. O. Sax. kribbia, Du. krib, G. krippe ;
crenellate. ( LateL.-F.-L.) From allied to Icel. Swed. krubba , Dan. krybbe.
pp. of Late L. crbzelilire. to fumish with Allied perbaps to M. H. G . krebe, a basket;
battlements. - 0. F. crmei, a battlement; but not to Du. korf, G . korb, if these arc
dimin. of O. F. erelt , F. cran, a notch, from L. eorbis. Der. cn'b, verb. to put by
from Lale L. crella (above; . I in a crib, purloin; cn 'M-age, where crt'/; i~
Creole, one bom in the W. Indies. but the secret slore of card5
119
 CRICK CROP
Crick. a sp.'\sm or twist in the neck , line. - F. (ri" (L. acc. cri'ltlll) , hair;
(E .) M. E. crykke; also used in the sense and Ii", flax , hence thread, from L. /intllll,
of wrench. Prob. allied to Crack. flax, also, a thread.
Cricket ( I), an insect. (F.-Teut.) Cripple. (K) M. E. (repel, (rupel;
M. E. criktl. - O. F. crequet, criquet, O. Northumb. crypel, Luke v. 24. Lit.
cricket. - O. F. criquer, to creak, rattle, ' a creeper.' - A. S. crup- , weak grade of
chirp. _ Du. kriek, a cricket; krikkrakkeu, (reOpan (pt. t. C1'rap) , to creep; with suffix
to rattle. From the imitath'e base krik; -el (for -ilo-) of the agent.+Du. krcupel,
cf. provo E. crackel, creaker, a cricke t. Icel. kryppill, G. krlippe/. Cf. Dan. krdb-
Hexham has M. Du. krickell, ' to creake.' 1i11g (from krybt, to creep). See Creep.
Cricket (2 ) , a game. (F.-Du.) The Crisis; s~ e Critic.
game was once played with a hooked Crisp, wrinkled, curled. (L.) A. S.
stick (Cot., S. v. crosse). - O. F. criquet, crisp.- L. (n'spus, curled. BrugtD. i. § 565.
'baton servant de but au ·jeu de boule;' Critic. (L. - Gk.) L. criliCIIs. - Gk.
Godefroy. - M. Du. krick, kricke, a crutch; "ptTt"Or, able to discern; cf. "pt~r, a
Hexham. ce. A. S. (rice, cry((, a crutch, judge. - Gk. ",x-I'*tl', to judge. Der. cril-
staff. erio1t, Gk. "ptT.qp'0l', a test; tlia·crilic,
Crime. (F. -L.) F. (rime. -L. cri- from Gk. ~ta"ptTt"o.., fit for distinguishing
lIIetl, an a ccusation, fault (stem crimi'I- ) j between.
allied to cernere, to decide. + Gk. "P'}.ta, crisis. (Gk.) Gk. "plcm , a discerning,
"pipa , a decision j "pil'''I', to judge. Der. a crisis. - Gk. "PI-I'*'I', to judge.
(rimin-a/, crimin-ate; hence, recrimiflate Croak. (E.) Cf. A. S. (riileiung, a
CrimP. to wrinkle. (E.) In late use; croaking. Of imitative origin. ~llied to
answering to an A.S. *(rempan, E. Fries. crake, (reak.
krempen, causal deriv. of Cramp. The Crochet. (F.-Late L.) F. crtJ(hl!l, a
orig. str. vb. occurs as E. Fries. and Du. little hook; dimin. of (roc, a crook .....Late
krimpen, O. H. G. krimfan; Teut. type L . (roccum, acc. of (roccus, a hook.
*krempa,,- (krimpan-), to draw oneself Crock. a pitcher. (C.) A. S, (rocm.
together, shrink up; pt. t. ·kramp, pp. Of Celtic origin. Cf. E. Irish (rOCa1' , Gael.
*krumpmlO-. See Cramp and Crumple. crog, Irish crogan, W. crocha1l, a pitcher,
Crimson. (F.-Arab.-Skt.) M . K pot.+Gk. "fJOJooor (for ItfJOJl<Jlor) , a pitcher.
(Yemosin. - O. F . cramomn, cramoisyne So also Du. kruik, Icel. krukka, Swed.
(see cramoisi in Littre) ; Low L. crame- kruka , Dan. krukkt, G. krug.
sinus, also (armesinus, crimson (Span. Crocodile. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. croco·
(armesi, Ita1. dur11lislJ. - Arab. qirmizi, dilt. - L. (ro(odilus. - Gk. ItPO,,6tJfthOr, a
crimson; from qirmiz, the cochineal in- lizard , a crocodile.
sect. - Skt. kr1ll;(s), a worm. Brugm. i. Crocus. (L.-Gk.) L. croclIs.-Gk.
§ 4 18 . "pO "or, crOCIlS, saffron. Perhaps Semitic;
Cringe. (E.) M. E. crengen; causal cf. Arab. karkam, Heb. karko1ll, saffron.
derivative of A. S. cringan, crincan, to Croft. (E.) A. S. croft, a field .+Du.
sink in battle, fall beneath the foe. kro(/zt, kro/I, a field on the downs.
Crincan is a strong verb; see Crank, Cromlech. (w.) W. (romlech, a flag-
Crinkle. stone laid across others.- W. (rom, fem.
Cringle. an iron ring. (Low G.) of crwm, crooked, bent; llech, flat stone.
Low G. kringel, a ring (Lubben ) ; E. Fries. Crone. an old woman. (F. - L.) Tusser
kn'ngel j allied to Icel. kring/a, a circle has (rone, an old ewe. Prob. from Picard
(cf. kringar, pl., the pullies of a drag-net). carone, carrion; whence M. Du. karoltie,
Dimin. of E. Fries. kring, a ring , Du. kronie, an old sheep. See Carrion.
kring, a circle; allied to Crinkle, Crank CronY'. an old chum. (Gk. ?) Pepys
( I), and Cringe. has chrony (N. E . D. ). Perhaps for Gk.
Crinkle. (E.) M. E. crinkled, (rene/ed, XpOI'tOr, a 'long-lasting' friend; as it arose
twisted. A frequent. form of the causal in college slang (Skinner). Butler rimes
deriv. of crink, which occurs in the A. S. cronies with monies.
str. vb. cri'lcml, to sink in a heap; see Crook, a hook, bend. (Scand.) M. K
Cringe. crok (Ancren Riwle) . - Ice I. krokr, Swed.
Crinoline, a lad y's stiff skirt. (F . - krok , Dan. krog, hook, hend. angle.
L.) F. ""ina/ine, : I ) hair-cloth, ( 2) crino- Crop. (K ) A. S. (1't;PP, the top of a
120
 CROUP CRUMPET
plant, the craw of a bird; orig. a bunch. ; crow (2: , a bird. (Eo) A. S. miwl!
[Hence the verb to crop, to cut off the (see above).+O. S. kriiia, Du. kraai, (:.
tops; and hence crop, a han·est.J+Du. krane. Der. crtnlJ-Oar, bar with a crow-
krojJ, G. kropf, bird" crop; Ice!. kroppr, like beak.
a hunch ; Swell. kropp, Dan. lTop, trunk Crowd (1 ), to push, throng. (E. ) A. S.
of the body. Cf. W . cropa, Gael. and Ir. *c~'7dall (pr. s. crjdt) , pt. t. (read), 10
sgrooa1l, bird's crop. [To crop out is to push; whence eroda, gl!erod, a crowd,
bunch out.] throng. + M. Du. k ruydm, kruym, Du.
croup (2 ), hinder part of a horse. (F. kruien, to push along; E. Fries. kroden,
- Teut.) F. crollpe, crupper; orig. pro- kriidm. Teut. type *kn7dall-, str. vb.
tuberance. -Icel. kroppr, a hunch (above). Crowd (2), a fiddle. (W. ) M. E.
crupper. (F.-Teut.) F. croupitre crozldt. -W. erwth, a trunk, belly, crowd,
(0. F. cropiere). - F. croupe (0. F. erope, violin, fiddle; Gael. eneit, harp; O. Irish
above). crot, harp.
Croquet, a game. (F .-LateL.) From Crown. (F.-L.-Gk.) M . E. corolte,
N. French croquet, a little hook, bent coroum (whence croll1le). - O. F. CO/'Ol1e
stick; the same as F. croc1ut. See (F. couronm). - L. corijlla, a wreath. - Gk.
Crochet. ICOp&II''1, end, tip; IColxlJ/llr, a wreath, gar-
Crosier. (l'.-Late L.) M. E. crocer, land. - Gk. IC0f'OJ"or, bent, curved. Cf.
croser, &c. Formed, with suffix -rr, from Gk. KVPTOS, L. Ctlnms, bent.
M. E. croce, in the same sense of 'bishop's Crucial. (F. - L.) :1'. crtlcial, 'cross-
staff.' - O. F. croce, 'a crosier,' Cot.; mod. like;' Cot. - L. cruci., dec!. stem of C1'l'X,
:1". crosse; Late L. crocr'a. - O. F. eroc, a a cross ;« ith suffix -tilis.
hook; see Crochet. ~ Not from cross, cruen)'. (F.-L.) O. F. " ',,cijier.-
though early confused with M. E. crois;er , Late L. *crucijictire, for L. cYUcijigo'e
a coinage from O. F. cro;s, a cross. (pp. cruciJixus), to fix on a cross. - L.
Cross. (L.) M. E. cros; from Icel. croci, dative of crux; figere , to fix; see
kross, adopted from O. Irish cros.- L. Fix. Der. crucijix, -;Ot"
(ruc-em, acc. of crux, a cross. Der. Crucible. (L.) From Late L. (ruci-
a-cross. oolum, (I ) a night-lamp, ( 2) a vessel for
cross, adj. (L.) Orig. transverse, melting metals. The lamp may have
from the shape of a cross ; hence, peevish. been so named from having four nozzles
Crotchet, in music. (F. -Late L.) with wicks, forming a cross (still a com-
:1'. crod,el, ' a small hook, a quaver in mon Ita!' pattern); as if from cr"o'-, dec!.
music;' Cot. (The hooked mark now stem of crux, a cross ; with suffix -oolllflt
called a quaver was called crochet in =-oulu1Il , as in tur;OUltWI, a censer.
French. ) See Crochet. Crude. (L.) L. crudus, raw. Allied
Croton, plant. (Gk.) Gk. ItpOTOlJI, a to Raw.
tick, which the castor-berry resembles. cruel. (F. - L.) O. F. croel. - J..
Crouch. (F. - Late L.) M. E. (rOZl- criidCiis, cruel; allied to crudus, raw
ellen, to stoop, bend. - O. F. Ct'ochir, (above ).
to grow crooked (Godefroy). - O. F . Cruet. (F. -Teut.) A. F. crod, a
( ro(hl!, a crook; also (roc.-Late L. croc· small vessel (Godefroy) ; dimin. of O. F.
,UIIl , acc. of cro((us, a hook. (rt~ie, crue, pot. - Low L. crt7ga, a pitcher.
Croup (I ) , a disease. (E. ) From Low- -0. H . G. kruog, G. kmg, a pitcher;
land Sc. croupe, erope, to croak, make a allied to Crock.
harsh noise. Of imitative origin; asso- Cruise. (Du. -L.) Du . krttisen, to
ciated with crow, croak, and with North cmise, cross the sea.-Du. kneis, a cross.
E . ,'oup, rope, to call, shout hoarsely, from -L. acc. CrltC-em, from (nex, a Cro5S;
Icel. h,'opa, weak vb., to cry out. Cf. A. S. with lengthening of,t.
hropall (pt. t. hreop), to cry out; G. rttfm Crumb. (E.) Provo E. croom. A. S.
(pt. t. riel). cYUma. (The final 0 is excrescent.) +Du.
Croup (2) , of n horse; see Crop. krui1ll, Dan. knml1lu, G. krllme, a
Crow (I), vb. (E. ) A. S. crawatt (pt. t. crumb. Cf. Ital. g rumo, a clot. Der,
crlow) , to crow.+Du. kraaijen, G. krallen, crumb-Ie, verb; CC. Du. kn,imelen , G.
weak verbs; and cf. O. Slav. grajati, Lith. krome/n, to cmmble.
grotz', to crow. Of imitative origin Crumpet, a kind of cake. (E.) Wyclif
III
 CRUMPLE CUFF
has croJltpid cake to render Lat. laga· Shetl. coob, to bring forth }oung, applied
Il/II/l ( Ex. xxix. 23); cf. provo E. crumpy only to a seal; Ice!. kobbi, Mpr, a young
cake, crisp cake. For cnllllp.cl7, pp. of seal.
M. E . cntmpen, to curl up (whence E. Cube. (F . -L. - Gk.) F. cube. - L
crumple ). Cf. G. kriimpm, krumpm, to acc. mbum. - Gk. KV{30S, a cube, die.
crumple. curl up; krwlI1l1, curved; Du. Cubeb, a spicy berry. (F.-Span.-
krOJltlllclI. to crook, curve. See below. Arab.) F . mbebe, in Cotgrave. -Span.
Crumple, vb. (E.) Frequentative of Ctlbeba. - Arab . .kababa(/ ), pI. kabtibak,
obs. crwllp, to curl up. From crump·, cuueb. an aromatic.
weak grade of A. S. $cri1llpa1l, str. vb.; Cubit. (L.) L. mbitus, au elbow,
see Cramp and Crimp. bend; the length from the elbow to the
Crunch. (E.) An imitative word. middle finger's end. Allied to L. cubare,
Cf. provo E. crinck, cranck, to crunch. to lie down, recline; see Covey.
Crupper; see Crop. Cuckold. (F.; 1t1;tk G. sujJix.) M. E.
Cru1'aJ.. (L.) L. cr,1rtilis, belonging kokewold, kokeweld, cokold. - O. F. wcu-
to the leg. -L. crt1r., stem of cr'/s, the aull, coucual (G odefroy), a cuckold.-
leg. O. 1<'. cum ( F. COIICOU;, a cuckoo; with
Crusade. (F. ana'Span.-L.) The depreciatory suffix -aull, -aI, from G.
form is due to confusion of F . croisade -wald (Diez, Gram. ii. 346). cr. O. F.
with Span. cruzada. - Late L. crtlciata, CltCU (1'-. couco" " a cuckoo i secondly, a
sb. fern., a marking with the cross. pp. f. man whose wife is unfaithful. (There are
of crttcitire, to cross. - L. cruci-, declo endless allusions to the comparison be-
stem of crux, a cross. tween a cuckoo and a cuckold i see Shako
Cruse, a small pot. (E.) M. . cruse. L. L. L. v. 2. 920, &c.)
W. Fries. kross, E. Fries. kros. + Icel. Cuckoo. (F. ) F. Cot~cOU; from the
kriis, a pot; Swed. ms, Dan. krullS, a bird's cry. Cf. L. cucullts, a cuckoo; Gk.
mug; Du. kroes, cup, pot, crucible; KJKKU(, a cuckoo; ItOKKU, its cry; Skt.
M. H. G. kruse. G. krause, mug. kokila-, a cuckoo; Irish cuack, W. cog.
Crush. (1'.- Teut.) O. F. crusir, Cf. cock, cockatoo. And see Coo.
crllis;r, croissir, to crack, break; (Span. Cucumber. (L.) The b is excrescent;
cruxir, Ital. crosciare). From a Teut. M. E. clIcumer.-L. cucume1'cm, acc. of
type *kraustjan- (see Diez), causal form cucumis, a cucumber.
from Goth. kriusla1l. to gnash with the Cud. (E.) M. E. cutle, code, quide.
teeth. A. S. twidu, CWtOdll, Ctldu. Ttut. type
Crust. (F. - L.) O. F. crousle (F. *k7tled1('om, neut. Cf. SkI. jaIZl-, resin;
crotile). -L. crusla, crust of bread. Cf. also Icel. kwtitJa, resin. Orig. sense,
Gk. KpUOS, frost; see Crystal. Der. 'glutinous substance.'
crusl-y, hard like a crust, stubborn, Cuddle. (E. ) Perhaps for *couthle, to
harshly curt (of people). be familiar, to fondle; from couth, adj.
Crutch. (E.) M . E. cnlCche; from familiar, well known; A. S . CtitJ, known,
A. S. cry", a crutch, staff. + Du. kruk, pp. of Wllnan, to know. See Can ( I ). Cf.
Swed. krycka, Dan. krykke, G. kriicke . provo E. coutk, loving; cootie, to fondle.
Cry. ( f . -L.) M. E. crim.-F. crier. Cudgel. (Eo) M. E. kllggel. A. S.
( Fuller forms occur in Ita!' gridare, Span. cycgei; in Gregory's Pastoral Care, ed.
grilar. Port. grilar. ) - L qlliritlire, to Sw~et . p. 29 7. . Cf. Cog.
shriek, cry, lament (Brachet ) ; lit. 'to Cudweed. (E.) From (ud and weed;
implore the aid of the Quirifes' or Roman 'the plant being administered to cattle
ci tizens ( V arro). that had lost their cud.' So also cud-
Cl'Y',Pt. (L. - Gk.) L. crypta. - Gk. worl.
KPUtrT'I/, a vault, hidden cave; orig. fern. Cue, for an actor. (L.? ) Sometimes
of KPU7rT 6s. hidd en. - Gk. "pU7rTftV, to hide. written q or qu in the 16th cent., and
Crystal. (F.-L. -Gk. ) Formerly supposed to be for L. qua1uio, when.
cristal. - O. F. cristal. - L. crystalltl1l1, Cd ( I), to strike. (Scand . ?) Cf.
crystal.-Gk. KPVOTaAAOS, ice, crystal.- Swed. kuffa, to thrust, push, M. Swed.
Gk. KPUOTalVEIV, to freeze. - Gk. KpUOS, kttfftl, to strike, to cuff (rhre).
frost. Cd ( 2), part of the sleeve. (L.?).
Cub. (E. ?) Etym. unknown. Cf. M . F. cuffe, coffe. Cf. Late A. S. "'jJie, a
122
 CUIRASS CUPREOUS
kind of cap (Leo) ; M. H. G. kupfe, Culver. (E.) A. S. cuifre, a nove.
kuppe, ku./fe, a coif; see Coif. [Very Culverin. (F.-L.) Corrupt form,
doubtful.) for *culevri,z. - F . cou/evrine, a culverin;
Cuirass. (F.-Ital.-L.) Formerly a piece of ordnance named from its long
w race. - O. F . wir ace (F. cuirasse). -Ital. shape, like a snake. - O. F. cOttlmvritz,
corazza, a cuirass. Formed from L. adder-like; from couleuvre, an adder. - L.
cor iiiceus, leathern. - L. corium, leather colu bra, co/uber, an adder.
(whence F. cuir, leather ). Culvert, an arched drain. (F.-L.)
Cuisses, pI. (1". -L. ) O. F . cui"ssaux, Of doubtful origin; perhaps formed, with
armour for the thighs. - F . cuisse, thigh. - added t, from O. F. cOttloueYe , 'a channel,
L. {o.m , hip. Brugm . i. § 609. gutter,' Cot. -F. cOttier, to trickle.-L.
Culdee. (C.) Irish ceilede, a Culdee, a coltire, to strain, drain. Compare Port-
servant of God. - Ir. ceile (0. Irish clle) , cullis and Cullis.
servant; and de, gen. of dia, God. Cumber. (F.-Late L.) M.E. com-
Culinary. (L.) L. cultntirius, be- bren. - O. :F. combrer, to binder (rare) ;
longing to the kitchen . - L. culina, usual form en- combrer. - Late L. cumbr us,
kitchen. a heap, a barrier; of doubtful origin.
Cull, to collect, select. (F. -L. ) M. E. [Cf. L. cumulus, a heap; but also G.
cullen. - O. F. {oillir, cuillir, to collect.- kummer, grief, oppression, provo G. kum·
L. {olligere, to collect. See Coil ( I) and mer, rubbish. Thus cumber=to put a
Collect. heap in the way.) Der. en-cumber, from
Cullender; see Colander. O. F. encombrer, to encumber, load.
Cullion, a wretch. (F. - L. ) A coarse Cumin, Cummin, a plant. (L. -
word. F. couillon (Ital. foglione ). - L. Gk. -Heb. ) M. E. (omin. A. S. cumin,
eUletls. cymen. -L. cuminum, Matt. xxiii. 23.-
Cullis, a strong broth , boiled and Gk. ,,';,.,..vov. - Reb. kammon, cumin.
strained. (F. -L.) Formerly colys, coleys. Cumula.te. (L. ) From pp. of L.
- O. F. colds, couleis, later cou/is, 'a cttmuliire, to heap up. - L. cumulus, a
cullis,' Cot. ; substantival use of colds. heap.
later coulis, 'gliding,' Cot. - L. type *(olli· Cunea.te, wedge· shaped. (L.) :F-ormed,
tieius; from collire, to strain. Cf. Port- with suffix -ate, from L. cune'us, a wedge.
cullis. Allied to Cone. Der. cunei-.form; i. e.
Culm, a stem. (L.) L. CIt/mus, a wedge.shaped. See Coin.
stalk; allied to calamus, a stalk. See CunDing, adj. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of
Haulm. M. E . cttllnen, to know; hence, 'knowing.'
Culminate. (L.) From pp. of L. From A. S. cunnan, to know; see Can (I ).
cU/lIlillli re, to come to a top. - L . culmin-, CU1111ing, sb. (E.) M . E. cunninge.
stem of culmen (= columen), a top. See From A. S. cttnnan, to know. Perhaps
Column. suggested by Icel. kunnandi, knowledge;
Culpable. (F, -L.) M. E. coupaMe. from Icel. kUn1za, to know.
o. F. culpable, coIPab/e, cottpable (F. (OUp- Cup. (L. ) A. S. (uppe, a cup. - Late L.
able ). - L. culptibilis, blameworthy. - L. cuppa, variant of L. ci'pa, a tub, in Late
cttlptire, to blame. - L. culpa, a fault. L., a drinking-vessel; whence also Du.
culprit. (F. -L.) In Dryden. Not Dan. kop , F. coupe, &c. See Coop.
orig. a single word, but due to a fusi on of cupboard. lL. and E.) M. E. cup-
A. F. cuI- (for culpable, i. e. guilty) and borde, orig. a side· board for holding cups ;
p ,-ist or prest (i. e. ready' to prove it) ; Allit. P oems, B. 1440; Morte Arth.
signifying that the clerk of the crown was 206.
ready to prove the indictment (N. E. D.). Cupid, god of love. (L.) L. cupido,
Culter; see Coulter . desire. - L. cupere, to desire. + Skt. kup,
Cultiva.te. (L.) Late L. cultiviitus, to become excited. Der. cttpid-£· Iy, F.
pp. of cu/livtire, to till. -Late L. cU/liv us. cupidite, from L. acc. (up£d£talelll .
fit for tilling. _ L. cu/tus, pp. of colere, to Cupola.. (!tal. - L. ) I La\. Cttpola, a
till. Brugm. i. § 121. dome; from its shape. - L . &i.pttla, a small
culture. (F. - L.) F. {ulture. - L. cask, a little vault; dimin. of L. cupa, a
m /t1Ira· allied to {u/t·us, pp. of {olere. cask.
to till. CupreOlUl, coppery. (L.) L. cupre-tlS,
 CUR CURTAIL
of copper; with suffix -ous. - L. <uprum, : forced spelling, giving a wrong clue. In
copper. ' 1596, we find (Orlllul/;Oll, with the samc
Cur. (E. ) M. E. kur-dogge (ab. U2S) . sense. The first syllable seems to be mr,
+M. Du. korre, a house-dog; cf. Swed. a whelp; and we find Lowl. Sc, lIlurgeolt,
dial. kurre, a dog. Named from growling. to mock. to grumble; flwdgeoll, a grimace.
Cf. provo E. curr, to purr; Low G. Currant. (F. -L.-Gk.) Formerly
kurrm, to snarl (Liibben) ; Ice!. kurra, raysynsofcorattnt.- F.rais;mde Corilltke.
to murmur, grumble; Swed. kurra, to 'currants;' Cot. Hence, cm-rant is a cor-
rumble. ruption of COri1lt!, (L Cori,ltkus, Gk.
Curate; see Cure. K6pIV90s) .
Curb. (F. - L.) M. E. cour6m, to Current, running, flowing. (F.-L.)
bend . - F. (ourber, to bend, bow. - L. M. Eo mrra1lt, O. F . wrant, pres. pt. 01
curwire, to bend; from ctlrlms, bent. curre, corre (F. (our;r), to mn. - L. cur-
Curd. (E.) M. E. curd, crud. Prob. rere, to run. Prob. for *wrsere. Brugm.
from A. S. crud-, related to criidan, i. §§ 499, 516. Perhaps allied to Horse.
to crowd, press together. Cf. Ir. grut!l, curricle. (L.) L. currimlum, a
Gael. grutk, curds. (Fick, ii. 119.) running; also, a light car. - L. currere,
Cure. (F . -L.) O. F. cure. -L. dira, to nm.
attention (prim. Ita\. *koizii). Brugm. i. CUl'l.'Y (I), to dress leather. (F. - L.
§ 874. ~ Not allied to care. and Teut.) O. F. corre;er (Godefroy) ,
curate. (L.) Med. L. citratus, a earlier forms c01treder, C01lretr, later C01l-
priest, curate; cf. curatUIIl be1ujiciwIl, royer, coterroier, to curry, dress leather,
a benefice with cure or souls. - L. ct,ra, mig. to prepare. - O. F. conrd, older form
cure. ctenreid, gear, preparation. A hybrid
curiOUS. (F. - L.) O. F. curios. - L. word; made by prefixing COli· (= L. C01"
cl,riosus, attentive.-L. ct,ra, attention. cum) to O. F. rei, order (Ital. -redo in
Curfew. (F. - L .) A_ F. coeveiftt, arredo, array). Il This O. F. rei is of
covre/eu, curfm; O. F. cavrejell (F. couvre- Scand. origin; from Dan. rede, order (also
jeu) , a fire-cover, covering of fires, time to set in order), Ice!. rtiM, tackle. Pre-
for putting out fires. - O. F . covrir, to cisely the same O. F. rei helps to form E.
cover; flu, fire « L locum, acc. of/ocus, ar-ray; see Array. .. To Ctlrry favour
hearth, fire ) ; see Cover and Foous. is a corruption of M. Eo to curry javel, to
Curious; see Cure. rub down a horse; ravel was a common
Curl, sb. (E.) M. Eo crul (with shift- old name for a horse.
ing of 1'); from M. E. crul, adj ., curly Curry (2), a seasoned dish. (Tamil )
(A. D. I :\00). Not in A. S. Eo Fries. F rom Tamil kar'-, sauce, relish for rice
krulla. krull, krul, a curl.+Du. krul, a (Yule).
curl. krullen, to curl; Dan. krol/e, a curl, Curse. (E.) A. S. mrs;all, verb; curs,
Sweel. krullig-, cllrly ; G. krolle, a curl, sb., an imprecation. Cf. O . Ir. ciirsaigim,
M. H. G. kriill~. cr. Norw. krllil. a curl, 'I reprehend' (Windisch). Der. ac-curud,
something rolled together; k1'ulla, to curl, from M. E. acorsim, to curse extremely,
bend or bow together. Allied to E. Fries. where the prefix a- = A. S. ii- , very; see
krillm . to bend, tum, wind; Low G. A· (4).
krdlm, to turn; N. Fries. krall, close- Cursive. (L.) Med. L. mrsivtls, flow-
twisted; suggesting Tellt. base *krellan- , ing; said of handwriting. -L. <'Urs-tlS, pp.
to wind, str. vb. (Franck, KooIman). of currere, to run. See Current.
Curlew, a bird, (F.) M. F . corlieu, cursory. (L.) Late L. (ursOrius,
, a curlue;' Cot. cr. Ital. ckiur/o, a cur- hasty. - L. cursori-, dec!. stem of cursor,
lew, chittdare, to howl . Swed . kllrla, to a runner. - L. curs-us (above).
coo; so that it is named from its cry. Curt. (L.) L. C/lrtus, short, cut short.
Curmudgeon. (E.?) Origin unknown . curta.il. (F.- L.) It has nothing to
In one instance spelt C0Y11-lIludgin (Phi!. do with tail, but is an alteration of the
Holland), as if a hoarder of com, hence, older form curtal, verb, to dock; from the
a stingy fellow; where lIludg-in is for adj. curtal, having a docked tail (All's
1IIlIdging, pres. pt. of 1Iludge, to hoard , Well, ii. 3. 65). - q. F. courtaultl later
also spelt fIloock (M . E. fIlucken), to skulk; courtaut, 'curtail, bemg curtailed; Cot.
from O. F. 1l1tlar, to hide. But this is a The same as Ita!' cortaldo, 'a curtall, a
1 24
 CURTAIN CYGNET
orse withont a taile,' Florio. Formed, From a L. type *rostllflllle, for *cos·
with suffix ·a1,lt (= Ital. ·a/do, Low L. fudne, shortened form of COtlSuiludi1tt1ll,
·aldus, < G. wald, power) , from O. F. ace. of consul/udo, custom. - L. cOllsultus,
court, short. - L. ct,rlus, short. pp. of conSllescere, to accustom , inchoative
Curtain. (F.-L.) M. E. (ortin. - form of *c01lSufre, to be accustomed.-L.
O. F . cortinc.-Late L. cortina, a curtain con· (cum), together, very; suescere (pp.
(Exod. xxvi. I, Vulgate) , a screen, plain sultus ), to be accustomed; possibly from
wall of a fort, orig. a small yard.-L. SUItS, own; so that suescere=to have it
ciir/·em, acc. of cOrs, a court. See Court. one's own way.
Curtleaxe. (F. -L.) A perversion Cut. (Scand.) M. E. cutten, a weak
of wltleax, which was a perversion of verb. Of Scand . origin, but the traces of
wttt/as, an old spelling of cutlass. See it are not many. Cf. Mid. Swed. kotta,
Cutlass. to cut (lhre ) ; Swed. dial. kuta, Mta,
Curtsey. (F . -L.) The same word as to cut small with a knife, also spelt
courtesy, i. e. a courtly act. kvota, kOta , kiifa; kuta, or kytti, a knife
Curve, a bent line. (L.) Late L. (Rietz) ; lcel. knti, a little knife; Norw.
curvus, L. cumus, bent. + Gk. Itvpros, kyttel, kytet, kjuful, a knife for barking
bent. Der. c1lrv·at1lre, L. curutitiira, trees.
from pp. of curuare, to bend; from Cuticle. (L.) L. cuticula, dmlble
cuyuus. dimin. of cutis, hide, skin. See Hide.
curvet. (Ital.-L.) ltal. corvetta, a Der. cut·an·e·ous, from mt-is.
curvet, leap, bound; dimin. from M. ltal. CutlliLss. (F.-L.) F. coutetas, ' a cut·
corv·o (ltal. curvo) , bent. - L. CU1"uus telas, or courtelas, or short sword;' Cot.
rabove) . (CL Ital. coltellacdo, • a curtleax,' F lorio;
Cushat, the ring-dove. (E.) A. S. cii· which is the same word.) - O. F. cou/el,
sceote, a wild pigeon; also ciiscote. Here culte! (F. coufeau), a knife; cf. Ital. col·
seeo fe probably means • shooter, darter,' tetlo, knife; with acc. suffix ·aceu1ll. - L.
from sccotml, to shoot (cf. A. S. sdota, a acc. wl/eUum, a knife ; dimin. of cul/er, a
kind of trout ); and perhaps cii refers to coulter. ~ The F. ·as, Ital. ·accio = L.
the ' coo ' of the bird. Cf. Low!. Sc. cow· ·aceu1ll; but F. coute/as was actually
shot, a cushat. turned into E, curtleaxe. Yet a curfle·
Cushion. (F.-L.) M.E. quisshin, axe was a sort of sword !
CUSSllill. - O. F . coissin, cottssin, a cushion. cutler. (F. -L.) M. E. coleler.-
[It is supposed that O. F. coissin was the O. F. cotdier. - Late L. (ultellii1i1's, knife·
true form, altered to coussin (perhaps) by maker. -L. cultellus, a knife (above).
the influence of O. F. cou/e, a quilt.] -L. Cutlet. (F. - L. ) F . cOtelelte, a cutlet;
type *coxinu1ll, a support for the hip, formerly coslelette, a little rib; dimin. of
from coxa, hip, thigh (like L. cuMtal, O. F. coste, rib. - L. costa, a rib; sec
elbow.cushion, from CIIbitus, elbow ). Cf. Coast.
Ita!' cuscino, cushion, coscia, hip; Span. Cuttle, a fish. (E.) Formerly rudele.
cojin, cushion, cuja, hip. (Romania,1892, A. S. cudele, a cuttle-fish. Cf. G. kuttel·
p. 87.) jiScll (perhaps from E .).
CUSp. (L.) L. cuspis, a point. Cycle. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. tycle.-L.
Custard. (F.- Ital.-L.) For M. E . cyclum, acc.of cyc!us.-Gk.ltvItAor, a circle,
cnlS/ade, by shifting of r. Formerly ms· cycle. + Skt. chakra·, a wheel, circle.
lade, cn(Stade, and orig. used with the Allied to Wheel. Der. cyclone = Gk.
sense of ' pasty.' - F. croustade, a pasty. ItVItAWV, whirling round, pres. pI. of IWItAOOJ,
- Ita!' (rostala, • a kinde of daintie pye ; ' I whirl round; epi.cytle; bi.cycle.
Florio. - L. C17,stiita, fern. pp. of crw/tire, Cygnet, a young swan. (F. - L. - Gk.)
to encrust. - L. crusta, a crust. Dimin. of O. F. cigne, a swan. Strangely
Custody. (L.) L. custMia, a keeping enough, this O. F . woul is 110t immedi·
guard.-L. (uslodJh stem of custos, ately from 1.. cymus, a swan; but the
a guardian; lit. 'hic1er.' Cf. Gk. Itfvll"v, oldest O. F. spelling was cime (as in
to hide. See Hide. (vKEUDH.) Brugm. Spanish) , from Late 1.. (icinus, a swan,
i. § 699. variant of cYC1lus. -Gk. Itvltvor, a swan.
Custom. (F.-L.) M. E. custume.- Cf L. ri(onia, a stork. See Diez; 4th ed.
O. F. f1I.rtUlIlt, (oslu1IIe (F. routtlme). p. 714.
12 5
 CYLINDER DAGGER
CYlinder. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. cit- Cf. M. Du. dabbm, to pinch, fumbl e,
intIre, later cylilldre. - L. cylilld,-us. - Gk.
dabble; G. tappm, to grope, provo G.
KVAIV6po~ , a roller, cylinder. - Gk . KvAiv3flV,
tappe, fist, blow. See Dub, Tap.
to roll; from ICVAiEt v, to roll. Cf. O. Slav.cla.bble. (E .) T o keep on dabbing;
kolo, a wheel. (-v'QEL.) frequent. of dab. + M. Du. dabbelm, to
Cymba.l. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M.E .cimbale. fumble, dabble ; frequen t. of M. Du. dabben
- O. F. cimbale. - L. cymbalttm . - Gk. (above).
KVjIo{3aAov, a cymbal; named from its cup- Dab (2), expert. (E.?) Prob. from
like shape. - Gk. ICVjIo{3'1, a cup. +
dab (1) ; perhaps influenced by dapper or
Skt.
kumblta-, :l jar. Allied to Cup; and see by adept.
Comb (2 \. (-v' KEUBH.) Da.b (3) , a fish. (E.) M. E. daMe.
Cynic,lit. dog-like. (L. - Gk.) L. cyni-Prob. allied to dab, a light blow, a soft
mass dabbed down. See Dab (1), dabble.
cus. - Gk. KVVtICOS, dog-like, a Cynic. - Gk.
Dabble; see Dab (1).
KVV- , as in ICVV-OS, gen. of KVOW, a dog (E.
hound ). Dab-chick. ' E.) Formerly dap-chick,
cynosure. (L. - Gk.) L. cy,tosiwa, dop- chick . Cf. A. S. dop-mid, a moorhen,
the stars in the tail of the constellation of
lit. 'dipping duck;' doppetta't, to dip often,
the Lesse r Bear; one of these is the Pole-
immerse; Du. dobber, a float. See Dip.
star (hence, a centre of attraction) . - Gk.Da.ce. (F. - O. Low G.) Formerly
ICvv6uovpa, the Cynosure, tail of the Lesser
darce. - O. F. dars, nom. case of the word
B~:lr; lit. ' dog:s ,tail.' -:- Gk. ,rovos, gen. of
also spelt dart, meaning (1 ) a dart, (2) a
ICVWV, a dog; ovpa, a tall. dace. The fish is also called a dart or
Cypress ( I) , a tree. (F. -L. -Gk. ) a dare, from its swift motion. See Dare (2) ,
M. £. cipres. - O. F. cypt-es, later cypds. -
D art.
Da.coit, a robber. ( Hind. ) Hind.
L. cupressus, C)'pa,issus. - Gk. ICvrraptr"IOs,
cypress-tree. Cf. Heb. gOpher. qdkait, a robber belonging to an armed
Cypress (2) , a cloth of gold, :l kind gang ; from qaka, robbery by a gang
of satin, a kind of crape. ( F.-L.) Pals- eWilson). Der. dacoit-y, robbery.
grave explains F. crespe by' a cypres for Da.ctyl. (L. - Gk.) L. dactylus, the
a womans neck'; Cotgrave has' crespe, metrical foot marked - vv. - Gk. MKTVAOS,
cipres, cobweb lawn'; whicb suggests a finger, a dactyl.
some confusion of cypress with crape. Da.d. (E.) A ch ild's word for ' fatb er.'
The origin of cypress is doubtful ; but So also W. tad, Irish daid, Bret. tat, tad,
fath er; Gk. Tam, Skt. tata, dad .
it occurs as cipres, cypirs in P iers Plow-
man, and as cyprus in Si r Degrevant. It Dado. (Ital.-L.) Formerly used of
seems to have been imported from the isle the die, or square part in the middle of the
of Cyprus. pedestal of a column; afterwards applied
Cyst, a pouch (in animals) containing to the part of an apartment between the
morbid matter. (L. - Gk.) plinth and the i~post moulding. -ltal.
Formerly
written cystis. - Late L .cystis. - Gk.ICOUTtS,
dado, a die, cube, pedestal. (Cf, Provo
a bag, pouch. dat-z, a die.) - F olk -L. datum, assumed to
Czar, the emperor of Russia. (Russ.- mean ' a die' ; lit. ' a thing given, a lot.' -
Teut. - L.) Russ. tsare (with e mute ' , aL. datu m, neut. of pp. of dare, to give.
king . O. Slav. cesar{. - Goth. kaisar.- See D ie ( 2).
L. Casar. ~ This has been disputed; Da.ffodil. (F. - L. - Gk.) The d is a
but see Matt. xii i. 24 in Schleicher, later add ition; perhaps from M. F. Jletw
I ndogermanische Chrestomathie, p. 275, d' affrodille, translated • daffodil-fl ower.'
where O.Slav . cesarstvo occurs for Russ. M. E. affodille; Prompt. Parv. - M. F. as-
tsa" stvo, kingdom; &c. D er. czarowitz, pllodile, also affrodille, 'th'affodill, or
asphodill flower; ' Cot. - L. asphodelus. -
from Russ. tsarevich', czar's son; czaritsa,
from Russ. tsaritsa, empress; czar- ina, Gk. rlU</>Oa.AOS, a kind of lily. See As-
with Ital. suffix -ina, from G. fern . suffix
phodel.
~iJt . Daft, foolish; tbe same as Deft.
Dagger. ( F .) M. E. daggere; allied to
D. dagge1l, to pierce. - F. dng ue, a dagger;
Da.b ( I), to strike gently. (E.) M. E. of unknown origin (not Celtic). Cf. Ital.
dnbben; also dabbe, a blow. Not in A . S. Span. daga , Port. adaga , dagger. The
126
 DAGGLE DANDELION
Port. form suggests an Eastern origin ; matia.) F. dallJlaliqlu. - L. dalma/ica
cf. Heb. tinkhiih, to strike. (tteslis) ; fern . of Da/matims, belonging to
Daggle, to moisten, wet with dew or Dalmatia.
spray. (Scand.) Frequentative verb from Dam ( I), a mound, bank against water.
Swed. dagg, I ce!. dogg (gen. daggar), dew. ( E.) A. S. damm, only in the derived
Cf. Ice!. doggva, to bedew. See Dew. verb f or-delJlman , to dam up; O. Fries.
Da.guerreotype. (F. .a,ul Gk.) dam; North. Fries. diim. + Du. dam,
Formed by adding -o-type to F. Daglurre, lcel. dammr , Dan. dam , Swed. damm,
a J>ersonal name, the inventor (A. D. 1838 ). M. H. G . tam, G. damm, a dam, dike.
Dahlia. (Swed. ) Named after Dahl, Cf. Goth. fa ll1'dammjan , to dam up.
a Swedish botanist (A. D. 1791) . Dam ( 2), a mother, applied to animals.
Dainty, a delicacy. (F.-L. ) M. E. (F -L.) The same word as Dame.
ddlZtee, orig. a sb., a pleasant thing; cf. Damage. (F.-L.) M. E. damage. -
A. F. deY1ltee, greediness (Bozon). - A. F . da mage ( F . dommage) ; cf. Provo
O. F. dail/tit (i. e . daintie) , agreeableness. danmatje, ans wering to Late L. ~'damniiH­
- L. acc. digm'tatem; see Dignity. cum, harm; we fiud Late L. dallllliiticIJs,
~ The O. F . dainlit is the true popular condemned to the mines. - L. dammitus,
O. F. form; dignileil is a pedantic form; PE. of dalllniire; see Damn.
cf. O. F. dain, old spelling of dig'ItC, Damask. ( Ita!. - Syria.) M . E. da -
worthy. maske, cloth of Damascus. - Ita!. dalllasco.
Dairy. (Scand.) M. E. deyerye, a - Beb. dmeseq, damask, Dammeseq, Da-
room for a deye, i. e. a milk-woman, farm· mascus (Gen. xiv. 15). D er . da mask-
servant. -0. Norw. deigja, Swed . deja , a "ose; damask·ine, to inlay with gold (F.
maid, dairy-maid, who was also the bread- dalllasqrtiner, from damasqzt-ill, adj.) .
maker; theOli~. sense is' kneader of dough.' Dame. (F . -I..) M . E. d'l1Iu. - O. F .
- T eut. type daig-.Jon-, sb. f., as if from dam~, a lady. - L. domina; fern. of domi·
(Goth.) deigall (pt. t. daig), to mould ; ,ws, a lord. See Don (2).
whence also Goth. daigs, Ice!. deig, Swed. Damn, to condemn. (F.-L.) M. E.
deg, dough; see Dough. ~ The cognate da'1l11l n, dampnen. - F. damner. - L. da1Jl-
or borrowed A. S. diige occurs once only ; mire, to condemn, fine.-L. da"l1lulII, loss,
see Thorpe, Dipl. p. 64 r. fine, penalty. Brng. i. § 762 .
Dais, a raised lloor in a hall. (F. - L. Damp. (E.) Cf. M . E . dampm, to
- Gk.) N ow used of the raised platform suffocate ; E. Fries. damp, vapour. + D u.
on which the high table in a hall stands. damp, vapour, steam ; Dan. damp, G.
Properly, it was the table itself; but was damp/. vapour; Swed. damb, dust. From
also used of a canopy over a seat of state, the 2nd grade of Tent. *dempan-, pt. t.
or of the seat of state. M. E. deis, deys. - ·damp, pp. *dttmpano-, as in M. H . G.
A. F. deis, O. F. dois, a high table (Supp. dimpfen, t i1llpfm, str. vb., to reek; cL
to Godefroy). - L. disCltfll, acc. of discus, Swed. dial. dimba, str. vb., to reek. See
a quoit, platter; in Late L. a table. - Gk. Dumps.
b[qKO~, a quoit, disc. See Disc. Damsel. (F.-L.) M . E. damosel. -
Daisy. (E.) M. E. dayesyif (4 sylla· O. F. dameise/e, a girl , fern. of dameisd, a
bles). A. S. dages eage, eye of day, i.e. young man, squire, page. - Late L. domi-
the sun, which it resembles. eel/us, a page, short for *dominiulllts,
Dale, a valley. (E .) M . E. dale. - double dimin. of dominus, a lord. (Pag-es
A. S. dal (pI. dal-u). + I ce!. dalr, Dan. were often of high birth.)
Swed. dal, a dale ; Du. dal; Goth. dais; Damson. (L- Syria.) M . E. da1Jla·
G. thai; also O. Slav. dolz. (Russ. do!' ) ; scette. - L. Damascenum (pn7num), plum
cf. Gk. 96"o~, a vault. Der. dell. of Damascus. See Damask.
Dally, to trille. (F.- Teut.) M. E. Dance. (F. -0. H. G.) M . E. daun-
dalien, to play, trille.-A. F. and O. F. cen. - O. F . danser.- O. H. G. damo1l, to
dalter, to converse, chat, pass the time in drag along (as in a round dallce).-
light con verse (Bozon). Of Teut. origin; O. H . G. dans, 2nd grade of dimm, to
cf. Bavarian dalen, to speak and act as pull, draw; allied to E. Thin. Cf. Goth.
children (Schmeller); mod. G. (vulgar) at-t/ti,.sa,t , to draw towards one.
dahlen, t o trifle. Dandelion, a flo wer. ( F.-I..) F.
Dalmatic, a vestment. (F. - Dal- dent de lion, tooth of a lion ; named from
 DANDLE DASTARD
the jagged leaves.-L. dmt-em, acc. of dape, a pool, a wet splotch i whence the
dem, tooth; dl, prep.; leomm, ace. of idea of' splash' or ' blot.'
leo, lion. Dare (1), to venture. (E.) M. E. dar,
Dandle. (E.) Prob. of imitative origin; I dare; pt. t. dorsle, dtlrsle. A. S. ie dearr,
CC. M. F. dodimr, dodelintr, 'to rock, I dare; lu dearr, he dare; pt. t. dorsle ;
dandle, lull,' Cot.; M. Ital. dando/are, infin. *dttrrml. + Goth. ga-dars, I dare,
dando/are, 'to dandle or play the baby,' -daursla, I durst, infin. -daursan ; O. H. G.
Florio; dandola, dondola, a toy. Gode- tar, I dare, infin. lurran. Also Gk. 8ap-
froy gives M. F. dandiner, to balance or I1(W, to be bold, 8pal1Vf, bold; Skt. drsk,
sway the body. Cf. E. Fries. dindannen, to dare. (.vDHERS.) Brngm. i. § 502.
to walk unsteadily, sway from side to side. Dare (2 ), a dace. (F.-O. Low G.)
Dandrift', scurf on the head. (E.) A new form, made by taking daree (old
Formerly also drwdrujfe. Of unknown form of dace) as a pI. form (=dars), and
origin; btlt cf. provo E. dan, scurf, dander, thence making a singular dar, now dare.
a slight scurf on the skin; and (perhaps) See Dace.
drib, a driblet, or drift, a fine shower. Dark. (E.) M. E. derk. A. S. deore,
~ The W. marw-don, dandriff, is from with a broken vowel; for older *dere.
marw, dead, and lon, skin. The O. H. G.larehalljan , to hide (answer-
Dandy, a beau (E. 1). Origin unknown. ing to W. Germ. *dnrk.n-jall) is from the
Provo E. dandy, gay, fine. Note M. Dan. 2nd grade *dark of the s,,\me base. Cf.
dande, brave, excellent. Dandy is also a also O. Sax. der-ni, A. S. dente, O. H. G.
form of Andrew. [F. dandin, 'a mea- tar-ni, secret, dark; see Tarnish.
cock, noddy, ninny,' Cot., is unsuitable.] darkling, in the dark. (E.) Formed
Danger. (F.-L.) M. E. datmgere , with adv. suffix -ling, as injlat-li1Ig, M. E.
power, esp. power to harm. -0. F. dan- ltedling (headlong) , A. S. b~e-ling, back-
gier ( F. danger), also dongier (XIII cent.), wards.
absolute power, irresponsible authority. Darling. (E.) M. E. derling-. A. S.
This answers to a Late L. type *domnj/i· dlorling, a favourite. - A. S. deor-e (in
rium, *dominiiiriu1Il , not found, but regu- compo deor-), dear; with double dimin.
larly formed from Late L. d01ll (i )niu1Il, suffix .l.ing. See Dear.
power, authority. - Late L. do/mlus, L. Darn. (E.) XVII cent. Prob. from
dominus, a lord. M. E. tiernetl, to conceal, from derne, adj.,
Dangle, to swing about. (Scand.) secret, hidden; cf. provo E. dern , darn,
Dan. dimg/e, Swed. dial. dangla, to swing to hide, to stop up a hole. - A. S. denle,
about; cf. Swed. and Icel. ding/a, Dan. dyrne, secret , hidden. + O. Sax. tierni,
diilgle, to swing about; frequentative O. H. G. tarni, secret. See Dark.
forms from ding ( pt. t. dang) , to throw Darnel. (F.) M. E. darnel, deme/.
ahout. See Ding. From an O. F. word, now only preserved
Dank, moist. (Scand.) M. E. dank, in Walloon (Rouchi), darnel/e, darnel
wet (esp. with ref. to dewi.-Swed. dial. (Hecart). Hitherto unexplained; but cf.
dallk , marshy ground; lcel. dukk (stem Swed. dAr., as in rit/r-repe, or repe, darnel
*dankwo-) , a pool. Cf. Swed. dial. diillka, (Lowl. Sc. donte!) ; and O. F . 1lielle, nelle
to moisten, Dan. dial. dunke, dynke, Norw. (Late 1.. nige/la), darnel (Godefroy). The
dynka, to wet; also Dan. dial. dunkel, Swed. dara means to stupefy (as with
moist, Swed. dial. dunkelhet, moisture; lolium lemulmtum); cf. Dan. daaf'e, a
North. E . dallker, a dark cloud; Swed. fool; Walloon dantise, dattrttise, drunken
dial. and M. Dan. dtmkm, musty; G. (Grandgagnage) .
dllnkel, dark . Dart. (F.-O. Low G.) M. E. dart.-
Dapper. (Du .) Orig. good , valiant; O. F . darl (F. dard ). OfTeut. origin; cf.
hence brave, fine, spruce. XV cent.- Du. A. S. darob , a dart , Swed. dart,:\ dagger,
dapper, brave.+O. H. G. lapllnr, weighty, Icel. darratJr, n dart, O. H. G. lart, a
valiant, G. lapfer, brave; Russ. dobrui, dart.
good. Brugm. i. § 563. Dash. (E.) M. E. dasc1lt1l. Cf. Low G .
Dapple, a spot on an animal. (Scand.) dasehetl, to thrash (Berghaus) ; Dan.
Ice\. depill, a spot , dot; a dog with spots daske, to slap, Swed. daska, to beat; we
over the eyes is also called depill. The 'I speak of water das/ii1lg against rocks.
orig. !'fnse is' a little pool,' from Norweg. Dastard. ~ Scand.; witlt F. su..ffix.)
Il8
 DATE DEAF
M. E. dastard; where -ard is a F. suffix, dimin. lanele (now G. doMe), a daw;
as in dull-ani, slllgg·ard. Dast appears whence Ital. laccola, a daw (Florio). Der.
to be for dazed; cf. Ice!. dlZslr, exhausted, jack·da111.
pp. of dlZsa, to be out of breath; dasaflr, Dawk, transport by relays of men and
exhausted, weary, pp. of dasask, to be horses. (Hindi.) Hindi t/ak, post, trans-
weary; see Daze. Cf. Ice!. dasi, a lazy port, &c. (Yule).
fellow, M. Du. dasaert, a fool (whence Dawn; see Day.
M. E. das-art (i. e. daz ;e)ard), a dullard, Day. (E.) M. E. day, dai, dlZi. A. S.
in N. E. D .) ; Low G. diiskopp, a block- dlZg, pI. dagas.+Du. Dan. Swetl. dag, Icel.
head ( Berghaus). The orig. sense is' slug- dagr, G. tag, Goth. dags. Allied to Lith.
gard.' dagas, hot time, autumn; degti, to burn.
Date ( I ), a given point of time. (F.- Teut. type *dagoz; Idg. type *dhoghos;
L.) M.E.date.-F . date, date.-Late L. from .vDHEGH, to bum; Skt. daA, to
data , a date; L. dala , neut. pI. of dalus, bum , ni·diiglia-, hot season. Day is the
given, dated. - L. dare, to give.+ Gk. ~l- hot , bright time; as opposed to night.
&»1'1, I give; lIoTor, given; Skt. dadii!!li, ~ In no way allied to L. diEs.
I give; Russ. dale, to give. (.vDO. ) dawn, vb. (Scand.) M. E. dawllen;
Brugm. i. §§ 167, 168. from the older sb. dawlling. -Swed. Dan.
Date (2), fruit of the palm. (F.-L.- dapting, a dawning, dawn; as if from a
Gk. ) M. E. dale. - O. F. date (F. dalle), verb *dag- na, to become day, from Swed .
also datele, a date. - L. dactylum , acc. of Dan. dag, day. 2. We also find M. E.
dactylus. - Gk. MItTVAOr, a finger; also a da1tJCIl, to dawn; from A. S. dagian, to
date (somewhat like a finger). But it is become day , dawn . -A. S. dag- , base of
probable that OOItTVAOr, a date, was a word kg, day. (Cf. fawn, vb.)
of Semitic origin, assimilated to the word Daywoman, dairy-woman. (Scand.
for ' finger.' Cf. Aramaic diqla, a palm- and K) In Shako L. L..L. i. 2. 137.
tree (see Gen. x. 27); Arab. daqal. The addition of woman is needless. Day
Daub. (F.-L.) M.E.datiben.-O.F. :M.E. deye.=O.Norw.deigja,amaid;
datl"er, to plaster; RIlswering to an older esp. a dairymaid; see Dairy.
form ·dalber. - L. dealbare, to whiten, Daze. (Scand.) M. E. tiasen , to stupefy.
plaster. - L. de, down, very; albore, to - Swed. dasa , to lie idle; Icel. dasask , to
whiten, from albus, white; see Alb. Cf. be wearied, lit. to daze oneself, where -sk
Span. jalbegar ( = *dealbiciire) , to plaster. is the reflexive suffix; dan, a lazy man;
Der. be·daub. dasiml, lazy; Dan . dial. dase, to be idle;
Daughter. (E.) M. E. dogktcr, doh- Low G. diisen, dosen, to be listless; in 'n
ter. A. S. dohlor.+Du. dochter, Dan. dat- diis' seill, to be in a 'daze' ( Berghaus).
ter, dotter, Swed. dotter, Ice!. dollir, Goth. dazzle, to confuse. (Scand.) From
datlklar, G. tochler; Russ. doche, Lith. da ze ; with frequent. suffix -Ie. Der. be-
dukte, Gk. 9u-yQ'TTJP, PeTS. duMtar, Skt. dazzle.
duliitr. Orig. sense doubtfu!' De- (1) , Pl'ejiX. (L.; orF.-L.) L . dl,
Daunt. (F.-L.) M. E. dauntm.- down, away, from, very; hence sometimes
O. F. danter; also donter. - L. domitiire, F. tit-, de-, O. F. de-.
to tame, subdue; frequent. of domare , to De- (2 ), prejix. (F.-L.) F . tit-, O. F.
tame; see Tame. des-; from L. dis-; see Dis-.
Dauphin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.dauphin , Deacon. (L. - Gk.) M. E. deken.
a dolphin; see Dolphin. A title of the A. S. d£acon.-L. diaconus.-Gk. &dltovor,
eldest son of the king of France, who took a servant, a deacon. Cf. • "Y-Itov/OJ, I am
it from the province of Dauphiny (A. D. quick , l"'(-Itovlr, a maid-servant.
1349) ; and the province had formerly had Dead. (E.) M. E. deed A. S. filad,
several lords named Dat~pkin. dead . + Du. dood, Dan. dOd, Swed. dOd,
Davit, a support for ship's boats. Icel. dauflr, Goth. dauths. Teut. type
( Heb.?) Formerly spelt David, as if from *dau-floa, orig. a pp. with Idg. suffix ·to-
a proper name (A. D. 1626). Also called (Teut. . flo- ) from tbe vb. ·dau-jan- (Icel.
daviot in A. F., a dimin. of O. F . Davi, deyja), to die. See Die (I ) .
David. Deaf. \ E.) M. E. dee[. A. S. fila/.+
Daw. (E.) From the noise made by Du. dooj, Dan. diiv, Swed. dOf, Ice!. dallfr,
the bird; cf. (a111.+O. H. G. taha, a daw; Goth. dat~bs, G. taub. Orig. ' obfuscated ;'
129 F
 DEAL DECAGON
allied to Gk. TV.t>of, smoke, darkness, small building, &c.; of Teut. origin; see
stupor, TV</>'AOf, blind. (.vDHEUBH.) Balk.
Deal (1 ) , a share. (E.) M.E. dee!. Debenture, acknowledgment of a
A. S. tilt, a share. + Du. dee!, Dan. dee!, debt. (L.) Formerly debentur (Bacon).
Swed. del, Goth. dails, G. theil. Cf. - L. dibentur, lit. ' they are due: because
O. Slav. deNi, a part. Bmgm. i. § 279 (2). such receipts began with the words dibm-
deal ( 2), to divide, distribute. (E.) tur mihi (Webster) ; pro p!. pass. of
M. E. de/en. A. S. tliilan. -A. S. diil, a dibeo, lowe; see Debt.
share (above). + Du. dee/en, Dan. dele, Debilitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Swed. dela, Ice!. deila , Goth. dailjan, G. dibililiire, to weaken. - L. dibilis, weak.-
thtilen; cf. the respective sbs. (above ). L. di, away, not ; -bib's, prob. allied to
Deal (3), a thin board. (Du.) Dn. dee/, Skt. bala-, strength; cf. dur-bala- (for
a j>lank.+ G . diele ; see Thill. dus-bala-), feeble. Brugm. i. § 55~.
Dean. (F.-L.) M. E. dene.-O. F. Debonair. ( F.) M . E. debomre , de-
deien (F. doyen ).-L. deetznum, acc. of bonaire; A. F. debonaire . for de bon
deciinlts , on e set over ten soldiers , or over air" lit. of a good stock. - L.di, of; bOil-US,
ten monks, a dean. - L. decem, ten. good; and O. F. aire, place, stock, race,
Dear. (E.) M. E. dere. A. S. diore, a word of uncertain origin. Diez
djl1"e, dear, precious.+Dan. and Swed. dyr, suggests that it represents Lat. acc.
dear, cost ly, Ice!. djrr, dear, precious; agrum, fi eld.
O. Sax. diuri; G. theuer. Debouch. (F. -L.) F. dlboucher, to
dearth, scarcity. (E.) M. E. derthe, uncork, to emerge from; hence, to march
dearness; hence, dearth. Not in A. S. ; out of a narrow pass. - F. de ( = O. F. des-
but formed as heal·th, warmoth, &c.+ <L. dis-) , away; and bouche, mouth,
Ice!. djl'lY, value, from djrr (above); O. op_ening, from L. bucca, mouth.
Sax. diul'itha , value, from diuri, dear, Debris, broken pieces. (F. - L. a1ui
precious; 0. ' H. G. tiurida, from tiuri Teut.) F. dlbris, fragments.-O. F. de-
( G. theuer). brisier, to break to pieces.-O. F. de-,
Death. (E.) M. E. deeth. A. S. di~. from L. di, down; and brisier (F. briser),
+Du. dood, Dan. Swed.dOd, Goth. dauthus, to break; see Bruise.
G . tod; cf. Ice!. dau(Ji. Teut. type *dau- Debt. (F. - L.) A bad spelling of
tJuz, formed with Idg. suffix -tu-, Tent. dell, M. E. det/e.-O. F. delle (but in M. F.
-tJu-, from the base *dau- ; see Dead. misspelt debte) . -L. debita, a sum due;
Debar (F.) F. dlbarrer; O. F. des· fern. of dlbitus, owed, pp. of dibere, to
barrer . From De- ( 2) and Bar. owe. Debere=de-kibere (Plautns), i.e. to
Debase. (L., and F.-L.) Formed have away, have on loan. -L. di- , down,
from base by prefixing L. dl, down. away; habere, to have. Der. debt-or,
Debate. (F.-L. ) M. E. deba(en.- M. E. det-tur, from O. F. de/eur, L. acc.
O. F. debatre, to debate, argue. - L. ell, dlbitore11l.
down; battere, to beat. See Batter (I ). Debut. (F.-L. a1tdO . H. G.) A first
Debauch. (F. -L. and Teut.) O. F. appearance in a play. - F. debut, a first
desballche1', (F . debaucher), 'to debosh, stroke, first cast or throw at dice , first play
mar, seduce, mislead;' Cot. Diez sup- in the game of bowls ; verbal sb. of dlbuter,
poses that the orig. sense was 'to entice M. F . desbuter, 'to put from the mark he
away from a workshop'; it is certainly aimed at' (at bowls), Cot. ; hence, to come
derived from the O. F. prefix des- (L. dis-), in first, be entitled to lead. :From L.
away , and O. F. bauche, explained by dis-, from, and F. but, mark. See Butt (1 ).
Roquefort as ' a little house,' and by Cot· Decade. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. decade, 'a
grave as 'a course of stones or bricks decade,' Cot.; i. e. an aggregate of ten.-
in building.' Cf. M. F. embaucher, to use L . decadem, ace. of duas. - Gk. ~'Kaoo,
in business, employ, esbaucker, to rough- acc. of ~'Kas, a company of ten. - Gk.
hew, frame. Godefroy gives desbaucher ~",a, ten; see Ten.
only in the sense of' rough-hew,' but his decagon. (Gk.) Named from its ten
Supp. adds-' detach from one's service, angles. - Gk. ~'Ka, ten; 'Yaw-la, a comer,
tum aside, distract.' The orig. sense of angle, allied to 'YOI'll, knee; see Knee.
bauche was prob. 'balk ,' i. e. beam, hence Der. kendeca-gon ( ~v3f"a, eleven) ; dodeca-
frame of a building, course in building, gon (3&I~f/t(l, twelve) .
 DECAHEDRON DECOLLATION
decahedron. (Gk.) Named from its decem, ten (see Ten) ; and flir, a mall
ten sides or bases. - Gk. libta , ten: ~li.pa , (see Virile).
a base, lit. 'seat,' from '(OfUll (for rliY0l'al) , Decel1JliaJ, belonging to ten years.
I sit; see S it. D er. do·deca·hedron (Gk. (L.) For L. decmn-alis, of ten years;
&illi.Ka, twelve). cf. bi-etmial. - L. dec·em, ten; a'lntlS, a
decalogue. (F. - L.-Gk.) F . deca- year.
log-lie. - L. aecalogum, acc. of deca/og-us. - Decent. (F . -L.) O. F. decent. - L.
Gk. li.KclA0Yo<, the ten commandments. - dean/em, acc. of pres. pt. of decire, to
Gk. lifKa, ten; AOl O<, a speech, saying; become, befit; d. decus, honour.
see Logic. Deception. (F.-L.) O. F. deception.
decasyllabic, having ten syllables. - L . acc. deceptio1lem. - L. deceptus, pp.
(Gk.) Gk. DiKa, ten; (fIJAAa{3-q , a syllable. of decifere, to deceive; see Deceive.
Der. hendecasyllabic (G k. ;vDEKa, eleven) . DeCIde. (F .-L.) F . dlcider.-L. de-
Decadence, decay. (F. - L.) F . deca· cidere, pp. decisus, to cnt off, decide. - L.
dence. - ~1 ed. L. decadentia, - L. di, down; dl, down; and cadere, to cut. Der. de-
mden/ia, a falling; see Cadence. cis-io'l (from pp. dlcisus).
Decamp, to depa rt. (F - L.) L. dt!· Deciduous, falling off. (L.) L de-
camper ; O. F. descamper, orig. to remove cidu- us, that falls down; with suffix -otts.
a camp.-L. dis-, away; and camp"s, a - L. dicidere, to fa ll down . - L. de, down;
field, later, a camp. See De- (~) and nnd cadere, to fall. See Decay.
Camp . Decimal. (F.-L.) O. F. decimal. -
Decanal. (L.) Belonging to a dean. Late L. decilllalis, belonging to tithes.-
- L. decall·us, a dean; with suffix -al (L. L. decima, a tithe; fern. of decimlls, tenth.
-(llis); see Dean. Cf. L. decem, ten.
Decant. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. d,:call- decimate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
ter (Span. decalltar). - Med. L. dimntll(ll'e cimare, to select every tenth man, for
(a word of the alchemists), to pour out. - punbhment. - L. decem, ten.
L. di, from; canthus, the' lip' of a cup, Decipher. (F. and Arab.) Formed
a peculiar use of Gk. K6.v90s, corner of the after F . dlchiffrer, to decipher. - F. dl-,
eye (Hatzfeld). Der. deca1It-er, a wine- O. F. des-, L. dis- , apalt; Cipher, q. v.
vessel. Deck, to cover. (Du.) Du. dekken, to
Decapitate. (L.) From pp. of Late cover ; dek, a cover, a ship's deck. Cog-
L. decapitare, to behead . - L. de, off; and nate with E. Thatch, q. v.
capito, stem of caput, head. Declaim. lL.) Formerly ded01/lC. -
Decay, to fall into ruin. (F. - L.) L. di'damare, to cry aloud. - L. dl, down,
O. North F. decair (Span. decaer) ; vari- full y; damare, to cry; see Claim.
ant of O. F. dtchair, declleoir. - O. F . de-; Declare. (F.-L) O. F . declarer.-
and cheoir (F. c11OZ,'), to fall. - L. di, down; L. dic/arare, to make clear, declare. - L.
and Folk-L. cadin, cadere, to fall, variants de, fully; clams, clear.
of L. cadere, to fall. Declension. (F. - L.) O. F. declillai-
Decease. (F.- L.) M. E. deces. - SO,t, used for the' declension' of a noun .
O. F. deees (F. d,lds), death. - L. aec. - L. dedina#o'lem, nee. of dlcli1tiitio, de-
dfcesSt/11l, departure, death. - L. dlcessus, clination, declension. - L. declilliitlls, pp.
p p. of decidere, to depart. - L. de, from; of declinare (below).
eldere, to go away. decline. (F. -L.) O. F. dedi,w'. -
Deceive. (F. - L.) A. F. deceivre ; L. dlclinare, to lean or bend aside from. -
O. F . decevei,', decevoir, pres. subj. deceive. L . de-, from; -dinan (only in comp.), to
- L. decipere, to take away, deceive. - L. lean; see Incline, Lean (1).
di, away; and cape"e, to take. Der. de- Declivity. (F. -L.) F. dtclivitl. -
edt, from O. F. deceit, pp. of deceveir. L. dlc/luitatem, ace. of dic/Juitiis, a
December. (L.; or F. -L.) O. F . downward slope. - L. dec/Juis, sloping
Decembre. - L. December. - L. decem, ten ; downward. -L. di, down ; diuus, a slope,
as it was the tenth month of the Roman hill. See L ean ( I).
year. Decoct. (L.) L. decoctlls, pp. of df'.
Decemvir, one of ten magistrates. coquere, to boil down. - L . de, down,
(L.) L . decemuir, one of the deeel1mir f, away; coquere, to cook.
or ten men joined in a commission. - L. Decollation, a beheading. (F.-L.)
 DECOMPOSE DEFEASANCE
O . F. decollalion. - Late L. :tcc. dlrol/'i- ' down; dielire, to proclaim; from die. ,
liollem . From pp. of derollare, to behead . weak grade of die-, as in dicere, to say.
- L de, off; COl/WIl, the neck. Deduce. (L.) L. dediicere, to bdng
Decompose. (F. - L. ami Gk.) F. down (hence, to infer). -L. de, down;
dtcomposer ( XVI c.) ; from de-, prefix, and diiare, to bring. See Duke.
composer, to compose. See Compose. deduct. (L.) Orig. to derive from.
Decorate. (L.) From pp. of decorlire, - L. deduct-us, pp. of dedueere, to bring
to adorn. - L. deeor - (for *decos-), stem of down (above).
dews, hon our, ornament; cf. L. decere, to Deed. (E.) M. E. deed. O. Mere. ded,
be fit. A. S. dad. + Du. daad. Ice!. diiIJ, Swed.
decorum . (L.) L. decorum, seemli- dlld, Dan. daad, Goth. deds, G. IIUlI,
ness; neut. of decorus, seemly. - L. deeor- , O. H . G. Iii!. Teut. type *dlCdi. ; Idg.
stem of decor, seemliness. allied to dews type *dlz.etis ; from .vDH E, to place, put,
(above) . Der. ilt-decorum . do. See Do.
Decoy,:t contrivance for catching wild- Deem. (E.) M , E. demen . A. S. de-
ducks . (F . altd Dn.) Coined from provo E. man, to judge, give a doom. - A. S. dom,
coy, a decoy, by prefixing the E. de- ( F. a doom; see Doom. Cf. Du. cioemm,
d/-, L. de). E. coy is from Du. kooi, a Icel. dama (for da!ma), Swed . doma, Dan.
cage, decoy, M. Du. koye. older form diimme, Go th . domjan, O. H. G. tuomian.
kOllwe ( H exham) ; from L. eauea, whence T eut. type *domj a,,- , from *domoz, doom.
also F . and E. cage ; see Cage. ~ The Deep, profound. (E. ) M. E. deep .
prefixing of de· was probably d ue to con- A. S. deop . + D u. diep, Dan. dj b, Swed.
fusion with M. E. coyen , to quiet; so that dju} , Ice!. djupr. G . lie/, Goth. diups.
de-coy seemed to mean a 'quieting down. ' T ellt. type *deupoz ; see Dip.
Decrease. (F. -L.) A . F. dem'ees, depth, deepness, (E.) From deep;
descreis. O . F. descrois, sb., a decrease; cr. I ce !. djp(J, depth, from djiipr, deep.+
from deseroislre, vb., to decrease. - Late L. D n. dieple; Goth . daupitha.
disereseere, used for L. decrescere, to Deer. (E. ) M. E. deer, an animal.
diminish (pp . dicretttS). - L. de, down, A. S. deor, a wild animal.+Dn. dier, Dan.
away; crescere, to grow. dyr, Swed. djllr, I ce!. djr, Goth. di1d,
decrement. (L.) L. decrementulIl, G . thier. Tent. type *deuzom; Idg. type
a decrease. - L. deere·ttIS, pp. of deeres- *dheusom, prob. 'animal ' ; from *dlteus-,
rere. to breathe (Kluge). Brugm. i. § 539 (2) .
Decree. (F . -L. ) M. E . decree. _ D er . wilder-tuss, q. v.
O. F. deerel. - L. deet'etum . - L. deerett<S, Deface. (F.-L.) M. E. defacm .-
VP. of decentere, to decree, lit. to separate. O. F. des/neier, to deface, disfigure. -
-L. de, :tway; cernere, to distinguish. O. F . des- « L. dis- ) , apart; face, face;
decretal. ( F. -L.) O. F. decretal. see Face.
- Late 1.. diet'itlile, a decree. - L. deo·itus. Defalcate, to abate, deduct. (L.)
Decrepit. (L.) L. decr:epitus, uoise· From pp. of Late L. diffalrare or deJal.
less, creeping about like an old man, aged. care, to abate, deduct , take away.-L. dif-
- L. de, away; crepitus, noise, allied to (= dis- ), apart , or else ae, away; Late L.
erepilus, pp. of creplire, to crackle, make falelire, to cut with a sickle, from L. falx
a noise . (stemfale- ), a sickle.
Decry,tocondemn. (F.-L. ) O . F . Defame. (F. -L.) M.E. defamen,
descn:er, to cry down, disparage. - O. F. diffamen. - O. F. diffamer, to take away a
des- (L. dis· ), implying the reversal of an man's character. - L. difflimiire, to spread
act, and here opposed to ' cry up'; crier, a bad report.-L. dif- (for dis -), apart;
to cry. See Cry. flima , a report. See Fame.
Decussate,to cross at an acute angle. Default. (F.-L.) M. E. defaule.-
(L. ) From pp. of L. demsslire, to cross, O. F. defaute, a default, from defaillir, to
to pnt into the form of an X . - L. demssis, fail; imitating faule from faillir. See
a coin worth ten asses (as-es), and there· De- (I ) and Fault.
fore marked with X , i. e . ten. - L . decem, Defeasance, a rendering null. (F.-
ten; assi., stem of as, an ace; see Ace. L.) A. F. bw-term defesallee , a rendering
Dedicate, to devote. (L.) L. der/ica· void. -0. F. defesa1tl, defeisant •.pres. part.
Ius, pp. of dMi{iire, to devole.-L. de, of defait'e, desfaire, to render vOld.-O. F .
13 3
 DEFEAT DEGRADE
des- (L. dis- ) , apart ; faire (L. facere), to down or aside. - L. de, down ; jieelere, to
make. bend. Der. dtjlex-um, from dtjlex-us,
defeat. (F. - L.) M. E. defai/eIl, to pp.
defeat.- A.F. tUftIer, formed from O. 1'. Dell.our, Dell.ower. (F.-L.) M.E.
defait , desfait, pp. of defaire, desfaire, to dtjlourm.-O. F. dejieurer, Cotg.- Late
render void (above). L . dijioriire. to gather flowers. .;..L. dZ,
Defecate. (L.) From pp. of difae- away;jio,'-, forjios , a flower.
ciire, to free from dregs. - L. dz, out; Dell.uzion. (L.) From ace. of L. de-
faee., stem of faex , pI. faeces, dregs. jillxio, a fl owing down. _ L. de, down;
Defect. (L.) L. difeclus, a want.- L. jiux ·tIS, pp. ofjiuere, to flow.
difectus, pp. of dijicere, to fail, orig. to Deforce, to dispossess. (F . - L.)
nndo. - L. de, away ; facere, to make. Legal. - A. 1'. defora r , to dispossess (Med.
Der. defecl-ion, -ive. L. diffOrciare). - O. F. de-= des- (L. dis- ),
Defend. ,F. -L.) M. E. defenden. - away; and }/. f orce. See For ce.
O. F . defmdre. - L. dij'endere, to defend, Deform. (F.-L.) M. E. deformell,
lit. strike down or awny. - L. dZ, down; chiefl y in pp. deformed. - O. F . di/for1ller,
*fendere, to strike, onl y ill compodef endere, to deform ; Godefroy. - O. F. diffor me,
of/emiere. Cf. G. 1M" .. ", to strike ; Skt. adj ., deformed, ug ly; Cot.-L. dif ormis,
han. (-v'GHwEN.) Brugm. i. § 664. ugly. - L. de, away ; form a, shape, beauty.
defence. (F. -L.) M. E . defen(e. - Defraud. (F . - L.) O. F. defrauder.
O. F. defense. - L. difm sa, a defending - L. dij'rattdare, to deprive by fraud. -L.
(Tertullian). - L. difms·lts, pp. of de- dZ, away; fraud-, stem offraus, fraud.
fmdere (above). Also M. E. defens, O. F. Defray. (F. -L. and O. H . G.) O. F.
de/em , from L. difeltSum, neut. desfrayer, to pay expenses; Littre. - O. F.
Defer ( I) , to delay. (F. -L.) M. Eo des- (L. dis-) ; f.-aier, to spend. Fraier
diJIerrm. - O. F. di.fferer, to delay. - L. is from O. F . *frai, *fre, later frait, mostly
differre, to bear different ways, delay. - L . used in the pI. f,-at's , fres (F. frais ), ex-
dif- (for dis-), apart; ferre, to bear. penses; cf. Low L. fredulII, a fine, com-
defer ( 2), to lay before, submit one- position. - O. H. G. fridu (G. fn'ede ),
self. (F.-L.) O. F. de/erer, to admit or peace; also, a fine for a breach of the
give way to an appeal.-L. diferre, to peace. See Affra.y.
bring down, bring before one. - L . de, Deft, neat. dexterous. (E.) M. E . deft,
down; ferre, to bear, carry. daft. A. S. dafte, as seen in ge-dafte, mild,
Dell.cient. (L.) t-rom stem of pres. gentle, meek; ge-dafllice, fitly, season-
pt. of dijicere, to fail; see Defect. ably; daftan, to prepare. Cf. A. S. ge-
dell.cit, lack. (L.) L. dijicit, it fails; daJ-en, fit , pp. of a lost strong vb. tdafan;
3~ .•~'pres. of dijicere (above). Goth. gudaban, to befit, gadobs, fitting.
Defile ( I), to pollute. (F.-L.; (011- Defunct, dead. (L.) L difunctus,
fused with L. a'id E.) M. E. defoulm, to i. e. having fully performed the course of
trample under foot ; later spelling defoyle; life, pp. of difungr, to perform fully.-L.
see Foil (I). This word is obsolete, but de, fu lly; and fungi, to perform; see
it suggested a hybrid compound made by Function.
p refixing L. cU, down , to the old word Def,y. (F. -L.) M. E. defyen. -O. F.
Jile, to defile (Macb. iii. 1. 65 ) = A. S. defier, dejfier, desjier, orig. to renoun~-e
fYlalZ (for *ful}all), to defile, make foul, one's faith. - Late L. diffidare. to renounce
formed (by vowel-change of u to j ) from fa ith. - L. dif- (for dis-), apart; -ftJ,ire
A. S. f lil, foul; see Foul. (from jldtts, faithful ), to trust; cf. L.
Defile ( 2), to march in a file. (F. -L.) jldere, to trust. See F&ith.
F. dijiler, to defil e. - F . di- = O. F. des- (L. Degenerate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dis-), apart;Jiler, to spin threads, from L. digenerare, to become base.-L. dig-eller ,
filum, thread. Der. defile, sb., .F. dijiU, adj ., base. - L. de, down; geller- (for
a narrow passage; orig. pp. of dtjiler.. *geltes-). stem of genus, race. See Genus.
Define. (F . -L.) O. F. definer, to Deglutition, swallowing. (F. - L.)
define, conclude. - L. dejl,.ire, to limit. F . digllliitiolt. - L. de, down; gliitulIs,
- L. di down; jlnr,'e, to end, from jlm's, PE. of gliilire, to swallow.
eud. Degrade. ~ F. -L.) O. F . degrader,
Dell.ect. (L.) L. dijlcctere, to bend to l!eprive of rank or office. - Late L. de·
133
 DEGREE DELVE
g radI11'e, the same. - L. dl, from; gradres, I Delf. (Du. ) Earthenware first made at
Tank. See Grade. I Delfl, formerly Delj, a town in S. Holland,
degree. (F. -L.) O. F . degre, degrel, about A. D. 1 31 0 ( Haydn). The town was
a step, rank ; orig. a step do,ull (used of I' named from its delf or canal; cf. Delve.
stairs) . - L. dl, down ; gradllS. a step. Deliberate, carefully weighed ann
Dehiscent, gaping. ( t.) L. dllii- ! considered. (L.) L. d~liberiilus, pp. of dl -
scent-, stem 01 pres. pt. of dilliscere, 10 . libertire, to consult. - L . de, thoroughly;
gape open. - L. dl, down ; hiscere, to I librare, to weigh, from lrbra, a balance.
gape , inceptive of /ziare, to yawn; see Delicate, dainty, refined. (L.) L.
Hiat u s. deliealus, luxurious ; probably allied to
Deify, Deist; see Deity. dHicia (or delicia, pl. ), pleasure, delight ,
Deign. (F. - L.) M. E. deigllm. - and 10 L. delieen, to amuse (below).
A. F . ddg'lz-, a stem of O. F . dig ll(i)er, to delicious. (F. -L.) M. E. delicious.
deign. - L. dig-nare, by-form o f dignari, to - O. F. deNdow. - Late L. dl liciosus,
deem worthy.-L.dig,zus, worthy. llrugm. pleasant. - L. delicia, pleasure. -L. de-
ii. § 66. licere, to amuse, allure. - L . de, away;
Deit~. (F.-1..) M.E. deile.-O.F. lacen, to entice.
d~ile. - L. deilaleill! acc. of deitas, ~eity, d!,ligh:t. (F. - L.) Misspelt. for delit~ .
Godhead. - L. det-, for deus , God, cf. M. E. tIettlm, verb. - O. F . deltler, delel-
dttttls, godlike. Cf. W. dtlw, Gael. and le1·. - L. deleclare; see Delectable.
Ir. dia , SkI. deva ·, a god; Gk. ~los, Skt, Delineate. (L.) From pp. of L.
dai7)a-, divine. See Tuesday. deliman, to sketch in outline. - L. de,
deify. (F. - L.) M. E. deifym. - down; linetire, to mark out, from linea,
O. F. deijier, 'to deifie;' Cot. - Late L . a line. See Line.
deijietire. -L. deifteus, accounting as gods. Delinquent, failing in duty. (L.) L.
- L. dei-, for detls, a god; and :fie-, for deli1lqtlml-, stem of pres. pt. of delinqllere,
lacen, to make. Der. deiJieat-ion , due to to fail, to omit one's duty. - L. de, away,
pp. of deiJirare. from ; li1Zfjue1'e, to leave.
deist. (F, -L.) F. dlisle. From L. Deliquesce, to become liquid. (L.)
de -us; with suffix -ist. L. deltqueseere, to become liqUId. - L. de,
Deject, to cast down. (L.) From L. away; liqueseere, inceptive form of /iqtierC,
dlieetus, pp. of dlieere (deiieen), to cast to be wet. See Liquid.
down.-L. dl, down; iarere, to throw. Delirious. (L.) A coined word (with
Delay, vb. (F.-L: ' O. F . delayer, suffix "ous) from L. deliri-tllll, madn ess,
dilaier; also deleer (Godefroy). It answers which is also adopted inlo English. - L.
in sense to L. d,-Ialare, to defer, delay, delirus, mad; lit. ' going out of the
put off; wh ich would p roperly give O. F. furrow.' _ L. de, from; and lira , a furrow .
dileer. Dilallire is from dUii/us, deferred, Cf. O. H . G. leisa , G. g-leise, a track.
put off ; frOID L. di- (dis-), apart; ltitus, Deliver. (F.-L.) O. F. delivrer, to
borne, pp. of tollere, to lift, sustain, bear. set free.-Late L. deliberiire , to set free.-
~ The O. F. spelling with ai causes a L. de, from i liberiire, to free, from lib,,',
diffIculty. Der. delay, sb.; O. F. delai. free.
Delectable. (F.-L.) Late M. E. Dell, a dale. (E .) M. E . del/e. A . S .
.lelee/able. - F. dtleclable. -L. deleetiibilis , dell, neut. ; Cart. Sax. i. 547; ii. jl.
delightful. - L. dlleetare, to delight; fre- Teut. type *daIj01ll; see Dale.
quent. of delieere, to allure. See De- Delta. (Gk.) Gk. a,":ra, the letter 1:.. ;
licious. answering to Heb. dalellt, the name of the
Delegate, a chosen deputy. (L.) L. 4th letter of the alphabet ; orig.' a doo r of
dellgalus, pp. of diligare, to depute, ap- a tent.' (Orig. Phrenician.) Der. deltoid.
point. - L. dl, away; llglin, to depute. Delude. (L ) L . dib,dere (pp. delusw),
See Legate. to mock at, cajole. -L. de, down; !tldere,
Delete, to crase. (L.) L. dilettls, pp. to play. D er . dellis-ion, from the pp.
of dillre, to destroy. See below. Deluge. (F. - L.) O. F . deluge. -L.
Deleterious. (Gk.) Late L. dell- diltltlium, a washing away. - . L. dfluere,
Uri-liS, with suffix -ous. For Gk. a",,:'l" to wash away. - L. di- (dlS- ) , apart;
rqp<os, noxious. - Gk. ~'1>''1T~p, a destroyer. Itlere, to wash, :!:Ilied t? Lave. _
_ Gk. m.,>,EOfUJ1 , I harm, injure. Delve, to (1ig. (Eo) M. E. delllell.
J34
 DEMAGOGUE DENOMINATE
A. S. delfatl, pt. t. dea/f, pp. dolfetl.+D u. Demise, transfe rence, decease. (F. - L.
delven; M. H. G. Ielben. Cf. Russ. dol- O. F. demise , desmise, felD . of pp. of
bite, to hollow out . Brugrn. i. § 521 ( 2). desmettre, to displace, dismiss. - L. dilllit.
Demagogue. (F.-Gk.) F. dellla- tere; see Dismiss.
gogue. -Gk.liYJJ.la",(ory6s, a popular leader. Democracy. ( F.-Gk.) Formerl y de-
- Gk. liijJ.l-or, people; u)'Q),yos, leading, mocraty (Milton ). -M .F.delllocratie; Cot.
from tl"l-ftv, to lead. - Gk. liYJJ.loKpaTla , popular government,
Dema.nd. (F. - L.) F. demander, to rule by the people. - Gk. liTJJlo-, for liijJlos,
demand, require. - L. dimandlire, to en- a country-district, also the people; and
trust; in late L., to demand . - L. de, I KPflTflv , to rule. Cf. O. Ir. dum, a retinue.
away; mandare, to commission, order. I Demolish. (F. - 1..) O. F . demoliss-,
Demarcation. (Span. - L. and inchoative stem of de1llolir, to demolish.-
M. H. G.) From Span. demarcacion (sec L. di moliri, di m olire, to pull down.-L.
i
N.E. D.) ; whence also F. dbnarcati01l. de, from; moles, heap, mass.
- L. di, down; and Span. marcnr, to ' Demon. (L. -Gk. ) I"ormerly dtEmon.
mark, a word of German origin; see I- L. damon. - Gk. OOIJlOJll, a god, genius,
Marque. I spirit. Cf. ooloJlo., I impart.
Demea.n (I ), to conduct ; reJlex., to . Demonstrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behave. (F . -L.) M. E. demetlC1l.- 0. 1'. 1demonstrare, to show fully.-L. de, down,
demener, to conduct , guide, manage. - ; fully; monslrtfre, to show, from 1IIoltstnml,
O. F. de ( = L. di ), down, fully ; mener , to . aportent. See Monster.
conduct, from Late L. minare, to drive ' Demoralise, to corrupt in morals.
cattle, conduct, from L.miniiri,to threaten. (F. -L.) Mod. F . dt 11loraliser.-F. dt-,
See Menace. O. F . des (L. dis- ), apart ; moral, moral;
demea.nour. (F.-L.) M. E. de11lC1t- with suffix -ise (= F . -iser, for Gk. '.(fU,).
tire (XV cent.) ; a coined word, Jrom See Moral.
M. E. demenm, to demean, behave; see Demur, vb. (F.-L.) O. F . demotlrer,
Demean ( I \ demeurer, to tarry; hence, to hesitate.-
Demean (l), to debase, lower. (Hy- L. demorllri, to dday full y -L. di, ful\y;
brid; L. and E.) Made, like debase, morari, to delay, from mora, delay.
from the prefix De- (I ) , and the adj . Demure. (F.-L.) XIV cent . Coined
m ert1t . See Mean (l ). by prefixing de- (see De- ( I) ) , to M. E.
Demented, mad. (L. ) Pp. of the old mure, mature, calm , demure. - O. F. mmr
\'erb to dement.-L. dimentare, to d rive (F. mar) , mature. - L. matiirus ; see
o ut of one's mind. - L. de, from; mento, Mat ure .
stem of mms, mind. Demy; a spelling of demi-.
Demerit, ill desert. (F.-L.) Also Den. (E.) M . E . dm ; A. S. denn, a
merit, in a g(lod sense; Cor. i. J. 276.- cave, allied to demt, a valley. M. Du. +
O. F. demerite, desert; also a fault , de- denne, a cave (K il ian).
merit.-Late L di merittmz , a fault; from Denary, relating to tens. (L.) L.
pp. of L. delllC1-ire, dimerer., to deserve dbliirius, containing ten. - L. dint ( = ·dec-
(in a good sense). - L. de, fully; 11Ierire, nil, pI. ten by ten. -L. dec-em, tcn. Hence
11te1-iri, to deserve. See Merit. I denier, L. dinarius, piece of ten (as-es).
Demesne. (F. -L.) A. F. demeille, i Dendroid. (Gk.) Gk. ~'vlipo · " , a tree;
dell/ene, also demesne (with silent s); other : -uliYJs , like, from .llios, form , shape.
s~ellings of Domain , q. v. ' Denizen, a naturalised citi zen, inha·
Demi-, half. (F. - L.) O. F. demi, bi tant. ( F. - L. ) Formerly deynseill.-
half. - L. ace. dimidiu1ll , half. - L. di- = A. F. and O. F. deittzein \als o denzeitz),
dis·, apart; medius, midd le; see Medi um . used in the Liber Albus to denok a trader
Demijohn, a kind . of large bottle. withi" the pri\'ile~e of the city fran ch~se,
(F.) From F. dame-Jeamte; cf. Span. as opposed tojoretn. Formed byadd mg
damajtta,za. Much disputed, but not of the suffi x -ein ( = L. -anCt/s) to O . F. dei,zz,
Eastern origin. The F. form is right as now spelt dans , within. -L. de intus, from
it sta nds, though often much perverted. within. -L. di, from; intus, within , allied
Frolll F. dame \Sp. dama ) , lady; and to Interior.
J (a'"te (Sp. J uana) , Jane, Joan. See Denominate. , L.) From pp. of L.
N. E. D. dbzomi.zlire , to name. - L . de, down , fully;
135
 DENOTE DEPOSITION
,16mill.are, to name, from nOlIlin-, stem of hang down or from. _ L. th, down, from;
"Ometl, a name; see Noun. penthre, to hang. See Pendant.
Denote. (F. -L.) F. dtnoter.-L. de- Depict. (L.) Formerly used as a Pl'.-
'lOltire, to mark out. - L. dl, down; L. depictus, pp. of lUpingere, to d"pict,
tlOltire, to mark, from tlota, a mask. See lit . paint fully . - L. de, fully; pingen, to
Note. paint. Cf. Picture.
Denouement, the undoing of a Depilatory, removing hair. (L.)
knot. (F.-L. ) F.dtnouement,sb.,from Formed, in imitation of M.F. depilatoire
tilnouer, to undo a knot. -L. dis-, apart; (Col.) , from a L. adj. *dipilatorius, not
twdare, to knot, from "iidus, a knot. See found. - L. dipilii·re, to pluck onl hair. -
Node, L. lU, away; pilare, to pluck away hair,
Deno1lJlce. ( }<' . -L.) O. F. denollcer. from pilus, hair.
- L. lUnuntiare, to declare. - L. di, down, DeJJletion. (L .) •Depletion, an empty-
fully; nuntiare, to tell, from mllltius, a ing; Blount. Formed, in imitation of
messenger. See Nuncio. Der. denunciat- npleti01', from L. lUplitus, Pl'. of diplire,
ion, from L. pp. dblullciatus. to empty. - L. de, away; plire, to fill.
Dense. (L.) L. denslts, thick .+ Gk. See Plenary.
3aaos,thick. Brugm.i.§8sI. Der. con- Deplore. (F.-L.;orL.) O. F. de·
dmse. plorer. - L. lUjlOriire, to lament over.-
Dent; see Dint. L. di, fully; ploriire, to cry out, wail,
Dental. (L.) Formed with suffix ·al weep. Brugm. i. § 154.
(F. -aI, L. -alis) from L. dmt·, stem of Deploy, to open out, extend. (F.-L.)
dens, a tooth, cognate with E. Tooth. F. dip/oyer, to unroll, unfold; O. F. des-
dentated, furnished with teeth. (L ) p/oier, to unfold. - L. dis·, apart; pliciire,
L. dentatus, toothed. -L. de"t-, stem of to fold. A doublet of Display.
dens, a tooth. Deponent, one who testifies. (L.) L.
denticle, a little tooth. (L.) L. dm- deponmt·, stem of the pres. pt. of diponere,
tiettlus, double dimin. of dens, a tooth. to lay down, also (in late L.) to testify.-
dentifrice, tooth-powder. (F. -L.) L. lU, down; p onere, to lay. See Position.
F. delltifrice. - L. dentifricium (Pliny). - Depopulate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
L. denti-, decl. stem of dellS, a tooth; popuTare, to lay waste; in Late L. to de·
fric-an, to rub. prive of people or inhabitants. Orig. to
dentist. (F.-L.) F.dentiste. Coined ravage by means of multitudes.-L. di,
from L. dent-, stem of dens, a tooth. fully; popu/are, to populate, fill with
dentition. (L. ) L. dentitionelll, acc. people, from populus, people; see People.
of dentitio, cutting of teeth. -L. dentitus, Deport. (F. - L.) M. F. deporter, to
pp. of dentire, to cut tedh. -L. denti-, bear, endure; se deporter, to for bear, quiet
deci. stem of dens, a tooth. oneself. - L. dipor/lire, to carry down, re-
Denude, to lay bare. (L.) L. dinu- move; with extended senses in Late Latin.
dare, to make fully bare. -L. de, fully; Der. deportment, O. }<' . deportemCJlt, be-
nUdiire, to lay bare, from nUtiw, bare. haviour. IU For the varying senses, see
See Nude. F. d/porter.
DenUDciation; see Denounce. Depose. (Y. -L. and Gk.) O. F. de-
Deny. (F. - L. ) M. E . denim. -M. F. poser, to displace. - 0 . }' . de- (L.de; , from;
denier, earlier form delleier. - L. dillegiire, and F . poser, to place, of Gk. origin, as
to deny fully. -L. di, fully; negiire, to shown under Pose. IU Much confused
deny. See Negation. with derivatives from L. po"e,'e, to place.
DeodaD.d, lit. a thing to be given to See below.
God. (L.) From L. deO,dat. of deus, God; Deposit, vb. (F . -L.) Obs. F. de-
dandum, neut. of dalldllS, to be given, positer, to entrust. - Med. L. dipositiire, to
from dare, to give. lay down. - L. depositum, a tbing laid
Depart. (F . - L.) O. F. dejat·tir, des- down, neut. of pp. of depotlere; see De-
partir, to divide, to part from. - L. dis-, ponent.
away from ; parlire, to part; see Part. deposition. (F.-L.) O. F . deposi-
Cf. L. dispertire. tiOII. - L. acc. depositiolum, a depositing.
Depend. (F . ....:L.) O. F. depmdre, to -L. dipositus, pp. of lUponere, to lay
depend, hang on ; Cot. - L. dipeJldire, to down ,above) .
136
 DEPOT DESIGN
depot, a store. (F.-L.) F. depOt; Derrick, a kiod of crane. (Du.) Orig.
O. F. depost. - L. dlpositum, a thing laid the gallows; and named from a Dutch
down , hence, stored) ; neut. of dlpositus, hangman; see T. Dekker, Senn Deadly
PI" of tbponere; see Deponent. Sins of London, ed. Arber, p. 17. - Du.
Deprave. (F.-L.) M.E . depmuen. - Dierryk, Dirk, Diet/erik; answering to G.
O. F. depraver. -L. diprawire, to make Dietn'ch, A. S. P eodric, • ruler of the
crooked, distort, vitiate. - L. dl, fully; people.'
prauus, crooked, depraved. Dervis, Dervish, a Persian monk,
Deprecate. (L.) From pp. of L. . ascetic. (Pers.) Pers. darvis/I, poor ; a
depncari, to pray against, pray to remo,'e. I dervish , who professed poverty. Cf. Zend
- L. dl, away ; preca,'i, to pray. See dri"ltt-, poor (Horn).
Precarious. Descant. (F.-L.) Orig. a variation
Depreciate. (L.) From pp. of L. in a song. - O. North F. descant (0. F. des,
di'j>reliiire, to lower the price of. - L. dl , ehant ), a kind of song. - Late L. discanttls,
down; p retium, price. See Precious. a refrain , ki nd of singing. - L. dis-, apart;
Depredate. ,L.) From pp. of L. and cal/tw, a song. See Cant ( I ) .
deprrediiri, to plunder. - I.. dl, fully; prre- Descend. , F.- 1..) M. F. desi'Cltdre ;
dari, t o rob, frompneda, prey; see Prey. C ot.-L. descenden, lit. to climb down. -
Depress. (F. - L.) O. F. deprcsser I .. di, down; sca1ldere , to climb; sec
\ Godefroy) . - L. type *,llpressare; from Scan.
L. diipressus, pp. of deprilllere, to press Describe. (L .) L. dc!So'ibe,'e, to write
down. - L. di, down; pre1Jlere, to press. down, describe full y; pp. descl'lptlls
Deprive. (F. - L.) O. 1'. depriver ,whence descripliott}. - L. tI.', dow n;
(Godefroy). - Late L. dlpriv,lre, to de- scribere, to write. See Scribe.
prhe of office, degrade. - 1.. dl, folly; descry. (F.-L.) M. E . descrym, to
priulire, to deprive. See Priva.te. discern. - O. F. tiescri1'e, short form of
Depth; see Deep. O. F . descrivre, to describe. - L. deseribi re.
Depute. ( F. -L.) M.l' . deputer; Cot. ~ Sense affected by O. F. descrier, to pro-
-L. dlpltttire, to cut off, also to impute, claim, publish ; from O. F. des- (L. dis- ),
destine. - L. dl, down; putare, to cut off, and cn'er , to cry.
orig. to cleanse. Der. deput-y, M. F. Desecrate. (L.) From pp. of L. dl·
deput.!, one deputed, pp. of deputer. secrare or dlsac1'iire, to consecrate ; (w ith
Derange. (F. - 1.. and O. H. G.) }<'. change of sellse due to O. F. dessacrer, to
dlra1lger, to disarrange; formerly des . profane, from L. dis-, apart). - L. di, fully;
rang-ier.-L. dis·, apart; O. F . rangier, sat'rare, to account as sacred; see Sacred.
"engier, to range; see Range. Desert ( I ) , a waste. (F.-L.) O. F.
Dereliction, complete abandonment. desert, a wilderness. -L. dlse1·turn, nellt.
\L.) L. acc. dlrelictiOnelll, complete neg- of di'serltts, waste; pp. of deserere, to
lect. - L. direlict1ts, pp. of dereiinqllere, to desert , abandon. - L. di, away (negative) ;
forsake. - L. de, from; relinquere, to leave I serere, to join.
behind, from reo, back, and lin'luere, to Desert (2), merit. (F.-L.) O. F.
leave. See Relinquish. desert , fern. deserle, lit. a thing deserved,
Deride. (L.) L. dlridin , to laugh pp. of deservi,', to deserve; see below.
down, langh at; from dc, down, and deserve. (F.-L.) O . F . deservir._
ridln, to laugh. Der. dcri", ive, from L. dlserulre, to serve fully; in Late L., to
PE. deristtS. deserve. - L. de, fully; semire. to serve.
Derive. (F.-L.) O. F. deriver, to See Serve.
derive, also to drain.-L. dlrillare, to Deshabille, careless dress. ( 1'. -L. )
drain off water. - L. dl, from; ri1ms, a F. dishabille, undress. - F. deshabiller, to
stream. See Rivulet. undress.- F .dls (L.dis-), apart, away, un-;
Derm, skin. (Gk. ) Gk. ~.pl'a, skin.- haMller, to dress; see Habiliment.
Gk.~'p.tV,tolla y; cognate with E. Tear, Desiccate,todryup. (L.) Frompp.
vb., to rend. of L . diisiccan, to drain dry. - L. de, away;
Derogate. (L.) From pp. ofL. diro- siccan, to dry, from siccus, dry.
glire, to repeal a law, detract from. -L. Desiderate; see Desire.
dl, away; rogare, to ask, propose a law. Design, vb. (F. - L. ) O. F . designer,
See Roga.tion . to denote, to design. - L. dlsigniire, to
137 F3
 DESIRE DETAIL
denote, mark down.-L. de, down; sig. to despair).-L. de, (I) fully, (2) away;
,,are, to mark, from signum, sign. Der. spondlre, to promise.
design·ate. Despot, a tyrant. (F . -L.-Gk.) O.F.
Desire, to long for. (F. - L.) O. F. tie- desp ot. - Med. L. despo/us. - Gk. 3fO'lrOT,/S,
sirer, desirrer. - L. tilsitienire, to long for, a master; lit. ' master of the house.' The
regret, miss. Perhaps (like eonsfderiire) syllable 3f(T- = Idg. *dems, 'of a house; ,
allied to sidt4S, a star, as ifto tum the eyes cf. Skt. dam·pa/i-, master of the house.
from the stars, to regret, miss. The syllable lfuT- is allied to Gk. "'O(TIS,
desiderate. (L.) L. dlsitierii/tls, pp. husband, Skt. pati·, lord, and to Potent.
of de,'ideriire (above). Brugm. i. § 408.
Desist. (F .-L.) O. F. desis/er, to Desquamation, a scaling off. (L.)
cease. -L. desis/ere, to put away, also to From pp, of L. dlsquilmare, to remove
desist. _ L . di, away; sistere, to put, also scales. - L. de, off; squama, a scale.
to stand still, from sllire, to stand. Dessert. (F. -L.) O. F. dessert, the
Desk, a sloping table. (L. - Gk.) last course at dinner. - O. F. tiesservir, to
M. E . duke, desk; in Chaucer, C. T., F. do ill service to; also, to take away the
1128. - Med. L. desea, a desk; cf. Ita1. courses at dinner. - O. F . des-, from L. dis-,
tieseo, 'a desk;' Florio. _ L. diseum, a way; urvir, from seruire, to serve.
ac~. of discus, a disc, table. See Disc, Destine. (F . ·-L.) O. F. ties/iner, to
DiBh. ordain. - L. dis/intire, to destine, ordain;
Desolate, solitary. (L. ) L. dlsolatus, allied to L. dls/im1, a prop, support. -L.
forsaken; pp. ofdisoltire, to forsake.-L. de, down; and *s/amlre, to cause to stand,
til, fully; solare, to make lonely, from derivative of s/tire, to stand. Cf. Cretic
solus, alone. aTal'Il... , I set. Brngm. ii. § 603.
Despair' see De8perate. Destitute. (L.) L. tils/ittitus, left
Despatch j see Dispatch. alone; pp. of tilstituere, to place alone.-
Desperate, hopeless. (L.) L. dlsPl- L. dl, away; s/atuere, to place, causal of
"titus, pp. of dispb-iire, to lose all hope. - sUire, to stand.
L. de, from; spb-ilre, to hope; from splr-, Destroy. (F. - L.) M. E . des/roien,
as in sp-es, O. Lat. pI. of sPls, hope. destrtlim. -0. F. destruire (F. d//,-'u ire ;
despair, vb'. (F. -L.) M. E. des- Ital. distruggere). - L. type *distrugere,
peirm, desperm. - 0, F. despeir-, tonic for L. dlstrtlCre, to pull down, unbuild,
stem of desperer, to despair. - L. dlsplrare -overthrow (pp. destrue/us) . - L. de, down i
(above). strtJere. to pile up.
desperado, a desperate man. (Span. destruction. (F.- L.) O. F. de-
-L. ) M. Span. tiesperado. -L. desplrti/us, sf-me/ioll . - L. ace. dlstrtlCtionem; from
p~. of dlsplrare (above). destrllct-lIs, pp. of dlstmere (above).
Despise, to contemn. (F.-L.) M.E. Desuetude,disuse. (L.) L. dlsul/udo,
despism. - O. F. despis-, stem of the pres. disuse. - L. dlStll/us, pp. of disuesce,'e, to
part., &c., of despire, to despise. - L. dl. grow out of USt, opposed to COIl,suescere;
spieere, to look down, look down on see Custom.
(below). Der. despic-able, from L. de- Desultory, jumping from one thing
spicilri, to look down on, allied to dl- to another. (L.) L. desultiJritJs, orig. be·
spicere, longing to a demltor; hence, inconstant.-
despite, spite, hatred. (F.-L.) M.E. L. disultor, one who leaps down, or from
despi/. - O. 1'. despit, 'de3pight, spight;' horse to horse. - L. dlmlttls, pp. of disilire,
Cot. - L. dhpectum, ace. of dlspec/us, to leap down. - L. de, down i salire, to
contempt. -L. dlspectus, pp. of dispicere, leap.
to despise.-L. dl,down; specere, to louk; Detach. (F. - L. and G.) F. dt!tache,-,
see Species. to unfasten , - F . cIt- = O. F. des- (L. dis- ) ,
Despoil. (F. -L.) O. F. despoiller (F. apart; F. tacne, a nail, tack; see Tack.
cltpou,1Ier), to despoil.-L. despoliare, to Der. det(u:hlllent. Cf. Attach.
plwlder.-L. dl, fully; spoliare, to strip Detail, a small part. (F.-L.) O. F.
of clothing, from spolium, spoil; see tie/ail,' a peece-mealing, also retail e, or a
Spoil. selling by parcels;' Cot. - O. F. detail/er,
Despond. (L.i L. despoJldere, ( 1) to to cut into pieces. - O. F . de- (L. dl-) ,
promise fully, (l ) to give up, yield (hence, down fully; /,",{ler, to cut; see Tailor.
13 8
 DETAIN DEVOIR
Der. delail, verI.> (which is from the sl.>. 0.1'. deus (1'. deux) , abo dow, two.-L.
in K, though in F. it is the other way). db ifs, acc. of duo, two.
Detain. (F . -L.) From a tonic stem deuce ( 2), the devil. (LowG . -F . -
of U . F. detenir. - L. dllinere, to hold 1..) Low G. de dum! the deuce! ( Bre-
back; pp. delmilis. _ 1.. de, down; tenere, men Worterbuch ) ; G . der daw ! Orig.
to t,old. D er. delmtio1t (from the pp.) . an exclamation on throwing the deuce or
Detect. (L.) From L. deleclus, pp. two at diet·, as it was a losing throw.-
of delegere, to um:over, expose. -L. de, O . F . dous, two (above).
away; legere, to cover. See Tegument. Deuteronomy. (L.-Gk.) Late L.
Detention j see Detain. deuterollQlIlirmt. - Gk. lfllTfPOVVp.lOV, a
Deter. (L.) L. deten-ere, to frighten second giving of the law. - Gk. ~ ..JTfpO-S,
from.- L. de, from; lerrere, to frighten. second; VOIl-os, law.
See Terror. Devastate. eL.) From pp. ofL. di-
Deterge, to wipe off. (L.) 1.. deter· uasllire, to lay waste. - L. de, down;
gere, to wipe off. - 1.. de, off; tergere, to tlasla,-e, to lay waste, from adj. ttaslus,
wipe. Der. delerg.eltt, from the pres. pt. waste.
Deteriorate. (L.) L. deterioriilus, Develop, to nnfold, open out. (F.-
pp. of deterioriire, to make worse. -1.. L. altd Teut.) F. developpe,', O . F. des-
deterior, worse. }<"ormed from de, away, veloper, desvolliper. - 0.1'. des· (L. dis-),
from; with compo suffixes ·Ier-ior. (l:io apart; and the base velop- or volup-, which
also in-Ier·ior from i ,t.) appears also in envelope. This base repre-
Determine. ( F.-L.) O. F. deler- sents T ent. wlap·, as in M. E. wlappe.t, to
f1tiner. -L. deterllliltare, to bound, end.- wrap up; see Lap (3), Wrap.
L. de, down, fully; lermitttlre, to bound, Devest, to unclothe. (l'.-L.) From
from lerminus, a boundary; see Term. M. F. desvestir, to devest. -L. dis-, off;
Der. pre·delenJtille. and tustire, to clothe. Doublet, divesl.
Detest. (F.-L.) M.F. delester, to Deviate. (L.) From pp. of L. de-
loat he.-L. delestart, to exe~rate, impre- uiare, to go out of the way. -L. de, from;
cate evil by calling down the gods to wit· uia, way.
ness. - L. de, down ; lestarl, to witness, devious. (L.) L . diui.us, going out
from testis, a witness. of the way; with suffix -ous. - L. de,
Dethrone. (F.-L. altd Gk.) M . F'. from; uia, way.
desthrOlter, 'to unthrone;' Cot. - O. F. Device, a plan. (F. - L.) M . E.
des- (L. dis- \ apart; L. Ihr01lUs, frOlll deIlYS, deuise (devys, devise). - O. F. devis,
Gk. 9"ovor, a throne. See Throne. , devise, a device, also a division.-Late L.
Detonate, to explode. (L.) L. dll(O- : diulsullt , dirt/sa, ~ division; also a judg-
,titlttS, pp. of detoltii,-e, toexplode.-L. tiL', ment, devlc,: ; ong . neut. and fern . of
full y; IOltitre, to thunder. pp of diuide,-e, 10 divide; see Divide.
Detour, a winding way. (F.-L.) F . devise, to plan. (F.-L.) M. E. de-
dtltmr, a circuit; verbal sb. from F. /l isen (devisett). - O. F. deviser. - O . }<' .
detourner, to tum aside.- F . de- (L. dis-), devis or devise, sb. (above).
aside. apart; taunter, to tum . See Turn. Devil. (L. - Gk.) A . l:i. deoful, deofol.
Detraction. (F.-L.) O. F. detrac- - L. diabolus . - Gk. 151(11'loAos, the slan-
tioll. - L. detractionellt, acc. of delt-adio, derer, the devil. - G k. l5,al'loAAftv, to throw
a withdrawal; hence a taking away of across, Iraduce, slander. - Gk. /Ita, through,
one's credit. - L. detrac/lts, pp. of delt'a- across: tM"AftV, to throw; see Belemnite.
here, to lake away, also to disparage. - Devious j see Deviate.
L. de, away; lrahere, to draw. l:iee Devise j see Device.
Trace ( I ) . Devoid, quite void . (F . - L.) M . E .
Detriment. (F.-L.) 0.F.delri1ltCltI. deuoid: dut: to deuoided, pp. of deuoiden
- L. delrflllettlUIIl, loss ; lit. 'a rubbing (devoidett), to empty. - O. F . desvuidier,
away: - L. dllrl-Iw, pp. of deterere, 10 desvoidier, to empty out. - O . F. des-
rub down; wilh suffix -mentullt. - L. de, (L. dis- ) ; voidier, to empty, from voide,
down; terere, to rub. See Trite. vuide, anj. t:mpty; see Void.
Detrude. (L.) L. di!lrtidere, to Ihru st Devoir, duty. (F .- L.) M .E. delloir.
down . - L. de, down; tnidere, to thrust. - M . F . devoir, O . F . deveir, to owe ;
Deuce ( I), a twu , at cards. ( F. -L.) used as a sIJ.-L. debL're, toowe; see Debt.
139
 DEVOLVE DIAPASON
Devolve. (L.) L. diuo/ucrc, to roll tinctive.-Gk. ~IaKpi •• tv , to separate.-
down, bring or transfer to. - L. de, down; Gk. ~"i , apart ; Kpivftv , to judge.
tlolu(1'e, to roll. ~ A frequent old scnse Diadem, a fillet , crown. (1'.- L.-Gk. )
of devolve was ' to transfer.' Der. devolut- M. E. and O. F. diademe . - L. diadema.-
iOIl, from the pp. dilJoltulIS. Gk. a"iaT/f«l, a fillet . - Gk. li"i, apart,
Devote, vb. (1..) L. dilto/lts, pp. of across; aE-OJ, I hind, allied to Skt. da, to
dcuouere, to devote, vow fully. - L. di, bind (whence daman, a garland) . (.yDE.)
fully; ItOteere, to \'ow. See Vote. Brugm. ii. § 707.
Devour. IF. - L. ) O. F. devorer ( I p. Dieresis, a mark ( .) of separation.
s. pro devorere;. -L. del/orlin, to consume, (l..-(;k.) L. ditJ!resis. -Gk. a,aipflTtS, a
eat up.-L. de, fully i te01'lire, to gulp dividing.-Gk.a,-<i,aparti aip,O',s,ataking,
<lown. See Voracity. from alp."" to take.
Devout. (F. - L.) M. E. deltot (devot), Diagnosis, scientific determination of
al so spclt devou/e. _ O. F. devot, devoted. - a disease. (Gk.) Gk. ala,),vOJI1tS, a dio-
L. diuo/us, pp. of dellolllre ; see Devote. ti nguishing.- Gk. a"., between i -,vwO'tS,
Dew. (E.) M. E. dere, dew. A . S. euquiry; from ,),vw.al , to know .
diaw, dew.+Dn. darew, Ice!. do/W (gen. Diagonal. (F.-L.-Gk .) F . diago1lal.
diiggvar), Dan. dleg, Swed. dagg, G . thau. - 1.. aiagon.a/is, running from corner l,)
Teut. type *dauwo-. Perhaps allied to Skt. corner. - Gk. ala,),wvtOs (the same) . - Gk.
dhdv, to run, flow; Gk. 8E ... , to run. ! a"l, through, between; ,),OJvia, an angle,
Dexter. (,L.) L. dexter, on the right bend , allied to ,),o.v, knee; see Knee.
hand side, right .+ Gk. a.[uSs, right, Skt. Diagra.m. (L.-l; k.) L. diagromllta ,
dakshi~la-, on the right or south, Goth. a scale, gamut (hence, sketch , plan ).- Gk.
taihswa, right hand, W. deheu, right, atlJ.,),paf'f'a , a fi gure, plan , gamut. - Gk.
southern, Gael. and Irish deas (the same) . ala,),paq)ftv, to mark out by lines, describe.
The SkI. dakshi1fa- is orig. ' clever'; cf. - Gk. ala , through; ')'P~<PftV , to write.
Skt. daksha-, able, dakJl1, to be strong. . Dial. (L.; M. E. dial. - Med. 1.. ditTlis,
Dey, a governor of Algier5. (F. - Turk.) relating to a day; hence a plate for shew-
F. cley. - Turk. dai, a maternal uncle i ing the time of day. - L. dies, day. Brugm.
afterwards, in Algiers, an officer, chieftain. I i. § 223.
Dhow, a slave ship (?). Mod. Arab. . Dialect, a variety ofa language. (1'.-
dao , but not an Arab. word (Yule) . Orig. ! L.-Gk.) F. dialecte.-L. dialedus, f.-
lan/iuage unknown. ; Gk. alaA'KTos, f. , discourse, language,
Di- ( I), prefix; apart. (L.) L. di-, ' dialect. - Gk. alaAE"(Olla., I discourse. -
shorter form of dis- ; see Dis-. Gk. 6ta, between; AE"(f"', to speak.
Di- ( 2 ~ , prefix; twice, double. (Gk.; dialogue, a discourse. ( F . - L.-Gk.:
Gk. 31- (for ais), twice. + L. bis, bi- i Skt. F. dialogue. - L. dialog'll1ll, ace. of dialogus.
dvis , dvi-. AUied to 'l'wo. , - Gk. a"IAo"(o<, a conversation.-Gk. 31a-
Dia-, prefix. ~Gk .) Gk. 61a , through, AE,),Of«ll , I discourse (above).
between, apart i allied to Di- ( 2 ), and to Diameter, the line measuring the
Two. ~ In nearly all words beginning breadth across or thickness through. ( F.
with dia ., except dial, diamolld, diary. - L. - Gk.) Mid. F. diametre, I a dia-
Diabetes, a disease accompanied with meter;' Cot. - L. diamet1'OS. - Gk. ala·
excessive discharge of urine. (Gk.) Gk. f"TPOS, f. - Gk. a.a, through; f'ETPOV, a
61a/J~T1Js , a pair of compasses, a siphon , measure; cr. f'fTP'''' , to measure.
diabetes. - Gk. 61a/Jaiv."" to stand with Dia.mond. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. E. dia-
the legs apart (like compasses or a siphon ) . . fIIant. - 0. F. dialllallt, altered furm of
- Gk. ala, apart; /Jaiv .. v, to go; see adamant; so al so Ital. Span. dialllalltc,
Come. ' G. dialJlant, demant. See Adamant.
Diabolical. ~ L. - Gk.:, L. diaboli,'-us, Diapason, a whole octave. harmony.
devilish.-Gk. ata/JoAIKoS, devilish.-Gk. (L.-Gk.) L. diapason , an octave, con-
a,a/JoAos, the devil; see Devil. : cord of a note with its octave. - Gk. ata.
Diaconal, belonging to a deacon. "iiO'wv, concord of first and last notes of an
(F • .,..L.-Gk.) F . diacollal. - Latc L. ! octave, lit. 'through all' the notes.-Gk.
diacotuilis, from L. dia(onlls, a deacon i I 61a, through i friiI7WV , gen. pI. fern. of .. (is,
see ;oeac.o~. . , . I all (xop3W1' being understood) ; see Pan-,
DiacntlC. ·,Gk., Gk, 61aKptTIKOs, dls- prefix.
14°
 DIAPER DIET
Dia.per, figured linen cloth. (F. -L. - byl/e; apparently formed from Dab ; see
Gk.) Cf. O. F . diaprt, diapered; from above.
the verb diaprer, to diaper, or ' diversilie Dice, pI. of Die (2), q. v.
with flouri shings ; ' Cot. The verb is Dicker, half a score. (L.) M . E. diker
formed from O. F. diaspn, later diapre, a (cf. Icel. dekr). -L. du un'a, a set often.-
fine cloth, often described as blanc (white). L. dec-em , ten.
- Late L. diasprlls, adj ., also used as a sb. Dicotyledon, a plant with two seed-
:tunica de diaspra aI6a ).- Late Byzantine lobes. (G k.) From Gk. al- , double;
(;k. a,a<17fpo~ , adj., pnre white; from al·a, KOTV)..1/&!JV, a cup-shaped hollow, from
wholly, /1.<17fPO~, white (see N. E. D.). KOTV)..1/ , a cup.
~ Not the same as ltal. diaspro , a jasper; Dictate. (L.) L. dict a/lis, pp. of die-
bu t cf. Provo diaspes, diaspres, diaper, lii1'e, to dictate, frequentative of direre, to
costly cloth (Bartsch: ; al so Late L. asperi, say (below ). Der. dido/-or.
white money (Ducange). diction, talk. (F.-L.) F.didi01I.-
Diaphanous, transparent. (Gk.) Gk. L. didiollem , acc. of didio , a saying. - L.
ala</XlJ'-~~, tran ' parent; with suffix ·OIlS. - didus, pp. of dicere , to say, appoint; allied
Gk. ala, through; <pav-, allied to </Xllvflv, to diriire, to tell , pllblish.+Gk. lioIKvvp.I, I
to shew. Brugm. i. § 195. shew ; Skt. dip, to shew ; Goth . ga/eihatJ,
Diaphoretic, causing perspiration . to announce , G. zeigcn, to accuse, point
(L. -Gk. ) L. diaph01-e/ims, sudorific. - ou\. Brllgm. i. § ~ 07. (-v' DEIK.)
Gk. ~Ia"'OP1/TIK6~ (the same). - Gk. ~Ia­ dictionary. (L.) Late L. dictionti-
<p6P1/<1U, perspiration. - Gk. alacpopoi'v , to riunt, fOI med from dirtioll- , stem of didio,
carry off (by perspiration). - Gk. ala, a saying, word (above).
through; </>opo,v, to carry, allied to </>'POIV, Didactic, instructive. (Gk.) Gk. 31-
to bear; see B ear. OOKTIK6r, instructive. - Gk. a,M<1KflV, to
Diaphragm, a dividing membrane. teach (~*lilaaK- <1Kflv ) ; allied to ~OKoi'v , to
( F. - L.-Gk.) 1'. diaphrag'llle. -L. dia- think, afl<op.al , Ionic for afxop.al, I accept;
p lz1-agllla. - Gk. ~"j<ppa'Yp.a, partition, mid- cf. L. disrere, to learn , doeere, to teach.
riff. - Gk. ~,a, between; </>"a<1<1OJ (fut. Bru~m. i. § 707. (-v'D EK.)
cppO.(OJ ), I fence in, enclose. Didapper. Divedapper. a bird;
Diarrhoaa. ( L.-Gk.) L. diarrhcea. - see Dive.
Gk. ~IaN>Ola, lit. ' a flowing through.'- Die ( I), to lose life. (Scand .) M. F..
Gk. 3tap~oolV, to flow through.-Gk. ~,a, dym , deyen; Late A. S. d13an. - Icel.
through; ~lflv , to flow. deyja; Sweel. do, Dan. doe, to die. +
Diary. (I..) L. diarium . a daily M. H. G. /OU7IJett; cf. Russ. davil(e), to
allowance, also a diary.-L. dies, a day. strangle. The Teut. basc is *datt , whence
See Dial. ·dau-jan (Icel. dey -ja). Cf. Dead , Death.
Diastole, dilatation of the heart. (Gk.) Die (2), a small cube for gaming. (F . -
Gk. ~,a<1To)..~, a drawing asunder, dilata- L.) Used as sing. of M. E. dys, more
tion. - Gk. ~Ia<1rf)..)..flV , to put aside or usually dees, dice. -0. F. dez, dice, pI. of
apart. - Gk. ma, apart; <1TO)..)..O"', to put. del, a die (F. dt). Cf. Provo dat, Ital.
Diatonic, proceeding by tones. (Gk.) Span. dado, a die. - Late L. dO/11m, lit. a
Gk. 31aTovIK6r, from a,aTOVOr (lit. stretched thing given or decreed; hence applied \0
out), diatonic. - Gk. alaTfll/flv, to stretch a die for casting lots. -L. da/lIs, pp. of
out.-Gk. ala, fully; TEiVO"', to stretch. dare, to give. See Date ( I ).
Diatribe. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.diatribe. Diet ( I), regimen. (F.-L.-Gk.1 M.E.
- L. diatriba, a learned disputation.- die/e.- O. F. diete, daily fare.-Late L.
Gk. al arp<{3'I, a wearing away of time, dieta, dite/a , a ration of food. - Gk. aialTa,
waste of time , discussioll. - Gk. ataTp'- mode of life, diet. Brugm. i. § 650.
{3f1V, to waste time, to discuss.-Gk. a,a, Diet (2), an assembly. (F. -L.-Gk.)
thoroughly; rpi{3olV, to rub, waste away M. F. die/e , ' a dietc , parliament; ' Cot.-
(with long I). Med. L. diceta, a public assembly; al, o a
Dib, to dab lightly. (E.) A lighter ration offood, diet. - Gk.lilalra, a mode of
form of dab. Hence dibber, a dibble; see li fe, cliet; see Diet ( J). ~ The peculiar
below. use of the word was due to a popular
dibble. an instrument for setting plants, etymology which connected diceta (often
by mnking holes. (E .) M. E. debil, de- spelt diNa) with dils, a day; we even
1 .. [
 DIFFER DIMITY
find di"ta used to mean' a day's journey'; I ings, to ruin. (L.) From pp. of L. dFla-
and diita for ' a day's work' and ' a daily pidtire, to scatter like stones. - L. di- (for
office or duty'; Ducange. dis- ), apart; Inpid-, stem of lapis. a stone.
Diifer. (F . - L. ) M. F. diffirer. - L. Dilate. (F. - L.) O. F. diiater, to
diffirre, to carry apart, to differ. - L. dif- widen. - L. diltitiire , to widen. - L. di-
(for dis. ), apart; ferre, to bear. Cf. Defer. (for dis-), apart; It/tus, broad. See Lati-
DUliculty. (F. -L.) M. E. dijJiCIIltee. tude. Der. dilat·ory, A. F. dilatorie.
- O. F. diJIiCIIlte. - L. dijficultatem, acc. Dilemma, a perplexity. (L.-Gk.) L.
of diJIiCIIltas (fo r *diJIicilttas, like facultas dilemma. - Gk. tH"1Jl'-l'-a , a double proposi-
for facilitas), diffi culty. - L. dijJicilis, hard . tion , or argument in which one is caught
- L. dif- (for dis- ), apart; facilis, easy; bel ween two difficulties. - Gk. Ii,-, I wice,
see Facile. double; "iil'-p.a, an assumption, premiss.
DUlident. (L.) L. dijJldmt·, stem of See Lemma.
diffidms, pres. pt. of di.!lidere, to distrust. Dilettante, a lover of the fine arts.
- L. dif- ( = dis-), apart; fidere, to trust, (lta!' - L.) Ita\. dilelta1tte, lit .• delight·
allied to fides, faith. See Faith. ing in.' - Ita\. dileflare, to delight. - L.
Dift'use. (L. ) L. dijJitsttS, pp. of dif- dilectiire, to delight; see Delectable.
fimdere, to shed abroad.-L. dif- ( =dis· ), Diligent, industrious. (F.-L.) O.F.
apart; fimdere , to pour; see Fuse ( 1). diligent. - L. di/~l{eltt. , stem of diligms,
Dig. (F. - Du.) F. diguer, to make a careful, diligent, lit. loving (fond); pres.
dike. -F. digue, a dike.-Flem. and Du. pI. of d,Hgere, to love, select, lit. choose
dijk , a dike; see Dike. between. - L. die (= dis-), apart; legere, to
Digest, to assimilate food. (L.) M. E. choose. Sec Legend.
digest, used as a pp.=digested.-L. df,l{es- Dill, a plant. (E.) . M.E.dille. A. S.
titS, pp. of dFgerel'e, to carry apart , sepa· dile.+ Du. dille, Dall. diM, Swect dill, G.
rate, di ssolve, digest. - L. di- (for dis· ), dill, dille, O. H. G. tilli.
ap.art; gerere, to carry. Dilute. (L.l L. diltttus , pp. of diluere,
Dight, adorned. (L.) Dight as a pp. is to wash away, also to mix with water. - 1"
sh ort for dighted , from the obs. verb digltt, die (for dis· ), apart; luere, to wash.
to arrange, prepare, M. E. dihtm , to pre· Dim. (E.) M. E. dim. A. S. dim, dark.
pare. A.S. dihtalt , to set in order, arrange; + k e\. dimmr, dim; M. Dan. dim. C f.
borrowed from L. dictal'e, to dictate , pre· M. H. G. timmer, dim; Swede dimma , a
scribe : see Dictate. fog , haze; O. Irish deim, dark .
Digit, a finger, figure. (L.) L. dig itlts, Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. (F.-
a finger ; hence a figure , from counting on L.) F. dfme. O. F. disme, tenth. - L.
the fingers. decima, a tithe; feme of L. deeim1lS. ttnth,
Dignity. (F . - L.) M. E. digllitee. - alli ed to decem, ten. See Ten.
O. F . dignettl. - L. dignitntem, ace. uf Dimension. (F.-L.) O. F. dill/m·
dignitiis, worthiness. - L. dig ,tus, worthy. siott. - L. ac<:. dimelts£oltelll, a measuring.
Bru~m. i: § 762 ( 3). .. -L. dill/WSW, pp. of dimelil'i, to measure
di~. (F. -L.) O. F. dlg nijier.- off.-L. die (for dis·), apart; metiri, to
Med. L. drgllijiciil'e, t o make worthy. - L. measure. See Measure.
diglli-, for dig llw, worthy; jieiire, for Diminish, to lessen. (F. -L.) Coined
facere, tp make. from L. di· (= dis· ), apart, and Kminisll;
Digress, lit. to stl'? aside. (L.) L. in imitation of L. dimimtere, to diminish
digress1lS, pp. of dFgredi, to go aside.-L. (below). See Minish.
di- (for dis.), apart ; g1'Odi, to go. See diminution. (F . - L.) F. dimi1t1l-
Grade. lioll. - L. acc. dimimltiijnem, diminution.
Dike, a trench, trench and embankment, - L. dill/im7tus, pp. of dimilttlere, to
bank. (K ) M. E. dike A. S. die, masc. lessen.- L. die ( =dis·), apart; mi1tuen,
+Du. dijk , Icel. dikr:, Dan. digc, Swede to lessen. See Minute.
dike, G. teich, pond, tank. Der. dig, q. V. Dimissory, giving leave to depart.
See Ditch. (L.) L. dimissorius, giving leave to go
Dilacerate. (L.) From pp. of 1.. before another judge.- L. dill/isms, pp. of
dilacerare, to tear apart.-L. di- (for dis· ), dimittere . to send away.-L. die (for dis· ),
apart; laariil'e, to tear. See Lacerate. away; mittere, to send.
Dilapidate, to pull down stone build- Dimity, a white stuff. (Ital.-L.-Gk.)
J.p
 DIMPLE DIRGE
ItaI. rlimilo (pI. dimili ), ' a kind of course led. dyntr, a dint, dynla, to dint; Swed.
cotton or tlanell ;' Florio. - Late L. dimi· dial. dUllt, a stroke, dUllta, to strike.
tum (pI. dim ila) , silk woven with two Diocese. (1".-L.-Gk.) M. E. dio-
threads. - Gk. 6/jJ'Tor, made with a double cise.-O. F. dioeise (F. diodse).-L. dia:·
thread. - Gk . 61', double; p.iTor, a thread elsis. - Gk. 6coil(1}111r , administration, a
of the woof.
Dimple, a small hollow. (E. 1) M . E.
dymjmll. Perhaps from a base ·dump.,
house, govern. - Gk. &. (for ""I"
province, diocese. - Gk. 6IOI.,,'OJ, I keep
through·
out; o/I(OJ, I dwell, occupy, from oTltor, a
allied to dip. Cf. Dan. dial. dump, a house; see Wick, a town .
hollow in a field; dyhbel, a pool, a hollow Dioptrics, the science of the refraction
in the upper lip (Molhech ) ; Du. dompelen, of light. (Gk.) Gk. Tel 6101TTptKa, dioptrics.
to dive; G. dumpfel, M . H. G. liimpfd, - Gk. ",o1TTptItOr, relating to the 6[01rTpa,
O. H. G. lumphilo, a deep pool. Also an optical instrument for taking heights,
Lith. dt'tlms, hollow; dtlbti, to be hollow &c. - Gk. m-a, through; base ·OIT. (fut .
(pres. t. dumb·u ). r,'I'0JUl' ) , to see; ' Tpa, fern. instrumental
Din, clamour. (E.) M . E. dine, dune. suffix. See Optics.
A. S. dyne, dyn; dynnan, to resonnd. + Diorama, a scene seen through a small
Icel. dynr, Sweel. d/Jn, Dan. dOn , noise; opening. (G k. ) Gk. 6,· (for ",a), through;
Skt. dhuni·, roaring,dhvani·, a din, dhvan, 5papa , a sight, from opaOJ, I see.
to resound. Dip, to plunge, immerge. (E.) M . E.
Dine. ( F.-L.) M. E. dilltn. -O. F. dippen. A. S. dyppall, later dippan ; for
disner, F. diner, to dine. - Late L. ·dis· *duj>-jan, causal form from the base dllj>-,
it/mire, short for ·disiH,-"ttire, to break weak grade of dcup·, as seen in A. S. dlop,
one's fast. - L. dis.; ilil/mire, to fast, from deep; see Deep. Cf. Dan. dyppe, to dip.
iljiinus, fasting. ( Romania, viii. 95.) D1phtheria. (Gk.) From Gk . "'<p-
dinner. IF.-L.) M.E.diner; from U(pa , leather; from the leathery nature of
O. F. dimer, to dine; the infinitive mood the false membrane formed in the disease.
being used as a sb. Cf. Gk . 6f'l'f"', to make supple.
Dilur, to throw violently, beat. (E. ?) Diphthong, a union of two vowel·
M. E. dingm, pI. t. dallg", pp. dungen; as sounds in one syllable. (F. - L. - Gk.)
a strong verb; th ough not found in A. S. Formerly dipthong (Den Jonson). -M. F.
Cf. Ice!. dmgia, Dan. dt1!11ge , Swed. danga, diptho1lg'lIe. - L. ace. diphlho1l/{'ulIl, f. - G.
to bang.; all weak verbs. Cf. M. Dan. 6/",UtY'f"(0r, with two sounds.-{;k. 3,- ( for
djllge, to blunt an edge by beating on it; 3is) , double; cp8oyyor, sound, from cp8iyyo.
O. H. G . tangol, a hammer. From a Teut. jJa" I cry out.
type ·denga1l·. Diploma. (L.-Gk.) L. diploma, a
Dingle, a deep dell. (E. or Scand.) document conferring a privilege. - Gk.
M. E. ding/e. Cf. dimble, in a similar 6iTrAOJpa, a thing folded double; also, a
sense. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Dimple. licence, diploma (prob. orig. folded
Diluro, the lIative dog of Australia. double). -Gk.. ",1rA60s, double.-Gk . 6,·
(New 1>. Wales.) New S. Wales dingo, (6[s), double; '1Thoor, folded . Der. di-
written lei11go in 1798 ( Morris). plomat·ie, from 3'1TAOJl-'aT-, stem of 611T},OJjJa.
Dingy, cl irty. (Eo) Orig. soiled with Diptera, two·winged insects. (Gk.)
dnng. Cf. A . S.dingitmg (for *dyng(i' ung, hom Gk./J, - (6/r) , double; 1rTfptlV, a wing,
with g asf), a dunging; from dt/11g, dung; from the weak grade of 1T(TOjJO', Illy.
so also Swed. dyngig, dungy , from dyng, Diptych, a double·folding taL let. (L.
clung; see Dung. For the pronunciation, - Gk .) l.ate L. pI. diptyeha. - Gk. 6{·
cf. stingy (allied to sting). 1rTUxa, a pair of tablets; neu!. pI. of ",.
Dingy (with hard¢), Dingey, a small 1TTUXOS, folded in two. - Gk. 6,· (6ir) ,
boat. (HengalL) Beng. di'lgy, a small double; fTTUxTl, a fold, 1TTVl1l1flV , to fold.
boat; 'it has become legitimately incor· Dire. (L.) L. dJrus, fearful.
porated in the vocabulary of the British Direct, adj . (L.) L. direct1ls , pp. of
Navy, as the name of the smallest ship's dJrigere, to direct.- L. di· (for dis· ), apart;
boat' l Yule ). regere, to rule.
Dinner; see Dine. dirge. (L.) Formerly dfrige; from
Dint, a blow, force. (E.) M . E. dint, the first word of the anthem ' dJrige, Do·
du",t; also dent. A. S. dyllt, a blow.+ minus meus,' in the office for the dead.-L.
 DIRK DISEMBARK
dl-rige, direct thou (cf. Ps. v. 8) ; ~ p. imper. Ditlconaolate. (L.) Late L. discon-
sing. of d.-rigere (above). soid/us, comfortless. - L. dis-, apart; con-
Dirk. a dagger. (Du.1) Spell dark sola/m, pp. of comolart, to console; from
(A. D. 1602) ; also durk. Perhaps from Du. CD1l- (W1II ) , with, solari, to comfort. See
,{alII, a dagger; a word of Slavonic origin. Solace.
Cf. Polish lulich, a dagger. ~ Irishdui,'c, Discord, sb. (F.-L.) O. F . descord,
a Jl<?n iard, is borrowed from E. discord, variance; formed from O. F . des-
Dirt. (Scand.) From M. E. dri/ (with corder, vb., to be at variance. - L.discord(it·e
shifted r). - Icel. dril, dirt, excrement of (the 5ame). - L. discord-, stem of discors,
birds. Cf. Icel.d"ita, to void excrement.+ adj. discordant. - L. dis- , apart; cord-,
M. Du. dre/e, Du. dreet, sb., d1"t/te'l, vb. stem of cor, heart.
Dis-, prefix. (L.) L. dis·, apart; cf. Discount, verb. (F . - L.) F ormerly
Gk. &-, a)Jart ; see Di-. Hence O. F. discompt. - O. F. descompter, to reckon
des -, which sometimes becomes dis- in E., back or off.- O. F. des- (L. dis-), away;
and sometimes de·, as in de-feat. The comfter, to count; see Count ~2 ) •.
prefix dis- commonly expresses the re- Discourse. F.-L.) O. F. dlScours ,
versal of an act, somewhat like the Eo sb. - L. discurmm , acc. of discursus, a
verbal prefix uno. For most words be- nmning about; also , conversation.- L.
ginning with this prefix, see the simpler discursus. pp. of discurrere, to run about.
forms. For example, for dis-abuse, see - L. dis- , apart; (u,-ren, to T\m.
abuse; and so on. Discover. (F.-L.) M. E. discouerm
Disaster. (F.-L.) M. F. desastre, (discovcrm ). - O. F . descouvrh', to un-
'a disaster, misfortune;' Cot. Lit.' ill- cover, disclose. - O. F. des- (L. dis- ),
fortune.' - O. F. des-, for L. dis-, with a apart; couvrir, to cover. See Cover.
sinister or bad sense; and M. F. astre, Discreet, pnlflent. (F. - L.) O. F.
a star, planet, also destiny, fortune, from disct'et . - L. discretus, pp. of dis-cer1tere,
L. astrum, a star. to discern; see Discern. Der. discrel-
Disburse. (F . -L. and Gk.) O. F. ion.
desbourser, to take out of a purse.-O. F. Discrepant, differing. (F.-L.) M.F.
des- (L. dis- ), away ; F. bourse, a purse, discrepant. - L. "iscnpaltt-, stem of pres.
from Late L. bursa, Gk. {3vP(fa, a skin part. of dis(1'epare, to differ (in sound) . -
(hence, a bag). See Bursar. L. dis-, apart; (1'Cpare, to crackle, sound.
Disc, Disk, a round plate. (L.-Gk.) Discriminate. (L.) L. diset'imimi-
L . discus, a quoit, a plate. - Gk. lil(f/Cos , a titS, pp. of discrimillii,-e, to separate. - L.
quoit. - Gk. 3,/C,"', to cast, throw. Brugm. discrimill-, stem of diso'i11lelt, a separa-
i. § 744. See Dish, Desk, Dais. tion. - L. discernere (pt. t. discrl'tli), to
Discern. (F.-L.) F. discerJzcr.-L. distinguish. - L. dis. , apart; cemere, to
discenzere, to separate, determine. - L. dis-, separate.
apart; cemere, to separate. Cf. Con- Discursive. (L.) From L. disctlrs-
cern. us, pp. of discurrere, to run about; with
Disciple. (F.-L.) F. disciple.-L. suffix -ive. See Discourse.
disciplilutll, acc. of discipulus, a learner. Discuss. (L.) M. E. discussed, pp.
-L. discere, to learn; allied to docere, to driven away.-L. disctlssuS, pp. of dis-
teach; see Dooile. Der. discipl-ine, ct~tere, to shake asunder; in Late L., to
O. F. discipline, L. disciplfl1a, leaming. di scuss. - L. dis -, apart; quatere, to shake.
Disclose. (F. - L.) M.E. disclosm. Disdain, sb. (F.-L.) M.E.disdeYl1 ·
-0. F. desclos-, pres. stem of desc/orre, to -0. F. desdei", sb.-O. F. desdegllie,-, to
unclose , open. - L. disclauden, to unclose. disdain. - O. F. des- (L. dis- ) , apart ; degn-
_ L. dis., apart; clot/dere, to close. See ier (L. digllliri:), to thi nk worthy, from
Clause. dignus, worthy. ~ O. F. desdegtlier seems
Discomfit. (F. - L.) M. E. disco"1ftt to have been >ubstituted for L. dedign t/,-i,
(Bruce). - O. F. disc01ljit, discomfited, pp. to disdain (with prefix dl·, down).
of desconfire , ' to discomfit, vanquish,' Cot. Disease. (F .) O. F. desaise, want of
-0. F. des- ; ~ncl cD1ljire, to preserve, make ea~. - 0. F. des- (L.. dis- ) ; a~se, ease.
ready. _ L. d,s-, apart ; nnd ronficere, to Disembark. ( r.) M. F. deselllbar-
preserve, complete, from L. con- (cum), 'luer. - O. F . des- (L. dis-), away; emba,'-
together, tarere, to put, make. See Fact. I 'lutr, to embark; see Embark.
1#
 DISEMBOGUE DISPOSITION
Disembogue, to /low into the sea, as O. H. G. mag-all (G. mogm) , to ha"e
a river. (Span. - L.) Span. desemboear, power, be able. Hence *desmayer and
to disembogue. - Span. des· (L. dis-), esmayer, at first used in the intrans. sense,
apart ; embocar, to enter the mou th, from to lack pownr faint, be discouraged, but
em· (L. in) , into, and boca (L. bucca " afterwards, actively, to discourage. Cf.
mouth. Ital. smagare (for *dis·magare) , orig. to
Disgorge. (F.-L.) O. F. desgorger. lose courage, also to dismay (F lorio).
-0. F. diS- (L. dis- ), away; gorge, the See May ( I).
throat; see Gorge. Dismiss, to send away. (F. - L.) A
Disgrace. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F. dis· coined word; suggested by F . desmet/"e,
grace. -Ital. disgrazia. _ L. dis-, apart : pp. desmis, ' to displace, dismiss;' Cot.
g riitia , grace. See Grace. The true L. form is dimillere , to send
Disguise, vb. (F. -L. and O. H . G. ~ away. - L. di· (for dis. ), apart, away;
0. F. desguiser, to di ,guise. _ O. F. des- millere , to send.
( L. dis- ), apart; and guise, guise; see Disparage, to offer indignity, to lower
Gu!se. Lit.' to change the guise ~f.' I ill ra,ik or esteem. (F. -L.) M. E. tks-
DlSgust, vb. (F.-L ) M. F. des· pamgen. - O. F. desparager.-O. F. des.,
gousler, 'to distaste, loath;' Cot.-O . F. apart; parage, rank. - L. dis-, apart;
des- (L. dis- ) , apart; gOllsler, to taste, from Late L. parii/icullt, society, rank, equality
L. gmt('ire, to taste; see Gust (2). of rank, from L. par, equal (Diez). See
Dish, a platter. (L. - Gk.) M. E. Par. .
disch . A. S. disc, a dish.-L. discus, a disparity. (F. - L.) F. dispal'l'lt'
qnoit , platter; see Diso. (Montaigne). From L. dis., apart; ami
Dishabille; see Deahabille. F. padle, equality; see Parity. Suggested
Dishevil. (F. - L., M. F. diseheveler by L. disp01', unequal.
(Cot.) , ' to C1ische\'ell, i. e. to disord er the Dispatch, Despatch. (Span. - L. )
haiL-O. F. des- (L. dis- ) , apart; chelJel Formerly spelt dis- , not des·.-Span. deS'
(F. chevett), a hair, from L. capil/tlm, acc. pac/tar, to dispatch, expedite. - L. dis·,
of capillus, hair. away; and L. type ·pac/Ii,·e, to fastell, fix ,
Disinterested. ( F. - L.) From from pactus, pp. of pangen, to fast en.
Dis· (2) and inte,'es/ed; see Interest (2) . (See N. E. D.) Cf. Ital. spaaiare, to dis·
Disk; see Disc. patch (F lorio) , answering to a L. type
Dislocate, to put out of joint. (L.) ·dis/actiiire.
From pp. of Late L. disloeare, to put out Dispel. (L.) L. dispelle,'e, to ddve
of place. - L. dis. , apart; lociire, to place, asunder, - L. dis-, apart; pd/ere, to drive.
from loCtls, place. Dispense. (F. - L.) O. F. dispenser,
DismaL (F.- L.) Orig. A. F. dis to dispense with.-L. dispmsiire, to weigh
mal, unlucky days (A. D. 1256). [The out, frequent. form of dispmdere, to weigh
phrase was misunderstood, and dismal was out. - L. dis- , apart; pelldere, to weigh.
treated as an adj., with the addition of Disperse, to scatter abroad. ( F.-L.~
days; and later, of other sbs.] -L. d£ls M. F. dispener. From L. pp. disje,'ws,
mali,evil days. Cf. F. Ltm·di = Mon.day. 1pp. of dispe,-gere , to scatter abroad. - J ..
Dismantle. (F.-L.) M. F. desman' l di- (for dis- ) , apart; s/01:lfere. to scatter.
leller, 'to take a mans cloake off his backe ; Display. ( F. - L.~ A. F. dup/a)'er,
also, to raze walls;' Cot.-O. F. tks· (1.. O. F . desploiel', to unfold, shew.-L. dis-,
dis- ), apart; manteler, to cloak, from apart ; pli,,;,·., to fold. Doublet, deploy.
malltel, sb.; see Mantle. Disport. (F. - L.) M. E. disportm,
Dismay, to discourage. (F.-L. and to amuse. -0. F. se desp01'fer, to amllse
O. H. G. ) O. F . ·desmayer, not found oneself, orig. to cease from labour; later
(except dislllaye, pp. , in Palsgrave, p. 519) . deporler, and confused with Deport. -L.
but exactly the same as Span. deslllayar , dis·, away, p orta"e, to carry (hence, to
(Port. desl/laier, ItaL smagare) , to di smay . remo,'e oneself from or cease from labour) .
terrify. Th e O. F. *desmayer was early · H ence sport, q. v.
I
supplanted by esmayer in the same sense, Dispose. , F.-L al1dGk. ) O. F. dis-
which only differed in substituting the poser, to arrange. -0. F. dis· IL. dis·) ,
prefix es· (L. ex.) for des· (1.. dis- ): The _apa~; F./.o;,er, to p!ace; see Pose: .
latter part (-maytr~ of these words I S from ' Diapo81tion. \ I' . -L.) F. dzsjJoSl -
1-+5
 DISPUTE DISTICH
tiOll. - L. ace. disposi/iiimm, a setting in apm; sontire, to associate, (rom sorius, n
o;der. - L. dispositus, pp. of dispqnere, to companion. See Sociable .
set ill various pla"es, to arrange. - L. dis-, Dissolute. (L.) 1.. dissolii/tlS, licen-
apart ; pom"e, to place, put tious; pp. of L . dissoluere l bc low).
Dispute. (F. - L .) F. disputer. - L. dissolve. ( L.) L . disso/uere, to dis-
displt/ti"e, to argue. - L. dis-, apart; solve, loosen , relax. - L. dis-, apart; so/-
put" re, to think . See Putative. tlere, to loo~ en. See Solve. Der. dis-
Disquisition, an investigation. (L.) solttt-ion (from pp. disso/i'i//ls).
From L . disquisilio, a search into. - L. Dissonant. (F. - L.) M. F . disso-
disquisi/us, pp. of disquirere, to examine. IIa,t/; Cot. - 1.. dissonant-, stem of pres.
L. dis -, apart; quawere, to seek. pt. of dissona" e, to be uDlike ill sound. -
Disruption. (L.) From L. disruptio, L . dis- , apart ; sonti"e, to sound, from
diruptio, a breaking nsundcr. - L. disrup- so,ms, sounr!.
tus, diruptus , pp. of disrumpere, diYUIIl- Dissuade. (F.-L.) F . dissttade,';
pere, to break apart.-L. dis., di-, -apart; Cot. - L. dissuadere, to persuade from.-
rumpere, to burst. L. dis-, apart; suadere, to persuade; 5ee
Dissect. (L.) From L . dissect-us, pp. Suasion.
of dissectire, to cut apart.-L. dis·, apart ; Dista1f. (E .) A distaff is a staff
seeare, to cut. hedizelled with lIax, ready to be spun off.
Dissemble. (F. - L.) O. F. dis· ' I dysYIl a dystaffi, 1 put the lIaxe upon
(L. dis-), apart; sembler, to seem, appear; it to spynne;' Palsgrave. M . E. dista/,
cf. O. F. diu inmler, to dissemble. - L. dis-, dysesta.f. A. S. dista.f. The A. S. riistaf
apart, away; simulare, to pretend; cr. L. stallds for -drse.sla/, where sta/= E. staff,
dissimttlli"e, to pretend that a thing is not. and -dise~Low G. diesse, the bunch of
See Simulate. lIax on a distaff (Bremen) ; also spelt dire,
Disseminate. (L.) From pp. of L. disene (Liibben) ; E. Fries. dissm. See
disslmillan, to scatter seed. - L. dis-, Dizen.
apart; slminare, to sow, from semin-, for Distain. (F.-L.) M. E. dis/tinm.-
Sellletl , seed. O. F. desteign -, a stem of desteindre, to
Dissent, vb. (L .) L. disst,t/ire (pp. distain, take away colour. - O. }' . des·
dissmsus), to differ in opinion. - L . dis-, (L . dis- ), away; and teindre , from L.
apart; sentire, to feel, think. Der. dis· tingere, to dye.
sens-ioll, from the pp. dissenms. Distant. (F.-L.) O.F. distant. -L.
Dissertation, a treatise. (L.) From distalltem , acc. of distam , pres. pt. of
L. disurtatio, a debate. - L. dissmatus, distare, to stand apart. - L. di-, apart;
pp. of disse"/are, to debate; frequent. of stare, to stand.
disseren, to disjoin, discuss. - L. dis-, Distemper ( I) , to derange the tem-
aEut; serere, to join . perament of body or mind. (F . - L.) M.E.
Dissever. ( F. - L.) O. F. dessevrer. distempet'etl. - 0. F. destemprer, to mix;
- Late L. disslpartire. - L. dis., apart; whence pp. destemfrt, immoderate, exees-
siparare, to separate. sive. - O.F. des- (L. dis· ), npalt; lempret'
Dissident. (L ) L. dissidmt-, stem (mod, F. tremper ), from L. tempera"e, to
of pres. pt. of dissicUre, to sit npart, to regulate. See Temper.
disagree. - L. dis- , apart ; sedlre, to sit. distemper (2),' a kind of painting.
Dissimilar unlike. (F.-L) M.F. (F . -L.) a.l<'.destemfrer,laterdestrettl.
dissimilain. -0. F . dis· (L. dis- ), apart; per,' to soake, steepe , moisten, make lIuid,
and similain, like; see Similar. liquid, or thin ,' Cot.; the same verb as
dissimilitude, dissimulation; above.
from L. dis- , apart , and similitude, simu· Distend. (L.) L. distendere, to stretch
lation. apart. _ L. dis- , apart; fendere, to stret"h;
Dissipate. (L ) From pp. of L see Tend. Der. distent·ion (from the
dissipare, to disperse. - L dis-, apart; PI>. distml-us).
and O. L Sltpii"e, to throw; we find also Distich, a couplet. (L. - Gk.) L.
insiptire, to throw into. Cf. SkI. ksMp , to distid,us, dis/ichotl . - Gk. 6tCTTlXOV,a COll p.
throw. Brugm. i. § 761. let (in verse) ; neut. of6iCTT'Xo~, baving two
Dissociate. (L. ) From the pp. of L. rows. -Gk. ~, - (~tr) , double; CTTlxor, a row,
dissoriare , to separate from. - L dis-, allied to CTTflXflV, to go. ('v 'STEIGH.)
146
 DISTIL DIVIDE
Distil. (F. -L.) O. F. distil/e.'. - L Dittany, a plant. (F. - L-Gk.) M,E.
distilltire, distil/tire, to drop or trickle dytane. - O. F. ditan, dictam. - L die-
down. - L d~, down; stilltire, to drop, tan",um, acc. of dictamntzs. - Gk. IiiK-
from stilla, a drop. See Still (2) . Topovor, ~'KTopovov, dittany; named from
DistinJUish, to mark off. (F. -L.) Mount Dict~ in Crete, where it grew.
O. F. distmguer, to distinguish; the suffix Ditto. (Ital.-L.) Ital. ditto, delto,
-ish has been added by analogy, and cannot that which has been said. -L. dictum,
be accounted for in the usual way. - L. neut. of pp. of dicere, to say.
distillguere, to mark with a prick, dis- Ditty. (F.-L.) M. E. di/ee.-O. F.
tinguish (pp. distinctus). - L. di- (for dis- ), ditl, a kind of poem. - L . dicta/um , a thing
apart; *sting-uere (not in use), to prick, dictated; neut. of dicta/Its, pp. of dictar~,
allied to Gk. UT"'''', to prick, and E. frequent. of dicere; see Dictate.
stick, vb. See Instigate. Brngm. i. § 666. Diuretic, provoking discharge of urine.
distinct. (F.-L.) O.F. distinct.- (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.diuretique; Cot.-L.
L. distinctus, distinguished; pp. of dis- diureticus. - Gk. ~LOVP'1TtKtk - Gk. litov-
ti"guere. ,HftV, to pass urine.-Gk. ~t-a, through;
Distort. (L.) L. distorlm, pp. of olJpov, urine; see Urine .
dt$torquire, to twist aside. - L. dis-, apart; Diurnal. (L.) L. diurnalis, daily. -
torqll~re, to twist; see Torture. L. dium"s, daily. - L. dies, a day.
Distract, vb. ( L.) From L.distractus, Divan, a council-chamber, sofa. (Pers.)
pp. of distrahere, to draw apart. - L. dis-, Pers. divaot, a tribunal; Arab. daywtin, a
a~a~ ; tra.here, to draw; see Trace ( ~ ) . royal court, tribunal , council of state.
Distr&lJ1. (F.-L.) O. F. destmg1z-, Divaricate, to fork, diverge. (L.)
a stem of destraindre, to strain, press, vex From pp. of L. dittt11-jctire, to spread apart.
extremely, constrain (hence to seize goods _L. di- (for dis- ), apart; uan'cus, stradd-
for debt). - L. distringere, to pull asunder ling, from utirus, crooked.
(seebelow).-L.di- (dis-) ,apart; stringere, Dive. (Eo) M.E. diuett, duuen (u = v).
to draw tight; see Stringent. A. S. djlan, to immerse, weak verb; con-
distress, calamity. (F . -L.) O. F. fused with dulan, strong verb (pt. t. deaf,
destresse, oldest form destrece; from a +
pp, dofen), to dive. Icel. df/a, to dip.
Folk-L. *distn'ctia (not used), regularly Allied to Dove, Deep, Dip.
formed from L. districtus, pp. of distn'n- didapJ?er, a bird: (K ) Short for 1ive-
,frere, to pull asunder (in Late L. to punish, dapper. Cf. A. S. d1ifetioppa, a pelIcan ..
afflict) ; see Distrain. Here dapper (= A. S. doppa) means :l
Distraught. (L ) A modificati on of dipper or diver; and dive-dappe"=dive-
distract ( = distracted) ; from L. distract-us; dipper, a reduplicated word.
see Distract. Diverge. (L.) Coined from L. di- (for
Distribute, to allot, deal out. (L.) dis- ) , apart; and verge, vb. See Verge
From distrib11t-us , pp. of L. distn'buere, (2).
to deal out, allot separately. - L. dis-, Divers, Diverse, various. (F.-L.)
a~art ; ":ibuere, to assign; see Tribute. O. F, divel-s , masc., diverse, fern., • divers,
District, a region. (F . -L.) M. F. differing;' Cot. - L. dittersus, various;
distn:ct. - Late L. districtus, territory orig. pp. of diuerlere, to tum asunder,
wherein a lord has power to enforce justice. separate, divert (below).
- L. dis/rictlls, pp. of distringere; see divert. (F.-L.) M.F. divertil-, 'to
Distrain. divert, alter;' Cot. - L. ditlerlere, to
Disturb. (F.-L.) M . E. desto,'ben, tum aside. - L. di- (dis-), apart; 1Ierte"e,
distourbm. - O. F. destorber, to vex. - L. to tum. Der. divers-joot, from pp.
distu1-bare, to disturb. - L dis- , apart; ditlersus.
turbare, to disorder, from turha, a tumult, Divest. (L.) Late L. diuestire, in
crowd. See Turbid. place of L. diuestire, to strip off clot hes.
Ditch. (E.) M. E. diche; cf. A. S. - L. di- (for dis- ). apart, substituted for
dice, dat. of die, fern. [also masc.], a dike; L. di-. down, away; uestire, to clothe,
see Dike. from tlestis, clothing. See Vest.
Dithyra.m.b, a kind ofhymn. (L. - Gk.) Divide. (L.) L. diuidere, to divirle,
L. dithyrambus. -Gk. &9upappor, a hymn separate (pp. diuims). - L. di- (dis·).
in honour of Bacchus. apart; and *uidere, a lost verb, prob.
147
 DIVINE DOGMA
meaning 'to separate'; see W id ow. burdock; Irish meacoll-dogho, a great bur-
(-v'WIDH.) Brugm. i. § 589, ii. 5l8. dock, where mcacall mean s a tap-rooted
Der. divis-tim (from the Pl'. \. plant, as a carrot. Der. bur-dock.
Divine. (F.-L.) M.E. devi1t.-O.F. Dock (3) , a basin for ships. (Du. ?)
devin. - L. diu lmlS, divine, god-like; M. Du. docke, a harbour (whence D an .
allied to diuus, godlike, deus, god; see dokl..e, Swed. dorko, G. dorke) ; Du . dok.
Deity. ~ History obscure.
Divorce. sb. (F . -L.) O.F. divorce. - Docket, a label, ticket. (E . ?) Orig. an
L. diuortil/lIl, a separatinn. - L. tI'1Im-ten , abstract ; apparently allied to Dock ( 1' .
the same as diuer/ere, to tum a,ide, ~epa- ~ History obscure.
rate; see Divert. Doctor, Doctrine, Document;
Divulge. (F. - L.) F. div1l1~mr, 'to see Docile.
divulge, reveal;' Cot. - L. dillulgll"e, to Dodecagon. (Gk.) Named from its
publish abroad . - L. di-, for dis-, apart; Il angles. Formed like deragoll, with
uulgiire, to publish, from lIU!g1U, the Gk. &Vl>flca, twelve, instead of I>'"a, ten.
people, a crowd; see Vulgar. See D ecagon.
Dizen, to deck out. (K) To dizm was Dodecahedron. t.Gk. ) Formed with
orig. to furnish a distaff with Rax, hence Gk. &V1>."a, twel ve, in place of l>iKU, ten;
to deck out. See Distaff. Der. be-dizen. see D ecahedron.
Dizzy. (E. ) M . E. dysy, dusi . A. S. Dodge, to go hither and thither, to
+
dysig, foolish, stupid . E. Fries. dl/sig, quibble. (E.) XVI cent. Orig. to walk
dizzy, foolish; O. H. G. tusk From unsteadily, hence to go from side to side
Teut. *dI4S-, as in Low G. dusen, to loiter as if to escape ; perhaps allied to pro\'. E.
(Lubben) ; allied to Teut. *diis-, as in Du. dade, to walk unstead ily, Scotch daddle,
duize/en, to be dizzy. Perhaps furth er doddle, to wadd le, dod, to jog, dodge, to
allied to A. S. d1lltPs, Du. dwaos, fooli sh jog along , dodgel, to hobble, N orth E.
(Franck), from Teut. stem ~dw;es -. dodder, to shake, totter, dadge, dodge, to
Do, to perform. (E.) M. E. doott. A. S. walk clumsily. (Very doubtful.)
dolt, pt. t. dyde, pp. gedon; the orig. sense Dodo, an extinct bird. (Port.) Port.
+
is ' put' or ' place.' Du. dom , O. H. G. dOlldo, silly, fo olish ; the bird being of a
tUOIl, G. /hull. T eut. stem *,,5-. Allied clumsy make. Said to be borrowed from
to Gk. !i-9'1'/AI, I put, Skt. dllli, to place. Devonsh. dold, stupid, the same as E . dolt
(-v'D HE.) Hrugm. i. § Il9. (Diez). See Dolt.
Docile. (F. - L.) F. docile. -L. docilis, Doe. (E.) M.E. doo. A. S. da. +:q,.n.
teachable. -L. docere, to teach. Allied to daa. Swed . dof-, in dofhjort, a buck, may
Disciple and Didactio. be allied to G . domh irsch, a buck, wherein
doctor. ( F. -L.) M. E. doctollr. - the syllable dam- is thought to be borrowed
O. F. doctour. - L. doctorem, acc. of doclor, from L. dama, a deer. But A. S. da may
a teacher. - L. docere, to teach. be Teutonic.
doctrine. (F . -L) F.doc/rine.-L. Doif, to put off clothes. (E.) Short for
doctrina, lore, learning. - L. dodor, a do off, i. e. put off. Cf. don, dll/.
teacher. -L. docere, to teach. Dog. (E. ) M. E. dogge. A. S. doq:a.
document. (F. -L.) F. document. (Du. dog, Swed. dogg, a mastiff; Dan.
-L. domlJlell/tlIlI, a proof. -L. docire, to dogge, a bull-dog; Lowl,. dogge, F. dogl/e ;
teach, shew. all borrowed from Eo) Der. dog, verb. to
Dock ( t), to curtail. (E.?) Frou. track, foll ow as a dog; dogg-ed, sullen;
dock, sb., the stump of a tail , stump, cut dog-t:heap, very cheap (see N. E. D. ) ;

I
end. Cf. E. F ries. dokke, dok, a bundle, dog-wood.
bunch (as of straw) ; Du. dok, a little Doge, a duke of Venice. (Ital. - L.)
bunch (of straw) ; Dan . dukke, a skein, I ta!' doge, provo form of *doce, a duke. - 1..
short column, baluster; G. docke, a skein, dllc-em, ace. of dux, a leader. See Duke.
rail, plug, peg; Low G. dokke, a bunch , Doggerel, wretched poetry. (E. 1)
stump, peg (Berghaus). M. E. dogerel, Ch . C. T. 13853. Origin
Dock (2), a plant. (E.) A. S. docce. + un certai n; but prob. formed from dog.
M. Du. docke (as in dockm bloderen, dock- . Cf. dog -rime, poor "erses (N. E. D.).
leaves, Hexham) ; M. Dan. a-doUa, water- I Dogma, a definite tenet. (Gk.) Gk.
dock (Kalkar) . So al.o Gael. dog-ho, a 300y}4Q, an opinion stem 30-Y/AaT-;. - Gk.
1,.8
 DOILY DONJON
&",.w, 1 am of opinion. Allied to Do- ' ace. of delphinus, a dolphin. - Gk. &)..</>;"-,
cHe. Der. dogma/-ie, dogmat-ise. stem of ~.)..</>lf , a dolphin.
Doily, a small napkin. (Personal name.) Dolt. (E. ) Cf. Devonsh. dold, a dolt.
Formerly we read of 'doily stuff,' and M. E. du lt (= dul/ed) ; from M. E. dul,
, doily petticoats.' Said to be named after dull; see Dull
'the fam olls Doily'; Spectator, no. 283, Domain. (F.-L.) F. don/aine, sb.;
J an. 24, 1712. Mentioned in Dryden's from O. F. demaine, adj., belonging to as
Kind Keeper, iv. I (16i9). one's own. - L. dollliltiCllS, adj., belonging
Doit, a small coin. (Du. -Scand.) Du. to a lord (the neut. dominimm was us~d
dllit, a doit. - Ice! . )veit, a piece, bit, small for L. dominium, lordshi p). - L. dom/llus,
coin, doit. - Icel. *)vila (pt. t. *)veit), to a lord; allied to L. domal'e, to tame,
cnt, a lost verb, but the same as A. S. subdue; see Tame. Doublet, demcSlZe.
) witm,; see Thwite. Dome. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. dOllle.-
Dole, a portion. (E.) M . E. dol, dale. Ital. d1l01ll0, dOlllo, a cathedral church
A. S. dol, a division (Exod. viii. 23) . A (house of God) . - L. domum, acc. of
variant of Deal (1) , q . v. domttS, a house, a bllilding. (-v' DEM .)
Doleful, sad. (Hybrid; F.-L.andE. ) See Timber. Brugm. i. § 138.
The suffix -ful is E. M. E. doel, duel, dol domestic. (F.-L.) F. dOlllestique.
(Scotch doo!) , sorrow, grief. -0. F. dod, -L. domestieus, belonging to a household .
dol (F. dettil), grief; verbal sb. of O. F. - L. dom-us, a house (above).
doloir, to grieve. - L. dolium,in (or·doliulll , domicile. (F. - L.) O. F . domicile,
grief of heart. - L. do/ere, to grieve. a mansion. - L. domiciliwll , a habitation.
dolour. (F. - L. ) M. E. dolour. - -L. domi-, for dOlllttS, a house; and
O. F. dolour. - L. dolOrem, acc. of dolor, -cilium, possibly allied to Cell.
grief. - L. dollre, to grieve. Domesday; see Doom.
Doll. (Gk.) !'rom Doll, for Dorot/,y; Dominate. (L.) From pp. of domi-
a familiar name , of Gk. origin (see "ari, to be lord over. - L. domillus, a
N. E. D.) . Cf. Low\. Sc. doroty, a doll. lord.
Dollar. (Low G. -G.) Low G. daler ; domineer. (Du.-F. - L .) M. D u.
Du. daa/der, a dollar. Adapted and domille1'C1t , to feast luxuriously (Onde-
borrowed from G. tha/er, a dollar. The mans) ; borrowed from O . I'. domineI', to
G. tha/er is short for 10aehimslhaler, a govern, rule. - L. dominari, to be lord
coin made from silver round in.loachims- over (above).
thai Goachim's dale) in Bohemia, abo dominic&l. (F.-L.) O. F. do1llilli·
A. D. 1519. cal. - Late L. domilzietilis, belonging to the
Dolman, a kind ofloosejacket. (F.- Lord's day, or to the Lord.-L. dominic-
G. - Hung.- Turk.) F. dolman. -G. dol- tIS , belonging to a lord.-L. dominus, a
man, do//lIIrl1l. - Hung. dolmalty. - Turk. lord.
dotaman , doUlIlah, a kind of long robe. dominion. (F. - Late L.) O. F .
Dolmen, a monument of two upright domilll·on. - Late L. domilliollem, acc. of
stOlll s, with a third across them . (F. -C.) dOlllinio, 10ldship; allied to L. domin-
F. dolmelt. - Bret. dolmw, lit. 'stone- iUlIl, lordship. -L. dominus (above \
table;' Legonidec. - Hret. 101, laol, a domino. (F. - L.) F. domino, a
table (from L. tabtt/a) ; and 1IIen, a stone ; masquerade-dress; orig. a master's hood.
according to Legonidec. Hut (see N. E . D.) - L. dominus, a master (above). Der.
this is due to some mistake; the F . dominoes, sb. pl., a game.
dolmelt seems to represent the Cornish . Don (1) , to put on clothes. (E.) Short
lolmen, stone with a hole beneath; from for do Ott, i. e. put on. Cf. doff, dou/,
Corn. loll, a hole (W. 111111) , and min dllp.
(W. mam ), a stone. Don ( 2) , a Spanish title. (Span.-L.
Dolomite, a kind of rock. (F.) Span. don, sir. - L. dolllilltllll, ace. of
Named in 1794 from M. Dololllieu , a domi1ttts, a lord.
French geologist (1750-1801 ). Donation. (F.-L.) F. donatioll . -
Dolour; see Doleful. L. acc. do1ttltioJtelll, a gift, from the stem
Dol;phin, a fish. (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. of the pp. of diJnare, to give. -L, donum,
dolphtne. - 0 . F . daulphin (now dauphin). a.,gift. Cf. Gk. ~"'pov, a gift.
- Folk-L. daljimlm, for L. delphfnu1Il, DouJon; see Dungeon.
149
 DONKEY DOUGH
Donkey. (c. altd E.) Double dimin. Dory, a fish; see John Dory.
with suffix -k-ey (= Low!. Sc. -itk-ie, as Dose. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. dose, a
in Itors-ickie, a little-little horse, Banff;;h.), quantity of medicine given at once. -
from dun, familiar name for a horse , from Med. L. dosis. - Gk. Mu,s, a giving. - Gk.
its colour (Romeo , i. 4.41 ) ; see Dun (1). lJi6OJI-" (stem ; lJOJ-, 60-) , I give. Brugm. i .
. ~ So also M.E. dolt-ek, provo E. dunllock , § 167.
a hedge-sparrow, from its colour. Donkey Dot. (E.) A. S. dolt , only in the sense
(first found in 1785) was a provo E. word, ' head of a boil.' Cf. Du. dol, a little bundle
which seems to have rimed with monkey ofspoiltwool,&c.,goodfornothing (Sewel) ;
(whence the spelling). Cf. Somersets. Swed. dial. doll, a little heap, small lump;
dumzg'kee, pron. of do1zkey. M. Dan. dot, a bunch; E. Fries. dot, dot/e,
DOJlD.a. (Ital. -L.) Ital. do1t1la . -L. a heap, bunch, lump. Cf. Norw. dot/en,
domi1za, mistress, fern. of dominus, a PE.. of delta , to fall , to fall to pieces.
master. Doublet, duenna. Dote. (E.) M. E. dotien, dotm, to be
Doom, a judgment, decision. (E.) foolish (Layamon) . M. Du. dolm, to +
M. E. dom. A. S. tiiim, lit. a thing set or dote, mope; Du. dullen, to doze; Icel.
dedded on ; from don, to set, do; see Do. dalla , to nod with sleep, M. H. G.getolzen,
+ Swed. Dan. dom, Ice!. dOmr, Goth. to doz~, litZC1Z , to mope.
dollts, O . H. G. 11Iom. Teut. type *dOmoz. dotage. (E.; willt F. mffix.) M. E.
a statute. Cf. lik. (lip's, law (from Ti(l'/lu, dotage; trom M. E. dOl-en; with F. suffix
I set). Der. deem. -age (L. -alicum). Cf. F. radolage, from
doomsday, domesday. (E.) A.S. radoler, to dote.
dOilies dag, day of doom or judgment. dotard.. (E. willt F . suffix.) From
Door, a gate. (E ) M. E. dare, dure . dole, with F. suffix -ard (0 . H. G. Itarl).
+
A. S. dol', n.; dunt, f. O. Sax. dor, Goth. dotterel, a kind of ployer. ( E.) A
dattr, G. tltor, n . ; and Ice!. dyrr, f. pI.; bird easily caught; from dole, vb., with
Dan. dOr, Swed. dOrr, Du. det~r, G. Ihur. suffix as in cock· ere!.
f. sing. T eut. types *duroflt, n.; *dures, f. Double. (F.-L.) O . F. doble, later
pi: Cf. L. jares, Lith. dllrys, f. pI.; O. double. - L . dup!t~s, lit. twice-full. - L.
Insh dorus, n., W . d.-ws, m.; Russ. dver(e ), du-o, two; -pillS, allied to plbms, full.
Gk. (lvpa. SkI. dviir, f. Brugm. i. § 46z. doublet. (F.-L.) M. E. dobbelel.-
Dormant, sleeping. (F.-L.) F. dar. O. F. doublet, an inner (double) garment.
malll, pre.s. pI. of dormir, to sleep. _ L. - F. double, double; with suffix -et.
+
dorn/ire, to sleep. Skt. drii, to sleep; doubloon. (F. -Span. -L.) F. dou-
Gk . lJa.p6a.IIEW. blolt. -Span. dab/all. a coin, the double of
dormer-window. (F. and Scand.) a pistole. -Span. doblo, double. -L. dll-
A dormer was a sleeping-room. - O. F. plw (abo,'e).
dormcor. - L. dormilorium (below). doubt. (F . - L.) M. E. douIClt . -
dormitory. (L.) L. dormJlOriu1Il, a O. F . dallier. - L. dllbiliire, to be of two
sleeping-chamber; neut. of dormllorius, minds; allied to dubiw, doubtful; see
adj., belonging to sleeping. - L. dor-milor, Dubious.
a sleeper. -L. dormire, to sleep. Douceur. (F. - L. ) F. dot/cellr , lit.
Dormouse. (F. and E. ) M. E. d01'- sweetness (hence, pleasant gift) . -L. dul-
IIIOIlS. The prefix is perhaps short for corem, acc. of dulcor. sweetness. - L. duleis,
N orth E. dorlll. to dozc (whence dor1ll- sweet. See Dulcet.
1Il0ttSe). Cf. Icel., Norw. , and Swed. dial. Douche, a shower-bath. (F. - Ital.-
donlla. to doze; all apparently from F . L.) F. dOllclte, a shower-bath. - Ital.
dormir. to sleep; see Dormant. We find doccia. a conduit , water-pipe. - Ita!. docei-
also prov o E. dar rel'. a sleeper, as if from are, to pour; equivalent to L'lte Lat.
dar, to sleep. *""cli(lre, derivative of L. duclus, a duct;
Dornick, a kind of cloth; obsolele. see Duct.
(Flemish.) Named from Flem. Domick , Dough. (E.) M. E. doh, dog h. A. S.
+
better known by the F. name of TOllrllay dtilt (stem dag- ). Du. deeg, Dan. deig,
(Lat. Tomacus ). , Swed.deg, Icel. tieig, Goth.dal:(S. a kneaded
Dorsal. (F . -L.) I' . donal, belonging . lump, G. leig. The Goth. daigs is from
to the back . -Late L. dors,Uis.-L. dar. i daig, 2nd stem of deiga11 , to knead; see
Sllm, the back. : Dike . (.vDHEIGH. ) Brugm. i. § 60,..
15 0
 DOUGHTY DRAGOON
Doughty. (E.) M. E. do/tli, duMi, Dowse (3), to extinguish. The same
valiant. A. S. dohtig, earlier form dyhtig, as Dowse ( I); sense perhaps suggested
valiant. - A. S. dugan, to be worth, be br dou!, q. v.
strong.+Dan. dygtig, Swed. dttgtig, Ice!. Doxology. (L. - Gk.) L. doxologia.
dygiJugr, G. luclzlig; variously formed from - Gk. 30[0A.cryla, an ascription of praise.
the Teut. verb ·dugan-. - Gk. 30[0-, for M(a, glory, orig. a
Douse, to immerse. ( E.?) Allied to notion; -A.cryta, from A.J-yftV, to speak.
M. Du. doesen, (to smite with violence' Doxy. (M. Du.) A cant term. t;f.
(Hexbam). See Dowse (I). E. Fries. doklje, dimin. of dokke, a doll.
Dout, to extinguish. (E.) Short for do Prob. introduced from the Netherlands.-
ottl, i. e. put out. M. Du. do<"ke, a doll. Cf. O . H. G. toCelll',
Dove, a bird. (E.) A. S. du/e, only a doll, also a term of endearment (G.
in compo diift-doppa, lit. a diver. - A . S. docke).
dti/an, to plunge into. + O. Sax. diiva, Dolle. (Scand.) Swed. dial. dusa, Dan.
Goth. dubo, G. laube, a dove, lit. diver. dOse, to dozc, mope; Ice!. dUsa, to doze;
[So also L. columba, a dove, is allied to M. Dan. dast, to be torpid. Allied to
Gk. KoA.IJJIofJl~, a diver, sea-bird. First DiIlZY.
applied to sea-gulls, &c.] DOllen, twelve. (F.-L.) O. F. do-
dovetail, to fasten boards together. saitte (F.dottzaitle ), a dozen. - O . F. doze (F.
(E.) From dove and fail; from the shape douu) , twelve; with suffix -aim (L. -ilia,
of the fitted ends of the board (::::) . as in ce1lf-ena).-L. duodecim, twclve.-L.
Dowager, a widow with a jointure. duo, two; decem, ten. See Two and Ten .
~ F . -L.) O. F. douagcre; from douage, Drab (I) , a slut. (E.) Cf. Irish dmbog,
an endowment. Again douage is coined Gael. d,'abag, a slut; Gael. draba<"h, dirty :
~withsuffix -age) from F. doft-er, to endow. Irish drab, a spot, stain (all from E .). E.
- L. do/are, to endow. - L. dOI-, stem of Fries. drn/Jbe, puddle-water. Also Du.
dos. a gift, dowry. Allied to dO-1IItIIl, a dmb/le, f. dregs, draft'; allied to Dra1f.
gift, dare, to give. Der. en-dow, from Drab (2), dull light brown. (F.-L. )
I'. en and douer. Brugm. i. § 167. The colour of undyed cloth. - F. dra!,
dower, an endowment. (F. - L.) cloth. See Drape.
M. E. tiowere. - O. F. doaire, later dotlaire. Drachm; see Dram.
-LateL.dolan·tt1ll. -L. do/llre,toendow Drair,dregs. (E.) M.E. dm/ (Laya-
(above) . Der. dowr-y, short for dower-yo mon) .+Du. tit-a/, hogswash, drabbc, drafT;
Dowdy; see Duds. Ice!. dmj, Swed. dra/, Dan. drav, dregs ;
Dowlas, a coarse linen. (Bret.) From G. Iriiber, p!. [Cf. Gael. and Iri ~ h draM,
Daoulas, S. E. of Brest, in Brittany. draft', from K]
Down (I), soft plumage. (Scand.) Draft; see Draught.
M. E. dowlt. - Ice!. diinll, Swed . dun, Drag, vb. (Scand. ) M. K dmggCll ; a
Dan. dtllt1l, down; whence Du. dom. Northern form allied to lcel. draga, to
Down (2) , a hill. (C.) A. S. aihl, a draw . Cf. Swed. dragg, a drag, grapnel j
hill. - Irish dltll, a fortified hill, fort; dragga, to drag . See Draw.
Gad. dun, W . din, a hill-fort. + A. S. Dragoman, an interpreter. (Span. -
1111l; see Town. Arab.) Span. dragoman; [Late Gk. 3pa-
down (3) , prep . and adv. (E. and C.) 'YovJloavo~] , an interpreter. - Arab. tar-
A corruption of adowll = A. S. ofdtltle = oft' juman, an interpreter, translator; sec
the hill, downwards. - A. S. oj, oft'; dune, Targum.
dat.of dUll,a hill; see Down (2). Dragon. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. dragon.
dune, a low sand-hill . (C .) XVIII - L. ace. draconem, from nom . dra,·o. -
cent. - F. dttllc. - M. Du. dune (Du. Gk. 6p6.KOJV , a dragon, lit. (seeing;' from
duin) ; of Celt. origin. See Down (2) . his supposed sharp sight. - Gk. 6paK-.
Dowse (,), to strike in the face . weak grade of 6fpK0Jloat , I see. ~ Such is
(E. ?) Apparently the same as Douse the usual account.
\ above) . Cf, Norw. dies, a push , blow; dragoon. (F. -L. - Gk.) F . dragolt,
M. Du. doesC1t, to strike, E. Fries. dijssen, a dragoon; so called because the dragoon!:;
to strike. orig. had a dragon on their standard; or
Dowse (2), to immerse; see Douse. rather, because they were armed with a
Prob. the same as Dowse ( 1) . ' short carbine called (in F .) dragoll.
151
 DRAIN DRESS
Drain. (E.) A. S. drtlm;g~all, drlll- i to draw. + Eo Fries. draulm; Low G.
"ian, to drain away, strain off, Matt. draueln .
xxiii. 34, also spelt drlalmian; ori~. 'to ' dray. (E.) A.S. drage, that which is
become dry.' - A. S. *drea,l{- = Teot. drawn; as in drage, dr~g-ne/, a draw-net.
*draug-, second grade of Teut. *dreug-an·, + Swed . driig, a sledge, dray.
to be dry. Cf. Ice1. drat/gr, a dry log. »read, vb. (E.) A. S. *drIUan, in
See Dry. compo on-dnidan, to dread, fear.+O. Sax.
Drake, male of the duck. (L. - Gk.?) an/-drruinn; O. H. G . in-lrMan. Tellt.
M. E. drake. Not found in A. S.; cf. tY2e *dnidan-.
drake, a drake, in Low G. (Bremen) ; Dream, a vision. (E.) M. E. dreem.
M. Swed. drake, (I ) a dragon, (2) a drake, A. S. *dream, a dream; not found. [Quite
(3) a boy's kite. Supposed to correspond distinct fromA.S.drl am , asweet sound,har-
to the latter part of Swed. and-drake, a mony, also joy, glee, happiness.] + 0. Sa.'{.
drake (a form thought to be borrowed from drum, dream; Du. droom, Ice1. draumr,
Low G.). Cf. Swed. and, duck, anddrake, Dan. Swed .dr011t, G./raum. Kluge suggests
drake; Low G. a1ltferik, drake (Liibben) ; comparison with G. trug-bild, a phnntom;
G. ente, duck; en/erich, drake; O. H. G. if correct, the Teut. sb. was *drallgmoz,
alttrahho, a drake. 13. The Swed. and, A. S. m.; from Tent. *draug, strong grade of
wed, a duck, is cognate with L. altQS Teut. *dreugan- (0 . H. G . triogan, G .
\skm anat-), a duck. The M. E. drake trt'igen), to deceive. From the Idg. root
may be the same as A. S. draca, a dragon , *dhreugh, whence also Skt. drugha(s), a
borrowed from L. draco; see Dragon. crafty wounding; O. Pers. drauga (Pers.
Dram, Drachm. (F. - L. - Gk.) dlirUgh ), a deceit, lie; Icel. draugr, a
M. F. dra1Jl e, drachme, • a dram, eighth ghost. Brugm. i. §§ 681 , 689'
part of an ounce;' Cot.-L. draclzma.- Dreary, Drear. (E. ) Drear is short
Gk. lipaXp.~, a handful, a drachma, used for dreary. M. E. drery. A. S. dreo1ig, sad;
both as weight and coin; cf. lip&.-yp.a, as orig.' gory;' formed with suffix -ig from
much as one can grasp. - Gk. lipalTlTop.a. , 1 A. S. dreor, gore. - A- S. dreosa1t, to drip.
grasp. Brugm. i. § 509. +Ice!. dreyrigr, gory, from dreyri, gore;
Drama. (L. -Gk.) L. drama.-Gk. G. tmurig, sad, orig. gory. from O. H. G.
lipiil'a (stem lipap.aT-) , an act, a drama.- trw, gore. From Teut. *dr~usan-, vb.
Gk. lipaQl, I perform; cf. Lith. tiarau, I Dredge (I), a drag-net. (E.) North E.
make. (.vDAR.) Der. dramat-ic (from dreg . Answering to A. S. ·drecg, *drecge
lipap.aT-) ; &c. (not found ), for *drag:/o-; from A. S.
clrastic, effective. (Gk.) Gk. lipalT- d1-aga1t ; see Draw. And see Dregs.
TII.';S, effective; allied to lipaITTfOS, verbal Dredge (2), to sprinkle flour on meat.
adj. of lipaQl, I perfoml. (F. - Late L. - Gk. ) To dredge is to
Drape, to cover with cloth. (F. - L.) sprinkle, as in sowing dredge (M. E. drage)
1'. draper, to make cloth. - F . drap, cloth; or mixed corn. - O. F_ dragle, mixed
Late L. drappus. Of unknown origin. corn; also a sweetmeat, sugar-plum.
Der. drap-er , drap-er-y; and see drab ( 2) . [Provo dragea; Ita!' treggea, a sugar-plum.]
Drastic; see Drama. - Late L dragata, dragda, a sugar-plum;
Draw. (E.) M. E. drawen. A. S. altered form of traglmata, pI. of tragema.
dragalt (A. S. ·aga- becoming M.E. -a1t1e- ). - Gk. Tpa-y"p.a, something nice to eat. -
+ Du . dragen, Ice!. Swed. draga., Dan. I Gk. TpWy"" (2 aor. ETpa-yO,,), to gnaw.
drage, Goth. d1-agaJ', G. tragen , to pull ' Dregs, lees. (Scand.) PI. of M. E.
along, carry. Teut. type *dragan-, pt. t. dreg, mire; we also find M. E. dregges,
*drug. i dregs. _ IceI. dregg, pI. dreggjar, dregs ;
I
draught, draft. I.E.. Draft is a Swed. driigg, pI. dregs, lees. Perhaps
phonetic spelling. M. E. draught , draht' l from Ice!. drag-a, to draw. Distinct from
From A. S. drag-an; with suffixed t.+ L.fracls, dregs of oil; Brugm. i. § ,417.
Du. dragt, a load, from dragen, to carry ; . Drench, vb. (E.) M. E. drmclze1l.
Dan. dra't; Ice!. dreittr, a draught of A. S. dren.can, causal of drinca1l; hence
fishes; G. tracht, a load , from tragen. 'to makedrink.' +Du. drmken, Ice!. drek-
draWl. (Du.) Frequentative of draw ; kja, Swed. dranka, Goth. dragkjan, G .
parallel to draggle from drag. Introduced tranken. See Drink.
from Du. drcilm, to be slow ; from dragen" »re... (F. - L.) O. }' . dresser, dreJ'<"er,
15 3
 DRIBBLE DROWN
to erect, set up, dress; answering to a Late JbooU. (F.-Du.) M. F. drtl/e, ' a plea.
L. form *dirediare. -L. direclus, pp. of sant wag;' Cot. - Du. drollig, odd, strange ;
diri~re, to direct; see Direct. M . Du. drol, 'a juglar;' Hexham. Per-
Dribble. (E.) Frequentative of obs. haps from Du. d1'oll-, pp. stem of drillen,
E. dn'b, to drip slightly; which is n to tum, wheel, whirl about; see Drill ( I).
wenkened form of dnp . Cf. drib ·lel. See Dromedary. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. Eo
Drip. So also Dan. dia!' drib/e. drollJedan·e. - G. F. dromedaire (older form
Drift; see Drive. *dromedan·e). - Late L. dro11ladiiritts. - L.
Drill ( I) , to pierce, to train soldiers. dr011lad-, stem of dromas. a dromednry.-
(Du.) Borrowed from Du . drillm, to drill, Gk. ~po/Aa~-, stem of ~poptis. fast running.
to bore, to tum round, shake, brandish. - Gk. ~pa/A'Iv , to nm .+Skt. dram , to run.
drill soldiers, form to arms. Allied to Drone ( I) , to hum. (E.) M . E . dro"e11
M . H . G . drellm, to tum round (pp. ge- (also drOU1It1t). N ot in A. S. Cf. Ice!.
drollen), L ow G . drall, twisted tight. dryn.fa, Swed. drii,ta , Dan. driil1e, to drone,
T eut. type *threllall - (pt. t . *thrall) , to roar, rumble, &c. Cf. Goth. dnm/us, a
twist ; cf. A. S. }ead, strict. ~ Perhaps sound , Gk. 6pryvos, a dirge; Skt. dhra1J,
allied to Thrill. to sound.
Drill (l ) , to sow com in rows. (E. ) Drone (2) , a non-working bee. (Low
The same as drill, to trickle, which seems G.) M. E. dra". A . S. dra,t ; which (like
to be a variant of tn'lI, to trickle. E. Fries. drif" e) was prob . borrowed from
Drilling, a coarse cloth used for O. Sax. dran. cr. M. H . G. t"eno (G.
trousers. (G.- L .) Corrupted from G. drohlle being borrowed from Low G.).
dril/ieh, ticking , huckaback. - L. tn'lie-, Teut. stems *dl'tV,-, *drm · ; cf. Gk. av·
stem of trilix, having three threads. - L. 6p~v1J , a wild-bee, 6pfVvaf (Hesychius).
tn'·, from tres, three; licium, n thread. ~ With the parallel stems "drt£ll', *drm -,
~ee Three. cf. the stems of Queen and Quean.
Drink. (E.) A.S. dn'ncoll , pt. t. dram, Droop; see below.
pp. druncen.+Du. dn'nkett, Icel. drekka, Drop, sb. (E. ) M.1>:. drope, sb.; hence
Swed. dn'eka, Dan. drikke, Goth. dngkatJ drop im, droppm. vb. - A. S. dropa, sb. ;
(= dn'nkan) , G. tn·nken . Teut. *dretlka11-. dropiall, vb. These are from the weak
Drip. (Scand.) M . E. dryppen.-Dan. graue *drup· (A. S. drop- ) of the Teut.
dryppe, to drip (= Teut. *dn,piatl-). vb. *dreupall- (A. S. dl'eopan), to drop,
From Teut. *drup-, weak grade of dreu - drip .+Du. drop . sb., Icel. drop;, Swed.
pan-, as seen in Ice!. drjiipa, to drip, A. S. droppe, Dan. draabe, G. trop/m . See also
dreopan (obs. E. dreep), G. tricftll. Cf. Drip.
O. Ir. Iruehl, a dew-drop. See Drop. droop, to sink, fail. (Scand.) M . Eo
Drive. (E.) M. E. driuen. A.S. drifan droupm. -Icel. drupa. to droop; weak
(pt. t . draf, pp. drifen). + Du. dnjven ; vb., allied to drjiipa, strong vb., to drip=
I ce!. drifa, Swed. dnfva , Dan. drive, Goth. Teut. *dreupa,,- (whence also G. tde/en) ;
dreiba~l, G. Ireiben. Teut. *dreiban-. see above. Cf.· I am ready to drop,' i. e.
drift. (E. ) M. E. dn/I. Formed from I droop.
drif-. weak grade of drifan; with suffix -to Dro::~ see Hydropsy.
+ Du. drift, Ice!. dnJt, Swed. Dan. drift, Dro , Drosky, a kind of carriage.
G. trift. Der. a-drifl = on the drift; see (Russ.) Russ. drozhki. dro.fki, a low four·
A. (2). wheeled carriage (the j sounded as in
drove. (E.) M. E. droj. A. S. dra/, French). Dimin. of drogi, a waggon;
a drove. From dra/, 2nd grade of drifa". which was orig. pI. of droga. a perch (of
Drivel, vb. (E.) M.E. drevelen. A. S. a carriage).
drejlia" , to dribble or run at the nose. Dross. (E.) M. E. dros . A. S. dros,
Cf. M. E. dravelen, to drivel. From the dross, dregs; cf. also obs. E. drosen, A. S.
base draf-. as in M . E. dra/, draff. See drosna , pl., lees, dregs. + M . Du. droes,
Draft'. lees (Kilian) ; Du. droesem, dregs, lees,
Drizzle, to rain slightly. (E.) For- G . drusen, pI. dregs; O. H . G. trllsana,
merly drisel or drisle, to keep on dripping. truosa"a, husks of pressed grapes.
F requent. form of M. E. dresen, A. S. Drought, Jboouth; Ste Dry.
dreosan, to drip; see Dreary. Cf. Dan. Drove; see Drive.
drysse, to fall in drops; Swed. dial driis/a . Drown. (~and.) M. E. drounm. d,..u·
J5~
 DROWSE, DROWZE DUCK
neJt.-M. Dan. drtlkne, droug'1u, drovne, (F.-L.-Gk.) F. drupe.-L. dritjJa, an
drone, to sink, be drowned (Kalkar) ; Icel. over-ripe olive. -Gk. ~pv1r1ra, the same.
dmkna . The -ttkn· was preserved in Swed. DrY. (E.) M. E. druJe. A. S. dryge.
drtmkna, A. S. drunmian , to be drunk, Cf. Du. droog, dry; G_ !rocken, dry ;
also to sink, to be drowned. See Drun- Icel. draugr, a dry log.
ken. (E. Bjorkman.) drought. (E.) M. E. droJ!e, drQUJte;
Drowse, Drowze, to be sluggish. also drollthe (P. Plowman). A. S. dritga{J,
(E.) Formerly drouse. A. S. dritsian, to drought. -A. S. dnigian, to be dry; dryge,
be slnggish; allied to A. S. dreosatt, to dry.+Du. droogte, drought; from droog,
fail; also to drip, to fall. See Dreary. dry. Doublet, drouth (Milton) .
Der. drowz-y. Dryad, a nymph of the woods. (L.-
Drub, to beat. (Arab. 1) 'Drub, to Gk. ) L. Dryad-, stem of Dryas, a wood-
beat the soles of the feet with a stick, a nymph. - Gk. ~pva6-, stem of ~plJ(h, the
punishment used in Turkey;' (Phillips) . same. - Gk. tipii-s, a tree; see Tree.
Apparently a travellers' word. Perhaps DuaJ., consisting of two. (L.) L. dwilis,
from Arab. qarb (zarb), a beating with a dnal. - L. duo , two; see Two.
stick; from Arab. root qa1'aba (zaraba) , Dub, to confer knighthood by a stroke.
he beat; Rich. Dict. p. 952. (N. E. D .) (F. ) M. E. dubbm . A. S. dubban; A. S.
Drudge, vb. (E.) M. E. druggen. Chron. an. 1086. [So also Swed. dubba .]
A. S. *drycgean, not found; but regularly Usually derived from O. F . aduber, adou-
formed from drug--, weak grade of dreogan, ber, adober, to dub a knight; a Romanic
to work, perform , endure (= Teut. ·dreu- word of unknown origin (Ital. add{)bbare,
ga1t-, Goth. dn'ugtZ1t, Lowl. Sc. dree). Cf. O. Span. and Prov.adobar, O. Port. adubar).
Icel. dry'ug-virkr, one who works slowly ~ Diez derives atiouber, conversely, from
but surely. The Gael. drtlgair, a drudge, dubbatt; which is hardly tenable; see
~~mE. KE.n
Drug. (F .) M. E. drogge. drugge.- Dubious. (L. ) From L. dubiosus,
O. F . aroglte, a drug. Also Ital. and Span. doubtful. - L. dubium, doubt; neuter of
d,·oga. Origin unknown; perhaps Ori- L. dubius, doubtful, moving in two direc-
ental. Der. drugg-ist. tions. -L. du-o, two. See Two.
Drugget. (F.) M.F. droguet, ' a kind Ducal. (F. -L. ) F . ducal, adj. ; from
of stuff that's half silk, half wool ; ' Cot. due, a duke; see Duke.
Dimin. of d1'ogue, used in the sense of duca.t, a coin. (F. -Ital. -L.) O. F.
rubbish, poor stuff; from the coarseness durat. - Ital. dueato, a ducat, also a duchy;
of the material ; cf. E. 'a drug in the named from L. dtUlittlS (duchy of Apulia)
market.' ~ Probably not the same word alluded to in the legend upon it; see
as F. drog'1le, a drug. duchy below.
Druid, a priest of the ancient Britons. duchess. (F.-L.) O. F . duehesse
(F.-L. -C.) F. Druide. - L. (Gaulish) (Late L. dueissa), fern. of due, duke ; see
pI. D ruides, Druidae (Lewis and Short). Duke.
Cf. O. Irish d1'tlid, dat. and ace. of dmi, duchy. IF.-L.) F. dllehJ. -Late L.
a magician, sorcerer; Ir. draoi, dl"uidh, duen/um , acc. of ducntlls, a dukedom. -
Gael. dmidh (whence also A. S . d1j, a L. due- , stem of dux , a duke. ~ Also
magician ). O. F. dueMe, fern., as if from Late L.
Drum. (Du.) XVI cent. Imperfectly *dueittftem.
adapted from M;. Du. tromme, trommel , a Duck (I), to dive, bob the head. (E.)
drum; Low G. trumme ; Du. trom .+ M. E.duken, douken . Not in A. S.+Du.
O. H. G. trumba, trllmpa, M. H . G. duiken, to stoop, dive ; G. tauehm, to
/1'Umme, a pipe, trumpet ; Icel. trumba, plunge, dive. Tellt. type *deukan . , pt. t.
a pipe, trumpet. [So also Ital. tro11lba, *dauk (whenceG. taueh·en), pp. *duk -ano·.
SEan. trompa .) Of imitative orig in. From the weak grade duk· we have Dan.
Drunka.rd. (E.; wtth F. sujJix .) dukke, Swed. dyka ; to which the shorten-
From A. S. d,'unc-, base of pp. of drinean, ing of the vowel in mod. E. du ck may have
to drink; with F. suffix -ard (G. hart ) . been partly due.
drunken, drunk. (E.) A. S. drnn - duck ( 2) , bird. (E.) M. E. doke,
cen, pp. of dritLCan, to drink.
Drupe, a fleshy fruit containing a stone.
I
dllke. Lit.' diver;' the suffix ·e repr~-
sents the A. S. f. suffix of the agent. A. S.
154
 DUCK DUMPS
duee, a duck. From the verb above. dux. -L. dux, a leader.-L. riUcere, to
Cf. Dan dukand, lit. 'diving duck;' lead. (~DEUK .) ~ The L. acc. ducem
Swed. dykflgel, 'diving fowl.' Der. would have given O. F. dois, F. doix;
duck-l-ing, with double dimin. suffix- like F. mix from nllcem, croix from
Duck (3), a pet, darling. (E.) Appa- CruWIZ. (N. E. D.) Brugm. i. § 592.
rently the same as Duck (2 ). Dulcet, sweet. (F. -L.) M. F. doucet
Duck (4), light canvas. (Du.) A n:LUti- (Col) , refashioned after L. dukis (cf.
cal word. - Du. doek, linen cloth, canvas. Ita!. dolcetto). - O. F. dols (F. doux),
+Dan. dug, Swed. duk, Icel. dukr, G. sweet. -L. dulcis, sweet.
tuch, O. H. G . ttloh. dulcimer. (F. - Span. -L.) Roque-
Duct, a conduit-pipe. (L. ) L. duelus, fort has F. dottlcemer (undated) ; cf.
a leading (hence, a duct). -L. ductus, pp. O . F. doulcemele (Godefroy) . -Span. dulce-
o r ducere, to lead. See Duke. mele, a dulcimer; named from its sweet
ductile. (F.-L.) F. ductile, malle- sound.-L. dulce melos, sweet sound; see
able. - L. ductilis, easily led. _ L. duct· us, Melody.
p~. of dlicere (above). Dull, stupid. (E.) M. E. dul; cognate
Dude, an exquisite, a dandy. Of un- with Low G. dull; answering to Teut.
known origin. (Ab. 1883.) *duJ-joz. Closely allied to A . S . dol,
Dudgeon (I ), resentment. Of unknown foolish, cognate with Du. dol, mad, G. toll,
origin. mad, answering to Teut. *dul-o:. Both
Dudgeon (2), haft ofa dagger. (Un- are from Teut. >tdul- «*dwu't) , weak
known ~ M. E. dogeon, a kind of wood grade of *dwel-an, as seen in A. S. dwe/an,
used for the handles of daggers. Etym. to err, to be stupid; see Dwell. Cf. A.S.
unknown. ged1t101-god, a false god, idol; Irish and W.
Duds, clothes. (Scand.) Jamieson has dall, blind. Brugm. i. § 375 (6).
dt/dis as well as duds; the tI was prob. Dulse, an edible seaweed. (C.) Irish
once long. - Ice!. duM, swaddling clothes; duileasg, Gael. dllileasg, dulse. According
d17~a, to wrap up. Cf. E. d01l1d, a woman's to Macleod, it means' water· leaf,' from
cap, a slut; dowdy , ill·dressed. lr. and Gae!. duille, leaf, and uisg(,),
Due. (F.-L.) M. E. dew, dewe.- water.
O. F. deu, mase., deue, fem.; pp. of de· Dumb. (E.) M.E. dumb. A.S. dumb,
voir, to owe.-L. debere. See Devoir. mute. + Du. dom, Ice!. dumbr, Swed.
Duel. (ltal.-L.) Ita!. duello, a duel. dumb, Dan. dum, Goth. dumbs, G. dU11lm,
-L. dllellum, a fight between two men O. H. G. tumb, tump, stupid. The orig.
(archaic form ofL. bellt~m, war) . -L. du·o, sense setms to have been 'stupid,' and
two. perhaps Goth. dumbs is allied to Goth.
duet. (Ital. - L.) Ita!' duelto, music daubs, deaf; see Deaf. Der. dummy
for two. -ltal. due, two. - L. duo, two. ( = dumb-y).
Duenna.. (Span.-L.) Span. duena, Dump (I) , an ill-shapen piece. (E.?)
a married lady, duenna. - L. dum;,za, fem. Provo E. dmnp, a clumsy lump, a bit;
of dominus, a lord. See Donna. dumpy, short and thick. Probably' a thing
Duet; see Duel. thrown down in a mass'; see Dump (2).
Du1fel, coarse woollen cloth. (Du.) dumpling, a kind of pudding. (Eo?)
])0. duffel; so called from Duffel, a place A small solid ball of pudding; dump.l.ing
near Antwerp. is a double dimin. of dU11lp ( I).
Duffer, a stupid person . (Scand.) Dump (2) , to strike, fling down .
Lowl Sc. dO'/tlf art, formed with suffix -art (Scand.?) Cf. Lowl. Sc. dump. to beat.
from the adj. dow/, stupid, dull; lit. 'deaf.' Dan. dumpe, to plump. plunge; Norw.
- Ice!. dauf-r, deaf; see Deaf. dumpa; Swed. dial. dompa. -Swed. dial.
Dug, a teat. (Scand.) Perhaps allied dump-, as in dump.i~, supine of str. vb.
to Swed. diigga, Dan dfFgge, to suckle. dimpa, to fall down plomp.
Cf. Goth. daddjalt , O. H. G. Man, to Dumps, melancholy. (Seand.) Swed.
sockle. ~ Hut cf. Skt. duk, to milk. dial. dumpin , melancholy, orig. pp. of
Dugong, a sea·cow. (Malay.) Malay dimba, to steam, reek; Dan. dump, dull,
dtiyong, dliyung, a sea-cow. 10w.+Du. dump, damp, hazy, G. dump/.
Duke, a leader. (F. -L.) M.E. duk.- damp, dull. Allied to Damp; cf. 'to
O. F. due, acc. formed from O. F. oom. I damp one's spirits.'
155
 DUN DUTY
Dun ( I ) . brown. (C.) A. S.duml, dark . Duplicate, two-fold. (L.) L. dllpli-
_ Irish and Gael. dOlln, brown; \V. dWIl, ailus, pp. of dupliab't, to double.-L.
dun, d usky. Celtic type *domlos. dUflie-, stern of duplex, two-fold (below) .
Dun ( z). to urge for payment. (Scand.) duplicity. ( F. - L.) Lit. doubleness.
Said (in 1708) to be derived from the - F. dup/iC£tt. - L. nec. dupliC£tatem. - L.
name of Joe Dun. a famous bailiff in the dupliC£·, decl. stern of duplex, two-fold. -
time of Henry VII. But perhaps from L. du·o, two; plie-are, to fold.
the notion of noisiness. Cf. M. E. dunni"g, Dura.nce, Dnra.tion; see Dure.
a loud noise. - Icel. d/ma, to thunder; Durba.r, a hall of audience, levee.
koma einum dY11fyrir dyrr, to make a din (Pers.) Pers. dm'biir, a prince's court,
before one's door; Swed. dClIla, to make a levee; lit. 'door of admittance.' - Pers.
noise. Allied to D in. dar, door ( = E. door) ; and biir, admit-
Dunce, a stupid person. (Scotland .) t:tnce, court.
From the phr. ' a DUllS man; i. e. a nati ve Dure, to last. (F . -L. ) F. dttrer. -
of Dunst, in Berwickshire. In ridicule of L. dllrare, to last. - L. d/lrlts, hard , lasting.
the disciples of John DtmsScotus. school - +lrish and Gael. dur. firm; W . dur.
man, died A. D. 1,>0B . ~Not to beconfusecl steel. Cf. Gk. ouvap. ... force. .D er. dur-
with John Scotus Erigena, died A. D. B75 . ing , orig. pres. pt. of dure ; dur-able. &c.
Dune, a low sancl-hill. ( F.-Du.-C. ) durance, captivity. (F. -L.) The
F. dlme.-M. Du. dl,ne (Du. duin ) ; cog- orig. sense was long endurance of hardshi p.
nate witll A. S. d/,n, a down; see O . F . durante, duration. - F. durer, to
Down ( z) . Hrugm. i. § lIZ. last ; with suffix -alice ; see above.
Dung. (E.) A. S. dllllg .+Swed. dYllga. duration. (F.-L.) O. F . duratioll.
dUllg; Dan. dyllg-e, a heap, mass ; G. - Late L. d/lr,ilionem. acc. of d"riilio. A
dung . Root uncertain; it answers, in coined word; from the pp. of L. d"rare.
form, to the pp. of Ding ; as if it were to last.
'what is thrown down or away.' Cf. duress, ha rdship. (F.-L.) M. E.
Swed. dial. dong, ( I) heap, ( z ) dung. duresse. - O. F. dllresce. - L.dtlritill. harsh-
Dungeon, Donjon. (F.-L.) M. E. ness. - L . d"rus. hard. severe.
dongeoll . - 0. F . dolljOtt, the chief tower »urian, a fruit. (Malay.) Malay du-
of a castle. - Late L. doJlllliollem, ace. of "ian , a fruit with a prickly rind. - Malay
dofmzio, a dungeon-tower, chief-tower; ditri, a thorn. prickle.
shortened from domillio, properly domi- Dusk, dim. (Scand.) Properly an adj.
nion , feudal power; see Dominion. M. E. dosk. dark. dim; deose, the same.
DuniwassaJ, a Highland gentleman, Prob. n Northern form (as the sk did not
yeoman, (C.) In S ir W. Scott's Bonny become Sll). Cf. A. S. dox (for *dose).
Dundee. - Gael. duine uasa/. gentleman. - translating L. j/iillus; Vocnb. z 39. 36. -
Gael. duine, a man (W. dy") ; uasa/, Swed. dial. dllska. t o drizzle; duskug.
noble, gently born (W. uchd), orig. misty. dim; Norw. dusk. mist. duskrlgn,
, exalted; • see Brugm. i. § z 19 (4). fine rain. Der. dusk. sb. ; whence dusk-y.
Duodecimo. (L .) lnduodecimo-with adj.
I z leaves to the sheet. - L. duodecimo. abl. +
Dust. (E. ) A . S. diist. Du. duist.
of duodeeimus, twelfth; cf. L. duodecim. I.:el. dust, dust. Dan. dyst. meal; G.
twelve: see Dozen. dunst. vapour. fine dust. All from a
Duodenum, the first of the small Tent. base *dU1Ist- (for *dwuns-t-), the n
intestines. (L .) Late L. duodenum. so being lost except in G. Cf. Skt. dhvaiilS.
called because about 12 finger-breadths to fall to pieces ( pp. dhvas-ta-).
long. - L. dl<odbti, twelve apiece, distribu- Dutch, belonging to Holland. (G. )
ti ve form of duodecim, twelve ; see Dozen. Formerly applied to the Germans.- G.
Dup. ( E.) Short for do up , i.e. lift up Deutscll, Germnn; lit. belonging to the
(a latch) ; to open a door. people; M . H . G. diut-isk , where the
Dupe, a person easily deceived . (F .) snffix -isk = E. -ish . and diu! is cognate
F . dupe, a dupe. The M. F . dupe meant with A . S. }eod, Goth. !lziuda. a people,
a hoopoe; whence dupe , a dupe, because nation; Ir. Ittath . a people; d. Oscan
the bird was easily caught. (So also Bret. touto. a city. Brugm. i. § lIB.
houperik. a hoopoe. a dupe.) Perhaps of Duty. (A. F. - L.) M . E. duele ,e). -
imitative origin. A. F . dllet<!. duty (0 . F. has only devoir).
15 6
 DWALE EARN
A coined word; from A. F. deu, du, due, hard to digest. - Gk. ~IIO'-, prefix, with a
nnd the mffix -II (L. -tiitem). See Due. bad sense; " ' ..Tfl ", to cook, digest; see
Dwale: see Dwell. Cook. Der. dyspeptic (from ~VO'lI''''T-O~) .
Dwarf. (E.) M.E. dwer) , dwergh; the
/ represen ts the guttural. O. Mere. d7l'erg,
A. S. dweorg, a dwarf.+Du. dwerg, Ieel. E.
dverg", Swed . Dan. dverg, G. zwerg. T eut.
tYjle *dwerg·oz. E-, prefix; see Ex-.
Dwell. (E.) M. E. dwe/len, to linger. Each, every one. (E.) M. E. cehe, eleh.
A. S. dwelltJn, in the active sense to retard, A. S. file, each, short for ii-gi-lic, i. e.
also to sed uce ; also dwelia1z, to go astray, aye-like (ever-like or ever alike ).+Dn.
err, tarry, dwell . Causal of A. S. *dwelan elk, each; O. H. G. eogalih, M. H. G.
(pt. t. *dwrel, pp. dwolen ), to be torpid or ie,Relich, G. jeg/icher. See Aye.
du.lI, to er~ . +lcel. dvelja, to dwell, delay, Eager. (F.-L.) M. E. cgre. -A . F.
ong. to hmder; Swed. dviiljas, to dwell egre (F. aigre). - L. acrem, ace. of ac-er,
(refl exh'e) ; Dan.dvfZle, to linger; M. H. G. sharp. See Acid. Der. vin-egar.
Iwellen , to hinder, delay. Teut. type Eagle. (F.-L.) M.E. ~([le. - A.F.
*dwaljan, causal of the str. vb. *dwe!a1Z- cgle, O. F. aiglc (F . aigle). - L. aquila. See
(pt. t. *dwal, pp. *dwula1Zo-), to be torpid Aqu iline.
to cease, to err (A. S. *dweian, O. H. G: Eagre, tidal wave in a river. ( F. -L.)
gi-Iwelmz). Cf. Skt. dhvr. to bend aside, O. F. aig uere, a flood (Godefroy). - Late
dhiir-Ia-, fraudulent. (.vDHWEL.) And L . aqlliiria, a condnit; ef. aquiire, to
see Dull. irrigate. - L. aqua, water. See Ewer.
dwale, deadly nightshade. (Scand .) Eanling, a lamb. (E.) Eall!i1Zg is
Named from its soporific effects. Dan. from the verb can, which is y·ea1t withont
dvale, stnpor, dvaledrik, a soporific, the prefixy- ( = A. S. ge-). See Yean.
'dwale-drink;' Swed. dvala , a trance. Ear ( x), organ of hearing. (E.) M. E.
Cf. A. S. dwala, an error, stu pefaction, ere. A. S.lare. + Du . 001', I eel. eyra, Swed.
from the 2nd grade of A. S. *dwelan j;"a, Dan. ih'e, G. 011 1', Goth. aliSo. Teut.
(above) . type *auzol1-. Cf. also Russ. IIcho, L.
Dwindle. (E.) The frequent. form of aun 's, Lith. ausis, Gk. oli~, O. Irish if.
M. 1£. dwinm , to dwind le, A. S. dWlna1Z earwig, an insect. (E.) A. S, lar-
(pt. t. d1lliin) , to dw indle, languish. + wirga, from its being supposed to creep
Ice!. dvina; Swed. tvina, to dwindle , into the far. Cf. A. S. w ;cga, a kind of
pine away; Du. ver-dwij1zm, to vanish. insect; provo E. wiggle, to wriggle.
Dye, to colour; a colour. (E.) M. E. Ear (2) , spike of corn. (E.) M. E. e,'.
deym, vb;; deh,sb. A. S. diagian, vb., A. S . l ar (pl.) ; Northumb. eher.+Du. aar,
to dye; from diah, sb. , dye, colour. A. S. Icel. Dan. Swed. ax (for ahs), Goth. ahs,
diah (gen. dlag·e), sb. f., answers to Teut. G. iihre. Teut. type *ahoz, *ahiz-, cognate
type *daug-ii. ~ Not allied to L.jliC1ts, with L. acus (gen. arer;s). Brugm. i.
which is from Gk . .pfjK ('~. § 181. Allied to Awn . (.vAK.)
!Jyke: see Dike. Ear (3), to plough. (E.) M. E. erell.
DYnamic relating to force. (Gk. ) A. S. eria1Z, to ploogh.+lcel. erja, Goth.
Gokw'er~.II_vaG""kK.6\!d~~~,rfUIl.am- Gstk ' 113gVv,.dl's,er , arjan , L. m'are, Lith. arti, Russ. oral(e) ;
P "., r - ro e also Irish araim , I plough, Gk. dp<S<u, I
Dura. (.vDEU.) plough. (.vAR.)
dvna.sty, lordship. (F.- L.-Gk.) Earl. (E.) M. E. er!. A. S. eorl. +
F. JYnastit. -Late L. dynastia. - Gk. ~II- led. j arl, O. Sax. erl, a man . O. Norse
vaO'T'la, lordship.-Gk. 3vvaO'T1J~, a lord. (runic) type en·laR.
-Gk. 36vdJUU , I am strong. Early, soon. (E.) M. E . erly. A. S.
~8eJltery, disease of the entrails. firlice, adv.; from *iirlir, adj., not used . -
(L. - Gk.) L. tiysenteria. - Gk. ~IIO""- A . S. lir, soon ; Irc, like. See Ere.
Tfpld. -Gk. 3110'-, prefix, with a bad sense; Earn. (E.) M .E. ernien. A.S. eamia".
fVT.pa , pl., the inwards, bowels, from +0. H. G. arniin (cf. also G. ernlm, [0
fVTO~, within, iv , in; see Interior. reap, from ernie, harvest). Teut. type
Dyapepsy, indigestion. (L. - Gk.) L. *az(a)niJja1z, to get the profit of labour ;
dyspepsia. -Gk. ~vO'fI',"';a. _ Gk . ~60'fI"fI'TOS , from the sb. *az(a)nd (Ice!. onn), labour;
157
 EARNEST ECLECTIC
cf. O. H. G. a"an, Goth. asalls, a harvest. one who stands under droppings from the
(""AB.) ~ Others connect it with Gk. eaves, a secret listener.
o.PIIVJ.U1I, I earn. Ebb. (E.) M. E. ebbe. A. S. ebba, ebb
Ea.rnest ( I), seriousness. (E.) Properly of the tide. + Du. eb, ebbe, sb. rwhence
a'sb., as in ' in earnest.' M. E. ernest, sb. Dan. ebbe, sb. and vb., Swed. e~b, sb.).
A. S. eornost, sb.+Du. ermt, sb.; G. erltSl, Perhaps the Teut. type is *n.fjon-, with the
O. H. G. unusl. Teut. type *ernltstiz. sense of going off; see Off.
Earnest (2), a pledge. (F.-L.-Gk. Ebony, n hard wood. (F.-L.-Gk.-
-Heb.) The / is added. M. E. ernes; Heh.) F ormerlyebene. - M .F. ebme, ebony.
also spelt erIes, arIes. Dimin. of O. F. -L. kebenlts, ebmus.-Gk. fl3 ...os,ll3b.'l'
erres, arru (F. arrka ), f. pl.-L. arrka, -Heb. kovnim, pI. ebony wood; prob. a
arrkabo. - Gk. cippal3wv, a pledge. - Heb. non-Semitic word.
'eravon, security; from 'arav, to give Ebriety, drunkenness. (F.-L.) F.
security. tbrittt.-L. acc. lbrietiilelll. -L. lbrius,
Earth. (E.) M. E. erlke. A. S. eorlJe. drunken. Der. in·ebn·ale, to makedrunken.
+Du. aarde, Icel.jiirlJ, Dan. Swed.jord, Ebullition, a boiling over. (F.-L.)
Goth. airtlla, G. erde. Teut. types *erlkii, O. F. ebullilt'on. - L. acc. lbulliliihlem; a
*ertkon-, f. Cf. Gk. Epa, earth. rare word, from lbullittts, pp. of lbttllire,
Earwig; seeEa.r (I) . to bubble up.-L. I, out; bttllire, to
Ea.se. (Y. ) M. E. ese. - O. F. aise, ease. buhble; see Boil (I).
Cf. Ital. agio , ease, Port. azo, occasion. :Gcarte, a game at cards. (F. - L. and
Orig. unknown. Der. dis-ease. Gk.) In this game, cards may be discart4d
Easel. (Du. - L.) Du. ezel, an ass; and exchanged; hence thename. - F.ec-a,·ft!,
also a support, a painter's easel. [G. ese!; discarded, pp. of tca,·ter, to discard. -L.
Goth. asillls.] - L. asellus , dimin. of L. ex, out, awny ; F. carle, from L.'1te 1.. cO/'la,
asintts, ass. from Gk. xapT'l , a leaf of paper, hence a
East, the quarter of sun·rise. (E.) M.E. card.
est. A. S. last, adv., in the east; laslan, Eccentric, departing from a centre,
from the east.+Du. oost, G. osl, Dan.iisl; odd. ( I<' .-L. -Gk.) F. exanln·qlle. -
Swed. oslan, G. ostelt; Du. ooster·, G. Late L. eeem/rims. - Gk. f ICl<EVTP- OS , out
oster-, Dan. Swed. iisler, Icel. attslr (gen. of the centre; with suffix -ieus. - Gk. ''',
atlslr-s). Teut. types *atts-Io·, *atts-to.no·; out; "EVTPOV, centre. See Centre.
also *aust·"o-, forldg.*atts·ro- (see ea.ster). Ecclesiastic. (L.- Gk.) LateL. ecell-
Cf. L. allr-ora, dawn, Gk. ~w>, ~ws, avws, siastiws. - Gk. ''''''''lUlaUn"os, belonging
dawn, Skt. 1ISltiis, dawn. Brugm. i. § 218 to the f"""'lufa , i. e. assembly, church.-
(4). Gk. ;"""'7TOS, summoned. - Gk. fl<I<a"fOJ, I
easter. (E.) M. E. ester. A.S. lastor- , call forth. - Gk. fl<, out; I<aAEOJ, I call.
in comp.; lastre, Lu. xxii. I , Easter. - Echelon. (F.-L.) F. te/le/on, an
A. S. i astre, a goddess whose festivities arrangement of troops in parallel divi-
were at the verna l equinox; see Beda, De sions; orig. a round of a ladder. - F.
Temporum Ratione, c. IS. Cf. Lith. tckelle, a ladder (0. F. cschiele). -L.
attSzra, f. dawn; Skt. /lsra-, m. a ray. scala, a ladder; see Scale (3) .
Eat. (E.) M. E. etm. A.S. eta1t.+ Echo. (L.-Gk. ) M. E. eeeo. -L. l cno.
Du . eten, Icel. eta, Swed. ala, Dan. ade, -Gk. >ixw, a sound, echo; cf. ~XOS, >ix~,
Goth . itan , G. essen. Teut . type *etan·. a ringing noise. Der. cat-celt-ise, q. v.
Cf. L. edere, Gk . • ~"v, Skt. ad, to eat. Eclat. (F. - Teut.) F. tclat, splen-
(""ED.) dour; lit.' a bursting forth.' - F. lelater,
Eaves, the clipped edge of a thatched to burst forth; O. F. s'esclater, to burst.
roof. (E.) Also E. dial. (Essex) oavis. · Origin doubtful; perhaps from L. type
M. E. euese; pI. eueses ( = eaveses) ; I *I?xclappitare, formed from Low G. klap-
also ouese. A. S. efes, a (clipped) edge pen, to clap, make a noi se; see Cla.p.
of thatch , whence efesia1., to shear, also Eclectic, choosing out; .hence, a
·oefts, whence Oefswlg, Corp. gl. 474.+ philosopher who selected doctnnes from
Ice!. liPS, Swed. dial. uffs; Goth. ubizwa, various sects. (Gk.) Gk. flt"E"T'I<Or,
a porch, from the projection of the eaves ; selecting; as sb. an Eclectic.- Gk. fl<-
O. H. G. opasa. Teut. type ·obeswii. )..f"yflV, to select.-Gk.llt, out; "'"yEW, to
Prob. allied to Over. Der. eavesdropper, choose.
IS8
 ECLIPSE EFFLUENCE
Eclip.e. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E. tdips, coined word, from the suo taitt»· (L.
elips.-O. F. eclipse. - L. edipsis.- Gk. edilor) .
1"I\"'f,r, a failure, esp. of light of the sun. Educate. (L.) From L. lduciUus,
- Gk . II<Af'''''JI, to leave out, fail, suffer pp. of eductlre, to educate; all ied to L.
eclipse.-Gk. II<, out; Af'''fw, to leave. ldiieen, to bring out.-L. e, out; ducere ,
Eclogue, a pastoral poem. (L.-Gk.) to bring.
L. ecloga (the F . word was Iglogue).- Gk. educe. (L.) L. ed1teen, to bring out.
l"A0-YTJ, a selection, esP. of poems. - Gk. Der. ductiolt (from p p. lduct-tts).
I""hfw, to choose out; see Eclectic. Eel. (E.) M. E. el. A. S. t21. Du. +
Economy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly aal, Ice!. til!, Dan. aal, Swed. Ill, G. aal.
aconomy. - M. F. aeo1lomie. -L. aconomia. Tellt. type *(}Ioz.
- Gk. 011<01'01"'0, management of a house- Eery, timid, affected by fcars, melan-
hold.- Gk. oll<ol'~l"or, a steward. - Gk. choly, strange . (E.) See Jamieson. M. E.
011<0-, for oll<or, a house; and I'/p" 1', to ar), a,-h, are}, ar}e, er}e, timid; spelt en
deal out. in Cursor Mundi, 17685. - A. S. earg, earh,
Ecstasy,. (F.-L. - Gk.) O. F. ex- timid, cowardly. Cf. Ice!. argr, ragr;
lasie ( H. ).-Late L. ees/asis, a trance.- G . arg; Du. erg, bad.
Gk. l"uTau.r, displacement; also, a trance. Efface. (F.-L.) F . effacer. -F. e./-
- Gk. fl<, out; UTaU.r, a standing, allied (L. if-, for ex, out) ; and.face, from Folk-
to IUTapo., I stand. L. *.facia (for L. .fadem, acc. of .facih) .
Ecumenical, general. (L. - Gk.) face. See Face.
Late L. Q'C1illlenicus; with suffix -al. - Gk. Effect. (F .-L.) A F . effect (F . effit).
o;"OvJAfl'.ICor, universal. - Gk. oll<ovp/l''1 - L. ejfecttllll , acc. of effecltls, an effect.-
(sc. -y~) , the inhabited world, fern. of L. ejfecltlS, pp. of efficere, to work out.-
OII<01JpfVOr, pres. pI. pass. of 0;,,10), I inhabit. L. if-, for ex, thorough ly; .facere, to clo.
-Gk. OrICOr, a house. Brugm. i. § 61I. Effeminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Eczema, a break in~ .out of pustules on ejfemi1Zare, to make womanish. - L. e./-,
the skin. (Gk.) Gk. fl«fflO, a pustule.- lor ex, thoroughly; .fimi1la, a woman.
Gk. 1,,(/fI", to boil over. -Gk. fIC, out; See Feminine.
(1,,1', to boil. See Yeast. Effendi, sir, master. (Turkish-Gk.)
Eddy. (Scand.) M. E. ydy ( = idYl . Turk. ifmdi, sir.-Mod. Gk. dcpl"TTJr, for
Icel. i~'a, an eddy, whirlpool; cf. iiJa, to Gk . aliel"T'1r, a despotic master, ruler; see
whirl about; Swed. dial. iiJa, ida, Dan. Authentic.
dial. ide, an eddy. Perhaps form ed from Effervesce. (L.) L.ejferuescere.-L.
Icel. ilJ-, A. S. ed-, Goth. it!- (prefix), if-, for ex , out; .fel'tteseere, to begin to
backwards. Cf. Brugm. i. § 574. boil, inceptive of.ferttb·e, to boil.
Edge. (E. ) M. E. egge. A. S. ug, an Eft"ete, exhausted. (L.) L. ejfellts,
edge, border.+Du . egge, Ice!. Swed . egg, weakened by having brought forth young .
Dan. eg, G. ~eke. Teut. type *agjii. Cf. - L. e./-, for ex, out; .film, that has
L. acies, Gk. ciKir, a point, Skt. arri-, edge, brought forth; allied to L. ft~i, I was
corner. (</ AK.) (Brugrn. i . § 36r; ii. § 587).
Edible, eat able. (L.) Late L. edibilis. E:fti.cacy, force , virtue. (L.) L. ejJi-
- L. eden, to eat; see Ea.t. eacia , effective power. - L. efficac-, stem of
Edict. (L. ) L. edictulIl. n ~ ul. of pp. ejJicax, efficacious. - L. effieere ; to effect
of ldicere, to proclaim. - L. e, out; direl-e, (below ).
to , peak. e:fti.cient. , L.) From stem of pres.
Edify. (F.-L. ) O. F. edijier. - L. pt. or ejJicere, to effect; see Etfect.
adifieiire, to build (hence, instruct) . - L. E:fti.gy. (F. - L.) F. ejJigie. - L. ejJi-
adi-, stem of ades, a building, orig. a g ie11l, acc. of ejJigils, an image. - L. ej!ig-,
hea rth ; :fie., for .face,·e, to make. Der. base of effingen, to fo rm. - L. e./-, for ex,
edijice, F.ldiJice, L. a diJieittm, a building ; out : fingere , to form . See Figure.
edile, L. a dilis, a magistrate who had tbe Efilorescence. (F.-L.) F. ejJlore-
care of publ ic buildings. Brugm. i. ~ 202 . seelue, lit. 'a flowering.' From L. ejJlo-
EditlOn. (F.-L.) O.F. edieion (H .). - reseel'e, inceptive form of ejJlorere, to
L. Milionem , acc. of Milio, a publishing. - blossom out. - L. if- ~ ex, out; jlurere, to
L.editus , pp. of Mn'e, to give out , publ ish. blossom. See Flora.l.
- L. " out; dal'e, to I:ive. Der. edil, a E1Iluence, a Ilowinl:. (L.) From the
1:'9
 EFFORT ELASTIC
pr-es. pt. of ejJluere, to flow out. - L e.f, (eider-fowl), Swed. ejder; and cf. Swed.
for ex, out; .fluere, to Bow. See Fluent. dial. lid. Der. eider down, Icel. tZtJardun.
Ejfort. (F. - L.) F. effort, an effort; Bight. (E.) M. E. eigkl;. A. S.
verbal sb. from F. s'efforcer, to endeavour. eakla. + Du. ackl, Icel. iiita, Dan. otte,
- Med. L. exfmidre, to use force. - L . Swed. atla, Goth. aklau, G. ackl; Irish
ex, out; forti-s, strong. See Force. ockl, Gael. oekd, W. wytk, L. oclo, Gk.
E1frontery. ( F. - L.) XVIII cent. OKT"', Pers. haskl, lend askla, Skt. ash!au.
- F. effronterie, 'impudency;' Cot. - Idg. type *okto(u). Der. eigk-Iem, A. S.
O. F. effrontt, shameless. - O. F . e.f (L. tak/alene, eah/atjne; eigk-ty, A. S. (hund) -
if-, for ex), out; front, face, forehead (as eak/atig ; eigk-tk, A. S. eaklo~a.
if putting forward the forehead ) . Cf. F. Eisel, vinegar. (F.-L.) In Shako
af-jronter, to oppose face to face. See M. E. eisel, eisil, aisi/.-O. F. aisi/, eisi/,
Front. also aisi, vinegar (Godefroy) . Aisil ap-
E1fulgent, bright. (L.) From stem pears to be a dimin. form of aisi. - Late L.
of pres. pt. of L. effu/gere, to shine forth. aeitus, bitter; closely related to L . acetum,
- L. if-, for ex, out; fu/gere, to shine. vinegar. The Goth. akeit, vinegar, A. S.
Effuse. (L.) L. effiisus, pp. of effun - ecw, G. essig, is due to Late 1:.. acitum or
dere, to pour out. - L. e.f, for ex, out; L. acetum.
fundere, to pour. Eisteddfod, a congress of (Welsh)
Egg (I) , the oval body whence chickens, hards. (W.) W. eisteddfod. a sitting, con-
&c. are hatched. (Scand.) M. E. eg, pI. gress. - W. eistedd, to sit.
egges. - Ice!. egg, Dan . tZg, Swed. iigg + Bither. (E.) M. E. euker, aither.
A. S. iig (= M. E. ey) ; Du. ei, G. ei. A. S. ager, contracted form of agkwtZ)er.
Prob. allied to Irish ugk, Gael. ubll, W. Compo of a-gi·hwre)er; where a = aye, gi
wy, L. ozmm, Gk. WOl', egg. Brugm. i. (for ge-) is a prefix, and kwtZ}er = whether.
§ :109 ( ~ ) . +Du. ieder, G.jeder, O. H . G. eokwedar.
Egg (~ ) , to instigate. (Scand.) M. E. Ejaculate, to jerk out an utterance.
eggen. - Icel. eggja, to goad on - Ice!. egg, ( L.) From pp. of L. eiacular;, to cast
an edge (point). See Edge. out. - L. e, out; iacuttl1lt , a missile, from
Egla.D.tiD.e. (F. - L.) F. !glantine, iacere, to cast.
~1. .' . aiglantine, aiglantier, sweet-briar. eject. (L.) L. liectare, frequentative
- O. F. aiglant, the same. - L. lype of L.eicere, to cast out. - L.e, out; iacere,
*am/ent·us, prickly (not found). - L. neit-s, to cast.
a nee,Ue; -lentus (as in uiru·lentus) . Cf. Eke ( I), to augment. (E.) M. E . eken.
L. aw/eus, a prickle, dimin . of acus. See O. Merc. eea", A. S. fecan, weak vb.
Aglet. (.v AK.) Teut. type *aukjan-, weak vb. ; allied to
Egotist, Egoist, a self·opinionated Ice!. auka, Goth. Quka" (neuter), str. vb. ;
person. (L.) Coined from L. egv, I; see cf. L. augen. (.vAUGw.) Brngm . i. §635.
I . Cf. F . !goi'ste (A. D. 1755). eke (2) , also. (E.) M. E. eek, eke.
Egregious, excellent. (L.) L. egre- A. S. eae.+Du. ook, Icel. auk. Swed. oc"
gi-us, chosen out of a flock, excellent; (and) , Dan. og (and) , G. auek. All from
with suffix -ous. -L. e, out; greg-, stem of the Teut. base auk- above.
grex, a flock. Elaborate. (L.) L. etaborntus, pp.
Egress, a going out. (L.) L.egresS/ls. of e/abornre, to labour greatly.- L. e, out,
- L. egressus, pp. of egr~di, to go out. - greatly ; labOrnre, to work, from labor-,
I.. e, out; gradi, to go. stem of labor, labour.
Egret, the lesser white heron. (F. - Ela.nd, a S. African antelope. (Du. - G.
O. R. G.) M. F . egrelle, aigretle, dimin. - Lith.) Du. eland, an elk. - G. e!end.-
of a form *aigre (whence also Provo aigr- Lithuan. lIn is, an elk. Cf. W. elain, a
on, O. }<'. kair-on, E. ker·on). -0. H. G. hind, Russ. olene, a stag. See Elk.
keigir, heiger, a heron. See Heron. Elapse, to glide away. (L.) From L.
Bh! interj. (E.) M. E. ey. Cf. A. S. lIaps/ls, pp. of llab;, to glide away. - L. e,
ea; Du. ke! G. ei! F . en! . away ; lab;, to glide.
Bider-duck. (Swed. and E .) The E. Elastic. (Gk.) Formerly elaslirk.
duck is here added to the Swed. spelling Gk. *.~a<TT"t6s, propulsive, coined from
of Icel. tZl1r, an eider· duck (tZ pronounced Gk. E~a", =E~a';"",. 1 drive (fut .• ~ci<T"").
like i in time) ; whence Dan. ederfitg/ Cf. Gk •• Aa<T~S, also IAaT.qp, a driver.
160
 ELATE ELL
Elate, lifted up, proud. (L.) L.llatus, ;~f'Yflol', a distich (of lament). - Gk.
used as pp. of 'Af'yo ~, a lament. Der. elegi-ac.
lifted up. - L. " out ; /iUus,
jerre, but allied to tollere, to lift. Element. (F.-L.) O. F. element. -
Elbow, the bend of the arm. (E.) L. elemtllfu1Il , a first principle.
M. E. elbowe. A. S. elboga, also eln-boga. Elephant. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E.
- A. S. eln, signifying 'ell,' orig. ' arm ;' elyplzaunt, oll/almt. - O. F. oll/allt, ele-
and boga. a bow, a bending (see Bow) . jant. - L. elep/lantelll, acc. of eleplzas. -
A. S. eln is allied to Goth. aleina, a cubit, Gk. (Alepas, an elephant. Origin unknown;
W . din, Irish uile, L. ultta, Gk. wAI."" some compare Heb. eleph, an ox.
Skt. aratlli-, the elbow. See EIl.+Du. Eleva.te. (L.) From pp. ofL. elma,'e,
tlle-boog, Icel. oln-hogi, Dan. al-bue, G. to lift IIp. - L. e, Ollt; leuare, to lighten.
ellm ··bogen. lift, from leuis, light. See L evity.
Eld, old age. (E.) M. E. e1de, old Eleven. (E.) M. E. enleuen. A. S.
age; O. Mere. a Ida, old age; from aId, en(d )leofan, endlujon; O. Northumb.
old. Cf. A. S. ieldu, yldu ; from eald, old. allifne.+ Du . elf, Ice\. elliju, Dan. elleve,
+Icel. elli; Dan. a:lde. See Old. Swed. elfva, Goth. ainlif, G. elf, O. H. G.
elder (1), older. (E.) Both as adj. ei"lif. p. A compound of Teut. *ai,z-,
and sb. O. Merc. a Mra (A. S. yld,'a), one; and -lif-=Lithuan. -lika (in vi /to·
elder, adj.; comparative of a id (A. S. lika, eleven) . Lith. -lika perhaps means
eald) , old. 'remaining'; cf. L. linquere, to leave.
eldest. (E.) O. Merc. a:ldesta (A. S. Brugm. ii. § 175.
yldcsta), sllperl. of aId CA. S. eald), old . Elf. (E.) M. E. elf. O. Mere. a/j. +
Elder (2) , a tree. (E.) The d is excre- Ice\. alfr, Dan. alf; also G. alp, a night-
scent. M. E. eller. A. S . ellen , ellam .+ mare. Der. elf-in, adj ., for *elf-Clt; but
Low G. elloorn. ~ Distinct from alder. prob. suggested by the M. E . gen. pI.
Elecampane, a plant. (L.) A. S. elvene, of elves (in the Southern dialect).
tolone, elene, perverted from L. inula; and Elicit, to coax out. (L.) From pp.
M.F.C1lule-calllpane (Cot.) . -L. inula cam- of L. elicen, to draw out by coaxing.-
pana, elecampane. Here campana prob. L. e, out; lacere, to entice. And see
means wild, growing in the fields; from Lace.
L . campus, a field. Elide. (L.) L. elidere, to strike out. -
Elect, chosen. (L.) L. electus, pp. of 1.. e, out; !t:edere, to dash. Der. elis-ion
lZigere, to choose ont.-L. e, out ; legere, (from PE. elis-us) .
to choose. Eligible. (F.-L.) F. tligible. - Med.
Electric. (L.- Gk.) Coined from L. L. eligibilis, fit to be chosen. - L. iligere,
elect17~m , amber, which has electric pro- to choose out; see Elect.
perties.-Gk. ~Aflt'Tpol', amber, also shin- Eliminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
in~ metal; allied to iJAIKTOJp, gleaming. iliminare, to thrust out of. - L. l , forth;
Electuary, a kind of confection . (F . IImin -, stem of limen, a threshold. See
-L.-Gk.) M. E. letuarie. - O. F. lec- Limit.
tuaire, M.F. electltaire.- Late L. llectua- Elision; see Elide.
rium, electarium, a medicine that dissolves Elilrir. (Ar.- Gk.) Med. L. elixir;
in the mOllth. Perhaps for *e(c)lict-arium, for Arab. el iksir, the philosopher's stone,
from Gk. fK~W'T{"', an electuary, from esp. a sort of powder (Devic) ; where el is
(KAf'X"I', to lick out. - Gk. fK, out; the definite article. - Gk. NpIOl', dry pow-
~ElX"v, to lick. der, or (1]"ov, dry (residuum) .
Eleemosynary, relating to alms. Elk, a kind of deer. (G.) Prob. adapted
(Late L.-Gk.) Late L. eleemosyniir£us, fromM.H . G.elclz, an elk ; O.H.G.elaho.
an almoner; from elee11losYlla, alms. - Gk. Cf. Icel. elgr, Swed. elg, an elk; Russ.
'~f'7P.OIT"V1] , pity, alms. See Alms. olene, a stag; L. alas, Gk. o.AK1] . (His-
Elegant, choice, neat. (F .-I..) M. F . tory obscure.) Found in A. S. as elch, ellz.
elegant. - L. elegant-, stem of ilegam, Ell. (E .) M. E. elle, ehze. A. S. eI(i )tl,
t asteful, neat. -L. e, out ; leg-, base of a cubit.+Dll. elle , el; Ice!. a/in, the arm
legere, to choose. from the elbow to the tip of the middle
Blegy, a fun eral ode. (F.-L.-Gk .) finger; Swed.a/n, Dan. a/en, Goth.alei1ta,
M. F . elegit. _ 1.. elegfa. _ Gk. f~''Y.;a , G. elle, ell; L. uhta, el how, cubit; Gk.
fern. sing., an elegy ; orig. nellt. pI. of wA'I'1/, elbow. Ell = el- in d-bo1/!.
161 "
 ELLIPSE EMBERS
Bllip••. (L. -Gk.) Formerly ellipsis. mad-, base of matiis, leanness; cf. macer,
- L. e7lipsis. - Gk. lAA ...I'«, II defect, M lean.
ellipse of a word; also, an oval figute, Emanate. (L.) From L. imanlilus,
because its plane forms with the base of pp. of imanilre, to flow out. - L.i, out;
the cone a less an~le than that of a para- manare, to fl ow.
bola. - Gk. fAJ..WTflV, to leave in, leave Emancipate. (L.) From pp. of L.
behind. - Gk. fA-, for fV, in; Aft-"E"', to imaluipiire, to set free. - L. i, out; man-
leave, cognate with L. linqu~ re. Der. apare, to transfer properl y.-L. manctp-,
elliptic, adj ., Gk. fAA.,,,Ttlc6.. stem of man·eeps, lit. one who takes pro-
Elm, a tree. (E.) A.S. elm .+O . H.G. perty in hand or receives it.-L. man-lis,
elm; cf. Ice\. almr, Dan. atm, Swed . atm; hand; capere, to take .
also L. ulmus (whence G. ulme, Dn. 01111). Emascula.te, to deprive of virility.
Elocution. (L.) From L. ilocutio· (L. ) F rom pp. of L. imasculare. - L. i ,
nem, ace. of ilocutio, clear utterance. -L. away from; masculus, male. See Mas-
1l0czUus, pp. of ilo,/u', to speak out. -L. culine.
i, ont ; toq u' , to speak. Cf. Eloquent. Embargo. (Span.) Span. embargo,
Eloign, Eloin, to remo ve and keep an arrest, a stoppage of ships; lit. a put·
at a distance, 10 withdraw. (F. - L.) ting a bar in the way. - Late L. type
O. F. estoigner, to remove, keep away *imbarricare, to bar in. Formed with
(Law L. exlongare). - O . F. es, away ; prefix em· (=Lat. in) from Span. barra,
toing ( F. loin), far off.-L. ex, away ; II bar. See Bar, Barricade.
longe, adv. far off. See Long. Embark. (F.-Late L.) F. em bar-
Elope. (A. F. -Scand.) A. F. atoper, quer. - Late L. imbarcare, to put in a
to run away (from a husb:lOd; set! N. E. D.). bark. - L. im · (for in), in ; barca, a bark;
-A. F. a· prefix (perhaps for O. F. es-, see Bark ( 1) .
away, as in E. a-bash) ; and M.E.lopen , Embarrass. (F.-Span.) F. em bar-
to run (Cath. Anglicnm), from lee!. Maupa , rasser, to perplex; lit. to hinder, put a
cognate with E. Leap. 13. Or from A. S. bar in one sway. - Span . embaraZ!ll', the
O)Mop.en, pp. of O)Mlopan, to escape; same. - Span. em· (L. im-, for in), in;
from A . S. 0)., away, and Miopa1Z , to run , barra, a bar. Cf. Embargo; and Bar.
to leap. Embassy, a mission. (F.-Late L.-
Eloquent. ( F. -L.) M . E. eloquent. C.) A modifi cation of O. F . ambassee;
_ O. F. eloquent. - L. iloquent·, stem of cf. M . F. embassade , Ital. imbasciata, weak·
pres . pt. of llo,/u' , to speak out or clearly. eneci form of ambasciata. All from Late
- L. i, out; loqu f, to speak. L. ambascilila , sb., orig. fern . of pp. of
Else, otherwise. (E.) A. S. elles, adv.; ambasciiire, to send on II mission , from
stem *aljo ·, signifying' other,' as in Goth. alllbascia, a mission. See Ambassador.
a1jis, other.+Swcd. eljest; allied to L. Embattle, to furnish with battl ~ ­
alias, and to Alien. The suffix ·es marks ments. (F.) M. E. embattelen. - O. F.
the gen. case, neuter. em- (L. im ·, for in ., prt'fix) ; and O . F.
Elucidate. (L.) From pp. of Late L. bast':lIer, to fortify. See Battlement.
ilucidiire, to make clear. - L.i, ont, very; Embellish. (F. -L.) M. E. embe·
lucid'lI s, lncid, clear. See Lucid. tissen. - O. F . embeliss. , stem of pres. pt.
Elude, to avoid slily. (L.) L. itildere of embellir , to beautify. - O. F . em · (L.
(pp. e1usus). to mock , deceive.-L. i, out; in) ; and bel, fair . See BoUe.
lucien , to play. Der. e!us-ory, fro m the Ember-days. (E.) M. E. ymber,
pp. as in ymbel·.weke. A. S. ymbl·en-. prob.
Elysium, a heaven. (L. - Gk.) L. from ymbryne, a circuit, or period; the
i1y~tUI1l. - Gk. "A,',(nov, short for "AVI1IOV ember·days are days that "ewl' at each of
"'~lOv , the Elysian field (Od. 4. 563) . the four seasons of the year. The A. S.
Em -,prqfx. ( F.-L.) F . em-<L. im· ymb·ryne is lit. ' a rnnning round.' - A. S.
(for in), in, before baud p . Hence em· ymb, round ( = G. um, Gk. aP4>/) ; and
balm , to anoint with balm ; em·bm,k, to ryne , a run , course; see Run. Prob.
enclose with a bank, cast np a bank; em· confused with L. q"attlor tempora, fonr
body, to invest with a body, &c. seasons; when ce G. qllatember.
Emaciate. (L.) F rom pp. of L. Embers, ash es. (E.) M. E. emeres .
imaciarej t o make thin . - L. i, very; A. S. iimyrgean, embers; A. S. Leech-
162
 EMBEZZLE EMIT
doms, iii. 30 (rare). + l cel. eilllyry"a, Embrasure. (F.) F. embrasure, an
Dan . emmer, Swed . morya, O. H. G. aperture with slant sides. - M. F. embraser,
eimury"a, sb. ember. Cf. Icel. eim-r, vapour; to slope the sides of a window. -O.F.em-
provo E. orne ( ; A. S. *iim), vapour. (L. itt), in ; M . F. braser , ' to skue, or
Embezzle, to filch . (F .) A. F. en- chamfret ;' Cot. (Of unknown origin.)
besiler, to make away with (A. D. 1404) .- Embrocation, a fomenting. (F.-
O. F. en· (for L. in-, prefix) ; and O.F. Late L.-Gk.) O.F.cmbrocattO". -Med.
besillier, to maltreat, destroy, apparently L. embrociitus, pp. of embroeiirc, to foment.
from O. F. bes- (Late L. bis-, used as a - Gk. "JJ13poXTJ, a fomentation. - Gk. if'-
pejorative prefix) . Cf. O. F. besil , iIl- 13p'XflV, to soak in. - Gk. IJJ-=.II , in ;
treatment, torture; and see B ezzle in the 13ptXfll', to wet. soak.
N. E. D . ~ Certainly influenced, in the Embroider. (F.) From Em- and
16th cent., by a supposed etymology from Broider. Cf. O. F . embroder, to em-
imbi!cill, to weaken, an obsolete verb broider.
form ed from the adj . imbecile, q .v. EmbroiL (F.) From F. cmbrotdller,
Emblem. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. em- to confuse. - F. em- (L. im-, for in);
bleme. - L. emblbna. - Gk. 1p.{J>"'lJJa, a brouil/er, to confuse. See Broil (l);
thing put on, an ornament. - Gk. "JJ-, for and cf. Imbroglio.
IV, in, on; /3a>">"flv, to throw, to put. See Embryo. (F.-Gk.) Formerly em-
Belemnite. bryo". - M. F. embryon. - Gk. II'/3pvoII,
Emblemen.ts, the produce of sown the embryo, fcetus. - Gk. IJJ- = III, within;
lands, crops which a tenant may cut after 13pvov, neut. of pres. pt. of /3pVfll', to be
the determination of his tenancy. (F. - L.) full of, swell out.
O. F. emblaement, harvest. - O . F. em- Emendation. (L.) Coined from the
blatr, em blader (F . emblaver), to sow pp. of L. emendiire, to free from fault. -
with corn . - Late Lat. imbladiire, to sow. L. e, free from; lIlendum , lIle"da , a fault.
- L. i1ll- (for ill) , in ; Late L. bliidu11t Emerald, a green gem. (F.-L.-Gk.)
=L. abliitu1ll, a crop, corn, lit. 'what is M . E. e1llerat~de.-O. F. esmeraude (Span.
carried away' (F. ble) . eSllleralda) ; also esmeragde. - L. sma-
Embolism. ( F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ragdum, acc. of smaragdus. - Gk. (fJJ6..
embolis,ne. - L. elllbolismus. - Gk. fJJ/30- (Kl"'(tJos, an emerald. Cf. Skt. marakata-,
N.(fJJ6s, an intercal ation or insertion of an emerald.
days, to complete a period. - Gk.1JJ, for lv, Emerge, to rise from the sea, appear.
in; /36.>..>"fll'. to cast; cf. IJJ/30>"~, an inser- (L.) L. emergere, to rise out of water. -
tion. - L. e, out; mergere, to dip; see Merge.
Embonpoint, plumpn~ of person. Emero!1s; see Hemorrhoids.
(F. - L.) F. mlbonpoint, plumpness. Emery, a hard mineral. (F. -Ital.-
For elt bon point, in good case.-L. in, Gk.) Formerly emeril; XVII cent.-
in ; bonum, neut. of bonus, good; punc- F. (meri; M. F. emeril, esmeril.-Ital.
tum, point. smeriglio. - Gk. (fl'iipls, (fJJvP' s, emery.
Emboss (I), to adorn with bosses or Emetic. (L.-Gk.) L. emet£cus. -
raised work. (F.- L. and G.) From Gk. fJJfT'K6s, causing sickness. - Gk. ifllOJ,
Em·, prefix; and Boss. I vomit; see Vomit.
Emboss (2), to take shelter, or drive Emigrate. (L.) From pp. of L. e-
to shelter in a wood, &c. (F. -Late L.) migriire, to wander forth . - L. e, out;
o F. embosquer, to shroud in a wood. - migriire, to wander; see Migrate.
O . F. em- (L. in), in; O. F. bose, a wood; Eminent, excellent. (L.) L. eminent ,
see Bouquet. stem of pres. pt. of emi"ere, to project,
Embouchure. (F.-L.) F. embou- excel. - L. e, out; *lIlinere, to project; for
chure, the mouth or opening (of a river). which cf. im-m£nent,pro·minent.
- F. embollcher, to put in or to the mouth. Emir, a commander. (Arab.) Arab.
- L. in, in, F. bouche, from bucca, the amir, a nobleman, prince. - Arab. root
mouth. amara, he commanded. Der. adm£r-al.
Embrace. (F .-L.) O. F. embracer, Emit, to send forth . (L.) L. emittere,
to grasp in the arms.-O. F. em·, for en to send forth; pp. emissus. - L. e, out;
(L. in); and brace, the grasp of the mil/ere, to send. Der. emiss·£on, emiss-
arms; see Brace. ary, from the pp.
163
 EMMET ENCHANT
Emmet, an ant. (E.) M. E . Clnete, Empty, void . ( E. ) M. E. emptio A .S.
amote. A. S. iimelte, or amelte, an ant. + ii!mt~l{, remetig, lit. full of lei su re. - A. S.
G. amei se, O. H. G . ameiza, or nmeiza, an retllln, ie/llctta, leisure, older form emo/a
ant. Doublet, alli. (Epiu. Glos. 680). Perha ps remetta is for
Emmew; see E n ew. *i'i!mo/joll . from ii-, prefix, p rivative, and
Emollient, softening. (F . -L.) M.F. 1/101, a meeting for busin ess.
emol/ient. - L. emollient-, stem of pres. pt. Empyrea.n, Empyrea.l, pertaining
of emollire, to soften. - L. e, out, very j to elemental fi re. (L. - Gk.) Adjectives
mollire, to soften, from molli-s, soft . coi ned from L. empjrrP.-us, Gk . *fjJ7rlJP-
Emolument, gain. ( F. - L.) O. F. alOs , extended from fW1l'VPOS, exposed to
emolumcnl. - L. emolllmentum , what is fire . - Gk. fjJ- = fV , in ; rrup, fire; see Fire.
gained by labour. - L.emoliri, to work out, Emu, Emeu, a bird. (Port.) P ort.
accomplish. - L.e, out , greatly j maUri, to ema , an ostrich.
work , from moles, hea p, also effort. ~ So Emulate. (L.) From pp. of L.
usually explained; but the short vowels aJJl/dari, to try to equal. - L . a1llullls,
in -miJIu- suggest a derivation from emd- striving \0' equal.
lere, to grind thoroughly. Emulsion, a mil k-like mixture. (F. -
Emotion. (L.) Coined from L. emotus, L.) I\L F. emlllsiM; formed from 1..
pp. of emouere, to move away or much . - emuls-us, pp. of emulgere, to milk out. -
L. e, out, much; 1JIOllere, to move. L. e, out; mulgen, to milk ; see M ilk.
Emperor, a ruler. (F.-L.) O.F. En-, pr¢'x. (F.-L. ) F.m- . - L. in-,
empereor. - L. imperatorem, acc. of im- in; sometimes used with a causal force, as
perMor, a rul er. - L. imperare, to rule. - en-case, e't-chain, &c. See E m -.
L . im- \ for in- ), upon , over ; pa,'are, to Enact. ( F. - L.) In Shak. - F. en ,
make ready, order. D er. empr-ess. in (L. in ) ; and A ct. Lit. ' to put in act.'
Emphasis, stress of voice. (L. - Gk.) Enamel, vb. ( F. -0. H . G.) M . E.
L. empllasis. - Gk. fjJ</>«UIS, a declaration, e/ta fllaile, sb., enamelen, vb. - A. F . ena-
emphasis j orig. appearance. - Gk. EjJcpai- meller, ennmailler, vb. - F. en (L. itt), on ;
VOjJOI, I appear. - Gk. EjJ- (fV) , in j nmaile, for O. F . esmail, enamel ( = Ita!'
</>«,,,ojJal, I appear, whence cpauls, an smalto), from O. Low G. small (Lubben).
appearance; see Phase . D er. emphalic, See Smalt .
from Gk. fjJ</>aTIKos, significant. Enamour. (F. -L. ) 0 . 1' . mamorer,
Empire. (F. - L.) F. empire. - L. im- to illAame with love. - F . en amour, in
perium, command. - L. im- (in-), upon, love; where F. e't is from L. ill, in, and
over; pnrare, to make ready, order. amour from L. acc. amorem, love.
Empiric, a quack doctor. (F. - L.- Encamp. (F. - L.) Coined from en-
Gk.) M. F. empirique. - L. empiricus. - (F. en , L. in) and camp ; hence • to
Gk. fjJ1I'''P<KOS, experienced j also one of form into a camp.' See Ca mp.
a certain set of physicians. - Gk. EjJ-= fV , Encase. (F. -L.) Cf. F. mcaisser,
in; 1I'f<pa ( _ *"f pla), a trial , experience, • to put into a case j ' Cot. - F. m, in (L.
allied to 1I'OpOS , a way, a nd to E. Fare . in ) ; and M. F. caisse, casse, a case; see
Brug m. i. § 293. Ca.se ( 2).
Employ. (F. -L.) M. F. employer, to Encaustic, relating to designs burnt
employ. - L. implicare, to implicate (in in. (F. - L.-Gk.) F. mcaustique.- L .
Late L., to use for, employ) . - L . im- (for mcaus/ieus. - Gk. E'YKaVUTl Ko s. relating to
in-), in j plicare, to fold j see Implicate, burning in. - Gk. EV, in; KaIQl, I bum .
Imply. See Ca.lm.
Em~orium, a mart. (L. - G k.) L. Enceinte, pregnant. (F. - L.) F . CIt-
~mporwm. - G k. f~1I'6pl ov.' a ~art; , neut. of cein/e. _ L ate L. itldncln, ungirt , sa irl of a
f jJ"aplOs. commercial. - Gk. f jJ1I'0PIa, com- pregnant woman, fern. of pp. of (i1lgere,
merce, f WropOS, a t ravelle r, merchant. - to gird, with neg. prefi x i,I-. ~ I sidore
Gk . f ;.t- = E", in ; 1I'opos, a way; see Fare. explains L ate L. indncta as meaning
Emprise, enterprise. (F.- L.) M. E. • ungirt' ; so also Ital. i1u1tzta (Florio) .
emprise. - O. F . emprise ; orig. fern . of Enchant. (F. - L.) F . mchantet', to
empris, pp. of O. F . emprendre, to take in cha rm . _ L. incant,ire, to repeat a chant.-
hand.-L. im- (ill-) , in ; prehmdere, to L. in-, upon ; and ra1ttii1'~, to sing ; see
take. See Comprehend. Cant ( I '.
164
 ENCHASE ENEW
Enchase. (F. -L.) M. F. e,uhasser, -and-joz. Cf. O . Irish Imi, Skt. an/a-,
'to enchace or set in gold;' Cot. Hence end, limit. 'U Hence the prefixes anle-,
to emboss. - F. elt, in (L. ilt) ; and chasse tl ltli-, all- in all-S1ver.
(F. cMuse" the same as casse, a case; see Endeavour, to attempt. (F. - L.)
Case ( 2) . Coined from the M. E. sb. dever, devoir,
Encircle. (F.- L.) From En- and duty, with F . prefix C1t- ( = L. i,t ).
Circle. Compare the old phrase ' to do his "ever '
Encline. (F. -L.) M. E. endillm. - = to do his duty (Ch. C. T. 2598 ) ; see
O. F. encliner. - L. iUc/i,ttire; see Incline. Devoir.
Enclitic. (Gk.) Gk. f-tICAITIIC6s, en- Endemic, peculiar to a district. (Gk.)
clining, dependent; used of a \I'ord which Gk. IV~TJI1. -o< , belonging to a people. -
'leans' its accent upon another. - Gk. Gk. <V, in; ~fjl-'o<, a people; £ee Demo-
<'YICAivflV, to lean upon, encline. - Gk. EV , cracy.
on; ICAivflV , to lean ; see Lean ( I ). Endive, a plant. (F . -L. ) F. endive
Enclose. (F . -L.) From En- and (Ital. endivia). _ Lat. type *illtibca, adj .;
Close (1). Cf. A. F. e,ldos, pp. of (1t- from L. in/ibm, intu/J1ts, endive.
dorre, to shut in. Endogen, a plan t that grows from
Encomium, commendation. (L.-Gk. ) within. (F.-Gk. ) F . endoghte (1813).
Latinised from Gk. f-rICWI-'I 01' , nent. of From Gk. lv~o · v, within; 'Y'V-, base of
''YIC"''I-'IOS , laudatory, fu ll of revelry. - Gk. 'Yi-YV0l-'at, I am born , allied to 'Y(vo<, race.
<v, in; ICWI-'0s, revelry. Endorse. (F . -L.) Formerly endosse.
Encore, again. (F . - L. ) F. encore O. F . mdosser , to put on the back of. -F.
e = It al. ancora), slill , again. - L. hallc en, on; dos , the ba ck, from L. dorsu1ll, the
horam, for i,t hanc II01'a1ll, to this hour; back ( wh ~ nce the spelling wilh ,·s).
see ·Hour. 'U Somewhat disputerl . Endow. (F .-L.) A. F. eudo1tJer .
Encounter, vb. (F .- L. ) O. F . en- From F. C1l- and dOller. - L. i'I-, in, and
cOlll1'er, to meet in combat. - F. en, in; do/are, to give a dowry, from dot-, stem
cOlltre, against. - L. i1l, in; co'ttra, against. of dos, a dowry; d . dare, to give.
Encourage. (F.-L. ) F. encourager ; Endue ( I), to endow. (F.-L.) An-
from F. en (1:. i,t) and courage; see Cou- other spelling of endow ; XV cent. -0. F.
rage. endoer (later e,tdoller), to endow (Burguy) .
Encrinite, the ' stone lily'; a fossil. - L. ill, in; and diitare, to endow; see
(Gk.) COllled from Gk. <V, in; ICpivol', a above. 'U Confused both with O. F. w-
lily ; with suffix -.T'I<. duire, to introduce (from L. i,tdurere),
Encroach. (F.-L. and Teut. ) Lit. and with Endue (2) below.
to hook away, catch in a hook. - O. F. Endue (2 ), to clothe. (L.) A COITUp-
clu "ochier, to seize upon. - F. e't, in; croc, tion of i"dlle ; as in ' mdue thy ministers
a hook; cf. F . accrocher, to hook up.-L. with righteousness.' - L. indt4t1'e , to
ill, in; and M. Du. kroke , Ice!. krokr, &c. ; clothe. See Indue (2) ; and see above.
see Crook. Endure. (F.-L.) M. E. endurm. -
Encumber. (F.-L.?) O. F . m com- F . mdttrer.-F. m (L. in) ; and durer
orer, to block up (a way) . - Latc L. itt- (L. d1~ra,.e) , to last. See Dure.
cOlI/bnire, to obstruct. - L. i,t- , in ; and Enemy. (F . - L.) M. E. mUlli. -
Late L. cOlllbrus, an obstacle. See Cum- O. F . ettemi. - L. iuimlcus, unfriendly. -
ber. L. ilt, not; amiclls, fri endly, from L.
Encyclical, circular, said of a letter alllti,-e, to love.
seut ronnd (ecclesiastical) . From Gk. Energy. (F . -L.-Gk.) O. F . m ergie.
E'YH:';ICAI -O<, circul ar (said of a letter) ; with - Late L. m erg ia. - Gk. <vfP'Yfla, vigour,
suffix -c-al. - Gk . <V , in ; IC';ICA O-<, a circl e. action. - Gk. <v'fY'(6<, at work . - Gk. EV,
encyclopmdia. (L. - Gk .) Latinised in; Ip'Y0v, work; see Work.
from (a coined) Gk. * f-yICVICA Otra. ~ .ta , for Enervate. (L. ) From pp. of L.
<'YIC"ICAIO< tra.6,la , circular (or complete) emrlltire, to deprive of nerve or strength.
instruction; from f-yIC "ICAIO< (a bove), and - L. e, out of; nerutlS, a nerve; see
1I'aLli<ia , in struction. Nerve.
End, sb. (E. ) M. E. mde. A.S. e,tde, Enew. (F.-L.) Misspelt en/1IIcw in
sb.+ Du. eittde, Ice!. ttldir, Sw. linde, Dan . Shak. ; read mew, to drive iuto the water.
mde, Goth. alldeis, G . mde. Teut. type - F . m, in; A. F. ewe (F. eau), water,
16 5
 ENFEOFF ENSIGN
from L. aqua. Cf. O. F. emwer, to soak enhaucer, enlzaltcier, to lift (ltal. imla/·
in water \ liodefroy). zaJe). - L. in; and Late L. al/iiil'e, to
Enfeo:ff, to endue with a fief. (F.-L. lift, from altus, high.
and O. H. G.) T he spelling is Norman Enipa. (L. - Gk.) L. t1!ni.,,'7Jla. -
F.; formen from F. en (L. in), in; and Gk. CUV''YfI'l (stem aM'Y!,aT- , a riddle,
fief, a fi ef. See Fief. dark saying. - Gk. alvlC1C1o!'a" I f.peak in
Enfilade, a straight line or passage. ri (~d l es. - Gk. alva., a tale, story. D er.
(F . - L.) F. enjilade, a long st ring (of C11z:E[11lat-ic (from the stem).
thiogs). - F. mJiler, to thread. - F. en- Enjoin, to bid. (F.-L) O.F. en-
(L. in), in ; jil, a thread , from L. filllm, joill(i1-e ( I p. pres. mjoin-s). - L. inizm'
a thread. See File (1). gere , to bid, ordain, orig. to join into.-
~ngage. (F.-L.) O. F. eng,!ger,. to L. in! in; ill~zger~, to join. See .Jo i ~.
blOd by a pledge. - F . m (L. zn), 10; EIlJoy, to JOY 10. (F. -L.) M . E. en-
gage , a pledge; see Gage. Der. dis- ioim (= enjoyen) ; A. F. wioier. - F. CIt
engage. (L. in) ; O. F. ioie, F . joie; see .Joy.
Engender, to breed. (F . - L.) M. E. Enlighten, vb. (E.; 7J!ith F . ple-
engmdren. - O. F. e1Zgendrer.-L. ingm- Jix. ) Coined with F. prefix m· (L. ilt),
erare, to produce. - L. ilt, in ; gellerare, from lightul, vb.; see Lighten.
to breed, from gmer· (for *gmcs.), skm Enlist, to enter on a list. (F . - G. ;
of gmtts, a race, See Genus. with F. -L. prefix .) Coined by plefi xing
Engine. (F. -L.) O. F. mgi71, a F . en (L. in) to List (2) .
tool.-L. ingenium, natural capacity, also, Enmity. (F.-L.) M. E. enmile. -
an invention.-L. i71, in; geni-, as in A. F. emmile; O. F . enamislie(t ). - 0. F.
genius; see Genius. en- (L. in-), neg. prefix; and amis/ie(t),
English, belonging to the Angles. (E.) amity; see Amity.
A. S. Ellglisc, /E1Zglisc. - A. S. Engf.e, Ennui. (F . -L.) Mod. F. mnui, an·
./E1Zgl-e, pl., the Angles ; with snffix ·isc, noyan~ e ; O. F . a1Zoi_ See Annoy.
·ish . Cf. A. S. A71gel-cynn, Angle kin Enormous, great beyond measure.
(gens A71gloyum ). (F. - L.) Formed from enorm (obsolete) ;
Engrailed, indented with curved lines; with suffix -Otts. - M. F. enorme, huge. -L.
in heralnry. (F.-L. and T eut.) O. F. enor11lis, out of rule, huge. - L. e, out of;
engresle, pp. of engresler, to engrail (indent norma, rule. See Normal.
as with hailstones). - O. F . en, in; gnsle Enough. (E .) M. E. ilzoh, eJ/ogh;
(F. grlle), hail. - L. i1Z, in; and (perhaps) pI. i1whe, moghe. A. S . gmoh, gmog, pI.
G.gries, ~rit. See Grail (3). genoge, sufficient; allied to A.S. gmeall,
Engram, Ingrain, to dye of a fast it suffices.+ lcel. gnogr, Dan. 1lok, Swtd.
colour. (F. - L.) M. E. engreynen, to 1lOg, Du. gC1weg, G. gmug, Goth. ga1lohs.
dye i1Z grain, i. e. of a fast colour. Coined The ge· is a prefix. Cf. L. nn1Zcisd, to
from F . en (L. in) ; and O. F. graine, obtain (pp. flac·tus) ; Skt. nat, to attain.
'the seed of herbs, also grain, wherewith Enquire. (F . -L.) M. E. enqueren ;
cloth is died in grain, scarlet die, scarlet altered from eflquere to enquire, and later to
in graine;' Cot. From Late L. grana, inquire, under tbe influence ofthe L. form.
the cochineal' berry' or insect; a fern . sb. - O. F. enqucrre, enqllerir. - L . il1qltirere,
formed from the pI. (grii fla ) of grllmt1lz, a to search into. -L. in, in ; q"t1!rere, to
g rai n. seek. Der. enquir·y, often tnrned into
Engrave. (F. and E.) From En- i1Zquiry; enqllest (now i1ZqUCSt ), from
and Grave (x) ; imitating O. F . mgraver O. F. mqueste, L. inqtlisita (res), a thing
(from L. in and O. H. G. graban, Low G. enqnired into.
graven, cognate with E. grave). Ensample. (F. -L.) M. E. ensample.
Engross, to write in large letters, to - A. F. ensnmple, corrupt form of essample,
occupy wholly. (F. - L.) The former exemple. - L. exe",pl""" a sample, pattern.
(l egal) sense is the older. A. F . e1Zgrosser. - L. eximere, to select a sample. - L. ex,
From F. e1Z grosse, i. e. in large characters. out ; emere, to take. Der. sample.
- L. in, in; Late L. grossa, large writing, Ensign. (F. - L.) O. F. emigne,
from L. grossus, thick. more correctly ensugne, 'a sign, en-
Enhance, to mise, exalt, increase. signe, standard;' Cot. - Late L. insignia,
(F.- I..) A. F. enhaumer, a form ofO. F . pI. of L. insigne, a standard. - L. itlSig1Zis,
x66
 ENSILAGE ENVOY
remarkable. - L. in, upon; signum, a - Gk.lv/1for, (ull o( the god, having a god
mark; i. e. 'with a mark 011 it.' See within, inspired. - Gk. (I', in; /1{6r, a
Sign. god.
Ensilage, the storing o( grain, &c., Entice. (F. - L.) M. E. elltian. -
underground. (F. - Span. -L. alui Gk .) O. F . enticier, enticker, to excite. - Lat.
F. emilage. - Span. emilar, to store up type *ilt1itial'c, to kindle, set on fire. - L.
underground. - Span. en, in; silo, a pit in; and *tititts, (or titio, a firebrand. Cf.
(or storing grain. - L. in, in; sirus, bor· F. attiser, Ital. atlizzare, to set on fire.
rowed (rom Gk. utpor, a pit (or storing Entire. (F. -L.) O. F. entier, whole.
grain. _ L. iltlegrum, acc. of integer, whole.
Ensue. (F. - L.) O. F . emu -, a See Inte"er .
ste m of ensivre, to follow after. - Late L. Entity, bdng. (L.) A coined word,
imeqllere, for L. insequi, to follow upon . with suffix -ty, from L. enti., decl. stem of
- L. ilt, on ; sequi, to follow. *ens, a thing, a being; see E ssence.
Ensure, to make sure. (F. -L.) A. F. Entomology. (F. - Gk.) F . e1l10mo-
enseurer. - F. en (L. in), in ; and O. F. logie ( A. D. I io=i). From Gk. '~TO/-<O'V,
seur, sure; see Sure. an insect; neut. of IVTo/-<o·r, cut into, so
Entablature. (F .•- L.) Obs. F. called fr om the very thin middle part (see
mtablature, 'an intablature;' Cot. [Cf. Inse ct ). - Gk. (I', in; Tl/-<v£tJl, to cut;
l tn!. ill/avolatura, 'a planking,' Torriano; with suffix 'AO"fta, discourse, from AE")'ftV,
from intavolare, 'to board,' Florio.] Pro- to speak .
perly 'something laid flat,' and, though Entra.ils, the inward parts. (F. -L.)
now applied to the part of a building sur· O. F. entraille, intestines. _Late L . intra-
mounting the columns, orig. applied to a lia, also (more correctly) in/ranea, en·
panel or flooring. - L. in, upon; *tabu· trails. - L. interanea, entrails, neut. pI. of
lare, a verb formed from the sb. tabula· interaneus, inward, adj., from iltler,
lum, boardwork, a flooring, from tabula, within. ~ The O. F. entraille was a fem.
a 'plank; see Table. sing. made from a neut. pI.
Enta.il, to bestow as a heritage. (F . - Entreat. (F. - L.) Orig. to treat;
L.) Orig. to convert an estate into f ee. then to treat with, besc(ch. O. F. mtraiter,
tail (f eodum talliiilu1ll, where talliatu1lt to treat of. - F. elt « L. in), in, concern-
means' limited ' in a certain way ). From ing; F. traiter<L. tractare, to handle,
F. en- (L. in) and tailler (tal/iare) . In treat; see T reat.
another sense we find M. E. entailelt, to cut, Enumerate. (L .) From pp. of L,
carve. - O. 1". entail/er, to carve, grave. - bt1tlllel'are, to reckon up.- L. e, ou t, fully ;
F. en- (L. in), in; and tailler, to cut; see llumerare, vb., from numerus, number.
Tailor, T ail (2) , Tally. Enunciate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Enta.ngle; from En- ami Tangle, emmciare, better . pelt bluntiare, to utte r,
q. v. declare fully. - L. e, fully; 1tulltitire, to
Enter. (F .- L.) M.E.mf1'C1t. - O.F. tell, from IlUlztillS, a messenger.
mireI'. - L. illlrare, to go into. - L. £11, in ; Envelop. (F. - Teut. ) M. E . envolupm.
and *trare, to go through (d . p elte-ll-are O. F. envoluper, later ellveloper, to wrap
. and tnl1ls) ; all ied to Skt. tara-, a passage. in, wrap round, enfold. - F. ell (L. in) , in;
See Brugm. ii. § 579. D er. en/r·ance. and O. F. voluper, v%pel', vloper, to wrap,
Enterprise _ (F. - L.) O. F. mf1'c· from a base vlop-, to wrap. This base re-
prise , cllterpri1ue, an en terprise. - O. F. sembles M. E. wlappelt, to wrap; which,
'eliterpris, pp. of t1Ucl'jJI'eltdre, to und er· however, is not known outside English.
take. - Late L. illtel'jJrendere. - L. inter, See Lap (3). Note Walloon ewa !pi, to
am ong; prendere, short for prekende.-e, to en velop (Remacle) ; M. Ita!' goluf'/Jare, to
by hold of. • See Prehen sile. wrap (Florio). Cf. Develop.
Enterta.m.. (F. - L.) . O. F. entn- Environ, to surround. (F . - L. ) O. F.
teltir. - Late L.. "t1ertclure, to enteltain, cnviro1tJler, to surround . - F. env iron,
lit. ' to hold or keep among.' - L. inter, round about. - F . en (L. in) , in; O. F.
among; lenere, to hold . 7l ir01t , a circuit, from virer, to turn, veer;
Enthusiasm, inspiration. (L. - Gk.) see Veer.
Late L. eltlll1'siamllts. -Gk. (v/1ollu,au/-<6r , Envoy. (F. - L.) O. F. mvoy, a send-
inspiration . _ Gk. Ey/10IlUt<i(QI, I am inspired. ing. - 0 . F. C1tvoier, to send. - F . en vo:'e,
167
 ENVY EPITHALAMIUM
on the way. -L. itt 14ialll, on the way. - Gk. bt, upon; ItVIt)..os, a circle; see
Cf. Ital. itzvinre, t o send. Cycle.
Envy, sb. (F . -L.) M. E . muie (tn- Epidemic, affecting a people. (L.-
vie). - O. F. mvie.-L. itlllidia, envy ; see Gk.) Formed fro m L. epidelllus, epi-
Invidious. . demic. - Gk. blli'1Pos, among the people,
Epa.ct. (F. - L ate L. - Gk.) O. F. general. - Gk. hri, among; lii)pos, people.
(and F.) epacle, an addition, the epact See Endemic.
(a term in astronomy). -Late L. epacta. - Epidermis, cuticle. (L. - Gk .) L.
Gk. l"altT'f] (for l"aKT6s TJPfp~) , late fern . epidermis. - Gk. '",/ifppls, upper skin . -
of '.".aItT6s, added. - Gk. ha"(ftv , to bring Gk . • .".t, upon; OEPP-«, skin. See Derm.
in, add. - Gk. '''', for '"i, to; and Q'lf'V, Epiglottis, the cartilage forming a
to lead, bring. (.vAG.) lid over the glottis. (Gk.) Gk. h' ''I)..QJTTis.
Epaulet, a shoulder·knot. (F. - L. - - Gk. hi, upon; OY)..QJTTis, glottis; see
Gk. ) F. epaulette ; dimin. from epaule Glc ttis.
(0 . F. esp aule) , a shoulder. _ Late L. Epigram, a short and pithy poem or
spatula, shoulder· blade ; L. spatll/a, a saying. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. epigramme.
broad blade; see Spatula. - L. epigram ma. _ Gk. '"I,,(pappa , an
Epergne, an ornamental stand for the inscription, epigram . - Gk. h',,(pa</>EtV, to
centre of a table. (F. -L. mtd G.) F. inscribe. - Gk. 1,,1, upon; -rpa</>ftV, to
ep erg ne, commonly spelt epargne, lit. write. See Grammar.
thriftiness, sparingness. So called from E]?ilepsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.epi-
the method of ornamentation ; the F . taille lepsle, 'the falling sickness;' Cot. -L. epi-
d'epargne is applied to a sort of omamen- Ilpsia. - Gk. '''''')..'lif'ia, btA'1if"s, a seizure.
tation in which certain parts are cut away -Gk. lrr,)..apl3avE'v, to seize upon.- Gk.
and filled in with enamel, leadng the design bl, on; )..apl3avftv, to seize. Der. epi-
itZ relief, i. e. spared or left un cut. See leptic (Gk. "")..'1.".Ttlt6s).
Littre, and Cotgrave (s. v. espargne). - F. Epilogue. ( F. -L. -Gk.) }<' . epilogue.
l}argner; O. F. espn1'gner , espergner, to -L. epifogus. - Gk . • "I)..ooyos, a concluding
spare. -0. H . G. sparon, G. spat·CIt, to speech. - Gk. 1,,1, upon; A6"(os, a speech.
spare ; see Spare. Epiphany, Twelfth Day. (F.-L.-
Ephah, a Hebrew measure. (H eb. - Gk.) O. F. epiphattie. -L. ep iphmtia.-
Egypt. ) Heb. ijIltiih , a measure; of Gk. "'.<P6.v.a, man ifestation ; orig. neut.
Egyptian origin; d. Coptic opi, measure. pI. of • ."..<P6.~ws, manifest, but used as
Ephemera, sing.; orig. pI., flies that equivalent to .".",avfw, sb. - Gk. l"'</Xli-
live for a day. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk. VflJI, to shew forth . -Gk . • .".1, to, forth;
'rp-r,PEpa, neut. pI. of '</>i)PfPOS, lasting for </Xllvf"', to shew. See Phantom.
a day.-Gk. 1</>- = I."i1 for; TJPfpa, a day. Episcopal. (F. - L. - G k.) O . F .
Der. cthemer-al, adJ.; ephemer-is (Gk. episcopal. -L. episcopiilis, belonging to a
1</>'lPfP'S, a diary). bishop. - L. ep iscoplls, a bishop. - Gk . hi-
Ephod, part of {he priest's habit. UltO'7TOS, an over-seer, bishop. - Gk. ..".1,
(He b.) Heb. lj>hOd, a vestment. _ Heb. upon; UICO"OS, one that watches. See
iiphad, to put on. Scope.
Epi-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. hr., upon', to, Episode, a story introduced into an-
besides; speJt eph - in tph-emeral ep- in other. (Gk.) Gk. '" .. ulloWJI, orig . neut.
cp,isode, ep-och , ep'ode. ' of '''''U60IOS, coming in besid es. - Gk. 1.".-
Epic, narrative. (L. -Gk.) L. epicus. (,,,1), besides ; fiuoows, coming in, from
-Gk. ("tltDS, narrative. -Gk. ('frOS, word , Elf, in , o ~6r, a way.
narrative, song ; see Voice. Epistle, a letter. (F. - L. - G k.)
Epicene, of common gender. (L. - O. F. epistle, also epislre. - L. episto/a . -
Gk.) L. epicO!tZus. _ Gk. ..".ilto,vos, com- Gk. b,uTo)..-q, message, let ter. - Gk. <".-
mono- Gk. '''', among ; ItOlVOS, common. uT.A).. .. JI, to send to. -Gk. bl, to ; UTE)..-
Epicure, a follower of Epicurus. (L. A .. v, to equip, send.
-Gk.) L . Epicut'Us. -Gk. ' E"iltovpos, a Epitaph. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.epi/aplle.
proper name; lit. 'assistant.' -L. epi/apllium. - Gk. I7rtTa<ptOs, upon a
Epicycle, a small circle, with its tomb. -Gk. 'rri, on; Ta<pos, a tomb .
centre on the circumference of a larl1er one. Epithalamium, a marriage - song.
(L.-Gk.) L. epicycltts.-Gk. .".ltvICAos. (L.-Gk.) L. tpithala1llilltlt.-Gk. "'.-
168
 EPITHET ERMINE
9aAaJUov, bridal song. - Gk. ."', upon, Equerry, an officer who has charge of
for; BtUaJU>s, bride-chamber. horses and stables. (F.-O. H . G. ) Pro-
Epithet. (L. -Gk.) L. epitlttton. - perly equerry means a stable, and mod. E.
Gk.iw19ETOV, an epithet; neut. of <wIBuos, equerry stands for squire of the equerry.-
attributed. - Gk. <wi, besides; BE'TOS, F. (curie, O. F. escurie, a stal,le; Low L.
placed, from 9f-, weak grade of TI91JJU, I scuria, a stable. - O. H. G . skura, skiura
place. (G. scheuer), a shelter, stable; allied to
Epitome. (L. - Gk.) L. epitome. - O. H. G. skitr, a shelter. Brugm. i. § 109.
Gk. <W'TOP.~, a surface-incision, also an (.vSKEU.) 4U Altered to equerry by
abridgment. - Gk. iwl, upon; TfP.VEIV, to confusion with equus, a horse.
cut. Equestrian; see Equine.
Epoch. (L.-Gk.) Late L. epocha. - Equilibrium; see Equal.
Gk. <"OX~, a stop, pause, fixed date. - Gk . Equine. (L.) L. equinus, relating to
hr- (iwl) , upon; fX"V, to hold, check. horses. - L. eqllus, a horse. + Gk. iwwos,
(~SEGH. ) Brugm. i. § 602. (;1<1<0$) ; Skt. lZfVa; Pers. asp; O. Irish eck ;
Epode. (F. -L.-Gk.) O. F . epode . - A . S. eok. Brugm. i. § 116.
L. epodos . - Gk. iw<pMs, an epode, some- equestrian. (L.) Formed from L.
thing sung after. - Gk. iw-l, upon, after; equestri-, stem of equester, belonging
d<l~ .. v, to sing. to horsemen. -L. eques, a horseman. -L.
Equal. (L.) L. cequtilis, equaI.-L. equus, a horse.
cequus, just, exact. Equinoz; see Equal.
equanimity. evenness of mind. (L.) Equip,to furnish, fit out. (F.-Scand.)
From L. cequanimitas, the same. - L. M. F. equiper, O. North F. esquiper, to
cequanimis, of even temper, kind. - L. fit out; A. F. eskipper. - Ice1. skipa, to set
cequ-us, equal; animus, mind. in order, perhaps allied to skip, a ship.
equa.tion. a statement of equality. Der. efjuip-age, -ment.
(L.) L. acc. cequiitionem, an equalising; EqUlpollent. EquiV; see Equal.
from pp. of cequare, to make equal.-L. Equivalent, EqUlvoca.l; see
cequus, equal. So also equator<L. cequa- Equal.
tor. Era.. (L.) L. cera, an era, fixed date.
equilibrium, even balancing. (L.) From a particular sense of cera, counters
L. cequilibrium. - L. cequilibris, evenly (for calculation), pI. of ces, brass, money.
balanced. _ L. cequi-, for cequus, even; Eradica.te. (L.) From pp. of L.
libra, a balance; see Librate. eradicare, to root out. -L. e, out; radi-
eq.uinoz. (F.-L.) F . (qui1tQxe. -L. care, to root, from radk-, stem of radix,
cequl1tQctium , time of equal day and night. root. See Radix.
- L. cequi-, for cequus; 1tQcti-, decl. stem Erase. (L.) L. erasus, pp. of eriidere,
of nox, a night; see Night. to scratch out. -L. e, out; riidere, to
e51uipollent. equally potent. (F. - L.) scrape.
O. F. equipolent. -L. cequipollent-, stem of Ere, before. (E.) M. E. er. A. S.
cequipollens, of equal power. -L. cequi-, for iir, soon, before; adv. prep. and conj.+
cequus: pollens, pres. pt. of pol/ere, to be Du. eer, O. H. G. er, G. eker; Goth.
strong. airis, sooner, compo of air, Icel. ar, adv.,
eq.uity. (F . -L.) O.F. equitt. -L. early, soon. 4U The two last are positive,
cequltatem, acc. of cequitas, equity.-L. not comparative, forms. Cf. Gk. ~P"
cequus, equal. early.
equivalent. (F.-L.) M. F. equi- early, soon. (E.) M. E. erly. A . S.
valent. -L. cequiualent-, stem of pres. pt. iirlice, adv.; from *iirlic, adj., not used.-
of cequiualere, to be of equal .force. -L. A. S. iir, soon; lic, like.
cequi-, for cequuS ; ualere, to be worth; see erst, soonest. (E .) M. E. erst. A. S.
Value. iirest, superlative of iir, soon.
eq.uivoca.l. (L.) Formed from L. Erect, adj. (L.) L. erectus, upright;
cequlliOC-US, of doubtful sense. - L. cequi-, pp. of erigere, to set up straight.-L. e,
cequus; uOC-, stem of uociire, to call; out, up ; regere, to make straight, rule.
see Voice. Der. equivoc-ate, to speak Ermine. a beast. (F. - O. H. G.)
doubtfully. 4U So also equi-allglllar, equi- M. E. ermine . - O. F. ermine (F. her-
multiple, &c. lIline). -O. H . G . karmin, ermine-fur (G.
169 G 3
 ERODE ESCUTCHEON , SCUTCHEON
herlllel£ll ). - O. H. J . harlllo, an erminc. (L. - Gk.) 1.. erysipelas. - Gk. <pUat"fAas,
+ A .S.1lCarllla; Lithuan. szarllt ~ , a weasel. redness on the skin. - Gk. <PUCTt- , allied to
~B ut Hatzfeld supports the derivation from fpu9-p6s, red; "f)..)..a, skin . Cf. ipua[fJ'I,
Armen ius miis, an Annenian mouse ; cf. red blight on corn.
Potltims miis, supposed to be an ermine. Escalade, a scaling of walls. (F.-
Erode. (F. -L.) F. eroder. -1.. ero- Span. - 1..) F. escalade. - Span _ esealado ,
dere, to eat away. - 1.. e, out; roden, to esca/ada , a scaling; from eualar, to scale.
gnaw. D er. eros-io1t (from pp. eros-us). - Spall . escala, a ladder. - 1.. scnla, a
Erotic. (Gk.) Gk. fPQJTI~6s, relating ladder; see Scale (3)- Cf. Ital. scalala,
to love. - Gk. <PQm-, crude form of Ep<JJS, an escalade; Florio also has ' Sea/ada,
love; allied to Epal-'W, I love. an escalado,' from Spanish.
Err, to stray. (F.- 1..) M . E. erren. - Escape. (F.-1..) M. E. escapm . -
O. F . errer. - 1.. erTnre, to wander (for O . N ortli F . escaper (F . echapper),to esca pe,
*ers-are).+ G . irrCll, to stray, Goth. airz- lit. to slip out of one's cape; Picard leaper.
ja1t, to m:tke to stray. Brngm. i. § 878. - 1.. ex rappa, out of one's cape ; see
erratum, an error. (L. ) L. erra- Cape (I ).
tum , nellt. of pp. of erTare, to make a Escarpment. (1". - Ital. - Teut.) F .
mistake. escarpemettt. Formed from F . esearle, a
erroneous, faulty. (L.) Put for 1.. scarp; with suffix -ment (L. -melllum) ;
eno1l~-tIS, wandering; with suffix -ous. - see Scarp.
1.. e''I'ewe (above) . Escheat. (F. - 1..) M. E. e.',·helt
error. (F. - 1..) M. E. errollr. - (also chefe), a forfeit to the lord of the fee.
O . F . tn'ollr. - 1.. errorem, acc. of enor, -0. F. eschete, rent, that which falls to
a mistake. - 1.. errare (above) . one, orig. fem. pp. of esclutoir (F . k ltoir).
Errand. (E.) M. E. erende. A. S. -Late L. ex cadere, to fall to onc's share,
itre1tde, a message, business.+O. Sax. - 1.. ex, out; and cadere, to fall. Hence
arwzdi, O. H . G . ifrtmti, a message ; cf. cheat.
Ice!. eyre1wi, orl1zdi, Swed. jjrmde, Dan. Eschew, to shun . (1'. - O. H . G.)
I1!rmde. Usually connected with A. S. ar, M. E. eschewm . -0. F . eschivcr, Uc/lcver,
I cel. arr, Goth. airt/s, a messenger; which to shun. - 0. H. G. scillha1t, to frighten,
is hardly possible. also to fear. - O. H. G . *SCiO/l, M. H . G.
Errant, wandering. (F. -L.) F . er- sc/tiech, shy, timid. See Shy.
raitt , pres. pt. of O . F. errer, eirer , to Escort, a guide, guard. (F . - Ital. -L.)
wander. - Late 1.. ileriire, to travel. - 1.. O. F . escorte. - Ital. sc.orta, a b'llide ; fern .
iter, a journey. ~ It sometimes repre- of pp. of scorgere, to see, perceive, guide
sen ts the pres. pt. of errare, to wander. (orig. to set right) . - 1.. ex, entirely j
Doublet, a.','allt. corngere, to correct; see COl,"rect.
Erratum, Erroneous, Error; Escrow, a deed delivered on conditi on.
see Err. (F . - Teut.) A . F . escrOllwe, M. E. scrotle,
Erst; see Ere. scrowe; the orig. word of which scro-II is
Erubescent. (L.) 1.. erubescent-, the diminuth·e. - O. F . escroe, a slip of
Hem of pres. pt. of eJ"/lbescere, to grow red. parchment. - M. Du. schroode, a shred, slip
.- 1.. e, out, much; 1'Ubescere, to grow red, of paper ( Kilian) ; cf. O. H . G. scro/, a
mceptI \"e form of "lIbere, to be red. See shred. See Shred and Scroll.
R ed. Escuage, a pecuniary satisfaction in
Eructate. (L .) From pp . of 1.. entc- lieu of feudal service. (F . - L.) O. F .
tlirt , to belch out. - 1.. e, out; ructiire esct/age < Late 1.. sculiigiutll. Fonned
to bel ch; allied to e-rt/gere, to belch; cf: with suffix -age from O . F . esm, a shield;
Gk. f p,v-Yff19al. Brugm . i. § 22 I. because escuage was first paid in lieu of
Erudite, learned. (1..) L. erlldlttlS, service in the fie!d. - L. sciuu1lt , ~ shield.
pp. of erudire, to free from rudeness, to Esculent, eatable. (1.. ) 1.. esmlmlu s,
teach . - 1.. e, from; rudis, rude. fit for eating. -1.. esca,food . For *ed-sca .
Eruption. (1..) From L. eruptionelll, - 1.. edere, to eat. Bnlgm. i. § 753.
acc. of emptio, a breaking out. - L. eruptus, Escutcheon, Scutcheon, a painted
pp. of l mlll/ere, to break out. - 1.. e, out; shield. (F. - 1.. ) Formerly escocholl;
/'tIlIlpere , to break. See Rupture. XV cent.; A. F . escucholl.-O. North F .
EZ'J'sipel&8, a redness on the skin. , escuchon, O. F. escusson, the same; answer-
17 0
 ESOPHAGUS ETH~IC

iug to a Late L. acc. *scutionelll, extended O. F. es- ( L. ex), away; and Low L.
from L. scftttlllt, a shield. sUlmia, O. H. G. smme (for *stmdjii,
Esophagus, gullet. (L. - Gk.) Late Braune, xiv. 9), lawful excuse. Cf. Goth.
L. asophagus. - Gk. oluo<l'o.'yos, the gullet, stmjon sik, to excuse oneself, ga·stmjon,
lit. conveyer of food. -Gk. oluo- (of doubt- to justify, from suuja, truth; Skt. satja·,
flll origin) ; qw."h base of q.c.-yf"', to eat. true. B~ . i. § 2Si.
Esoteric. ( Gk.) Gk. fUorrfP".OS, Establish. (F. - L.) M. E. establis-
inner; hence, secret. _ Gk. EUWTfPOS, inner, sen. - O. F. establz'ss-, ba se of pres. pt. of
compo of [uO), adv., within; from fS = fls, establir, to establish. - L. stabilire, to
into, prep. Opposed to exoteric. establish. -L. stabilis, firm; see Stable
Espalier, frame-work for training trees. (2).
(F.-Ital. -L.-Gk.) M.F. espallier; Estate. (F.-L.) O.F. estat.-L.
Cot. - Ital. spalHera, back of a chair, sup- statum, acc. of status, state; see State.
port, espalier.-Ital. spalla, shoulder.-L. Esteem, to value. ( F.-L.) O.F.
spatula; see Epaulet. estimer. - L. astimiire, O. L. aslunltire, to
Especial. (F.-L.) O. F. e.rpecial.- value. Allied to Goth. aislan, to regard.
L. spuiiilis, belong to a special kind.-L. Brugm. ii. § 692.
species, a kind. Doublet, special. estimate. (L.) From pp. of L. tZsli-
Espionage; see Espy. mare, to value (above) .
Esplanade, a level space. (F.-Ital. Estop, to bar. (F.-L.) The same as
-L.) M. F. esplanade, 'a planing, level- Stop.
ling, evenning of ways;' Cot. :I'ormed Estovers, supplies of various ueces-
from O. F . esplaner, to level; the suffix sarles. (F. - L.) A. F. estovers, M. E.
being due to an imitation of Ital. spiatlata, stovers,pl. of stover; see Stover.
an esplanade, a levelled way; from spia- Estrange, to make strange. (F. -L.)
nare, to level. -L. exp/aniire, to level. - O. F. est1'allge", to make strange. -0. F.
L. ex, out; p/anare, to level, from pliinus, estrange, strange. - L. exlriineum, acc. of
flat. See Plain. extraneus, forei gn, on the outside. - L.
Espouse. (F. -L.) O. F. espouser, to extra, without; see Extra.
espouse, wcd . -L. spomiire, to betroth.- Estreat, a true copy, in law. (F.-L.)
L. sponsus, pp. of spolldere, to promise. Lit.' extmct.' A. F. esb'ete, fern. of pp.
See Spouse, Sponsor. of estraire, to extract. -L. exl1'arta, fem.
Espy, to spy, see. (F.-O. H . G.) M. E. of pp. of extrahere; see Extract.
espym. -0. F. espier. -0. H. G. spehan Estuary, mouth of a tidal river. (L.)
(G. spiihm), to spy; see Species. Der. L. astuiiriulIl, the same. - L. astuiire , to
espi-on-age, F. espiolluage, from M. F. surge, foam as the tide. -L. astus, heat,
espi01I, a spy, borrowed from Ital. spio1te, surge, tide. Allied to Ether.
a spy, from O. H. G. spcha1t, to spy. Etch. to engrave with acids. (Du. - G.)
Esquire, a shield-bearer. (F. - L.) Du. elsen, to etch. - G. atzC1l, to corrode,
M. E. sqllyer. -0. F. escuyer, esmier, a etch; orig. 'to make to eat;' causal of
squire. -Late L. scutiirius, a shield-bearer. G. esse,z, to cat. See Eat.
-L. Settl-WIl, a shield, cover (F. lett). Eternal. (F. -L.) M. E. demel. -
(oV'SKEU.) Brugm.i. § 109. Doublet, 0.1' etemd.-L. IEtental;s, eternal.-L.
s'j!!ire. atemus, lit. lasting for an age; for oui-
Essay. Assay, an attempt, trial. ternus. - L. a ui-, for allum, an age. See
(F.-L. ) O. F.essai,atrial.-L.exagiunz, Age.
a trial of weight; cf. extlmen, a weighing, Ether, pure upper air. (L. -Gk.)
a swarm. - L. ex, out ; ag-ere, to drive, L. ather. - Gk. al/Htp, upper air; from
impel, move. (oV' AG.) its brightness. - Gk. ai9f1v, to glow.
Essence, a quality, being. (F. -L.) (oV' AID H.) Brugm. i. § 2 0 2.
:1'. essmre -L. essentia, a being.-L. *es- Ethic, relating to morals. (L. -Gk .)
SCllt-, fic titious stem of pres. pt. of esse, L. ethicus, moral. - Gk. IJOLKOS, moral.-
to be. Der. essC1ui-a/; and see e,uity. Gk. ~Oos, custom, moral nature; cf. lOos,
Essoin, an excuse for not appearing in +
manner, custom. Skt. svadhii-, self-will,
court. ( I'.-L. and Teut.) O. F . essoine, strength, from sva. self, dha, to place; cf.
M. F . eoXoille, • an essoine, or excnse ;' Cot. Goth. sidus, G. silfe, custom.
-0. F. essollier, to excuse (Gorlefroy).- Ethnic, relating to a nation. (L.-Gk.)
17 1
 ETIOLATE EVENT
L. etltnictts. - Gk. ~8"tlt65, national. - Gk. fiJ</>pai"o.", to delight, cheer; cf. f{XPP"''',
t9v05 Z a nation. cheerful. Allied to Gk. 00, well; wo".'
Etlolate, to blanch plants. (F. -L.) stem of </>rrilv, midriff, heart, mind.
F . Iftioler; with suffix -ale. :From a Euphuism, affectation in speaking.
dialectal form answering to s'tteuler, to (Gk.) So named from a book Euphttes,
grow into haulm or stalk, like etiolated by J. L yly ( lS79). - Gk. ov cp u~<, well·
plants. - F. tteule, O. F. esteu/e, a stalk. grown, excellent. - Gk. EO, well; ",v~,
-Late L. stupit/a, for L. stipula, straw. growth,from ",vol'a. , I g row. (-V I:lHEU. )
See Stubble. Euroclydon, a tempestuous wind.
Etiquette, ceremony. (F .- G.) F . (Gk.) Gk. EVPOKAv~wv, supposed to mean
etiquette, a label, ticket , also a form of ( a storm from the east.' - Gk. (OPO-5, S. E.
introducti on ; cf. M. F. ctiquet (0. F . win d; ItAVOWV, surge, from ItA"("v , t o
estiquct ), (a little note, such as is stuck smge, dash as waves. ~ Only in Act~
up on the gate of a court,' &c.; Cot. - xxvii. 14; where some read (vpaltvll.wv,
G. steckelt, to stick , put, set, fix; ca usal i. e. Eur:aquilo; from L. Eur-t~, E. wind,
of G. steclwt, to stick, pierce. See S tick and Aquilo, N. wind.
(1 ). D oub13t , ticket. Euthanasia, easy death. (Gk. ) Gk.
Etymon, the true source of a word. fv8ava<11n , easy dea th; cf. oV8aVa'T05, dying
(L. - Gk.) L. etymon. - Gk. ErVI'0V; neut. well. - Gk. OV, well ; 8av"v, to die.
of E-rUI'05, real, true. Evacuate. (L. ) From PI'. of L.
etymology. (F.-L. -Gk.) F . ety- euacuare, to empty. - L. e, out; uacuus,
1Jlologie. - L. etym%gia. - Gk. E-rvl'oAo-yia, empty.
etymology. - Gk. ETUI'0-5, true ; -}..o-yia, Evade, to shun. (F.-L.) F . tvader.
accoun t, from }..1-yotV, to speak. _ L. ellatiere (pp. euasus) , to escape. - L.
Eu-, prefix, well. (Gk.) Gk. (V, well ; e, away ; uiiderc, to go. Der. evas-iolt
neut. of 'V5 , good. C f. SkI. vasu, wealth. (from the pp.).
Eucalyptus, a genus of trees, includ- Evanescent. (L.) From stem of
ing the blue gum-tree. (Gk.) L atinised pres. pt. of L. euiinescere, to yanish away.
from Gk . .v, well; Ka}..urr'T65, covered, - L. e, away; ttiincsccre, to vanish, from
surrounded. The reference is to the hood tlaltUS, empty , vain.
protecting the stamens. Evangelist, writer of a go,;pel. (F.-
-Eucharist, the Lord's Supper, lit. L. - Gk.) O. F. evangeliste. - L. euangel-
thanksgiving. (L. - Gk. ) L. eucharistia. ista. - Gk. (Vanf}..I<1'T~ '. - Gk. fVanf}..i-
- Gk. ov)(apI<1'Tia, a giving of thanks. - (OjUlI, I bring good news. - Gk. fV, well ;
Gk. (V, well; Xapi(ol'al, 1 show favour, d-Y-Yfll.ia, tid ings, from 0.-yr0}..05, a mes-
from )(ap", favour. Cf. Yearn. senger ; see Angel.
Eulogy, praise. ( L. - Gk. ) From L. Evaporate. (L.) From pp. of L.
eulogium. - Gk. ov}..or1a , praise, lit. good ellaportin, to pass off in vapour. -L. e,
speaking; with suffix suggested by L. out; uafor, vapour.
elogiulIl, an inscription. - Gk. fU, well; EvaS10n; set! Evade.
}..I-y"v , to speak. Eve, Even, the latter part of the day.
Eunuch, one who is castrated. (L.- ~ E. ) Eve is short for even. (For evening,
Gk.) L. eu1tltchus. - Gk. fVV OV)(05, a see below.) M . E. me, cum. A. S. a/en,
chamberlain ; one who had charge of ifen. + O. Sax. aband, Du. avond, G. abend.
sleeping apartments. - Gk . • i;v~, a couch ; Of doubtful origin. D er. evm-tide, A. S.
EXflv, to keep, have in charge. Ii/enlid. Brugm. i. § 980.
Euphemism, a softened expression. evening, even. ( E. ) M . E . ettming.
(Gk.) Gk. oV"''1I'I<11'65, the same as fV- A. S. a/nlt1tg ; foroled from re/ltian , to
</>'1~a+ the use of words of good ome~. - grow towards evening, with suffix -tmg;
Gk. fV~ well; "''1l'-i, I speak. (-VBHA.) from 12/en, even (above).
Eupnony. (Gk.) Gk. ovcpc.wia , a Even, level. (E.) M . E eum (evm ).
pleasing sound. - Gk. oiJcpwV05, sweet- A. S. ejen, iftt. + Du. evm, Icel.;a/n , Dan.
voiced. _- Gk. .v, well; ",wv~, voice. jczvn, Swed . jiihm, Goth. ibm, G. ebw.
(-V HHA .) Event, result. (L.) L. eltC1ltlls, euen-
l:uphrasy, the plant eye-bright. (Gk. ) tum, sb. - L. eumtus, p p. o f etmlire, to
Su pposed to be beneficial to the eyes; lit. come out, result. - L. e, ou t ; umire, to
, delight.' - Gk. fvq>pa<1ia , delight. - Gk. come, allied to Come.
17 2
 EVER EXCHEQUER
Ever. (E. ) M. E. mer (ever). A . S. exaggtrare, to heap up, amplify. -L. ex,
ii/ re, ever. Related to A.S. a, Goth. aiw , very; agger, a heap, from ag-= ad, to;
ever. D er. tver-last£ng, ever-more. gerere, to bring.
every, each one. (K) M. E . m eri , Exa.lt. (F. - L.) F . exalter. - L. exal-
euen"cI,. - A. S. (ifre, ever ; and iilc, each. tare, to lift out, exalt. - L. ex, out; a/tus ,
E ver-y = ever-each; see Each. high.
everywhere. (E.) M. E . m en"- Examine, t o test. (F.-L.) F. ex-
nwar. - A. S. {ifre , ever; gthwt?r , wh ere. amiller. - L. examinare, to weigh care-
The word really stands for eve,--)'where, fully. - L . exrimin- , stem of examen , the
1. e. ever-where; y- is a prefIX ( = ge-). tongue of a balance , for *ex{igmen; cf.
Evict. (L.) F rom L. luict-tts, pp. of exigere, to weigh out. - L. ex, out ; agere,
l u£,uere, to evince ; also , to expel. See to drive, move. Brugm. i. § 768.
Evince. Example. (F. - L.) O. F. example ;
Evident. (F.-L.) O. F. tvidmt. - F. exemple. - L. exemplum, a sam ple. - L.
L. l/lident-, stem of luidens, visible, pres. exim-ere, to take out ; with suffix -lulIl ;
pt. of l miNre, to see clearly. - L. l , out, for the inserted p cf. the pp. cxem-p-tus. -
clearly ; uidlre, to see. L. ex, out; emere, to take, procu re.
Evil. (E.) M. E. etttl. A. S. y/d, adj. Exasperate, to provoke. (L.) From
and sb.+ Du. euvel, G. tibet, Goth. ubi!s. the pp. of exaspe,-are, to roughen, provoke.
Teut. type *ubiloz. Prob. allied to over - L. ex, very ; asper , rough.
(G. tiber), as mean ing' excessive.' Excavation. (F. -L.) F. ex cava-
Evince. (L. ) L. iuincere, to conquer, tion. - L. acc. excattatiime11l , a hollowing
to prove beyond doubt. - L . i , out, ex- out. - L . eXC(lUatlls, pp. of excauare, to
tremely ; u incere, to conquer. hollow out. - L. ex, out; cauare, to hol-
Eviscerate, to gut . .(L.) From pp. low, from cauus, hollow.
of L. lztiscerare, to gnt. - L. i, out ; Exceed. (F.-L.) O. F . exceder.-L.
uiscera, ( nt rails. excldere, lit. to go out. - L. ex, out;
Evoke. (F . -L.) F_ (voquer. - L. illo· cldere, to go.
crire, to call forth.-L. i, forth; uocare, to Excel, to surpass. (F. -L.) O. F. ex-
cal l. See Vocal. celler. - L. excel/ere, to rise up, surpass.
Evolve. (L.) L. etloluere, to unroll , - L. ex, out; *cellere, to rise, only in
disclose. - L.i, out; uoluere, to roll. Der. compoante-, ex-,pra-cellere, and in cel-sus,
evo/ut -iolt, from pp_ i uolit/us. high, orig. 'raised.' Cf. Lithuan. k/lti,
Ewe. (E.) M. E. ewe. A. S. ewe, to raise; see Hill. Bmgm. i. § 633.
Laws of Ine, 55; eowu, a female sheep.+ Except, to exclude. (F.-L) F. ex -
Du. ooi , Icel. ar, M. H. G. otlwe; Lithuan. cepter, to except; Cot. - L. excepftire.
avis, a sheep, Russ. ovtsa, L. ouis, Gk. tii:s, frequent. of ex C£pere, to take onto-L. ex,
O. Irish oi; Skt. avi-, a sheep. Cf. Goth. on t; capere , to take. Der. except , prep.;
aW£'str, a sheep-fold. except-itm .
Ewer. (F.-L.) M. E. ewer.-A. F. Excerpt, a selected passage. (L.) L.
ewer, *eweire; spelt ewer, Royal Wills, excerptum , an extract; neut. of pp. Qf
pp. 24, 27. - L. aqu{i,iurll, a vessel for excerpere, to select. -L. ex, out; carpe"e,
water ; cf. A . F . ewe, water; mod. F. eau. to cull. See Harvest.
- L. aqua , water. Excess. (F.-L.) O. F. exces. -L.
Ex-, E-, prefiX. (L.) L. ex, i, out. + acc. excessum, lit. a going out or beyond.
i"
Gk. i IC, out; Russ. iz', Lith. isz. - L. excess-, as in excessus, pp. of exce-
Exacerba.te, to embitter. (L.) From tiere; see Exceed.
pp. of exacerbiire, to irritate. -L. ex, very; Exchange. (F. -L.) O. F. tschangt,
acerbus, bitter; see Acerbity. sb.; escnangier , vb., to exchange. -0. F.
Exact ( I), precise. (L.) From L. ex- ~s- « L. ex) ; and O. F. change, sb.,
actus, pp. of exigere, to drh'e out, weigh c/zangier, to change. See Change.
out. - L. ex, out; and agere, to drive. Exchequer, a court of revenue. (F.-
exact (2) , to demand. (If. -L.) From Pers.) M. E. eschekere. -0. F. t sc/zequier,
M. F'. exacter; Cot. (obsolete) . -Late L. a chess-board; hence, a checkered cloth
exactare. - L. ex, out; and actus, pp. of on which accounts were reckoned by means
agere (above). of counters (Low L. scaccarium).-O. F.
Exaggerate. (L.) From pp. of L. tunec, check; see Ohect.
'73
 EXCISE EXHALE
Excise. a duty, tax. (Du. -F.-L.) exct-'sare, to release from a charge. - L. ex,
A misspelling of M. Dn. aksiis or aksys, out; and causa, a charge, a cause.
excise. (Cf. G. aceise, excise.) - O. F. Execrate. (L.) From pp. of L. exe-
acceis, a tax, given in the N. E. D . ; allied crliri, for exsccrliri, to curse greatly.
to Low L. acc/sia ( Ducange); also spelt - L. ex, greatly; sac"lire, to consecrate,
ers/sa (icl.). - Late L. accensus, a payment, also to declare accursed . - L. sacr-ttm,
rent; cf. acceltslire, to tax. -L. ac- (for neut. of sacer, sacred; also, accursed.
ad), to; and cemtts, a tax. 4U For the Execute. ( 1'. - L. ) O. F. exmtler. -
sound-change, cf. Du. spijs, food, frOID L. exeat/us, exucutus, pp. of I!xJC'lui, to
Late L. spensa (for dispensa), a lanIer, follow out, pursue, perform. - L. ex, out;
n spence. sequi, to follow.
Excision. (F.-L.) F. excision, 'a Exe~esis. exposition. (Gk.) Gk. -N-
destroying;' Cot. - L. acc. excisionem, a "('f}a.s, mterpretation. - Gk. -frnftuOa., to
cutting ou t , a destroying. - L. exdsus, pp. explain. - Gk. ff , out; 1j-yftu6a., to guid e,
of cxcidere, to cut out. -L. ex, out; and perhaps allied to Seek. Brugm. i. § 187.
ctl'der.e, to cut. Exemplar. (F.-L.) M.E. eXf11l-
Exclaim. (F. - L.) F. exc/alller. - L. p laire. - 0 . F. exemplairt. -L. exempl,i-
eXc/ii11liire, to call out. - L. ex, out; clii- rium, latc form of exemplar, a copy (to
mlire, to call. See Claim. which the mod. E. word isnow conformed ).
Exclude. (L.) L. exc!udere, to shut -L. exempllin's. adj ., serving as a copy.
out. - L. ex, out; clattdere, to shut. See - L. exemplttm; see E xample. Der. ex-
Clause. emplar-y, from L. exemplaris.
Excommunicate. (L.) From pp. exempl.i.f,y, to shew by example. (F.
of L . exco11l11limiclire, to put out of th e - L.) A coined word; as if from F. ·ex-
community. - L. ex, out of; COIJl11lUnl S, elllplifter. - Late L. exelllplijiclire, pro-
common. See Communioate. perly 'to copy out.' - .L . exempli-, for. ex-
Excoriate. ( L.) From pp. of L. ex- emplttlll, a copy; fic-, for facere, to make.
coriare, to strip off skin . - L. ex, off; Exempt. freed . (F. - L.) O. F . tX-
corium, hide, skin . See Cuirass. empt; when ce exempter, to exempt, free .
Excrement ( I). (L.) L. excremen- - L. exe11lplus, pp. of eximere, to take
tttm, refuse, ordure. - L. excrelus, pp. of out, deliver, free. - L. e.;c, out; ellltre, to
excernere, to separate, sift out. - L. ex, take. Cf. Lith. illl-ti, to take.
out; cemere, to sift. Exequies. (F. -L.) O. F . exeqltcs,
Excrement ( 2) , out-growth. (L.) In exequies, 'funerals ;' Cot. - L. I!xuquiiis,
Shako F rom L. excrementum. - L. excre· aec. pI. of exsequia:, fun eral obsequies, Ii i.
tus, pp. of ex crescere, to grow out (below). , followings.' - L. t xseqlti, to foll ow out.
excrescence. ( F.-L.) O. F. ex- - L . ex, out ; sequi, to follow.
crescence. - L. excrescelltia, an outgrowth. Exercise. sb. (F.-L. ) M. E. exer-
- L. excrescent-, stem of pres. pt. of ex- cise. - O. F . exercz'ce. - L. exercitiu1Jl, exer-
crescere, to grow out. - L. ex, out; crescere, cise. - L. exerciltts, pp. of ('xercere, t o
to grow. See Cresc ent. drive out of an enclosure , drive on, set at
Excretion. (F.-L.) M. F.excretion ; work. -L. ex, out; arcere, to enclose;
formed (with suffix -ioll) , from L. excretus, see Ark. D er. exerdu, vb.
pp. of excerlle,-e; see E xorement (I ). Exergue. th e small space left beneath
Excruciate. to torture. (L.) From the base· line of a subject engraved on a
pp. of L. excruciare, to tormen t greatly. - coin. (F. - Gk.) The final -tie is not
L. ex, very ; " '/lcilire, to torture on a pronounced; cf. prologue, &c. - F . exergue,
gibbet, from cruci-, decl. stem of crux, so called because lying ' out of the work.'
a cross . - Gk. ft, out of; <fyyov, work .
Exculpate. (L .) From pp. of Late Exert. (L.) Lit. to 'put forth .' L.
L. exculpiire, to clear of blame.- L. ex, exertus, bet ter spell exsertus, thrust forth;
out of : mlpa, blame. pp. of exstre,'e, to thrust out. - L. ex, out ;
Excursion. (L.) . L. excursionem, serere, to join; to put.
acc. of excu rsio, a running out. - L. ex- Exfoliate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
c"rsus, pp. of exalrrere, to run out. - L. foliiire , to strip off leaves ; from ex, off,
ex, out; curre,'e, to run. and folium, a leaf.
Excue. (F. - L.) F. excuser. -L. Ezhale. (F.-L.) F. exlzaler. -L. ex-
17+
 EXHAUST EXPERT
"1l14r~,to breatheout.-L. ex, out; htilare, ef.eare.-Gk. l(opKI(.tv, to drive away by
to hreathe. adjuration. -Gk. it, away; opKI(.tv, to
Exhaust. (L.) From L. exhattstz;s, adjure, from "pKor, an oath.
pp. of exhaurire, to draw ont, drink up. - Ezordium. (L.) L. exordium, a be-
L. ex, out; !ul1Irire, to draw water. ginning.-L. exordiri, to begin, to weave.
Exhibit, to show. (L.) From L. - L. ex; and ordiri, to begin, weave.
exhibit-us, pp. of exhibere, to hold forth. Ezoteric, external. (Gk.) Gk. f[=.-
- L. ex, out; haber~, to have. ptK6r, external. - Gk . i(=IpOJ, morc out-
Exhilarate, to cheer. (L. - Gk.; !vith ward, compo of adv. {(OJ, outward, from
L. preJiIC. ) From pp. of L. exhilarare, to it, out.
gladden greatly. - L. ex, very; Ililaris, ezotic, foreign. (L.-Gk.) L. exoti-
hi/ants, glad, cheerful, from Gk. IAap6s, eus. - Gk. i(OJTtK6r, outward, foreign.-
cheerful. See Hilarity. Gk . <[OJ, adv., outward, from iE, out.
Exhort. (F.-L.) O. F . ex(h)orter.- Ezpa.¥. (L.) L. expalldere (pp. ex-
L. exhortiiri, to encourage greatly. - L. pansus), to spread out.-L. ex, out; paud-
(X, out, very; horliiri, to encourage; see ere, to spread out; causal from paten, to
Hortatory. lie open. Cf. Gk. "iTvI]}Jt, I spread out.
Ezhume, to disinter. (F. -L.) F. Der. eXjanse, from the pp.
exhumer. - Late L. ~xhumiire. - L. ~x, Ezpatiate. (L.) From pp. of L.
out of; hU1/tIts, the ground. expatiari, better exspatiiiri, to wander.-
Ezigent, exacting. (L.) From the L. ex, out; spatiiirf, to roam, from
stem of pres. pt. of ~xigere, to exact.-L. spatium, space.
ex; and agen, to drive. Ezpatriate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Ezile, banishment. (F . - L.) O. F . L. expatn'are, to banish.-L. ex, out of;
essil; later exil, • an exile, banishment;' patria, native country. from pater, fath er.
Cot. - L. txilittllt, better exsilium, banish- Ezpect. (L.) L. expeetare, better ex-
ment; cf. exsul, a banished man. - L. ex, spec/are, to look for anxiously. - L. ex,
Ollt of; and (perhaps) sed-ere, to sit, abide. thoroughly; spectare, to look, frequcnta-
Cf. Consul. Der. exile, verb; hence, tive of rfecere, to see.
exile, sb. ( =one who is exiled). Ezpectorate. (L.) From pp. of L.
E:.rlst,\to continue to be. (L.) L. ex- expectoriire, to expel from the breast. - L.
iSlere, better exsistere, to stand forth , arise, ex, out of; pector- (for *pectos), stem of
be. - L. ex, out; sislere, to set, stand, from peeltts, the breast.
stiire, to stand. Ezpedite. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
Ezit. (L. ) L. exit, i. e. • he goes out,' p edire, to extricate the foot , release, get
used as a stage direction; 3rd pers. s. pres. ready.-L. ex, out; ped-, stem of pes, foot.
of exin, to go out. - L. ex, out; ire, to Der. expedient, from the stem of the pres.
go. ~ E x it, departure, is from L. exit- pt.
us, sb. Ezpel. (L.) L. expel/ere, to drive out.
EzoduB, departure. (L. - Gk.) L. - L. ex, out; pel/el'e, to drive. Der. ex-
~xod1lS. -Gk. "(otior, a going out. -Gk. i(, pulsiolt, O. F. expulsion, L. acc. expul-
out; oa6r, a way, a march. (.vSED. ) si01le11l, from pp. expuis-us.
Ezogen, a plant that increases out- Ezpend, to spend. (L.) L. expmdere,
wanlly. (F .-Gk.) F . exogene (1813). lo weigh 011t, lay out. -L. ex, out; pelt-
From G k. f(-OJ, outside, fr om i[, out; and dere, to weigh. Der. expense, from A. F.
'Y'V-, base of "/1'Yv • .,.Oat, to be born. expmse, L. expellsa , money spen t, fern. of
Ezonerate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex- pp. expellslls ; expmdit·1we, from Late L.
om1'are, to free from a burden. -L. ex, expenditus, a mistaken form of the pp. ex-
awa y; olzeriire, to burden. from oner- p ellsus.
(for *olles-), stem of omtS, a burden. Ezperience, knowledge due to trial.
Ezorbitant, extravagant. (F . - L.) (F. -1,.) O. F. expen'mce. - L. experimlia,
F. exorbitant. - L. exorbitant-, stem of a proof, trial. - L. experiml-, stem of pres.
pres. pt. of exorbitare, to Ay out of a pt. of experfri, to make a thorongh trial
track. _ L. ex, out; orbita, a track of a of (below). Der. experi-ment, M. F. ex-
wh eel, from orbi-, stem of orbis, a wheel, per iment, L. expe1'imenltllll, a trial.
with suffix -Ia. ezpert, experienced. (F. -L.) O. F.
Ezorcise. (L.-Gk.) Late L. exor- eXfert.-L. expertus, pp. of experiri, to
175
 EXPIATE EXTINGUISH
make full trial of. -L. ex, thoroughly; but was suggested by the form of the O. F.
and ·pmr.-, an obs. vb. of which ~e pp. infinitive. M. E. expounen. - O. F. I!S-
perf/us is common. See Peril. p01ldre, to explain.-L. exponere, to set
Expiate. (L.) From pp. of L . ex- forth, explain. - L . ex, out; piinere, to
pare, to atone for fully. - L. ex, fully; put. See Exposition.
p are. to propitiate, from pius, devout. Express, adj., exactly stated. (F . -L.)
Expire. (F . -L.) O. F. expirtr.-L. O. F. expres.-L. expressus, distinct; pp.
expFrare, exsp'-riire, to breathe out, die.- of expn'mere, to press out. - L. ex, out;
L. ex, out ; spirare, to breathe. premere, to press; see Press.
Explain. (F.-L.) M.F. explaner, Expulsion; see Expel.
Cot. - L. expla1tiirt, to make plain. - L.ex, Expunge. (L.) L. expungere, to
thoroughly; p liilZlire, to make plain, lit. to prick out , blot out. [In MSS., exptmction
fl atten, from p liinus, flat. See Pla.in. of a word is denoted by dots ttnder il.] - L.
Expletive. (L.) L. exptltF"lts, fillin g ex, out ; plt1zgere, to prick. Der. ex-
up. - L. explltus, pp. of expllre, to fill punct-ion, from the pp. expunctus.
up. - L. ex, fully; pllre, to fill . See Expurgate. (L.) l<rom pp. of L.
Plena.ry. expurgiire, to purify thoroughly.-L . ex,
Explicate, to explain. (L.) From thoroughl y ; purgare, to purge, purify; see
pp. o t L. explicare, to unfold, explain.- Purge.
L. ex, out; plicare, to fold. Exquisite, sought out, excellent. (L.)
explicit. (L.) L . explicitus, old pp. L. exqltisilus, pp. of exqu'-rere, to seek
of expliciire, to unfold, make plnin (above). out. - L. ex, out; qutZrere, to seek.
Cf. F. explicite. Exsequies; see Exequies.
Explode, to drive away noisily, burst. Extant, existing. (L.) Late L. ex-
(F.-L.) M. F. exjJloder, • to explode, tant-, stem of extans, for exsta,lS, pres. pt.
publicly to disgrace or drive out;' Cot. - of exstare, to stand forth, exist. - L. ex,
L. explMere (pp. exptoms), to drive off out; stare, to stand.
the stage by noise (the old sense in E.). Extasy; see Ecstasy.
_ L. ex, away; plOt/ere, plaudere, to Extempore. (L.) From L. ex tem-
clap hands. Der. explos-ive, -ion, from pore, at the moment. - L. ex, from, out of;
the pp. tempore, abl. of tempus, time.
Exploit. (F.-L.) M.E. esploit. suc- Extend. (L.) M. E. extenden. - L.
cess, Gower, C. A. ii. 258. -0. F. esP/oil, extetzden, to stretch out ; pp. extelttus,
revenue, profit ; later, an exploit, act. - L. I!xle1tslls. - L. ex, out; te'tdere, to stretch.
explicilum, a thing settled , ended, or dis- Der. extem-ion, -ive (fr om th e pp.) .
played ; neut. of expticitus; see explicit. extent. (F.-L.) O. F. extente,
Cf. Late L. explic/a, revenue. commonly estente, extent.-Late L. ex-
Explore. (F.-L.) F. explorer. -L. teltta, fern. of extentus, pp. of extend~re
explorare , to search out, lit. to make to flow (above) .
out. - L. ex, out; plorare, to make to flow. Extenuate. (L.) From pp. of L. ex-
Cf. de-pIore, im-plore. Brugm. i. § 154. te1tuiire, tCo thin, reduce, palliate. - L. ex,
Eqonent. (L.) L. txponent-, stem out , very; teltu-is, thin. See Thin.
of pres. pt. of expiinere, to expound, indi- Exterior, outward. (F. -L.) For-
cate. - L. ex, out ; piinere, to put. merly exteriour. - M. F. exteriettr.-L. ex-
Export. (L.) L. exportare , to carry teriorem, ace. of exle,-ior, outward, com-
away. - L. ex, away; portiire, to carry. parative of extentS or exler, outward. -L.
Expose. (F.-L.and Gk.) O. F. ex- ex, out; with compar. suffix -tero-.
poser, to lay ont. - O. F. ex- (L. ex), out; Exterminate. (L.) From pp. of L.
F. poser, to place, lay. See Pose ( I) . exterminiire, to put or drive beyond
Exposition. (F.-L.) F. exposition. bounds. - L. ex, out; terminus, boundary.
- L. acc. expositionem . - L. exposilus, pp. ExternaJ., outward. , L. ) From L.
of exponere, to set fo rth, expound. See exler1l-IIs, outward, ext ended form from
Expound. exterus, outward. See Exterior.
Expostulate. (L. ) From pp. of L. Extinguish. (L.) Coined, with suffix
exposlulare, to demand eamestly.-L. ex, -ish, from L. ex tinguen, better exsti1tgzure
full y ; poslu/are, to ask. (pp. extinc/us, exstillctus), to quench. -
Ezpound. (L.) The d is excrescent, L. ex, out; *stiltgltcre, to prick, also to
176
 EXTIRPATE FABRIC
quench. Der. extinct (from pp. ex/i,lC/US). Exude. (L.) From L. exudare, better
Cf. Distinguish. exsiidiire, to sweat out, distil. - L. ex, out;
Eztirpate. (L.) From pp. of L . ex- siidare, to sweat. See Sweat.
tiryare, to root out, better spelt exstirp- Exult, to ' ~ p for joy. (F . -L) F .
are, to pluck up by the stem.-L. ex, out ; exu/ter. - L exu/tare, better speJt exsul-
stirp-s, stirp·es, the stem of a tree. ta"e, to leap up, exult. - L. exsultus, pp.
Extol. (L.) L. extol/ere, to lift or of exsilere, to leap onto- L. ex, ont ; salire,
raise up. - L. ex, out, up ; tollere, to lift. to leap. See Salient.
Extort. (L. ) L. extort-us, pp. of ex- Exuvim, cast skins of animals. (L.)
torquere , to twist out, wring out. - L. ex, L. ex,mia , things stripped off. -L. exutre,
out ; torquere, to twist. to strip off. Cf. induuia, clothes.
Extra. (L.) L. extra, beyond, beyond Eyas, a nestling. \,F.-L.) For nias;
what is necessary; O. L. ex/rad, allied to by substituting aft eyas for a nias. - F.
L. exter; see Exterior. niais, a nestling ; Cot. He also gives
extraneous. (L.) L. exlrane-us, niard, whence j'aulco1t "iard, ' a !lias faul-
external, with suffix -ous; extended from con.' Cpo Ital. nidiace, or nidaso j'alc(lne,
exira (above). Cf. Strange. , an eyase-hawk, a young hawk taken ou t
Extract, vb. (L.) L . extract-us, pp. of her nest;' Torriano. Formed as if from
of extrahere, to draw out. -L. ex, out; Late L *nidaccm, acc. of *nidax, adj.
traherc, to draw. from L. nidus, a nest. See Nest.
Extraordinary. (L.) L. extra·ordi· Eye. lE. ) M. E . eye, eighe ; pI. eyes ,
narius, beyond what is ordinary, rare. - L. eyen (whence eytle). O. Merc . ege; A. S.
extra , beyond; ordinarius, ordinary. See eage, pI. eagan.+Du. oog, Ice!. auga, Dan.
Ordinary. oie, Swed. o'l[a, Goth . attgo, G. auge.
Extravagant. (F. -L.) F. extra- Perhaps allied to Russ. oko, L. ocullls
vagant. - Late L. extriivagant-, stern of (c!imin. of *ocus) ; Gk. OU'JE (dual) ; Lith.
exl1'avagans, extravagant, lit. wandering akis, Skt. akshi. Hrugm. i. § 681. Der.
beyond. - L. exira, beyond; uagans, pres. dais-y, q. v. ; window, q. v.
pt. of ttagart, to wander. . Eyelet-hole. ( F. - L.; and E.)
Extravasate, to force (blood) out of Eyelet is for M. E. oilet, from M. F .
its (proper) vessel. (L.) Coined from oeillet, 'a little eye, an oi let hole,' Cot. ;
extra, beyond; uns, a vessel; with suffix dimin. of O. F . oeil, from L. oculu11l, acc.
·a1e. of oculus, eye.
Extreme. (F. - L.) O. F . extreme. - Eyot, a little island. (E.) Also spelt
L. extremus, superl. of extet'lts, outward; ait, eyet, eygltl. L ate A . S. jget (Kemble,
see Exterior. Cod. Dip!. v. 17, 1. 30 ) ; for A. S. '-g~,
Extricate. (L .) From pp. of L. ex- ige~, a dimin. from ig, ieg, an island ; see
Iricare, to disentangle. - L. ex, out of; Island.
tricO!, impediments, perplexities. Eyre, a circuit. (F.-L.) M.E. eire,
Extrinsic, external. (F . -L. ) It should circuit, esp. of a judge. - O. F. eire,
rather be extrinsec. - O. F . ext,.inseque, journey, way.- O. F. eire,', to journey,
outward. -Late L. acc. extrinsecum, acij.; wander about.-Late L. iterat'e, to journey
allied to L. extrinsecus, adv., from without. (for L. itinerare) ; from L. iter, a journey.
- L. extrin (= "extrim), adverbial form See Errant.
from ex ter, outward; and secus, beside ; Eyry, a nest; see Aery.
so that extrin-secus = on the outside; cf.
interim . Secus is allied to secundum,
according to , from sequi, to follow; see
Sequence. F.
Extrude. (L.) L. extrodere, to
thrust out. - L. ex, out; trudere, to Fable, a story. (F. -L.) F. jable.-
thrust. Cf. Intrude. L. j'abttla, a narrative. - L. ja-ri, to speak,
Exuberant. (L. ) From stern of pres. tel!. See Fate.
pt. of L. exuberare, to be fruitful or Fabric. (F.-L.) F. j'abrique.- L.
luxuriant. -L. ex, very; and uberare, to be jabri((z, workshop, fabric. - L. jab",'. , for
fruitful, from uber, fertile, allied to ttber, j'aber, a workman. From L. Lase *fab-,
an udder, fertility; see Udder. to be skilful; cf. Lith. dab -in .. , I adorn,
177
 FAQADE FALCHION
clean; Goth. ga-dab-itk, it is fit: Russ. juu,., cleansing fire, purgatory. See
dob-ruii, good. See Deft. Der. fabric- F&ir.
at~, from pp. of L. fabrictir;, to construct; Peaces. (L.) L. faces, dregs; pI. of
fromfabriea (above) . Brugm. i. § 563. fax, the same. Der. fec ·ulmt, L. fac","-
P~e, face of a building. (F.-Ita!. l~n/us, adj. fromfax.
-L.) M. F.facnde (Cot. ). -Ital.faceiata, Pa.If' to rlrudge. (E:?) 'To fag, defi-
face of a building.-Ita!.faccia, face.- cere: Levins ( 1570' . Theorig.sensewas
Folk-L. facia, for L.facies (below). 'to droop.' Perhaps a corruption ofjlag;
fa.ce. (F. - L.) F. face. - Folk-L. see Flag (I) ; and see below.
facia, for L.facii's, the face, appearance. Pa.g-end, remnnnt. (E.?) In Mas-
Pa.cetious. ( I' .-L.) F. facelieux singer, Virgo Mart. ii. 3. Perhaps for
(Cot.). - M. F.faeetie, ' witty mirth ,' id. - jlag-md = loose end; see above. Cf.' the
L. facllia, wit: common in pI. - L. faci'- ./lagg or thefagg fcdais ' (feathers) ; Book
IUS, witty, courteous; orig.• fine.' of St. Albans, fol. B I a.
Pa.cile, easy to do. ( F. - L.) F. Pa.ggot, Pa.got. (F. - Ita!. -L. 1)
facile . - L.facilis, i. e. do-able. -L.lncere, F. fagot, 'a fagot, a bundle of sticks;'
to do. Der. facility; fawlty. Cot. Of doubtful origin; perhaps bor·
fac-simile. (L.) For fac simile , rowerl from iIta!.fagotto, 'a faggot,' Florio;
make thou like. - L. fac, imp. s. of fac~re, a dim in. from L. fag-tts, a beech-tree
to m"ke; simile, neut. of similis, like; (Korting).
see Similar. ~ We abo find factum Pa.il. (F. -L.) F. faillir; cf. Ital.
simile, i. e. made like. . fallire. - Folk-L. *jallir~, for L. fallere, to
fa.ct, a deed, reality. (L.) L. factum, beguile, also, to be defective; falli, to err.
a deed; orig. neut. offactus, pp. offacere, Brugm. i. § 757.
to make, do. Pa.in. (E. ) M. E.faYl1. A.S.fagm,
fa.ction. (F. -L.) F .factiol1, a sect. glad.+O. Sax. fagall, lcel. f egi1l1t, glad.
- L. fa ctiollC1Il, acc. of factio, a doing, Cf. A. S. gefe01t (pt. t. gefeak ), to rejoice.
taking part, faction. -L. factus, pp. of Teut. root *jek -, as in A. S. ge-ftoll (for
farere, to do. *-feh.alt); cf. Goth. faI,-elks, joy.
fa.ctitious. (L.) L.factiti-us, artifi- Pa.int. ( F.-L.) M. E . feillt.-O. F.
cial; with suffix -om. - L. factus, pp. of feint , weak, pretended; orig. pp. of
faar~, to make. feindre, to feign . - L. jillgere, to form,
fa.ctotum. (L.) A general agent. - feig-n. See Figure.
L.fae(ere) lOlum, to do everything. Fair (I) , pleasing, beautiful. (E.)
fa.culty, facility to act. (F. -L.) M. E . fayr , A. S. f ager, fair.+Ice!. fagr;
M. E. fawltee. - F. fawltl. - L. fact~ltti- Dan. Swetl. fager, Goth.fagrs, fit, O. H. G.
tem, acc. of facultas (=faci/itas), facility. fagar . Teut. type *jagroz. Cf. Gk. ,,~'Y-
- L. fadlis, e ~sy; see Facile. vv/.u, I fa sten. lIrugm. i. § § 200, 701.
Fad, a folly. ( F.-Prov.-L.) Ap- Pair ( 2), a holiday. (F.-L.) M. E.
parently shortened from F.fat/aise, fiddle- f ein .- A. F.fiire (F.foire). -L.feria, a
faddle; cf. ' fa deu s, follies, toyes, fooleries;' holiday, later, a fair; commoner as pI.
Cot. - Provo fadeza, folly (Hatzfelcl) . - f eria, for *fls-ia , feast-d~ys; allied to
Prov.fat (Gasconfad) ,fooiish. - L.fatillts, Feast. BIl1gm . ii . § 66.
foolish. Fa.iry. (1'.-1..) M. E.faerie,jayrye,
Fade, vb. (F.-L.) O. F.fnder; from enchantment. [The mod. use of the word
F. fade, adj., tasteless, weak, faint. - L. is new; fa iry = enchantment, the old
uaPit/un:, acc. of uafidus, vapid. See word for 'elf' being fay. ) - O. F. fMrie,
Vapid. ~ Vade, rorfade, is from M. Du. enchantment. _ O. F. fae, a fay; see Fa.y.
vadtlm ; from O. F. fada o
• Futh. (F. - L.) M. E. fe ith; also
Fa.dge, to fit, suit, be content with, f ey . Slightly altered from O. F·feid, fei.
sl1cceea. (E.) Formed, in some unex- faitb.-L..fidelll, acc. ofjides,faith; all ied
plained way, from the Teut. base fag-, to to fidere, to trl1st. Cf. Gk. ,,[(lTlr, faith.
suit, whence also O. Sax. fogian, A. S. (.vI:lHEIDH.) Allied to Bide. 13rugm.
ftgan, to join, suit, M. E. f ejen, to-adapt, i. § 202.
fit, G . jiigm, Du. voegm (see Kluge and Falchion, a sword. (F. -Ital.-L. )
Franck) . Cf. Goth . fulla-fah-ja1l, to M. E. falleholl. - O. F. faueko1l. - Hal.
satisfy, O. H. G. sijag , content, Du. vage- fa/dolle (d pron. as cI, ). - Late L. falcio-
17 8
 FALCON FARCE
tum, ace. of falcio, a bent sword. _ L. grdslt, &c.) from L. fam-is , hunger; cf.
falei- , declo stem offalx , a sickle. Allied O. F. ajamer, to die of hunger.
to }leclere, to bend. Fan, an instrument for blowing. (L.)
falcon. (F.-L.) M. R fatlCon.- A.::;. faml.-Late L. vattnus, L. uattnUS,
O. F.faltcon,fau!con.-Late L. faleonem , a fan (whence also F. vatt) ; see Van (2).
acc. of falco, a falcon, so named from its Brugm. i. § 357.
hooked claws.- L. falr-, stem of falx, a Fanatic, religiously insane. (F.-L.)
sickle. F.fatlatiqm. -L.fatuUiws, (1) belonging
Faldstool, a folding-stool. (Low L.- to a temple, (2) inspired by a divinity,
O. H . G. ) Low L.faldistolittm.- O.H. G. enthusiastic. -L. fanum, a temple; see
fald·an, to fold; stuol (G. stuhr), a stooL Fane.
Cf.F.fattteui/. See Fold. Fancy. (F.-L.-Gk.) Short for M.E.
Fall, to drop down. (E.) M. E.fallen . fantasie. - 0. F. fanta sie. -Late L. pllatt-
O. Merc. fallan; A. S. feallan.+Du . val- tasia. - Gk. cpo.vraula, a making visible
1m, Icel.falla, Dan.falde (forfalle ), Swed. (hence, imagination).- Gk. </>avra(EIV, to
falla, G. fallm. Teut. *jallatt-. Cf. Lith. display; see Phantom.
pM/i, to fall; and perhaps L. fallert, to Fandango, a Spanish dance. (Span.)
ueceive, falli, to err. Hrugm. i. § 757 . Span. fawkittgo, 'a dance useu in the W.
Der. bejall, from A. S. bejeallan, to fall Indies;' Pineda (1740).
out, happen; fell (1) . Fane, a temple. (L.) L. jtl11tlm, a
Fallacy. (F. -L.) Formed by adding templ e; sh<;>rtened from an earlier form
-y to M. E. fallace, a fallacy, deceit.-F. *jas1tOIll; cf. Oscan /imam, a temple;
fallace. - L. fall(icia, deceit. -L. fallac-, allied to L.flstw,fb·ia. Brugm . ii. § 66.
stem of jtdlax, deceitful. - L. fall,,·t, to Fanfare, a flouri sh of trumpets. (F. -
dcceive. See above. Span. ?) F . fanfat·e. Prob. of imitative
fallible. (L.) L. fallibilis, liable origin, or borrowed from Spnn .fanfat·ria,
to err. -L. falli, to err; fallere, to de- bluster, vaunting, which is of similar for-
ceive. mation . Der.fattfan·.oll-ade, bluster.
Fallow (1), orig. 'harrowed;' of land. Fang, a talon, claw. (E.) A. S.fal1g ;
(E.) A. S. f a iging, fall ow-land. -A. S. lit. a sdzing.-A. S. *jOllan, to seize, only
fealh , a harrow. Cf. R Fries. falgen, to used in the contracted form fOtI, pt. t.
fall ow land; O. H. G.felga, a hatl'ow. fblg, pp. gifa"gm ; the pp. form baving
Fallow (2), used with reference to alone survived, evolving an infin. mood
colour. (E.) O. Mere. fallt; A. S. f ealu, in dialects.+Du. vangm, to catch; Ice!.
f ealo, pale red , yellowi sh.+Du. vaal, Icel. fa (cf. fang, sb., a catch of fish ), Dan.
foil', pale, G. faM, p~ le, al so falb ; Lith. faae , Swed . ft, Go th. fahan, G . fangen,
palvas; cC. also L. pallidas, Gk. "oAt 6~, to catch, fmlg, sb., a catch, also a fang.
gray, Skt.polita-, gray. See Pale. Allied to L.po1tgere ; Brugm. i. § 421.
False. (F. -L.) M. E. fals . - O. F. Fantastic. (Gk.) Gk. </>avrauTtl«j~ ,
fa ls (F . faux). -L. falsltS, false; pp. of able to represent or shew. - Gk. </>avra(EtV,
fallere, to deceive. to display. See Fancy.
Falter, t o totter, stammer. (E. ?) Fantasy, older form of Fancy. q. V.
M. E. faltrett, to totter; frequentative Faquir, Fakir, an Oriental religious
from a base falt-. Of obscure origin. mendicant. (F.-Arab.) F.faquir,jakir.
Perhaps connected with Icel. refl. vb. -Arab.faqit·, one of a religious order of
f altra-sk, to be cumbered, to be puz7.1ed. mendi cants ; lit. ' poor,indigent;' Richard-
Fame, report. (F.-L) F.fame. -L. son's Dict. p. 1096.
fama , report. - L. flirt, to speak; see Far. (E.) M. E.fcr. A. S. feor. +Du.
Fate. vcr, Icel.Jia1'1·i , Swed. Jien·an. ad v., Dan.
Family. (F. - L. ) F. famille. - L. fjern, G. fent ; Goth. fairra, ndv. Allied
familIa, a hon ehold . - L. famu llts, a to Gk. "'pav, beyond; Skt. pat·as, beyond,
servant, Oscan fame!; cf. Osean faamat, para-, f~r. (""PER.) The compo fat·tltet·
he dwells. Der.famili-ar (L.familia1-is ). [for M. E. ferrer (i. e. far·er)] is due to
Famine. ( F. - L.) F. famine. - Late confusion with further, compo of Forth.
L. *jamina, unrecorded , but plainly an Farce. (F. -L. ) The orig. sense is
extension from L. fami's , hunger. Der. • stuffing'; hence. a jest inserted into a
fam-islt, formed (by analogy with lan- comedy. - F. farce, stuffing, a farce. - F .
179
 FARDEL FATIGUE
jm-cir, to stuff. - L.jarcire, to stuff.+ Gk. Fashion. ( F. - L.) O. F. jnceon,
CppCtuu" v (for *cppaK-YfI") , to shut in. j ac/lOn , make, shape. - L. jactionem acc.
Fardel, a pack, bundle. (F . -Arab.) ofjactio, a making; see Fa.c tion. '
M.E.jardel. - O. F. jardd ( F. jardeau). Fast ( I ) , firm. (E.) A.S.jalst.+ Dn.
D imin. of O. F.jarde, a burden. Prob. vast, Dan. Swed . jast, Jcel. jastr, G. jest;
from Arab. jardalt, a package ( Devic). Armen . hast. Der. jast (2), jast (3 ).
Perhaps borrowed through Spanish ; cf. Brugm. ii. § 79.
Span.jardel, jardo, a bundle. fast ( 2) , to absta in from food . ( E.)
Fare , to travel , speed. ( E.) A. S. A. S. j alstan, orig. to make fast, observe,
jaran, to go, travel. + Du. varen, I cel. be strict; fromjalst (above). + Du. vasten,
Swed . jara, Dan.jm-e, G. jahren, Goth. Dan. jaste, Swed. and Ice\. j asta, G.
jaran , to go ; T eut. *laran- (pt. t. *lor). jastm; Goth . jaslan , to observe, fast.
Cf. Gk . rrap.valla" I travel ; L. experior, fast ( 3), quick. (Scand .) A pecul iar
I pass through, Skt. Pr, to bring over. use of jast ( I ) above; this use is Scand .
(.vPER.) D er. jare·well, i. e. may you Cf. Icel. drekka jast, to drink hard, sofa
speed well; thoroughfare, a passage jast , to be fast asleep, jastr i ve,-kum,
through ; welfare, successful practice or hard at work,fylgja jast, to follow fast, &c.
journey. It means firm, cl ose, urgent, quick.
Farina, ground com. (L.) L. jarina, fasten. (E.) A. S.j alstnian, to make
meal. - L.jar, a kind of grain; allied to fast or fi rm. - A. S.ftest , firm .
Barley. Der.jarinaceous, from L.jarinii- fastness. ( E. ) M. E. jestnes, jast-
ceus. Brugm. i. § 180. ness, orig. ' strength.' - A. S.jalstness, the
farrago. (L.) L. j arrago, mixed firmament, a fastness; orig. that which is
food fo r cattle, a medley. - L.jar (gen. firm. - A. S.jalst, fi rm.
ja,rois), grain (above). Fastidious. (L.) L.jastidiosus, dis-
Farm. (L.) M. E . jerme. [Cf. A. S. dainful. - L.jastidium, loathing; perhaps
jeorm, a feast , food, property, use.] - Late for *lastutidium (Vanicek). -L. jastu-s,
L.firma, a feast, farm , tribute ; fern. of L. arrogance; taldium, disgust ; so thatjastio
jirmus, durable. (From the fixed rent; dium = arrogant disgust.
also food, from its mpport.) See Firm. Fastness; see Fast.
Farrier. (F.-L.) Formerly jerrier , Fat ( I), gross. ( E.) M. E.jatt,jet, jat.
a worker in iron.- O. F.jerrier (the same) . A . S.ji£tt, orig. a pp., contr. from *fieted,
- L.jerrarius, a blacksmith. - L. ft rrum, fattened , enriched. + 0. H. G. ftizit (G.
iron. jeist), pp. of a T eut. vb. *laitjan-, formed
Farrow, to Jitter pigs. (E.) From the from Teut. adj. *laitoz, which is represented
sb.jarrow, a Jitter of pigs.-A. S. jea,-h, by Icel. jei"- (Swed. jet, Dan. jeel), fat.
a pig ; pl. jearas. + M. H. G. varch, a Cf. G k . rriOJv, Skt. pivan, fat.
pig; G. jerk-el; L. ponus; see Pork. Fat (2), a vat; see Vat.
Farther; see Far. Fate, destiny. (F. -L.) M. E.jate. -
Farthing, fourth part of a penny. O. F.jat, jate (not common). - L.jiitum,
(E.) M. Klerth£,zg. A. S.jlr)i,zg,jeor- what is spoken; neut. of pp. of jiirt, to
tJing, older form jeo,.) ling. - A. S.jeoriJ-a, speak.+ Gk. CPT1I'I, I say. Perhaps allied_ to
fourth ; with dimin. suffix oing or -l-ing. Boon (1). Brugm. i. § 187. (.vBHA.)
Allied to A. S. jlower, four. Father. (E.) M. E . jader. A . S.
Farthintrale, Fardingale, a jalde,.. The pron. with th is due to dialectal
hooped pettIcoat. (F.- Span.-L.) M.F. inAuences.+Jcel.jatJir, Du. vader, D an .
verdi/galle, 'a vardingaIl;' Cot.-Span. Swed . jader, Goth. jadar, G. vater, L.
ve,-dugado, a farthingale, lit .• provided pater, Gk. rraT~p, O. Irish athir, Pers.
with hoops.' - Span. verdugo, young shoot pidar, Skt. pitr. Idg. type *pata--.
of a tree, rod, hoop. - Span. verde, green. Fathom. (E.) M. E. jadme. A . S.
_ L. uiridis, green. See Verdant. jal6m, the space reached by the extended
Fascinate. (L.) From pp. of L. arms, a grasp, embrace.+Du. vadem, I cel.
jasci1tiire, to enchant. - L. jascinum, a jatJmr, a fathom, Dan.javn, Swed.jamn,
spell. an embrace, G.jaden. Allied to Patent.
Fascine, a bundle of rods. (F.-L.) Fatigue, sb. (F . -L.) O. F. jatigue;
F.jascine. -L.jascina, a bundle of twigs. from jatigtler, to weary. -L.jaligiire, to
-L.jnscis, a bundle. weary.
180
 FATUOUS FEEBLE
Fatuous. (L. ) L. fatu.us , silly, the peril of travelling. - A. S. f,zr-, 3rd
feeble; with suffix -(Jus. Der. in-jatuate, stem of farm: , to go, travel. + lcel. far,
from pp. of L. itt/atuare, to make a harm , G. gefa!:r, Du. groaar, danger. Cf.
fool of. L. pe1ofculum, danger.
Fauces. (L.) L. fauces, pI., the upper Feasible, easy to b~ done. (F. -L.)
part of the throat. [Also f eisahle.] - M. F . faisible, f aisable,
Faucet, a spigot, vent. (F. - L.?) 'feasible, doable ;' Cot. - 0 . F . fais -, as
F . fausset, 3. faucet ; fa u /set, Cot. in fais-allt , pres. pI. of faire, to do. - L .
Origin unknown; but cf. M. F. fazelsty, facere, to do. See Fact.
to falsify, forge ; also fa ulser tm esm , to Feast. (F.-L.) M. E . f este. - O. F .
pierce a 's hield; hence, to pierce. - L. feste (F.flte). - Late 1.. fesla, fern . sb. - L.
falsare, to falsify.- L. falsus, false. f esla, lit. festivals, pl. of f estum. See
Fault. (F. - L. ) Fornlerly faut. Festal. .
M.E . faute .- O. F. faute, a fault. (Span. Feat, a deed well done. (F. -L.) M.E.
and Italfalla, a defect .) - Folk-L. *jallila, Ifeet , fele. - A. F. fet; O. F . fait. -L. fat" -
a defect, fern. of *jallitus, new pp. of I tum , a deed; see Fact.
fallere , to deceive; cf. F. fa il/ir. See Feather. (E.) M. E. fether. A . S.
Fail, Fallible, False. H ence also O. F. fe~er. + Du. veder, Dan. fiO!de r, Swed .
fauler, Span. faltar, Ital. fa/tare, to be fjiider , I ~e l. fjd~r, G. feder; L. pem:a
lacking. (for *pet-ma) , Skt. patm -, Gk. TrTfp6v, a
Faun, a rural (Roman) deity. (L. ) L. win g. See Pen. (-v'PET.)
faunus.-.L.faub-e, to be propitious (? ) Feature, make, form. (F. - L. ) M. E.
Fauteuil, an arm -chair. (F. -Low L. f etU1°e. - A. F. fettl re; O. F. faiture,
- 0. H . G. ) F. fauteuil, O. F . fa tt/de- fashioll. - L. fact1~ra , work , formation. -
tueil (Cot.). -Low L.fa/disto/ium, a fald- L. factus , pp. offacere, to make.
stool; see Faldstool. Febrile, relating to fever. (F .- L. )
Favour, sb. (F.-L.) O. F. favQU1°. F.febrile. -L. febrilis.-L.febri-s, fever.
- L. fauiJrem , acc. of fattor, favonr. - L. February. ~ L.) L. febru an'us , the
fauere, to befriend, orig. ' to venerate.' month of txpiation. - L. feb1-ua , neut. pl.,
favourite. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F . a festival of expiation on Feb. 15. - L.
favorit ; cf. Fo favori , pp. of O. F. favori1°, febnm1lt , purification ;febnlare, to expiate.
to favour. But the fina l t is really due to Of Sabine origin.
borrowing from !tal.favon·to, pp. and sb. ; Feckless, ineffective. Also fec/less;
orig. pp. of favorire, to favou r. _ Ital. short for ejJi:cl-less; see Effect.
favore, fa vour.-L. fauo1oe11l (above) . Feculent, foul. (F.-L.) F.feeulmt.
Fawn ( I ) , to cringe to, rejoice servilely - L. f O!Clllentus, full of dregs. - L. f O!ees,
over. (E.) A. S.fahnian,fagniatt, to re- dregs. See Fwces.
joice; variants of f O!genialt, to fawn, from Fecundity. (F.-L.) M. F. feeon.dite
fO!gm, fain, glad.+Icel. fagna, to rejoice, (Cot.).-L. ace. f ecunditatem, fruitful ness.
welcome one ; allied to fegi1t1l, fain. See - L. f &undus, fruitful; allied to fetus,
Fain. offspring. See Fetus.
Fawn (2), a young deer. (F . -L.) Federal. (F. - L.) F. federal.
O. F. f an, faott , earlier f ed,:, a fawn ; Formed , with suffix -ai, from L. fOIder-
answering to a Late L. form *fitonem (for *jOIdes-), stern of fOIdus, a trea ty.
(not found), acc. of *jeti5, a young one. - Akin to fides, faith.
L.fetus,jt1!tus, offspring. See Fetus. Fee, a lordship, a payment. (F . -
Fay, a fairy. (F . -L. ) F. fee , o. F. O. H. G. ?) A. F·fee, O. F.fiu \F . fief),
fae, a fay. Cf. Port. fada, Ital. fata, a a fee, fief. - Late L. fevum, a fief (Du-
fay. - Late L. fata, a fate, goddess of cange). Prob. from O. H. G. fehu, pro-
destiny, a fay. - L. fata , pI. of L. /tUum, perty. + Du. vee, l cel. ft, Dan. fO!, Swed.
fate. See Fate. Der.fai-ry. fii, Goth . faihu, L. pecus; Skt. paru-,
Fealty, true service. (F.-L.) O. F . cattle. (-v'PEK.) So also A. S. f eoh,
f ealle,jeelte£t, fidelity. - L.fidelitatem, acc. cattle, whence M. E . fee, cattle, property.
of fidelitas, fidelity. - L. .fidilis, fait hful; now obsolete. ~ We also find Late L .
from .fides, faith. feudu JJl ; see Feudal.
Fear. (E.) M. E . f mo. A. S. /fer, a Feeble. (F.-L.) M. E.feb/~ . -A . F .
sudden peril, danger, fear. Orig. used of. feble, M. F·foible , O. F.jleble (Godefroy);
181
 FEED FERN
cf. Ita!' jievole « jlevole ), feeble [since Ijdll, a fell. Allied to G. jdJ, a rock
Ital. ji<.flJ. - L. jiebilis, doleful; bence, (K luge).
weak. - L. jlire, to weep. Brugm. ii. Fellah, a peasant. (Arab.) P1.jellahill.
§ ~')o. - Arab. jeltal}, jallaZ., a farmer, peasant.
Feed" to t ake food , give food . (E. ) -Arab. rootjala(la, to plough, till.
M.E. Jedm . A . S. fidal~; for "fMin1t; Felloe; see Felly.
with vowel-change from 0 to e. - A. S .foda , Fellow, a partner. (Seane!.) M. E.
food.+ Dn voeden, Icel.fa:tl'a, Swed. fOda , ftla we. - Icel.filagi, a partner in a • f~l ag.'
Dan.foae, O. H. G.ftlotan, Goth. flt[iatz; - Icel.felag, companionship; lit. a layi ng
Tent. type *JodjfUt-. See Food. together of property. - Ice!. fi, property;
Feel. (E. ) M. E.felm . A. S.feln1I.+ lag, a laying together, a law; see Law.
Du. voe/m, G. fii hlm . Teut. *joljatz- ; The Icel. fi is cognate with A. S. jeoh,
from Teut. base fal- (2nd grade, fol- ), cattle, property, L. pews, cattle.
whence also Icel. jalma, to grope, A. S. Felly, Felloe, part of a wheel-rim.
folm,palmofthe hand (L.paI11la). Allied (E. ) M.E. jelwe. A.S.felg,felga, a
to Palm ( I). felly.+Du . vdg, Dan. fmlge, G.felge.
Feese, Feaze, Pheeze. (E.) Pro- Felon, a wicked person. (F. -Late L.
perly • to put to flight, drive away, chase - L. ?) M. E. feltllt .- O. F. jelon, a
away, harass, worry'; often misexplained traitor. - Late L. felOnmt, acc. offelo, jello,
by·whil.l" M. E.jum; O.Merc. fisialt, atraitor,rebel. S,eFell (3).
A. S. jjsialt, to drive away quickly, Felt. (E. ) M. E. jelt. A.S. ftlt.+
chase. Cf. Norw. flysa (= Icel. *jeysa ), Du. viii, Low G., Swed., Dan. jilt, G.
Swed. jasa, to drive. From Teut. base jilz. Teut. type *jeltoz, n. ; allied to G.
*jaM- (sense unknown). 4U Distinct from jalzm, to groove, join together. Der.
A. S./ysall, to hurry, fromfiis, prompt. jilter,jeuter.
FelgD. (F. -L. ) M. E.jeinm.-O. F. Felucca, a ship. (Ital. -Arab.) Ital.
feig1t-, as in jet:I{" 'a1lt, pres. pt. ofjei1zdre. Ifeluca. - Arab. jttlk, a ship. (See Devic.)
-L.ji1tgere, ~o form, feign. See Figure . Female. (F.-L. ) Forjemell, by con-
Der. (eillt (from F . pp. jti1u). fmion with male. M. E. ftlllelle. -O.F.
Fe1dspar, a kind of mineral. (G.) j emelle. - L. jemel/a, a yOlmg woman;
Corrupted from G. jeldspatk, lit. field- dimin. offimi1la, a woman (below).
spar. feminine. (F. -L.) O. F. jemi1till.
Felicity. (F. - L .) O. F.jelicitl. -L. - L. jillli1tlmU, womanly. -L. fimilla, a
acc. jelreiliilem. - L. fiUci-, dec!. stem of woman. Cf. plal'e, to suckle; Gk . lli)"v~,
filix, happy, fruitful; alli ed to Feline. female, lI'7A~, the breast; Skt. dMilrJ, a
Feline. (L.) L . Jilintts, belonging to nur;e.
cats. - L. files, a cat; perhaps allied to Femoral, belonging to the thigh. (L.)
Gk. 1Ii)"II~, female. L. jemortilis; adj . from je11lor-, stem of
l'ell ( I), to cause to fall. (E.) O. Merc. femur , thigh.
fi ellml, A. S. jylla11, causal of O. Merc. Fen, a bog. (E.) M. E. jen. A . S.
fa llall, A. s.feal/a1t , to fall. So also Dn. femt . + Du. vem , Ice!. jett, Goth. fnni,
vel/en, Dan.jmlde, Swed .jii!la, Icel.jella , mud. Teut. type *jal1jom, n.
G. jiil/m; all causal forms. Teut. type Fence; short for defence; see Defend.
*jalljan-, causal of jalla,t-, to fall. See Fend; short for Defend, q. v.
F all . Fender; short for dejender.
Fell ( 2) , a skin. (E.) M.E.je!. A.S. Fennel, n plant. (L.) M.E. jend.
fel, fell. +Du. vel, Ic~l. jell, \ioth. -/ill, A. S.jitzol,jimtgle. - L faeniwlu1Jl,fennel;
M. H. G. vel ; L. pellu, Gk. ,.<M.a, skin. double dimin. offa emulI , hay.
Doublet, pell; cf.jil-lII. Fenugreek, a plant. ( F . -L.) F .
Fell (3), cruel, dire. ( F. - Late L. - je1tltgrec. - L. jae1tlt11t Gra:cum, lit. Greek
' L. ?) M.E.fel. -O. F .f el,cnl el (cf.Ital. hay.
fello, cruel ). - Late L. jello, je/o, a male- Feoft'; see Fief.
factor, felon, traitor. Perhaps from L.jel, Ferment. (L. ) L. fer-mentllm (short
gall (N. E . D. ) ; cr. Du. dial. fel, sharp, for *jerui-1IIC1tlttJJl\ leaven. - L.jerllcre, to
biting. acrid (Molema). See Felon. boil. See Fervent.
Fell (4) , a hill . (Scand .1 M. E.fd. - Fern. (E.) A. S. jeam .+Du. varm;
Icel. fjnll, jell, a hill; Dan. jield, Swed. G. jarn(krnul) ; Skt. paNJa-, a wing,
182
 FEROCITY FETTER
feather, leaf, plant, the orig. sense bein6 (I:'. - L \ O. F. /css. (Roquefort) ; mod.
'feather.' llrugm. i. § 973. Cf. also F./asce, a fcs s.-L./nsei", a girth; allied
Lith. papa,·tis, Russ. paporot(e), I rish to /aseis, a bundle; see Fascine.
raitlt, \Y . d w i;lIl, fern; Gk. 'TTEptr, fern, Festal. F . -L. ) O. F.fistal. Formed
TfTf"oV, a wing, feather. (with F . suffix -al<L. -tilis ) from L./es/-
Fero.city. ( F. - L.) M. F./eroeitl - tllIl, a feast, orig. neut. of festus, festive,
L. acc./erikifatelll, fierceness. _ L./er~i-, joyful. Allied to Fair (2) and Fane.
declo stem of / erox, fierce . - L. /erus, festival. (F. - Late L. - L.) Pro-
fierce , wild. Brugm. i. § .~19 . perly an adj. - O. F. /estival, festive.-
Ferreous. (L.) L./erreus , made of Late L./estiviflis. -L. fistitttlS (below).
iron; with suffix -ous. -L. /errwJt, iron. festIve. (L.) L./estittlts, belonging
ferruginous. (L .) L./errttgill·w, to a fea st. - L./estullt, a feast.
same as Jcrrliginetls, rosty; with suffix Fester, a sore. (F.-L.) O.l'.fistre,
-ous. - L./crrltgite- , stem of /ernigo, rust also spelt jist Ie , an ulcer; wh ence / estrir,
of iron. - L./errlllll, iron. to fester (Godefroy). _ L.jistula, a running
Ferret (I ). an animal. (F.-Low L.- sore. See Fistula.
L. ?) O. F./urd, a ferret. - Late L.fttre- Festival, Festive; see F estal.
t us, / Ilreclw, a ferret. Also/ttri;; said to Festoon. (F .- Ital. - L. ) F./estoll, a
be the same as Late L./ltrO, a thief, from garland, festoon . - l tal. jestone, a garland.
L. /ttr, a thief. Cf. Gk . tpWp, a th ie f ; Usually derived from L./estum , a feast.
from the strong (i. grade of CPfPftV, to bear, Fetch. (E.) M. E. /erchen, pt. t.
carry off. /eMe,/eeMe. A. S./eccall, to fetch, Gen .
Ferret (2), a kind of silk tape. (Ital. xviii. 4; Luke xii. 20. Prob. /ccc(e)all is
-L.) From ltal. jioretti, 'little flowers, a later form of/etiall , to fetch (Angl ia, vi.
fl ourishings; also foret or ferret silke,' 177 ). Allied to A. S./eet , a pace, step,
Florio. PI. of jioret/o, dimin. of jio,-e, a journey; l cel. l et, a step, foot-measure;
fl ower. - L. jlorem, acc. of jlos, II. /lower; and to L. Pis (gen . ped-is), a foot. ~ Cf.
see Flower. Cf. F. jlettret, ferret ; from A. S. gefeccall, O. K T., p. 178. D er .
jleur, flow er. /etdt, sl.>., a stratagem.
Ferruginous; see FerreouB. F@te. (F . -L.) Mod. F./ete, the same
Ferrule, a metal ring at the end of a as O. F./tsle; see Feast.
slick. (F.-L.) Corrupted spelling (due Fetich, Fetish, an object of super-
to confu sion with / e,-rullt, iron ) of the stitions dread. (F. - Port. - L.) F.
older form vi,.,'ol; XV I cent.- O.F. virol /Itiche.- Port./eiti(o, sorcery,lit.artificial;
(F . v irole ), a ferrule; Late L. virola, the also , a name given by the Port. to the
same. From L. ltiriola, a little bracelet; ronghlymade id ols of Africa. - L./actitius,
dimin. of *lIiria, an armlet, only found in artificial. - L. fact-us, pp. of /ace,-e, to
]>1. ui1iee. (Diez. ) Doubtful. make.
Ferry, vb. (E.) M.E.jerim. A. S. Fetid. (F.-L.) O. F. / etide. -L.
/ crialt, to convey across; causal of A. S. /ilidus, /atidlts, stinking. - L. /ifire, to
/ara1t, to go. + Ice!. feria, to carry; stink.
causal of lara, to go; Goth./a1]tt1t, to Fetlock. (Scand. ) As if the ' lock '
travel by ship. See Fare. (N . E . D .) or tuft of hair behind a horse's pas-
Fertile. (F. - L .) F.fertile. - L./er - tern-joint. Cf. Low G. jitlock (Liil.>ben) ;
lilis, fertile. - L. ferre, to bear. See M. H. G. vizulock (Kluge). The syllal.>le
B ear ( I). -I-ock is due to a double suffix , but was
Ferule, a rod or bat for punishing thought to refer to I ce!. loUr, A. S. locc,
children. (L. ) Formerly / entla. - L. :l lock of hair. Fef- is prob. allied to
firula, a rod; orig. the plant ' giant- lce! . /et, a pace, step,/tli, a pacer (used
fennel.' of horses) ; and to lcel. jofr, a foot; cf.
Fervent, hot, zealous. (F. -L. ) O. F. G./essel, pastern; and see Fetch, Foot.
f ervmt. - L. / e,'umt-, stem of pres. pt. of (Kluge, s. v. Fuss.)
/ entire, to boil. Allied to O. Irish berb- Fetter, a shackle. (E. ) M. E./eler.
aim, I boil. Der. jervour, from O. F. A. S./efor, a shackle for the foot; from
feyvour<L. acc . /e'''t~i5rem, heat; /e1vid, *jet-, e:.grade of/ot, foot.+Du. vcter, lcel.
from L./eruidtts. /ioturr; cf. L. ped-ica and com-jJis, Gk.
F.aa, a horizontal band in heralcl ry. 'lfi3q, a fetter. Der./etter, vb.
183
 FETUS FIELDFARE
Petus, offspring. (L.) L. fitus, a break down. See Flaak. (Origin of
bringing forth, offspring. - L. ~uire. an phrase nnknown.)
obsolete verb, to generate, produce; Piat, a decree. (L.) L. Juzt, let it be
allied to fu-i, I wns; set: Future, Be. done. - L. fio, I become; used as pass. of
Brugm. i. § ,,61, ii. § 587. faure, to do, but really allied to fui, I
Peu, a fief; a variant of Fee. was. Cf. A. S. b;o, ! am. Brugm. i.
Feud (I) , hatred, perpetual hostility. § 282.
(F.-O. H. G.) M. E.fede,feid. Modi- Fib. (Low G. ) Allied to fob, fub off,
fied in spelling in some nnexrlained way, to delude (Shak.) ; cf. G.foppen, to banter
perhaps by the influence 0 foe. - O. F. (formerly, to lie); Westphal. Jip-km, a
feide, faide . fede, perpetual hostility. - small lie, fib (Woeste).
O. H . G. fihida (G. fekde), enmity; Fibre. (F. -L.) F. Jibre.-L. Jibra ,
cognate with A . S. fiM, enmity, from a tbread.
A. S.fah, hostile. See Foe. Ficlde. (E.) M. E.Jikel. A. S.Jicol;
Feud ( 2) , a fief. (Low L. - F. - from *Jician, to deceive, in compo be-)irian,
O. H. G.) Low L. feudum, a Latini -ed to deceive; cf.Jic, sb., £raud,facne, deceit-
form allied to O. F . Jiu, also spelt Jiif; ful; facm , fraud.
see Fee, Fief. (The intrusive d is UD- Fiction. (l'. -L.) F.Jiction. -L.Jic-
explained.) Der.fcud·al, adj. liont11l, acc. ofJictio, a feigning. -L.Jictus,
Peuter, to lay spear in rest. (F. - pp .•of /ingere, to.fe~gn. See Figure.
Teut.) From M. E. feu/er, a rest for a Fidclle, a vlOlm. (L.) M. E. /ithel;
spear. -0. F. feu/re, older feltre , a piece A. S .Ji(Jele: cf. IceI.Ji(Jla, Dan.Jiddel, Du.
o{felt, also a rcst (prob. at fi rst felted ) for vedel, G.Jiedel. Apparently borrowed from
the lance. Cpo Ital. feltro, felt. Of Teut. Late L. uitula, uidula, a viol; see Viol.
origin; from Low G. Jilt, felt. See Fidelity. (F.-I..) M. F.Jiclelitt. -L.
Felt. JiMlitiile11l, aec. ofjidilittis, faithfulness.-
Feuterer, a dog-keeper. (F.-Low L . L. Jideli-, stem of Jidel£s, faithful.- L.
-C.) In Hen Jonson, Every Man out )ides, faith. See Faith.
of his Humour, ii. I ; see Nares. Older Fidget. (Scand.) A dimin. form of
spelling vewter, for veutr-er. - O. F . jidge, to be continually moving up and
veutre, mod. F. vautre , a mongrel between down, likeJike in North of England, M. E.
a hound and a mastiff. - Low Lat. acc. Jikm, to fidget, t o hasten. Cf. Icel. Jilla, to
vt/lrum; for L. vertagus, vertagra, ver- climb up nimbly, as a spider; Swed. Jika,
traga, a greyhoun d. Said to be Celtic. to hunt after, Norw .Jika, to take trouble,
Perhaps from Celtic ver-, intensive prefi x, Jika etter, to hasten after, pursue.
and trag-, to run; see Fick, ii. 136, 283. Fiducial, shewing trust. (L.) From
l'ever, a kind of disease. (L.) M.E. Late L.fidi'cialis, adj.-L.ruiUc;a, trust.
fiuer (fever ). A. S.fifer,.fifor; see Matt. - L. fidere, to trust.
viii. 15 ; A. F.fevre.-L. febris , fever. Fie. (F. -L.) M. E.fy.-F.Ji. -L. ft.
feverfew, a plant. (L.) A. S. fifer- Cf. lee\. fj , Dan. fy, Swed. /y, G. pfu;,
fuge; A. F. feverfue. - Late L. febrifuga, Lat. phu, phy, 1:ikt. phu/, expressions
for L. febrifugia, • fever-di spelling.' - L. of dis/!11st.
fibri-s, fever; fugiire, to put to fl ight. Fief land hrld of a superior. (F. -
Pew. (E.) M.E. fewe. A.S. p!.fea1C1e. O.H.G.) O.F.Jiej, formerly spelt Jiu
+Icel. far, Dan. faa, Swed. fl; Goth. (Roland). See Fee. Der. J eoff, vb., to
fawai, pI.; cf. L. paucus, Gk. 7JOlipor, put in legal possession; from A. F.jeojfer,
small. to endow with afcoj or Jicf. Also feoffee,
l'ey, doomed to die. (E.) A. S. f age, A. F.feoffi, pp. offeoffer.
do.omed to die.+Icel. feigr, Du. veeg; G. Fiela. (E. ) M. h. fe/d. A. S. fcld.+
fetge, cowardly; Swed. feg, Dan. feig, Du. veld. G. feld (whence Dan. felt,
cowardly. Swed.fiilt). Allied to A. S. foMe, earth,
l'ez, a red Turkish cap, without a brim. land. T eut. type ~elthuz. Cf. Russ. poU,
(F.-Morocco.) F. and Turk. fez; a cap; a field; Skt. Prl/zivi, earth. llrugm. i.
so called because madc at Fez. in § 502 .
Mo~occo. . ti.eldfa.re, a bird. (E.) A. S. fe/de-
Fiasco, Itt. • a bottle.' (Ita!.) Ita!' fare rmiswritten fe/deware], lit. 'field-
far Jiasco, to make a bottle, also, to fail , travelrer ;' see Fare.
18-+
 FIEND FIN
!'iend. (E.) M. E.fmil. A. S.fiOIllI, l'ile (3) , to defile. (E.) A. S. /ylan,
feomi, lit. 'a hating one,' an enemy, the to make foul; for *jii/ian. - A. S. fu/,
enemy; orig. pres. pt. of feog(e )alt, to fonl. See De1Ue ( I) and Foul.
hate. + Du. vijand, Dan. Swed. jimdc; l'ilial. (L.) From L. fili-tlS, a son,
lcel./jtindi, pres. pt. of fjii, to hate; Goth. filia, dnughter; orig. infant: d . L. flltire,
jijands, fromjijalt , to hate; G.feiltd. Cf. to suck. Cf. Feminine. (.vDHE.)
!Skt. Pfy, to hate (Fick). See Foe. Filibuster,afreebooter. (Span. -Du.)
Fierce. ( F . - L.) M. E. jers. - O. F. Span. jilibuster, a mere corruption of DIl.
f , jiers, old nom. of O. F. fer , jier, vn/b1iifer, a freebooter. - Du. vnjolliten,
ers
herce (F. jier, proud). - L. fenis, wild. to rob, plunder. - Du. vnj; free; buit,
!'ife. (F.-O. H . G . -L. ) F. fi/re.- booty, plunder. Sec Booty.
O . H . G.p.1ifa, G. pfcife, a pipe. - O . H . G. Filigree. (F. -ltal.-L.) Formerl y
Plilm, to blow, whistle.- Late L. pipiire, jiligr01te ; XVII cent. - F.jiligrane. - Ital.
to pipe; L. pipiire, to chirp (as a bird). jiligralla, filigree-work, fine wrought work.
See Pipe.. - Ital. jilo, a thread or row, jilare, to
Fig. (F . -Prov.- L. ) F .jiglle. _ Provo spin ; grallo, grain or texture; so called
jiga. - Folk-L. *fica, llsed for L. fim s, a because the chief texture of it was wrought
fig. (Cf. O. F . .fie, a fig; immediately in silver wire. From L. JiIUIIl , thread;
from fica .) grtinullt, grain . 4U The Span .jiligrana is
Fight. (E. ) M. E. jildm,felden , vb. merely borrowed from Italian (Monlau).
O . Merc . fehtall , to fight; / eMe, a fight.+ !'ill, vb. (E.) A. S. D'llm,; formed
Du. vuhten, G. f eeMen, to fight (whence fromfut, i. e. full , by vowel-change from u
Dan .fegte, Swed .fiikla ). Teut. *fehtOlI-. to y.+Du. vu1len, Ice! . fy1la, Dan. jylde,
Figment. (L.) L. jigmm fullt, an in- Swed.fylla, Goth. fu lljal', G.fiillen .
vention. -L. jig-, base of jingere, to feign !'illet, (F. -L.) ?II. E. jilet. - O. F .
(pp. .fic-tus, for *jig-tus). jilet, dim in. of jil, a thread. - L. filum , a
figure. (F. - L.) F . jigure. - L. thread. See File (I).
Ji.t;'Jra, a thing made. - L. jingere (base l'illibeg, Philibeg, a kilt. (Gaelic. )
jig- ), to make, fashion, feign. + Goth. Gael. f eileadh-bea.f{, the modern kilt.-
dez:t;an, to knead, Skt. dill, to smear. Gael. feileadh, jeite, a kilt , prob. from L.
\.vDHEIGH.) Brugm. i. § 589. Der. uelum , a veil (Macbain) ; and beag, little,
dis-jigure, pre-figure, trans-jigure. small. Cf. W. bach, little.
Filament. (F.-L.) F. jilamellt. - Fillip, to strike with the fIDger-nail,
Late L. filiimClltum, -thin thread. - Late when jerked from the thumb. (E.) Another
1.. fitare, t o wind thread. - L. filum, form ofJlip; see Flippant.
thread; see File (I ). !'ills, used for thills. (E.) See Thill.
Filbert,frl1itofhazel. (F.-O.H . G. ) Filly, a female foal. (Scand.) Ice!.
Formerly philiberd (G ower) ; short for fylja, a filly, all ied to f oli, a foal, cf.
Philibert! or Philibert Ill/t, from the Dan. Swed. jOl, G./ii/lm . See Foal.
proper name Philibert; (S. Philibert's Film, a thin skin. (E.) A. S. jillllC1l
day is Aug. 22 ) ; North F. 1wix de jilbert (fylmm ), neut., membrane (0_ Fries. jil-
(~oisy) . -O.H . G.jilu-berllt,verybrig ht; mene, f., skin). For W. Teut. *jilmill-jo-,
from jiltt (G. viel) , greatly, berM, bright. from *jelmm, -mono, as in A. S. iigeJjdma ,
IU Called in Germany Lalllbertmuss, i. e. sk in of an egg. Extended from the base
nut from Lombardy (Weigand). f el- in A . S.fel, skin, Goth .jilt, skin. See
Filch. (E.) Etym. unknown; possibly Fell (2).
related to M. E.felm, to conceal. Cf. Ice!. Filter, to strain. (F . - O. Low G.) F .
f ela, to hide, bury; Goth. jilhOll, to hide. jiltrer, orig. to strain through felt. - F.
File (I ), string, lint', order. (F. -L. ) jiltre, a strainer, orig. felt (Littfl!). -Low
Partly from O. F . jile, a file, from jiter, to G. jilt, felt; see Felt.
thread; from Late L. filare (see Fila- :Filth, foul matter. (E.) A. S. /yliJ. -
ment) ; partly from F. jit, thread, from A. S. f ill, foul (by vowel-change of 17 to
L.lilum, a thread_ f l. So also O. Sax. /zUithii., fi lth, from
File (2), a steel rasp. (E. ) O. Mere. fii!, foul. See Foul.
fil ; A.S.ftot. +Du.vijl, O. H.G . fihata , Fin. (E. ) A.S.ji1l11, a fin.+Dl1 . vil1,
G. fdle; as if from a base *jmh-. The Swed. f ma, Dan. jilll1e; L. pill/In. See
Ice!. form is)e/, as if from a base *thenh-. I Pin.
18 5
 FINAL FIST
Pinal. (F. - L.) O. F. fi"al. - L. viur, O. H. G. juir. T eu!. type *jii·ir.
j iwilis, final. - L.jiltis, end. Cognate with Gk . ..up. Cf. Skt. pnvf!ka-
Finance, revenue. ( F . - L.) O. F. (from pit ), purifying, also fire. (V PV.)
fimmce . - Late L. finantia, payment. - Firk, to conduct, drive, beat. (E.)
L:lte L. finiire, to pay a fine. - Late L. A. S. jercian, to conduct, support. Prob.
finis , a settled payment, afinislt or end, from A.S.jlZr, ajoumey; allied to F are.
i . e. fina l arrangement; L.jiltis, end. Firkin, the fomth part of a uarre!'
Finch, a bird . (E.) M. E. fi't ch. ( M. Dn.) M. E. jerdekilt. From Du.
A.S. filu. + Du. vink, Dan. finke, Swed. vierde, fourth; with suffix -kin (as in kil-
and G. ,fink. Cf. W. pinc, a chaffinch; der-ki,t) answering to the M. Du . double
Gk. U"'''f'Y0t. u"" (a, a finch; provo E. dimin. suffix -k·ilt (G. -ch-en in lItiidchen ).
spi:tk. D er . chafjiluh, q. v., bulljiltch, Vierde is from Du. vier, four; see F our.
&c. Firm ( I), adj . (F.-L.) M. E. finne.
Pind. (E.) A. S.findan. +Du. vi,zden. - 0 . F. and F . jerme. - L. ji"mus, stead-
Dan.finde, Swed. and Icel.fi1tlta (=}ill)a), fast. Der .jarm.
Goth.fin thalt, G.filuien. Teut. "l"mth-alt· ; firm (2), a partnership. (S pan. - L.)
Idg. base *pent·, whence O. Irish it-aim, Th e older sense was 'signatme' of the
I find . Perhaps allied to L. petere, to house or (as we call it) the fi rm. - Span .
seek after; see Petition. Brugm. ii. firma, a signature. - Span. firmar, to
§ 634. confinn, sign. - L . firma,-e, to make firm.
Pine ( I ), exqnisite, thin . ( F.-L.) - L.fimttls, firm (above).
O. F . fin, witty, perfect.- Late L. fil11tS, firmament,ceiestiai sphere. ( F . -L.)
fine; used in place of L. fi'ti/us, well O. F . finllal1lent. - L. firmiimmtum, a
rounded or ended, said of a sentence support; also, expanse of the sky (Vul-
(Brachet), ori~. pp. of jinire, to end. - L. gate) . - L. firman, to strengthen; from
finis, end. ~ Finus is a back·formation firmus, firm .
fromji nire. Firman, a mandate. (Pers.) Pers.
Jlne ( 2), a tax. (Law L.) Law L. firman, a mandate, order; O. Pers. jra-
jillis, a fine, a fi n al arrangement; L. m (,na (Horn ) ; cf. Skt. f>rama~ta-, a
jiltis, end. See F i nanoe (above). decision, from pra, before (Gk. "'pO) and
Finger. (E.) A. S. finger. + Du. ma, to measure.
vinger, Ice!. fingr, Dan. Swed. G. finger, First. ( E.) A. S. jyrsl, the super!. of
Goth. figgrs (=fingrs). T eut. type *jin- jore, with vowel-change of u (A. S. 0) to
groz; orig. sense unknown. y . + Ice!. jyrslr; Dan. flrste ; Swed.forsla.
Finial. (L. ) A coined word; from L. Tent. type "l"un'stoz, super!. from the base
finis, end. Cf. final. *jllr-; see Fore.
finical. (F.- L.) A coined word; Firth; see Frith.
extellded from F i n e ( I) abO\-e. Fiscal, pertaining to the revenue.
finish, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. finischm. (F. -L.) O. F. jiscal. - Late L . fisciilis. -
- O. F.finiss-, base of pres. pt. orfiltir, to L. fiscus, a basket of rushes, also a pnrse.
finish . - L.ji-nire, to end. - L. jillis, end. l"ish. ( E.) A. S. fisc. + Du. visc!t, I ce\.
finite, limited. ( L.) L.ji"nitltS , pp. fiskr, Dan. and Swed . jisk, G.fisch; Golh.
ofjilli,-e (above). , jisks. Tent. type *jiskoz. Cognate with
Fiord, a sea-loch, cle~ p in le t of the sea. L. piso's, Irish al~ d Gae\. iasg, O. Ir. iasc
(Scnncl.) Norw. fjord, Dan. ji.ird, Jjord; (with loss of initial P).
Ice \.jj"~·rll"l ·. See Frith . Fissure. ( F.-L.) O.F.fismre. - L.
Fir, a tree. (Seand. ) M. E. fir ; answer- fiSS/lra. _ L. jism s, pp. of ji,.,{ere, to
ing to a mutated form cl ue to A. S. f ttrh. cleave. + Skt . bltid, to cleave; A. S. bi/alt,
which oeems in jUl'hwudI4, a pine-tree; to bite. (.v BHEID.) And see Vent
but prob. of Scand. origin. Cf. Ice\. (I ). Brugm. i. § 567.
fy ri-skOgr, a fi r- wood (written jJiriskOgr) ; Fist. ( £. ) M. E. jist,jest.jmt. A. S.
from I ce\. jura, a fir; cf. Dan.jyr, Swed. jJisl .+ n u. vuisl, G. jaust, O. H . G. jiisl.
jitra + G.fiihre, W. pyr. Cognate with L. Teut. *jiisliz. ~ If the orig. Tellt. fo rm
quercus, an oak ; and O. Lombardicfi,-elt.a, was ·fimhstiz. it may be identified with
'resculus.' Rnss. pias/e, fis t, O. Slav. Nsli; from an
Fire. ( E. ) A. S.J,Yr. + Du. vultr, Ice!. Idg. base *pmksti-, which is allied to
fj ri, Dan. and Swed .Jyr. G.feuer, M.Il.G. Five.
186
 FISTULA FLAMINGO
l'istula, a deep, narrow abscess. (L.) l'la,g (4), l'la,gstone, a paving-stone.
From the shape; L.jistula, a pipe. (Seana.) Ice!. jlaga, a flag or slab of
Fit ( I ), to suit; as adj., apt. (Seand.) stone. This might give E. dial.)law (see
M.E-jit/en, to arrange.-Icel. and Nonv. Flaw) , but cf. Icel.)lagna, to flake off,
fitja, to knit together; Swed. dial. jiltja, Dan. dial. )lag-toro, Sc. )lag , a cut turf.
to bind together; cf. G.jitzm, to bind into A weakened form of Flake.
skeins, fromjitze, a skein. From Icel.jit, l'lagellate. (L.) From!:. of L.
a hem, also' web' of a bird's foot; cf. )lage/ltire, to scourge. _ L. agellum,
M. D an.jidde, to knit; Dan. fid, a skein. dimin. of )lag rum, a scourge. . e Flail.
Perhaps allied to Fit (2). ,Influenced l'lageolet, a sort of flute. (F . -Prov.)
as to sense by M. E.lete, well done; from M. F.Jlageolet, dimin. of )lag-eol, with the
O. F. faif, Lat.facfus; see Feat. same sense. - Prov.)lajois,)laujols, a flage-
Fit ( l ), a part of a poem, attack of ill- olet; which cannot repre£ent a Late L.
ness. (E.) M. E. jif. A . S.jitt, ( I ) a song, *)lautiolus, a little flute, as suggested by
( 2) a struggle; which perhaps are the Diez.
same word. Cf. Fit (I ). FlagitiOUS. (L .) L. )liigitios-us,
Fitch, the same as Vetch, q. v. shameful; with suffix -ous. - L. )lagitium,
Fitchet, Fitchew, a pole-cat. (F. - a d isgraceful act; cf. L.)liigitiire, to act
M . Du.) FitchclU is from Picardjicheux, with violence. Perhaps allied to Flagrant.
M. F.fissatt, a poleeat; older form,jissd. l'lagOn. (F. - Late L. ) O. F. )lacon,
- M. Du. fose, a polecat; from the smell. another form of )lascon. - Late L. )lasca-
Cf. Icel. jtsa, to make a smell. nUll, ace. of }lasco, a flask. - Late L.
Fit., son. (A. F. -L.) Formerly fiz )lasca, a flask. See Fla.sk.
(with z as ts).-A. F.jiz (with z as Is ) ; l'Iagrant,glaring,ns a fault. (F.-L.)
also O. F.jilz,jils.-L.jtlius, a son. O. F . .flagrant, properly burning. - L.
Five. (E.) M. E. jif; sometimes jiue, )lagrant-, stem of pres. pt. of )lagriire, to
as a plural. A. S. fif (for *jimf ). + Du. bUID.+Gk. <!>"f'YflV, to bum; Sk. bl:riij.
vi;f, Dan. Swed. fem, Icel. jimm, Goth. (.vBHLEG. ) Brugm. i. § 539 (2).
jim/. G. funl; W. pump, O. Ir. coic, L. Flail. (L.) M. E. )li~/, )leJI, )lei!.
qUi'lque, Lith. pmkl, Gk. l1fVTE (JEol. [Later,)laye/ (from O. F.)lai/>F.)ltau).]
l1/Jll1'), Skt. jaflcha. Idg. type ·pen'le. From L. )lagellum, a whip, in 'Late L.,
Dar. jif-th, A. S.fifta; jij?em, A. S.JT/- a flail; dimin. of)lagrum, a scourge. See
tine; jif-ty, A. S.ft/tig. Flagellate.
I'iz. (F.-L.) O. F. jix, fixed. - L. l'la.ke, a thin slice. (Scand.) Norw.
jixus, fixed; pp. ofjtgere, to fix. flak, a slice, an ice-floe; cf. Icel. )lakna,
Fizz. (Scand.) Imitative; cf. Ice!. )lagna, to flake off, Swed. }laga, a flake.
jtsa, Dan.jise, with the sense of L.peder~. Perhaps allied to Flay.
l'labby j weakened form of)lappy; see l'lambeau. (F. - L. ) F. )lamloeau, a
Flap. Cf. Low G .)labbe, a hanging lip; torch; dimin. of O. F. )la1llb~ (bel ow).
jlabbsig, flabby (Danneil). flame, sb. ( F. - L. ) O. F . )lame,
l'laccid. (F. - L. ) F. Jlaccide. - L . )lamme; also flambe . - L. Jlamma \*)lag-
}laccidus , limp. - L. )laccttS, fla bby. ma ?), a flame; perhaps from the base
l'la.g ( I ), to droop, grow weary. (E.) )lag-, to bum. See Flagrant.
Weakened form of )lack, to hang loosely; l'lamen. (L. ) L. )lii11len, a priest of
M. E. )lakken, to flap about. From the R ome. Prob. for *)lag- mm, he who
base )lac- of A. S. )lac· or, fl ying, roving. hums the sacrifice; cf. )lagrare, to bum.
+Ic.el. )lakka, to rove ; )laka, to flap; Or else allied to Goth. "lotan, to sacrifice.
)ldkra,. jiogra, Dan. )lagre, to flutter; C. l'lamingo. (Span. - Provo - L.) Span.
)lackern , to flutter. All from the imitative flamenco, a flamingo; but said to be a
base )lak-, allied to )lap, flicker. And Provens:al word; the Provo form is
partly from,o. F.Jlaquir, to be limp; from Jlam~nc, where the suffix -enc is supposed
O. F.Jlaqtle, limp, L.)laccus. to be an adaptati on of the Tent. suffix
fla,g ( 2), an ensign. (Scand.1) Dan . -it/g. The F .form is)la11lant, lit. ' flaming,'
)lag, Swed. flagg, a flag; from base of but it seems to have been confused with F.
Icel.)logra, to flutter (above). Flamand, a Flemi"g, whence the peculiar
flag (3) , a reed; the same word as)lag form of the Provo form may have arisen;
(2) ; trom its waving in the wind. Palsgrave has ' Flemmyng, )laIll11la1lt.'
18 7
 FLANGE FLEDGE
Still, the etymology is certainly from L. Fla.unt, to display ostentatiously.
jlalllllltl , a flame; from the flame· like (Unknown. ) It seems to have been par-
col our of the bird. ticularly used of the display of fluttering
Fla.nge, a projecting rim. (F.- Teut.) plumes, &c. Of unknown origin; most
The same as prov o E.jland" a projection; words in -atmt are French. Somewhat
d . jland, in heraldry, an ordinary on each similar is Swed. dial. jlankt, flutteringly,
side (or flan k) of the shield. - O. F. jlanehe loosely, from jlanka, to waver; perhaps
(A F.jlanke\, fern. sb. allied to F.jlaJu, allied to jlaMa, to waver, answering to
~ id e. See belolv. I Yr. E.jlakken: see Flag ( r).
flank, the side. (F.-Teut.) M.E. I Flavour. (¥. - L .) The form seems
jlalle. - F. jlane, side. - O. H. G . Man e"a, to have been influenced by that of the
lanka, hip, bend , loin; d. Mid. Dn. 'de word savour. O. Lowl. Sc. jlewoure,
Laneke, t he flancks;' Hexham. Allied jle7.oer. - O. F. jleur, jleiur, jlattr, smell.
to A. S. Mane, slender ; see Lank. (Dis- C I. Ital. fiatore, a bad odour; answering
puted; but probable; see Kluge, S. V . to Late L. acc. *jliitorem. - L. jliitus, pp.
Gelmk.) ofjlare, to blow. (Korting, § 3316. )
Flannel. (W .) Provo E. jlannen, a Flaw, a crack. (Scand.) M. E. jlawe.
bell er form. - \"1. g1.Olanen, fl annel , from - Swed. jlaga, a crack, flaw, also a flake;
gwlan, wool. All ied to Wool. see Flake. Cf. provo E. jlaw, a flake
Flap, to beat with the wings. (E. ) (as of snow); also, a gust of wind , like
M. E. jlappm, to beat; not in A. S. Du. vlaag.
E. Fries.jlappm. Imitative ; likejlaek, to Flawn, akind of custard. (F. -O.H G.)
beat; see FIl\g ( I '. + Du.jlappm, to flap . M . E.jlamt. - F.jlan, O. F.jla01t, a f1awn;
Der. jlablry ,f1appy) ; jlap, sb . (cf. Span. jlaon, Ita\. fiadone ). - 0. H. G.
Flare; see below. .flado, a broad flat cake; G. jladeJt.
Flash, to blaze. (E .) M. E. jlase"m, Allied to Gr. ,,"aT';~ , broad .
to dash ; cf. Swed. dial. jlasa, to burn Flax, a plant. I E. ) A . S. jleax. + Du.
violently; Icel.jlasa , to rush, jlas, a swift vIas, G . jladLS. Perhaps all ied to Goth.
rushing. jlall-ta , a plaiting, Gk. ""'''-<lV , to weave.
flare. \Scand .) Norweg. jlara, to Flay, to stri p off skin. ( E. ) M. E .
blaze; apparently a variant of Swed. dial. l· jlea1l . A. S. jlean, to Ilay. + lcel. jlii, pt .
.flasa (above). t . jlo, pp. jlegill1l. T eut. type *jla"an-
Flask. (Late L. '1 ) A . S. jlaue, J1axe; i ( pt. t. *jlol,) , to strike. Cognate with L ith.
\V ~ also find Icel.Jlaska, Dan.jlaske, Swt!d . . p laki!, 1 strike; cf. Lat. p l{iga, a stroke .
.flaska, G.jlaselle; but it is hardly a Tcut. See Plague. 13rugm. i. § 569.
word. - Late L. jlasca, a fla sk; cf. also Flea. (E.) M. E.jl~e, pl..fiem. A. S.
W.J1lasg , Gael.jlasl[ (from E. 1- Remoter jlea", a flea. + Du. vloo, Icel. .fio, G. jloll.
origin uncertain. See Flagon. Tent. base *jlaull -, or perhaps *fIatt".,
Fla.t. (Scand.) M. E. jlat. - Icel. jlatr, allied to the vcrb to.flee . See Flee.
Swed. flat, Dan. jlad. Fleam, a kind oflancet. (F. -L. - Gk .)
Fla.tter. (F. - Teut.; or Eo ) M. E. O. F. jlieme, F. jlamme, a fleam; Hamil ·
.fiaterell, a frequentative form. Either, ton. - Late L. jletoma, a lancet (Vocab.
with suffix -e,--, from O. F .. flat- cr, mod. F . 400. It ) ; shortened from Latc L. jlevo-
jlatter, to flatter; or formed from an E. tOlJlum, pMeboto1ltlt1Jl, a lancet. - Gk.
base J1at-, of imitative origin; cf. M. Du. </,"<{JoT6p.ov, a lancet. - Gk . <f>"<{Jo-, dec!.
.fiatt<frm. to flatter (H exham ) from O. F. stem of <f>"'''', a vein; TOP.- , o-grade of
.fiater, which is from Icel.jlat·r, flat; from Tlp.v<lV, to cut. Hence also M. H. G.
the notion of making smooth. Cf. the base jliedeme, G.jliete, Du. vlijm, a Aeam .
.flak-, seen in M. SlVed . .fieekra., to flatter, Fleck, a spot. tScand . ) M. E. jlek. -
SweeJ. dial. jleka, to caress; also M. E . Icel. .fiekkr, a spot; jlekka, to stain; Swed .
.flakkm , to move to and fro, and G. jlac/t, jliick, a spot. + Du. vlek, G.jleek .
flat; see Flag ( I ) . The sb. jlattery is Flection; see Flexible.
plainly adapted from O. F. jlaterie, F. Fledge, to be furnished with feathers.
jlat/erie. (E.) The pp. jledged is now used in the
Flatulent, windy. (F . -L.) M. F.jla- place of M. E. jlegge, adj. , ready to fl y.
tlllmt. _ Late L. jlatu/mtus. _ L. jlatus, Flegge is a Kentish form of M. E. jlygge,
breath. -L. jilin, to blow ; sec Blow ( I ). ready to By. From A. S. *jlycge; found
ISS
 FLEE FLIPPANT
in the compound zmjlycge, as in' inplumes, jlexibilis, easily bent. - L. jlexus, pp. of
nnfligge,' Academy, 2 June, x894 (Napier). jleclere, to bend. D er. in jlexible.
E. Fries. jliigge. + Du. vlug (M. Du. :8.ection, a bending . eL. l Better
vlugge) ; O . H . G. jlucchi. Tent. type jlexion ; from L. ace. jle.riihulIl, a bend-
*jlugjoz, adj.; from *jlug-, weak grade of ing. - L. jlexus , pp. of jlectere. So also
*jleugan-, to fly . See Fly. jlex-or,jlex-tt.-e. (Cf. F.jlexi01I. )
Flee, to escape. (E. ) M. E .jlem, pt. t. Flick, a light hlow. (E. ) Imitative;
jleh ,jleih . [The M. E. pt. t. also appears cf.jlip. E. Frics.jlik, a flick; jlikjlakkm,
as jledde, whence mod . E. jled, of Scand . to strike lightl y.
origin.] A. S.jle011 (pt. t.jleah).+ O. Sax. Flicker, to flu tter. (E.) M.Ejlikerm.
jliohan, G. jliehen; also I ce! . jljija ( pt. t. - A. S .jlicoria11, to flutter. Imitative; a
jlo, also jljiJa ) ; Swed. jly (pt. t. jl)'dde) ; weakened form ofjlacker, frequent. of M. E.
Goth. thliuhan. Teut. type *tllieuhan- jlakkm, to flap about. Cf. A. S. jlacor,
(pt. t. t/dauh ) ; so thatjlwas orig. thl, and adj., flying; G.jlackern, to flutter. See
there was 110 orig. connexion with the Flag ( x) .
verb to jly. which has from an early date Flight, act of fl ying. (E. ) A. S.jlyht,
been con fu sed with it. allied to jlyge , fligbt. + S wed . jlykt, G.
Fleece. (E.) M. E.jlees. A. S.jleos, jlucht, Du. v!ucht. Teut. *jlttllti- ; from
earlierjlius; alsojljs. + Du. vlies, M.H.G. jlug-, weak grade of *j!wgan-, to fly. See
vljlls; cf. G.jliess; also G.jlalls, a woollen F ly.
coat, M. H. G. vliis, a sheep-sk in. Tent. Flimsy, weak , slight. ( E. ) Modern;
stems *jleusi-, *j!euso-, jliiso-; possibly first recorded in 170 2 (Kersey). Prob.
allied to L.plii·ma. See Plume. imitative, and suggested byjilm; note E.
Fleer, to mock. (Scand.) M. E. Fries.jlem,jlim, a fi lm; Dan. d ial.jle1Jls,
jlerim. - Norw. jlira, to titter, giggle; jlims, a skim on milk . 'For the en ding,
also spelt jlisa; Dan. dial. jli,'e, to jeer; d. tipsy, bumpsy; also limps)" given by
Swed jlissa, to titter. Webster as a U. S. synonym of jlimsy' ;
Fleet ( I ), a nnmber of sh ips. (E.) N. E. D.
M. E. jlete, jleote. A S.jleot, a ship; or Flinch. (F. - Tent. 1) XVI cent. -
(collectively) a number of ships. - A. S. O. F. jlmchir, jlainchir, jlecltir, to turn
./flotan, to float. + O. Sax. jliotan, Du. aside , bend. Of unknown origin ; perhaps
vlieten, to flow; O. H. G . jliozzan, to from O . H . G. *hlmca'l, answering to G.
float, flow, G. jliessell, to flow ; Ice!. lenke1t, to turn, bend. The G. lenke11 is
jlfti1a, Swed. jlyta, Dan. jlyde. Teut. from O. H . G . Ma1tea , the side (Kluge) ;
*j!eulan- ( pt. t. jlaut, pp. jlutanoz) ; Idg. see F lank, Flange. ~ The initia l Jl
base *pleud, as in Lith. pliidis, a float of would then be accounted for precisely as
a fishing-net. (-v'PLEU. ) Cf. Gk . 1TAEfLV, in the case ofjlank, viz. from O. H. G. M.
to sail, Skt. pitt, prtt, to swim , float, Cf. L ink (1).
flow. Fling. (Scand.) Cf. Swed. jliillga, to
:8.eet (2) , a creek . (E.) A. S. jleot, a use violent action, romp, race aLollt; i
creek, a place where water flows; jleote, jlii1tg, at fu ll speed (taking olle's fling ) ;
a st ream . - A. S. jleotan, to float , swim ; M. Swed. jlmga , to strike; Ice!.jleugja ,
see F leet ( 1). Cf. O. F ries. jlet, stream. to whip; Dan. jlmge, to slash; i jlmg,
:8.eet (3), swift. (E.) Cf. A. S .jliotig , indiscriminately. Th ese forms presuppose
swift; Ice!. jljotr, swift. From the ver b; a strong verb *jlil1go , which the E. form
see Fleet ( 1). perhaps represents.
:8.eet (4), vb., to move swiftly. ( E.) Flint. (E. ) A . S. jli1It. + Dan . jli1tt;
From A. S.jleotan; see Fleet (1 ). Swed. jli1tta. Perhaps cognate with Gk.
Flesh. (E.) M. E./leseh . A. S. jlrfse, 1TA'v6o~, a brick . l:Irllgm. i. §§ 5i5, 704-
+
A e~h . Ice!. jlesk; bacoll ; Dan . jlesk, Flip ( I ) , vb. , to fill ip, jerk light ly. (E. )
Sweet jliisJ:, bacon; Du. vlusrh; G . Of imitative origin, likejlick. C[ Flap.
jleisch . Teut. type *j!aiskoz, n. Flip (2), a mixture of l>eer and spirit
Fleur-de-lis, tl ower of the lily. with sugar, heated. (E.) Prob. fromjlip,
( F. - L. ) O.F.jleur de lis. Here lis= to beat up. Moisy (D iet. of Norman
Late L. liliw , corrupt form of L. lilium, patois) spells it phlippe, as if from F.
a lily; see Flower anel Lily. P hilippe; but wrongly.
Flezible. (F. - 1.. ) M. F. Jlexible. - L. Flippa.nt. (Scanel.) FlipjJant is for
x89
 FLIRT FLOUNDER
fiippmld, the North. M. E. pres. pt.; jlip· jloralis, belonging to Flora, goddess of
pa1ld = prattling, saucy. Or else, the suffix Rowers. - L. jlor-, as the stem of jlos,
·allt imitates the French (heraldic) suffix a flower j cf. jlorere, to Rourish, allied to
in ramp-a'lt,&c. Cf. provoE.jlip, nimble, Blow \2 ) and Bloom.
fli ppant j from the base jlip-, as in Icel. 1l0nd. (L.) L. jloridus, lit. abound-
jleipa, to prattle j Swed. dial. jlepa, to ing with flowers j hence, rosy. - L. jlori-,
talk nonsense j cr. Swed. dial.jllp, the lip. decl. stem ofjlos, a fl ower (above).
Flirt. (E.) Often writtenjlurt, mean- 1l0rin, a coin. (F. -ltal.-L.) M. E.
ing to mock , gibe, scorn; the oldest sense jlorell (aboot A. D. 1303). - 0. F.jlori1I, a
of jlirt was to jerk lightly away. Of fl orin. - I tal. fiorillO (=jlorino), a coin of
imitative origin j cf. jlip, jlick. So also Florence, so called because it bore a lily,
E. Fries.jlirr,jlirt, a light blow j jlirtje, the symbol of that town. - Ital. fiore, a
a giddy girl. flower. - L.jlorem, acc. ofjlos, a flower.
Flit, to remove from place to place. 1l0scule. (L.) L. jloreulus, a little
(Scane!.) M. E. jlitlm. - Icel. jlytjll , to Rower j double dimin. of jlos.
~use to flit j Swed. jlytta, to flit, remove; Floss, rough silk j as in jloss-silk.
Dan. jlytte j causal of Icel. jljota, Swed. (F. - L.) From M. F. jlosclll! j Cot. has:
jly/a, Dan.jlyde, to Roat. See Fleet ( I ), 'soye jlosche, sleave silke.' [So also Ital.
Float. jloscio, Venetian flosso, soft, weak j jloscia
Flitch, side of bacon. (E. ) M. E. seta, fl oss-silk.] An adj . formation from
jlicche. A. S.jlieee. +lcei. jlikki, a flitch; O. F.jlocher, to form into' flocks' or tufts.
jlik, a Rap, tatter. Perhaps allied to G. - F.jloe j see Flock (2) .
jlick-, a patch j and to E. Fleck. Flotilla. (Span. - T eut. ) Span. jlo-
1'10at, to swim on a liquid surface. tilla, a little fleet ; dim in. ofjlo/a, a Reet,
(E.) M. E. jlo/en, jlotien. A . 9. jlotiall . cognate with O. F. jlote, a fl eet of ships,
+Icel.jlota, Du. vloltm . Teut. *.flutojan-, a crowd of people. This O. F.jlote (fern.),
wk. vb. j from *jIut-, weak grade of *jIeu- F.jlotte (whence G.jlotte) is from a Teut.
tall', to float, whence mod. E. jleet. See source; cr. Du. vloot, Icel. jlo/i, a Reet,
Fleet ( I) . ~ Confused with F. jlotter A. S.jlota, a ship. From the base *.flut- j
(0. F. jlo/er), to float, from the same see Float. Cf. M. E.jlote, a Reet. (Kiir-
Teut. base *jIut-. ting, § 3349.)
1'10ck ( I ).' a company of sheer, &c. 1l0tsam, goods lost in shipwreck, and
(E .) M. E.jlok. A. S.jlocc. +lcel.jlokkr, Roating on the waves. (Law F.-E.) An
Dan.jlok, Swed .jlock. A. F. law-term, formerly jlotson (Blount).
1'10ck (2) , a lock of wool. (F . -L.) A. F. jlo/cson; O . F. jlo/aison, a flooding
O. F . jloe. - L. jloccus, a lock of wool. of fields (Godefroy). - Low L. type *.flot-
1'10e, a flake of ice. (Dan.) Dan. tiitio1zem, from *jIottiire, to float, to fl ood
jlage j as in iisjlage, an ice-Roe, lit. 'ice· (F. jlotter). From the Teut. base *.flut- (as
fl ake.' Cf. Norw. isJlak, isJlok, the same. above). Cf. .Jetsam.
See Flake. 1'10unce ( 1), to plunge about . (E.)
1'10g, to beat. (L.?) A late word j and Cf. Swed. dia l. and M. Swed. jluma, to
(in 1676 ) a cant term . C f. jlack j or pro- plunge. Of imitative origin.
bably suggested by 'pagellate, q. v. Cf. Flounce ( 2), a plaited border on a
L ow G.jlogger, a Rair, variant of G.jlegel, dress. (F. -L.?) Changed from M. E.
a flail, from Late L.jlagellum, a flail; see .frounee, a plait. - O. F ..fronser,.froncer, to
Flail. gather, plait, wrinkle j .fromer le.front, to
1'100d. (E.) A. S. jlOd, a flood j from knit or wrinkle the forehead. Prob. from
jliiwan, to flow. + Du. vloed, Icel. jlolJ, Late L. *./rontiiire, not found, but regu-
Swed. Dan. jlod, Goth. jlM"s, a river, G. larly formen from .fronti, dec!. stem of
jluth. Teut. *jIo-lJuz, act of flowing , also .from. forehead j see Front. (K iirting,
a Rood j from Teut. base *.flo- j see Flow. § 3477. )
Floor. (E.) A. S. jlor .+Dn. vloer, G . Flounder (1) , to flounce about. (E.)
jlur. Teut. *.flOruz j cognate with W. XVI cent. An imitative word j perhaps
Ilawr, Uret. leur, Irish lar. I dg. ·plarus, suggested by jlounce ( 1) and jlood. Cf.
a floor; from ·pla-, to spread out, whence Du. jlodderm, to dan gle, flap, splash
also L. pia-nus, plain. See Plain. through mire j Swed.jladdra, to flutter.
1'10ral, pertaiuing to flowers. (L.) L. Flounder (2) , a fish. (F.-Scand.)
190
 FLOUR FLY
A.F. floundre . -O. F. jlondre (in N or- meal boiled and jellied. Cf. W. llymus ,
mandy).-Swed. flundm, Dan. flynder, shnrp, tnrt.
Ice!.fly6ra; E. ~· ries.flullder. Flunkey, a footman. (F. - O . H . G.)
Flour, finer part of meal. (F. ~L.) Modem . Low!. Sc. flunkie, a servant in
Short for' flower of wheat.' - F. fleur, li very. Apparently fwm F. flanqmur, a
short forjleur dcfa rine, fl our; see Flower scout (see Flanker in N . E. n.). - F. jlan-
below (which is a doublet). quer, ' to flank, to be at one's elbow for
flourish, vb. (F. -L. ) M. E. jloris- a hel p at need; ' Cot . - F. jlanc, side;
shm - 0. F. jloriss-, stem of pres. pt. of see Flonk.
flori,., to flou rish . - Folk·L. jlori,'c, for Fluor, Fluor-spa.r, 'a mineral. (L.)
L. jloren, to blossom ; cf. L. jloresare, The L. jluor , lit. a tlo \\ing) was fonnerly
i ncepti ve fo rm ofjlo,·ere. See Floral. in use ns a tum in alchemy and cbemistry .
Flout, to mock . (F.) Prob. from M. E. - l..jlllere, to flow .
floutm, to play the tl ute. Similarly, M. Du. Flurry, hurry. (E .) Swift hasjlurry,
jluytm (D u. flu iten ), to pby the flute, a gust of wind. From jlun, to whirr
also had once the meaning' to mock, jeer'; (N. E. D. ). I mitative; cr. Swed. dial.
Oudemans. See Flute. flurig, disordered (as hair) ; jlu,', dis-
Flow, to stream. (E.) M. E. flowen ; ordered hair , whim ; Norweg. jlumtt,
A . S.jlowall , pt. t.jleow ; cf. Du. vloeijm, shaj:.:gy, disordered. And cf. E.jlutter. ··
to flow; Icel.jloa, to fl ood. Teut. base Flush ( I ) , to inundate. (E .) Appa-
*jio.; cognate with Gk . 1T,,"WflV , to fl oa t. ren tly of imitative origin; cf. flush , to fly
See Flood. up quick ly (N. E. D.). Perhaps influenced
Flower, sb. (F. - L. ) M . E. jlour. - by J<·. flux, 'a flow ing, a flux; also, ajlusll
O. F . jlour (F. flellr ). - L. jlorelll, acc. of at cares; ' Cot. See Flux. Cfjlwcll, a
flos, a flower. See Floral. pool of water (G . Dmlglas) ; M. Du .jluy·
Fluctuate, to waver. (L. ) From pp. sm, to gllSh or break out violently (H e)C.
of jludulin, to float about. - L. jluetttS, a ham ) ; Dan. di al. jluse, to gush out.
wave. -L. flu ctllS, old pp. of fluere, to Flush ( 2), to blusb , to redden . (E.)
1I 0w. XVIII cent. Perhaps thesame ns Flush ( I) ,
Flue ( I ~ , a chimney-pipe . (F. - L. 1) but much influenced by Flash. Cf Swed.
Of doubtful origin . [Flue, in Phaer's dial. jlossa. to bum, flare; Norwtg. jlosa,
Virgil, x. 209, is prob. a misprint for passion , whemence . And see Fluster.
flute.] Prob. from M. E. flum , to fl ow, Flush (3) , level. (E. 1) This is a
as the p ipe conducts the fl ow of the sm oke; derived sense; it mean t in full 1I0w ,
'To flu e, jluere ,' Cath. Angl. - F. jluer, abundantly full; hence, level. From
'to Row, glide; ' Cot. - L. flu ere, to flow. Flush ( I) .
Flue ( 2), light, floating down. (E. 1) Fluster, to heat with drinking , con -
Cr. provo E. jluff, lI ue. Perhaps a de ri· fu se. (Scanel.) l cel. jlaustra, to be flus -
vative of the verb Fly (cf. A. S. pt. t. pI. tered; jlllustr, lIuster, hurry ; cf. E. Fries.
flttg.ont We find LolV G.jlo.'{, E. Fries. jliistern,jlustern, to nlstle (as wind). Cf.
jliig, jlog, lIue ; cf. G.jlug, Right. Flush (2) and Flash.
Fluent. (L. ) From stem of pres. pt. Flute, a musical pipe. (F.) M . E.
of L.l..uere, to Row. . flowte, jloite . - O. F.jla1lte ,fleute,jlahute,
flmd. (F. - L. ) O. F. fllltde. - L. fle/ztlte, a Rute (mod. F. jllt/e). Provo
fluidus , flowing. - L.jluert , to fl ow. jlattta. Of uncertain origin. Th ejl may
Fluke ( I ), a fish. (E. ) M. E. jloke, have been suggested by L.jliire, to blow.
jluke. A. S. jloe, a kind of plaice +I cel. Flutter, to fl ap the wings. (E.) M. E .
floki, a kind of halibut. Lit. ' Ra t' tish. jloterm , to lIu ctuate. A. S. jlotorian , to
The base *jioc· is the strong grade of T eut. Roat a bout; cf. A. S. flot , the sea; jlo/a,
*jiac. , as seen in G.flach, Rat. a ship. - A . S. jlot- , stem of jlot-m, pp. of
Fluke ( 2) , part of an anchor. (E.?) jleotan, to 1I0at. Cf. E. Fries. jlt/ltem.
Also spcltjlook . Perhaps' the flat' end; Flux. (F . - L.) O . F. jlux, a flux . -
and the same word as jluke (1). Appa- L. fliixum, ace. of jlt/xus, a fl owing;
rently distinct from G.jlunke, the hook of from the pp. ofjlu en , to flow.
an anch or. Fly ( I), to Roat in air. (E. ) M. E .
Flummery, a light food. ( W. ) W. jlejC1: ,fli,etz. A. S.jllogall; pt. t . fleah;
llymru , llymruwd, flummery, sour oat· pp.flogen .+ Du . v/iegm, Ic pl.Jljiiga, Dan.
19 1
 FLY FOLLOW
j!yve, Swed. jiyga, G. jiiegm. Teut. type (F. -L.) M. F. {mille, a leaf, • also the
"Jieugr:n-. Cf. L. pliima, a feather. foyle of precious stones,' Cot.; Norman
(.vPLEUGH.) Not allied to Flee. Der. foille, fern.; cf. Ital. foglia, Span. hoja,
jiy, an insect, A. S. jieoge,jifge; G.jliege. a leaf. -L. folia, pI. of folium, a leaf;
Ply (l), a vehicle. (I<:.) A name given afterwards used as a fern . sing. See
to a kind of four-wheeled vehicle drawn Foliage. Also O. F. flleil,foil, m.; from
by men at Brighton, in 1816. Calledjiy- L.folium.
coach in 1818 (Scott, Heart MidI. ch. I ). Foin, to thrust with a sword. (F.-L.)
Fromjiy, vb. See above. Obsolete. Lit. • to thrust with an eel-
Foal. (E.) M. E.fole, A. S.fola.+Dn. spear or trident.' -0. F. foine, foisne, an
veulm, Icel. foli, Dan. fole , Swed. fl1le, eel-spear. - L . fu schza, a trident, the
Goth. fil la, G. fohlen. T ent. *./ulon .. weapon used by a retiiirittS, or gladiator
Cognate with L. pullus, young of an with a net.
animal; Gk. ""'AO~. FoisOD, plenty. (F.-L. ) O. F.fois01I,
Foa.m. (E.) M. E. fome. A. S. /tim. abundance. - Folk-L. fi'tsionem, for L.
+Prov. G. faim; O. H. G. feim . Teut. (usionem, acc. of fusio, a pouring out,
*[ailllo-. Cognate with Russ. pima, foam; hence profusion. - L.fiisus, pp. offunder.!,
Skt. phina, foam; and prob. with Lat. to pour. See Fuse.
s)n'ma (for ·spoima), foam , and Lat. pzj- Foist, to palm or put off, to intrude
11lex, pumice. Allied to Spume. surreptitiously. (Du.) XVI cent. - D".
Fob, watch-pocket. (0 . Low G.) An vuisten, to tak~ jn the fist or hand; sce
O. Low G. word, only preserved in the N. E. D. (Low G: viisten, to take in the
cognate H. G. (Prussian)fuppe, a pocket; hand); hence , to • palm' a die, to cheat.
for which see Bremen Wort. i. 437. - Du. vllist, fi st; see Fist.
Focus, a point where light-rays meet. Fold ( I), to double together. ( E.) M. E.
(L.) L . foms, a hearth; hence, a centre f oltim, O. Mere. falda1t, A. S . ftaldan (pt.
of fire. t.flold), to fold.+Dan.folde, Swed.fdln
Fodder, food for cattle. (E). M. E. (=falda ), Icel. falda , Goth. falthan . G .
fodder. A. S. fodor, flddor; extended falten. Teut. type "'/altn.a1t-. Allied to Gk.
form offMa, food.+Du . voeder, Icel.foeYr, a'-"Aau,os, doubled; "AaUUE'V, to form,
]i)an. Swed. foder, G.ft~tfer. Teut. type mould. See Plaster. Der. fold, sb.,
*[Odrom. neut. Allied to Food, q: v. . a plait; -fold, suffix, as in two-fold, &c. ,
Foe. (E.) M.E. foo. A.S.jizh, adj. Fold (2 ), a pen for sheep. (E.) A.!:i.
hostile. Teut. type *faihoz; Idg. *poiqos fald, also falod, falud. Not connected
(whence Irish oech , a foe, with loss of with f old ( I ) , but with Dan. fold, a sheep-
P). From the weak grade *piq. we have pen; Du. vaalt, a dung-pit; Low G.faal.
Gk. "'Kp6s, bitter, Lith. piktas, unkind. I'olia.ge, a duster of leaves. (F. - L.)
Brngm. i. § 646. Modified from M. F.fueillage, from M. F.
I'aetus ; see Fetus. fueille , a leaf. - L. folia, pI. of folium , a
Fog. (E.) In several senses; M. E. leaf; used as fern. sing. + Gk. </>{,UOV,
fogge is • coarse grass'; hence foggy, leaf. Cf. Foil (2).
mossy, boggy, murky (whence perhaps folio. (L.) From the L. phr. i1tfOlio,
the sb. fog, a mist). Origin unknown; cf. where folio is the abl. of folium, a leaf,
Dan. fog, as in snee-fog, a blinding fall sheet.
of snow, fygt, to drift (as snow); but Folk, a crowd of people. (E. ) A. S.
there is no clear connexion. folc.+lcel. folk, Dan. Swed. folk ; Du. G .
Foible, a weak point in character. volk. Teut. t ype >folkom, neut. ~ Lithuan.
(F.-L ) O. F. foibl~, F . faible, weak, pllikas, a crowd, Russ. polk', an army,
feeble; see Feeble. were probably borrowed (at an early date)
Foil ( I), to defeat. (F.-L.) M. E. from T elltonic.
foylen, to trample under foot. - O. F. Follicle, seed-vessel. (F . - L. ) F.
fo~~ler, to trample on, al so to oppress, follicule, little bag. _ L. folliClllus, double
fOIl, over-charge extremely (Cot.) . -Late dimin. off ollis, a bag.
L.fulliire, foltire, to full cloth; see Full Follow. (E.) M. E. folwen . A. S.
(3)· Der. foil, a blunt sword, for practice folgian , also fylgan, weak \'erb, to follow.
in foiling, i. e. parrying ; foil, a defeat. + 0. Fries. folgia, fulia, O. Sax. folgm,
Foil I. ~), a set-off, as in setting a gem. Du. volgen; Icel.fyl.fja, Dan . folge, Swed.
19 l
 FOLLY FORBEAR
fllja; G. folgen. We also find A. S.ful. ped-is); Gk . ..OV~ (JEolic If&ls), foot (gen.
gangan, (pt. t. ful-iode), with the same ..o~·6~), Iff'cS~ (="f6y6~) , on foot; ~kt.
sense, bnt derived from A. S.ful, full, and pad, a foot (gen. pad-as). Cf. Fetter,
gangan, to go; and, in like manner, Fetlock, Fetch. Brugm. i. § 578.
O. H. G. follegan. Henee the orig. sense Pooty, paltry, mean. (E.) A variant
was, perhaps, 'to go in full numbers,' to offoughry,musty(N.E.D.). Orig.'damp;'
go in a crowd, to accompany; and it is a from A. S.fuht, damp, with suffix -y.+Du.
derivative of Teut. *julloz, full. See Full. voehtig, damp; Swed .fuRtig, Dan.fugtig.
Cf. A. S. fylstan. to assist, fultum, assis- Cf. G.feueht, O. H. G. fuhti,fuht. From
tance; also from A. s. full. a Teut. type *juhtuz, damp; from Teut.
Polb'. (F.-L.) M. E. folye.-O. F. base *jeuR, as iu Icel. /juka, to drift as
folie,f01Iy.-0.Ffol,foolish. SeeFool ( I ). snow or dust, whence also Norw. fUR,
Poment. (F.-L.) M. F.fomenter. - vapour (Franck).
L. fomentiire .-L. fomentttm, short for POp, a coxcomb. (E.) M. E. fop, a
*jouimentum, a warm application, lotion. fool. Cf. Du. foppen, to prate, cheat;
-L.fouere, to warm. fopper, a wag; fopperij, cheating (=E.
Pond, foolish. (E.) M.E.fond, more foppery). Cf.fobif,todelude (Johnson).
commonly fonn-ed, pp. of fonnen, to be Por (I ), prep. and conj. (E.) Orig.
weak, to act as a fool; from the M. E. sb. a prep. A. S. for, fore, before, for; see
fon, fonne, a fool. The sb. answers to Fore.+Du. vooy, Ice!. fyrir, Dan. for,
O. Fries. famne, fomne, Fries. fone (see Swed. for, G. fur. Cf. L pro, for; Gk.
Hettema), E. Fries.fone,fOn, a maid, girl, -rrpO, before, Ifapa, near.
weakling, simpletou (see ~oolman) . All Por- (2),prefix. (E.) For- has usually
allied to A. S. fiimne, a virgin. Der. an intensive force, or preserves something
fand-Ie, vb. of the seuse of from, to which it is related.
Pont (I), basin of water. (L.) A. S. (Quite distinct from fore-, though 11lti-
font. -L fontem, acc. of fons, a fount. matelyallied to it.) A. S.for-; reel.for-,
See Fount. Dan.for-, Swed. jor-, Du. ver-, G. ver-,
Pont (2 ),Pount,an assortment oftypes. Goth. fra-, fair-, Skt. para-. The Skt.
(F. -L.) F.fonle, a casting of metals. - para is an old instrumental sing. ofpara-,
F.fandre, to melt. See Found (2). far;, perha'ps the orig. sense was .' away'
Pood. (E.) M. E. fode. A. S. filda, or forth. Der. for-bear, for.bid, for-
what one eats. The A. S. fod- is the fenti,for-go (misspeltfore-go),for-get.for-
st-l'ong grade of the base *jad, corresponding give, for-lorn, for-sake, for-swear; see
to Gk. 1raT- in -rraT-EfUIlC1.l, to feed. From Bear, Bid, &c.
the Idg. root Iii-, to feed, whence L . pa- Por- (3),prefix. (F.-L.) Only infor-
nis, bread, pa-bulum, food, and pa-seere, dose (misspelt foredose), for-/eit, which
to feed. See Pasture. Der.fodder; feed. see.
Pool (I), a jester. (F.-L.) M. E. jOl, Po~e, fodder, chiefly obtained by pil-
sb. and adj. O. F.fol(F.fou), afool.-L. lage. (F.-LowL.- Teut. ) M. E.forage,
follem,acc. offollis,awind-bag; pl.follis, fourage.-O . F. fourage.-O.F.forrer, to
puffed cheeks, whence the term was easily forage.-O. F:jorre (F.jeurre), fodder.-
transferred to a vain or foolish person; as Low L. jodrum, fodder. - Teut. type
in Late L . follis, a fool. Der. be-/ool. *jodrom, fodder; see Fodder.
fool (2), a dish of crushed fruit, &c. Poraminated,perforated. (L.) From
(F .-L.) From Fool (I); named like L. foriimin-, stem of foramen, a small
trifle. Florio has: 'Mantiglia, a kind hole. - L.forare, to bore; see Bore.
of clouted creame, called afoole or a trifle Poray, ~orray, a raid for foraging.
in English.' (F.-LowL.-Tent.) Foray,forrayare
fools-cap, paper so called from the old Lowl. Scotch spellings, with the sense
water-mark on it. of 'foraging expedition.' Apparently
Poot. (E.) M. E.fof,foot, pI. fetJed. coined from the M. E. forrier, forreyer,
A. S. fol, pI. fit. + Du. voet, Ice!. jOtr, a forager. - O. F. forrier, a forager;
Dan. fod, Swed. fot, Goth. jOtus, G.fuS!. from O. F·forrer, to forage; see Forage.
Tent. type *./ot (consonant-stem), corre- Porbear (I), vb. (E.) From For- (2)
sponding to Idg. type ·pOd, with the and Bear. A. S. forberan.
variants .Jed, .pod. Cf. L.pes, foot (gen. Porbear (z), ab., an ancestor. (E.)
193
 FORBID FORJUDGE
M. E. ftlrlltar (Wallace). For fore·be-tr, Forejudge (2); see Forjudge.
one who is before. See Fore and Be. Foremost. most in front. (E.) A
Forbid. (E.) From For- (2 ) and double superl., the old superl. form being
Bid ( 2). A. S.ftlrbeo~n.+Du. verbitden, misunderstood. For M.E.formest, through
Goth. faurbiudan, G. verbieten. secondary influence of most. - A.S.jormest,
Force ( I) . strength. (F.-L.) M. E. by-form of the regular fyrmest « *fur-
force , fors. - O. F. f orce. -Late L . fortia, mistoz), through the influence of A. S.
strength.-L. forti-, decl. stem offortis, forma, which is cognate with Goth.
strong; O. L.forctis. Allied to Borough. fruma, first, Gk. ."p6.p.or, ."p6p.or, first.
Brugm. i. §§ 566, 756. Cf. Fort. Further allied to Gk. "'pO, before. Brugm.
Force (2 ), to stuff fowls; see Faroe. i. § 518.
Force (3 1, Foss, waterfall. (Scand.) Forensic, belonging to law-courts.
Dan. fos, Swed. fo.·s, Icel. flrs, foss. a (L.) Coined from L. forms·is , belonging
waterfall. to the forum. - L. forum, market· place,
FODceps, pincers. eL.) L. forceps , meeting-place; orig. a vestibule or door-
orig. used for holding hot iron ; for *.for- way. Allied to L. fores, doors, and E.
miceps (Vanicek ). - L. for1ll1ls, hot; door.
caperl!, to hold. forest. (F. - L. ) O. F. forest. - Late
Fo,l-d. (E.) M. E. ford ; also fo rth. L.forestis, free space of hunting-ground;
A. SIf ord, a ford ,passage.+ G.jurt. Teut. foresta, a wood (mecHeval writers oppose
typ;{ *.furduz. From Idg. *par, weak grade the fons /is, open hunting-ground. to the
of ""PER, to go; see Fare. Allied to L. parcus, enclosed park).-L. foris, out of
por/us, a harbour, O. Welsh (p)rit, Welsh doors; adv. allied to L. foris, doors.
rhy-d, a ford, and to frith ; see Frith and Der. forest-er, also forster, foster.
Por~. Brugm. ii. § 108. Forfeit, a thing forfeited or lost by
FOfe, in front, coming first. (E.) A. S. misdeed. ( F. - L.) M. E. foifete; whence
f ore, !for, before, prep. ; fore,foran, before, foifeten, vb. - A. F. forfeit, O. F . forfait,
rt
adv. Du. voor. G. vor, Goth. faura; cf. a crime punishable by fine , a fine; also a
Ice!. fyrir, Dan. f or, Swed. for. Allied pp. of O. F.foifaire,forifaire. to trespass.
to Gk . ."apor, before; Skt. pteras, before, -Late L.foriifactum, a trespass, fine; orig.
in tron t, Skt. pura, form erly. Also to pp. (nent. ) of foriifaare, to trespass. lit.
For- ( I), prefix, q. v. Der. fO"e-arm, 'to do beyond.' - L. foris facere, to do or
-bode, -cast, -castle, -date, -father, -finger, act beyond or abroad; from foris, out
-foot , front, -go (in the sense ' to go of doors; and facere, to do. See Fore-
before only), -ground. -hand, -head, olose.
-judge. -know, -land, -lock, -man, -noon, Forfend, Forefend, to avert. (Hy-
·ordain, ·part , -rank, -ru.t, -see, -ship, brid; E. and F. ) M. E. foifmden. An
-sl/orlm , -show, -sight, -stall (A. S. fore- extraordinary compound of E. for-, prefi x,
sleall. sb. lit. 'a position In front ') , -taste, with fend, a familiar abbreviation of de-
-tell, ·thought, -token, -tooth, -top, -warn; fend. See For- (2) and Defend; also
all easily understood. Fend, F enoe.
Foreclose, to preclude, exclude. (F . - Forge. (F. -L.) O. F. forge , a work·
L.) Better spelt forclose. - O. F . forclos, shop. - Folk-L. *.fall7'ga, for *favrega
pp. of forclorre, to exclude, shut out. - (Schwan) ; for L. fabrica, a workshop.
O. F. foro, from L . foris, outside; and See Fabrio. D er.forge, vb.
dorre , to shut, from L. claudert. See Forget. (E. ) From For- (2) and
Forfeit and Close. G et. A. S. forgeta1z (E. E. T. ), fo rgita71.
ForeJo, to relinquish; see Forgo. + Du. vergeten, G. vergessen .
. ForeIgn. (F. - L. ). The g is wrongly Forgive. ( E. ) F rom For (2) and
lnse~ed . . M. E. forazne~ foreym . - O. F. Give. A. S. forgifall. + Du. vergeven, G.
foratn , alien, str_ange. - F.olk-L. *foranus; vergeben; Goth . frag-iban, to grant.
for Late L. f ora7Zcus, adj., from L.fortis, Forgo, Forego, to give up. (E.)
out of doors, adv. with acc. pI. form, allied Better f orgo. A. S. forgii11, to pass over.
toL· foris, doors; cf. L.forum, a market- From For- ( 2) and Go.
place, a?d E. d o o r . . Forjudge, to deprive of by a judge-
Forejudge ( I), to prejudge. From ment. (F. -L.) O. F.forjugier.-Low L.
Fore and Judge. forisjudj{(ire. _ L. foris, outside : and iUdi-
194
 FORK FOTHER
dire, to jUdge. See Forfeit and decl. stem of fortis, strong; peare, for
Judge. faure, to make.
Fork. (L.) A . S.forea.-L.furea, a fortitude. (F.-L.) F.fortitude.-
fork. Der. hi·fureated. L.fortitUtio, strength. - L. forti-s, strong;
Forlorn, quite lost. (E.) M . E. for- with suffix -tiido.
lorn . A. S. forl01-e1l, pp. of forllosc11l, to Forth, forward. (E.) M. E. forth.
lose utterly; from foro, prefix, and Ilosan, A. S. for}, adv.; related to fore, be-
to lose; see For- ( 2) and Lose. So also fore; see Fore. + Du. voort, from voor;
Dan.forl01·en, Du. and G. vcr/arm, simi- G. fort, M. H. G. vort, from vor; cf.
larly derived. Goth. faurthis, further, from faur.a, be-
Form. (F. - L. ) O. F. forme. - L. fore. Teut. type *fur-)o-; Idg. type *plr.
forma,shape. Brugm.ii. § 72. (""DHER.) too. See Further.
~ O. F. forme also means' a bench,' like Fortify, Fortitude; see Fort.
Kform. Der form·ula . Fortmght, two weeks. (E.) M . E .
Former, more in front. eE.) Not fourtmight; also fourten night. - M. E.
early; XII cent.; a false formation, to .fourtw, i. e. fourteen; night, old pI., i. e.
suit M . E. formest, i. e. foremost; see nights. A. S. flowertjne niht. So also
Forem08t. Formed by adding ·er to the semlight=seven night.
base form- of A. S. form.a, first, really a Fortress. (F.-L.) M. E. fortruse.
superl. form, where om· is an Idg. superl. - O. F . forteresce, fortelesce. - Late L. for-
suffix. Cf. L. pri-mus, first. talitia, a small fort. - Late L. fortis
Formic, pertaining to ants. (L.) For (domlts) , a fort; L. fortis, strong. See
formic· ic; from L.formica, an ant. Fort. Fortalice.
Formidable, causing fear. (F.-L.) Fortune. (F.-L.) O. F.fortune.-L.
F. formidable. - L. fo rmidiibilis, terrible. fortuna , chance. - L.fortu-, allied toforti-,
-L.for1llidtire, to dread; formido, fear. dec!. stem of fors, chance; .orig. 'that
Formula, a prescribed form . (L. ) L. which is brought,' or 'an event'; from
fo rmula, dimin. of forma, a form. See ferre, to bring; see Fertile.
Form. fortuitous. (L. ) L. fortuit-us,
Fornicate. (L.) From pp. of L. for- casual; with suffix -ous. - L. fortu- (as
nicari, to commit lewd ness, seek a brothel. above).
-L.fornic-, base offornix, a vault. arch, Forty; see Four.
brothel. Perhaps allied to Furna.ce; cf. Forward. (E.) M. E.forward. A. S .
O. L. fo rnus, L. furntts, an oven (of foreweard, adj.-A.S.fore, before; ·weard,
vaulted shape). suffix ; see Toward. Der. forward-s,
Forsa.ke. (E. ) M. E. forsaken. A. S. M. E . forwardes , where -es is the suffix of
forsacan, to neglect, orig. to contend gen. case, used adverbially. And see
against, or oppose; fromfor-, prefix, and Further.
sacan, to contend, whence the E. sb. sake. Fosse. eF.-L. ) F.fosse. -L.fossa, a
See For- ( 2) and Sake. So also Swed. ditch. - L. fossa, fern. of fossus, pp. of
flrsa ka, Dan.forsage, Du. verzaken. fodue , to dig. Brugm. i. § 166.
Forsooth. (E.) M. E. for sothe, for fossil, petrified remains obtained by
a truth. A .S. for so~e; where f or = for , digging. (F.-L.) M. F. fossile, 'that
and sotJe is dat. of sotJ, truth; see Sooth. may be digged;' Cot. - L. .fossilis, dug
Forswear. (E.) From For- (2) and uE- - L..fOSS-ttS, pp. of/odere (above) .
Swear. A. S .forswerian. Fosset, a spigot; see Faucet.
Fort. (F . -L.) O. F.fort , sb., a fort ; Foster, to nourish. (E .) A. S./osl1'ian,
a peculiar use of F. fort , adj., strong. -L. vb. -A.S.fostor, nourishment; Teut. type
ace . .fort-em, from nom. fortis, strong. *fostrom, for *rod-trom, neut.; allied to
See Force. filda, food.+lcel. fostr , nursing, whence
fortalice,snlall fort. (F.-L.) O. F. fostra, to nurse ; Swed.fostra, Dan.fostre,
fortdesce; Late L. fortalitia; see For- to rear, bring up.
tre88 (below). Fother, a load, heavy mass. (E.) A.S.
forte, loud. (Ita!.-L.) ltal.forte.- fotJer.+M . Du. voeder, Du. voer; O. H . G.
L. ace. fort-em , strong (above). fuodar, G.fuder. Teut. type *fO}-rom,n.
fortify. (F. - L. ) O. F. fortifier, to From *fo)., stron, grade of *fa)-; see
make strong. - L. fortifoare. - L. forti-, Fathom.
195
 FOUL FRAME
Poul. (E.) M. E./ ott/. A . S . fiil. + Pox. (E.) A. S. lox. Du. vos, G. +
Du. vuil, I cel./"'/, Dan. /ulIl, Swed.fill, fuch s. T eut. type *juh-s-. masc. We also
Goth. fills, G. /aul. Teut. type *jii-Ioz ; tind Ice!. fla, Goth. /auho, fern. a vixen;
cf. Ice1./u-inn, rot ten. Akin to Putri d. Teut. type *juha. A connexion with Skt.
(¥ PU.) Brugm. i. § 113. puel.cllIla-, 'tail,' is doubtful. Der. vix·en.
foumart, a polecat. (E. ) M. E./ul- q. v.
mart,/ulmard ; comp o of M. E. /ul, fou l foxglove. (E. ) A.S.foxes glo/a,i.e.
(as above), and A. S. m~artJ, a marten. fox's glove; a fanciful name. Cf. N orw.
See Mar ten. rrobjol/a, a foxglove; lit. ' fox-bell.'
Pound (1) , to lay the foundati on of. Poy, a parting entertainment, by or to
(F.-L. ) M. E. /oltndm. - O.F./onder. a wayfarer. (Du.-F. ) From Du./oot'
-L./,mdare, to found. -L./tmdus, a (in Hexham,/oy, 'a banquet given by one
bottom, foundation. See Fund. Der. at parting from his frien ds ') . - F./oi, lit.
/ound-ation . fai th, from L. acc. fidem; cr. Late L.
Pound (2), to cast metals. (F.-L. ) fides, in the sense of 'payment.' (So
O. F./ondre. - L. fzmd~re, to pour, cast Franck .) But rather from F . voie, a way;
metals. (¥ GHEU. ) See Fuse (1). L. uia . Cf. Voyage.
Der./oltnd-ry , F./ond.erie. Pra.cas. (F.-Ital.-L.) F./racas, a
Pounder, to go to the bottom. (F .- crash. - F . /racasser, to shatter. - Ita!'
L. ) M. E./ou1ldrim, said of a horse fall- /racassare, to break in pieces. - lta!./ra,
ing. - O. F . /o1tdrer, chiefly in compo prep., among , and cassare, to break: (imi-
a/ondrer (obsolete), ~.ffimdre,·, to fall in tated from L. i"terrumpere). ItaJ./ra is
(still in use); orig. to sink in . - F./ond, from L. infra, below. Cassare=L. quas-
bottom. - L./ulldus, bottom. See Found sare , to shatter; see Q uash .
(1). Pra.ction. (F. - L. ) F./raction . - L.
Poundling, a deserted child . (E. ) acc . /ractiOtum, a breaking. - L./ractus,
M. E./tmdling; formed with suffi x -I-ing pp. of /rattgere, to brenk. Cognate with
from A. S. /und-, weak grade of findan, break; see Break.
to find. + Du. vondeling. See Find. fracture. (F . - L ) O. F./racture.
Pount (1), a spring. (F. -L.) Formed, - L./ractura, a breach. - L . /ractJlS, pp.
by analogy with mount, from F. /ont. - L. of/ra1Jgere, to break.
/ontem , ace. of /o,zs, a fOlmt ain. Der . Fractious, peevish. CE.; and F. -L.)
/o utzt-ain , O. F./ontaim, Late L./on- A prov. E.word,asiffrom North .E./ratch,
Nina. to sq uabble, chide; the same as M. E.
Pount (2), Pont, an assortment of /racchm , to creak as a cart. But it also
types. (F. -L.) O. F./onte, a casting- of occurs (in 1705) in the sense of refractory,
metals. - 0 . F . /ondre, to cast.-L. /1111- being fo rmed from /"action , in the sense
dere , to pour, cast metal s. See Found ( 2). of' dissension,' a sense now obsolete; see
Pour. (E .) M. E./eowllr,jower,/our. N. E. D. See Fraction.
A. S. jeower. + Ice\. }jorir, Dan. fire, Fr~e. (F . - L.) F. /ragile. - L.
Swed. lyra, D u. vi~,., Goth. fidwor, G. /ragilzs, easily broken. - L./rag. , base of
vier; also W. p~dwar, Gael. ceithir, O. /rangere, to break. See Fraction.
Irish cethir, L. qua/uDr, Gk. Tf TTapu , Doublet, /rail.
TitftfapH , ""tfIlPU , Russ. chetvero, Lith. fragment. (F. - L.) F . /ragm~nt . ­
pcturi, Pers. (hehar, Skt. chatvaras. Idg. L./ragmentum , a broken piece. - L./rag- .
type, "'qetwer-. Der.fou~-th, A. S. jeor)a ; base of/rang~re; with suffix -mentum.
Jour-teen, A. S. /bnv~rl~m; /or-ty , A. S. l'ragrant. (F. -L.) F. /ragrant._
fiowertig. L./ragrant~m , acc. of /ragrans, pres. pt.
Powl. (E. ) M. E./oul, A. S./ugol, a o£fragrar~ , to emit an odour. .
bird.+Du. vogel, Ice!. /ugl. Dan. {ugl, Prail. (F . -L.) M. E./retl./r~yl.­
Swed. /ogel, Goth. /ug/s, G. vog~/. Teut. O. F. /raile, brittle. - L./rngi/em, ace. of
type *jug/oz, rnase.; prob. for *jiugloz, by /rtlgilis; see Fragile.
dissimilation; the form jluglas, pI. occurs Frame, to constrnct. (E.) M. E. /ra-
in Matt. xiii . 33 (Rush worth gloss), and mien; also /remien. A. S ./ramian. to
cf. the adj . jlugo/, tlying. From *jiug., be profitable, avail; cf. also /remien,
weak grade of Teut. "'JIeug-an ., to fl y. /ronman, to promote, effect. do, lit. to
See FUCleman and Fly. Brugm. i. § 491. further. - A. S. .f,:am, strong, good, ht.
I~
 FRAMPOLD FRECKLE
forward; cf.fram, prep., from, away; see til., shorter form frentik.-O. F. frena-
From. + Icel. frama, fre11lja, to further, tique. - L. plzrer.iticus, pl,reniticus, mad.
from framr, adj., for ward, fram, adv. , _ Gk . CPpEVITI1<6s, mad, suffering from
forward, allied tofra, from. Cf. G.jr011l1ll, CPP<VITlS, frenzy. See Frenzy.
good. Der./rame, sb. Frat ernal. (F . - L. ) O. F. fra ternel.
F rampold, quarrelsome. (Low G.) - Late L. f raterntilis, the same as L.
Obsolete. Also/rampald,frompall. Allied /riitenms, brotherly. - L. frater, cognate
to provo E. rantipole, a romping child. Cf. with E. Brother.
E. F ries. frantc-pot, wrmtte-pot, a peevish fraternity. (F. -L.) O. F. frater-
man; M. Du. ~lJrallten , to chide, Dan. nitee. - L . ace. jraternitiitem, brotherhood.
vrante, to be peevish, vra1tten, peevish. - L. friitenms, brotherly. - L. frater,
Cf. also D an. vramptt, warped ; L ow G. brother. Der. c01t-fraternity.
wrampachtigh, morose (LUbben); E. Fries. fratricide ( 1 ) , murderer of a brother.
fralttm, wra1ttm, to be cross. Note also (F . -L.) O.F .f ratricide. - L.frntndda,
Sc. frampl!, to disorder, and E. frttmp. a brother-slayer. - L. fratri-, stem of
Tbe second element is prob. from E. poll, frater, brother; -cida, a slayer, from
head. c(Edere, to kill; see Cresura.
Fra.nc,aFrench coin. (F.-G.) M. E. fra.tricide ( 2), murder of a brother.
frank. -O.F. franc ; said to be short for (F.-L.) O. F. f"otrecide (Littre). - L.
Francorllm Rex (on a coin of 1360) . See frii/ricitiiulIl, the killing of a brother.-L.
Frank. frab.,-, stem of frater, brother; -cidilllll ,
franchise. (F. - G. ) M. E. fralt- a slaying, from c(Edere, to kill.
ti,lse. - O. F . frallchise, privileged liberty. Fraud. (F.-L. ) O. F. frottde. - L.
- O. F . francltis-, stem of pres. pt. of fraudem, ace. of fram, deceit, guile.
frallchir, to free. - O. F. franc , free; sec Fra.ught, to lade a ship. (Low G. or
Frank. D er. dis-frallchise, m:frallchise. Friesic.) v\'e now use frought on ly as a
Fra.ngible. (L.) Late L. frmlgibilis, pp. M. E. frahtm, fragtm, only in the
breakabfe; a coined word, - L. / ra1lgere , pp.frought. Cf. Swed.frakta, to fraught or
to break. See Fraction. freight, from frokt, a cargo; Dan. fragte,
Franion, a dissolute person. (F. - L. ) from frogt, a cargo; E. Fries. fl'acht,
O. F. fraip tant, one who infringes (law) ; fragt, (I ) a cargo, ( 2) charge for trans-
pres. pt. of fra indre, to break, hence to port; also Du. bevrachten, from vracht;
in fringe. - L. fra1tgere, to break. See G. frachten, from fracht. See furth er
Fragile. under Freight.
Frank, free. (F. -Low L.-O. H. G.) Fray (1), an affray. (F.-L.) Short
O. F. franc. - Low L. fra/lcus, free; for a./!ray, or e.!fray, orig. 'terror,' as
orig. a Frank. - O. H. G. frallko , a Frank; shewn by the use of fray in the sense of
perhaps named from a weapon; cf. A. S. terror, Bruce, xv. 255. See Affray.
f r01tCa, a javelin. The Frallks were a fray (2), to terrify. (F . - L.) Short
Germanic people. for a.!fray; see Affray.
frankalmoign, the name of the Fray (3), to wear away by rubbing.
tenure by which most church-lands are (F. - L.) O. F. fre ier (also froier), to
held. (F. - O. H. G. ami L. - Gk.) Lit. rub (Godefroy). - L. friciire, to rub.
'free alms.' -F. fra1tc, free; Anglo-F. Frea.k ( I) , a whim,caprice. (E.) A
almoille=O. F. almos1te, alms. See Frank quick movement; fr om M. E. frek, quick ,
and Almoner. vigorous. - A. S. free, bold, rash; whence
fra.nkincense. (F. - G. a1ld L.) /ricialt , to move briskly. + Icel. frekr,
O. F. franc enalts, pure incense; see voracious ; Swed. friick, impudent. Dnn.
Frank (above) and Incense. fro:k, audacious; G. freclt, saucy, O. H. G.
fra.nklin, a freeholder. (F. - G .) f reh, greedy ; Goth. faihttfriks , covetous.
M. E. frankdt!i1t. - A. F . fraunkdayn , Frea.k (2 ) , to streak. (E .) A coined
Langtoft, ii. 212; Low L. frattealiinus, word; to streak capriciously (Milton) ;
franchiltillUs. - Low L. francus, free; see from F reak ( I).
Frank (above). The suffix is possibly Freckle, a small spot. (Scand.) W e
from O. H . G. - /iIlC (= E. -I-ing as in find both frekell and freken or f raki1t. -
dar-ling) ; precisely as in chamber/ailt. Icel. freknur, pI. , freck les; Swed. fralme,
Frantic. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E.frelle- Dan. /reg ilt!, a freckle. Cf. Fleck.
197
 FREE FRIEND
Pree. (E.) M . E./re. A. S./reo.+ +
entirely. Goth. /ra-itat/, to devour
Du. vrij; Goth. /reis ; G. /rei. Teut. entirely, from /ra- , entirely, and itan, to
type */J'tjoz ; allied to Skt.priya., beloved, eat; Du. vreten, G.jressen ( =ver-essen).
agreeable ; also to E. Frien d. Orig. sense See For- ( 2) and Eat.
, dear, beloved'; hence applied to those Pret ( 2), to ornament, variegate.
of the house hold who were children , not (F.-L.; ami E.) M. E./rettm, to adorn
slaves ; cf. L. tiberi, free, also' children.' with interlaced work. - O. F . f"eler, to
Der. freedom . A.S./reodom; free-stone , strengthen (as with iron), also to adorn;
trans!. of F. pier re / rmu he. also spelt /erter. - O. F. /rete, a ferrule
Pree-booter, a rover, pirate. (Du. ) (Cot.), also a/ret (in heraldry) ; see Fret
Borrowed from Du. vrijbuiter, a free- (3). Probably influenced by M. E ./relien,
booter, robber. - Du. vrijbuiten , to rob; A. S. /rtztwa1l, to adorn; from /ra!twe,
vrijbttit, plunder, lit. ' free booty.' Du. ornament.
vdj = E. free. And see Booty, p. 56. Pret (3), a kind of grating. (F . -L.)
Freeze. (E.) M. E./men. A. S. Common in heraldry. -O. F . ./rete, a
/riosan; pp./roren.+lcel./rjOsa, Swed. ferrule; /rettes, pl., an iron grating (Diez) ;
/rysa, Dan./ryse, Du. vriezen, G./rierm. tretter, to hoop; /retN, fretty (in heraldry).
Teut. type *lreUSall .. L. prorire, to itch, [Cf. Span./retts, frets (in heraldry); allied
originally to burn (cf. pruina, hoarfrost), to !tal firriata, an iron grating.] - F . fir,
Skt.ploska· , a burning. Brugm. i. § 56l ; iron. - L. /en"lIm, iron.
ii. § 657. (vPREU.) fret (of), a stop on a musical instru-
Preight,acargo. (F.-O. H.G.) M.E. ment. (F. -L.) Frets are bars across the
freyte ;"later /reygkt; an altered spelling neck of the instrument; probably the same
of F. fret, the freight of a ship, the gn word as/ret (3) . See N. E. D.
being inserted by (a true) connexion with Priable, easily crumbled. (F. -L.)
/raugkt, q. V. - F. fret, 'the fraup:ht or M. F./riable.-L. /riabilis.-L./riiire, to
freight of a ship, also, the hire that spaid rub, crumble.
for a ship;' Cot.-O. H . G./riM, 'earu- Priar. (F.-L.) M . E./ren.-O.F.
ings,' hire. This O. H. G./reht is thought frere, freire, lit. a brother.-L./riitrelll,
to be the same as G./raekt, a cargo; and ace. of/riiter, a brother. See Brother.
/riht has been supposed to represent a Pribble, to trille. (F.-L.) Of imita-
Teut. type *jra-aihtiz; from /ra-, prefix ti ve origin; but prob. suggested by obso-
(see Fret), and *aihtiz>A. S. likt, ac- lete f rivol, adj. frivolous, M. E./revol.-
quisition (from agan, to own). See Own. Ffrivole. - Lfriuolus; see Frivolous.
PrenBy:. (F. -L.-Gk. ) M.Efrenesye. Pricassee, a dish of fowls cut up.
-0. F. Jrenisie.-L. pnrenesis. - Late (F.) F. /ricassle, a fricassee ; fern. of pp.
Gk .tppfv'1(TIS,for Gk. <p/>fVITIS, inflammation of /rieasser, to fricassee, also, to squander
of the brain. - Gk. tpPfV-, base of <ppqv, money. A fricassee is made of chickens,
midriff, heart, senses. See Frantio. &c. cut up into small pieces. Of unknown
Prequent. (F. -L.) M. F . /nquent. origin. Some have suggested L./rigere,
- Lfrequentem, acc. of/reqllC1ts, crowded, to roast , or L. friciire, to rub (Karting).
frequent; pres. part. of a lost verb *jrequere , Priction. (F. -L.) F./rielion . - L.
to cram, allied to /arcire, to cram; see ace. /rictiot/em , a rubbing. - L. /rietlls,
Farce. Brugm. ii. § 713. contr. pp. of /riC/ire, to rub ; allied to
Presco. (Ital.-O. H . G.) A painting j riiin , to rub; see Friable.
on /reslt plaster. - Ital./reseo, cool, fresh. Priday. (E.) A. S. /rige-dtzg, trans-
-0. H. G./rise (G./riSe/I). See below. lating L. dies Veneris ; where/rige is gen.
fresh. (E.; alld F. - Teut. ) M. E. of Frig, the wife of Woden. Teut. type
/ resh; also /ersn , representing A. S./erse. *jrija, fern. of *jrijOZ, dear, beloved, al,;o
The form fresh is from O. F. Ires, / reis 'free ' ; Skt. priya, wife, loved one. See
(fem . /resehe) ; cf. mod. F . frais , fresh . - Free, Friend.
O. II . G./rise (G./riseh ), fresh. Teut. Priend. (E. ) M. E. trend. A. S.
type *jriskoz. Allied to Lith. prlskas, /reond, orig. ' loving,' pres. pI. of/reogan,
sweet, unsoured, i. e . unleavened (applied to 10ve.+lceJ./rtztldi, Dan.frlZ1lde, Swed.
to bread) ; Russ. prieSllllii, fresh. /riinde, only in the sense of 'kinsman';
Pret (I ) , to eat away. (E.) A. S. also Du. vriend, Gfretmd; Goth ./njollds,
iretall, for Teut. *lra-ela", to devour a friend, pres. pt. of /rijUn, to love. Cf.
198
 FRIEZE FRIZ
Skt. pri, to love. Allied to Free. (F . - L.) Stuff sold by a frip;er. - M. F.
Brugm. i. § 567. Der. fn'md-ship, A. S. fripier, 'a fripier, or broker, trimmer up
frlond-scipe. of old garments, and a seller of them so
Frieze ( I), a coarse woollen cloth. (F. mended;' Cot. -O. F . frepe (also f erpe,
-Du. ?) M. F . frize , frise, • frise;' Cot. f elpe), frayed out fringe, old clothes.
Perhaps due to drap de frise, i. e. cloth of Prob. from L.fibra, fibre (Korting).
Friesland; with which Cotgrave identifies Frisk, to skip about. (F.- Teut. )
it. - Du. Vn'esland, Friesland, Vries, a From the adj. frisk, brisk. - M. F.frisq/le,
Frieslander, belonging to Friesland. So 'friske, blithe, briske;' Cot.; O. F.jrique .
also cheval de Fn'se, a horse of Friesland ; -0 . H . G. fneh, greedy, M. H. G. vreclt,
whence chevaux de Frise, spikes to resist bold, lively. Cf. A. S. f ree, bold. See
cavalry, a jesting term. ~ Hence O. F. Freak (I ).
f riser, to cover with a nap, to curl hair, Frith ( 1) , an enclosure, forest, wood.
to frizz. See Korting. (E.) Obsolescent; M. E.jrilh, peace, also
l'rieze (2), part of the entablature of a enclosure, park. Cf. W.ffridd, park, forest,
column. (F.) M. F. friu, 'the broad and which is borrowed from M. E.-A. S.jri6,
tlat band that's next below the cornish peace; fritJu , peace, security, asylum.
rcorniceJ, or between it and the architrave;' Cf. Ice!. fritJr, Dan. Swed. fred, Du.
Cot. Span. friso , a frieze; allied to Ital. vrede, G . fn'ede, peace. Teut. type
fregio, a fringe, lace, border, ornament. *frithltz ; from *fri., base of *fri-joz, free.
The Ita!. fregio represents L. PhrygitWl See Free. ~ The M. E. fn'th is also
(opus ), Phrygian work . ' wooded country.' This is prob. a different
l'riga.te. (F. - Ital.) M. F. fregate, word; A. S. gefrMe (Birch, iii. 120).
'a frigate;' Cot.-Ital./regata, a frigate. Frith (2), l"irth, an estuary. (Scand .)
Origin uncertain. M. E. firth. - Icel. fjortJr, a firth, bay;
Fright. (E.) M. E.fryght. O . North- Dan.fiord, Swed . jj"iird, the same. Allied
umbo Jryhto, A. S. fyr hto, jyrhtu, fright, to Ford. Brugm. ii. 108.
allied tojorht, timic[+O.Sax.jo,·hta, Dan. Fritillary, a plant. (L.) So named
frygt, Swed. fruktan, G. furcht, Goth. because the chequered markings on the
fallrMei, fright; allied to O. Sax. forht , corolla were in some way associated with
O. H . G. foracht, Goth. fau rhts, fearful. afritillw. -L.frifillus, a dice-box.
Frigid.. (L. ) L Trigidw. cold, adj. - :Fritter ( I ), a kind of pancake. (F. -
L.fr;gere, to be cold. -L.jrigus, cold, sb. L. ) M. E. fryfown, frifoure. [Cf. F .
+ Gk. "'''-rOi, cold. Brugm. i. § 875. fritealt, 'a fritter,' Cot.J -O. F . frjfure,
I'rill, a ruffie on _ a shirt. (F. 1) a frying, dish of fried fish.-O. F . frit,
[Frill, vb., was a term in hawking; a hawk fried. - L.frieftls, pp. offrigere, to fry.
that shivered, from feeling chilly, was said Fritter (2 ),afragment ; Shako (F.-L.)
to frill. - O. F. friller, to shiver with O. F. frettere. - L. fractiira, a fracture.
cold. Hence some have deduced ilie ~e Fracture.
sense of a hawk ruftling his feathers; but fritter away, to diminish, wasfe.
for this there is no authority. The sb. (F. - L.) A derivative from fritter ( 2),
answers, in sense, to O. F. fresel, freisel, a fragment; whence fritter, vb., to cut
a ruffie, frill; cf. mod. F. fra ise, a frill. up into fragments. See above.
It is remarkable that both F. fraise and Frivolous, tritling. (L. ) From L.
E. frill mean 'the mesentery of a calC] jriuol-Its, siHy; with suffix -ouS. The orig.
Perhaps from M. F. vrille; Cot. has : sense seems to have been' rubbed away' ;
, vrilles, hook-like edges, or ends ofleaves, hence frit~ola meant broken potsherds,
.• • scrois.' F. 7Jn'lle also means a gimlet, &c. - L. friare, fn'care, to nib; see
a tendril; prob. from Dan. vrilde, to twist, Friable.
from vride, to writhe; see Writhe. p~, Frizz, to curl, render rough.
Fringe, a border of loose th reads. (F. (F. -Du.?) M. F.friztr, 'to frule, crispe,
-L.) M. E. frifts? , -0. F.j1-mge (Pals- curle;' Cot. [Cf. Span.jrisar, to frizzle,
grave), oldest form of F. frange, fringe; raise the nap on frieze, fromfn'sa, frieze.]
the Wallachian form is fn'mbie, for ~m- Similarly the F. fn'ser is fromfrise, friu,
brie (by metathesis). - L.fimbria, fringe; frieze; see Friese (I ). Der.fn·z:I-le, fre-
allied to jibra, a fibre; see Fibre. quent. form, in commoner use; cf: O. Fries.
Frippery, worn-out clothes, trash. Jns/e,fresk, a lock of hair.
199
 FRO FRUMP
Fro. (Scand.) The Scand. form of frost. (E.) M. E./rost, /orst; A. S.
/rom . -lcel. Ira, Dan, Ira, from. See forst (for /rost ).+Dn. vors/, Icel. Dan.
From. Swed. G •.frost. Teut. types *jrustoz, m. ;
l'rock. (F. -Low L.) M. E. .froll .•. Zrus/om, n. From *jrus-, weak grade of
O. F./roc ; Low L./roccus, a monk's frock, ~r~an-, to freeze. See Freeze.
also spelt jloccus (Ducange). Prob. so Froth. (Scand.) M. E. iro/he. - Icel.
called because woollen; see Flock (1 ) . /r06a,/rau(J , Dan./raade [Swed. {radga],
Cf. Port. /roco, a snow· flake, from L. froth, foam on liquids. From the Teut.
jloccus. ~ So Diez; but Brachet derives verb *jreu/han-, to froth up; as in A. S.
it from O. H. G. hroch (G. rock), a coat, a-jre06an. •
in which the initial k is unoriginal. l'rounce, to wrinkle, curl, plait.
Frog ( I), ananimal. (E.) M.E ..frogge. (F. -L. ) The older form Of jl01l11Cl; see
A. S. lrogga, /rocga. Also A. S. /rox, Flounce ( 2) .
a frog. + Ice!. / roskr, Du. vorsck, G. Froward, perverse. (Scand. and E. )
/rosck. M. E. froward, commonly /raUJard
Frog ( l), a substance in a horse's foot. (Northern). From Icel. /1"0. , fro; and
(L.?) It is shaped like a fork; perhaps ward. Cf. A. S./romwlard, only in the
a corruption of/ork, q. v.; the F . name is sense' about to depart'; but we still
fourchette. In any case, it has been con· keep the orig. sense of from-ward, i. e.
formed to Frog ( I ). averse, perverse. (Cf. wayward, i. e.
Frolic, adj., sportive. (Du.) XVI cent. away-ward.) And see Toward.
Orig. an adj. - Du. vrolijk, frolic, merry. Frown. (F. - Teut.) M. E./ro/men.-
+G.jro/zlick, merry. :Formed with suffix O. F . /rongllier, whence F . refrogller,
-/ij'k ( = E. like, -/y) from the O. Sax. to frown, look sullen. Cf. Ital. ill-
/1"0- (as in /ro-liko , adv.), O. Fries . .fro jrigno, frowning, Ital. dial. (Lombardic)
( = G./rok ), merry. Der./ro/ic, sb. and /rignare, to whimper, make a wry face.
\'erb. Of Tent. origin. From Teut. *jrunjan-,
From, away, forth. (E.) A. S. from, as in Swed. dial./ryna, Norw.jroyna, to
+
/ram . Ice!. /1"0., from; O. H. G./ram , make a wry face. (Kiirting, § 3324.)
forth; Goth./ram, from. Cf. also Icel. Fructif,y• .(F.-L.) F.jrUltijier.-L.
/1'a1ll, adv. forward (Swed. jram, Dan. /riictijictire, to make fruitful. _L./riicti-,
/rem); Goth.jramis, adv., further. Allied for /riictus, fruit; -jicare, for lacere, to
to Frame. make. See fl"uit.
Frond,abranch. (L.) L.jr011d-,stem frugaJ,thrifty. (F. -L.) F. jrugal.
of/rom, a leafy branch. -L. jiiiglilis, economical; lit. belonging
l'ront. (F. - L.) M. E. /r011t, fore- to fruits. - L./rug-i, frugal; orig. dat. of
head.-O. F./ront, forehead, brow.-L. /ru.x (pI. /rug-es), fruit of the earth.
/rolltem, acc. of/riins, forehead, brow. Allied to fruit.
bontalja band worn on the forehead. fruit. (F.-L.) M. E./ruit.-O. F .
(r . -L.) o. F./rollte!. -L./r011ttile, an /ruit.-L /riiclum, acc. of /nlctus, fruit.
onlaIllent for a horse's forehead. _ L./ron/-, - L jriiClus, pp. of /rui, to enjoy;
stem of/rons, forehead. allied to Brook (I). (-v'BHREUG.)
frontier. (F . -L.) O. F./rontiere, Hrugm. i. § III ; ii § 532.
fem.-Late L.jron/iria,/rOtltan·a, border- fruition. (F. - L.) O. F. fi'uitilJtt ,
land. - L. /rollt-, stem of /rom, front enjoyment. - Late L./ruitionem, acc. of
(hence, border). jruitio, enjoyment. - L./ruit-us, the same
frontispiece. (F.-L.) For/rotltis- as/nlctus, pp. of/rui, to enjoy.
pice; through the influence of piece. - F. frumenty, iUrmety, wheat boiled
/ron/ispice, 'the frontispiece or fore-front in milk. (F. -L.) O. F. /romcnlee, f.;
of a house;' Cot. - Late L./rontispicium, ' furmenty , sodden wheat;' Cot. Lit.
a front view. - L. jronti-, dec!. stem of made with wheat; the suffix -Ie = L. -ala,
jrons; specere, to see; see Species. made with. _ O. F./ romml, wheat. - Late
frontlet. (F. - L.) O. F. jrontd-d, L./rummlulll; L./rUlllentu11I, corn; allied
dimin. of O. F. jron/eI; see frontal to L./n/gis, fruit.
(above). Frump, an ill-tempered person. ~ E.)
Fron, frozen. (E.) A . S.jrom., pp. Of doubtful origin; but cf. /rampa/d. A
ofjrltlsa", to freeze. See Freese. frump fQrmerly meant a 'sneer,' or
200
 FRUSTRATE FUN
expression of cuutempt. Cf. Low. Sc. sus, sooty. _ L fiiligilI- , stem 9f fiilIgtJ,
frample, to disorder j frump/e, to crea-e; soot. Cf. Skt. dltu-li-, dust. Allied to
frump, an unseemly fold : Dan. vrampet, Fume. Hrugm. i. § .81.
warped. Full (1 ) , complete. (E.) A. S. ful.+
Frustrate, to render vain. (L.) From Du. vol, Ice!. fullr, Dan. fil/d (for full),
p p. of L. frustrtiri, to render vain.- Swed. full, Goth. fulls , G. voll. Teut.
L.frustra, in vain j orig. abl. fern . of obso- type ·/ullo% j Idg. type ·pllnos. Cf. Lith.
lete adj. friistros ( = *fried-fros) , deceitful. pilnas, full, filled; Russ. pol"uii, full;
Allied to Fraud. O. Irish Ian « ·plan) , full ; ,V. lIawn ;
Frustum, a piece of a cone or cylinder. Skt.puma- , Pers. pur; cf. Gk . Tt"~P1/" L
(L. ) L.friist um, a piece cut off. Cf. Gk. pll nus. Idg. root ·pll, ·pll, t o fill. Brugm.
8pavup.a , a fragm ent, from 8pavEtv , to break i. §§ 393, 46 1. Der. fill,fulfil,fulsome .
in pieces. Prellwitz j Hrug m. i. § 853. Full ( 2) , to full cloth, felt. ( F . -L.)
Fry (1\, to dress food. (1-. -L.) M . E. O. F. fuler, F . foule r, 'to full, or thicken
f n·en. - O. F. frire - L. fr'gere , to roast. cloath in a mill;' Cot. Also' to trample
Cf. Gk. CPPVyflV , to parch ; SkI. bltraJj, to on.' - Late L. fullare, ( I) to cleanse
fry. clothes, ( 2 ) to full.-L.ful/o, a fuller.
Pry (2 \, spawn of fishes. (Scand.) fuller, a bleacher of cloth. (L. )
A . F. fry; M. E. fri, also used ( like the A. S. fullere, a bleacher. - L. ful/o, a
Goth. word) in the sense of ' offspring.' - fuller, bleacher. (See above.)
Ice!. fra, frjP , spawn. fry; Dan. Swed. Fulmiua.te, to thunder, hur1ligbtuing.
fr..;.+Goth. fraiw, seed, offspring. Teut. (L.) F rom pp. of L.fu1miniire, to thun-
ttlJC *fraiwollt, neut. Hrugm. i. § 102 9 . der. -L. fulmin- , for fulmm, a thunder-
Fuchsia., a lIower. (G.) Named after bolt ( = ·fulg'lIletl\.-L.fulglre, to shine.
L. FIICItS, German botanist, abo 154 2. Fulsome, cloying. (E.) M. E fulsum,
Fudge. (F.) Picard fuelte! ftuclte! from M . E.ful, full; with suffix -slim ( = E.
an interjection of contempt (Corblet) . -some as in winsome). See Full (I .).
FueL (F. -L.) M. Efewell (Barbour) . Fulvoua,Fulvid,tawny. (L. ) }<'rom
A. F. ftwaile , 0.1". fouaille (Low L. L.fuluus, tawny; Late L· fuluidus, some-
foallia ), fuel. - Late L foctilia, pI. of what lawny. Cf. Yellow j Hrugm. i;
foetile, fuel. - L. focus, a hearth. See § 363.
Foous. Fumble, to grope about. (Du.) XVI
Fugitive. (F . - L ) O. F . fugitif. - cent. - Du. fommtlm , to fumble. + Swed.
L. fugitiuus, lIeeing away. - L. fugit-ulll , fumla (also famla ) ; Dan. famle . Ap-
+
supine of fugere, to lIee. Gk. CPEV'I.'v, parently ",1 is for 1m; cf. Ice!. falma , to
to lIee ; Skt. bltuj, to bend, tum aside. grope about, from the sb. appearing as
Allied to Bow (I). Der. centri-fugal, A. S . fo1m, the palm of tbe band, allied
q. v. ; febri-fuge,fever-few. to L. palma; see Palm.
Fuglema.n, the leader of a file. (G.) Fume. (F. - L. ) O. F. fum. - L.
For jitlglema1t. - G. jliigelmann, the leader ffmmm, ace. of fumus, smoke. + Skt.
of a wing or file of men. - G.jliigel, a wing, dhuma- , smoke; Gk. 81Jp6., spirit, apger.
from jlug, lIight, from jliegen, to lIy ; (.,tOHEU. ) Allied to FuliginoWl.
1Il01m, a man. See Fly. famiga.te. (L.) I'-rom .pp. of L.
Fugue, a musical composition. ( F. - fiim;gare , 10 fumigate. - L. fum-, for
Ita!. - L.) F.fugue. - Ital.fugu, a fugue, fumus, vapour; -igiire, for agere, to drive
lit. a lIight. - L. fuga, lIight. See Fugi- about.
tive . fumitory, a plant. (F.-L.) Formerly
Fulcrum, a point of support. (L.) fumUlt'. - F. fumeterre, fumitory (for
L.ftllcnml, a support. - L.fu/c'r.,., to prop. fume de terre). - Late L. fUlllus terra,
ruw. (E. ) M. E. fulfil/en . A. S. smoke of the earth; so named from its
fulfyl/an, to fill full, fulfil. - A. S. ful, abundaIlce (and perhaps its curly appear-
full ; fyI/an, to fill. See Full, Fill. ance). Cf. G . erdrauclt, fumitory, lit.
Fulgent, shiniug. (L.) From stem of 'earth-smoke' j W. cwd y mwg, lit. 'bag
+
pres. pt. of L. fulglre , to shine. Gk. of smoke.'
CP"'-YEW, to burn; Skt. bltriij, to shine. run, merriment. (E. ) XVIII cent. It
Der. ef-fulgmt (el- = Lex); re-fulgtnt. orig. meant' a trick'; from an obs. vb.
l'uliginou8, sooty. (L.) L.fuliginO- fun, to cheat, hoax; prob. from M. E.
3.0 1
 FUNAMBULIST FURTHEST
fon, fomu, a foul ish person. See Fond. in a bundle. From fardel, a bundle; see
Cf. Irish foml, delight, pleasure, song; Fardel. Cf. F. fardeler, 'to truss, to
Gael. fOlm; prob. borrowed from E. make into fardles;' Cot. [F. f erler, to
Funa.mbulist, a rope-dancer. (Span. furl, is from E.]
-L.) Formerly funa1llbu lo. -Span.fun- Furlonlf, tth of a mile. (E.) A. S.
ambulo, a fuuambulist. - L.fiin-is, a rope i
furlang, ong. a furro w-long, or the length
ambul·are, to waile; see Amble. of a furrow. - A. S. fu rh, a furrow i lang,
l"unction, performance, office. ( F. - long.
L.) M. F. function ( F.fonction ). -L.acc. Furlough,leave of absence. (Du.-
functiiinem, performance. - L.fund u J, pp. Scand.) Orig. vorloffe. - Du. verlof,
of fungi, to perform, orig. to use. + Skt. leave, furlough; the same as Dan. forlov,
bhuilj, to enjoy. Brugm. ii. § 6z8. Swed. flrlof, leave. Cf. G. urlaub, fur-
l"und, a store. ( F. - L.) M. F, fond, lough; Dan. or/ov. p. As to the prefix,
• a bottom, a merchant's stock;' Cot. - Du. ver-, Dan. foro, Swed. foro, are the
L. fundus, bottom i cognate with E. same as E.for-; whilst Dan. oro, G. ur- ~
B.Jttom. Goth. tIS; out. The syllable Iof, leare, is
funda.ment, base. (F. -L.) M. E. shortened from -IOf-, the equivalent of G.
fltlldement. - O. F. fondement, foundation. -Iaub-, as seen in G. er-Iaub-ell, to permit,
- L. j undiimmtu11I, foundation. - L. jund-and in A. S. leal, permission. See Leave
are; see Found (1). (2) ; also Believe, Lief.
l"uneral, relating to a burial. (F. - L.) Furmety; see Frument:r.
o F. juneral. - Late L. jUluriilis, adj.. l"urna.ce, an oven. (F. -L.) M. E.
from L.juner- (for ~U1US- ) , stem ofjiinus,
jormis. - O. F . jornaise. - L. jomacem,
a burial. Der.junere-al, fromL/ullere·us, acc. of jornax, an oven. -L. jornus, an
funereal. oven; allied to jormus, warm. Cf. Skt.
Fungus, a spongy plant. (L.) L. ghaNlza·, warmth, glow. See Warm.
lungus. + Gk. (l1r6yyos, a sponge; see Brugm. i. § 146.
Sponge. l"urnish, to fit up, equip. (F. - O.H.G. )
l"unnel. (F.-L. ) M. E.lolul. Prob. O. F.joumiss-, inceptive stem of foumir,
from an O. F. *.fonil, preserved in Bret. to furnish , of which an older spelling is
founil, a funnel; cf. Span. jOlti!, Port. jornir, the same word as Provo form#',
lunil, Provo founil, mfounilh. - Late L. fromir . - O. H . G. frumjan, to provide,
lundibulu11' (Lewis and Short) ; L. in- furnish; cf. O. H . G.fruma, utility, profit,
lundibu!u1JI, a funnel. - L. infmzdere, to gain; G.fromm, good. Allied to Former,
pour in. - L. ilt, in; fundere, to pour. Frame. And see Veneer.
Fur. (F. -0. Low G.) M. E.forre. - l"urrow. ( E.) M. E. forwe. A. S.
O. F. forre,fU<!l-re, a sheath, case, whence
lurh, a fllrrow.+Dll. voor, Icel. for, Dan.
the vb. forrer, to line with fur; Chaucer fure, Swed. flr<!; G. funhe, a fturaw.
translates forree by • furred,' R. R. 408. Tent. type *.furk-, f. Cf. W. rhycll, a
(Cf. Span. /orro, lining for clothes, Ita!' fnrrow; L. porco, a ridge between two
jodero, lining, fur, scabbard.] - Goth.fodr, fnrrows. Der.fur-Iong.
scabbard, orig .• protection;' Icel. fiiiJr, Further. (E. ) Probably the compo
lining; allied to G. fUt/<!r, a case, lining,
of fore, but also explained as comp o of
fnr.+Skt. piitra(m ), a receptacle; cf. Gk.forth . M. E. fi4~er. A. S. furiJra, adj.
1rg,J.Iil, a cover. Brugm. i. § 174. m. ; furoor, further, adv.+Du. vorders,
Furbelow, a lIounce. ( F.) Provo F. adv., fnrther; O. Fries. forha, adj. ;
jlrbala, a lIounce, in the dialect of O. Sax. forthora, adj.; O. H. G. fordar,
Hainault (Diez); the usual form is F. G. vorcler, adj. Teut. type ~urtMro- (i. C.
Span. Ita!. Port. jllbala, a fiounce. Origin*.fur-ther-o-) answering to Gk. 1rpO-Up-05,
unknown. compo of 1rpO. ~ In this view the compo
Furbish, to polish, trim. (F.-O.H.G.) suffix is ·ther (Gk. -up- ). Der· lurtMr,
O. F. forbiss ., inceptive stem of forbir, vb., A. S. fy~ra1Z, formed from luriJor
to furbish, polish. _ O. H. G. *jurbjan, by vowel-change of u to y.
M. H . G. furban, to purify, clean, rub turthest, a late form, made as the
b~ht. super!. of j01'!k, and due to regarding
Furl, to roll up a sail. (}<'. - Arab.) furtM1' as the compo of the samc. The
}<'onnedy spelt furdle, farthel, to roll up true superl. of fore is fin·t.
~03
 FURTIVE GABARDINE
Furtive. (F. -L.) M. F.jtwtif. fem. fust, a cask; orig. a stock, tnmk, log.-
furlive.-L. jttrtltttlS, stolen, secret.-L. L.jtlStem, ace. offustis, a cudgel.
jtlrttUn, theft. - L. fi,riiri, to steal.-L. fust ( 2), the shaft of a column. (F.-
filr, a thief. +Gk. cpwp, a thief, allied to L. ) In Kersey (1715). -0. F. fu st, a
CP<PftV, to bear, carry (away). ( .vBHER.) trunk. - L. fiutem, acc. of fitSt is, a cudgel,
Brugm. ii. § 160 (3). thick stick.
l"ury. (F. -L. ) F . furie.-L. jtlria, Fustian, a kind of coarse cloth. (F.-
rage . -L. f urerc, to rage. Ital. -Low L. -Egypt. ) M. E. fustane;
Furze. (E. ) M. E. firse. A. S. fyI'S; also fu stiall; A. F. fustiane, fttStai,, ;
older fonn fyres. o. F . filS/ai,/e . - lta!. fustagno ; Low L.
l"uscous, brown. (L.) L. fiu e-us, filstiineu1ll. - Arab. (ustiit, a suburb of
brown; with suffix -OtIS. Cairo, in Egypt, whence the stuff first
l"use (1), to melt by heat. (L. ) A late came. ~ Introduced through Genoese
word. Due to jtls-ible (in Chaucer), commerce.
fus-iolt, in Sir T . Browne. - L. filsus, pp. l"ustigate, to cudgel. (L.) From
offimdcre, to pour, melt. Allied to Gk. pp. of L. fustigiire, to cudgel.-L. fust-,
X."v (for ·x'F-'''')' Goth. 6'ill/an, to pour. stem offilslis, a cudgel; -igiire, for agere,
(.vGHEU.) Der: fits-ible (from O. F. to drive, wield.
fu sible) ; fits-ion. See Gush. l"usty; see Fust (I ).
Fuse (2) ; see Fusee ; 1). l"utile, vain. (F_-L.) }... futile.-L.
l"usee (I) l"use. (F. -I..; or Ital.- fiUilis, futtilis, that which easily pours
L.) 'l'im , fiuce, a pipe filled with wild- forth, also vain, empty, futile. From L.
fire, and put into the touch-hole of a *}it- , allied to fundere, to pour; cf. Gk.
bomb;' Kersey (1715). J. Fuse is from X• .,V. See Fuse (1 ).
ltal.fitSO, a spindle, a shaft (of a column) ; Futtocks, certain timbers in a ship.
also, a fuse . -L.fi'SltS, a spindle. 2. Fusee (E.) 'Futtocks, the compassing timbers
is from Ii". fusee, a fusee, i. e. a spindle- in a ship, that make the breadth of it ; ,
shaped pipe; see below. Kersey (1715). Called foot-stocks in
fusee ( 2), a spindle in a watch. (F. - Florio, s. v. stamine. The first syllable
L. ) O. F. jttSee, orig. a spindleful of is for foot ; fitttocks is thought to be for
thread. - Late L. fllSata, the same; fern. foot-kooks , and was so explained in 16« ;
of pp. of fi'isiire, to use a spindle. - L. kook referring to the bent shape of the
films , a spindle. limbers. Bailey gives the form foot-kooks.
l"usil (I ), a light musket. (F. -L.) l"uture, about to be. (F. -L.) O. F.
Orig. not the musket itself, but the steel futur, fem. futllre. - L. fitturttS, about to
against which the flint struck. From F. be; fut. part. from fU -f, I was; allied to
fitsil, 'a fire-steele for a tinder-box;' Cot. Be. (.v.l:lHEU.)
Also in mod. F., a fusi!. [Cf. Span.fusil, l'uzzball, a spongy fWlgUS. (E.) Cf.
a fusil.]-L.focUe, a steel for kindling fire. provo E. fuzzy, fozy, light and spongy;
- L. focus, a hearth; see Foous. Der. Low G. fussig, loose, weak; Du. voos,
fusil·eer ,jusillade. spongy.
l"usil ( 2), a spindle, in heraldry. (L.) l"ylfot, a peculiarly formed cross. (E. )
A. F . fu se! (see O. F. fitise! in Godefroy). Modem; and due to a mistake. MS. Lansd.
Dimin. of L.ftISUS, a spindle. 874, leaf 190, has fyljol, meaning a space
l"usil (3) , easily molten. (L.) L.fijs#is, in a painted window at the bottom, that
easily molten.-L. fiiSllS, pp. of funden , fills the foot. Erroneously connected with
to pour. See Fuse ( I ). the' gammadion.'
l"uss, haste, flurry. (E.) Probably of
imitative origin, descriptive of spluttering
and puffing. Cf. fuff, i. e. to puff, and G.
kiss. ~ It cannot be connected with
M. E . fUs, adj., eager; A. S. fus, eager, Gabardine, Gab.e rdine. (Span.-
prompt. Teut. ) Span. gabard,na, a coarse ~roc~ .
l"ust (1 ), to become mouldy. ( F. -L.) We also find M. E.ga,wbardY1Ie; w~lch IS
I
111 Hamlet, iv. 4. 39. Coined from fusty from O. }<'. galvardme, ~ta~v~r1me, a
(A. D. 1398), answering to O. F. filsltf, loose frock. Perhaps a 'pllgnm s frock;
'fusty, tasting of the cask: Cot.-O. F . . from M. H . O. waljart (G. walljallrl),
20 3
 GABBLE GALAXY
pilgrimage. - M. H. G. wallm, to wander; Gage ( I) , a pledge. (F . -Teut.) M . .Eo
fart, tra"el, from faran, to go ( E.fart). gage. - F. gage, a pledge , Low L . Uadilllll ).
Gabble, to prattle. (E. ) Frequent. of - Teut. *wadjollt, n ., a pledge ; as in Goth.
gab. to prattle. Of imitative origin; cf. wadi, A. S. wed, a pledge. See Wed;
jabber. ~ The M. E. gabbm, to mock, is and see W a ge. From tbe same source
from O. F. gaber, to mock, wb ich is also are Ital. gaggio, Span. and Port. gage,
perha ps of imitative origin, or is allied to a pledge.
gape . Gage ( 2) , to gauge; see Gauge.
Gabion. (F. -Ital.-L.) F. gabioll, Gaggle, to cackle as geese. (E ,) A
a gabion, large basket filled with earth. - frequ ent . form from the imitative base gag.
Ital. gabbio/le, a gab ion ; augment. of Cf. cackle, gabble; also Ice!. gagl, a wild
gaMia, a cage, also spelt ga&gia , and allied goose; gagg, the cry of a fox; Lith .
to Span. gavia , a cage (for madmen). gagi:ti, to gaggle.
- L. cauea, a hollow place, cage, den, Gaiety. ( F. - Teut.) F. ga iet.!. - F .
coop; see Cage. gai, {[ay. See Gay.
Gable, a peak of a house·top , (F. - Galn ( I ), profit . (F. - T eut. ) O. F .
Scam!.) M. E . gable, - O. F.gable. _ Ice!. gai1z, F. gapu, from the verb below. [It
gajl, Dan, gavl, Swed. gafvel, a gabl e,+ partly displaced the M: E. gain, advantage,
A. S. geafel, a fork; Du. gaffel, a fork; which was of Scand. origin; from I cd.
G. gabel, a fork . Further allied to O. Irish gag1z, gain, advantage ; Swed . gagn, profit ,
gabul, a fork , gallows; W. gajl, the fork Dan, $avll.]
of the thighs. With a different gradation, galn ( 2), to win. ( F . -Teut. ) 'Yea,
we find Goth. gibla, pinnacle, G. gie/tel, though he gaine and cram his purse with-
Du. gevt/, gable; O. H. G. gebal, head, crunes;' and again, 'To get a gallie uy
Gk. K'<f>aA~, head (root-form *gheblL-). See any trade or kinde;' Gascoigne, Fruits
Gaff. of War, st. 69 and st. 66, - O. F . gaigner,
Gaby, a simpleton. (Scand.) M. Dan. F. gag1zcr, to gain. This F . gagller, O. F.
gabe, a fool ; Dan. dia!. !rabmar, a sim- gaagnier (Ita!. g1iada.~ 1zare ) , is from
pleton, allied to Dan. gabe, to gape (Dan. O . H . G. weidenoll > weidenm, to pas-
1zar means 'fool '). Cf. Ice!. gapi, a lure, which was the orig. sense of the F .
heedless man; gapalltulJr (lit. gape- word; from O. H . G. weida (G. weide ),
mouthed) , the same; I ce!. gapa, to gape; pasture-ground. Cognate with G. weide are
Norw. gapa, stupid. A. S. ~viitJ, Ice!. veilJr, hunting, the chase.
Gad ( I ), a wedge of steel, goad. (Scand ,) Cf. L. tte-,uiri, to hunt. D er . 1·egai1l.
M. E. gad, a goad. - I ce!. gaddr, a goad, Ga.inly; see U ngainl y.
spike, ~ting; cognate with Goth. gazds , Gainsay, to speak against. (Scand, alld
a rod, Irish gath , L. hasta, a spear. E.) The prefix is I ce!. gepz , against; cf.
gad (2) , to ramble idly. (Scand.) In A. S, gegn, gian ; see Against.
Levins. The or;g. sense was to run about. Gait, manner of walking. (Scand.) A
- I ce!. gadda, to goad. - Icel. gaddr particular use of M. E. gate, a way; see
(above). Cf. 011 the gad, 'on the move. Gate (2). See also Gantlet (2).
Ga.1f, a light fishi ng-spear, a sort of Gaiter, a covering for the ankle. (F. -
boom. (F. - Teut.) A ship'sgaffis named Teut.) F. guet1'C, form erly guestre (Cot.).
from theforked end against the mast i the The spelling <with gu shews the word to
fishing-spear is hooked. - O. F. gaffe , a be Teutonic (gu < G . w). Origin doubt-
gaff, iron hook. - Low G. gaffd, a two- ful ; possibly allied to M. H. G. wester,
pronged hay-fork i E. Fries. gaffel, a fork, a child's chrisom-cloth, lit. a covering;
a ship's gaff; Du. gaffel, a pitchfork, Goth. 1vasti, clothing ; see Vest.
ship·sgaff. Allied to G.gabel, a fork . See Gala. (F. -Ita!.-M.H.G .) F. gala,
Gable . borrowed from Ital. gala, festive attire;
Gaffer, an old man, grandfather. (F. - whence di gala. merrily i cf. galante, pay,
L. ; (md E .) From g1'llllifer, West E. lively. See Gallant. 0

form ofgr~lld-falher. See Gammer . Galaxy,lhe mJkyway. (F.-L.-Gk.)

Gag. ( Eo) M. E. gnggm, to suffocate. M, E. galaxie. - O. F . galaxie. - L. ga-
Apparently of imitati ve origin; cf. gaggle, laxiam, aec. of galaxias. - Gk. ,,(aAo{ia<,
guggle. Also, W. cegio , to choke; ceg, milky way. _ Gk. ,,(""OK<-, for ,,(aAoKT' ,
the mouth. stem of "(elAU, milk. See La.oteal.
~ 04
 GALE GALLOW
Gale ( I), a strong winet. (Scancl. ) lively Spanish dance; perhaps through
XV I cent. Of douhtful origin; but cr. F. ; cf. galop gaillard, ' the galliard; '
Dan. gal, furious; Norweg. ei1t galm Cot. - Span. gallardo, gay, lively. M. F.
Jlorm , a fur ious storm, eit galet veer , gaillnrd meant valiant or bold ; perhaps
st ormy weather. Cf. Icel. galinll , furi ous, of Celtic origin ; cf. Bret. galloud, power,
from f ala, to cry out. See Y ell . N ote W. gallad, able, gallu, to be able; O.
F . gnlen ze, a north-west wind. Irish gal, boldness (Thurneysen).
Gale ( 2) , the bog-myrtle. (E.) A. S. Gallias, a sort of gaUey. (F . - Ital.-
gagel.+ Du. gagel. Late L. ) O. F. galeaee. - Ital. galeazza, a
Galeated, helmeted. (L.) L. galtti/us, heavy galley. - Ital. an d Late L . galea j
- L. galea, a helmet. see Galley.
Galingale, the pungent root of a Galligaskins, large hose or trousers.
plan t. (F. - Span. -Arab.- Pers.) M. E . ( F. -Hal. - L. ) Corruption of F. ga,'-
galingale. - O. F . galingal, garingal. - guesques, greguesques, ' slops, gregs, gallo-
Span. galrmga, galingale. _ Arab. kha· gascoi"., venitians;' Cot. - Ital. Grec/useo,
lm'jn" , galingale. - Pers. kl, jila',:ja1t, galin- Greekish. - Ital. G"eco, a Greek. - L.
gale : said to be of Chinese origin. GrO'cus, Greek. The name was given
Galiot j see G a.lliot . to a particular kind of hose worn at
Gall ( I ), bi le. (E. ) M. E. galle. O. Mere. Venice.
+
galla. Du. gal, Icel. gall, Swed. galla, Gallinaceous. (L.) L. gallinace-us,
Dan. galde (for galle), G. galle ; L. f el, belongin g to poultry ; with suffix ·OZlS. -
Gk. xoA~ . All ied to Yellow. Cf. Russ. L. gallj,za , a hen. - L. gallus, a cock.
j elch(e), gall U =zh ) ; j e/tuii, yellow. Galliot, small galley. (F. -Late 1... )
Gall ( 2), to rub a sore place. (F.- I..) O. F. galiote ; Late L galeota, small galley;
M. F.galle,· ; M. F. galle, a galling, itching. dimin . of galea; see Ga.lley.
Cf. Ital. galla, gnla, 'a disease called a Gallipot, a small glazed earthen pot.
windgalle ; ' Florio. Also Late 1... galla, (F.) From galley and pOl, as being
a soft tumour; app. the same word as L. brought over in galleys. So also galley-
galla, a gall-n ut ; see below. ~ But also tile; cf. galy.haljpmy , a galley-halfpenny,
partly E . : cf. A. S. gealla, ( I) gall, bile, coin brought over by galley -men, who
( 2) a gall on a horse. So also Du. gal. landed wines a t a place called Galley -key
See above. (T ham es Street).
Gall (3) , a gall.nut. (F.-I... ) O. F. Gallon. (F.) M. E. galon , galun. -
galle. - 1... galla, a gall.nut, oak- apple. O. F . gallon , j alon, a gallon ; orig. 'a large
Gallant, gay, splendid , brave. (F. - bowl; ' augmentative form of the wor<l
M. H. G.) O . F . gallanl, better galant, which appears as mod. F. jale, a bow!..
with one I. Orig. pres. part . of O. F. Orig. unknown.
galer, to rejoice. -O. F. gale, shows, mirth, Galloon. (F. -M. H. G.) F . galan,
festivity. (Cf. Ital. Span. Port. gala, 'galoon-Iace,' Cot. : cf. O. F. galoner, to
festive attire.) Perhaps from M. H. G. adorn the head (with ribbons, &c.). [Also
?Val/en, O. H . G. wallon, to go on pilgrim- Span. galon, galloon.] - O. F. gale, Span.
age. gala, festivity ; see Gallant.
Galleon, a large galley. (Span. ) Span. Gallop. (F. -Scand.) M.E. ga/open;
galeorl , a galleon. - Late L. galea, a galley. also spelt walopen. - O. F. galoper, vb. ;
See Galley. ga/op , 1lJalop (Bartsch), sb. [ H ence was
Gallery. (F.) M. F . grJllen 'e, galerie, borrowed O. H. G. walopierm, to gallop;
a gallery to walk in.- Late 1... galeria, a so that it is not of O. H . G. origin.]
long portico, gallery. Of unknown origin; -0. Norweg. *wall·hopp, Norw. vallhopp.
possibly from Gk. KiiAOII, wood, timber a gallop (Aasen) ; lit. a bounding over
(Korting). See below. a fi eld, 'field-hop.'- Norw. *1lJall- , later
Galley, a low-built ship. (F. -Late L. vall·, Icel. vijllr, a field, plain (cognate
-Gk.?) M. E.galeie. -O. F. ga/ie; Late with E . Wold) : and hoPI, Dan. nap. a
L. galea, a galley ; Late Gk. "(GAia, ")'a)..ata . jump, skip, from hopp a, to jump; see
Orig. unknown. K orting suggests Gk. Hop ( I ) .
KiiAOII, wood. also sometimes a ship. Gallow, to terrify. (E. ) King Lear,
Galliard, a lively dance. (Span.-C. ?) iii. 2.44. M. E. galwen. A. S. ga lwa,t,
Span. gallarr/a (with II as IJ'), a kind of to terrify; in compoagalwan.
205
 GALLOWAY GANNET
GaJ1oway, a nag, pony. (Scotland.) Gambol, n frisk, caper. (F. - It;II.-L.)
Named from Galloway , Scotland. Former! y gam/10M, gambauld, gambaud. _
GaJ1owglas, Galloglas, a heavy- M . F. gambade, 'a gamboll ;' Cot. -Ita!.
armed foot-soldier. (Irish.) Irish gallo· gambata, a kick. - Ita!' gamba, the leg;
glack , a servant, a galloglas. - Irish gall, the same as F . jambe, O. F. gambe, Late
a foreigner, an Englishman; oglack, a L. gamba, a joint of the leg. Cf. Gael.
youth, servant, soldier (f;om og, young, and \\'. cam, crooked, answering to O.
O. Ir. oac, oe, cognate with E. Young). Celt. *kambos (fern. *kambti), crooked;
It meant ' an English servitor,' as explained Stokes-Fick, 78.
by Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, Game. (E.) M. E. game, also ga1llC1e.
Globe ed. p. 640. (See N. and Q. 6 S. x. A. S. gamm, sport. + Icel. gaman, Dan.
145· ) gammen, M. Swed. gamman, O. H. G .
Ga.llows. (E.) M. E.galwes, pI. A.S. gama,t, joy, mirth. See Gammon (2) .
galga, gealga, cross, gibbet; whence mod. Gammer, an old lady, grandmother.
E . gallow, the s being the pI. termina- (F. - L.; and E. ) For grammer, West.
tion. +lce!. .g tilri, Dan. Swed. gaIge , Du. E . form of grattd·molher.
ga/g, Goth. galga, a cross, G. galgm. Gammon ( I ), the preserved thigh of n
Teur. type *galgon-; cf. Lith. £Olga, a hog. (F. -L. ) M.E. gambo,t. A . F .
pole (£ = z h ). gambon (F. jamb01t), a gammon; from
Galoche, a kind of shoe. (F. - Late L. O. F. gambe, leg. See Gambol.
- Gk.) F. ga/oc/It , an swering to a Gammon (2), nonsense; orig. a jest.
Romance type *galopia. *ca/opia; formed ( E.) M . E. gamm, a game; see Game.
from *calopiis, sing. of Late L. calopodes, And see Backgammon.
wooden shoes; we also find Late L. Gamut. (F. -Gk.; alld L.) Compo
calopdia (see Brachet), a clog, wooden of O. F . game, galllmc, and ul. Here
shoe, and calopodium. - Gk. KaAOlT"atOV , gamme represents the Gk. 'Yappa ('Y ) ,
dimin. of Ka'\ 6lToll~, Ka'\a "'OIl~, a shoemaker's because the musical scale was represented
last. - Gk. Ka.,\O-V, wood ; lTO "~, a foot. by a, b, c, d, e, f, g, the last being g = 'Y.
Galore, in plenty. (C.) Irish goleor, V I is the old name for do, the I st note in
Gae!. .l[1Ileor,gu leoir, sufficiently. Formed singing, because it began an old hymn to
from Irish and Gael. leor, sufficient, by St. John, ' VI queant lu is,' &c., used in
prefixing go or g lt , lit. 'to,' but used to learning singing. Gamut is the scale,
tum an adj. into an ad verb. from 'Y ((") to ul (a).
Galt (I ), Gault, clay and marl. Gander. (E. ) M. E. gandrc. A. S.
(Scand.) Norweg. gald, hard ground, ga,tdra, also spelt g01tra (the d being, in
n place where ground is trodden hard; fact , excrescent). + D u. gander. Cf. also
I cel. gald, hard·trodden snow. L ow G. ganle, a gander (see ganla in
Galt ( 2), a boar-pig. (Scand. ) M. E . Pliny). Teut. type *ga1tron-, m. Allied
galt. _ Ice!. gO/lr, galti; ?wed. Dan. gall, to Gannet and Goose.
a hog. Cf. O. H. G . galza, a sow. Gang ( I), a crew of persons. (E.)
Galvanism. (Ita!.) Named from A. S. g01tg , a going, progression; but the
Galvalli of Bologna, Italy; about A. D. sense was affected by the related word
179 2 • genge, a gang.
Gambado, an E. substitution for F. gang ( 2), to go. (Scand.) Icel. ga1tga,
gambade; see Gambol. to go; cf. A. S. ga1tg, a going, path,
Gambit, an opening at chess. (F.- course (whence E. gang·way) ; see Go.
Ita!. - L.) F. gambil. - Ita!. gambetlo, a Ganglion, a tumour on a tendon. (L .
tripping up. - ltal. gamba, the leg; see -Gk. ) L. gattglion.- Gk. 'Yan'\LOV.
Gambol. Gangrene, a mortification of the flesh.
Gamble. (E.) A late word, put for (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.ga1tgrene. - L.gan-
gamm·le or gam-Ie, a frequent. form which grana. - Gk. 'Yan(JOlva, an eating sore.
has taken the place of M. E. gammm, to Allied to 'YfP-OJv, an old man, from
play at games. - A. S. gammian, to play at ¥'YfP, to grow old; cf. SkI. jaras, old
games; from gamen, a game. See Game. age, jaraya, to consume (see Prellwitz).
Gamboge. (Asiatic.) A corruption of Gannet, solan goose, a sea-fowl. (E.)
Cambodia, in the Annamese territory, A. S. ganol.+Low G. gantc, Du. gml, a
whence it was brought after A. D. 1600. gander; M. H. G. gtuU4, O . H . G. ganazo,
206
 GANTLET GARNER
n gander. From a base gan-; see beller (see N. E. D .), the same as gral>elltr.
Gander. tp garble or sort out spices, orig. to sift.
Gantlet (I); see Gauntlet. The same as Span. garbillar, Ita!. garbtl-
Gantlet ( 2), Gantlope, a military lare, to garble or sift wares.-Span. gar-
punishment. (Swed.) Formerly gantlope; f.illo, a coarse sieve. - Pers. gharbil, Arab.
corrupted by confusion with gallntlel. ghirbtil, a sieve; Arab. gharbalal, sifting,
Again, gO/ii/ope is a corruption of Swed. searching. Rich. Dict. p. ]046.
gatlopp. lit. < a running down a lane;' to Garboil, a commotion. (F.) M. F.
< nm the gantlope' is to nm between two garbouil, < a garboil , hurliburly;' Cot.
files of soldiers, who strike th e ofl'encler as Cf. Span. gar/Jlll/o, a crowd; ltal. gar-
he passes. - Swed. gata, a lane, street (see buglio, a garboil, disorder. Of unknown
Gate ( 2»; and lopp, a nmning, from lopo·, origin. Prob. imitative. Florio has Ital.
to nm, c0Jr1~te with E. Le~p. garahul101'e, to rave.
Gaol, Jail, a cage, pnson. (F. -:- L .) Garden. (F. - O. Frankish. ) M. E.
A. F . gaole, geio/e ( F. geOle), a pnson, gardin. - A. F., O. NOIth F . and Picard
hirdcage. - Late L. gabiola, caveo/a, a garditt, F. jardin. _ O. Frank. gardin
cage, dimin. of L. cauea, a den, cave, (0. H. G . gar/itt) , gen. and dat. of gardo,
ca_ge. - L. ,·atms, hollow; see Cage. a yard, cognate with E. Yard, q. v. Cf.
Gap. (Scand.) M. E . gappe. - Icel. and O. H . G. gartin'an, a gardener.
Swea. gnp, a gap, abyss. -lcel. and Swed. Garfish; see Gar ( I ).
gapa, to gape (below). Gargle. (F . - Late L. - Gk.) Modified
gape. (Scand.) M. E. gapen. - Ice!. from F. gnrgouiller, ' to gargle;' Cot. -
ana Swed. gapa , Dan. gabe. +E. F ries . and F . g01'gottille, the weasand of the throat,
Du. l:apen, G. g-affin. Cf. Skt. jabh, also a gargoyle, or mouth of a spout. So
jambh, to gape. also Span. gargola, a gargoyle; Ita!' gar-
Gar ( I). Garfish, a fi sh. (E.) A fish gozza, the gullet. From an imitative base
with slender body and pointed head. garg-, as seen in L.garg·anzare. to gargle,
From A . S. gar, a spear; cf. Garlic. So from Gk. 'Yap'Y-apt{flV , to gargle; cf. Gk.
also pike, ged. 'Yap-yap<wv, the uvula. Hence also Ital.
Gar (2'. to cause. (Scand. ) Ice!. gprtla gnrgagliare, to murmur, gargot/a, the
( Noreen) , Swed. grim, Dan. gjore, to throat. The parallel L. base is gurg· ;
make, cause; lit. to make ready. - Icel. see Gorge, Gurgle.
g/rr,gorr, ready; see Yare. gargoyle, a spout. (F. -L.) F.gar·
garb ( I), dress. (F. - O. H. G.) In gOttme (above) .
Sbak . - O. F. garbe, a garb, good fasbion . Garish, staring, showy. (E.) Also
- O. H . G. gat'awi, gar-wi. dress, prepara- formerly srel t /:aurisn. Allied to M . E.
tion; cf. O. H . G . gara1lJen, M. H . G. gattren, to stare ,Chaucer). Cf. M . E.
garwen, to get ready. - O. H . G. garo , ga1CJc1Z. to stare ; Tce!. gii, to h eed, mark.
ready; cognatewitb E.ya,-e; see G ear. Ga.rland. ( F.-Teut.?) M.E.ger/ond.
Garb ( 2), a wheatsheaf, in heraldry - 0. F. gark nde. Cf. Span. guirnalda,
(1'.-0. H . G.) .A. F. and Picard garbe. Ita!. gnirlanda (whence Mod . F. guir-
F. gerbe, a sheaf. - O. H . G. gal'ba (G. lande), a garland. Prob. form ed , with
.[{arbe ), a sheaf. Lit.' what is grabbed' suffix .al1de, from M. H. G . ·wiet·tlen,
or caught up into a bu ndle by grasping. frequentative of wieren, to adorn, from
Cf. E. grab, Swed. g-rabba, to grasp; Skt. O. H. G. wiara , M . 1:1 . G. wiere, refined
gran, Vedic graM, to seize. Brugm. i. gold, fine ornament, crown. Cf. W i re.
§ 531 . Garlic, a plant. ( E.) A. S. gartiac,
garba.ge, refuse . (F. - O. H . G .) lit.' spear· leek. ' - A. S. gar, a spear; liac,
M. E gnrbage, entrails of fowls. Thi ~ a leek, plant. See Gore (3) and Leek.
agrees in form with O. F. garnage, gel·bage, Garment. (F. - O . l.ow G.) M. E.
a tax paid in garbs or sheaves. Prob. garmmenl. - O. F . garl1emml, gar"imenl,
similarly formed from O. F . garnet in the a robe (defence) . - O. F. ga,."ir, to pro-
sense of ' handful,' small bundle, a sense tect; see Garnish.
whi ch occurs for Low L. garba. Ga.rner. (F. - L.) M. E. garner. -
Garble, to select for a purpose; hence. O . F.gernier, variant ofgrenier. a granary.
to co rrnpt nn account. (F. - Span. - Arab.) - L. griinaritlm, a granary. - L.l:riinum,
Orig. to pick out, sort, sift out. - O. F . gar· corn ; see Grain.
30 7
 GARNET GAUGE
garnet. (F.-L.) M. E.ganut,also Gaah,tohack,cutdeeply. (F.-LateL.
spi]t gratla/! - O. F. granate; M. F. - Gk.) Formerly garsh, garse. - O. F.
grenal, • a precious stone called a granat garser, to scarify, pierce with a lancet. -
or garnet,' Cot.; Late L. granalus. So Late L. caraxiire, short for i,ua"axnre,
called from its resemblance to the seeds of incharaxiire , to pierce, incise. Cf. Late L.
the pomegranate, or lIliiltl1ll griimitu1II, !rarsa, scarification, by making incisions
lit. seeded apple. - L. gr.inum, a grain, in the skin, called in G k. ~")'xapa(,~;
seed. whence the Late L. vb. was formed. See
Garnish. (F. -0. Low G. ) Also 1var- Character.
nuh. - O. F. gamis-, warn;s-, stem of Gasp. (E.) M. E. gaspm, gaispm.
pres. pt. of gaY/lir, warnir, to defend one- The latter answers to Icel. ge;spa, Swed.
self, fortify, garnish.-O. Frank. *1vam' gaspa, to yawn (cf. Dan. gispe). The
jan; cf. O. H . G. warnon , M. H . G. former represents the cognate A . S. *gns.
1varnttt, to guard against, provide one- pan (not found ). Ice!. geispa is for · geip-
self with; cf. O. H . G. wanuz, foresight , sa; cf. Du. gtjpm, to gasp; A. S. gipllllg,
care. See Warn. a gaping.
garnitlU"e. (1'.-0. Low G.) F. Gastric, belonging to the belly. (Gk.)
gar1l1'ttlre, garnishment. - Low L. gami- Coined from Gk. ")'4UTpO-, from "),a(Jrf7p ,
I;ira. - Low L. gami/us, orig. pp. of the belly.
gamire, to adorn, which is mere!y a Gate ( I ), a door, hole, opening. (E .)
Latinised form of O. F. gamir (ahove). M. E. !rate, yale. A. S. gat, geat, a gate,
Garret. (F. - G.) M. E. garile. - opening (w hence M. E. yate ); pI. gatu
O. F. garile (F. gil/rite), place of refuge, (whence M_ E. gate). + ])u. gat, a hole,
watch-tower. - O. F . gan'r, warir , to opening, gap; O. Fries., O. Sax., Ice!.
preserve. - O. H. G. '/liar/an, to defend. gat, an opening.
Allied to Wary. Gate ( 2), a street. (Scand.) Common
Ga.rrison. (F.-O.LowG.) Confused in the North; it also means ' a ' way.'-
with M. K garisoulI, warisoulI, a reward ; Ice!. gala, Swed. gata, a way, path, street,
but the true form is M. E. gantison, tvar- lane; Dan. gade; cf. Goth . gatwo, G.
nison, defence, stores, supply. - O. F. gasse. Perhaps allied to Gate ( I) , and
ganlUOll, store, supply, -0. F.garnis·ant, also to the vb. Go. /3. Gate ( I ) answers
pres. pt. of gamir, to supply, garnish; to Teut. type *gat01ll, n., but gate (2) to
see Garnish. And see Warison. Teut. type ~atwon-, f. See Gait and
Garrote, Garrotte. (Span. - C.) Gantlet ( 2).
Span. garrote, a cudgel, tying a rope tight, Gather. (E.) M. E. gaderm. A. S.
strangling by means of an iron collar. gaderian, g(1!drian, to collect, get together.
Formed, with dimin. suffix -ote, from Span. - A. S. gader-, together; also gador-,
garra, a claw, talon, clutch, grasp. - +
geador. Du. gaderen , to collect, from
Bret., W. , and Corn. gar, the shank of (te )gader, together. Cf. A. S. gad, a com-
the leg (Diez). See Garter. pany, society (whence also A. S. g(1!de-
Ga.rruloUS. (L.) L. garrtllus. talk- fillg, a comrade ; ge-gada, a companion) ;
alive. - L. garrfre, to chatter. Brugm. i. Du . gade, a spouse, G. galle, a husban d;
§ 638. Goth. gadiliigs, a cousin. Perhaps allied
Garter. (F.-C.) A. F. garler; O.F. to Good,
garlier (North of France, Hecart), spelt Gaud, a show, ornament. (L.) M. E.
Jartier in Cotgrave (F.jarretiere ). - 0 , F. gat/de. _ L.gaudillm,gladness,joy; hence.
and Norm. ga"et (F. jarret), the ham of an ornament. - L. gaudb -e, to rejoice (base
tbe leg; a dimin. form. - Bret. gar, W. gauid-, as in gauisus SU1ll , lIsed as pt. t. ).
gar, shank of the leg ; Celt. type *garris. +Gk. ")'118J.cv, to rejoice; allied to ")'al .. 11
Gas. (Du.) The Belgian chemist Van (= -yar-I.", ), to rejoice; -yavpos, proud.
Helmont (died A. D. 1644) invented two Brugm. i. § 589 ; ii. § 694. Der. gaud-y,
terms, gas and bIas; the latter did not adj.
come into use. He tells ns that gas was Gauge, Gage, to measure the cont ent
suggested by the Gk. xao~. See N. E. D_ of a vessel. ( F .-Low L.) Spelt !Jage in
Gasconade, boasting. (Gascony_) F. Shak.-O. North F.gauger, F.jauger , ' to
gasconnade, boasting; said to be a vice of gage,' Cot. - O. North F. !rallge , F .
Gascons; at any rate named from them. jallgt,' a gage, inltrument wherewith a
208
 GAUNT GENEALOGY
cask is measnred,' Cot.; Low L. gat~t;i" a m:lgpie, dimin. of liuzza, a magpil',
(A. D. 1446) . Of unknown origin. when ce it may have meant ' tittle-tattle';
Gaunt, thin, lean_ (Scand.?) An East- or ( 2) a very small coin (perhaps paid for
Anglian word; perhaps Scand. Also spelt the pri vilege f reading the news), from
g-anl ( 1691 ). Cf. N orweg. g-a,uf, :I thin Ital. g-azzclla, a coin less than a farthing-,
stick, a tall and thin man, an overgrown probably from Gk. -ya(a, a treasury.
stripling (Aasen) ; Swed. dial. g-attk, a lean, Gear, dress. harness, tackle. tScand.)
half-starved horse (Rietz). Doubtful. M. E. gere. - Icel. g-ervi, g-orvi, gear,
Gauntlet. (F. -Scand. ) O. F. g-attte- apparel. Cf. gijrr, g-eyrr, skilled, dressed,
lei, :I double dimin_ of g-ant, a glove. - O. pp. of cOra, to make.+A. S. g-ear-we, fern.
Swed. wante, a glove; Dan. vante, a pl., preparation, dress, ornament; A. S.
mitten, Icel. votlr (stem vanlu-). a glove. gearo, ready; see Yare. And see Gar
Cf. Du_ want, a mitten (prob. borrowed ( l ), Garq, ( 1).
from Scand .). Prob. from Wind, verb Geck, a dupe. (Du.) In Tw. Nt. v.
(Noreen) ; cf. G.g-ewand, a garment; Low 351. - Du. g-ek, formerly g-tck. a fool, sot ;
G . want, cloth (Liibben). cf. G. g-eck, the same; Dan. g-jek, fool;
Gauntlet; see Gantlet (2). Icel. g-ikkr, a pert, rude person. ~ Not
Gauze, a thin silken fabric. ( F.- to be confused with A . S. g-eac, cuckoo;
Palestine.) M. F. ga.ze; Span. g-asa. Cf. nor with g-owk; nor with g-awky .
Low L . g-azZiiltWl, gauze; gazetum, wine Gecko, a nocturnal li zard _ (Malay.)
from Gaza. Said to be from Gaza, in Also F. g-ccko. - Malay g-ekoq, a gecko;
Palestine, whence it was first brought. so named from an imitation of its cry.
Gavelkind, a sort of tenure. (E. ) Ged, the fish called a pike. (Scand.)
M. E. g-auelkynde; answering to an A. S. Icel. g-uida, Swed. giidde, D:ln. g-iedde, a
form *g-afol-cynd. - A. S. g-nfol, tribute, ged; allied to g-addr,a goad; see Gad (I).
payment; and rynd, kind, sort, condition. Named from the sharp, thin head; hence
The A. S .gaj-ol (whence Low L. ga/Julum) al , o called pike.
is from Teut. *g-ab, 2nd grade of Give, q. v. Gelatine. (F. -Ital. -L.) F . gelaline,
Gavial, the crocodile of the Ganges. kind of jelly. - Ital. g-elatilta. - L. gelalus,
( F.-Hind.) F.gavial (a corrupt form ). pp. of g-einre, to freeze. -L. gelu, frost;
- Hind. g-llariyal, a crocodile. see Gelid.
Gavotte, a d:lnce. (F .) M. F. gavote, Geld, to emasculate. (SC:lnd.) M . E.
orig. a dance of the Gavots. Gavot is a geltktt. - IccJ. gelda, D:ln. gilde, Swed.
sobriquet, in Provence, of the moun- giilla (for giilda ) ; cf. I ce!. g-e/d,-, Swed.
taineers of the Alps (see Hatzfeld). gall, barren . Perhaps related to Goth.
Gawk, Gawky, awkward. (F.- giltha, a sickle. Cf. Galt ( 2). Der.
Scand.) From E. dia!' g-awk-handed, g-e/d-ing, from Ice!. gelding-, the same.
g aulick-handed, left-handed ; gawk , clumsy. Gelid, cool. (L .) L. gelidw. - L. gelu,
Here g-n1tJk is short for gaztl-ick, where frost. Allied to Cool. Brllgm. i. § 48 J.
-ick is a suffix. Of F. origin; cf. Burgund. Gem. ( F. - L.) M. K g-elllme. - F.
glJle, numb with cold, said of the fingers. gemme. - L. gemma, a bud; also a gem,
-Swed. Dan. valm , benumbed; whence jewel. Bmgm. i. § 4 1 3 (4).
Swed. dial. v al-lliindt, Norw. val-ltendt, Gemini. (L.) L. gemini, twins; pI.
having num\YOd hands. ~ Prob. not from of gemill1tS, double.
F. gauche (N. E. D .) . Gender ( I ), kind. ( F. - L.) M. E.
Gay. (F. - 0_ H. G.) O. F. g-ai. - gmdre ( with excrescent d ). -0. F . gem-e,
O . If. G. wahi, fine, beautiful. kind . - L. ge,w'e, ab\. case of genw, kind,
Gaze. (Scand.) M. E. gasm. - Swed. kin. ~ The unusual deriv. hom the abl.
dial. gasa, to gaze, stare at. case is due to the common phrases genC1'C
Gazelle, an anima!. (F. - Span. - 1Uitus, ltoc genere, O11l1li g-enere ; so also
Arab.) Formerly gaze!. - O. F. gaze/, Ital. genere, kind.
gazel/e.-Span. gacela. -Arab. gllazal, a gender ( 2), to produce. (F. - L ')
wild goat, gazelle. M. E. gendren. - 0_ F. gendrer ( Gode-
Gazette. ( F_-Ita\.) O . F.gazette, an froy ).-L.gem:rare, to beget.-L. gmer-,
abstract of news , issued at Venice.-ItaI. for *genes, stem of ,l{entlS (above). And
gazzetta, a gazette; the orig. sense is see Engender.
either (I) a magpie, from Ita\. gazzella, Genealogy. ( F. - L. - Gk.) M_ E.
l09
 GENERAL GERUND
gtnea/ogie. - O. F. gtnta/ogie. - L. gtntii- gentle. (F.-L.) O.F ..~mtil(above) .
!ogia. -Gk. 'Y'1I,aA.,..,la, an account of a gent1'J'. ( F.-L.) M.E.gentn·e,high
family, pedigree (1 Tim. i. 4).-Gk. 'Y.II.a, birth; shortened from M. E. gentrise, the
birth (allied to ,,('lIor, see genus) ; and same.- O. F. genterise, another form of
".,..,Ia, an account, allied to Afryos (see gmtilise, rank ( = Late L. ·gentilitia).-
Logic). L. gent"is; see Genteel.
General, relating to a genus, common. Genuflection, Genuflezion, a
(F. - L.) O. F. general. - L. genertilis, bending of the knee. (F.- L.) M.F. gmu-
belonging to a genus (stem gener-, for fl~xt'on. - Late Lace. geniiflexiiinem. - L.
*gmts) ; see genus. Hence general, sb., gemt, knee; flex-us, pp. of flectere, to
a leader; general-iuimo, from Ita\. general. bend.
iuimo, a supreme commander, with superl. Genuine. (L.) L. gmuinlls, of the
suffix -iSJimo. true genus or stock; allied to L. genus
generate. (L.) From pp. of L. (below).
genertire, to prod uce. - L. gener-. declo genus, kin. (L.) L. genus (gen.
stem of genus. genen's, for .geneus), kin, race. + Gk.
,eneric, pertaining to a genus. (L.) ,,('IIOS, race; A. S. cyn, kin. See Kin.
Comed from L. gmer-, declo stem of (""GEN.) Brogm. i. § 604.
genus. Geography. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
generous. (F. - L.) O. F. genereus, geographie. - L. geographia. - Gk. 'Y.OJ-
later gtnl rmx. - L. gmero!Us, (properly) ,,(pacpla, lit. earth-description. - Gk. "(.OJ- =
of noble birth. - L. gener-, as above. "'(110-, a combining form of 'Yil, earth;
Genesis, creation. (L. - Gk.) L. ."(pacpla, description, from "(pOtft'lI', to
gent!i~. - Gk. 'Yfl/.qlr, origin, source; write.
related to 'YfVOS, race; see genus. geometry. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Genet, an animal. (F. - Span. - Arab.) geomttrie. - L. geometria. - Gk. ,,('OJpfTpia,
F. gmetle, 'a kind of weesell;' Cot. - land-measurement.- Gk. 'Y.OJ- (as above) ;
Span. ![ineta. - Arab.jameit (Dozy). -f"Tpla, measnrement, from PfTplOJ, I
Genial. (F. - L.) O. F. genidl. - L. measure, piTPOV, a measure; see Ketre.
gmitilis, pleasant; adj. from genius; see georgic. (L.- Gk.) L. georgicus,
genius. relating to husbandry. - Gk. "fOJP'YIJ(6~,
Geniculate, jointed. (L. ) Tn botany. the same.- Gk'''(''''P'Yla, tillage.- Gk. 'Y.OJ·
From L. genim!u11l, a little knee, joint in (as above) ; ·'P'Yf(JI>lp~fllI, to work. See
a plant; double dimin. of gtnii, a knee. Work.
Allied to Knee. Geranium, a plant. (L. -Gk.) L.
Genie, a demon ; see Jinn. geranium, Latinised from Gk. "'pOVIOV, a
Genital. \1". - L.) O. F . genital. - L. geranium or crane's bill (from the shape
gmilti!is, generative. - L. genii-tim, supine of the seed-pod ). - Gk • .,IpaIlOS, a crane;
of gjgnl1·e. to beget. allied to Cra.ne.
genitive. (F. - L. ) O. F. genitif. - Gerfalcon; see Gyrfa.loon.
L. gmetfuus, hel onging to birth, applied Germ, a seed. (F.-L.) F.germe.-
in grammar to a certain case of nouns. - L. germen (ste m germin- ), a sprout, germ.
L. genitum (above). Der. germ,'n-ale (from the stem).
genius, inborn faculty. (L.) L . german, germane, akin. (F.-L.)
ge"ius, the tntelar spirit of anyone; also COIIsi" s-german are cousins having the
wit, lit. 'inborn nature.' Allied to genus. same grandfather. Formerlyspeltge''1flai,z.
Gennet; see Jennet. - M. F. gemla;'z.-L. germtimml , ace. of
Genteel. (F. - L.) XVI cent. ; F . germtinus, closely akin. Al1ied to Germ.
gtntil.-L.gentilis, belonging to the same Germander. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. ge1"
clan, n gentile (afterwards applied to mean mandrle, germander; O. F. gel'mandru.
well-bred, &c.).-L. genli-, declo stem of gemandree (Godefroy, Supp.); cf. G. ga-
gtns, a clan, tribe, Allied to genua. mander. - Late L. gama,u/ria, a popular
Gentian, a plant. (F. - L. ) O. F. gen· alteration of Late Gk. xapav3p..a, ger-
tiane. _ L.gentitina; named after Cmlius, mander.- Gk. xafLQl3prn, germander; lit.
an I11yriatl king, abt. B.C. 180. 'ground-tree,' i.e. low tree.-Gk. xapat.
Gentile. (F. - L. ) O. F. gtnlil.- L. on the ground; 3pils, tree.
genlr!il, gentiI~; see Genteel. Gerund, a part of a Latin verb. (I,.)
no
 GESTATION GIBLETS
L. gerllndiulll, a gerund. - L. gerllndtlS, Pol. ogurek, ogorek, ogorka, a cucumber;
that which is to be done or carried on ; Bohem. okurka. - M. Ita1. anguria, a
a verbal adj. from gerere (pp. gu-Ius), to cucumber (Florio); Low L. angUri us, a
carry on, perfonn, bring. ( .vGES.) water-melon.-Byzantine G!.. dryO':PIOl',
gestation, the carrying of the young a water-melon. - Pers. angaran, a melon,
in tbe womb. (F.- L.) M. F.gestation.- a cucumber; Rich. Diet., p. 194-
L. ace. gestiilionem, a carrying. - L. gesla- Ghost, a spirit . (E.) M. E. grJSt,gtlosl.
Ius, pp. of ges"'rl!, to carry, frequent. form A. S. grist. + Du. gust, G. geist. Teut.
of gere"e (pp. gest-us), to bring. type*gaistoz. Of uncertain origin ; perhaps
gesticulate, to make gestures. (L.) allied to Ice!. geisa, to rage (like fi re) ,
From pp. of gesticulari, to make mimic and to Goth. us-gais-jan, to terrify.
gestures.-L. gesticulus, a gesture, double Brngm. i. § 816 (l ) .
dimin. of gestus, a gesture.-L. gestus, pp. Ghoul, a kind of demon. (Arab.) Pers.
of gerere. gnol, an imaginary sylvan demon; Arab.
gesture. (L.) Late L. gestiira, a glmwal, a demon of the woods; from Arab.
mode of action. - L. geSlllS, pp. of gerere. ghawl, attacking suddenly.
Get. (Scand.) M. E. geten, pt. t.gat, Giant. (F.-L.-.Gk.) M. E. giant,
pp. geten. - Ice!. geta, pt. t.gat, pp.getinn. geallt, geaunt.-A. F. and O . F. giant,
+ A. S. -geta", pt. t. -gtEt, pp. -geten, to geant. - L. gigantem, ace. of gzgas. - Gk
get, obtain; Goth . •gz·Ian; cognate with 'Y''Yar (stem 'Y''Yavr-) , a giant. Der.
L. -kendere (base kl!d), in prekmdere, to gigant-ie, from L. giganl-, stem of gigas.
seize; Gk. Xa"M" .. " (base XaB ), to seize; Giaour, an infidel. (Pers.) Giaou,' is
Russ . .Ratiatl!, to conjecture. (.vGHw ED.) an Ital. spelling usual among the Franks
Der. be·get,for-get. Brugm. i. § 632. of the Levant (Byron). Pers. gawr, an
Gewgaw, a plaything, specious trifle. infidel , a fire-worshipper; variant of Pers.
(F.) I'ormerly gugaw, (perhaps) answering gabr, a Gueber; see Gueber.
to M. E. giuegtlue, Ancren Riwle, p. 196. Gibberish, idle talk. (Arab. 1) The
The pron. of M. E. giuegoue is uncertain. hard g separates it from the verb gibber,
Origin unknown; prob. F . One sense of to gabhle, which is the frequentative of
E.gl!Wgaw is a Jew's harp; cf. Burgundian jibe, and allied to jabber. Fuller has
gawe, a Jew's harp (Mignard). Cf. Swed. Geberisk , and Camden Gebrisk; apparently
dial. gtJva, to blow ; Norw. guva, gyva in allusion to Gebir, an Arabian alchemist
(pt. t. gauv). of the 8th century, and to the jargon of
Geysir. (Icel.) Icel.gqsir, lit. (gusher.' alchemy. Or it may be merely imita-
_ Ice!. geyuz, to gush; allied to gjosa (pt. tive.
t.gaus), to gush. See Gush. Gibbet. (F .) M. E. gibbet, gibl!t. -
Ghastly, terrible . (E. ) M. E. gustly. O. F. gibbet (F. gibet), a gibbet. Prob.
Formed from M. E. gasten, A. S. g{estan, allied to O. F. gibet, a large stick, perhaps
to terrify; allied to Goth. usgaisjan, to a dimin. of O. F. gibe, gibbe, a sort of
terrify. See Aghast. Allied words are stick shod with iron, an implement for
gasted, terrified, K. Lear, ii. 1. 57; gast- stirring up earth. Or is gib-el a dimin.
'IUS, Oth. v. 1. 106. See Ghost. from M. Du. 7uippe, ( a gibbet,' in Hexham?
Ghaut, a landing-place, quay, way Gibbon, a kind of ape. (F. ) F.gibbon,
down to a river; mountain-pass. ( Hind.) in Buffon; of unknown origin.
Hind. gMt, Bengali gka~. See Wilson. Gibbous, humped , swelling. (L.)
Ghee, boiled or clarified butter. (Hind. From L. gibbosus, humped (whence also
- Skt.) Hind. gki. - Skt. gkrta, clarified gibbose). - L.gibbus,gibba, a hump, hunch;
butter ; orig. pp. of gnr, to sprinkle. cf. giMus, bent.
Gherkin, small cucumber. (Du. - Gibe, Jibe, to mock. (E. ) Of imitative
Slav.-Low L.-Gk.-Pers.) Short for origin; cf. E. Fries. gibe/n, to moe!., Du.
*aglzerkin. _ Du. agurkje, a gherkin (of gijbelen, to sneer. Note also Ice!. gtipa,
which an older form was doubtless to talk nonsense, Ice!. geip, idle tal!.;
*agurken (=agurk-ken ), because M. Du. Norw. geipa, to make grimacc:s.
used the dimin. suffix -km where mod. Giblets, the intemal eatable parts of
Du. uses -ie; in fact, the form augurken a fowl, removed before cooking. (F.)
is preserved in E. Friesic.). Without the M. E. gibe/et.-O. F. gibell!l, which, ac-
final n, we have Du. agorke (Sewel). - cording to Littre, answers to mod. F
:Ill
 GIDDY GINGER
.t{ibelolle, stewed rabbit. Of unknown GillyAower, a Rower. (F.-L.-Gk.)
origin; perhaps related to F.gibier, game. F ormerly gilofer, geraflour. Formed (by
Giddf. ( E.) M. E. gidi, gedy, adj.; confusion with flower) from M. F . girojlle,
late A. S ..ridig, insane, an swering to earlier , a gi\lotlower;' Cot. From F. dou de
*gyd~r, which would mean 'possessed by girojle, the same.-Late L. {aryophyl/um,
a god '; cf. A. S. gydtn, a goddess. From Latinised from Gk. I<apuo</>uAAOV, a clove
A. S. god. tree, lit. 'nut·leaf.' - Gk. I<apuo." , a nut;
Gier'ea,le, a kind of eagle. (Du. and </>';}.Aov, leaf.
F .) The hrst syllable is from Du. gier, Gimbals, a contrivance for suspending
a vulture; cf. G. geier, M. H . G. p ", a a ship's compass, to keep it horizontal.
vulture. Allied to G. gier·ig, greedy, and (F. -L.) Formerly gz'mmals ; also called
to E. Yearn. gemmow or gemmow·ring, a double ring,
Gift. (E.) M . E. gijt, yi(t. - A. S. gzjt, with two or more links. The form s gem·
a g ift (rare ); common in the pI. gzjfa, mow and gimmal correspond to M. F.
nuptials ; E. Fries. gift. - A. S. gif an, to gemeau , and O. F.gemel, a twin.-L. gemd·
gi ve.+Icel.gipt, Du. gift,G. ·gil t ( in mit· Ius, a twin, a di min . form of L. gemintls,
gzff, a dowry). ~ The hard g is due to double.
Sca nd. inRuence. See Give. Der. gzft·ed. Gimlet, Gimblet. (F. - Teut. ) M.F.
Gig, a lig ht carriage, light boat. (Scand.) gimbele!, 'a gimlet or piercer ;' Cot.;
In Shak. , a g ig is a boy's top. M . E. gzgge, gttimbelet , Godefroy ( F . gz'belet ) ; Norman
apparentl y a whirling thing, Ch. H o. dia!' gztinblet. Of M. H. G. origin;
Fame, iii. 852 (whence E. whid igig). formed from a base wind·, to turn or
Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. geiga, to wind ; cf. mod. G. wm del·boJl rer, a
take a wrong direc tion , to rove at random. wimble. Note also Ice!. vi1zdla, to wind
Cf. J.ig. Prob. of imitative origin . up, vindill, a wisp. See Wimble, of
Gigantic; see Giant. which g imlet is the dimin.
Giggle, to titter. (E.) Of imitative Gimmal-ring; see Gimbals.
origi n ; cf. gaggle. Cf. E. Fries. giehellt , Gimp, a kind of trimming, made of
Low G . gigge/1J ( Danneil), G. kiehem , to twisted silk, cotton, Ol'woo!. (F . - O.H .G.)
gig~le. See Bailey'S Dict. vol. ii., ed. 1731. Named
Giglet, Giglot, a wanton woman. from a resemblance to some kind of
(E. ?) Dlmin. of gigle, a Rirt, used by wimple.-M. F.gztimpe, a nun's wimple;
Cotgrave (s. v. gadrollil/ette) ; from M. E. also guimple (see ind ex to Cotgrave, s. v.
gzgge, the same, Plowm. T ale, 759. Per· w imple ). -O. H. G. wimpal, a light robe,
haps. allied to Gig or Giggle. a fillet for the head; G.wimpel.a streamer;
Gild, to overlay with gold. (E.) M. E. see Wimple. ~ Prob. confused with F.
gilde1Z. A. S. gyldan, to gild; cf. A. S. guipure, a thread or silk lace. See Gui-
gylden, golden. Formed (with vowel· pure.
mutation from Teut. tl ( >A. S. 0) to y ) Gin (1), to begin. (E.) Obsolete; often
fr'!..TT}.gold, gold. See Gold. needlessly written 'gi", as though be· were
Gill (1), organ of respiration in fishes. omitted. M . E. gz·nnen. A . S. ginnan,
(Scand.) M. E. gil/e. - Dan.gial/e, Swed. to begin, commonly on-ginna" (pt. t.
gal, a gill; M. Dan. gal/e, M. Swed. gel. ongan1l, pp. ongunnen).+Goth. ginnan,
Gill ( l), a ravine, chasm. (Scand.) Also in the compo dU'gin1lan, to begin. Bnlgm.
ghyll. - Ice!. gil, ravine; Norw. gil. i. § 376.
Gill (3" with g soft, a quarter of a pint. Gin (l ), a trap, snare. (F.-L.) M. E.
(F . -Late L.) M. E.gille.-O. F.gel/e,,, gin , short for M. E. engin, a contrivance.
sort of wine· measure, Late L .gella ; cf. Late See Engine.
L. gil/o , a wine·vessel. Gin (3), a kind of spirit. (F.-L.) Short
Gill (4) , with g soft, a woman's name, for geneva , corruption of M. F . genevre,
a pitcher, ground.ivy. (L.) _ Short for juniper. - L. acc. iuniperum; see Juni-
Gillian, from L. [uliana, a fern. name per.
due to L. [ulills; see July. Der. flirt- Ginger, the root of a certain plant.
gl'/l or gz·l/-jlM,jilt. IF'. -L.-Gk.-Skt. ) M.E. ginger, gz·n·
Gillie, a boy, page. (C.) Gael. g il/e, geuere ( =gin,l{evere).-O. F. gengibre (F.
fiolla, l-rish giolla, boy, lad; O. Irish gl·ngembre). - Late L.gingz·ber; L. zingz·ber.
gil/a, a servant. _ Gk. ('rri/3.p's. - Skt. (t'flgavera, ginger;
213
 GINGERLY GLAIR
lit. 'horn-shaped,' from the horus OIl it. - the wabt ; \)an. giord. +Goth. gail'lil' , a
Skt. frflga, a horn; ve"a , a body. girdle. Teut. type *gerdii. See Gird ( f) .
Gingerly. with soft steps. (F.-L.) Gist, the pith of a matter. (F. - L .
From the adj. *giltger, soft, delicate (with The giSt is the point wherein the matter
soft g ). Apparen tl y adapted from O. F . lies. - O. F. gist ,mod . F . gr/) , it lies;
gm zor, gensor, more delicate, compo of whence the proverb 'c'est lit que git Ie
gent, line, delicate, noble; orig. 'well· lievre,' that is where the difficulty is, lit.
born.' - Folk-L. *gentum, L. gwilum, ' that's where the hare lies.' From th e F .
acc. of gmitw, born (weH·born), pp. of verb gesir (now gesir), to lie.-L. iadre,
gignen, to beget. (N.E.D.) to lie. (O.F.gisl= L.iacet. ) SeeJet ( f) .
Gingham, a kind of cotton cloth . Gittern; see Cithern.
(F. - M.alay.) F. glti1lgalz. - Malay gillg- Give. (Scand.) M. E. g iff (Northern) ,
,;al1g, striped cl oth, gingham. - Malay and geuen, yet/tit (Southern ) ; pt. t. gal ( N.),
Javanese gillggattg, striped (C. P. G. Scott). ya/(S. ), pp.gi/m (N .) , yillett, y OllClt (S. ).
Gingle; the same as Jingle. -lcel. geJa, Dan. give, Swed . g ifva. +
Gipsy_; the same as Gypsy. A. S. gifan , pt. t. gcaj, pp. gi/ett; Du .
Gira1f'e, a long-legged animal. (F. - gevm; Goth. giball, G. gebCll. Teut. type
Span. - Arab.) M. F. giraffe (F. *geba,z-, pt. t. *gab. Cf. O. Irish gab-i""
giraft). - Span. g ira/a. - Arab. zarn/, I give, I take.
zar¥aCt ). Gizzard. ( F. -L.) M. E . g iser (the
Gll'd (I ), to enclose, bind round . (li.) d being added ). - O. F. gezier, jugier,
M. E. gttrdm, girdw. A. S. gyrda1t , to jllisier (F. gesier). - L. gig1riu1/I, only ill
gird.+O. Sax. gtlrdiatt, Du. gordm, l cel. pI. gig-eria (Late L. gizlria), cooked
gyr(Ja, to gird, Dan. giorde, G . gt'irlm. entrails of pOUltry.
Teut. type *gurdja1l-; from *gll1W-, weak Glabrous, smooth. (L. ) From L.
b'Tade o~ Teut. *gerdan- (pt. t. *gard), to glal>er, smooth. Idg. stem *gladh-,'o-;
enclose; cf. Goth. bigairdalt, to begird. see Glad. Brugm. i. § 589.
Allied to Garth, Garden, and Yard. Gla.cial, icy. (F. -L.) F.gla(ial. - L.
Gird ( 2), tojestat, jibe. (li.) Apeculiar glacinlis, icy.-L.glacih, ice.
use 0:' M. E. girden, gurdell, to strike, cut. glacier, a mountain ice-field. (F.-L.)
To gird at=to strike at, jest at; a gird F.glarier(aSavoyword ).-F.glace,ice.-
i; a cut, sarcasm; Tam. Shrew, v. z. 58. l'- olk-L.$'lacia, for L. glacies, ice.
Girdle. (E.) A. S. gyrdel, that which glaCIS, smooth slope. (F.-L.) F.
girds. -A. S.gyrdan, to gird ; see Gird ( J). glacis. - M. F. glaceI', to cover with ice. -
+Du . garde!, Icel. gyr(Jill, Swed. gordel, F. glace (above).
G. gUrte!. Glad. (E. ) A. S. glad, shining, blight,
Girl. (E. ) M. E. gt'de, gerle, gurle, cheerful , glad.+Du. glad, smooth, bright,
often used to mean 'a boy'; a child. Icel. gla(J,·, bright, glad. Dan. Swed'I::lad,
Answering to an A.S. form ·gyre/-, Teut. G. glatt, smooth, polished. Cf. }{uss.
*g"ril-, a dimin. form from Teut. base gladkii, even, smooth; L. glaber, smooth;
·gt~r- . Allied to N. Fries. gor, a girl; see Glabrous.
Low G. gor, gore, a child. Cf. Swiss Gladden, Gladen, a plant; his
.~t~rre, g urrli, a depreciatory term for a pseudacorw. (L.) A. S. glfPdene; altered
gi rl (Sanders, Ger. Dict. ). from L. gladiolus, a sword-lily. Dimin.
Giron, G~n, in heraldry, the eighth of L. gladitls, a sword; see Gladiator.
part of a shield, made by drawing a dia- Glade, an open space in a wood. (E.)
gonalline from the top comer to the centre, The orig. sense was prob. an opening for
.and from the centre horizontally towards light, passage through a wood; from A.S.
the same side; a right-angled triangle. glad, bright, shining. Cf. Swed. dial.
(F.~O . H. G. ) F.giron , agiron (Littn!) . glad-yppett, completely open, said of a
-0. H . G. gb'UIt, ace. of giro, a lance, lake whence the ice has al\ melted away.
spear; M. H. G. gb'e, a gore or gusset in Gladiator, a swordsman. (L.) L. gla.
a garment, a triangular piece. - O. H. G. diator. - L. gladius, a sword.
glr, a spear. coguate with A . S. gar, l\ Glair, the white of an egg. (F.- 1,,)
spear. See Gore (2). (Diez, Schade. ) M. E. gleyre. - O. F. glaire. - L . clam,
Girth. (Scand.) M. E. gerth. -lcel. fern. of clarus, bright; Late L. clam ott I,
gjor(J, a girdle, girth; ger(J, girth round the white of an egg.
313
 GLAIVE GLINT
Glaive, a sword. (F.-L.) A.F.glaive, M. E. flede. A. S. glida, a kite, lit.
a sword; O. F. glaive, a sword, lance.- 'glider, from its smooth flight.-A. S.
L.gladiulIl, acc. of gladius, a sword. ~/id-. weak grade of glililm, to glide; see
Glamour; see Gramarye. Glide. Cf. Ice!. g/e6a (the same).
Glance, a swift dart of light, quick Glede (3), Gleed, a glowing coal.
look; as a verb, to glide off or from , to (E.) A. S. glid (where i is from D, by
graze, to flash. (F.-L.) The sb. is from vowel-change). - A. S. glowa", to glow;
the verb. A nasalised form (infiuenced see Glow. Cf. Dan. Swed. glOd, the same.
by M. E. glm/en, to glance) of O. F. Glee, joy, singing. (E.) A. S. glio.
gltuer, gltuier, to glide. slip, glance. - F. earlier gliu, joy, mirth. music. + Icel. glj.
glace, ice; see Glacial. 2. M. E. glm/en glee. gladness; Swed. dial. gly, mockery.
answers to the causal form of the strong Cf. Gk. X.\ftl.], a jest. Brugm. i. § 633.
verb glitz/a, to shine, still found in Swed. Gleek (1 ), a scoff, jest. See Nares.
dialects (Rietz) . See Glint. Prob. a particular use of Gleek (2 ).
Gland, a fleshy organ in the body, GI8811: (2 ) , a game at cards; in which
secreting fluid. (F. -L.) M. F . and F. a gleek meant three cards alike (as three
gla,"'e, a gland; O. F. glandre. - L. glan- kings). (F. - Du.) See Nares.- O. F.
dula, a gland; dimin. of glans (stem glie, a game at cards; also spelt ghelie'lue
gland-), an acorn.+Gk./JOAQJfos, an acorn. (Godefroy).-M. Du. gelij.k, alike.-M.
Hrugm. i. § 665 , Du. ge-, g!ze-, Du. ge-, prefix (=A. S. ge-,
glanders, glandular swellings. (F.- Goth.gu-); M. Du. -lijek, Du. -lijk, cognate
L.) M.I'. glandres, pl. - Lat. pl. acc. with E. like; see Like. ~ Hexham has
glandulas. swollen glands; from L. gla"s gelijk ofte onge/ijk spelm, to play at even
(above). or odds.
Glare, to shine brightly. (E.) M . E. Glenfa narrow valley. (C.) Gael. and
glarm; cf. A. S. glb, amber. + Low irish gleann, O. Irish glemz; W. glyn, a
G. glarm, to glow. Perhaps allied to valley, glen. Celtic type *glennos.
GlaSB. Cf. Dan. glar, Icel. gler, glass' Glib (1), smooth, voluble. (E.) Cf.
(below). E. Fries. glibberig, slippery; glippm, to
+
Gl&8.. (E.) A. S. glas. Du. glas, slip.+Du. glibberig, slippery, glibberm, to
G. glas; cf. Dan. gla,., M. Swed'. glar, slide; Du. and Low G. glippen, to slip
Ice\. gler, glass. Orig. sense prob. ' shin- away.
inE.' See above. Glib ( 3), a lock of hair. (C.) Irish and
Glaucoua, grayish blue. (L. - Gk .) Gael. glib, also Jr. elib, a lock of hair.
L. glauc·us; with suffix -ous.-Gk. -r.\OIl- Glib (3), to castrate. (E.) The same as
KOS, gleaming. bluish. lib, with pre6xoo g- - A. S. ge- , a common
Glue, to furnish with glass. (E.) prefix. Cognate with Du. lubbm. to cas-
M. E. glasm. - M. E. glas, glass; see trate, M . Du. lubbell. See Left.
GlaSB. Glide. (E.) M. E. glidm, pt. t. glood.
Gleam, a beam of light. (E.) A. S. A. S. glidatl.+ Dn. glijiim, Dan. glide,
glilm; Teut. type *glaimis. + O. Sax. Swed. glida, G. gleitm. Tent. type *glei·
gli1llo, brightness; O. H . G. glimo, gleimo, dan-. pt. t. *glaid, pp. *gluianoz.
a glow-worm (from base *gleim- ). Allied Glimmer, verb. (E.) M. E. gli-
to Gk. XM-apOf, warm. See Glimmer. merm. + Low G. glimmern, frequent. of
Gleim. (F.) M. E. glenen. - O. F. glimmetl, to shine; Dan. glimre, vb., cf.
glener, glatUr (F. glatur), to glean; Low glimmer, sb., glitter; Swed. dial. glimmer,
L. glenan ( A.D. 561); cC. Low L. glma, vb., glimmer, sb., glitter. Frequent. of
gelina, geli1ll<l, a handful. Of unknown Dan. glimme, Swed. glimma, to shine. Cf.
origin. The A. S. gUm, a handful, whence Swed. dial. glim, a glance, A. S. glemm
provo E. ye/m, to provide handfuls of straw (for *glimu), splendour; from *glim-,
ready for a thatcher, will not account for weak grade of *gleim.; see Gleam.
the O. F. fonn. ~ We also find the form glimpse, a slight gleam. (E.) For-
to ii/eame (Levins) , also spelt g/eme. merly glimse; M. E. glimsen, to glimpse ;
Glebe, soil. (F. - L.) M. 1". glebe, formed with suffix ·s- from *glim (above ).
, glebe, land belonging to a parsonage; , Glint, to shine, glance. \Scand.) M. E .
Cot. - L. gliba, soil, a clod of earth. glm/m. - Swed. dial. gld,z/a. glitz/a, to
Glede ~l : , a kite, a bird so called. ~ E.) shine; nasalised from lcel. glila, to shine.
 GLISTEN GNARL
+M.H.G. glinzen, to glint, Swed.gli"dra . mouth of the windpipe. - Gk. 'YAwrTa,
See Glitter. Attic form of 'YAwuua, the tongue. Der.
Gli8teD, Glister, to glitter. (E.) epi-glottis.
Extended from base glis- of M. E. glisien, Glove. ( E. ) A. S. glOj, a glove; cf.
to shine. A. S. glisian; whenct: also Ice!. glOji, prob. borrowed from A. S. gl6j'.
g/imian, to shine. We also find M. E. Possibly from g- (for gr. ), prefix; and
glisteren, glistrtn , to glitter. Cf. Du. Icel. I6ji, Goth. Mfa, the palm of the hand.
glinsteren, to glitter; Swed. dial. glisa. Der. fox·glove.
Glitter. ( E.) M. E. gluerm , to shine. Glow. (E.) M. E. glo'Wefl. A. S.
A. S . glitinian, to shine; extended from glowan, to be ardent, to shine brightly.+
A. S. glitian, to shine.+lcel. glitra, to Icel. gloa, Dan. gloe, to glow, stare, Swed.
glitter, frequent. of glita, to shine; Swed. g'lo, to stare, Du. glodjen, G. g liihm .
!,'Iittra, to glitter; glitter, sb., a sparkle. Brugm. i. § 156. Der. gltde (l ).
Cf. Goth. glit-munjan, to glitter. From Glower, to look frowningly. (E.) K
*glu-, weak grade of *gleit-, as in O. Sax. Fries. gluren. Cf. Low G. glure", M. Du.
glitall, G. gleissm, to shine. gloeren, 'to look awry , to leare,' Hex-
Gloa.ming, twilight. (E.) A Scot. ham; Du. glurm. ~ M. E. glorm, to
form of glooming, i. e. the time of becom- stare, is allied to glare.
ing dusk; A. S. iiftn-glo",mung, gloom of GlOM, to interpret, flatter. (F. - L.-
eve, Hymn. Surtees, 16. 16. See Gloom. Gk.) M. E. glosen, to make glosses.-
Gloat, to stare, gaze with admiration. M. E. glose, a gloss; see Gloss (l).
(E.) Formerly glole (XVI cent. ). + Icel. Glue. (F.- L.) O. F. gltt.-Late L.
glotta, to grin, smile scornfully; Swed. gliitem, ace. of glus ', gen. gliitis), glue;
dia1.glolta, glut/a, to peep; G. glotzen, to allied to L. glutm, glue, gliitus, tenacious.
~tare. Cf. kuss. gliadiet(e), to look at. +Gk. ,),Ao,os, mud, gum. Allied to Clay.
Globe. (F.-L.) O. F. globe . - L. Hrugm. i. § 639.
globum, acc. of globus, a ball; cf. glomus, Glum, sullen. (E.) M. E. glo1lllllelZ,
a ball, clue. glo1llbm, gloumen, to look gloomy. E.
Glomerate. (L.) From pp. of glo- Fries. glumm, gliimen, to look sullen.+
1IIerllre, to collect into a ball. - L. glolller-, Low G. gluu1Il, a sullen look, glu1ll1llen,
for *glo",es, stem of glom tIS, a ball or to make turbid; Norw. g/yme, a sullen
clew of yam. See Globe. look, g/yllla, gloma, \0 look sulltn. See
Gloom. (E.) A. S. glom , gloom, twi- Gloom.
light; cf. A. S. -glo",mullg , twilight (see Glume, a bracteal c"vering, in grasses.
Gloaming), and provo E. glum, overcast. (L.) L. gil7ma, a husk, hull. - L. gliibere,
+Norw. glyma, an overcast sky; L ow G. to Eee1, take off the husk. See Cleave ( I ).
glum, turbid. See Glum. Glut, to swallow grt ~dily . (F.-L.)
Glory. (F. -L.) M . E. glorU.-A. F. M. E. glolien. _O. F . glo.ir, gloutir.-L.
and O. F. glone (F. gloire). - L. gloria. glutfre, glultfre, to swallow; cf. gula , the
Glo•• ( I ), lustre. (Scand.) Icel. glossi, throat. Der.glutton.
a blaze, glys, finery; Swed. dial. glossa, Glutin01l8, gluey. (L.) L.gliitinOsus,
to glow; Norw .glosa, to glow.+M. H. G. sticky.-L.gluf;n., for gliUen, glue.
glosen, to glow, glos, lustre ; Du. glorm Glutton. (F.-L. ) M. E. gloton.-
(Franck), E. Fries. gloren. O. F. gloton. - L. gluttmem, gliUOfum,
Gl08. (l), a commentary, explanation. ace., a glutton. - L. gliitire, to devour.
(F . -L.-Gk.) M. E.glose.-O. F. glose, Glycerine, a viscid fluid , of sweet
'a glosse;' Cot. - L. g lossa, a difficult taste. (F.-Gk.) F. g/yct rine ; from Gk.
word requiring explanation. - Gk. 'YAwuua., ",(AVIC'p6S, sweet; from Gk. ",(AVIC6s, .sweet.
the tongue, a language, word needing ex- Glyptic, relating to carving in stone.
planation. Der. gloss, vb., gloze. (Gk. ) Gk. 'YAV1I'''ICOS, carving. - Gk.
gl0888.1'7. (L . - Gk. ) L . gltJmiriulll, ",(AtnrTos, carved. - Gk .. "'(A"1>flll, to hollow
a glossary ; formed with suffix ·Ilriu", ont, engrave. See Cleave (I ).
from L. gloss-a (above). Guarl, to snarl, growl. (E.) Frequen-
gl0880graj)he1'. (Gk.) Coined.ir.o.!D tative 'of glUlr, to snarl, an imitative word.
glosso-, from Gk. ",(1+..OKTua, a hard word ; Cf. A. S. gnyrrall, to creak; E. Fries.
...".a.,..,,,, to write. g'lUlJ'1"" , to creak, snarl.+Du. Imorrm,
glottia. (Gk.) Gk. ",(A..nls, the Dan.· .#/llurre, to growl, Dan. knarre, to
H5
 GNARLED GOD
creak; Swed. Imorra, G. kmlrrm, to supposition arises that Teut. *gailll, *gais,
growl, G. Jmarrm, to creak. *gaitk are contracted from the verbal
Gnarled, knotty, twisted. (E.) Gnarled particle ga- and the inherited jm, iz, itk =
is full of gnarls, where g7uzr-1 is a dimin . . Skt. lilli, lski,olh"; cf. Gk .•11".' - Kluge.
of g7Ulr or /mar, M. E. knarre, a knot in ' But this is mere conjecture.
wood. See Knurr. J Goad. (E .) M. E. gode. A. S. gad.
I
Gnash. (E.) M. E. gnaslm, to gnash Teut. type *gaida, f.+Lomhardic gaida,
I
the teeth. E. Fries. g7Ulslern, g7rtislern, a gore (Duc.) ; from the base *gai-, Idg.
to gnash.+Swed. kllas/ra, to crash (be· *gkai-, whence also A. S. gii-r, Ice!. gei-rr,
I
tween the teeth) ; Dan. k1laske, to gnash; O. Irish gai, a spear; see Gore (2) .
Ice\. gltaStalt, sb., a gnashing, g nes/a (pt. t. Goal, the winning-post in a race. (E .)
Kllast), to crack; G. k1uzslern, to crackle. M. E. gal, Shoreham, p. 145. Answering
I
Imitative; so also Dan. knase , to crackle; to A. S. *gal, prob. 'an impediment;'
Icd. g1lisla, to gnash, E. Fries. gnistn. I whence /t.. S. gii/an , to impede. Goal
Gnat. (E. ) A. S. gntelf. Said to be may have meant· stopping-place.'
named from the whirring of the wings; Goat. (E.) M. E. goot. A. S. gat. +
cf. Ice!. gnala, to clash, g1uzl, clash of I Ou. ge£t , Dan. ged, Swed. gel, Ice\. geit.
weapons. G. geiss, geisse ; Goth. gaits. Teut. base
Gnaw. (E.) M. E . gnawCll, pt. t.gnew, *gait-; allied to L. luzdus.
gll07c/. I
A . S. gnagan, to gnaw, pt. t. gnolt, Gobbet, a mouthful, a small piece.
pp.gnagm.+Dll.ktuzgen,LowG.gnaum, (F.-C.) M.E. gobel, a small piece.-
O. Ice\. knaga , mod. Ice!. 1laga, Dan. O. F . gobel, a morsel of food (see Littn!) ;
Knave, Swed. g7laga. Without the g, we allied to M.F. gob, a gulp (in swallowing).
have G. lIagen; also Dan. 11age, to gnaw, - O. F. gober, to devour. - Gael. gob, .beak,
SWt:d. lIagga, whence provo E. nag, to LiU, mouth; Irish gob, mouth, beak.
worry. gobble ( 1) , to devour. (F.-C.) Fre-
Gneiss, a rock. \ G.) G. glleiss; from quentative, with suffix -Ie, from O. F.
its sparkling. - O. H. G. gmislan , to gob-er, to devour; see Gobbet.
sparkle; g illis/a, a spark. + A. S. gnasl, Gobble (2), to make a gabbling noise.
lee!. glleiSti, a spark. (E.) Imitative; a variant of gabble.
Gnome, a kind of sprite. (F.-Gk.) Gobelin, a French tapestry. (F.)
1". g'lollle, a gnome; a word due to Para- Named from Giles Gobeli1', wool-dyer of
celsus; from the notion that gnomes could Paris, in the 15th cent.
reveal secret treasures.-Gk. 'Yvwl''1,intelli- Goblet. (F. - L.) F. gobele/, 'a
gcnce.- Gk. -yviiwal, to know. (~GEN.) goblet;' Cot. Dimin. of O. F. gobel, a
gnomon, index of a dial. (L.-Gk.) cup.-Late L . ciijJe/ltl1ll, acc. of ciijJellus,
L. gnomon. - Gk. -yvWJAl'l", an interpreter a cup; dimin. of L. (tepa , a vat; see
(one who knows); the index of a dial.- Coop. Cf. Picard gobe, a great cup.
Gk. 'YI'WVal, to know. Goblin. (F.-L.-G.) O.F. gobeli,l.
gnostic, one of a certain sect. (Gk. ) -Low L. gobelintu, a goblin; properly
G\(. -YVOJUT"'OS, wise, good at knq,wing.- 'a household-god'; cf. A. S. cof-godas,
Gk. -YVOJUTOS, from 'YI'orros, known. - Gk. ' penatcs.' - M. H . G. kobel, a hut; dimin.
-yvwval, to know. of M. H. G. kobe, a stall, cognate with
Gnu, a kind of antelope. (Hottentot.) Ice!. koji, a hut, A. S. cofa, a chamber
}<' ound in S. Africa. Said to belong to the (Kluge). See Cove.
Hottentot language. Goby, a fish . (L. - Gk.) For L.gobius,
Go, to move about, proc~, ~dvance' l ong: applied to the gudgeon. - Gk. KOJ/JIOS,
(E. ) M. E. golt, goon . A. S. gan.+Du. a klDd of fish, gndgeon, tench. Der.
gaa", Dan. gnae, Swed. g,i; G. gekm;' g udgeon.
O. H . G.g,in,gbl. ~. The Teut.gai- (= I God. (E.) A. S. god.+Du. god, Ice!.
A. S. gti-, O. H. G. ge-) supplanted the I go6, gu6, Dan. gild, Swed. gild, Goth.
Idg . .vI , to go, in Lat. ire, Gk. ilval, I guIll, G. got/. Teut. type -gllillom; Iclg.
Skt. i . Since Teut. goi- ha, no old primi- type *gku/om, perhaps • the being wor-
tive noun-deri·'iatives in Teut., and takes shipped,' a pp. form; from Idg. root *gku,
the place of Idg . .vI (the Goth. aorist to worship, as in Skt. ku, to sacrifice
idtlja = A.!:l. ,'ode still remains) , and as it (to), whence lluta-, one to whom sacri·
is inflected after the -1IIi- conjngation, the fioe is offered. ~ Not allied to good, adj.
316
 GODDESS GOOSEBERRY
g¢dess. (E.; willI F.sujJi.r.) M. K banner. (F.-M. H. G.) M.E.gonfanm.
goddesse (godesse ). Made from god by -0. F. gonJanon.-M . H. G. gum/Jan",
adding the O. F. suffix -esse (= L. -issa = lit. 'battle-lIag.' _ M. H. G. gund, gunt,
Gk. ' 1(1(14). battle; Jano (G. Jahtll) , a banner, flag.
godfather. (E.) M. E. godJadff, Here gunt is cognate with A. S. gii{J (for
fatber in baptism; from god andJader. *gunlh), battle, wa.r; cf. Skt. han, to kill.
godhead. (E.) M. E. godhed, also Fano is allied to Vane.
god/lod; the suffix answers to A. S. had, Gong. (Malay.) Malay agong or gong,
office, state, dignity; see ·hood (suffix;. th e gong, a sonorous instrument.
Godwit, a bird. (E.) Origin un- Good. (E.) M. E . good. A. S. gOd.+
known. Can it mean 'good creature'? Du. god, Ice!. giJ{Jr, Dan. Swcd. god,
A. S. gOd wiht, a good wight, good crea- Goth. gods, G. gut. Teut. type *gOdoz;
tu re (wiht being often applied to animals from *gOd-, strong grade of -gad-, 'fit;'
and birds). See Wight. see Gather. Allied to Russ. godnuii,
Goifer, Gau1fer, to plait or crimp suitable, O. Slav. goda, fit season. Der.
lace , &c. (F.-O. Low G.) M. F.gau./- good-s, sb. pl., i. e. good things, property ;
I rer, to goffer; orig. to mark like the good· will, &c. A Iso good-t1zan, i. e. master
edges ofwafers.-M. F. gaujfre, gojfre, a of thf .house, good·1tJi./e, mistress of the
wafer; see Wafer. house.
Goggle-eyed, having rolling and Goodbye, farewell. (E.) A familiar,
staring eyes. t E.) M. E . gogil-eyid. 'They but meaningless, contraction of God be
gogle with their eyes hither and thither; , with you, the old form of farewell ;
H olinshed, Descr. of Ireland, c. I. Cf. very common; often written God b·w'y.
Irish and GaeL gogslutileack, goggle·eyed , 4U Not 10r God be by y ou; the form God
having wandering eyes, from gog, to move buy you = God b.-with-Jtou you (you re-
slightly, and suil, eye. But gog seems to peated ).
be from E., and of imitative origin. Cf. GoodmaD.; see Good.
provo E . coggle, Bavar. gageln, to be UD- Goose, a bird. (K ) A. S. gos, pI. geJ
steady. (lengthened 0 caused loss of n, and gos =
GoItre. (F.-L.) F. got/re, a swelled +
·gons < *gans). Du. ga"s, Dan. gaas,
throat; from O. F. goitron, the same, esp. Swed. gas, Ice!. gas, G. ga"s. Teut. type
in Savoy. - Late L. acc. type *guttrionem, -gans; Idg. type *gham-; cf. L. anser,
from L. gut/ur, throat. Gk. X~"; Skt. ha,psa, a swan; O. Irish
Gold. (E.) A.S. gold.+Dn. goud (for geis, a swan; Lith. Zqsis , a goose.
gold), Ice!. gull, Swed. Dan.guld, G. gold, Gooseberry. (E.; of. F . -M.H.G.)
Goth. gtlt/h. Teut. type *gul-lhom, n.; In Levins. From goose and berry; ce.
Idg. type *g"11-tom; cf. Russ. wloto, Skt. goose-grasl, &c. cr.. We also find North.
kd!aka-, gold; also Pers. zar, gold, Zend E. grosers, gooseberries; Burns has grout,
zaranya-, SkI. kira1lya-. Named from its a gooseberry. Apparently from 0.1' .
colour. Allied to Yellow. (.vGHEL.) ·grose, *groise, a gooseberry, not recorded,
Der. mari·gold, gild. but occurring not only in the O. F'. dimin.
Golf, a game. (Du.) Mentioned A. D. form groisele, grosele,a gooseberry, but also
r+S7 (Jam. ). The name is from that of a in Irishgrois' aUi, Gael.grois-eid. W,grwys,
Dn. game played with club and ball. - Du. a gooseberry, all borrowed from M.E. The
kolf, a club nsed to strike balls with. + spelling groise/e is as old as the 13th
Low G. kuif, hockey-stick; Ice!. kOlfr, century (Bartsch) ; and answers to the
clapper of a bell, kyl.fa, a clnb ; Dan. kolbe, form croula in the dialect of Como
butt-end of a weapon, kolv, bolt, shaft, (Monti). fJ. The orig. O. F. *groiu or
arrow, Swed. kolf, butt-end, G. kolbe, club, *grou was borrowed from M. H. G. krus,
mace, knob. curling, crisped, whence G. krausbetre , a
Golollh; the same as Galoche. cranberry, a rough gooseberry. cr. Swed.
Gondola. (Ital. - Gk . - Pers. ?) Ital. krusbiir, a gooseberry, from krus, crisp,
,rondo/a, dimin. of gonda, a boat. - Gk. curled, frizzled. The name was first ghen
KO"~II, a drinking-vessel; from the shape to the rougher kinds of the fruit , from the
(Diez). Said to be of Pers. origin; cC. curling hairs on it; similarly, Levins
Pers. kand;;, an earthen vessel. gives the Lat. name as tlUO crispa (frizzled
GoIlfanOJl, GoIlfalOJl, a kind of grape).
 GOPHER GOSSIP
Gopher, a kind of wood. (Heb.) Heb. - Gk. "'(on6s, (e&lful. + O. Ir. garg.
gopker, a wood. fierce.
Gorbellied. having a fat belly. (E.) Gorilla, a kind of large ape. (0. Afri-
Compounded of E. gon, lit. filth, dirt (also can.) An old word revived. In the Peri-
the intestines); and belly. So also SwecL plus of Hanno, near the end, some creatures
dial. gdrba1g, a (at paunch, from gdr, dirt, are described' which the interpreters called
contents of the intestiues, and balg, belly. Gon'IIas '-in Greek, "'(opiA>..as.
See Gore (I). Gorm.&ndi8e j see Gourmand.
gorcrow, carrion·crow. (E.) I.e. Gorse. (E.) Formerly gorst. -A. S.
gore-crow; see above. gorst, gorse. Cf. Skt. "rs", to bristle.
Gordian. (L.-Gk.) Only in the phr. Gollhawk. (E.) Lit.' goose-hawk.'
'Gordian knot,' i.e. intricate knot. Named A. S. gVsluzfoc. - A. S. g6s, goose; luzfuc,
from the Phrygian king Gon/ius (r6p3,or), hawk.
who tied it. An oracle declared that who- gosling. (E.) Formed from A. S.
ever undid it should reign over Asia. gos, goose (M . E. gos), with double dimin.
Alexander cut the knot, and applied the suffix -I-ing.
oracle to himself. Gospel, the life of Christ. (E.) M. E.
Gore (1), clotted blood. (E.) It (or· gospel. A. S. godspell. - A. S. god, God,
merly meant filth. A. S. gor, filth, dirt.+ i. e. Christ; spell, a story. Lit.' narrative
Icel gor, gore; SwecLgor,dirt; M . Du.goor; of God,' i. e. life of Christ. ~ Orig. gVd
O. H. G. gor, filth. Origin uncertain. spell, i. e. good spell, a translation of Gk.
Gore ( 2), a triangular piece let into a fba'Y'Y~}l.lo/l; but soon altered to godspdl;
garment, a triangular slip of land. (E.) for the E. word was early introduced into
M. E . gore. A. S. gara, a gore. project- Iceland in the form g-u6spja/l (where gull-
ing piece of land; (rom gar, a dart, a - god, as distinguished from g06- = good '.
spear-point. Named from the shape. [So and into Germany as O. H. G. gotspell
also Icel. gd"';, a triangular slip of land, (where got", god, as distinguished from
from gei"."., a spear; G. genn, a wedge, gllOt, good).
gusset, gore; Du. geer, a gusset, gore.] Gossamer. (E. ) M. E . gossomer,
p. The A. S. gar (Icel. gei"."., O. H. G. gosesomer, lit. 'goou-summer.' The provo
gn-) is from Teut. type *gaiSOfZ, m. ; E. name (in Craven) is summer-goou.
allied to Gaulish L. gruSU11l, a javelin, Named from the time of year when it i~
O. Irish gai, a spear. most seen, viz. during St. Martin's summer
Gore (3), to pierce. (E.) From A. S. (early November); geese were eaten on
gar, a spear-point (with the usual change Nov. I I formerly. Cf. Lowl. Sc. go-
from a to long 0) . . mmmer (popular variant) , Martinmas. ~
Gorge, the throat, a narrow pass. (F. Also called summer·colt (Whitby); also
-L.) O. F. gorge, throat. -Late L. gorga, S111Jlmer-gatJu. Cf. G. sommerfiidm (lit.
variant of L. gurgis, a whirlpool, hence summer-threads), gossamer; Du. zomer-
(in Late L.) the gullet, from its voracity. dradm, Swed. sommertrdd, the same. [But
Cf. L. g-u,-gulio, gullet.+Skt. gargara·, a in G. it is also called madclzmsomlller,
whirlpool. lit. Maiden-summer, der allweibers01Jl1ller,
gorgeous, showy, splendid . (F.-L.) the old women's summer; which also
O.r-. and M. F.gorgias, 'gorgeous;' Cot. means St. Martin's summer.] It would
The O. F. gorgias also meant a gorget; appear that summer is here used in the
the sense of 'gorgeous' was orig. proud, sense of 'summer-film,' so that gossamer =
from the swelling of the throat in pride. goose-summer-film. (Better spelt gOJSomer
Cotgrave gives F. se rengorg(r, 'to hold or gossummer.)
down the head, or thrust the chin into the Gossip. (E.) Now a crony; formerly
neck, as some do in pride, or to make a sponsor in baptism. M. E. gossib, also
their faces look the fuller; we say, to godsib, lit. 'related in god.' - M. E. god,
bridle it.' Hence the derivation is from god; sib, related, from O. Northumb.
F. gorge, throat (above). sibbo, pI. relatives, allied to Goth. sib/a,
g01'get, armour for the throat. (F.- relationship, G. sippe, affinity, sippen,
L.) From gorce, i. e. throat. kinsmen. Cf. Skt. sablJya-, fit for an
GorgOD, a monster. (L. - Gk.) L. assembly, trusty, from sab/uj, an assembly.
G"'1Jtm, GorgV.-Gk. rOno" the Gorgon. Brugm. i. U 12+ (+),567.
318
 GOUGE GRAMERCY
Gouge, a hollow-bladed chisel. (F. - graduale. a service-book of portions sung
Low I::.) F. gouge. - Low L. ·gobia. in gradilms. i. e. on the steps (of the
·gubia, only recorded in the form guv ia choir). - L. 8radu·s, a step.
(Span. gubia). Cf. Ital. sgorbia, gouge ; graduate. (L.) Late L, gratiuatus,
Gascon goujo. one who has taken II degree; pp. of Late
Gourd. (F. - L.) F . gou,'de, formerly L. graduare. - L. gradu-s, degree.
gouhourde and cougourde (Cot.).- L cu- Graft, Gra1f', to insert buds on a stem.
curbita , a gourd. (F. - L. - Gk.) Graft is a later form of
Gourmand, a glutton. (}<' .) F. gOllr- graff, and due to confusion with grajfid,
mand, 'II glutton, gormand, belly-god;' pp. Shako has pp. graft, Rich. Ill, iii. 7.
Cot. Etym. unknown. Der. ¥ormandise 117. M. E. graffen, to graff, from .f'Yajfi,
(for gourmand-ise). sb. - O. F. grajfi, a sort of pencil, also a
Gout ( I ) , a drop, disease. (F.-L.) slip for grafting, because it resembled a
M. E. gOtlte, a disease supposed to be due pointed pencil in shape. -L. g"aphium , a
to defluxion of humours. - O. F. goate, style to write with. - Gk. "Ipa<f>lov, "If'«'
gout/e. II drop. _ L. gutta, a drop. tpfWV, the same. - Gk. "IpO.tpflV, to write.
Gout (1), taste. (F.-L.) F. go"I, Gra4l (I ), a gradual, a service-book.
taste. -L.gtlslas, taste; see Guat (2). (F. -L.) M.E. graile, grayle. - O.F.
Govern. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E. gOtter- grat-I-Late L. grada/e, also called gra·
Iltn. -O.F. gtnJerner.-L. guberniire, to dutile; see gradual.
steer a ship, rule.-Gk. KIJ{3fpviiv, to steer. Grail (1), the Holy Dish at the Last
Cf. Lith. kumbn'ti, to steer. Supper. (F.-L.-Gk.) The etymology
Gowan, a daisy. (Scand.) North. E. was very early falsified by an easy
,f{owlan, Sc. yellow gowan, com marigold. change from San Greal (Holy Dish) to
Named from the colour. - lcel.gulr, Swed. Sang Real (Royal Blood, strangely taken
.I{II/, Dan. g'u ul, Norw. gul, gaul, yellow. to mean Real Hlood).-O. F. graal, greal,
See Yellow. grasal, a tlat dish; with numerous other
Gowk, a simpleton. (Scand. ) Ice!. forms, both in O. F. and Late L. It
gaukr, a cuckoo, Swed. giik.+G. gauch, a would appear that the word was corrupted
cuckoo, simpleton. in various ways from Late L. type ·crtilalis
Gown,Rloose robe. (C.) M. E.goune. (cf. Late L. griJdale, a bowl ) ; from Late
- W. gum, a loose robe. [Irish gunn, L. crlit·us, a bowl, equivalent to L. crater,
Gael. and Com. gun, Manx goon, are from a bowl; see Crater. (Diez.)
E. O. F. goune is Gaulish.] Stokes· Grail (3) , fine sand. (F. - L.) In
Fick, p. 281. Spenser, F. Q. i. 7. 6; Vis. Bellay, st. 12.
Grab, to seize. (E.) Cf. E. Fries. -0. F . graisle, graile (F. grNe) , thin,
grabbig, greedy; grabbelen, to grab at; small. - L. graci/em, acc. of gracilis,
Du. g rabbel, a scramble, graIJbelm, to slender.
scramble for; Low G. g rabbeln, to grab Grain. (F. - L.) M. E. grein. - O. F.
at; Swed. grabba, to grasp.+Skt. grah , grain. - L. gra1lum , a grain, com.+lrish
O. Skt. graM, O. Pers. and Zend graIJ, gran , W. 8 rollyn. Cognate with E. Corn.
to seize. See Garb (2) . Cf. Grasp. Grallatory. (L.) A term applied to
Grace. (F.-L.) O. F. grace. - L. wading birds.-L. gra//ator, a walker on
gn'itia,favour.-L. gratlls, dear, pleasing. stilts.-L. gra/la (for ·gradla), stilts.-L.
Brugm. i. H 52., 632. gradus, a step; gradi, to walk.
Grade, a degree. (F.-L.) F.grade, Gramarye, magic. (F.-L.-Gk.)
a degree. - L. gradum, acc. of gradus, a M. E. gramery, skill in grammar, and
degree, step. -L. gradi (pp. gresStlS), to hen ce skill in magic.-O. F. gramaire,
step, walk, go. (-VGHREDH.) llrugm. grammar; see Grammar. Cf. O. F.
i. § 635 ; ii. § 707. 8ramaire, ( I) a grammarian, (2) a ma-
gradient, a gradually rising slope. gician. ~ The word glamour is a mere
(Ll L. gradient-, stem of pres. pt. of corruption of gramarye or grammar,
gradE, to walk, advance. meaning ( I ) grammar. (2) magic.
~uaJ., advancing by steps. (L.) Gramercy, thanks. (F. - L.) For-
Ong. gradual, sb. , a service· book called merly graund mercy, Chaucer, C. T.
in Lat. graduale, and in E. gradual or 896 • . - F . grand merci, great thanks; see
g rayl. - Late L. gradualis, only in neut. Grand and Meroy.
:119
 GRAMINEOUS GRATUITY
GTamineolUl. (L.) FromL.grtimin- , fruit.-M . H. G. krapfe, O. H. G. krapfo,
for griimm, grlLSS; with suffix -e-ous. a hook. Allied to Cramp. The senses
Grammar. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M.E. of 'hook' and 'cluster' result from that
!,'rammere. - 0. F. gramaire (XIII cent.). of' clutching!
- Late L. grammatica, grammar (Schwan). Graphic, descriptive, pertaining to
- Gk. "(paJloJloaT<lc,,, grammar.- Gk. ,,(paw writing. (L. - Gk.) L. graphic"s, belong-
l'aT"cu" kn owing one's letters; see below. ing to painting or drawing. - Gk. "(pa</>.,,6.,
grammatical. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. the same. - Gk. ,,(pa</>flJI, to write. Allied
grammatical ; from L.gralll11laticus, gram- to Carve.
matical. - Gk. ,,(paJlop.aT.,,6. , versed in one's Grapnel, a grappling-iron. (F. -
letters. - Gk . ,,(paI'JIoaT-, stem of "(ptlJlol'a , M. H . G.) M. E. grapmel. Dimin. of
a letter. - Gk. ,,(pa</>f<JI, to write. See M. F. grappin, a grapnel. - O. F. grappe,
Graphic. a hook. - O. H . G. krapfo, a hook ; see
Grampus, a large fi sh. (F. -L.) Spelt Grape.
grampasse, A. D. 1655. - A. F. grampais; grapple, to clutch. (F.-M. H . G.)
Elk. Bk. Adm. i. 152. - L . grandem piscem , Properfy to seize with a grapnel. - M. F.
acc. of grandis piscis, great fish. grappil, sb., ' the grapple of a ship;' Cot.
Granary, store-house for grain. (L.) - O. F. grappe, a hook (above).
L. gnintiria, pI. - L. grtinum, corn. See Grasp. (E .) M. E. graspell, used in
Garner. the sense • to grope.' Also grapse1t, in
Grand, great. (F.-L. ) O. F. grand. Hoccleve. Prob. for *grab-sen, closely
- L. g ra,tdem, acc. of gra,tdis, great. allied to Grab, q. v. Cf. E. Fries.
grandee, a Spanish nobleman. (Span. grapsen, to clutch; Low G. grapsen;
- L.) Span. grande, great; also, a E. Fries. graps, a handful; also Lith.
nobleman. - L. grandem, acc. of grandis, gnJp-ti, to grab (Kluge).
great. Grass. (E. ) M. E. gras, gres, also
grandeur, greatness. (F. - L. ) F . gers. A. S. gars, gras. +Du. Ice!. Goth.
o)"?'altdmr; formed with suffix -cur (L. G. gras; Swed. gras, Dan. gras. Teut.
-orem), from g ralld, great. type *gra-som, n.; from *gra-, the sense
grandiloquent, pompons in speech. of whiclI is doubtful; cf. grow.
(L.) Coined trom L. grandi-, dec!. stem Gr&:te (I ), a framework of iron bars.
of grandis, great; and loquent-, stem of (Late L. - L.) M. E. grate . - Late L.
pres. pt. of loqui, to speak; see Loqua- grtita, criita, a grating. - L. crtith, hurdles.
ciou8. The true L. form is grandi- See Crate.
lofJ...uus. Grate (3), to rub, scrape. (F. - Teut.)
Grange,afarm-honse. (F. -L.) O.F. O.F. grater (F. gratter).-Swed. kratta,
grange, a barn, a farm-house. -Late L . Dan. kratte, to scrape; O. H. G. clzrazaDn
griinea, a bam. - L. grtinum, com. « *kratlon), to scrape.
granite, a hard stone. (Ita!. -L.) Grateful, pleasant. (Hybrid j F. -L.
Ital. granito, granite, speckled stone. - and E.) The first syllable is from O. F.
Ital. gram/o, pp. of grallire, to reduce to grat, pleasing, from L. griitus; with E.
grains (hence, to speckle). - Ital. grano, suffix :fill.
agrain.-L.granum, a grain; see Grain. gratify. (F. -L.) M. F. gratijier.-
Grant. (F.-L.) M. E. graunten.- L. griitijiCllre, g ratijicari, to please.-L.
O. F. graanter, graunter, later spelling of griiti- , for gratus, pleasing; and -fictire,
craa1lter, cre-allter, to caution, assure, for facere, to make. Der. gratijic·at-io1Z.
guarantee; whence the later senses, to gratis, freely. (L.) L. gratis, adv.,
promise, yield; Late L. creanttire, for freely ; for grtitiis, abl. pI. of gratia,
*credeltttire. - L. crident-, stem of pres. grace; see Grace.
pt. of cridere, to trust. See Creed. gratitude. (F. - L.) F. gratitude.
Granule, a little grain. (L.) L. gra- - Late L. gratitiidinem , acc. of grtititiido,
tzulum, dimin. of granum, a grain. thankfulness. - L. griitus, pleasing.
Grape. (F. - M. H. G.) A. F. grape, gratuitous, freely given. (L.) L.
M. F.grappe, 'bunch, or cluster of grapes;' gratuitous, freely given; with suffix -ous.
Cot. [In E., the sense has clIanged, from From gratus.
cluster to single berry.] The orig. sense gratuity, a present. (F. -L.) O. F.
of grai'pe was • a hook,' thtn clnstered . J,rratuitl, 'a free gift;' Cot. - Late L .
 GRATULATE GRIDDLE
grti/uitiilefll, acc. of gra/uil4r._L. grn- greve, Picard gr~, the shank, shin ..
luftus (above) . Origin unknown.
gratulate, to congratulate. (L.) Grebe, a bird. (F.) F. grebe. Cot.
From pp. of L. gra/umri, to wish a per- gives griaibe, 'a sea-mew,' as a Savoyard
son joy. As if for *grali-Iu/ari; from word. Of unknown origin.
L. g-ralus, pleasing. Hrugm. i. § 986. Greed1. (E .) A. S. grlZdig, grldig.+
Grave ( I) , to cut, engrave. (E.) M. E . Du. gretlg, Ice!. g-ra(Jugr, Dan . graadig,
grauen. A. S. gra/a", pt. t. grOf.+Du. Goth. gridags; cf. Skt. grdnra-, greedy,
graven, Dan. grave, Ice!. grata, M. Swed. from grdh, to be greedy. The sb. grad,
gra/va, Goth. gra/Jan, G. graben. Teut. hunger, answers to Ice!. grii(Jr, Goth.
type *grabatz-, pI. t. *grob. Cf. l{uss. gredus, hunger; T eut. type *grtiduz.
grob', a tomb, grave. Der. grave, sb., a Green. (E.) M. E. green. A. S. grene.
thing cut or dug out; A. S. griP/. + Du. groen, Ice!. gnznn, Dan. Swed.
Grave (2) , sad. (F.-L.) F. grave. - gron, G. g-riin. Teut. type *gronjoz,
L. grauem, acc. of grouis, heavy. + Goth. earlier type *gro-niz (Sievers). Cf. A. S.
kaurus; Gk. ~apvr, Skt. guru-, heavy. gro-wan, to grow. Allied to Grow.
Hrugm. i. § 665 . Grun is the colour of growing berbs.
Gravel. (F. - C.) M. E. grautl.- D er. greem, pI. sb. See Sward.
O. F.grave/e , dimin. ofO. F.g,-ave, gravel. Greengage, a green plum. Named
Of Celtic origin; from Celt. base *gravo-, from Sir W . Gage, of Hengrave Hall,
as in Bret. grouan, gravel, Corn. grow, near Bury, before A. D. 1725. There is
gravel, W. g-ro, pebbles. also a blue Gage, a y ellow Gage, and a
Gravy. (E .) Formerly greavy, orig. purple Gage.
an adj. formed from greave (for greaves, Greet ( I ) , to salute. (E. ) M. E.gre/m.
q. v.), refuse of tallow. Hence gravy is ( I ) A.S . grelan, to visit, address. + Du. g-roelen,
tallowy, ( 2) fat, gravy. G. griissm; O. Sax. grulian. Teut. type
Gray. (E.) M. E . gray, grey. O. *grot-jan- ; from the sb. *grol-, as in Du.
Merc.g-reg, A. S. gr.zg.+ Du.graauw, Icel. g-roet, G. gruss, a salutation.
griir, Dan. graa, Swed. g1'l1, G. g-ratt, Greet (2) , to cry, weep. (E.) M. E.
O. H. G. gra (gen . griiw-es) . Tent. stems g-retm. A. S. g-r~/all,grelan. + Icel. g-rilla,
*grlP.g-. *g-r/Zw-, <*g-r&gwoz. Dan. griPde, Swed. grata, Goth. gretan.
Graze ( I ), to scrape slightly. (E.?) Gregarious. (L.) L. gregiiritts, be-
Formerly grase. Apparently a peculiar longing to a flock. -L. greg-, stem of grex,
use of graze, to crop grass; perhaps con- a flock.+O. Irish g-raig, a herel of horses.
fused with rase, i. e. to scrape. See Base; Grenade, a war-missile. (F. - Span. -
and see Glance. (Doubtful.) L.) Formerly also granado, which is like
Grue (2), to feed as cattle. (E.) M. E. the Span. form. Named from its likene£s
grasen, vb. A. S. grasian.-A. S. grces, to a pomegranate, being filled with com-
grass; see Gr&88. Der. graz-i-er (cf. bustibles as that is with seeds. - F.grellade,
bow-y-er, law.y-er). 'a pomegranet, a ball of wild-fire; , Cot.
Grease. (F.-L.) M.E. grese, grece. -Span. granada, the same; granado, fnll
-A.F. greisse, craisse, fatness, Ps. xvi. of seeds.-L.grtinatus, full of seeds.-L.
lo.-Late L. type ·crassia.-L. crassus, granum, a grain; see Grain. Der.
thick, fat. See Craaa. grenad-ier.
Great. (E.) M. E. grtt, greet. A. S. Grey; the same as Gray.
great.+Du. groot, G. gross. Teut. type GreYAound. (E.) M. E.greinound,
*grau/oz. grenound. A. S. grignutui; where grig- =
Greaves (1) , Graves, sediment of grieg- (Ice!. grey-), for Teut. *graujo-.
melted tallow. (E.) E . Fries. gra/e ; pI. Cf. Ice!. g-reyflundr, a greyhound, from
graftn, weaves.+M . Swed. grefwar, dirt ; Ice!. grey, a dog, hundr, a hound; grey.
/jlls-greJu'ar, lit. I light-<iirt,' refuse of tal- baka, a bitch. ~ Not allied to gray,
low in candle-making; Swed. dial. grevar, which is represented in Icelandic by griir.
pl. , greaves; Low G. greven, greaves ; G. Griddle, a pan for baking cakes.
griebe, O. H. G. griubo, griupo. (F. -L. ) Also gird/e. M. E. gredil. -
Greaves (2), leg-armour. (F.) O. F . O. F. grtd;1 (Moisy, Diet. of Norman
greves, , boots, also greaves;' Cot. Cf. patois), grii/ ~ Godefroy); cf. grediller,
!;pan. grebas, greaves, pI. of gre/la. -0. F. vb., to grill (same). - Late L. *crIUfculum,
~H
 GRIOE GRISLY
for L. crifticula. a gridiron. dimin. of GrimaJltin, a cat. (E.; partly O.H.G.)
crlUis. a hurdle. Der. Hence M. E. Prob. for gray Malkin, the latter being a
p·edire. a griddle. afterwards turned into cat's name. Malkin = Maid-kin. dimin.
gridiro". by confusion with M. E. ire= of A. F. Maid = Mattd. i. e. Matilda; from
E. irolt. See Grill and Creel. . O. H. G. Mahlhilt. Here maht=might;
Gride, to pierce. cut through. (E.) See hill means battle. Cf. Macb. i. I. 8.
Spenser. F. Q. ii. 8. 36. A metathesis of Grime. (Scan d.) Swed. dial. grima. a
gird, M. E. girden. to strike. pierce; see smut on the face; Dan. grim. griim.
Gird (2) . lamp·black. soot. grime. cr. Low G.
Gridiron j see Griddle. p'immeln, to become smutty; E. Fries.
Grief. (F.-L.) M. E. grief, grif.- gremen. to begrime.
O. F. grief, grif, burdensome. sad. heavy. Grin, to snarl, grimace. (E.) M. E.
-L. gram·s. heavy; see Grave ( 2). Der. grennen. A. S. grmnian, to grin.+Icel.
grieve. vb., O. F. grever. L. grauare, to grenja, to howl. Perhaps cf. Du. gn'jnen.
burden; from grauis. to weep. fret; Dan . grine. to grin. simper.
Gri1Iin, Gri1fon. (F. - L. - Gk.) Swed. irina. G . greinm (Noreen, § 149).
Bettergriffon. M. E.griffon.-F.griffon j See G r oan.
formed from Late L. griffus. a griffon.- Grind. (E.) A. S. gri,uian, pt. t.
L. gryphus. extended form of gryps. a grand. pp. grunden. Allied to L. frm-
griffon. - Gk. 'YP>¥ (stem 'Ypv .... ). a griffon. den, to gnash.
a fabulous animal supposed to have a Grip, sb. (E.) M. E. gripe. A. S.
hooked beak. - Gk. 'YpV7ros. curved. hook· gripe, a grip; from the weak grade of
beaked. ~ Confused with Gk. 'Y>¥. a grlj>an (below).
vulture. gripe. (E.) A. S. grijJan. pt. t. griiP.
Grig, a small eel. a cricket. (E.) pp. gripen. to seize. + Du. grijpm, Icel.
App. of imitative origin. Cf. crick. still grlj>a, Swed. gripa, Dan. gribe. Goth.
preserved in crick·el; Lowl. Sc. crick. a greipan, G. greiftn. Teut. type *greipan-,
tick, louse; Du. krick , a cricket. ~ In pt. t. *graip. pp. *gripanoz. Cf. Lith.
phr. 'as merry as a grig, , grig is for G"eek graibyli. to grasp at.
(Troil. i. 2. 118) ; Mcrygreek is a character Grise, Grize, a step. (F. -L.) Also
in Udall's Roister Doister; from L. gr{(!- spelt greece. greese, &c. The proper
carr, to live like Greeks. i. e. luxuriously. spelling is grees, and the proper sense is
Grill, to boil on a gridiron. (F. - L.) 'a flight of steps,' though often used as
F. griller. to broil. - F . gril, 'a gridiron; meaning a single step. Grees is the pI. of
Cot.; O. F. grdl, grail -Late L. ·criiti· M. E. gne. gre, a step. - O. F . gre. a step
culum, for craliw/a, a small gridiron (Roquefort) ; cf. F. de·gre, E. de-gree.-L.
(whence F. grille. a grating).-L. cratis, p -adus. a step . Der. Provo E. (Norf.)
a hurdle. See Crate. Creel. and Griddle. grissens, steps=gne-s·en-s, a treble plural.
Grilse, the young salmon on its first Grisette, a gay young Frenchwoman
return from the sea to fresh water. (C.?) of the lower class. (F. - M. H. G.) F.
Said to represent Irish grealsach, the name p-isette; named from the cheap gray dress
of a fish. which they used to wear. - F. g1-is, gray;
Grim, fierce. (E.) A. S. grim; allied see Grizzly.
to gram. fierce. angry. furious. + Icel. Griskin. (Scand.) The lit. sense is
grimmr, grim. gramr. angry; 'Dan. grim. ' little pig,' now spine of a hog. Dimin.
grim, gram, angry; G. grimm , fury. gram, from M. E. gn·s. a pig. -Ice1. grfss. a
hostile. From Teut. root ·grem- (2nd young pig; Dan. griis, Swed. gris , pig.
grade. ·gram-) . Allied to Gk. XP'Jl" ~ Or is it for ·gris·skin, where ski1z
TIC.tII. to neigh. XPOJl'f/, XpOJlos. noise. represents Dan. skimze, a splint? Cf.
Brugm. i. § 572. Grizzly.
Grimace. (F.-Teut.) F. grimace, Grisled j see Grizzly.
'a crabd looke;' Cot. Of uncertain origin. Grlaly, terrible. (E.) A. S. grisltc,
Perhaps from Icel . grimm".. Dan. grim. terrible. Formed with suffix -/ic (like)
grim. angry (above); cf. E. Fries. and from gris-an (pt. t. griis). to shudder. E.
Low G. grimlachen. to laugh mali- Fries. griselik. terrible. from grisen. to
ciously. Derived by Diez from Icel.grima. shudder. + Du. afgri/sselijll. horrible;
a mask. af-grijun. horror.
UI
 GRIST GROUNDS
Choist, a supply of com to be ground. upper part of the shoulder-blade,' and
(E.) A. S. grist. From the base of groill, 'snowt of a hog.' The O. F.
Grind. groin also means' extremity, headland.'-
J1:istle. (E.) A. S. gristel, cartilage ; Late L. type *gru,mitltJl, from L . grun-
allIed to grist, and A. S. gristbitian, to flire, to grunt.] It answers to provo E.
gnash the teeth. From the base of grind, grain, the place where the branch of a
with reference to the necessity of crunch- tree fork s, the groin (Drayton, Pol. i. 495).
ing it if eaten. So also Du. knarsbee,., - Icel. grein, a branch, arm; Dan. grem,
gristle, from knarsen, to crunch. Swed. grell, branch, arm, fork. Der. groin-
Grit, coarse sand. (E.) Formerly greet, ed, having angular curves that fork off.
A. S. greot, grit. + O. Fries. grlt, Ice!. Gromwell, a plant. (F. - L.) For-
gtjot, G. gries. Allied to Grout, Groat merly grome/le, grumelle, gromel, gru1lle/'
(1) . - 0. F. gremil, greni!, 'the herb gromil,
Grizzll, Grizzled, grayish. (F. - M. or graymil;' Cot. Prob. from L. gran/lfn ,
H. G.) From M. E. griscl, a gray-haired a grain; from its hard seeds.
man.-F.gris,gray.-M. H. G.grfs,gray; Groom. (Low G. or F . - Low G.)
cf. G.greis, a gray-haired m:m.+Du.grijs, M. E. grome. Either from M. Du. grom,
O. Sax. gris, gray. Ice!. gromr, a boy, lad (Egilsson) ; or
Groan. ( E. ) M. E . gronen. A. S. from O. F. ·grome, in the dimin. gromet,
granian, to groan. Teut. type ·graino/an-, a lad, boy, servant, valet (whence F.
from ·grain, 2nd grade of ·greinan-, as gourmet), which is prob. from the same
in O. H . G. grinan, G. greinen, to weep, M. Du. grom . And see Bridegroom.
grin; Du. grijnen, to weep. Perhaps Der. grummet.
allied to Grin. Groove. (Du.) Du. groe/. groeve, a
Groat (I), a particle, atom. (E.) M. E. trench, a channel, a groove. - Du. graven
grot. A. S. grot. From ·grut-, weak (pt. t. groef), to dig; see Grave (1). +
grade of *greut- (as in A. S. grlot). See M. E. grOfe, a cave.
Grit, Grout. Grope. (E.) A. S. grapian, to seize,
Groat (2),acoinworth4a. (Dn. -Low handle ; hence, to feel one's way.-A.S.
G.) M. E. grote. - M. Du. groote. - O. grap, 2nd grade of gripan, to seize. See
Low G. grote, a coin of Bremen; meaning Gripe.
• great,' because large in comparison with Gross. (F. -L.) O. F. gros (fern.
the copper coins (Sc1utJaren) formerly in grosse), gross, great. - L grossus, fat,
use there; cf. Du. groot, great, cognate thick.
with E.great. Grot. (F.-Ital.-L-Gk.) F.gro/le,
Groats, grain of oats. (E.) M. E. a cave. - Ital. grOt/fI . -L. crypta.-Gk.
grotes. A. S. gratan, pI. groats; A. S. KPV"T~, a vault; see Crypt.
Leechdoms, iii. 292. grotesque. (F. - Ital. - L. - Gk. )
Grocer. (F. -L. ) Formerly grosser or F. grotesque, ludicrous. - Ital. grotesca,
engrosser, a wholesale dealer. - O. F. gros- curious painted work, such as was em-
sier, a wholesale dealer.-O.F. gros, great; ployed on the walls of grottoes. -Ital.
see GrOSB. Der. grocer-y, formerly gros- grolla (above)..
sery. grotto. (ltal. - L. - Gk.) Better
grog, spirits and water. (F. - L.) grolla. - Ital. grotta (above).
Short for grogram; it had its name from Ground. (E.) A. S. grund. + Du.
Admiral ¥ emon, nickna,med Old Grog, gro,td, G. grund; Goth. gmndu-. T eut.
from his grogram breeches (ab. A. D. type .grunduz; also *grunthuz, whence
1745); he ordered the sailors to dilute Ice\. grunnr, Dan. Swed. grund.
their rum with water. groundling, a spectator in the pit
grOgra.m, a stuff. (F. - L.) Formerly of a theatre. (E.) From ground, with
grogran, so caUed from its coarse grain. - double oimin. suffix -I·ing, with a con-
M. F. grosgrain, grogram. - O. F . gros, temptuous force.
coarse; grain, grain. grounds, dregs. (E.) So called
Groin, the depression of the human from being at the bottom. Cf. Gael.
body in front, at the junction of the thigh grunndas, lees, from grunnd, bottom,
with the trunk. (Scand.) [Confused with I ground; Irishgruntas,dre2S,frorngrunnt,
f '. Cot. gives' groin de porc, the head or I the bottom.
223
 GROUNDSEL GUANO
gro1Ul.c1sel, a small plant. (E.) Also grobben. Cf. E. Fries. grubbeln, to grope
lrroundswel/ (Holland's tr. of Pliny). A. S. abont. + Low G. gruMeln, the same;
grunderwelge, as if 'ground-swallower,' G. griibel~ O. H. G. grubilOn, to rake, dig,
but really from the older formgundeswelge, grub. Allied to Grave (I).
lit. 'swallower of pus,' from its supposed Grudge, to grumble. (F.) M. E.
healing qualities; from A. S. gund, pus. groc/un, gruecken, to murmur. - O. F.
grouuc1si1l, threshold. (E.) From groucier, groucker, to murmur; Low L.
ground and sill, q. v. Also spelt grunsel groussiire, A. D. 1358. Probably gru.dge,
(Milton). gru-nt, grow-l are all from the same imi-
Group. (F.-Ital.-G.) F. groupe. - tative base; CC. Gk. "rpv, a grunt.
Ital. groppo, a knot, heap, group.-O.H.G. Gruel. (F. -0. Low G.) O. F. gruel
kropf, a crop, wen on the throat, orig. a (F. gruau). - Low L. *grutellum, dimin.
bunch; Low G. kropp; see Crop. of gnUum, meal. - O. Low G. grut, Du.
Grouse, a bird. (F.- L. -Gk.) Grouse puit, grout, coarse meal; see Grout.
appears to be a faise form, evolved from Gruesome, borrible. (Scand.) Dan.
the old word grice, which seems to have grusom, cruel. - Dan. gru, horror; with
been taken as a pI. form (cf. mouse, mice). suffix -som, as in virk-som, active. Cf.
- M. F. griescke, gray, speckled; perdrix Dan. pue, to dread, gruclig', horrid.+Du.
griescke, the gray partridge, poule g'riesclze, gruwzaam,G.g'rallsam; M.H. G.g-rUsam,
' a moorhen, the hen of the grice or moor- ' sriiwesam, from M. H. G. g-rUwe, horror.
game;' Cot. The oldest form is greockes Allied to O. Sax.puri, A.S.g'ryre, horror,
(13th cent., in Uttr~, s. v. grUclu), variant A._S. be-grjosan, to overwhelm with terror.
of Griesc1ze, fem. adj., Greek. - Late L. Gndf, rough, surly. (Du.) Du. grof,
Graecisca, f. of Graeciscus, Greekish. - big, coarse, loud, blunt. + G. grob, coarse
L. Graecus, Greek.-Gk. rp<llK6~, Greek. (whence Swed.groj, Dan. grov); O. H. G.
41 The meaning was changed to ' gray' by gerob; E. Fries. gruiJig'.
the influence of F. gris, gray. Grumble, to murmur. (F. - G.) F.
Grout, coarse meal; Grouts, dregs. grommeler (Cot.). - Low and provo G.
(Eo) M. E. g'rut. - A. S. gnU, coarse g'rummelm, to grumble, frequent. of
meal. Cf. Du. put; Icel. grautr, porridge, g'rummen, grommen, to grumble; M. Du.
Dan. grod, Swed. grot, boiled groats; G. grommeien, frequent. of grommen. From
g-riitze, groats ; allied to Lithuan. grudas, *grumm-, weak grade of Teut. *gremman-,
corn; L. rUdus, rubble. Cf. Grit. to rage, as in M.H.G. and A. S.grimman,
Grove, a collection of trees. (E.) M. E. to rage. Cf. G. gram, anger, and E. Grim.
grQtu (with u=v).-A.S.grllf, a grove. Grume, a clot of blood. (F.-L.)
Grovel, to fall flat on the ground. Rare. M .F.grume, a cluster. -L.grumus,
(Seand.) Due to M. E. groveling, pro- a little heap.
perlyan adv., siW1ifying flat on the ground; Grummet, Gromet, a ship-boy, a
also spelt groJlzng', grojlinges, where the ring of rope. (F.- Teut.) O. F. gromet,
suffixes -ling', -linges are adverbial; cf. a serving-boy; cf. Span. grumete, a ship-
head-long', dark.ling'.- Ice!. g-rUla , in phr. h()y. _ M. Du. grom, a boy ; see Groom.
lima ii grrifll, to lie grovelling, symja ii 0r1u:uIe1 j see Groundaill.
pUfit, to swim on the belly; cf. also Grunt. (E.) M.E. punten. A. S.
pUla, gruJla, to grovel; Swed. dial. grunnettan, extension of A. S. g'runian,
a
gntva, flat on one's face, ligga gruve, to to grunt.+ Dan. grymte, Swed. pymta, G.
lie 011 one's face. punzen; so also L.grunnire, Gk. "rP"(flV.
Grow. (E.) A. S. growan, pt. t. g-riow, AU imitative; cf. Gk. "rpv, the noise made
pp. gr<iwen.+Du. groeijen, Ice!. griJa, Dan. by a p~.
groe, Swed. grD. Esp. to produce shoots. Gua.JACum, a kind of resin, from lig-
as herbs; allied to Green. Der. grow-liz; num vitae. (Span. - Hayti.) Span. g-uay-
from Ice!. gro~r, growth. aco, g-uayacan, lignum vitae. From the
~owl, to grumble. (F. -Low G.) language of Hayti.
Picard grouler. - E. Fries. pullen; cC. Guana.co, a kind of Peruviau sheep.
Du. grol/en, to grumble; G. grollen, to (Span. - Peruv.) Span. guanaco (Pineda).
rumble; N orw. pyla, to growl. (See _ Peruv. Izuanacu, a wild sheep.
grol in Franck.) Guano. (Span.-Peruv.) Span.g'U4no,
Grub, to erope in dirt. (E.) M. E. Izuano. - Peruv. hUll"U, d~i:.
324
 GUARANTEE GULF
Guarantee, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) For- a stranger, also an enemy. Allied to
merly guarattty or garanly, which are Hostile.
better spellings. -0. F. garantU, garran- Guide. (F. - Ital. - Tent.) M. E.
Ije, a warranty; fern. of pp. of garatttir, gyden (also gyen) . _ F. guid~r, to gllide. -
to warrant. - O. F. garant, warant, a It:Ll. guidare; cf. O. :F. guier, Span. guiar.
warrant; see Warrant. Der. guaratltee, The gu (for w) shows the word to be of
vb.; cf. Y. garantir. Teut. origin.-O. Sax. wf/alt (A. S. witan),
Guard, vb. (F.- O. Low G.) O. F. to pay heed to; O. H. G. wizan. Allied
ga1'der, earliest form warder, to guard. - to Wit. Cf. Guy-rope.
O. Sax. wardon, to watch; cognate with Guild, Gild. (Scand.) The spelling
A. S. weardian, to watch, from ~/Jeard, guild indicates the hard g. M. E. gilde.
sb.; see Ward. Der. guard· ian ; see - Icel. gildi, a payment, a guild; Dan.
Warden. gilde. - Ice\. g)'alda (pres. t. geld), to pay;
Guava. (Span. - W. Ind.) Span. gllay- cognate with A. S. geldan, to pay, yield;
aba; borrowed from the native name in see Yield.+Du. gild; whence G. g£lde.
Guiana. Guilder, a Du. coin. (Du. - G.)
Gudgeon. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. go- Adaptation of M. Du. gulden, 'a gilder,'
jone. - ~'. guujon. - L. gobionem, acc. of Hexham. From Tent. adj. type *gultkf-
gobio. a by-form of gobitlS.-Gk. KOJ{3.6r, a noz, golden, from Teut. *gultn-om, gold.
gudgeon, tench. See Gold.
Gueber, Gheber, a fire·worshipper. Guile, a wile. (F.-O. Low G.) o. F.
(F.-Pers.) F. GuN/re.-Pers. gabr, a guile. From a Low G. *wtl; cf. A. S.
priest of fire·worshippers; Rich., Dict., wi!, a wile (A. S. Chron. 1128). Der. be-
p.122 8. guile, vb., with E. prefix be- (~by) .
Guelder-rose. (Dn.) Here gue/der Guillotine. (F.) Named after a
stands for Gueldre, the F. spelling of the French physician, J. I. Guillotjn, died
province of Gelder/and in Holland. A. D. 1814. First used, 1792.
Guerdon, recompense. (F.-O. H. G. Guilt, crime. (E.) M. E. gilt. A. S.
and L.) O. F. guerdon (Ital. guidar- gylt, a trespass; also, a fine for a tres-
done).-Low L. widerdonum, a singnlar pass. Tent. . type *gultiz, m.; perhaps
compound of O. H. G. widar, back, again, related to A. S. geldan, to pay, yield; see
and L. donum , a gift. The word is really Yield.
n half-translation of the tme form O. H. G. Guinea. (African.) First coined of
widarlon, a recompense. Here widar = African gold from the Guinea coast, A. D.
G . wieder, back again; and lim (G.lohn ) is 166". Der. guinea-fowl (from Guinea).
cognate with A. S. leml, Du. 1001l, a ~ The guinea·pig is from S. America;
reward, allied to L. lu·crum, gain; Brugm. so that it may mean Guiana pig.
i. § 490. So also A. S. witJer-lian, a Guipure, a lace of cords, kind of gimp.
recompense. (F . - Teut.) F. guipure. - Tent. *wip-an,
Guerilla, Guerrill&, irregular war- to wind, weave; as in Goth. weipan, to
fare. (Span.-O. H. G.) Span.guern·lla, crown (whencewazps,awreath); G. weifen,
a skirmish, lit. ' little war;' dimin. of to reel, wind.
guerra, war.-O. H. G. werra, war; see Guise, way, wise. (F. - O. H. G.)
War. M. E.gise,guise.-O. F. guise, way, wise,
Guess. (Scand.) M. E. gessm. - Dan. manner. - O. H. G . 7/JtSa (G. weise), a
g'%'sse, Swed. g'%'ssa, to guess.+E. Fries. and wise ; cognate with Wise (2) .
Du. gissen, Icel. g'%'ska; N. Fries. gezze, Guitar. (Y. -L. - Gk.) F . guitare. -
gedse. Allied to Dan. g;ette, to guess; L. cithara. - Gk. KI6apa, a lyre; see
the !eel. giska may be for *git-ska, a dena- Cithern.
minative vb. from a base *git-isko-, in- Gules, red. (F.-L.) M. E. guules.-
genious, acute, from geta, to get, also, F. gueules, gules, red; answering to Late
to guess. See Get. L. gulll1 ·(pl. of gula), meaning (1) mouth,
Guest. (Scand.) M. E. gut. - Ice!. (l) reddened skin, (3) gllles. (See Cula
gestr, Dan. g'%'est, Swed. gUst. +A. S. gll1st, in Dncange.) - L. gula, the throat.
giest; Du. gas!, Goth. gasfs, G. gast. Gulf. (F. - Ital. - Gk.) Formerly
Teut. type *gastiz; Idg. type *gnostis; guulfe. - F . golfe. - Ital. golfo. - Late Gk.
cr. Rng. gost(e), a guest, alien; L. hos/is, K6~cpor, a variant of Gk. K6>'"or, the bosom,
225
 GULL GUY-ROPE
also, a deep hollow, bay, creek. Der. M. F. grtmgnard (F. grocn<zrd), grunt-
en-gulf. ing, grunter, whence M. F. gournaulti,
Gull (I), a bird. (C.) Com.gullan, a groucn<zut, gumard (Cot.).-M. F. grogn-
~ll; W. gwylan; Bret. gwelan; O. Irish t r, to grunt; with suffix -am (= G. hart).
Joilenn, 'alcedo.' - L. grunnire, to grunt; see Grunt.
Gull (l ), a dupe. (C.) The same; Gush. (E.) M. E. gusthen. E. Fries.
(rom the notion that a gull was a stupid gusen, to gush out.+M. Du. guysen, to
bird. ~ But cf. Du. gul, soft, good- gush out (Kilian); Icel.gusa,allied to gjosa
natured; M. Du . guile, 'a great wench (pt. t.gauss), Norw. gjosa, to gush. Allied
without wit,' Hexham. to Ice!. gjola, to pour, Goth. giutan,
Gullet, the throat. (F. - L.) M. E. L. fundert. Cf. Du. gudsm, to gush.
golet.-M.F. goulet (Cot.); dim in. ofO. F. ( -vlGHEU.) See Gut, Geysir.
gole, goult (F. gueule), the throat.-L. Gusset. (F.) F. gousset, 'a gusset,'
gula, the throat. Brugm. i. § 499. Cot. Also' the piece of armour by which
gully, a channel worn by water. (F.- the arm-hole is covered,' id. Named from
L.) Formerly gullet. - M. F. gould, 'a its supposed resemblance to a husk of a
gullet, a deep gutter of water;' Cot. The bean or pea; dimin. of F. gousse, husk of
same word as Gullet (above) . bean or pea; cf. Ital.guscio, a shell, husk;
Gulp. (E.) M. E. gulpett, glopjJen, of unknown origin.
glubben. Cf. E. Fries. and Du. gulptn, Gust (I), a suddelJ blast, gush of wind.
to swallow eagerly; Du. gulp, a great (Scand.) Icel. gustr, a gust. - Ice!. gus-,
billow, draught, gulp. Prob. of imita- weak grade of gjosa, to gush; see Gush.
tive origin. Cf. Swed. glupa, to devour. So also Swed. dial. gust, stream of air
Gum (I), flesh of the jaws. (E.) M. E. from an oven, Norw.gust, a rst.
gome. A. S. gPma, jaws, palate. Ice!.+ Gust (l), relish, taste. (L . L. gustus,
gPmr, Swed. gom; cf. G. gaumen, Lith. a tasting; cf.guslare, to taste. (.vGEUS.)
gomurys, the palate. Brugm. i. § 196. Allied to Choose. Der. dis-gust.
Gum (l), resin of certain trees. (F. - L. Gut, the intestinal cana!' (E.) (The
-Gk.) M. E. gomme. -F. gomme.-L. word is allied to M. E. gote, provo E. gut,
gummi. - Gk. KOJ.'JAl, gum. (Prob. of a channel.) M. E. guile. A. S. gut; pI.
Egyptian origin; Coptic komi, gum.) gut/as; orig.• a channel.' Mone, Quellen,
GUn. (E.?) M.E.gonne; whence W. p. 333,1. 198.-A. S. gut-, weak grade
gwn, a gun (as early as the fourteenth of Teut. *guttan·, A. S. giotan, to pour.
cent.). Of obscure origin. (.vGHEU.) + Dan. gyde, a lane, M. Du.
Gunny a coarse kind of sacking. gote, a channel, G. gosse, a drain. See
(Hind. - Skt.) Hind. and Mahratti go,!, Gush.
go(li, a sack, sacking.-Skt. g01Ji, a sack Gutta.-percha. (Malay.) . The spell-
(Yule). ing gulla is due to confusion with L.
Gunwale, upper edge of a ship's side. gutta, a drop, with which it has nothing
(E.) See gullwale or gunnel in Kersey to do. -Malaygutah ,gutah, gum, balsam;
(17' 5)· A walt is an outer timber on a pereha, the name of the tree producing it.
ship's side; and the gun-wale is a wale Gutter. (F. -L.) M. E. gOlere. -
from which guns were pointed. A wale A. F. gut/ere; O. F. gutiere, goutiere
is a • beam'; see Wale. (Littre, s. v. gout/iere, a gutter) . Esp.
Gurgle, to purl. (Ital. -L.) In Spen- used for catching drops from the eaves of
ser, Thestylis, 3. Imitated from Ita!' a roof. - F. gout/e. - L. gut/a, a drop.
gorgogliare, to purl, bubble, boil; gorgo- Guttural. (F. -L.) F.gut/ural.-L.
glio, gurgling of a stream. - Ital..gorgo, a gutturalis, belonging to the throat. - L.
whirlpool. - L. gurges, whirlpool; cf. gur· guttur, the throat.
gulio, gullet. See Gorge. So also Du. GuY'ra hideous creature, fright. (F.-
gorgd, G. gurgd, throat; from L. gur- Ita!. - eut.) Orig. used of an effigy of
gu!io. Brugm. i. § 499. Guy Fawkes. - F. Guy. - Ita!' Guido; of
Gurnard, Gurnet, a fish. (F. - L ; Teut. origin. Cf: Guide.
with Teut. suffix.) Gurnard is the better Guy-rope, GUy, a guide-rope, used
and fuller form. The word means • a to steady a weight in heaving. (F. - Tent.)
grunter,' from the sound which the fish O. F. guie, a guide. -0. F.guier, to guide;
makes when taken out of the water. - see Guide. Cf. Span. guia, a guy-rope.
316
 GUZZLE HACKNEY
GunIe. (F.) Apparently suggested Habiliment, dress. (F. -L.) F. leah-
by O. F . goziller, gosillier, to vomit illement, clothing.-F. habiller, to clothe,
(Godefroy), understood to mean' to swal- orig.' to get ready.' - F . habile, ready, fit.
low greedily.' The O. F . desgosilkr had -L. hahi/is, easy to handle, active.-L.
both senses (Godefroy). Cf. O. F.gosillier, haMre, to have; see Able.
the throat, allied to F. gosier, the throat. Habit, practice, custom, dress. (F. - L.)
Remoter source unknown. O . F. hahit, a dress, a custom. - L. nabitum,
Gymnasium. (L.-Gk.) L. gymna- ace. of Aahi'tus, a condition, dress. - L.
sium. -Gk. "'(1J}J"o.(1I0", an athletic school, llabitus, pp. of hablre, to have, keep. See
where men practised naked. - Gk. "'(V}J"o.- Brugm. i. § 638.
""', to train naked, exercise.-Gk. "(VpOf, habitable. (F. -L.) F.""bitah/e.-
naked. Der. gymnast = "(vpaU-rTJf, a L. habittihi/is, that can be dwelt in.-L.
trainer of athletes; gymnast.ie. nabitare, to dwell, frequent. of habln, to
Gypsum. (L.-Gk.-Arab.) L. gyp- have.
sum, chalk.-Gk. "("'!Of, chalk. Prob. habitant. (F.-L.) F . habitant,
from Pers. jabsin, lime, Arab. jibs, plaster, pres. pt. of hahiter, to dwell. -L. habitllre,
mortar; Rich. Dict., p. 49+ frequent. of Aahln (above).
Gypsy. (F . -L.- Gk. -Egypt.) Spelt habitat, the natural abode of a plant.
gip.ren. :jpenser, M. Hubbard,86. Shorl (L. ) L. habitat, it dwells (there); 3 pres.
for M. E. Egypcitn.-O. F. Egyptien.- s. of nabitiire, to dwell (above).
Late L. /Egyptianus; from L . /Egyptius, habitation, abode. (F. - L .) F.
an Egyptian. - Gk. Ai-y61rr'Of. - Gk. At- habitation. - L. acc. hah;tiitionem. _ L.
"(V1fTOf, Egypt. ~ The supposition that habitiilus, pp. of habitiire, to dwell,
they came from Egypt was false; their frequent. of hablrt, to have.
original home was India. habitude. (F. - L.) F . habilude,
Gyre, circular course. (L. - Gk.) L. custom. - L.AahitUdo,condition. - L . nabit-,
gyrus. - Gk. -rVPOf, ring, circle. Der. as in habitus, pp. of hablre, to have.
gyr-att, from pp. of L . gjrllre. Hacienda, a farm, estate, farm-house.
Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon, bird of (Span. -L.) Span. hacienda. an estate,
prey. (1". - Teut. and L.) Formerly ger- orig. employment. [The e is pronounced
/aulcon; also gire/aueon (used by Trevisa as Ih in lkin.] O. Span. faeienda. - L .
to translate L.gjrofalco). - O. F.gtifaueon. facienda, things to be done; gerundive
- M. H. G. girvalke. - O. H. G. giro, for neut. pI. of facere, to do.
giri, greedy (whence also G. geier. a Hack (I), to cut, mangle. (E.) M. E.
vulture) ; and L. falco, a falcon. ~ L. hakken. A. S. hduian, to cut, in the
gjro/ alco is a mistaken form. comp.to-haecian.+Du.hakken, Dan. nakke,
Gyron; see Giron. Swed. hacka, G. haeken, to chop, hack.
GYves, fetters. (1".) M . E. giUts, Teut. types ·hakkO.~-, ·hakkO./an-.
gyues.-A . F. gives, fetters (Godefroy) . Hack (2) ; see Hackney.
Cf. O. H. G. be-wifen, to fetter. Hackbut. (F.-Low G.) Alsohagbut.
_M. F . haquebule,' a haquebut, a caliver'
(i . e. a sortof musket); Cot. A corruption
H. of Low G. hakebusse (Du. haakbus) , an
arquebus; due, apparently, to some con-
Ha, interj. (E. ) An exclamatory sound. fusion with O. Y. buttr, to thrust. Lit.
Cf. O. Fries. llalla, to denote laughter; , hook-gun;' 80 called from the hook on
G. he; O. F. hal the gun, by which it was hung on to a
Haberdasher, a seller of small wares.. support. - Low G. hake, (Du. haak),
(F. ) So named from his selling a stuff hook; busu (Du. bus), a gun. See
called llaperlas in A. F.; see Liber Albus, ArquebUs; and see Hook.
ed. Riley, pp. 215, 231. The name of Haclr.:le ( I ), Hatchel, an instrument
this stuff is of unknown origin. for dressing flax; see Heckle.
Haberg80n, armour for neck and Haclr.:le (2) , long shining feathers on
breast. (F. -O. H. G.) M . E . hakr~on, the neck of a cock. (E.) Prqbably allied
haubtf'!{eolln. - O. F. ha"ber~on, llaubtr- to Hackle ( I ) .
jon, a hauberk; deriv. (treated as dimin.) Ha.ckne7. Hack, a horse let out for
of O. F. llaubere; see Hauberk. hire. (F.) M. E.Aakeney.-O.F.~,
 HADDOCK HAKE
'an ambling horse;' Cot. (Cf. O. Span. (Scand.) Frequent. of North E. hag-, to
/acanea , Span. lzacanea, Ital. ckima, short cut; as lzackle is of lzack, to cut. The
for acckinea, the same.) Extended from form hag- is from Icel. hoggva, to hew,
O. F. haque, O. Span. /aca, Span. haca, a cognate with E. hew; see Hew. Cf.
nag, gelding; a word of unknown origin. Norman dial. hatJuer, to hack.
'If Hack is short for hackney, and quite Haggle ( 2), to be slow in making a
a late form ; hence hack, verb, i. e. to use bargain. (E.) In Cotgrave, s. v. harceler.
as a hack or hackney. Cf. Du. hakkelen, 'to hackle, mangle,
Haddock, a fis h. (E. ) M. E. haddok faulter,' i. e. stammer (Sewel) ; hakketerm,
(XIV cent.) . Orig. doubtful ; the Irish for to wrangle, cavil. It is probably the
'haddock' is codog-. same word as Haggle ( I ). Cf. also
Hades, the abode of the dead. (Gk.) higle, to bargain.
Gk. ~~'1~, aj~'lr (Attic), d.t~'1~ (Homeric), Hagiographa, holy writings. (Gk.)
the nether world; in Homer, the god of Gk. a"y,6"ypa</>a (fJt{3A,a ) , books written by
th e nether world. Of unknown origin. inspirati.on. - Gk. a"YtO-r, holy; 'Ypo.</>-f'V,
Hadji, Hajji, one who has performed to write.
the pilgrimage to Mecca. (Arab.) Arab. Ha-ha, Haw-haw, a sunk fence. (F.)
l;iiji, 'a Christian who has performed the F rom F. haha , an interjection of laughter;
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or a Muham- hence a surprise in the form of an un-
medan [who has performed] that to expected obstacle (that laughs at one).
Mecca;' Rich. Diet., p. 549. Orig. the The F. word also means an old woman
latter. of surp-rising ugliness, a : caution.'
Hsematite, Hsemorrhage; see Hail ( I), frozen ram. (E.) M. E.
Hematite, Hemorrhage. hag-lui, hayl. A. S. hag-I, hag-ol. + I ce!.
Haft, handle. ( E.) A. S. haft, a hag-I, Du. Dan. Swed. G. haeel. T eut.
handle. - A. S. ha/-, base of Ilebban, to types *!zag-(a )lo z. m., *hag-(a)lotll, n. Cf. Gk.
lift; see Heave. + Du. heft, Ice!. !zepti ICo.XA'1(, a round pebble.
(pron. hefti), G. heft, a handle. Lit. Hail ( 2), to salute, greet. (Scand .)
, that which is caught up.' M. E. heilm; a verb coined from M. E.
Hag. (E.) M. E. hagge ; with same heil, !zail, sb. ; which is an adaptation of
sense as A. S. hag-tis, a fury, a witch, Icel. heill, prosperity, good luck, a sb.
a hag.+G. !zexe, M. H. G. !zeese, a witch, formed from the adj. heill, hale, sound,
O. H. G. hazissa, also hag-azussa, a fury. fortun ate. Cf. A. S. hill, safety, luck.
Perhaps connected with A. S. hag-a,ahedge, See Hale (I ) .
enclosure ; but this is uncertain . ha.il (3), an exclamation. (Sca~d. )
Haggard (1 ), wild, said of a hawk. Icel. heill, hale, sound; used in greetmg.
( F . -17.) M. F . hagard, wild; esp . used This word is common in greeting person"
of a wild falcon; see Cotgrave. Perhaps as/or heill= farewell, kom !zeill, welcome,
the orig. sense was hedge-falcon; formed, hail! The Scand. verb is Icel. heilsa.
with suffix -ard « 0. H. G. hart) , from Swed. helsa, Dan. Mise, to greet. See
M. H . G. hag- (G. hag-), a hedge; see Hale (I).
Haw. Hair. (E.; injluenced by F.) The true
Haggard (2), lean, meagre. (F. -G.) E. form was M. E. heer. From A. S. !z!1:r,
Really the same as the word above (Col.). Mr. + Du. haar, Icel. hiir, Dan. haar,
We also find hag -cd, i. e. hag-like, from Swed. ht'lr; G. haar, O . H . G. hiir . Teut.
hag. 'The ghostly prudes with hag-ged type *hlZrom, neut. Further related to
face,' Gray, A Long Story, near end. Ice!. haddr, hair, Teut. type *hazdoz; and
~ Mod. G. hag-er may be from M_ F . t9 Lith. kassa , plaited hair; also to Russ.
hagard; for G. hag-etj"alk means a haggard chesa/(e). to comb oat, L. carer!!, to card
hawk. wool. 13. But the mod. E. form is due
Haggis, a dish of sheep's entrails, to confusion with A. S. !zare, hair-cloth,
choppeu up, seasoned, and boiled in the whi ch was replaced by M. E. haire,
sheep's maw. (E.) M. E. hag-as, hag-eis. borrowed from O . F. haire, with the same
Of unknown origin. Perhaps from hag-, sense; and thi s O. F. haire was from
to cut; see Haggle ( I ) . (The Gael.laig-ds O. H . G. hiirra (for *hot:jaj, haircloth, a
is from E.) derivati ve of O. H. G. hor, hair.
Hagrle ( I ), to hack awkwardly, mangl e. Hake, a fish. (Scand.) Cf. Norw.
228
 HAKIM HALT
hakifisk, lit. 'hook-fish ;' from the hooked 759). So also Du. hdlbot, halibut, from
und~';;, (See H a.tch (I ) . heilig, holy, bot, a plaice; Swed. helge-
H . ,a physician, doctor. (Arab.) jlundra, a halibut, from helig, holy,
Arab. /.takim, wise; also, a doctor, physi- jlyndra, a flounder; Dan. hellifiytuler,
ciano - Arab. root /.takama, he exercised a halibut, from ht/lig, holy, jlynder,
authority. flounder. See Butt (4).
Halberd, Halbert, a kind of pole- Halidom, a holy relic. (E.) M. E.
axe. ( F.- M.H. G.) O.F.halebardc. - halidom, halidom. A.S. haligdom , holi-
M. H. G. lzelmbarte, mod . G. hellebarle; ness, a sanctuary, a holy relic. - A. S.
sometimes explained as an axe with a litilig, holy; -dom, suffix, orig. the same as
long handle; cf. M. H. G. halm (?), a hel ve dom, doom. See Holy and Doom.+ Du.
(helm ), or handle. But it has been better heiligdom; l cel. helgidomr, Dan. hellig-
interpreted as an axe for splitting a helm, dom, G. heilig/hum. ~ By my halidam
i. e. helmet. 13. The O. H. G. barta, G. (with -dam for -dom ) was imagined to
bar/e, a broad axe, or axe with a broad refer to Our Lady (dame ).
blade, is from G. bart, a beard. [Similarly Hall. (E. ) M. E. halle. O. Merc.
the l cel. skeggja, an nxe, is from skegg, hall; A. S. heal!, heal, a hall, orig. a
a beard; and see Barb (I).] Cf. Icel. shelter. + Du. hal, Icel. hall, Mil, Swed.
ba~a, halberd. hall, Dan. Ilal. Teut. type *hafla, for
Halcyon, a kingfisher; as adj. serene. *halna, fern . ; from *hal, 2nd grade of
(L. - Gk) Halcyon days = calm days; *helan-, to cover (A. S. helatl). Allied to
it was supposed that the weather was calm H elm (2), Hell.
when kingfishers were breeding. - L. Ha.llel1Jjah, Alleluia, an expression
halcyon, alcyon, a kingfisher. - Gk. d'\KVWV, of praise. (H eb.) Heb. haldii jah, praise
ciAKvWv, a kingfisher. Allied to L. a/cltio, ye Jehovah . - Heb. halt/ii, praise ye (from
the true L. name. ~ The incorrect aspirate halal, to shine, praise) ; jah, Jah , Jehovah.
in Gk. was due to a fanciful etymology Ha.lliard· see Halyard.
from iV.-s, sea, and KVGIV, conceiving. Halloo, Kallow, to shout. (F.)
Hale ( I), whole. (E. ) M. E.hale,hal. M.E. halowen.-O.F. hal/oer, to pursue
O. Northumb. hal , which became hale, with shouts. Of imitative origin.
while the A. S. (Wessex) hal became Ha.llow, to sanctify. (E.) M. E. hal-
M. E. hool, now spelt whole. Cognate wen, halewm, hoiowen. A. S. halgian, to
with Goth. hails. See Whole. make holy, from lziilig, holy; see Holy.
Hale ( 2), Raul, todrag,drawviolently. So also lcel. helga, G.heiligen.
(F.-O.H. G.) M.E.halien,halen.- F. hallowmas., feast of All Hallows,
haler, to haul a boat, &c. (Littn!). - i. e. All Saints. (Hybrid; E. and L.)
O. H. G. WOn, holon (whence G. holen). Short for A ll Hallows' Mass, mass (or
+ O. Sax. halon, Du. halen, O. Fries. feast) of All Saints. Here hallows' is the
Ilalia, E. Fries. hafen, Low G. hafen, to gen. of hallows, pI. due to M. E. halowe or
pull, haul; cf. also A. S. geholian, to halwe, a saint = A. S. halga, a saint, def.
acquire, get; L. cafare, to summon; Gk. form of the adj. halig, holy; see Holy
Ka.\flv, to summon. C.vKAL). ~ Hale and Mass.
dates from the XIV cent. ; haul is later, Hallucination, wandering of mind.
aJll'enring as hall in 1581. (L.) From L. ha/liicinalio, a wandering
Half, adj. (E.) M. E. kalf. O. Mere. of the mind. - L. hallt/cinari, better al/ii-
halj; O. Fries. half; A. S. ·healf. + Du. cinarf, alt/cinari, towanderin mind,dream,
Italf, lcel . halfr, Swed. half, Dan. halv, rave. + Gk. a'\vftv, a.\vEtP, to wander in
Goth.halbs, G.halb. 2 . Allied to half, sb., mind; cf. ~.\.6s, distraught.
from O. Mere. half, A. S. healf, sb.+lcel. Ha.lm; see Haulm.
haifa, Goth. halba, G. halb; in all these Halo, a luminous ring. (F . -L.- Gk.)
languages the oldest sense of the sb. is F. halo. - L. ace. halo, from nom. halos.-
'side.' Der. halve, vb.; be-half. Gk. iV.GJS, a round threshing-floor, in
Halibut, Holibut, a fish. (E.) So wh ich the oxen trod out a circular path.
called because excellent eating for holi- Halser; see Hawser.
days; the lit. sense is ' holy (i. e. holiday) Halt, lame. (E.) M. E. hall. O. Mere.
plaice.' From M. E . hali, holy (see halt; A. S. healt.+lcel. halty, Dan. Swed.
HolT), and 6uile, a plaice (Havelok, I. "all, Goth. hafts, O. H . G. haill. Teut.
319
 HALT HANDSEL
type *""Itoz. Cf. L. c1audus, lame. Der. hamaca. A West Indian (Caribbean)
halt, vb. , A. S. healtian. word.
Halt! (F.-G.) F. halte.-G. halt, Hamper (1 ), to impede. (E.) M. E.
hold ! See Hold ( I ). hampren ; from the same root as Ice!.
Halter. (E. ) M. E. halter (an / has hamla, to stop, hinder, Norw. hamla, to
been lost). A. S. /uzljtre, a halter.+M. strive against; cf. Swed. dial. hamla, to
Du. and G. haffter, O. H. G. hal/tra; be awkward, to grope about. Perhaps
O. Low G. haliftra (Schade) . Teut. types further allied to lcel. hemja, to restrain, G.
*haljtr-, *halijtr- (Franck). From the hemmen, to check. See Hem ( I). 2. Or
base *halb-, app. signifying 'to hold'; a nasalised form allied to Low G. hapern,
see Helve. I . e. ' something to hold by; , E. Fries. haperen, to stop short; cf. Swed.
cf. L. capistrum , a halter. dial. happla, to stammer, hoppa, to back
Halyard, Halliard, a rope for hoist- a horse; Dan. kappe, to stutter. See
ing sallS. (F.-O. H. G.) As if for hale- Hopple.
or haul-yard, because it hales or hauls Hamper (l), a kind of basket. (F. -
the yards into their places; but really a G. ) l'ormerly spelt hanaper. - O. F.
perversion of M. E. halier, meaning simply ""napier, Low L. hanaplrium, orig. a
• that which hales.' See lIale (l). vessel to keep cups in. - O. F. ha1Ulp
Ham. (E.) M. E. hamme. A. S. hamm. (Low L. hanapus), a drinking-cup.-
+Du. ham, M. Du. hame, Icel. lWm (gen. O. Frankish *knapp., Du. nap, O. H. G.
hamar) ; provo G. hamme; O. H. G. knapf, M. H. G. napf, a cnp.+A. S. hnt1!P,
hamma. Brugmann (i. § 4H) connects a cup, bowl.
these with Gk. ""'1''1, the lower part of ha.nalM'r, old form of Hamper
the leg. (above). Hence Hanaper office, named
Hamadryad, a wood-nymph. (L.- from the basket in which writs were
Gk.) L. hamadryad-, stem of hamadryas. d«1losited.
-Gk. dpallpu.h, a wood-nymph; the life Hand. (E.) A. S. hand, kond.+
of each nymph depended on that of the Du. hand, Ice!. Mnd, Dan. haand, Swed.
tree to which she was attached. - Gk. kand, Goth. handuJ, G. hand. Teut. type
GJ-ll, together with; IIpii-s, tree_ *handuz, fern. Root unknown.
Hame; Hames, pI., the bent sticks handed. (E.) A mff for the hand.
round a horse-collar. (E.) M. E. hame. ~ XVIII cent.; too late for connexion
+Dn. haam. Cf. Mid. Du. ""mme, 'a with A.S. hantkOPJ, a handcuff.
cratch of wood to tie beasts to, or a yoke; , handicap, a race for horses of all
Hexham. See Hem (1). ages. (E. ) From hand " cap, hand in
Hamlet. (F.- Teut.) M. E. hamdet, the cap, a method of drawing lots; hence,
dimin. of O. F. hamel (F. hameau), a a mode of settlement by arbitration, &c.
hamlet. Formed, with dimin. suffix -d, ha.Jldicraft. (E.) A. S. kandmz/t,
from O. Fries. ham, him, O. Sax. him, a a trade; the i being inserted in imitation
home, dwelling; see Home. of handiwork (below).
Hammer. ( E.) A. S. hamor. + Icel. handiwork. (E.) M. E. handiwere.
hamarr, Dan. hammer, Swed. hammare, A. S. handgeweorc. - A. S. lIand, hand;
Du. hamer, G. hammer. Thought to be geweorc, from weorc, O. Mere. were, work.
allied to Russ. kamen(e), a stone ; as if The i is due to A. S. ge.
orig. 'a stone implement;' Icel. hamarr handle, vb. (E.) A. S. ha111ilian;
also means' a rock.' formed from handle, a handle (below).
Hammercloth. (Du. andE.?) For- Cf. Du. kandelen, Icel. hiindla, Dan.
merly hamer-cloth (1465). The cloth handle, Sw. handla, G. handeln, to handle,
which covers a coach-box. Origin un- or to trade.
known. Perhaps orig. a cover-cloth; handle, sb. (E. ) A. S. kandle; Cpo
adapted from Du. hemel, heaven, also Glos. 1904.-A. S. hand, hand.
a cover, tester, canopy. 'Den heme! van handsel, hansel, first instalment of
een koetse, the seeling of a coach;' Hex- a bargain. (Scand.) lcel. handsal, the
ham. Cf. M. Du. hemeien, ' to hide, cover, conclusion of a bargain by shaking hands;
adome ;' Hexham. lit. • handgiving,' expressed by • hand-
Hammock, a slung net for a bed. sale' ; so also Dan. handsel, Swed. handsijl,
(W. Ind.) Formerly hamaca; Span. a handsel. See Sale. .. The late A. S • .
 HANDSOME HARDOCK
handsekn, glossed 'mancipatio,' occurs Hansel; see Ha.ndsel
but once; but cf. O. E. Texts, Charter +b Hansom, a kind of cab. (E.) From
1.8. the name of the inventor (no doubt the
handsome. (E.) M. E. handsum, same word as !lamisome ). A. D. 1834-
orig. tractable, or dexterous. - A. S. hand, Hap. (Scand.) M. E. hap.-Icel. happ,
hand; ·sum, suffix, as in 1vyn-SUlll , win- hap, chance. good luck; cf. A. S. geMp,
some.+Du. !landzaam, E. Fries. handsiim, fit. [The W. hap must be borrowed from
tractable, serviceable. E.] Der. happ-y, i. e. lucky; Ilap-kss,
handy (I), dexterous. (E.) From i. e. luckless; lzap-Iy, by luck (happily is
hand, with suffix -yo ~ The M. E. form used in the same sense); mis-hap " per-
was !tendi (never handi); A. S. hendig. haps.
skilful; formed from hand, hand, with happen. (Scand.) M . E. happenm,
suffix -ig and vowel-change. +Du. !landig. hapncn, extended from !lappen, i. e. to hap.
Dan. hiZndig, behiZndig, Swed. hiindic, From the sb. above.
dexterous. Ha.ra.-kiri, snicide by disembowel-
handy (1) , near. (E.) From !land, ment. (Japanese.) From Japan. hara,
with suffix -yo ~ The M. E. form was belly; kiri, to cut (Ynle).
hende ; A. S. gehende. near, at hand.- Harangue. (F. - O. H. G.) O. F.
A. S. !land, hand. harangue, an oration; Low L. harenga.
Ha.ng, to suspend, to be sllspended. The same as Span. arenga, Ita\. an·nga.
(E.) The history of this vb. involves that Orig. a speech made in the midst of a
of two A. S. and one O. Norse vb. ; viz. ring of people; as shown by Ita!. aringo,
(I) the A. S. him (for *hanhan-) , pt. t. an arena, lists, also a pnlpit.-O. H. G.
Mng, pp. hangen; (2) the A. S. weak vb., hrinc (G. ring), a ring, ring of people, an
hangian, pt. t. hangode; and (3) the Ice\. arena, circns, lists. Cognate with A. S.
causal vb. hengja, from hanga (pt. t_ hikk, hring, a ring. See Bing.
for *Mnk, pp. hanginn ). Cf. G. hangen, Ha.r&IIB. (F.) F. harasser, to tire
weak vb., from G. !langen (pt. t. hing, pp. out, vex, disquiet; Cot. Perhaps from
gehangen ). Allied to L. euncliiri, to delay, O. F. harer, to set a dog. at a beast.-
Skt. ra1Jk, to hesitate. Brugm. i. § 420. O. H. G. haren, to call out, cry out (hence
Ha.nger, a short sword. (E.) So cIL to a dog).
called oecause hung from the belt. Harbinger, a forerunner. (F.-
llaDgna.il; for ang-nail, a form of O. H. G.) M. E. herbergequr, one who
Agnail, q. v. provided lodgings for a man of rank.-
Hank, a parcel of skeins of yarn. O. F. herberg-er, to lodge, to harbour;
(Scand.) Ice!. hdnk, a hank, coil; hank;, with suffix -our (L. -atorem).-O. F. her-
a hasp, clasp; Swed. !lank, a string, Dan. berge, a lodging, harbour. - O. H. G.
hank, a handle, ear of a vessel. Cf. also htriberga (below ).
Low G. hank, a handle (Liibben), G. harbour (I), shelter. (Scalld.) M.E.
henkel, a handle, ear of a vessel. Prob. hereberJe, herberwe. - Icel. herbergi, a
allied to Hang; cf. O. H. G. henkan harbour, lit. 'army-shelter.' - Icel. herr,
«*hangian), to hang up. an army; barg, 2nd grade of bjarga, to
Hanker, to long after. (E .) Cf. provo shelter. So likewise O. H. G. heriberga,
E. hank, to hanker after, of which it is a a camp, lodging. from O. H. G. her; , G.
frequent. form; cf. the phr. 'to hang heer) , an army, bergan, to shelter (whence
about.' From the verb to hang. Verified F. auberge, Ita!. albergo). Cf. Harry and
by M. Du. hmgden, to hanker after Borough. Der. !larbour, vb.
(from hangen), honkeren (Du .hunkeren), to Harbour (2), see Arbour.
hanker after (Sewel); also Dan. hang, bias, Hard. (E.) A. S. heard; O. Fries.
inclination, E. Fries. !lang, hank, bias. herd. + Du. hard; Icel. hariJr, Dan.
Hanseatic, pertaining to the Hause haard, Swed. nard, Goth. hardus, G.
towns in Germany. (F.-O.H.G.) O.F. hart. Teut. type *!lardus, Idg. type
hanse, the hanse, i. e. society of merchants ; *karlus; d. Gk. ICp4TVr, strong. Brugm.
with L. suffix -atieus. - O. H. G. !lansa i. § 792.
(G. hanse) , an association; cf. Goth. Jlardock, Hordock, the corn-blue-
ha1lSa, A. S. Ms. a band of men. (From bottle; Centaurea cyanus. (E.) Hardokes,
about A. D. 1140.) pl., is the reading in K. Lear, iv••• "', ed.
 HAROS HARPY
16~3; the quartos have lumlocks. The Teut. type ·herka",. can hardly be related
same as haudod, used in Fitzherbert's to Hear.
Husbandry to mean the com-bluebottle; Harlequin. (F.-Ital.) F. arlequill,
see Glossary, and pref. p. xxx. Mr. Wright harlequi1Z, a harlequin. _ Ital arlecchino,
(note to K. Lear) shows that hardhake a buffoon, jester. The Ital. word seems to
meant the Cmfar~rea 111p-a. Both plants correspond to the O. F. Hellequitt, Her/e-
were called, indifferently, knobweed, k'lOi- kin, Hierlekin; the usual O. "F. phrase
weed, and loggerheads. Named from the was la maimie Merleki1l (Low L. harle·
hardness of the head of the Ceniaurea quini familias), a troop of demons that
'lip-a ; for which reason it was also called haunted lonely places at night A popular
iroll·weed, iron·heads, &c. See Plant- etymology connected the word with Charles
names, by Britten and Holland. Quint; Max l\fiilJer, Lect. ii. 581. Prob.
Hards, fib res of flax. (E.) M. E. of Teut. origin; cf. O. H. G. hella cunni,
henus. A. S. heordan , pJ.+M. Du. Merde, the kindred of hell; which may have been
herde, hards (Kilian), later hide (Hex- confused with O. F. herie, hierle, tumult.
ham) ; E. Fries.llide. Teut type *kizdon- Harlot. (F.) Orig. used of either sex,
or *hezelDn. ; cf. Meed. ~ Distinct from and not always in a very bad sense; equiv.
hard. to mod. E. 'fellow;' Ch. C. T. 649.-
Hardy, stout, hrave. (F. - Tent.) O. F. heriot, ar/ot, a vagabond; Provo
M. E. kardi.-O. Ii. hardi, brave; orig. ar/ot, a vagabond; Ita1. arlotto (Baretti),
pp. of hardir, lit. to harden. _ Teut. Low L. arlotus, a glutton. Of disputed
*harljatz, as in O. H. G. her/an, to harden, origin. ~ W. herlod is from E.
make strong. - O. H. G. harti (G. hari), Harm, sb. (E.) M. E. harm. A. S.
hard; see Hard. hearm, grief, also harm. + lce1. harmr,
+
Hare. (E.) A. S. hara. Dan. Swed. grief, Dan. harme, wrath, Swed. hann,
hare, led. hiri (formerly here); Du. haas, anger, grief, G . karm, grief; Teut. type
G. hase. Teut. types *hazon-, .hason-, Idg. *karmoz. Cf. Russ. srame, shame. Brug.
type ·kason-; cr. O. Pruss. sasins (for ii. § 7l . Der. harm, vb .
• kasins ), W . cein-ach , fern. (Rhys) , Skt. Harmony, concord. (F.-L.-Gk.)
fafa, for fasa, a hare. The Skt. word M. E. harmonie.-F. harlllonie.-L. har-
means • jumper,' from fOf (Idg. kas-), to monia. - Gk. app.oJlla, a joint, proportion,
jump, leap along. harmony. - Gk. app.o<, a joining. - Gk.
harebell. (E.) From hare and bel/. *ap"JI (dpapluItElJl), to fit. (.vAR.)
Harem, set of apartments for females. Harness. (F.) The old sense was
(Arab.) Also haram. - Arab. lJaram, • armour.' O. F. harne;s, harnois, armour;
women's apartments, lit. 'sacred,' or ' pro- whence Bret. harntz , old iron, armour
hibited.' - Arab. root /J,oramo, he prohi- (Thurneysen). Of unknown origin; the
bited (because men were prohibited from G. I,an,isch is from F.
enteriug). The initial is the 6th letter of Harp. (E.) M. E. harpe. A. S.
the Arab. alphabet. Rich. Dict., p. 563. hearpe. + Du. harp, Icel. harpa, Swed.
Haricot (I), a stew of ~utton, (2) harpa, Dan. harpe, G. harft. Teut. type
kidney bean. (F.) F. haricot, 'mutton ·harpon-, fern. ; whence F. harpe.
sod with little turneps,' &c.; Cot. The Harpoon. (F.-L.-Gk.) Formerly
senSe 01 'bean' is late; that of ' minced also karpotl, which is the F. spelling.- F.
mutton with herbs,' O. F. hericot, is old. harpon, a cramp-iron, a grappling· iron ;
Origin unknown. whence also Du. harpoen. - O. F . harpe, a
Hark, Hearken. (E.) M. E. herken, dog's claw or paw, a clamp, cramp-iron;
'also het"kllm. Herknen is from A. S. cf. se harper, to grapple. - Late L. harpe..
hercniatz, heormian, to listen to. Herkul a sickle-shaped sword. - Gk. afJ1'T/, a
corresponds toa shorter type, A.S. ·Morcian sickle. Cf. also Span. arpon, a harpoon,
(not found), O. Fries. Mrkia; also O. Fries. arpar, to claw, rend.
harkia (from the 2nd grade), E. Fries. Harpsichord. (F. - Tellt. and Gk.)
harken. Teut. type *herkatz-, pt. t. *hark, Also liarpsechord; with intrusive s. -
pp. *hurkanoz. The O. H. G. hlfrechm, F. harpechorde, • a harpsichord;' Cot.
M. H . G. horcktn, with long 0, must have From Teutonic and Greek; see Harp
been associated with O. H. G. norjatt, G. and Chord. Cf. Ital. arpicordo (Florio) .
!Wren, to hear; cf. G. Iwnllcn. But the Harpy. (F. -L. -Gk.) O. F. karpie.
 HARQUEBUS HATCHET
-L. 1Iarpjia, usually in pl.luzrpjia. - Gk. Hashiu, Hasheesh, an intoxi-
pI. iipWVI4&, lit. 'spoilers or' snatchers.'- cating drink. (Arab.) See Aasauin.
Gk. 4ptr-, base of Up1f4(fIJ', to seize ; allied Haslets, Hastelets, Harslets,
to 1:.. r4jJert. See Rapacious. the inwards of a pig, &c., for roasting.
Harquebus; see Arquebus. (F. -L.) From O. F. hastdet, meat roasted
HarridaD, a jade, a worn-out woman. on a spit.-O. F. haste, a spit.-L. hasta,
(F.) A v:Lriant of M . F . llaridelle, 'a poor a spit; see Hastate_
tit, leane ill-favored jade,' Cot.; i. e. a Hasp. (E.) A. S. hapse, a fastening,
worn-out horse; also used in the sense of clasp, catch of a door. + Icel. hespa, a hasp,
a gaunt, ugly woman (Littre). The form a skein (of wool), Dan. Swed. G. haspe,
remains unexplained. hasp; cr. M. Du. hasp, haps, a skein of
Harrier (I ), a hare-hound. (E.) For- wool. Cf. Low G. happen, hapsen, to
merly haner ; from hare. Cf. Ww-yer snatch, clutch; F. happer, to lay hold of.
from bow. Hassock. (E.) M. E. hassok, orig.
Harrier (2), a kind of buzzard. (E.) coarse grass or sedge; of which the olrl
I . e. harry-e,., because it destroys small hassocks were made. A. S. hassuc, a tuft
birds; see Harry. of coarse grass. ~ Not from W. hesg,
Harrow, sb. (E.) M. E. harwe. sb. pI., sedges.
North Fries. harwe. Not found in A. S. Hastate, spear-shaped. (L.) L. hasta-
+Icel. herji, Dan. haru, a harrow; Swed. tus, spear-like.- L . hasta, a spear. Allied
haif, a harrow. Apparently allied to M. to Yard (2).
Dan. harge, Du. hark, Swed. harka, G. Haste, sb. (F. - Teut.) M . E. hast,
harke, a rake. Base har-? Ct: L. car-ere, haste. -0. F. haste, haste (F. htlte). - W.
to card wool. Germanic *haiCf)st;-, violence; as in O.
Harry, to ravage. (E.) M. E. harwen, Fries.hatsl (Richtofen, s. v. hast),O. H . G.
henen, /zerJien. A. S. hergian, to lay hlisti, adj., violent; A. S. hilsl, violence.
waste, as is done by an army.+lcel. herja, Cf. Goth. haifsts, fem., strife. ~ Du. haast,
to ravage, Dan. harge, O. H . G. harjOn. G. Dan. Swed. hast, haste, are all borrowed
Teut. type *harjOn-, to harry; from *har- from F. Der. haste, vb.; hast-en, XVI
jos, an army (A. S. here, Icel. herr, Dan. cent.
har, O. H . G. hari, G. heer, Goth. haryis). Hat. (E.) A. S. hat. + Icel. hOlt, a
Allied to O. Pruss. karj;s, an army; Lith. hood, later hatlr, Swed. hatt, Dan. hat.
karas, war. Teut. type -hattuz, m. If it is related
Harsh. (Scand.) M. E. harsk. -Dan . to hood, it stands for an earlier form
harsk, rancid ; Swed. hiirsk, rank, rancid, • hOlin,". See Hood.
rusty. + G. harsch, harsh, rough. Cf. Hatch ( I ) , a half-door. (E.) M. E.
Lithuan. karlUs, harsh, bitter (of taste); hacche; a hatch also corresponds to North
see Hard. E. heck. A . S. hac (gen. hacce), a hurdle
Hart. (E.) M. E. hert. A. S. izeort, (?). + Du. hell, fence, rail, ~te, Swed.
heorot, htrwl.+Du. hert, Icel. hjdrlr, Dan. hitek, coop, rack . . Teut. *hakJa, f. Prob.
hiort, Swed. hjort, G. hirsch, O.H.G. hirus ; so named as being lightly fastened with
Teut. stem -htrut-. Allied to L. ceruus, a hook. Cf. A. S. hac-a, a fastening of a
W. carw, a hart, homed animal; Russ. door; see Hake, Hook. Der. hatch-es,
serna, a chamois; cf. Gk. Itipas, a hom. pI. sb., a frame of cross-bars over an
See Horn. opening in a ship's deck; hatch-way.
Harvest. (E.) A. S. luzrfest, autumn ; Hatch (2), to produce a brood by in-
orig. ' crop.' + Du. heifst, G. herbst, cubation. (E.) M.E. hacchen. + Swed.
autumn; lcel. haust, Dan. Swed. hdst hiteka, to hatch; Dan. hakkebuur, a
(contracted forms). Allied to Gk. ltap.,,6s, breeding-cage. Origin unknown.
fruit; L carpere, to gather, Lith. kerpu, Hatch (3), to shade by minute lines,
I shear. Brugm. i. § 631. And cr. Gk. crossing each other. (F.-G.) F. hacher,
ItflPfll', to shear. to hack, also to hatch or engrave; S\.e
Huh, a dish of meat cut into slices, Hash.
&c. (F. -G.) [0. F . hachis, hash.] - Hatches; see Hatch (I).
F . hacher, to hack.-F. hache, an ax. - Hatchet, a small ax. (F. -G.) F.
O. H. G. *happfa, whence O. H. G. heppa, hachel/e, dimin. of hac"" an ax. See
M. H. G. hepe, a bill, a lickle. Hash.
0133
 HATCHMENT HAWSER
.atchment, escutcheon. ( F. - L.) Swed. hal1ln. + Du. haven, G. halm. a
Shortened from ackiroement, an escut- harbour. Cf. also M. H. G. We, haven j
cheon j which was contracted to dtchea- which seems to be allied to M. H. G. hah,
ment (Ferne, 1586), hachemmt (Hall, Icel. Swed. haf, Dan. hav, A. S. heaj, sea.
1548) j &c. .aversaca, soldier's provision-bag.
.ate, sb. (E.) M. E. hate. A. S. hete, (F. - G.) F. havresac. - G. habersack,
hate j the mod . E. sb. takes the vowel hafersack, lit. ' oat-b:tg: - G. haber, hafer,
from the verb hatian, to hate.+Du. haat, oats j sack, a sack.
Icel. hair, Swed. hat, Dan. had, Goth. Havoc, destruction. (F .) Cf. A. F.
hatis, G. hass, hate. Cf. Gk. K'i,3EtV, to crier havok; where havok is for O. F .
vex j W . cawdd, displeasure. Dar. hale, vh. havot. - O. F. navol, plunder j whence crier
hatred. (E.) M . E. hatred, hatmien. havol, E. 'cry havoc' (Godefroy). Cf.
The suffix is A. S. riiden, law, mode, cou' O. F. naver, to grapple with a hook
dition, state, as in hiw·riitien, a house- (Cot.); and G. ha/t, seizure. Prob.
hold j and see kindred. from G. hebm, to lift. ~ The W. hafoe,
• auberk, a coat of ringed mail. (F. destruction, is borrowed from E.
- O. H. G.) M. E. hauberk. - O. F. Haw, a hedge; also, berry of hawthorn.
hauberc. - O. H. G. halsberc, lit. neck· (E.) M. E. hawe, a yard. A. S. haga, an
defence.- O. H. G . hals, neck j bergan, to enclosure, yard.+lcel. hag;, Swed. hage,
protect. See Collar and Bury. enclosure; Dan. have, garden; Du. haag,
Haughty. (F.-L.) For M . E. hau- G. hag, hedge. Teut. base ·hag.; Idg.
ttin, arrogant; 'Hawty, haultain;' Pals- base ·kagh-, as in W . cae, an enclosure;
grave. Cf. booty, from butin. - O. F. see Quay. Der.luzw-Ihorn. See Hedge.
hautain, 'hauty;' Cot. - O. F. haut; Hawk (1) , a bird of prey. (E.) M. E.
oldest form halt, high. - L. altus, high; hauk, hauek (=havek ). A. S. hafoc, heafoe,
see Altitude. a hawk.+Du. havik, Icel. haukr, Swed.
Haul; see Hale (l). Mk, Dan. Mg, G . habicht, O. H. G. hapuh.
Haulm, Halm, stalk. (E.) A. S. Prob. 'a seizer;' allied to E. hea7Je, L.
healm. + Du. halm, leel. halmr, Dan. capere; see Heave. So also Low L.
Swed. halm; Russ. soloma, straw; L. capus, a falcon, from capere; and L. lU-
culmus, stalk, Gk. "all.a!,os, reed; W. calaj, cipiter, a hawk.
stalk. Brugm. ii. § 7l. Hawk (l), to carry about for sale.
Haunch, hip, bend of the thigh. (F. (0. Low G.) A verb formed from the sb.
- O. H . G.) F. ha1Zche j O. F. /lanciu, hawker; see Hawker.
hallke; Low L. hancha (ll7S). OfTeut. Hawk (3), to clear the throat. (E.)
origin; from Frankish ·ha'lk", represented Imitative. Cf. Dan. harke, Swed. /larska,
by M . Du. ha,uke, 'haunch or hip;' to hawk; W. hocM, to hawk, hoch, the
Hexham . See Korting, § 3872 . throwing up of phlegm.
.aunt, to frequent. (F. ) M. E. hanten, Hawker, pedlar. (0 . Low G. ) Intro'
hau'ltuz. - O. F .hanter, to haunt, frequent. duced from abroad; Du.Mllker, a hawker,
Origin disputed . M. Du. hoecker, hucker; cf. heukeren, to
• autboy, a musical instrutnent. (F.- hawk, sell by retail. So also Dan. hOker,
L.) F . hautbois. - F. haut. high; bois, a chandler, huckster, hOkre, to hawk;
wood. - L. altlts, high j Late L. boscus, Swed. hOkare, a chandler, huckster. See
buscus, L. bIlXIlS, box-tree; see Bolt ( I). further under Huokster.
It is a wooden instrument with a high Hawse, Hawse-hole. (Scand.)
tone. Hence Ital. obot, E. oboe, borrowed Hdwse is a round hole through which a
from F. hautbois. ship's cable passes, so called because made
Have. (E.) M. E. hatten. pt. t. /Iadde, in the' neck' of the ship. - Ice!. hals, hals,
pp. had. A. S. habhan, pt. t. ha/de. pp. the neck : also, part of a ship's bows.+
geha/d. + Du. lubbm, Ice! . ha/a, Swed. O. Mere. hals, A . S. heals j Du. G. hals;
Ila/va, Dan. have, Goth. haban, G. haben. allied to L. collum. neck.
Teut. stem .haM-. If cognate, as usually Hawser, a tow-rope. (F.-L.) Cf.
supposed, with 1.. habire, to have, the Jdg. F. haussure, a hawser. Hut hawse·r is
base mu, t be *khabh-. from M. E. hawse, to lift.-O. F. halcier,
Ha'Y8n, harbour. (Scand.) A. S. F. hattSser, to lift. raise.-Late L. altiiire,
htE/en, h(J'/me. - Icel. IIOjtz, Dan. havn, . to elevate. _ L. altus, high. See AUitude.
lU
 HAWTHORN HEAT
Cf. M.Ital. aizaniere, 'a, halsier [hawser] make whole; formed from luil, whole, with
in a ship' (Florio) ; from a/zare, to raise. i- mutation of ti to «; see Whole. So also
~ Not allied to Hoist. G. lui/en, from hei/; Goth. hai/j(m, from
Hawthorn; see Haw. lllliis.
Hay ( I). ~ E. ) M. E. hey. O. Merc. health. (E. ) A. S. h«16, health (Teut.
Mg; A. S. hig. + Du. hooi, Icel. hey, Dan. type *hai/ithti, f. ), from luil, whole; see
Swed. hO, Goth. hawi, grass; G. heu. Heal (above).
Teut. type *hau-jom, n. Properly' cut Heap, sb. (E.) M. E. heep. A. S.
grass'; from the verb to hew; see Hew. heap, a heap, crowd. + Du. hoop (whence
Hay ( l ), a hedge. (E.) A. S. hege, m. Icel. hopr, Dan. hob, Swed. hop, O. H. G.
Teut. type *hagiz. Allied to Haw and hou/) ; cf. also G. haufe, O. H . G. hii/o.
Hedge. Der. hay-ward, i. e. hedge- + Lith. kaupas, O. Slav. kupt'J, a heap.
warden. Brugm. i. § 421 (7) . Der. heap, vb.
Huard. (F. - Span. - Arab.?) F. Hear. (E.) M. E. Mren, pt. t. herde,
hasard. - Span. azar, a hazard; orig. an pp. herd. O. Merc. Mran; A . S. hjran,
unlucky throw (at dice) ; cf. M. Ita1. zara, pt. t. hjrde, pp. gehjred. + Du. hoorm,
a game at dice.-Arab. al zahr, lit. the Icel.lzeyra, Dan. hOre, Swed. hora, Goth.
die (Devic) ; al being the Arab. def. art. hausjan, G. hOren. Cf. Gk. d-KOV~&I', to
But Arab. zahr is of doubtful authority. hear. (Not allied to Ear.)
Hue, a mist. (E.?) Ray has: 'it Hearken; see Harken.
hazes, it misles.' Etym. unknown. We Hearsay. (E.) From hear and say,
may perhaps compare the Lowl. Sc. haar, the latter being in the inlin. mood. Cf.
a sea-fog, a mist. A. S. ic stcgan hyrde = I heard say
Huel. (E.) M. E. hasel. A. S. luzse/. (Beowulf, 1346).
+Du. haulaar, Icel. hasl, lzes/i, Dan. Hearse. (F. - L.) M. E . herse, hearse.
Swed. IlasSei, G. hasel; Teut. type *haselo-; The orig. sense was a triangular harrow,
from the Idg. type *koselo- we have L. then a triangular frame for supporting
COrti/us (for *cosu/us), W. and O. Irish lights at a church service, esp. at a funeral,
coli (for ·cosl), a hazel. then a bier, a carriage for a dead body.
He. (E .) A. S. he; gen. his, dat. him, All these senses are found . - M. F. · herce,
ace. hine. Fem. sing. nom. MO, gen. dat. a harrow, a frame with pins on it. (Mod.
hire, ace. hie, hi; neut. sing. nom. hit, F. herse, Ital. erpice, a harrow.) - L. hir-
gen. his, dat. him, acc. hit. PI. (all gen- picelll , acc. of hiryex, a harrow. Der.
ders), nom. ace. hie, hi, gen. hira, heora, rehearse.
dat. flim, 11I:01ll. + Du. hij, O. Sax. he, hi ; Heart. (E.) M. E. herte. A. S. heorte.
Goth. neut. hita. Allied to Lith. szis, this, +Du. hart , Ice!. hjarta, Swed. hje1"1a,
L. ci-tra, on this side, Gk. f-Kfl, there, Dan. flierle, Goth. hairto, G. hen; Teut.
K.wor, that one. Brugm. i. §§ 83, 604. type *herton-. Further allied to Lith.
Der. lunee, Iler, here, hither. szirdis, Irish cridhe, W. craidd, Russ.
Head. (E.) M. E. hed, heed, heued serdtse, L. cor (gen. cordis), Gk. KapOla , Kfip.
( = heved) . A. S. hea/od. + Du. hoofd, Hearth. (Eo ) M. E. herth, herlhe.
Goth. haubith, G. haupt, O . H. G. houbit; A. S. luor6.+Du. htulrd ; Swed . hard,
also O. Icel. hau/06. later hOfu6, Dan. a hearth, a forge, G. herd ; T eut. tHe
hoved, Swed. hufvud, M. Swed. havud. *herthoz, m. Cf. Goth. hamia, pl., Ice!.
Teut. types *haubud-, *kaubid-, neut.; hyrr, embers, burning coals. Idg. base
answering to Idg. types *koupot- , *koupel-, ·ker-; cf. L. cremare, to bum.
which are not exactly represented. The Heart's-ease, a pansy. (E.) Lit.
L. caput (with short a) does not correspond ease of heart, i. e. giving pleasure.
in the vowel-sound, but is allied to A. S. hearty. (E.) M. E. kerty; also
Ilaft/a, hea/o/a, head. (The difficulties as hertly; from M. E. herte; see Heart.
to this word are not yet cleared up. ) Heat. (E.) M. E. hete. A. S. hie/u,
hea.dlong, rashly, rash. (E.) M. E. hato, from *haitiu, for *haitjo-, f.;
hed/ing, heuedling, hed/inges. Thus the formed from hat, hot, with the usual
suffix is adverbial, answering to A. S. suffix vowel-change. + Dn. hille, Dan. hede,
-I-ing, really a double suffix. Cf. A. S. Swed. hetta, Ice!. !titi, G. kitze; all from
lKec-;:i.: backwards,for-inga, suddenly. the weak grade kit-; see Hot. We also
H (E.) M. E. helen. A. S. ltiilan, to lind A. S. halan, verb, to heat.
l35 '
 HEATH HEIFER
Heath. (E. ) M. E. hell, . A. S. M6 . +Du. hekd, a heckle; Dan. hegle; Swed.
+Du. G . heide, Icel. l,ei6r, Dan. hede, hiickla; G. hechel, a heckle. T eut. type
Swed. Iud, Goth. Ilaillzi, a waste; Tent. *hakila; from a base hak-, to pierce, bite,
type */lait!'i, fern . Cf. W. coed, 0 . W . as in 0. H. G. hecckm, M. H. G. heckm
coil. a wood. (for *hakjall), to pierce, bite as a snake;
heathen, a pagan. (E.) A. S.kii8en, cf. A. S. hacod. a pike (fish) , from its
adj. SJ also Icel. keiiJmfl, G. heidm, a sharp teeth. Cf. Hack ( 1).
heathen; Goth.kailkno, a heathen woman. Hectic, continual , as a fever. (F. -
Lit. a dweller on a heath, orig. 'wild'; Gk.) F. Ilectique (as if from Late L.
cr. Goth. hailkiwisks, wild (Mk. i. 6) ; *hecticus). - Gk. lKTtK6r, hectic, consump-
A. S. hreJen. a wild creature (Beow. 986) . tive. - Gk. ',tS, a possession; also, a
From A. S. hietJ. a heath (above). [Simi- habit of body. - Gk. <{-OJ, fut. of EX"",
larly L. Eagallus meant (1) a villager, ( 2) to have, hold. ( ~SEGH .)
a ~agan . ] Hector, a bully. (L. -Gk.) From L.
Heather. (E.) Usually associated Heetor.... Gk. "EKTOJp . the celebrated hero
with lzeatl,; but the Nhumb. form hadder of Troy. Lit.' holding fast;' from 'X.tII,
points to some different origin. to hold (above).
Heave. (E.) M. E. Muen ( =hmm). Hedge. ( E.) A. S. heeg , f. (dat.
From A. S. he/-, a pres. stem of A. S. hecge) ; Teut. type *hag-fii, allied to haga,
kebbaJI, pt. t. Mj, pp. haftn. + Du. he.l1m, a haw. +Du. !legge, heg , allied to haag,
Icel . heJja, Swed. hajva, Dan. ktZve, Goth. a haw; G. heeke, f., a hedge. See Haw.
',afjan, G . lzeben. Teut. type *hafjall-, Heed, vb. (E.) M. E. keden. A. S.
pt. t. *hOj; corresponding to L. capia, k edan. pt. t. lzidde. Formed as if from
I seize; cf. Gk. K<Anf''1, handle. (D istinct sb. *hOd, care (not found) ; though we find
from have.) the corresponding 0. Fries. sb. hUe, hude,
Heaven. (E.) M. E. heutll (= heven). and the G. sb. kIll, 0. H . G. IlIIota, care.
A.S. lzeojo fl, heJon. + 0. Sax. hetJall. rIce!. +Du. hoedm, from hoede, care; G. kiilm,
himiml, Goth. himins, G. himmel,O.lI .G. from Illtl (0. H . G. huola), care, guard.
himil, 0. Sax. him;!, Du. I,emel, heaven, Brugm. i. § 754. Prob. allied to Hood.
may be from a different source.] Cf. Heel (1), part of the foot. (E.) A. S.
A. S. kus-he%n, a ceiling, so that the and 0. Fric!s. ki la, heel (whence Du. hiel).
sense may have been' canopy.' + Icel. htZlI, Dan. htZl, Swed. hiil. The
Heavy. (E.) Hard to heave, weighty. A. S. hila is prob. contracted from "Mh·ila,
M. E. heui (= I,ev,). A. S. hejig, heavy, dimin. of A. S. /tok , heel. See Hough.
hard to heave.- A. S. kaj-, stem of hebban Heel (2), to lean over, incline. ( E.)
(pt. t. kOj), to heave; with i-mutation Modified from M. E. Mlden, hilden , to in·
of a.+lcel. hOjugr, IWjigr. heavy, from cline on one side. A. S. k ieldan, kyldan,
kifja, to heave; Low G. kevig; O. H . G. to tilt, incline; cf. "i6er-keald, bent down-
hebig. See Heave. wards.+Du. kel/en (for *heldan, 0. Sax.
Hebdomadal, weekly. (L. -Gk.) L. a/-he/dian), to heel over; Ice!. halla (for
Jlebdomadalis. - Gi<:. U3aoJUl~" stem of "/Ia/6a ). to heel over (as a ship), from
l/3oop.tls, a week. - Gk. Ina, seven ; see hallr « "hallk· ), sloping; Dan. kelde, to
Beven. lilt, cf. keld, a slope; Swed. I,iilla, to tilt.
Hebrew. (F. -L.-Gk.- Heb.) F . The adj . is A. S. -Maid, O. Fries. Italtl,
Mbreu (Mbn'eu in Cotgr.).-L. H ebrtZus. Ice!. Itallr, 0 . H. G. haiti, inclined, bent
Gk. 'E/3paios. - Heb. 'ivri, a Hebrew (Gen. forward; Teut. type "hallhoz. Allied to
xiv. 13), a name given to Israelites as A. S. kold, G. hold, faithful, true (to a
coming from E. of the Euphrates - Heb. master), Goth. Itultks, gracious.
'avar, he crossed over. Heft, a heaving. (E.) In Wint. Tale,
Hecatomb. ( F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. he- ii. 1.45. Formed from keave. just as kaft
ca/ombe. - L. hecatombl. - Gk. lKa'TOJ.l/3f] , a is from IttrVe.
sacrifice of a hundred oxen.-Gk. lKaTo", Hegira. (Arab.) Arab. kijrak. sepa·
a hundred; /3oiir, ox. See Hundred and ration; esp. used of the flight of Moham·
Cow. med from Mecca; the era of the Hegira
Heckle, Hackle. Hatchel, an in. begins on July 16, A. D. 6 Z2. Cf. Arab.
slrument for dressing flax or hemp. (E. ) hajr, separation.
M. E. he.kelt, heke/e, E. Fries.lt.a'kel, kekel. Heifer. (E.) M. E. hay/are, kekfere.
236
 HEIGH-HO HEMLOCK
A.S. heanjore, a heifer; alsospeltheahjre, Goth. hilms. Teut. type *hel-f110!&, m.;
heah/ro. The form is still unexplained. lit. 'a covering;' from ·ht/an-, to coyer.
Heigh-ho. (E.) An exclamation; Allied to Skt. (arman-, shelter, protection.
heigh, a cry to call attention; M, an ex- Lith. szalmas, a helmet, O. Slay. shitmiJ,
clamation. are prob. borrowed from Teut. Brugm. i.
Height. (E.) A variant of highth § 420. Der. helm-et, dimin. form. Allied
(Milton); we find M. E. highte as well to Hell.
as kelle (keghthe). A. S. hiehtJu, heahtJu, Helminthology, history of worms.
height. - A. S. klah, Mh, high. + Du. (Gk. ) Coined from Gk. l"J.IL~90-, decl.
hoagie, Ice\. hatI, Swed. hiijd, Dan. hiiide, stem of J"JUvr, a worm; -"0-YLa, a dis-
Goth. hauhitha. See High. course, from "f-yftV, to speak. The sb.
Heinous. (F. - O. Low G.) M. E. ~"pL"r, also ."pLS, means' that which curls
heinous, hainous. - O. F . hainos, odious; about'; allied to Helix.
formed with suffix -as (L. -osus) from Helot, a (Spartan) slave. (L.-Gk.)
O. F. hai"ne (F. haim ), hatred. - F. hair, L. pI. Hilotts, from Gk. " '''CUTfS, pI. of
to hate. From an O. Teut. form, such ,("CUS, a helot , bondsman; fabled to have
as Goth. naljan, O. F ries. hatia, to hate; meant an inhabitant of Helos (a town of
see Hate. Laconia) , enslaved by the Spartans.
Heir. (F. -L.) M. E. heire, heir, also Help, . vb. (E. ) M. E. helpen, pt. t.
eyr. - O. F. ntir, t ir. - Late L. herem, for halp. pp. holpm. A. S. helpan, pt. t.
+
L. hlridem, acc. of hires, an heir. Cf. Gk. healp, pp. holptn. Du. helpen, Icel.
XtlPo, a widow (relict). Der. heir-loom, hjtilpa, Dan. hielpe, Sweet hjelpa, Goth.
where loom signifies' a piece of property,' hilpan, G. helfen. Teut. type ·helpan-.
but is the same word as E. loom. See Allied to Lithuan. szelpti, to help. Der.
Loom ( I). help, sb., A. S. help. helpe; kelp-mate,
Heliacal, relating to the sun. (L. - suggested by help meet (G en. ii. 18).
Gk.) From Late L. heliacus. - Gk. »"La- Helve, a handle. (E.) M. E. helue
"OS, belonging to the sun. - Gk. 7i"tOs, ( = helve). A. S. hiel/, also nelfe, a
sun ; see Solar. handle.+ M. Du. helve, handle, Low G.
heliotrope, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk.) helft, M. H. G. kalp, handle; allied to
F. Mliotrope . - L. heliolropium. - Gk. »".0- Halter and Helm ( I ).
T pOfTtOV, a heliotrope, lit. 'sun-turner;' Hem (I ), border. (E.) A. S. hem.
from its turning to the sun. -Gk. 7i"LO-S, Orig. 'an enclosure;' cf. O. Fries. ham,
sun ; TPOfT-, 2nd grade of TPffTfW, to tl1m; hem (dat. hemme), North Fries. ham, an
see Trope. enclosure (Out zen) ; provo G. hamme, a'
Hel.i%, a spiral figure. (L. -Gk.) L. fence, hedge (Fliigel, 1861). Dar. hem,
helix, a spiral. - Gk . • ".[, a spiral, a twist. vb., to enclose within a border, hem in;
- Gk. lJo.lCTCTftl', to tum round. Allied to cf. G. hemmen, Swed. hiimma.
Volute. Hem (~), a slight cough to call atten-
Hell. (E.) M. E. nelle. A. S. nd, tion. (E.) An imitative word; allied to
+
gen. helle; orig. 'that which hides,' from Hum. M. Du. himmtn, hemmen, 'to
Teut. ·he/an-, A. S. he/an, (pI. t. hal), to call one with a hem,' Hexham.
hide. + Du. hel, Icel. nel, G. hOlle, Goth. Hematite, an ore of iron. (L. - Gk.)
halja. Tent. type *hal/ii, fern. Allied to Named from the red colour of the powder.
Cell, Conceal. - L. nama/ites. - Gk. aIJ.laTLT'IS, blood-
Hellebore. (F. - L.- Gk .) Also elle- like. -Gk. alflOT-, stem of aTJ.la, blood.
bort.-O. F . ellebore.-L. helleborus.-Gk. Hemi-, half. (Gk.) From a Lat.
lJo..Jo..f{Jopor, the name of the plant. transcription ofGk. »J.IL-, half, cognate with
Helm (1), an implement for steering a L. semi-, half; see Semi-. Der. hem;-
ship. (E.) Orig. the tiller or handle. sphere , &c.
A. S. helma.+lcel. hjtilm (for *helm-). a hemistich, a half-line, in poetry.
rudder; E. Fries. helm. The provo E. (L. - Gk.) L. hlmistichium. - Gk. »JU-
ndm means' handle'; so also M. E. halm CTTLXIOI', a half-verse. - Gk. »JU-, half;
(Gawain, 330). Prob. allied to Helve. CTTL)(OS, a row, verse.
Helm ( 2), armour for the head. (E.) Hemlock. (E.) M. E . hemlok, num-
M. E. helm. A. S. helm.+Dn. helm; Icel. 10k. A. S. hem/ie, nymlice; also hymbliea
"/tilmr, Dan. kielm, Swed. n/elm, G. helm, (Ep. Gl.). The origin of nym- is unknown;
237
 HEMORRHAGE HERESY
the second syll,,:ble.is perhaps an unstressed Hep, hip; see Hip (1).
form of A. S. tIC, like. Hepatic, relating to the liver. (F.-L.
Hemorrhage, a great flow of blood. -Gk.) M. F. lupatique. -L. MpatiClts.-
(F. -L.-Gk.) M. F. hemorrhag-ie. - L . Gk. ~ ..aT"co~ , belonging to the liver. - Gk.
hamorrhagia. - Gk. alpoppa.,la, a violent ~"aT-, stem of ~"ap, the liver.+L. iecur,
bleeding. - Gk. oJpo-, for aTpa, blood; Skt. yakrl, the liver. See Liver. Der.
pa-y., a stem of "~-Y"IIJU, I burst, break; the hepalica, liver-wort, a flower.
lit. sense being a bursting out of blood. Heptagon, a plane seven-sided figure.
Hemorrhoids, Emerods, painful (Gk.) Lit.' seven-angled.' - Gk. llrTa,
bleeding tubercles on the anus. (F. - L. - seven; "I.wla, an angle, allied to ,,),0"11,
Gk.) M. F. hemorrhoi'de, sing., a flowing knee. See Seven and Knee.
of blood. - L. hOlmorrhoida, pI. of hOlmor- heptahedron, a solid seven-sided
rhoida. - Gk. alp.oppot6u, pI. of alp.oppot~, figure. (Gk .) From Gk. l"Ta, seven;
adj., liable to a Row of blood. - Gk. arpo-, ~6pa, n base, seat (allied to E. Sit).
for aTJJ4, blood; po· (as in po-o~, a stream) , heptarchy-, a government by seven
allied to ph"" to Row, cognate with Skt. persons. (Gk.) XVII cent.-Gk. l"T-,
snl, to Row; see Stream. for lJrTa, seven; and -apXLa, from apX-ft",
Hemp, a plant. (L. - Gk.) M. E. to rule.
hemp (short for hmep). A. S. hmep, Her. (E.) M. E. hire; from A. S. hirt,
hanep. Borrowed at a very early period gen. and dat. of hio, she, fern. of hi, he ;.
from some Eastern language, whence also see He. Der. heros, M. E. hirs, hires (XIV
L. cannabis, Gk. Kcivva{31~, Pers. kanab, cent.) ; her-self.
hemp, so that the word suffered consonantal Herald. (1'.-0. H . G. ) M. E. heraud.
letter· change. Cf. Skt. (a1,Za, hemp (prob. -0. F. herall (Low L. heraldus); O.H.G.
not an Idg. word ). So also Du. IUnlup, heroll (G. herold), a herald; note also
Icel. hampr, Dan. Itamp, Swed. hampa, G. O. H. G. Heriold, Han'old, as a proper
han!; all of foreign origin. name, Harold. fl The proper name is
llen. (E.) A. S. heml, hen, ham; a for *hari-wald, i. e. army-rule. - O. H. G.
fern. form (Teut. type *han-jii) from A. S. hari, an army (G. heer); wald, wall, rule,
hana, a cock, lit. 'a singer,' from his power (G. g-l!Wall). ~ The precise history
crowing; cf. L. canere, to sing.+Du. hen, of the word is very uncertain.
fern. of haal', a cock; G. henne, f. of hahn; Herb. (F. - L.) M. E. herbe. - F.
Ice!. hOlna, f. of hani; Dan. hihtt, f. of herbe. - L. herba, grass, fodder, herb;
hane; Swed. Mna, f. of hane. (.vKAN.) prob. allied to O. L. /orbea, Gk. cpop{3.q,
See Chant. pasture.
Hence. (E.) M. E. hennes, older form Herd (1), a fl ock. (E. ) M. E. herde.
hemte (whence henne·s by adding adv. A. S. heord, Mord, a Rock . + Ice!. Itjo1'6,
suffix os). A. S. heonan , for *hinan, adv., Dan. Mord, Swed . hjord, G. hcerde, Goth .
closely allied to A. S. hine, masc. acc. of hairda. T eut. type herda, f. Cf. Skt.
hi, he. See He. fardha (s), a herd, troop. llrugm. i. § 79i.
Henchman, a page, servant. (E.) herd ( 2), one who tends a herd. (E.)
Formerly Iteng-estman, henseman, hensh- Usually in compo shep-herd, cow-he/'d, &c.
man; cf. Hinxman as a proper name. M . E. Ilerde. A . S. hierde, hirde , keeper
For heng-est-mal', i. e. groom; from M. E. of a herd; from A. S. heord. a Rock. +
heng-est, A. S. hengtst, a horse. Cf. Du. lee\. hirtJir, Dan. hyrde, Swed. herde, G.
and G. hengst, Dan. hing-st, a horse, Ice!. hirle, Goth. Ilairdds ; all similarly derived.
hestr, a horse. Cf. Lith. kerdztlS, shepherd.
Hendecagon, a plane figure having Here. (E. ) M. E. her, heer. A. S.
eleven sides. (Gk. ) Named from its eleven her, adv.; related to hi , he. + Du. hie,',
angles. _ Gk. ~,,3f1ca, eleven; -YOWla, an Ice\. her, Dan. her, Swed . hiir, G. hiel',
:ulgle ; see Decagon. Goth. her. Cf. L. cis, on this side.
Henna, a paste used for dyeing the Hereditary, adj. (L. ) L.hirUiliirius.
nnils, &c., of an orange hue. (Arab.) -L. hiridiliire, to inherit. - L. hiridi·,
Arab. I;.inna-a, [tina, or IJinna·a/, the declo stem of hiris, an heir. See Heir.
dyeing or colouring shrub (LtZTIJsonia in- Heresy-. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. here-
ermis); Rich. Diet., p. 581. sye. - O. F. heresie. - L. type *hOlrcsia;
.ent, a seizure; see Hint. for L. luzresis. - Gk. ar".'TIf, a taking,
238
 HERIOT HEW
choice, sect, heresy.-Gk. alpEw, to take. with suffixed -on (Ital. -one). + Swed.
Der. herelic, L. htZrelicus, Gk. alpfTllC6s, kagel', Icel. kegri, Dnn. keire, a heron.
able to choose, heretical (from the same ~ Distinct from G. kliker, a jackdaw.
verb). It.eronshaw, hernshaw, a young
Heriot, a tribute paid to the lord of a heron; also (by confusion) a heronry.
manor on the decease of a tenant. (E.) (F. - O. H. G.) 1. Spenser has kemeshaw,
A. S. keregealu, lit. military apparel; a heron; M. E. keronsewe, a young herou
hence, equipments which, after the death (still called keromew in the North). From
of a vassal, escheated to his lord ; after- O. F. kerounreau, later form of herounrel,
wards extended to include horses, &c. - a young heron (Liber Custumarum, p.
A . S. kere, an army; geattl, gcalwe, 304), dim. of kairoll (above) ; cf.lionceau,
appare!, adornment. See Harry. . lioncd, a young lion. The usual form is
Hentage. (F.-L.) O. F . kentage. F. Mrolmeau, O. F. kaironneau. 2. But
Formed, with suffix ·age ( =L. 'aticum ), keronskaw, a heronry, is due to a (false)
from O. F. ken'ter, to inherit. - L. hiredi· popular etymology from heron, a heron,
tare, to inherit. See Heir. and skaw, a wood; Cotgrave has' hairon
Hermaphrodite, an animal or plant fliere, a heron's neast, a herneshaw, or
of both sexes. (L. - Gk.) L. kermapkro· shaw of wood wherein herons breed.'
mtus. - Gk. IpJ"a",p6~ITor; coined from Herrin~, a fish. (E.) M. E. heering.
'EpJ"iis , Mercury (representing the male) A. S. IIIznng. [Sometimes said to be
and 'Arppo31T'1 , Venus (representing the connected with A. S. kere, a host, army;
female principle) . which seems impossible.]+Du. haring,
Hermeneutic, explanatory. (Gk.) G. Mn'llg; O. H. G. kein'ng (Kluge).
Gk. lPJ"'1VOVTIICOS, skilled in interpreting. - Hesitate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Gk. ~PJ"'1VO~S, an interpreter; also lpJ"'1- htZsitiire, to stick fast; intensive form of
volis , the same. Allied to L. ser11l0 (stem /ztZrere, to stick. + Lithuan. gaiszti, to
sermon·); see Bermon. tarry. (VCHAIS.) Brugm. i. § 627.
Hermetic. (Gk.) Low L. hennlticus, Hest, a command. (E.) M. E. /zest,
relating to alchemy; coined from Hermis, the final t being excrescent, as in whils-I,
from the notion that the great secrets of amongs.t, &c. A. S. hres, a command;
alchemy were discovered by Hermis Tris· Teut. type *haittiz, f. ( >*/zaissiz, with ss
megistus.-Gk. 'EpJ"iir, Mercury. ~ H er· for tt). - A. S./zalan, to command; Tent.
metically was a term in alchemy; a glass type */zailan· . Cf. Icel.lm·l, a vow, from
bottle was /Zermetically sealed when the /zeita, to call, promise; O. H . G. keiz (G.
orifice was fused and then closed against geheiss), a command, from heizan (G.
any admission of air. Im"1sen ), to call, bid, command. Cf.
Hermit. (F.-L.-Gk.) [M. E. /zere· Goth. /zaitan, to call, name. Der. be-hest.
mite, directly from L. /zerimfla.] - F. See Hight.
/,er1llite. - Late L . /zerlmf/a, more com- Heteroclite, irregularly inRected_ (L.
monly el·emita. - Gk. ffY'l"uT.,S, a dweller -Gk.) L. keteroclitus. - Gk. hOp/"'AlTOS,
in a desert. _ Gk. fP'1J"ta, a desert. - Gk. otherwise (i. e. irregularly) inRected. - Gk .
'piiJ"os, deserted, desolate. Der. /Zermit· hopo·s, another; -ICAITOS, form ed from
age. ICA[vflv, to lean (hence, to vary as a case
Hem i see Heron. does); see Lean (J).
Henua. (L.) L. hernia, II. kind of heterodo][, of strange opinion, heret-
rupture. icai. (Gk.) Gk. iT.pO.S, another; M{.a,
Hero. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F. /zerol.- opinion, from ~OICOW, to think.
L. ltiroim, ace. of heros, a hero.-Gk. heterogeneous, dissimilar in kind.
ijp<vs, a hero, demi·god. Der. kero·ic, (Gk.) Gk. ETfPO-S, another; -YEV-oS , kind,
M. F. /zeroi"que, L. lzirOi(us. kin, sort; see Kin.
heroine. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. heroj·ne. Hetman, a captain. (Pol. - G.)
L. IlirOinl. _ Gk. TJptJJtv." fern. of ijPl>1S, a Polish Ilelman (Russ. alaman' ), a cap-
hero. tain (of Cossacks ). - G. kauptmann, a
Heron, Hem, a bird. (F. -0. H.G.) captain.-G.katlpt, head; mantI, man.
M. E. I,eroun, heiron, /zern. - O. F . /zairon Hew. (E.) M. E. he-wen. A. S. hla·
(F. lzIron, Span. at-rOIl, hal. ag/Ziron~) . - walt, to cut.+Du. /zOl/wen, Ice!. Mgg'Va,
O . H. G . /zeig-ir, M. H. G. keiger, a heron ; Swed. /z.lIgga, Dan. htl.~ge, G. /zauen;
l39
 HEXAGON HIEROPHANT
Ru ... 1t1f1a1e, to hammer, forge; Lith. shen). Lit.' son of something,' a son to
/eauli, to fight; C£ Lith. kowa, battle. whom a Cather has left an estate. -Span.
Brugm. i. § 639. Allied to L. ciitkre, to hijo, son; tk, of; algo, something. - L.
heat. Der. hay, q. v. /ilillm, acc. ofj'ilius, son (whence O. Span.
He~oD, a pl~.ne six-sided figure. fi!{!" la.~er. hijo); dE, of; alitJ.uo, someth~g.
(L. - Gk.) L. hexagrmum. - Gk. l[a'Y"",of, (So Kortmg. The explanation from /titus
six-cornered. - Gk. ~[, six; 'YQ1JI{a, an Italicus is baseless.)
angle, from 'YOW, a knee; see Knee. Hide ( I), to cover. (E.) M. E. kiden,
hezameter. (L. -Gk.) L. lIexa- hUden. A. S. hydan. + Gk. ".,)(1 ••", to
meter.-Gk. i[a,uTpos, orig. an adj., i.e. hide i cf. W. cuddio (base *koud.), to
having six measures or feet. -Gk. it, six; hide. (v'KEUDH.)
IlfTPOII, a measure, metre. Hide (2 ), a skin. (E.) M. E. Mdt,
Hey, interj. (E.) M. E. Mi, kay; a hude. A. S. hYd, the skin. + Du. huid,
natural exclamation .+G. and Du. lIei. Ice!. hufJ, Dan. Swed. hud, O. H. G. Mit,.
heyday (I), interj. (G. or Du.) Also G. haut; L. cutis, Gk. ",)TOf, ITMOf, skin,
keyda (Ben Jonson). Borrowed either hide. (v'SKEU.) .. The roots of Mde
from G. heida, hey there! hallo! or {rpm (I) and hide (2) are prob. connected.
Du. hd daar, hey there! The G. da and hide (3), to flog. (E.) Colloquial;
Du. door both mean' there.' to 'skin' by flogging. So also Ice!. hyfJa,
Heyday (2), frolicsome wildness. (E.) to flog, from hufJ, skin.
The 'heyday of youth' means the 'high Hide (4), a measure oC land. (E.)
day of youth.' The spelling key is a pre- Estimated at 120 to 100 acres, and less.
servation of M. E. hey, the usual spelling (Low L. hida.) A. S. kid, a contracted
of high in the 14tb century. form; the full Corm is kig-id. lfigid and
Hiatus, a gap. (L.) L. kiatus, a gap; hiwisc were used in the same sense, to
from pp. of hiare, to gape. Al1ied to mean enough land for one family or house-
Yawn and Chasm. hold. They are probably closely allied
Hibernal, wintry. (F.-L.) F.hiber- words, and therefore allied to hind (2);
na/. - 1.. "'berna/is, wintry (Vulg.) . - L. for kiwisc is merely the adj. formed from
kibernlls, wintry; allied to kiems, winter. hiw·a, a domestic, one of a household;
Also to Gk. Xflll'P'''OS, wintry, Gk. X.-<f,,,, see Hind (2). .. Not connected with
snow, Skt. hi·ma., frost. Der. hibern-ale. Hide (I).
Hiccough, Hiccup, Hicket, a Hideous, ugly. (F. - L. ?) M. E.
spasmodic inspiration, with closing of the hidous. - O. F. hiMs, hidus, later hideux,
glottis, causing a slight sound. (E.) The hideous; the earliest form is hisdos. Sup-
spelling hiccough seems to be due to a posed by some to be from L. his/idosus,
popular etymology from cough, certainly roughish; from hispidus, rough, shaggy.
wrong; no one ever so pronounces the (See Korting, § 3363.)
word. Properly hiccup, or, in old books Hie, to hasten. (E.) M. E. hien, llyen,
hicket and hickock, which are still better hi;en. A. S. h;"uian (higian ?) , to stJive
forms. Hick-et, hick-ock, are dimiuutives after, be intent on. Cf. Du. hijgen, to
of hick or hik, a catch in the voice, imita· pant; and (pt'rhaps) Skt. pgh.ra., quick.
tive of the sound. Cf.' a hackingcoughi' Hierarch1' (F.-L.-Gk.) M. F.
and see Hitch. + M. Du. huck·up, 'the hierarchie; Cot. - Late L. hierarckia. -
hick, or hock,' Hexham; M. Du. hick, Gk. IfpaPXta, power of a l.pO.PX'fJs, a
'the hick-hock,' Hexham; Du. hik, the steward or president of sacred rites. - Gk.
hiccup, hikken, to hiccup; Dan. hikke, Ifp., for l.pOs, sacred; and apXflJl, to rule.
sb. and vb. ; Swed. hicka , sb. and vb. i .. Milton has hierarch - Gk. l,pO.PX'fJf.
Bret. h1k, hak, a hiccough; W. ig, n sob, hieroglyphic. (L.-Gk.) L.hiero·
igio, to sob. And cf. Chincough. glyphicus, symbolical. - Gk. IEpo-y"1XJ>,,,6s,
Hickory, a N. American tree. (Americ. relating to sacred writings. -Gk. I'po'f,
Indian.) Formerly fJOhickery; from the sacred; 'Y".xp.f''', to hollow but, engrave,
American·Indian (Virginian) name. incise. See Glyptic.
HiclaJ.go, a Span. nobleman of the hierophant, a priest. (Gk.) Gk.
lowest class. (Span. -L.) Span. hidalgo; IfPO<f>/1VT11s, teaching the rites of worship.
O. Span. fidalgo, Port. fidalgo, a noble· - Gk. 1.p6.s, sacred: ~"f"', to shew,
man; IOmetimes written hijodalgo (Min· explain. See Phue.
2~O
 HIGGLE HIP
Higgle, to bargain. (E.) Merely a A. S. *nina, a domestic, unauthenticated
weakened form of Haggle. as a nominative, and really a gen. pl., so
High. (E.) M. E. Migh, MY, ny. that hina stands for ltina man=a man of
A. S. heah, Mh. + Du. lwog, Icel. har, the domestic. cf. hina ealdor=chief of
Swed. hog. Dan.lziH, Goth. hauks, G. hock. the domestics, a master of a household.
T eut. type *haukoz. See How (2) ; and Hina=klgna,gen. pl. ofhiwan,domestics;
cr. G. hugd, a bunch , knob, hillock; also cf. hiwen, a family, hiwriedm, a house-
Lith. kaukaras, a hill; kaukas, a boil, hold; also G. heiralk, marriage, Goth.
swelling; Skt. kllcha-, the female breast. heiwafrallja, master of a household. Cf.
('VKEUK.) L. cftlis, a citizen. Brngm. i. § 609.
highland. (E.) From high and Hind (3), adj., in the rear. (E.) We
land; cf. up-land, low-land. now say • hind feet' ; but the older form
Hight, was or is called. (E.) The is' hinder feet.' We even find M. E.hyn-
only passive vb. found in E.; M hight= derere (as if hinder-er).-A. S. hilulan,
he was named. M. E. kigitle; also halle, adv., at the back of, hinder, adv., back-
helle. A. S. halte, I am called, I was wards. + Goth. hindar, prep., behind;
called; pro and pt. t . passive of A. S.htilan, hindana, beyond; G. hinter, prep., behind,
to call. So also Icel. heili, I am named, hintm, adv., behind; O. H. G. kintaro,
from hdla, to call; G. t"ck Misse, I am compo adj., hinder. We also find Goth.
named, from Missm, to call, bid. Il Best hindumisls, hindmost. In O. H. G. kin-
illustrated by Goth. haitan, to call, 3 p. laro, the compo suffix is like the Gk. -TfpO- ;
pres. tense (passive) haitada; as in and in Goth. hin-dum-ists, the super!.
• Thomas, saei haitada Didymus' = suffix is like the L. -lim-(us) in op-limus,
Thomas, who is called Didymus, John followed by -isis = E. -est. Extended from
xi. 6. A. S. hin-, as in hin-, heon-an, hence;
Hilarity, mirth. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. from hi-, base of he; see Henoe.
hilaml. - L. acc. hilaritiitem; from hinder, vb. (E.) M. E. hindren. A. S.
hilaris, adj., cheerful; also hilarus. - Gk. hilldrian, to put behind, keep back. - A. S.
lAap~. cheerful. ~ Hilary Term is so hinder (above).+Icel.hindra, G. kindern;
called from the festival of St. Hilary (L. similarly formed. Der. hindr-ance (for
Hilarius), who died Jan. 13,367. hinder-ance).
Hilding, a base wretch. ~E.) Also hindmost. (E.) From hind and
he/ding; XVI cent. Prob. from M. E. most; a late formation. The M. E. form
heldm, to incline, bend down. Cf. M. E. was himkrest; cf. A . S. hi,t-dcma , hind-
htldinge, a bending aside; Dan. helding, most, a superl. form with suffix -dema (cf.
bias; A. S. hylding, a bending; see Heel L. op-timus). + Goth. kil/dumists, hind-
(2). most (= hin-dum-ists, with double super!.
Hill. (E.) M. E. kil, hul. A. S. hyll. suffix).
+ M. Du. hil; L. (ol/is, a hill; Lithuan. Hinge. (E.) M. E. Mng, tbat on
kalnas. a hill, kelti, to raise; Gk. KoAoJV6<, which the door hangs; from M. E. hengen,
a hill. Brugm. i. § 633. Allied to Holm to hang, a later variant of M. E. hangim
and Culminate. Der. do7vn-hill, up-hill. (A. S. hangian), to hang; suggested by
_ilt, sword-handle. (E.) A. S. helt, A. S. hmgm, a hanging, or by Icel.hengja,
+
hilt. Ice!. hjalt, Dan. hialte, N. Fries. to hang. Cf. A . S. hmge-clij, a steep
hull, O. H. G . helza. Cf. O. F. helt, from cliff; and Stone-henge; Dan . dial. !linge,
Teut. ~ Not allied to hold; rather, to hang!, a hinge (Dan. hangsell. For the
helve. Cf. Low G. he/fl, ax-handle. sound, cf. sin,t;e, !'Winge. See Hang.+
Him; see He. M. Du. henge, hengene, a hinge.
Hin, a liquid measure. (Reb.) Heb. Hint, a slight allusion. (E.) H int is
hin, a hin; said to be of Egyptian origin. apparently' a thiug taken' or caught up;
Hind ( I) ,femaleofthe stag. (E.) A.S. cf. LowI. Sc. hint, an opportunity ; in a
hind. + Du. kinde; IceJ. Dan. and Swed. hint, in a moment ; hint, to lay hold of.
hi"d, M.H.G. hinde, O. H.G. hinta, a From M.E.Mnten,to seize.-A.S. hmlan,
doe. Perhaps allied to Gk. ICfJl-6.S, young to seize. Allied to Hunt, and to Goth.
deer. Ira·hinthan , to seize.
Hind (2), a peasant. (E .) The final d Hip (I), the haunch. (E. ) M. E . kipe ,
ia excrescent. M. E. kine, a domestic. hupe. A. S. kype.+Du . heup, Ice!. huPlr,
24 1
 HIP HOB
Dan. Mfte, Swed. IWjt, Goth. hups, G. Hitch, to move by jerks, catch slightly.
h"jle, O. H . G. huj. Perhaps allied to (E.) M. E. hiechen, to move, remove.
Gk. ".ltJOf, the hollow near the hips of Cf. Lowl. Sc. halch, Mlch, to move by
cattle. jerks; hilcn, a motion by a jerk; provo E.
Hip ( 2), Hep, (rnit of the dog.rose. hike, to toss, hikey, a swing. It describes
( E.) M. E. hept. A. S. MOpe, a hip; a jerky movement; cf. Low G. and E.
Itlopbremd, a hip. brnmble.+O. Sax. hiopo, Fries. MUm, to peck. ~ Not allied to
M. H. G. hieje, O. H . G. hiujo, a bramble· hook.
bush. Hithe, Hythe, a small haven. (E.)
Hippish. (Gk.) Equivalent to hypo. M. E. hilhe. A. S. hjtJ, a haven.
choniJriacal, adj. of Hypochondria, q. v. Hither. ( E.) M. E. hider, hilher.
Hence hippish = hyp.ish. The contrac· A. S. hider. From the base of he, with
tion hipped ( =hyp'd) was prob. snggested Idg. suffix ./(e)r . - So also Icel. hetJra,
by hipped, lamed in the hip (an older O. Ice! . hitJra, Goth. hidrl, L. citnf.
word). Hive, a house for bees. (E.) A. S. hjf,
Hippopotamus. (L.-Gk.) L.hippo· fern . ; Teut. type *huj iz. +Du. huif, a hive
polamus. - Gk.I ...,,0,,6TaI'0~, the river· horse (see Franck) ; Dan. dial. hyve ; d. L. ciipa,
of Egypt. - Gk. t""o.~, horse; "OTaI'O'f, a tub, c~. Allied to Cupola.
river. Gk. ;".,.Of is cognate with L. eqllus ; Ho, HO&, a call to excite attention.
see Equine. (E.) A natural exclamation. Cf. Ice!.
Hire, sb. (E. ) M. E.hire. A. S. hyr, M! ho ' Ma, to shout out ho !
hire, wages.+Du. huur, Swed . hyra, Dan. Hoar, white. (E.) M. E. hoor. A. S.
kY"e, provo G. heuer, hire, rent; Low G. har.+lcel. hiirr, hoar; G. hehr, exalted,
ht~rm , to hire. Teut. type hur-,jti, f. O. H . G. her, proud, lofty, orig. ' reverend:
Hirsute. (L.) L. hirsulus, bristly, Teut. type *hairoz ; lit. 'shining,' hence,
rough. Cf. L. ho"&e, to bristle; see white : = *hai·roz. The base *hai· occurs
Horrid. in Goth. hai·s, a torch. G. hei·ler, orig.
His; see He. 'bright,' Ice!. hei·tJ, brightness; cf. Skt.
Hiss. (E.) M. E. hissen, hisshen. + ketu (s) , a sign, a meteor (Kluge).
M . Du. hisschen; Low G. hissen, to say Hoard, a store. (E.) A. S. Mrd.+
hiss! in setting on dogs; Gascon hissa, Icel. hodd, G. hort, Goth. huzd. Teut.
to hiss (Moncant). An imitative word; type *huzdo·, due to Idg. *kudh·dho·, 'l\
like G. zischen, to hiss. thmg hidden;' from the weak grade of
hiat, an interjection enjoining silence. 'V'KEUDH. as in Gk. Im~lI·flv. A. S. hjd.
(E.) Also isl, 'st. Cf. Dan. hys, silence' an; see Hide ( I ) . Hrugm. i. § 699.
hysse, to hush. Milton has hist = summon Hoarding, a kind of fence. (F. - Du.;
silently, II Pens. 55. or Du.) Not old. Either from Dn . korde,
Histology, the science treating of the a hurdle, or from M. F. hourd, a scaffold
minute structure of tissues of plants, &c. (Cot., index), which is the same word
(Gk.) Gk. I(TT().~, a web (hence, tissne) ; (borrowed). See Hurdle.
'~O")'la, discourse, from }..f'YEI", to speak. Hoarhound, Horehound, a plant.
Gk./UT6-~ (also a mast) is allied to tUTTfIlI, (E.) The true hoarhound is the white,
to set, place. ("",ST A. ) Marrubiuffl vulgare. The final d is ex·
History. (L.-Gk.) M.E.hislorie. - crescent. M. E. hor(e)koune. A. S. hiir·
L. his/oria. - Gk. /uTopla, a learning by Mine, also called simply Mine. - A. S.
enquiry, information. - Gk. IUTo!>-, stem of kar, hoar ; him e, hoarhound, the origin of
IUTOJP, tUTOJP, knowing; for ·13-TOJp. - which is unknown.
Gk. F13·, base of EllS/val, to know. Hoarse, having n rough , harsh voice.
("",WEID.) Allied to Wit. Doublet, (K) The r is intrusive, but sometimes
story, q. v. occurs in M. E. kors, also spelt hoos,
Histrionical, relating to the stage. hoarse. A. S. hiis, hoarse. + Dan. htEs,
(L.) From L. histrimicus, relating to an Swed. hes, Du. keesch, G. keiser. ~ Tce!.
actor. - L. hislrim·, stem of his/rio, an hiiss seems distinct (Noreen).
actor. Hoary; see Hoar.
Hit, to light upon , strike, attain to. Hoax. (Low L. ) Short for hocus, i. e.
(Scand.) M. E. hitlen. _ Tcel. kitta, to hit t~juggle, cheat. See Hocus-pocus.
upen; Dan. llitle; Swed. hit/a, to find. Hob (I), Hub, the nave of a wheel,
 HOB HOIST
part of a grate. (E.) The true sense is river Main, whence the wine comes. It
'projection'; the IuJIJ of a fire-place was means' high home.'
orig. 'a boss or mnss of clay bebind the Hockey, a game. (E.) Also called
fire·place'; N. E. D. E. Fries. IwMe, a hawkey; because played with ahoqkedstick
rough tnmp of grassy land rising out of so called. See N. E. D.
water; hubbel, a projection.+ Du. hobbel, Hocus-pocus, a juggler's trick, a jug-
a knob; G. hiibel, O. H. G. hubd, a hi!- gler. (Low L.) As far as it can be said
lock. Cf. Lith. kup-stas, n tump of grass; to belong to any language, it is a sort of
Du. heuvel, a hill; A . S. hofer, a hump. Latin, hnving the L. termination -us. But
Der. Iwb·nail, a nail with a projecting it is merely an invented term, used by
head. a juggler (temp. James I) in performing
Hob (2), a clown, rustic, a fairy. (F. tricks; see Todd's Johnson and N. E. D.
- O. H. G.) 'Elves, hobs, and fairies;' Cf. L. ioeus, a game. Der. lzoeus, a
Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas, juggler, a trick; hocus, vb., to trick, to
iv. 6. Hob was a common personal name, hoax.
a corruption of Robin (like Hodge from Hod a kind of trough for carrying
Roger) . The name Robin is F., and is bricks. (F.) Modified from M. E. Iwtle,
a form of Robert, a name of O. H. G. F. hotle, a basket, dosser; influenced by
origin. Der. Iwb-goblin; see Goblin. hod, a provo E. form of hold; see Hold.
Hobble, to limp. (E .) M. E. hobelen. In Linc. and York. hod means' hold'
Equivalent to hop/-Ie; frequentative of or 'receptacle'; as in (Whitby) powder-
Iwp.+Du. hobbe/en; provo G. hoppe/no hod, powder-flask; eannle·hod, candlestick.
Hobbledehoy, a lad approaching Hodge-podge; see Hotchpot.
manhood. (E.) Of uuknown origin. Hoe. (1'. -G. ) Formerly howe. - F.
Prob. an invention, perhaps for hobb/edy, houe, a hoe; Norman dial. hoe. -O. H. G.
founded on hobble (above), with the addi- houwa (G. haue), a hoe, lit. a hewer. -
tion of hoy, an unmeaning suffix. The O. H. G. hOt/wan, to hew; see Hew.
Scottish hoy means 'shout,' both as sb. Hog. (E.) M. E. hogge, ' maialis, est
and vb. enim porcns carens testiculis;' Cathol.
Hobby (I), Hobby-horse, n toy like AngHc. p. 187. Cf. hog·sheep, one clipped
a horse, ambling nag, a favourite pursuit. the first year. Origin uncertain; prob.
(F.-O. H. G.) Corruption of M. E. from an A. S. *hoeg; perhaps seen in
hobin, a nag [whence F . hobin, 'a hobby;' Hoeges-tun, Cod. Dip!. Moisy gives Nor-
Cot.]. Hobin is a variant of Robin; see man dial. hogge, a six-months' lamb, a pig ;
Hob (2). Cf. Dobbin, a name for a and hogastre, a two-year-old sheep; but
horse. these are prob. from E. ~ Not borrowed
Hobby (2), a small falcon. (F. - from Com. hoeh, W. hwch, a sow; for
O. Low G.) M. E. hobi, hoby. From O. F. which see Bow.
hobel, a hobby; allied to F. hobreau Hogshead. (E.) Of E. origin; for
( = hob.er-e!), 'the hawke tearmed a hog> shead; but the reason for the name
hobby ;' Cot. - F. hober, to stir, move is nncertain. Hence M. Du. hockshoot,
about. - M. Du. hobben, to toss, move up okshoofd, oxhoofd, a hogshead; M. D an.
and down. Cf. Hop ( I). hogshoved ; also Dan. oxhoved, Swed. ox·
Hobgoblin; see Hob (2) . hufvud, a hogshead, but made to seem
Hobnail; see Hob ( I). to mean' ox-head:
Hobnob, Habnab, with free leave, Hoiden, Hoyden, a romping girl.
at random. (E.) Compounded of haband (M. Du. ) Formerly applied to males, and
nab, to have or not to have, hence applied meaning a rustic. - M. Du. heyden (Du.
to taking a thing or leaving it, implying IlCidm), a heathen ; also, a gipsy. See
free choice, and hence a familiar invitation Heathen. ~ The W. hoeden is bor-
to drink, as in ' to hob-nob together: Hab rowed from English.
is from A. S. habban, to have; nab is from Hoist, to heave. (M. Du.) The final t
A. S. nabban, for ne h(J!bban, not to have ; is due to the pp. hoist, used for hoiud.
see Have. Cf. willy-nilty. The verb is really hoise; spelt hyet in
Hock (I); see Hough. Palsgrave. (Cf. g,·aft for graff.) - M. Du.
Hock (2),a wine. (G.) From Hochheim, hyssen, Du. hijsscken , to hoise ( y sounded
the name of a place in Germany, on the as E. long i ) ; cf. Dan. heise, IziSSI; Swed.
243
 HOLD HOMER
kissa, to hoist (cf. F. hisser, from Teut. ). Holm, an islet in a river, lIat land by a
~ Not nllied to F. kausser, to elevate. river. (Scand. ) M . E. holm. - Ice!. ItOlmr,
Hold ( I), to keep. (E.) O. Mere. holmi, holmr, an islet, lIat meadow; Dan.
haldan; A. S. healdan.+Du. hOUtkn, Icel. holm, Swed. holme; whence G. holm,
kalda. Swed. h!llla, Dan. holde, Goth. island. Cf. A. S. holm, billow, sea; L.
ha/da1', G. haltm. Teut. type ·kaldan· ; eulmm, hill-top. Allied to Hill and
pt. t. • he·hald. Der. hold, sb.; also be- Culminate.
hold, with prefix be- (E. by); up-hold. Holm-oak, the evergreen oak. (E. )
Hold ( 2), the cavity of a ship. (Du.) Here holm is a corruption of M. E. holilz,
For hole, with excrescent d, due to a holly. 'Holme, or holy [hoUy] ;'
confusion with the verb to hold. - Du. Prompt. Parv. ; and see Way's note. The
hoi, a hole, cave, esp. used of the hold of Quercus ilex, an evergreen plant; the
n ship (Sewel). See below. leaves of which resemble those of hoHy.
Hole. (E.) M. E. hole, hoi. A. S. hoi, Holocaust. (L. -Gk.) L. holocaus-
n cave. + Du. hoi, Icel. hoi, Dan. hul, tum, Gen. xxii. 8. - Gk. oA6KaVUTOJl, a
Swed. hal. Teut. type *hulom, n.; orig. sacrifice burnt whole; nent. of oAoKavuTo<,
neut. of *huloz, adj., hollow, as in A. S. burnt whole. - Gk. OAD-<, whole; and
hoi, Du. hoi, Icel. holr, Dan. huul, G. KaL.IV , to bnrn. See Caustic.
hohl. Cf. Goth. us-hulon, to hollow out, Holster, a leathern case for a pistol.
hul-undi, a cave. fl. Prob. A. S. hoi is (Du. - O. H. G. ) Du. holsler; Low G.
from hol-, weak grade of str. vb. helan, to holsler, a pistol·case. - G . holfter, a pistol-
cover; see Hell. Not allied to Gk. case (with chan ge of It to st ) ; M. H . G.
KOIAO<, hollow. hulfter, a quiver; from O. H. G. hulft, a
Holibut j see Halibut. cover, case (Kluge). Cf. M. Dan. holjte,
Holiday, a festival. (E.) For holy day. a gun· case. ~ So Franck; who rejects
See Holy. the connection with Icel. hulsl,., A. S.
Holla, Hallo, stop! wait! (F.) Not heolster.
the same word as halloo, to shout; but Holt, a wood. (E.) M. E. and A. S.
differently used in old authors. See Oth. holt. + Du. hout, M . Du. holt; Ice!. holt,
i. 2. 56; As You Like It, iii. 2. 257. - F. G. holz. Tent. stem *hulto-, lug. stem
hola, 'an interjection, hoe there ;' Cot.- *klldo-. Allied to O. Irish cail/, coi//
F. ho, interj.; and ltl, there ( =L. iliac). (for ·eaild), a wood; W. celli, a grove,
~ The form hallo is due to a confusion Russ. kolOda, a log, Gk. KAallo<, a twig.
with halloo. Holy, sacred. (E.) [This word is equi-
HollaDd, Dutch linen. (Du.) From valent to the M. E. hool. whole, with suffix
Holland, the name of the province. So -y; and therefore closely allied to whole.]
nlso hollands, spirits from Holland. M. E. holi, holy. A.S. Mlig, holy.+Du.
Hollow. (E.) M. E. hoiwe, adj. A. S. heilig, holy, Icel. heilagr. helgr, Dan.
;,olh, sb., a hollow place, also spelt holg. heilig, Swed. helig, G. heilig; Goth.
Cf. O. H . G. huliwa, a pool, puddle. "ailag, neut. (in an inscription). Teut.
Perhaps extended from A. S. hoi, hoUow ; type ·hailagoz, a deriv. of *hailoz (A. S.
see Hole. hal), whole. or of ·"ailoz- or ·hailiz-, sb.,
Holly. (E.) M . E. holin ; so that nn good omen. Cf. Irish ell, W. coei, an
n has been dropped. A. S. holm, holegn, omen. See Whole.
holly.+ W. celyn, Corn. eelin, Bret. kelm, Homage. (F .-L.) M.E. homa~. ­
Gael. CIIilionn, Irish euiieann, hoUy ; Idg. O. F. homage, the sen'ice of a vassal to his
type *kolmno-. Cf. also Du. hulst, G. lord. - Late L. homntieum, hominiUieum,
h"lst, holly, O. H. G. hutis ~hence F. the service of a vassal or man. - L. hom-o
hDUX). (stem homin-), a mao. See Human.
Hollyhock, a kind of maUow. (E.) Home. (E.) M. E. hoom. A . S. Mm.
M. E. holihoe, i. e. holy hock. Com- + Du. "eim, heem; lcel. heimr, an abode;
pounded of holy, and A. S. hoc, 'mallow.' Dan. hiem, Swed. hem, G. hei1ll; Goth.
rWe also find W. hocys, mallows, hocys haims, a village. Teut. base *haimo-,
bendigaid, hollyhock,lit. 'blessedmnllow,' *"aimi-; cf. LithuaD. kimas, a village;
where bend(f{aid = L. benedictus. W. hocys aDd perhaps Skt. kSMma-, safety, from
is from A. S. hoccas, pI. of hoc.] In A. S. kshi, to dwell.
the mallow is abo called hoel/af. Homer, a large measure. (Heb.) Heb.
 HOMICIDE HOP
k/zomer, a homer, also a heap (with initial honeysuc]de. (E.) Lye gives A. S.
dle/k ). - Heb. root kkiimar, to surge up. kunigsttde, unauthorised; but we find
Homicide, man-slanghter, also a man- A. S. ku1tigsiice, kunigSlige , privet, simi·
slayer. (F. - L.) F. /Iomicide, meaning larly named. From A. S. sl;ca11, to suck.
(1) manslaughter, from L. komicidium; Honour. (F. -L.) A. F. h01zur. -
(2) a man-killer, from L. komicida.-L. L. k01t01'em , ace. of honor, honos. honour.
kom -o, a man; -cidium, a killing, or -cida, Hood, covering. (E.) A. S. Md.+Du.
a slayer, from cadere, to kill. koed, G. hut, O. H. G. kuot, hot, a hat.
Homily. (L. - Gk.) L. komi lia.- Allied to Heed and Hat.
Gk. cljLlAta, a living together; also con- -hood, -head, suffix. (E.) A. S.
verse, instruction, homily. -Gk. iljLlAos, a /urd. state, quality ; cognate with Goth.
th rong, conconrse. - Gk. bp.-os, like, same, haidus, manner, way. Cf. Skt. kitu (s),
together, cognate with E. Bame; and a sign by which a thing may be recognised;
(possibly) LA'1, 'LA'1, a crowd, from .LA ... , from kit , to perceive. Brugm. ii. § 104.
to compress, shut in. Hoodwink. (E.) To make one wiuk
Hominy, maize prepared for food. (\",,' . or close his eyes, by covering him with a
Indian. ) W. Indian aukumi1zea, parched kood.
corn (Webster) ; Trumbull gives appu- Hoof. (E. ) M. E. hoof, huf; pI. !loves.
mi1teonash, with the same sense. A. S. hij. +Du. koif, lee!. Mfr, Dan. liov,
Hommock; see Hummock. Swed. ko/, G. ku! T eut. t ype *Mfoz, m .
HomCBo~a.thy. (Gk.) Englished from Allied to Russ. kopuito, Skt. capha, hoof.
Gk. bp.otO'fralJfla, l ikeness in feeling or COll- Hook. (E.) M.E. kok. A.S. hOc. +
dition. - Gk. OP.OlO-S, like; 'fralJ-.;v, aorist Du. hoek; also (with a-grade) Du. haak,
infin. of 'fr<lU x "v, to suffer. See Bame and Icel. !Iaki, Dan. hage, Swed. hake, A. S.
Pathos. haca, a hook. Allied to Hake.
Homogeneous, of the same kind Hookah, Hooka.. (Arab.) Arab.
throughout. (Gk.) Englished from Gk. 1;1t(jQa(t), a vase, water-pipe for smoking.
op.o"(.v~s, of the same race. - Gk. op.a-s, Hoop (1), a pliant strip of wood or
same (cognate with E. Bame), and ,,('v-os, other material bent into a band. (E.)
a race (cognate with E. Kin). So also M. E. koop, hope. A. S. hOp. Du. !zoep; +
Iwmo ./ogous, corresponding, from A600yOf, a E. and N. Fries. and O. Fries. hOp.
saying, A'''(''v, to say. Hoop (a) , Whoop, to call out, shout.
Homonymous, like in sound, but (F.) ~. E. lwuPetl, to shout. - O. F .
differing in sense. (L. - Gk.) L. homOnym- houper, • to hoop unto; ' Cot. Of imita-
us; with suffix -ous. - Gk. clp.4wup.os, having tive origin; from koup t interj.; cf. Goth.
the same name. - Gk. clp.o..s, same; ovvp.a, kwopan, to boast.
ovop.a, name. See Bame and Name. hooping-cough, a cough accom-
Der. Iwmonym, F. homonYflte. panied by a hoop or convulsive noisy catch
Hone. (E.) A. S. luin, a stone (with in the breath. (Formerly called chi,,-
change from ti to long 0, as· in ban, bone); cougk .) .
Birch, ii. 458. + Ice!. kein, Swed. htn. Hoopoe the name of a bird. (F. - L.)
Teut. stem *kaina, f. Cf. Skt. p, to FormeTly koupe, koope. -F. kuppe, ap-
sharpen. Brugm. i. § 300. parently confused with O. F. pupu, another
Honest. (F.-L.) O. F. kones/e (F. form of the same word. - L. upupa, a
konnete ). - L. !Ionestus, honourable; hoopoe; the E. initial It is due to the F.
for kones-tus, related to konos, honour kuppe. + Gk. IffOl{l, a hoopoe. Of imita-
See Honour. tive origin. ~ The F. huppe, a tuft of
Honey. (E.) M.E. kuni. A. S. kunig. feathers, is from !zuppe, a hoopoe ~ from
+Du. honig, Ice!. hunang, Dan. konning, its tufted head); not vice versa.
Swed. koning, G. konig. Hoot. (Scand.) M . E. koufm. -O.
honeycomb. (E. ) A. S. kunigcamb, Swed. kufa , to hoot. - Swed. kut ! interj.
a honey-comb; where comb is the usual begone ! of onomatopoetic origin. So
E. word, though the likeness to a comb is also Norm. dial. kouter, to hoot; W. kwl!
rather fanciful. Irish ut! expressions of dislike. See
honeymoon. (E.) Wedded love was Hue ( a).
compare<l to the full moon , that soon Hop (1), to leap on one leg. (E. ) M.E.
wanes; Huloet, 15aa. See N.E.D. koppen, kuppen. A. S. Iwppiall, to leap,
245
 HOP HOSE
dance. + Du. happen, Icel. Iwppa, Swed. hom. ~ It is strange that G. Iwmisse,
hoppa, Dan. hoppe, G. J,up/m. Brugm. i. O. H. G. hornaz (without vowel-change) is
§ 41I (7). Der. hopp-er (of a mill); referred to a T eut. type *hurz-natoz (cf.
hopp-/e, a fetter for horses ; hop-scotch, Du. Iwrz-e/en, to buzz), allied to L criibro
a game in which children hap over (for *cras-ro), a hornet, Lith. szirszt~
scotches. i. e. lines scored on the ground. (gen. szirsz-ens) , a hornet ; see Brugm. i.
Cf. Hobble. § 626.
Hop ( 2) , a plant. (Du.) Introduced Horologe, a clock. (F.- L - Gk. )
from the Netherlands; XV cent_ - M. Du. O. F. horologe (later hor/oge). - L. IzOrolo-
hoppe (Du. hop ), hop. + G. hop/en, hop. gium. -Gk. WPOAtryIOII, a sun·dial, water-
We also find A. S. hyme/e, Icel. humall, clock. - Gk. wpo-, for wpo., hour; 'AO'YIOII,
Swed. Dan. humfe, M. Du. Iwmme/ teller, from Af'YflV, to tell.
(whence Late L. humulus) ; also F. horoscope. (F. -L. -Gk. ) F. horo-
houb/on, which can hardly be allied words. scope. - L. /zQroscopus, a horoscope, from
Hope (I), expectation. (E.) M. E. hOrosco,PW, adj., observing the hour. - Gk.
hope. A. S. kapa, hope; whence hopian, Wpo<Tlto'ror, observing the hour (also as sb.).
to hope. + Du. hoop, Dan. kaab , Swed. - Gk. wpo-, for wpo., hour; <Tlton"" to
hopp, M. H. G. haffe, sb.; whence Du. consider, allied to tTItEflTO/Mll, I consider;
kapen, Dan. kaabe, Swed. hoppas, G.lwffen, see Sdeptio.
to hope. Horrible. (F.-L) O. F. horribk
Hope (2), a troop. (DIL) Only in the - L horribilis, dreadful. - L karrere, to
phr. 'a forlorn hope,' i. e. troop. - Du. dread (below).
verloren hoop = lost band, where Iwop= horrid. (L.) Spenser has it in the
1<.:. heap; see Heap. 'Een hoop krijghs- sense of 'rough ' j F. Q. i. 7. 3 I. - L hor-
valek, a troupe or band of souldiers,' ridus, rough, bristly. - L. horrere (for
Hexham j ver/oren hoop (Kilian). (Now *lwrs-ere) , to bristle j also to dread, with
obsolete in Dutch.) reference to the bristling of the hair through
Horde, a wandering tribe. (F. - Turk. terror. Cf. Skt. hrsh, to bristle, esp. as a
- Tatar.) F . horde. - Turk. ordu, a camp. token of fear or of pleasure.
- Tatar urdu, a royal camp, horde of horrify. (L.) Coined, by analogy
Tatars (Tartars); see Pavet de Courteille, with F. words in -/y, from L horrijiciire,
P·54· to cause terror.-L. horri-, for lzorrire, to
Hordock; see Hardook. dread; -jiciire, for facere, to make.
Horehound; see Hoarhound. horror, dread. (L.) L. horror. -L.
Horizon. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. horizon. horrire, to dread (above).
- L. Iwr/zan (stem Iwrizont- ). - Gk. Horse. (E.) M. E. hors. -A.!;. hors,
opi'QJv, the bounding or limiting circle; pI. lzors, it being a neut. sb.+lcel. hross,
orig. pres. pt. of api'''", to limit. - Gk. hars, Du. ros, G. ross, O. H. G . hros. Prob.
opor, a boundary. Der. horizon/-at. 'a runner;' cf. L. currere (sup. curs-um) ,
Horn. (E.) A. S. horn. + lcel. Dan. to run. Brngm. i. § 516, ii. § 662.
!;wed. G. horn j Du. horen. Goth. haurn; Hortatory, full of encouragement.
W. Gael. Irish corn, L. cornu. Allied to (L.) As if from 1_ *lzortiitoritlS, coined
Gk. ItEp-ar , a horn, and to Hart. from lzortiitor, an encourager. -L horliiri,
Hornblende,amineral. (G. ) Abfende to encourage; prob. allied to L horior,
named from its hom-like cleavage. G. I urge, and to E. Yearn.
hornblende. - G. horn, hom; blende, a Horticulture,gardening. (L.) Coined
, deceitful' mineral, yielding little ore; from L horti, gen. case of hortus, a gar-
from blenden , to deceive, blind, dazzle j den; cultura, cultivation; see Culture
from blind, blind. L hortus is allied to E. yard ( I ).
Hornet, a kind of large wasp. (E.) Hosa.nna, an expression of praise.
!;o called from its resounding hum. A. S. (Gk. - Heb.) Gk. W<TQIIII«' - Heb. lzOshi'
hymel, a hornet. - A. S. lIonz, a horn, to -iih nnii, save, we pray. - Heb. hoshi'a.
which the word was later conformed. Cf. save (from y tIsha' ) j and nii, a particle
O. Sax. hontO-bero, a hornet, lit. ' horn- signifying entreaty.
bearer ;' A. S. lIonz·bora, a trumpeter. Hose. (E.) M. E. hose, pI. hosen. A.S.
Hexham bas M. Dn. hO'rmer, hornte, a hosa, pI. hosan, hose. stockings. + Du.
hornet, /lore1Ztore.. , a wasp, from horell, a hoos,Icel. /tosa , Dan. hose, G. hose (whencc
~46
 HOSPICE HOUND
O. F. Mse). Der. Ilos-i-er (cf. bow-yer, hoat (I). SO Korting. The words may
law-yer). have been confused.
Hos'pice. (I<'. -L.) F. Mspice . - L. Hostel, an inn. (F. -I.. ) O. F. Mstd.
hopittttm, a house for guests. - L. kospiti-, - Late L. kospitaie; see hospital.
declo stem of Mspes, a host; see host holltler, ostler. (F. - L.) Orig.
(l). the innkeeper himself, and so named from
hospitable. (F.-L.) M. F.kospit- his Mste/(above).
dble. From Late L. Msp"tare, to receive Hot. (E.) M. E. !zoot (with long 0).
as a guest. - L. hospit·, stem of kospu, A. S. hat, hot. + Du. heet, Ice!. heitr,
a host. Swed. lzet, Dan. )ted, G. keiss. Teut. type
hospital. (F. -L.) M. E. hospital. - *haitolZ. Allied to Ice!. hiti, G. hitu, heat,
O . F. Mspital.-Late L. kospitale , a large Goth. heito, fever; and cf. Goth. nais, a
house, a sing. formed from L . pI. Mspitalia, torch, Lithuan. kaitra, heat. Der. heat.
apartments for strangers. - L. hospit-, Hotch-pot, Hodgepodge. (F . -
stem of hospes (below). Du.) Hodgepodge is a corruption of
host (I ) , one who entertains guests. nolcnpot, a confused medley. - F. hochepol,
(F. - L.) M. E. host, hoste. - O. F. noste. a medley. - F. hocner, to shake; and POt,
Cf. Port. hospetie, a host, guest. - L. pot (see Cot.). Imitated or borrowed
nospitem, ace. cif hospes, (I ) a host , (2 ) a from M. Du. hutspot (lit. shake-pot),
~est. ~ Some make L. nospit- short for hodgepodge, beef or mutton cut iuto small
host;Pot., where hosti- is the decL stem of pieces. - M. Du. kutsen, kolsen , to shake;
kostis, a stranger, enemy, see Host (2); pot, a pot. Cf. E. Fries. not/ell, to shake.
and -pot- means' lord,' being allied to L. See Hustle and Pot.
potens, powerful; cf. Skt. pati-, a master, Hotel, an inn. (F. - L.) Mod. F.
governor, lord; see P08sible. Thus hOtel, the ~ame as O. F. nostel; see
nosjes = *hostipotis, guest-master, a master Hostel.
of a house who receives guests. Cf. Russ. Hottentot, a native of the Cape of
gospode, the Lord, gosjodare, 'a governor, Good Hope. (Du.) A name given them
master, from goste, a guest, and ·pode by the Dutch, in derision of their speech,
( = Skt. pati-) , lord. Brugm. i. §§ IS8, which sounded like stammering, or a repe-
340. Der. kost-ess, from M. F. kostesse, titian of the syllables not and lot. E" is
'an hostesse,' Cot.; F. hOtesse. Dutch for' and'; hence Du. kot en lot =
Host (2), an army. (F. -L.) The orig. ' hot ' and • tot.' Cf. M. Du.katerell, to
sense is ' enemy' or 'foreigner.' M. E. stammer, Du. tateren, to stammer.
kost, ost. _ O. F. kost, a host, army. - L. Houdah, Howdah, a seat fixed on
hostem, acc. of kostis, an enemy (orig. a an elephant's back. (Hind.-Arab.) Hind.
stranger, a guest) ; hence, a hostile army , kaudak. - Arab. nawdaJ~ a litter carried
a host. + Russ. gosle, a guest, stranger; by a camel, a seat placed on an elephant's
A. S. gtZst; see Guest. Doublet, gllest. back.
Host (3) , the consecrated bread of the Hough, Hock, the joint in the hind-
eucharist. (L.) L. hoslia, a victim in a leg of an animal, between knee and fetlock;
sacrifice; O. Lat. lostia, lit. ' that which in man, the back part of the knee-joint.
is slain.'-L. nostire, O. Lat. *iostire, to (E. ) Now usually Mck; formerly kougn.
strike. M. E. kougk. A. S. Mk, the heel; Teut.
+
Hostage. (F. -I.. ) O. F. koslage, a type *kanhoz. Ice!. ha-, the hock, in
hostage (F . otage. Ita!. ostaggio, O. Provo Ita-sin, hock-sinew. See Heel. Hock is
ostalje). We also find Ita!' statico, a a later form; and prob. arose from the
hostage; and (according to Diez) , both camp. 'hough-sinew,' spelt Mllsinu in
ostaggio and statico answer to a Late L. A. S., and koxene, koxne in O. Fries.
form *obsidtiticus, from Late L. obsidtiftlS, (A. S. hs>x). See G. kechse (in Kluge);
the condition of a hostage. - L. obsid., and see HOll:. Der. kough, vb.; nox,
stem of obses, a hostage, one who remains q. v.
behind with the enemy. -L. obsidb'e, to Hound, a dog. (E.) A. S. kund.+
stay. - L. ob, at, on, near; sedb'e, to sit. Du. .kond, Ice!. kllndr, Dan. Swed. G.
~ Another explanation is from Late L. li.und, Goth. kunds. T eut. type *nun-doz,
*kospitaticum, a receiving as a guest; m. Allied to L. canis, Gk. 1tII((,., (gen.
from L. hospi/-, for nopes, a host; see "was), Skt. tvan·, a dog; also to Irish cu,
247
 HOUR HUDDLE
W . d, a dog, Russ. suka , a bitch, Lith. Bohemian llallfoice, orig. a sling for c:ast-
sz~ (stem sZlIn·), a dog. Brugm. i. S 00g. ing a stone; Jungmann, Bohem. Diet. i.
The final -Ii may have been snggested by 661. Cf. F. obus, from the same.
confusion with Teut. - hmlllan-, to catch. HowL (E.) M. E. houlen. M. Du. +
See Hunt. !'lIyien; Dan. hyie; G. !.eulell, to howl.
Hour. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. hore ( F. Of imitative origin; cf. L. ulltlare, to
heure).-L lzOra. - Gk. &pa, a season, howl, whence O. F. huller.
hour. Allied to Year. Hoz-to hamstring. (E.) Forhocks, which
Houri, a nymph of Paradise. (Pers. - is from hock-si1U'W, sb., O. Fries. Mxene,
Arab. ) Pers. ,-,uri, one virgin of Paradise, Mxne, A. S. "ifl,·sinu, hough-sinew.-
'-'iira, tLter, a virgin of Paradise, black- A. S. M", hough; sinu, sinew; see Hough.
eyed nymph. From Arab. /.Iawra, fem. Cf. E. Fries. " aksene, lit. 'hee\~sinew,' but
of a'-'war, having fine black eyes. also the hamstri6g (of a horse).
House. (E.) M . E. "011$. A. S. hus. Hoy ( I), a kind of sloop. (Du.) Du.
+ Du. "uis, Icel. "us, Dan. huus, Swed. "eu, Mude, a flat- bottomed merchant-ship;
hus, Goth. "Us, G. "aus. T eut. type M. Du. hode, "eude ; F lemish "ui, a hoy.
-"usom, n. Possibly allied to Hut, Hoy (1), stop ! (E.) M.E. hoy. Cf.Du.
Hoard ; from .vKEUDH, to hide. See "ui! hoy J come ! well! Allied to Ho.
Hoard, Hide (I). Brugm. i. § 796. Hoyden; see Hoiden.
Housel, the eucharist. (E.) The orig. Hub: a projection; the same as Hob (I ).
sense is ' sacrifice.' M. E. house/. A. S. Hub Dub. (E.) Imitative. Cf. Gael.
hiisel.+Goth. "unsl, sacrifice. Allied to ub, interj. of aversion. Formerly also
Lith. szwenlas, holy, consecrated; Zend w"ooiJu6, a confused noise. Hub/JuIJ was
spmla-, holy. Brugm. i. § 377. confused with hoop-hoop, reduplication of
Housings, tmppings of a horse. (F. - "oop ; and w"oobub with whoop-hoop. See
Teut.) The old form was "ous; -ings Hoop (1), Whoop.
has been added. - F. "otlsse, a coverlet, Hucbback, a sort of linen cloth.
e a foot-cloth for a horse;' Cot. (Low L . ( Low G.?) The orig. sense was prob.
"ucia, "usia, !,ussia, the same). Low L. e pedlar's ware;' CC. Low G. "ukkebak, G.
type -"ulsli{1 ... 0 . H. G. hulsl, a cover. "uckebak, pick-a-back. See Huoketer.
+ Icel. I,ulslr, a case, sheath; A. S. Huckle-berry. (E.) The same as
Iaeolslor, Goth. hulislr, a covering. From hurlle-, whor/ie-, hurl-, "arl-l!erry. A.S.
·klll-, weak grade of Teut. -helan- (A. S. heorol-bage, i. e. hart-berry.
helan ), to cover, hide; cf. O. H. G. and Huckle-bone, the hip-bone. (E.) A.
Du. hllilen, to cover. "uckle is a • small joint.' Cf. E. Fries.
Hovel,asmallhut. (F.-Teut_?) M.E. kukken, to bend,stoop, crouch; seebelow.
hovd, Iwvil, a shed. Perhaps from O. F . Huckster. (0. Low G.) M. E. "ull-
-huvd- , as in "_dd, a penthouse. - stere, huesler. Formed with the fem.
O. H . G. "u/Ja (G.llallbe), a hood; M. Du. suffix -sler (for which see 8pin.ater), from
h,.yvt, a tilt of a cart. M. Du. hucker, Low G. Miler, a hawker,
Hover. (E.) A frequentative of M. E. also a stooper, bender, one who stoops.
IWuen ( = hDvm), to be poised, to stay, fJ. The llawker or "ucksler was so named
tarry, wait. Origin uncertain; cf. Iuove. from his bowed back, bent under his
III" The W . "o/io, to hover, is borrowed burden; from M. Du. "ucllen, to stoop
from M. E. houtn. under a burden. Cf. Icel. hokinn, bent,
How (I). (E.) M.E. hou, ""; A.S. pp.ofalost strongverb(Teut.·"eukan-);
ku. Closely related to A. S. "wii, who; see also Ice!. "uka, to sit on one's hams, Low
+
Who. O. Fries. "u, O. Sax. "wo, Du. G. "uken, to crouch. See Du. "euker,
1Ioe. Cf. Goth. hwaiwa, how; Gk. m. nlliken in Franck.
How (2), a hill . (Scand.) M. E. hog-h. Huddle. (E.) M. E. hotieren, hotirm,
Ice!. haug-r, a hill; Swed. Mg, a mound; which is an equivalent form, meaning to
Dan. hOi, a hill. Allied to lcel. har, huddle together, as under a covert or
Swed. hOg, Dan. hOi, high ; see Rich. shelter. Frequentative related to M. E.
Howdah; see Houdah. hUden, to hide; see Hide (I )• • But the
Howitaer, a short cannon. (G. - mod. E. sense of "uJdie seems to be due
Bohemian.) Borrowed from G. kauiJilze, to Du. hoelelen , 'to doe a thing unskilIy,'
a howitzer; formerly spelt llalljfnilz. - Hexham; cf. G. hudel", to bungle.
348.
 HUE HUMID
Hue (I), show, appearance, colour. (E.) IIulu, a husk, lit. 'covering;' from the
M. E. hewe. A. S. IIiw, /uQw, keo, appear- same root as G. Aulse, a husk, viz. Teut.
ance.+Swed. 117, skin, complexion; Goth. *hul-, weak grade of Teut. *keJan- (A. S.
hiw':, form, show. helan), to cove, See Hell.
Hue (2), clamour, outcry. (F.- Teul) Hull (2 ), body of a ship. (Du.) From
In the phr. 'hue and cry;' A. F . hu et Du. hoi, hold. 'Het hoI van een schip,
cri. M. E. hue, a loud cry. _ O. F. hu, a the ship's hold or hull;' Sewel. See
cry; hUer, to hoot. - M.H .G. hu, interj.; Hold ( 2). Or the same as hull (I ).
huu n , to hoot; M. Swed. huta, fo hoot; Hum (1), to buzz. (E.) M. E.httmmen;
see Hoot. an imitative word. + G. hUlllmen, Du.
HtUr, to puff, bluster, bully. (E.) The hommelen, to hum. Cf. Hem (2).
old sense is to puff, blow hard; hence to hum (2 ), to trick, cajole. CE.) A par-
bluster, vapour. An imitative word, like ticular use of hum, to buzz; it also meant
puff. Cf. Lowl. Sc. hauch , a forcible puff, to utter a sound expressive of contempt
hech, to breathe hard; G. hauchm, to (Cor. v. I. 49); also to applaud; see
bre/!the. ~ To huff, at draughts, simply Richardson, and Todd's Johnson. Hence
means 'to blow'; it was customary to it meant to flatter, cajole, trick. So also
blow upon the piece removed; cf. Lowl. Port. zumbir, to buzz, zombar, to jest;
Sc. blaw, to blow, also to huff at draughts; Span. zumbar, to hum, also to jest. Der.
Dan. bltese en brikke, to huff (lit. blow) a hum, sb., a hoax.
man at draughts. Human. (I<". -L.) Formerly humaine.
Hug, to embrace closely. (Scand.?) -F . .humain, 'humane, manly;' Cot.-
XVI cent. Uncertain. Perhaps of Scand. L. acc. humanum, human. - L. homo, a
origin; cf.Icel. hugga, to soothe, comfort; man; lit. 'a creature of earth,' from
hugga bantiiJ, to soothe a child, huga, to humus, ground ; see humble. + A. S.
mind; hugna, to please; M. Du. heuge, guma, a man.
j~ humane. (L.) Directly from L. hu-
Huge, vast. (F.- Teut.?) M. E. huge, manus, ( I ) human, (2) kind (above).
houge. An initial a has dropped.-A.l'. humble. (F.-L ) F. humble.-L.
ahoge; O. F. ahug-e, ahugue, huge, vast llumilem, ace. of humitis, humble, lowly,
(12th cent.). Of unknown origin; perhaps near the ground. - L. humus, the ground.
allied to Icel. haugr, a hill, whence O. F . Cf. Gk. XOfUll, on the ground, Russ.
hoge, hogue, a hill; see How (I ). umlia, earth, land. Brugm. i. § 604-
Huguenot, a French protestant. (F. Humble-bee, a humming-bee. (E.)
-G.) F. huguenot; as if from the per- From the verb humble, for hummle, fre-
sonal name Huguenot. This name was quentative of hum. Cf. Du. hommel, a
in use two centuries at least before the humble-bee, from homme/en, to hum; G.
Reformation, and is a dimin. of F . Hugon, hummel, a humble-bee, from hummm, to
acc. case from the nom. Hugues, Hugh. hum; Swed. humla, a humble-bee.
-M. H. G. Hug, Hugh. 2. But this form Humbug, a hoax, piece of trickery.
was due to popular etymology. The orig. (E.) 'Humbug, a false alarm, a bugbear,'
form was G. eidgenoss, a coufederate, Dean Milles MS. (cited in Halliwell).
appearing as Swiss Romance einge1lot, 'Drolleries,bonmots,andhumbug.r; ' about
higumo, aprotestant (Wedgwood). From A. D. 1740. Compounded of hum, hoax,
G . eid, an oath (see Oath), and genoss = and bug, a spectre, ghost, bugbear; the
A. S. geniat, a companion. ~ 15 false orig. sense being' sham bugbear'; see
etymologies of this word are noted by hum (2) and Bug. Der. humbug, vb.
Scheler. humdrum, dull, droning. CE.) Com-
Hulk, a heavy ship. (Late L.-Gk.) pounded of hum, a buzzing noise, and
M. E. hulke. A.S. httle. -Late L. hulka, drum, a droning sound; see Drum.
also hu/cu m, ho/Cas, a kind of ship. - Gk. Humeral, belonging to the shoulder.
OAK(ls, a ship which is towed, also a heavy (L.) Late L. httmeralis, belonging to the
ship, merchantman. - Gk. EAK"IV, to draw, shoulder. - L. llunleyus, the shoulder;
drag. Cf. L. sulcus, a furrow. Der. better umerus.+Gk. Wf'O~, Goth. amsa,
hulking, i. e. bulky, unwieldy. ~ Distinct Skt. amsa-, the shoulder. Brngm. i. § 163.
from M. E. hulke, A. S. hule, a hovel. Humid, moist. (F.-L.) F. lzumide.
Hull (I), husk. (E.) M. E. hule. A. S. - L. humidus, better umidus, moist. - L.
249
 HUMILIATE HURRY
Izimur.e, 14mb-e, to be moist; cf. 14ums, cf. hunt, sb., a hunting. Related to
iiuidw, ud"s, moist; Gk. irypOs, moist. Teut. *huntlz-, weak grade of *hentluzn-,
Humiliate. (L.) From pp. of L. to seize; see Hent. Cf. Brugm. i. § 701.
Izumiliare,tohumble. -L.humilis,humble; HlU'dle. (E.) M. E. fmrdel. A. S.
see Humble. Izyrdel; a dimin. from a Teut. base
humility. (F.-L.) M. E.humilitee. *Izurd-; ~e the cognate words. + Du.
- O. F. humiliteit, humility. - L. Izumili- ""rtle, Ice!. hurlJ, G. hurtle, M. H . G.
tii/em. acc. of humiiitas, humility.-L. hurt, a hurdle; Goth. luzurds, a door.
Izumi/is, humble. Allied to L. crlitis, a hurdle, Gk. !to.p-
H1UDD1ocl1:, Hommoc][, a mound, Ta.AOS, a (woven) basket. Cf. Skt. krt,
hillock, rounded mass. (E.) It appears to spin. The sense is a (plaited' thing.
to be a variant of Izump or hunch. Brugm. i. H 5l9, 633. (vQERT.)
Humour, orig. moisture. (F. -L.) Hurdygurdy, a kind of violin, played
See Trench, Select Glossary, and Study of by turning a handle. (E.) From Low!.
Words. The four humours, according to Sc. hirdygirdy, a confused noise; also
Galen, caused the four temperaments of kirdum-dirdum, the same. Cf. Low!.
mind,viz.choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, Sc. !turr, to snarl,gurr, to growl. • Som
and sanguine. -0. F. humor (F. humeur). vse}1 strange wlaffyng, chytering, harryng
- L. 14morem, acc. of umor, moisture. _ and garryng' = some people use a strange
L. 14mb-e, to be moist; see Humid. babbling, chattering, snarling ' and growl·
Kump, a lump, bunch, esp. on the back. ing ; Spec. of English, ed. Morris and
(E.) • Hump, a hunch, or lump,' ;Vest- Skeat, p. 2fl, 1. 163. Formed on the
moreland;' Halliwell. Not found in model of hurtybur/y. See Hurry.
M. E. Cf. E . Fries. humpe, hump, a bit, Hurl. (E.) M. E. flurlen, florien. Not
lump.+Du. hqmp, a lump, bunch; Low G. in A. S.; perhaps of Scand. origin. Cf.
humpel, a heap. Cf. Lithuan. kumpas, E. hurieblast, a hurricane, hurlepool,
hunched. Parallel to hunch, q. v. whirlpool, hurlewind, whirlwind. Also
K1U1ch, a hump, round mass. (E. ) A E. Fries. hurre/, a gust of wind; hurre/n,
palatalised form of provo E. hunk, a lump. to blow in gusts;. hurre/.wind, a whirl-
Apparently a parallel form of hump; wind. Explained by Swed. dial. hurra,
with nk for mp. Cf. W. Flem. hunke to whir, whirl round; whence hurre/,
brood, a hunk of bread (De Bo); and a whirl, hurrel·wi,td, a whirlwind. Of
perhaps Du. ""nk, a starting-post, orig. imitative origin; cf. Dan. hurre, to buzz,
• a stump;' see Franck. lcel. flurr, a noise. So also M. H. G.
H1U1dred. (E.) M. E. hundred. A. S. hurren, to move quickly ; from the sound.
Ilundred; a compound word. - A. S. !zund, Cf. Hurly-burly, Hurry.
a hundred; and -red, with the sense of Hurlyburly, a tumult. (F.- L.) A
• reckoning' or rate, to denote the rate of reduplicated word, the second syllable
counting. Cf. I cel. huni·rah, orig. 120; being an echo of the first. [Cf. M. F.
G. hund·ert. This suffix is allied to Goth. hurluberlu, tumult, in Rabelais (v. prol.).]
ra)jo, number, L. ratio; see Rate ( I ). The short form hurty also occurs ; see K.
/3. The A. S. hUlld is cognate with L. John, iii. f . J 69. - O. F . hurtee, a howling,
centum, answering to an Idg. form *ki1ll~' outcry, great noise ; orig. fem. pp. of
tom, perhaps for *dek3mttfm, a decad, Ilurler, to howl. - L. ulu/tire, to howl.
allied to Goth. laihunte.hund, a hundred, Prob. confused with Hurl.
which Brugmann explains as Of!to.OQlJl Ofl<o.S. Hurrah. (G.) From G. hurra,
Cf. also Gk. E!taT6J1, Skt. (alam, Pers. sad, M. H. G. hurra. Of imitative origin;
Lith. szimtas, Russ. slo, Irish cead, VI'_ see Hurl.
cant, a hundred. Brugm. i. § f31,ii. §I79. Hurricane, whirlwind. (Span.-
See Ten. Caribbean.) Span. huracan. - Carib.
Hunger. (E.) A. S. hungor. + Icel. huracan (Oviedo).
ItUllgr, Swed. Dan. hunger, Du. konger, Hurry. (E.) Not allied to harry.
G. hunger; Goth. huhrus, hunger. Tent. Formed from an older base hurr·; like
types *hungruz, *hunhruz, m. Allied to scurr-y from skir. M. E. horien, to hurry
Lith. kanka, suffering. Brugm. i. § 639. (Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 883). +
H1U1t, to chase wild animals. (E. ) M. Swed. hun'a, to swing, whirl round;
M. E. hutzten. A. S. hUll/ian, to capture; Swed. dial. hurra, to whirl, hurr, sb.,
350
 HURST HYDRAULIC
hurry, haste. Cf. Dan. hurre, to hum, Hustings. (Scand.) The mod. use
whir; Icel. hurr, a noise; M. H. G. is incorrect; it is properly husting, sing.,
hurrm, to move swiftly. See Hurl; and means a council, an assembly for the
and cf. whir, whiz, of similar imitative choice of a candidate. M. E. husting.
origin; whence whurry, to hurry (Nares). A. S. hUsting.-Icel. hiis)ing, a council,
Hurst, a wood. (E.) M. E. hurst; meeting. - Icel. hUs, a house ; jing, a thing,
A. S. hyrst. +M. H. G. hurst, a shrub, also an assembly; see Houae and Thing.
thicket; G. !wrst; E. Fries. Mrst. Cf. Swed. Norw. and Dan. ting, the same
Hurt, to dash against, to harm. (F .) as Icel. jingo
M. E. hurtm, hirten, (I) to push, dash Hustle, to jostle. (Du.) For huts/e.
against; (l) to injure. -0. F . hurter (F. - Du. hulse/en, to shake up and down,
heurter), to strike or dash against. Of huddle together; frequent. of M. Do.
unknown origin. Hardly from Celtic hutsen, Du. hotsen, to shake. See
(Thurneysen, p. 81). The Ital. form is Hotchpot. Cf. Du. hotten, to curdle;
urtare, possibly from L. *urtum, unnsed hot, curds; provo G. hotu, a cradle, a
supine of urglre, to press on (Korting) . swing; Lowl. Sc. hott, to move by jerks,
hurtle, to dash. (F.) M. E. hurtlen, hotter, to jolt_ .
fr~uent. of hurten (above). Hut. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.holte.-l".
Husband. (Scand.) Ice!. hUsbQndi, hutte, a cottage; Cotgrave. - O. H . G.
the master of a house, the goodman; +
hutta (G. hut/e), a hut. Swed. hydda,
short for husbUandi. - lcel. hUs, house; a hut. Perhaps related to Hide (I).
buandi, dwelling in, pres. pt. of bUll, to Hutch, a box. (F.-Low L.) M. E.
dwell; see Boor. So also Swed. hus- huche, hueche. - F. huche, a hutch, bin.-
bunde, Dan. husbund. Der. husband· man, Late L. hutica, a hutch, box; of unknown
husband·ry. ' origin. Perhaps Teutonic; cf. O. H . G.
Hush. (E.) M. E. huskl, whist, huotan (G. huten), to take care of. See
silent; prob. taken to be a pp. cr. Het!d.
Swed. hyssja, Dan. hysse, to hush; Dan. Huzah., Hurrah. (E.) Huzzah is
hys, hush! A purely imitative word, allied also written huzza. Cf. G. IIussa, huzzah!
to kiss. M. H. G. hun'o, hurrah! So also Swed.
Husk, shell. (E.) M. E. huske. The and D an. hurra, hurrah t Cf. M. H . G.
·k is a dim in. suffix; from A. S. hUs, a hurren, to move quickly; Dan. Ilurre, to
house. Cf. Low G. huske, a little house; hum, buzz. See Hurry.
E. Fries. huske. a little house, core of an Hyacinth, a flower. (F. -L.-Gk. )
apple, small Case; M. Du. huyskm, a F. hyacinthe. - L. hyacinthus. - Gk. 00-
little house, a case, a husk of fruit (Kilian) . 1<1~6os, an iris, larkspur (not our hyacinth).
See House. Doublet, Jacintll.
Husky, hoarse. (E.) Apparently allied HYlBJl&; see Hyena.
to provo E. husk, dry, parched; with Hybrid, mongrel. (L.) L hibrida,
reference to the dryness of husks. hylJrida, a mongrel, a hybrid. Some
Hussar. (G. - Hungarian. -Servian. connect it with Gk. IJfjpt~., stem of iJlJpts,
-Gk.-L.) • Hussars, Husares, , Coles insult, wantonness, violation; but it may
(I684).-G. Husar.-Hung. Huszar.- be Latin.
Servo xusar, hUsSar, robber, se'a-robber Hydra, a water-snake. (L.-Gk.) L.
(Popovic'). -Late Gk.l<ollpuaplOs, a corsair, hydra. - Gk. v~pa, water-snake. - Gk.
pirate (Ducange). - Late L. cursdritlS, a iJ6-QlP, water. Cf. Skt. udra-s, a water-
corsair. - L . cursus, a course ; see Corsair. animal, otter, A. S. otero Doublet, otter.
~ The word is older than the story about And see Water. Bntgm. i. § 5i2 .
Mathius Corvinus (1458) ; see N. and Q. hydrangea., a flower. (Gk.) A coined
8 S. ii. 156 ; Miklosich, p. 148. name, referring to the cup-form of the
Hussif, Hussy. (E.) Short for capsule, or seed-vessel. From Gk. v6p-,
huS1tltfe, i. e. house-wife; cf. hus- in for iJ6Q)p, water; a'Y'YfWY, a vessel.
husband; see Husband and House. hydraulic, relating to water in
~ In the sense of ' case for needles, thread, motion. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. hydrau/iqut.
&c.,' it mus~ mean • honse-wife's compan. - L. hydrau/icus. - Gk. MpaIlNI<OS, belong·
ion '; it is, however, remarkable that ing to a water-organ.-Gk. V3paIlAIS, an
Ic.el. husi means ( a case.' organ worked by water. - Gk. jj~p-, for
a6 1
 HYDRODYNAM ICS HYSON
jj~OJp, water; aVAor, a pipe, tube (allied to L. hypken, for Gk. b¢Iv, lit. ' under one.'
a"p.., I blow; see Air). - Gk. b¢-. for {l7ro, under; (I', neut. of .rr,
hydrodyn&mics, the science relating one (allied to L. sim- in simplex; see
to tlie force of water in motion. (Gk.) Simple).
Gk. iJ6po-, for lJ&Jp, water; and E. Hypo-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. u.,,6, under ;
dynamics, a word of Gk. origin; see cognate with L. sub.
Dyna.mics. H1Pochondria., a mental disorder in-
hydrogen, a very light gas. (Gk.) ducmg melancholy. (L.-Gk.) Named
The name means' generator of water.'- from the spleen (which was supposed to
Gk. iJopo-, for lJoOJP, water; and the base cause it), situate under the cartilage of
",(£1'-, to produce ; see Genesis. the breast-bone.-Late L. hypochtmdria,
hydropathy, the water-cure. (Gk.) fern. sb.; for L. hypochondria, s. pI. - Gk.
Gk. jjopo- , for vOOJP, water ; 1Ias-or, snffer- urroxovlJp.a , sb. pI., the parts beueath the
ing, endurance of treatment; see Pa.thos. breast-bone. - Gk. urr6, under; xuvlJpor, a
hydrophobia, fear of water. (L.- com, grain, gristle, cartilage of the breast-
Gk.) Late L. /lydrophobia. Coined from bone (cognate with G. grand, gravel, and
Gk . lJopo-, for iJ&Jp, water; <p080r, fear, allied to E. g rind). D er. hipp -ish, q. v.
fright, allied to <pi{~op.a., I flee. (-v'BHEG.) Hypocrisy, pretence to virtue. ( 1'. -
hydropsy, dropsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) L.- Gk.) M. F. hypocrisie. -L. hypocrisis,
Formerly dropsie or ydropsie; the form I Tim. iv. 2. - Gk. u"o"ptu.r, a reply,
dropsie being due to loss of YO . - M. F. answer, playing a part on a stage, acting
hydropisie. -L. hydropisis, hydropisla.- of a part. - Gk. u"o"plvop.IU, I reply, play
Late Gk. *ulJp&nr.u.r, not found, from Gk. a part. - Gk. ;',,6, under; Kplvop.a., I con-
v6ponf , dropsy, extended from 1J6po-, for tend, middle voice of "plvOJ, I judge. See
ii&Jp, water. Der. dropsi·c-al. Critic. D er. /lypocrile, F. hypocrile, L .
hydrostatics, the science which /lypocrila, Gk. ;'rrOKp'T.qr, a dissembler,
treats of flui ds at rest. (Gk. ) Gk. iJlJpo-, Matt. vi. 2.
for fJ~OJp, water; and Statics, q. v. Hypogastric, belonging to the lower
Hyena, Hyena, a hog-like quad- part of the abdomen. (F. - L. - Gk.)
ruped. (L.-Gk .) [ M. E. hyme; from M. F. hypogastrique. - Late L. kypogas-
O. F. hyme.] L. hycl'1ta. -Gk. iJa.va , a tricus, belonging to the lower part of the
hyena; lit. 'sow-like.'-Gk. v-r. a sow, belly. -Gk. ;,rro"'(QUT(XOV, lower part of the
cognate with E. Sow; with fern. adj. belly; see Hypo- and Gastrio.
suffix -(uva. H:ypostasis. (L.-Gk.) L. IlYPO-
Hymen. (L.-Gk.) L. hymen.-Gk. s/asts. - Gk. ;,."ouTau.s, a standing under,
up.~v, the god of marriage. Cf. Skt. siv, groundwork, subsistence, snbstance, a
to connect, lit. to sew; see Sew. P erson of the Trinity. - Gk. ;'''0, under;
Hymn. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.ympne UTQUer, a standing, from -v'STA, to stand.
(with excrescent p).-O. F. ymne (later See Statics.
hymne). - L hymnum, acc. of L . hymnus. Hypotenuse. (F. -L. -Ck.) Also
- Gk. iip.l'or, a song, festive song, hymn. hYPollzenuse ( badly).-F. hypoUnuse.-L.
Hypallage, an interchange. (L. -Gk.) hypotinusa. - Gk. ;,rroTcLvovua, the sub-
L. kypa/lagl. - Gk. {"'MAaTI, an inter- tending (line); fem. of pres. part. of ;""0-
change, exchange. - Gk. ilTT-o, under; TElV."', to subtend, lit: to stretch under.
aAAa"'(~, change, from aAAauu •• v, to change ; (-v'TEN. )
from aA AOr, another. See Alien . Hypothec, a legal lien on property.
Hrer-. prefix, denoting excess. (L.- (F. - L. - Gk.) Englished from M. F.
Gk. L. hyper-, for Gk. urrjp, above, be- hypotkeque, a mortgage. - L. hypolkk a
yond, allied to L. Sltper. Hence hyper- (the same). - Gk. urroO~Kf'J, lit. 'support; ,
balo", a transposition of words from a pledge, mortgage. - Gk. ;""0, upder; 0,,-,
natural order, lit. ' a going beyond' (from as in TI-077-p.., I place. (-v'DHE.)
8alv"v, to go) ; hyper-bole, exaggeration, hypothesis, a supposition. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. inrEp8oA.q (from 8ciAA"v, to throw, L. hypothesis. - Gk. ;'rr60(u.r, a placing
cast) ; hyper-borea", extreme northern under, supposition. - Gk. ;'''0, under ; Olu.r,
(from 8opf.ar, north wind). a placing; from the same root as the above.
Hyphen, a short stroke (-) joining See Thesis.
two parts of a compound word. (L. - Gk.) Hyson, a kind of tea. (Chinese.) In
 HYSSOP IDIOT
the Arnoy dialect called ,""un-I!, lit. hekel, isjiikel. 2 . lcel. joktll/ is the dim in.
e spring tea,' from chhun, spring, and IE, of lcel. jaki, a piece of ice, cognate with
tea. ~aid to have been orig. from hi Irish aig, W. ia, ice. Brngm. i. § 305.
,hhun, lit. e blooming spring,' i. e. early Ichneumon. (L.-Gk. ) L. ichneu·
crop. From Chin. hi, blooming; chhun, mem. - Gk. lxvftiJl4ll', an ichneumon
spring. (lizard) ; lit. 'a tracker,' because it tracks
Hyssop, a plant. (F . -L. -Gk. -Heb.) out (and devours) crocodiles' eggs. - Gk.
M . E.ysope. -O. F. hy ssope.-L. hyssopus. lxvftiftV, to track.- Gk. ixvor, a footstep.
-Gk . vuuQlJror, an aromatic plant (not Ichor, the juice in the veins of gods.
our hyssop). - Heb. hoM , a plant (it is (Gk .) Gk. lxwp, juice.
not exactly kn own what plant). Ichthyogra~hy, description of fishes .
Hysteric,convulsive, said of fits. (F . - (Gk.) Gk. IXlll)o., from lXllvr, a fish;
L. - Gk.) M . F. hysterique. - L . hystericus. ''Ypa</><a , from 'Y"o.</>flV , to describe. So
- Gk. vUTfptlt6r, suffe ring in the womb; also ichthy ology, from A6-.,or, a discourse,
hysterical. - Gk. VUT f pa, the womb. Prob. A''YflV, to speak.
from Gk. vUTfpor, latter , lower, compara- Icicle; see Ice.
tive from the Idg. base ud·, out; see Iconoclast, a breaker of images.
Uterine and Out. (Gk.) Coined from Gk. dIt6vo-, from
EiICWV, an image i KACl(I'T'f]S, a vine· pruner
(but lit. a breaker), from ItAaftV, to break .
I. Icosahedron, a solid figure with
twenty equal faces. (Gk.) From Gk.
I, nom. case of first pers. pronoun. (E. ) ffltout, twenty; f6pa, a base, lit. a seat,
M. E. (Northern) ik , i; (Southern) ich, from the base 16-, to' sit; see Bit.
uch, i . A . S. ic.+Du. ik , Icel. ek, Dan. Idea. (L. -Gk. ) L. idea . -Gk. IMa ,
j eg, Swed. j ag, Goth. ik, G. ich, Lith. asz, the look or semblance of a thing, species
Russ. ia, L . ego, Gk.E-yw,l-yWv,Skt.aham. (hence, notion). -Gk. 18Eiv, to see. C.v
Id'g. base, EGH- and EG- ; Brugm. ii. WElD.) See Wit.
§ 434. ~ Me is from a different base. Identical, the very same. (L.) For-
1-, neg. prefix; see In- (3) . merly idmtic, identick. Formed a.~ if
Iambic, a certain metre, a short and a from Med. (scholastic) L. identicus, adj .
long syllable (v - ). (L.- Gk. ) L. iambi- su~gested by idenli·las ; see be!ow.
cus..-Gk.loJA{311t6r. -Gk. iop.{3or, an iambic ldentity, sameness. (F. -Late L . -
foot, iambic verse, lampoon. (Origin L.) F. identitt. - Late L. ace. identitti-
doubtful.) tem, sameness. -L. idenli·, occurring in
Ibez, a genus of goats. (L.) L . ibex. idenlidem, repeatedly; with suffix -Ias. -
Ibill, a bird. (L.-Gk.-Egypt.) L. L. idem, the same. -L. i-, and .dun; from
ibis. - Gk. 1{31S, an Egyptian bird. Of Idg. pronominal bases I and DE.
Egypt. origin; cf. Coptic hippm (Peyron). Ides, the 15th day of Much, May,
Ice. (E.) M.E.ys,iis. A.S.Is.+Du. July, October; 13th of other months.
ijs , Ice!. ISS, Dan. iis, Swed. is, G. tis. (F.-L.) F. idts.-L.ItIUs, ides.
Teut. type ·'som, neot. Der. ire.berg, Idiom, peculiar mode of expression.
qoite a modern word; the latter element (F.-L.-Gk.) F. idio",e.-L. idiOma.-
is the Do., Norw., Swed., and G. berg, Ck. 13<QlJAO, an idiom, peculiarity of lan-
a mountain; cf. Du. ijsberg, Norw. and goage.-Gk. 13160>, I make my own.-
Swed. iso/erg, Dan. iisbjerg, G. eisberg, an Gk. ialor, own.
iceberg; (prob. a Norw. word). Also idiosyncrasy, peculiarity of tem-
ice·bli"k, Dan. iis-blink, a field of ice, perament. (Gk.) Cf. F. idiosyncrasie.
from Dan. blinke, to gleam . From Gk. i31O·r, own; Ulry-Itpauu, a
icicle. (E.) M. E . isikel, iseyokel; blendiog together, from uti-y· (= uti. ), to-
from M. E. ys, ice, and ike!, a point of ice. gether, Itpiiuts , a mingling. See Crasia.
-A.S. is-gt'cel, an icicle; also written idiot. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . idiot.-L.
ises gicel, where IstS is the gen. case. idiota, an ignorant, uneducated person.-
Girel, O. Mere. geale (Sweet, O. E. T. ), Gk. llil&n--r,r, a private person ; hence, one
means 'a small piece of ice.'+Icel. iss· who is inexperienced ( I Cor. xiv. 16). -
jokull ; though jOkul/ is gen. used by Gk. 13,6<.>, I make my own. - Gk. i/lcor,
itself in the sense of icicle; Low G. is· own.
253
 IDLE ILLUSTRIOUS
Idle. (E.) M. E. ide!. A. S. idel, logical; for which see legal, legible, &c.
vain, empty, useless. + Du. iJdel, vain; And see illicit.
Dan. idel, Swed. idel, mere; G. eitel, Ili8.c, pertaining to the smaller intes-
vain, tritling. Origin doubtful. tines. (F.-L.) F . iliaque, belonging to the
Idol. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. ido/e. -L. tlanks. FormedfromL. Uia,sb.pl.,tlanks,
idolum .-Gk. "'&.1AoII, an image, likeness. groin. See also .Jade (2 ) .
-Gk . • r30JUU, I appear, seem; 13."" to Iliad, an epic poem. (L.-Gk.) L.
see. (.vWEID.) Der. itfqlatry, O. F. itfq- lliad-, stem of Ilias, the Iliad. - Gk.
latn'e, Late L. idolatria , shortened form of 'IAI<,3-, stem of 'IAuh, the Iliad. - Gk.
idololatria, from Gk . • /1i00Ao-Aarp"a, ser- '1~LOS, Ilios, commonly known as Troy;
vice to idols {where Aarp"a, service, is said to have had its name from (a mythical)
from Aarp's, a hired servant, Aarpov, hire). Ilus, grandfather of Priam, and son of
Hence idolater, &c. Tros (whence Troy) .
idyl, idyll, a pastoral poem. (L - m, bad. (Scand.) M. E. ille. - Icel.
Gk.) L. My/lium. - Gk. dMAAIOV, a short illr (later illY), ill, adj.; Swed. ilia, Dan.
descriptive poem . - Gk . •r30s, form , shape, ilde, ill, adv. ~ Not allied to Evil.
figure . -Gk .•r30jJlU, I appear (see above). mapse, a gliding in, a sudden entrance.
If, conj. (E.) M. E. if, A. S. gif.+Icel. (L.) L. iIIapsus, sb., a gliding in. - L.
if, if, O. Fries. iif, gej, if, O. Sax. if; il- (for in ), in; lapsus, a gliding, from pp.
Goth. ibai, interrog. particle,Jabai, if; with of liibi, to glide. See Lapse.
which cf. Du.if, if, whether, G. ob, whether; Illation, an inference. (F. -L.) F.
also O. H. G. ibrt, if, lit. ' on the condition,' illation. - L. acc. illationem, a bringing
dat. of iba, condition, doubt. Cf. also Ice!. in, inference. - L. il· (for in), in; latus
if, if, sb., doubt. See Kluge, s. v. ob. ( = tliitus), borne, brought (-Gk. rAfJr6s).
Ignition, a setting on fire. (L ) F. See Tolerate.
ignition. As if from L. *ignitio.-L. ig- micit, unlawful. (F.-L.) F . illicite,
nitlls, pp. of ignire, to set on fire. - L. 'illicitou., ' Cot. - L. illicitus, not allowed.
ignis, fire. + SkI. agni-, fire, base *egni-; -L. il· (for in.), not; licitus, pp. of
cf. Russ. ogone, Lith. ugnh, fire , base lidre, to be allowed. See Lioenoe.
*ogni-. Brugm. i. § 148. Hence also ignis Illision, a striking against. eL.) From
jaImes, a vain fire; igne-ous, adj. L. illisio, a striking against. -L. illisus,
Ignoble. (F.-L.) F . ignoble, not pp. of illfdere, to strike against.-L. il·
noble. - L. i-g>tobilis, where i- = in, no.t ; (for in), upon; ladere, to strike. See
see Noble. Lesion.
Ignominy, disgrace. (F.-L.) F. mude, to deceive. (F.-L.) F. illuder,
ignominie. - L. ignominia. - L. i- (for in), ' to illude;' Cot. - L. illudere, to mock
not; g>t5min-, for g>t5men, old form of at. - L. il- (for in), upon, at; /iltkre, to
"omen, name, fame; see Noun. jest, play. See Ludiorous.
Ignore, to disregard. (F.-L.) F. muminate, to enlighten. (L.) From
ig'1torer. - L. ignariire, not to know. - L. pp. of L. illi(lIlinare. to throw light upon.
i - (for in), not; and base gno-, as in gno- - L. il- (for in ), upon; liilllin-, for lumen,
!Cere =1tOscere, to know; see Know. Der. light; see Luminary. ~ We also use
ignor-ant, -ance; also ignOramus, lit. 'we illumine, illume, from F. illullliner<L.
ignore' that, an old law-term. illuminare.
Iguana, a kind of American lizard. musion. (F.-L.) F . illusion. -L.
(Span. - W. Indian.) Span. iguana. Of acc. ilb:isionem. - L. illusus, pp. of illUdere;
West Indian origin. - Hayti iuanna,yuana see Illude (above).
(Eden.). mustrate. (L.) From the pp. of
iguanodon, a fossil dinosaur, with il/ustrare, to throw light upon.-L. il-
teeth like an iguana. From iguan-a, and (for in). upon; lustrare, to shine (below).
Gk. cl30v-T-, stem of Mous, tooth. Ulustrious. (F.-L.; orL. ) Abadly
n. ( I), for in-, prefix, from L. in, coined word; either from F. illustre, or
prep., when I follows. Exx.: ii-lapse, il- from the L. illtlstri-s, bright, renowned.
lusio1t , &c. (Imitation of industrious. ) p. In L.
n. (2), for in-, negative prefix when illttstris, the prefix il- ( = in), upon; -lustris
I follows. Exx. ii-legal, il·leg£ble, il-legiti- stands for *Iou-c-stris, from the bue luc-,
mate. ii-liberal, iI-limitable, il-literatt, il- as in Luoid, q. v. See Brugm. i.• 760.
25-4
 1M- IMMUNITY
Im- (I), prefix. (F. -L.) In some Ital. imbroglio, perplexity. - Ital. imbrogl£-
words, i11l' stands for em·, the O. F. form are, to entangle. - Ital. im- (for in), in;
of L. i11l-, prefix. Or for L. in, in, before bro/{lio, a broil, confusion; see Broil (2).
1>, m, or p. Imbrue,Embrue, to moisten, drench.
Im- (2), prefix. (E.) For E. in; as in (F. - L.) M. I' . embruer; s'embruer,' to
im·bed, for in-bed. imbrue or bedable himself with;' Cot.
1m- (3), prefix. (L.) L. im- (for in ), in, Variant of O. F. embevrer, embreuver, to
when b, m, or p follows. moisten. - F. em- (L. in, in) ; and a causal
Im- (4) , prefix. ( F.-L.; orL. ) Nega- verb -bevrer, to give to drink , turned into
tive prefix; for L. in-, not. Exx.: im- -brever in the 16th cent., and then into
material, im-matll1't, im-measurable, im- ·bruer; see F. abreuver in Hatzfeld. O. F.
memorial, im-moderate, im-modest, im- bevrer answers to a L. type *biberiire, to
moral, im-mortal, iJll-movable,im-lIllltable, give to drink; from L. bibere, to drink.
im-palpable, im-pan'ty,im-partial, im·pass- See Beverage.
able, im-passive, im-patient, im-peccable, Imbue, to cause to drink in, tinge
impenetrable, im-penitent, im-perceptible, deeply. (F.-L.) O. F . imbuer. - L. im-
illl-perftct, im-perishable, im-personal, im- buere, to cause to drink in; where -buere
pertinent, im-perturbable, im-piety, im- is a causal form, apparently allied to
pious, im-placable, im·polite, im-politic, bibere, to drink .
im-ponderable, im-possible , im-potent, im- Imitate. (L.) From pp. ofL. imitari,
practicable, im-probable, im·proper, im- to imitate; frequentative of *imare, not
providmt, im·prudent, im-pure; for which found; cf. L. imii-go. See Image.
see material, mature, &c. Immaculate. (L. ) L. im-maculiitus,
Image, a likeness, statue. (F.-L.) F . unspotted. - L. im- (for in-), not; maw-
image. - L . imiiginem, acc. of imago, a liitus, spotted. See Maculate.
likeness. Formed, with suffix -iigo, from Immediate, without intervention or
the base im- in im-itiiri, to imitate; see means. (F. - L.) M. F. immediat. - L.
Imitate. im- (for in-), not; mediatus, pp. of L.
imagine. (F. -L.) F. imaginer, to mediiire, to be in the middle. - L. medius,
think. -1.. imiiginiiri, to picture to oneself, middle. See Medium.
imagine. - L. imagin-, stem of imiigo, an Immense. (F. -L.) F. immense. -
image, picture ; see above. Der. imagin- L. immensus, immeasurable.-L. im- (for
ary, im.gin-ation. itt·), not; mens us, pp. of metiri, to
Imam, ImaUDl, a M uhammedan measure. See Measure.
priest. (Arab.) Arab. imtim, a leader, Immerge, to plunge into. (L.) L.
chief, prelate, priest. - Arab. root amma, immergere (pp. im-mersus), to plunge
'he tended towards.' Rich. Dict., p. into.-L. im- (for i1,), in; mergere, to
16 3. plunge. See Merge. Der. immers-ion.
Imbecile, feeble. (F. - L.) Formerly Immigrate. (L.) From pp. of L.
rare as an adj.; but the verb imMcil, to immigriin, to migrate to. (1m· ~ in, in. )
enfeeble, is found , and was confused with See Migra.te .
embezzle. - F. imMcile; M. F. imbecille, IDllIlinent, near at hand. (L.) 1..
, feeble;' Cotgrave. - L. imblcillll1n, acc. immine1lt-, stem of pres. pt. of im-mi1Zire ,
of imblcillus (also imbicillis), feeble. to project over. - L. im- (for in), upon;
(Root unknown.) ·minl re, to project, as in l-minire.
Imbibe, to drink in. (F. - L.; or L. ) Immit, to inject. (L.) In Kersey
F. imbiber (16th cent.).-L. imhibere, to ( 1715 ). L. im·mittere, to send into (pp.
drink in. - L. im- (for in-), in; bibere, to immissus). - L. im- ( = in), in; mittere, to
drink. send . See Missile. Der. illlllliss·ion.
Imbricated, bent and hollowed like Immolate, to offer in sacrifice. (L.)
a gutter-tile. (L.) Botanical. From pp. From pp. of L. immolare, to sncri fice, lit.
of L. imbricare, to cover with gutter-tiles. to throw meal upon a victim. - L. im- (for
- L. imbric-, stem of imbrex, a gutter- itt), upon; mola, meal, cognate with E.
tile. - L. imbri-, decI. stem of imber, a Meal (I).
shower of rain.+Gk. t1pp6r, foam; Skt. Immunity, freedom from obligation.
abhra-, a rain-cloud; Brugm. i. § 466. (F.-L.) F. imf1mnitt, immunity. - L.
Imbroglio, intrigue, perplexity. (Ital.) immunittftem, acc. of imlilunitiis, exemp-
 IMMURE IMPORT
tion. - L immums, exempt from public impingere (pp. imjHutus), to bind. fasten;
services. -L. im- (for in), not; miinis, see Pact. See Diapatch.
serving, obliging (whence also communis, Impede, to obstruct. (L.) From L
common). See Common. impetlire, to entangle the feet, obstruct._
Immure. (F. -L.) For emmure. - L im- (=in), in; jed-, stem of pes,
M. F. emmtlrer, to shut up in prison, lit. foot. Der. impedi-mmt.
to enclose with a wall.-L im- (=in ), Impel. (L. ) L. im'pellere, to urge on.
ill; murus, a wall. -L. im- (for in), on; pellere, to drive;
Imp, a graft, offspring, demon. (Late see Pulsate. Der. impulse, L. i1llpulsus,
L.-Gk. ) Formerly in a good sense, sb .• from the pp. impulsus.
meaning a scion, offspring. M. E. imp, Impend, to hang over. (L.) L. im.
a graft on a tree (A. S. impe ) ; impm, pendire, to hang over. - L. im- (for in) ,
to graft. - Late L. impotlls, a graft (Lex on l over; pemure, to hang. See Pen-
Salica); [whence also Dan. Ympe, Swed . .dant.
ympa, G. imtjen, O. H. G. impiton, to Impera.tive. (F. -L.) F. imptratiJ,
graft ]. - Gk. f/J4>lrror, engrafted ; James imperious. - L. imperatiuus, due to a com-
i. 21. - Gk. f/J4>V.,,,, to implant. - Gk. mand. - L. imperatum, a command; neut.
ffL- (for fV) , in; cpu"", to produce, from ofimperatus,pp. ofimpera,·e,tocommand.
'\I"BHEU, to be; see Be. See Emperor.
Impact, a striking against. (L.).L. imlM'rial. (F. -L.) O. F. emperial,
impact-us, pp. of impingere, to impinge. later tmptrial.-L. imperia/is, belonging
See Impinge. to an empire. - L. imperium, an empire.
Impair, to make worse, injure, weaken. See Empire.
(F. - L. ) M. E. empeiren. - O. F. em- Impertinent. From 1m- (4) and
pcirer, later empirer, 'to impaire;' Cot. - Pertinent.
Late L. impnorare, to make worse.-L. Impervious. From 1m- (4) and
im- (for in), prep., with intensive force; Pervious.
and plior, worse, a comparative form from Impetus. (L.) L. impetus, lit. ' a fall-
a lost positive. Cf. Pessimist. ing on ;' a rush, attack. - L. im- (in), on;
Impale, to fix on a stake. (L.) Late petere, to fall, fly, seek. See Petition.
L. impa/are (whence F. tmpa/er).-L. im- Impinge, to strike against. (L.) L.
(forin), on; palus, a stake. See Pale ( I). impingere, to strike against. -L. im- (in),
Impart. (F. -L.) M. F. impartir . - on, upon; pangere , to fasten, also to
L. impartire, impertire, to give a share to. strike. See Pact.
-L. im- (= in) ,to,upon;parlire,topart, Implement, a tool. (Late L.-L)
from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a part. Late L. impllmentum, an accomplishing;
See Part. hence, means for accomplishing. - L. im-
Impassive. F rom 1m- (4) and Pas- pllre, to fill in, execute. - L. im- (for in),
sive. in; pll re. to fill. See Plenary.
Impa.wn. From Im- (3) and Pawn (I ) . Implica.te. (L. ) From pp. of L. im-
Impeach, to charge with a crime. (F. plicare, to involve. - L. im · (in), in;
-L.) The original sense was 'to hinder' ; plicare, to fold. See Ply.
as, 'to impeack and stop their breath,' implicit. (F.-L. ) F. imp!idte.-
Holland, tr. of Pliny, b. xi. c. 3. - O. F. L. implicitus, old pp. of implicare (above).
empescker, ' to hinder, stop, bar, impeach; , Implore. (F. - L.) F . implorer. - L.
Cot. Older spelling empeescker. where the implorare, to implore. -L. im· ( = in). OD,
s is adventitious. LLittre and Scheler COD- upon; p!orare, to wail. Cf. de.plore.
nect the mod. F. empecker with Provo em- Imply. (F. -L.) Coined from L. im-
pedegar, from Late L. impedicare, to fetter. (in), and ply; as if from a F. *implier;
- L. im- (for in). on, UpOD; pedica, a but the F. form was i",pliquer, still
fetter, from ped-, stem of pes, a foot.] earlier emp!oier (whence E. employ). See
/3. At the same time the usual sense of E. Ply.
impeack and some (at least) of the senses Import. (F. -L.; or L.) In two
of O. r. empesdler above are due to O. F. senses: ( I) to signify. - M. F. importer, to
empacker, Span. emjHukar, Ital. impacciare, signify. _ L. importare. to import, bring
to delay; from a Late L. frequent. form in, introduce, cause: (,) to bring in from
(*impacticare, in Korting, § 4110) of L. abroad; directly from the same L. im-
356
 IMPORTABLE IMPROVISE
porliire.- L. im- (in), in; portare, to bring. not; F. prendre, from L. prehendere, to
Der. import-ant, i. e. importing much. take, seize. See Prehensile.
See Port (1). Impregna.te, to render pregnant. (L.)
importable,intolerable; obsolete. (F. From pp. of L. imprlZgnii1'e, to impreg-
-L) M. F. importable. - L. imporltilJilis, nate. -L. im- (fo r in), in; *jmrgnare,
that cannot be borne. - L. im- (in-), not; only used in the pres. pt. pragnans; see
pmare, to bear. Pregnant.
Import1ll1e,tomolest. (F.-L.) From Imprese, an heraldic device, with a
M.E. importune, adj., troublesome.-F. motto. (F.-Ital.-L.) In Rich. II. iii.
importun, 'importunate;' Cot. -L. im- 1. 25. Also spelt impresa (Nares). -0. F.
portanus, unfit, unsuitable, troublesome. imprese. -Ita!. impresa, ' an imrrese, an
Orig. 'hard of access;' from L. im- (in- ), embleme; also, an enterprise; Florio.
not; portus, access, a harbour. See Port Fem. of impreso, undertaken (hence,
(2 ). Der. importun·ate, from pp. of adopted), pp. of imprmdere, to undertake.
Late L. imporluntiri, to vex, dep. vo. - L. in, in; prehendere, to lay hold of.
Impose. (F. -L. and Gk. ) F. im· Doublet, emprise, an enterprise, Spenser,
poser, to lay upon. - F. im- (L. in), upon; F. Q. ii. 4. 12; from F. emprise, fern. pp.
F. poser, to lay. See Pose (1). of emprendre, to undertake (Cotgrave) =
Imposition. (F.-L.) F.imposilion. Ita!. imprmdere. Der. impresario, an
- L. acc. impositionem, a laying on. - L. undertaker, stage-manager; from impresa
impositus, pp. of itnponere, to lay on. -L. an undertaking.
im- (in), on ; }Onere, to lay. Impress. (L.) L. impressiire, he-
impost. (F.-L ) O. F. impost, a quent. of imprimere, to press upon.-L.
tax.-L. pp. neut. imposilum (above), a im- (in), on; premere, to press. See
thing imposed. Press.
Imposthume, an abscess. (F. -L.- imprint. (F.-L.) The verb, in Sir
Gk.) Better apostume, as in Cotgrave.- T. More, is formed as if from im- and
M. F. apostume, 'an apostume, an inward print; but print itself is short for emprint.
swelling full of corrupt matter.' A still -0. F. empreinte,' a stamp, print;' Cot.
better spelling is M. F. aposteme, also in Orig. fem. of pp. of empreindre,' to print,
Cotgrave. - L. aposlbna. - Gk. (UrOt1TTJfUJ., stamp;' id. - L. impn:11Iere, to impress,
a standing away from; hence, a separation press upon (above). See Print.
of corrupt matter. -Gk. ,bro, away; t1Trh Imprison. (F.-L.) For emprison. -
base 2f rt1TTJJJJ. , I set, place, stand. O. F. emprisonner, to imprison. - O. F.
(-v'STA.) em· (forL. in), in; pn'son, a prison. See
Impostor. (L.) L. impostor, a de- Prison.
ceiver; from L. impffnere, to impose, also, Impromptu, a thing said off hand.
to impose upon, cheat. See Imposition. (F. -L.) F. impromptu. -L. in promplii,
Impotence. (F. -L.} F . (and O. F. ) in readiness; where prompta is abl. of
impotence. - L. impotentia, inability. - L. promptus, a sb. formed from promere, to
impotent-, stem of impotem, powerless. bring forward; see Prompt.
See Im- (4) and Potent. Impropriate, to appropriate to private
Impoverish. (F.-L.) From O. F. use. (L.) Coined from L. im- (in), in;
empovris-, stem of pres. pt. of empovrir, propritire, to appropriate, from propn'us,
to impoverish. - F. em- (= L. in), ex- one's own. See Proper.
tremely; O. F. povre, poor, from Lat. Improve. (F.-L.) Formerly emprove,
}auperem, acc. of pauper, poor. See for late M. E. enprowen (Skelton), which
Poverty and Poor. was itself an alteration of M. E. approwen,
Impreca.te. (L.) From pp. ofL. im· to benefit. -0. F. aproer, apprower, to
pncari, to call down upon by prayer.-L. benefit.-O. F. a (for L. ad, to), and
im- (in), upon; precari, to pray. See Pre- prou, sb., profit, answering to Ita!. prode,
carious and Pray. sb., benefit. Cf. Ita!' prode, adj., gooU,
Impregnable. (F'. -L.) The gn v:lliant; see ' Prowess. ~ The O. F .
orig. represented the sound of n followed sb. emprOfJement, improvement, occurs in
by a slight glide; cf. M. E. regne, pron. Godefroy.
(ren'ya), whenceE.reign.-F. imprmable, Improvise. (F.-Ital.-L) F. im-
'impregnable;' Cot. - F. im· ( = L. in-) , proviser. _ Ital. improvvisare, to ling ex-
l57 K
 IMPUDENT INCESSANT
tempornneous verses. - IW. imfrwviso, ID.a1lg1ll'ate. (L.) From pp. of L.
ludden, unprovided for. - L. ir"frouisus, in·augurtire, to pmctise augury, to con-
unforeseen. - L im- (for in- ), not; pro, be- secrate, begin formally. - L . in, in, upon;
fore; Nisus, pp. of uidlre, to see. See augur, nn augur; see Augur.
Vuion. Inca. a royal title. (Peruv.) Peruv.
Impudent, shameless. (F.-L) F. inca, a title. Cf. Peruv. (tY>ay "apac
impudent. - L. impudent-, stem of im- Inca, king of Peru «(apay = only; kajac
pudens, shameless.-L. im- (for in), not; = lord ). Inca was orig. the chief of a
pudens, modest, pres. pt. of pudlre, to tribe (Oviedo).
feel shame. Incande.cent, glowing hot. (L.)
Impugn. (F.-L) F.impugner. -L From stem of pres. pt. of in-candesetre, to
impugnare, to fight against. - L. im- (for glow; where candescere is the inceptive
in), against; pugnare, to fight, from pugna, form of candfre, to glow. See Candid.
a bat tle; cf. pugnus, a fist. Incantation. (F. - L.) F. incanta-
Impulse; see Impel. Iz'on. - L. incanttiti5nem,acc. of incanttitio,
lmplUlity. (F.-L.) F. impunitt.- an enchanting. - L. incanliire, to enchant.
L. acc. impunitatem, acc. of impiinitiis, - L. in, on, upon; canttire, to sing,
impunity.-L. imp;;ni-s, without punish- frequent. of camre, to sing. See Enchant
ment. - L. im- ( = in-), not; }<rna, punish- and Cant ( I).
ment. See Pain. Incarcerate, tc- imprison. (L.) L.
Impute. (F.-L.) F . imputer.-L. in, in; and carceriitus, pp. of carcerare,
impulare, to ascribe. - L. im- (in), towards; to imprison, from career, a prison.
putare, to reckon. See Putative. Incarnadine, to dye of a red colour.
In, prep. (E.) A.S. in.+Du. in, Ice1. (F. - Ital. - L.) F. incarnadin, carnation
i, Swed. Dan. i, Goth. in, G. in, W.yn, colour (Cot.). - Ita!. incarnadino, carna-
O. Irish in, L. in, Gk. lv, ivI. L. in is tion colour (Florio); also spelt incarna-
for O. L. en (as in en·do) - Gk. Iv. Der. tino. -Ital. incarnato, incarnate; also, of
inn·er, A. S. innera; in-most, A. S. inne· flesh colour. -L. incarntilus, pp. of incar-
mest (i. e. inne·m-est, a double superl. ntire, to clothe with flesh (below).
form). The form innermost is nlso a cor- incarnation. (F.-L.) F. incarna-
ruption of A. S. innemest. Also in-ward, tion. - L. acc. incarntiti5nem, em bodiment
tnere-in, wnere-in, witll-in, in-as-muck, in flesh. - L. incarntitus, pp. of z'ncarniire,
in·so-muck, in-ter-, in·tro-. And see Inn. to clothe with flesh. - L. in, on; and carn-,
In- (I), prefix. (E.) In some words, it decL base of carD, flesh. See Carnal.
is only the prep. in in composition. Exx. : Incendiary. (L.) L. z'ncenditirius,
in.born, in.breatke, in-hrecl, in· land, &c. setting on fire. - L. incendium, a burning.
And see Im- (I ). -L. incendere, to set on fire. -L. in,
In- (~), prefix. (L.) In some words, it upon; and *candere, to bum (not found),
is the L. prep. in in composition. Exx. : allied to Skt. ckand, to shine.
in·augurate, in·carcerate, &c. Sometimes, incense (I ), to inflame. (L .) From
it has passed through French; as in-dica· L. incensus, pp. of incendere, to set on
tion, &c. ~ It becomes il- before I, im· fire; see above.
before b, m, and p, ir· before r. incense ( 2), smell of burnt spices.
In- (3), negative prefix. (L, ; or F. - L.) (F . -L.) F . encens, incense, burnt spices.
From L . neg. prefix in·, cognate with E. - L. incensum, that which is burnt; neut.
neg. prefix un-; see Un_ ( I), An-, A- (9). of pp. of incendere, to set on fire (above).
~ It becomes i- before gn, as in i.gnoble ; Incentive. (L. ) L. incentitlus, strik-
il- before I; im· before b, m, and p; ir· ing up a tune, inciting. - L. *z'ncentus,
before r. Der. z'n·ability, in· accessible, unused pp. of incinere, to sound an instru-
&c. , &c. ; for which see able, access, &c. ment. -L. in, into; and canere, to sound,
Inane, empty, silly, useless. (L.) L. sing. See Ch&Jlt.
intinis, void, empty. Root unknown. Inceptive. (F . -L.) O. F. inceptif,
Der. inan-i-ty. adj. , beginning (Godefroy). - Late L. *in-
inanition, exhaustion from lack of cepli'llus (not found). -L. incept-us, pp. of
food. (F. - L.) F. inanition, 'an empty· incipere, to begin; see Inoipient.
ing ;' Cot. From the pp. of intinire, to Incessant, ceaseless. (F.-L.) F.
empty: from intinis (above). incessant. _ L. i1tCessant- stem of incessans,
258
 INCEST INDEMNIFY
unceasing. - L. in-, not; (llltIN, ceasing, con, I know (how); ct. Ice!. kunnigr,
pres. pt. of cessare, to cease, frequent. of knowing, wise.
ciden, to yield. See Ceaae and Cede. IncorJ?orate. (L.) L. incorpqriilus,
Incest. impurity. (F.-L.) M. E. in- pp. of tncorpqrar~, to furnish with a
cest.-F. incesle, sb. m. -L. incestus (gen. body; hence to form into a body.-L. i",
ow), incest. - L. incestus, unchaste.-L. in; cQrjxJr·, stem of corpus, a body. See
in-, not; castus, chaste. See Chaste. Corporal (2 ).
Inch (I ), the twelfth part ofa foot. (L. Increase. (F.-L.) M.E. incresm,
- Gk.) M. E. incite. A. S. }'nce. - L. ~ncresen.-F. en (L. in ) ; and A. F. creiss-,
uncia, an inch; also an ounce, one-twelfth stem of pres. pt. of A. F. crdstre, o. F .
of a pound.-Sicilian oiryKta, the same.- croislre (F . crotlre), to grow, from L.
Gk. frtltos, bulk, weight. Doublet, ounce crescer~, to grow. See Cresoent. Der.
(I ). And see Uncial. incr~as~, sb.; A. F. ~ncr~es.
Inch (2), an island. (Gael.) Gael. increment. (L.) L. incrbnmtu11l,
innis, an island.+lrish ints; W. ynys; an increase. L . in, in, used intensively;
Bret. enez; Com. enys. crl-, as in ere-tum, supine of creseere, to
Incident. (F.-L.) F. incident, 'an grow, with suffix -mentum. Cf. de'cre-
incident;' Cot. - L. incidmt-, stem of mente
pres. pt. of i"cidffe, to fall upon. -L. in, Incubate. (L. ) From pp. of Lat.
on; and cadere, to fall. See Cadence. incu/Jiire, to sit on eggs to hatch them. -
Incipient. (L.) L. incipiml-, stem .L . in, upon; cuba.re, to lie down, to sit.
of pres. pt. of incip~re, to begin.-L. in, incubus. (L.) L. i"cubus, a night-
upon; capere, to lay hold of. See Capa- mare.-L. in-cubare, to lie upon (above).
cious. Inculcate. (L.) From pp. ofL. in-
Incise to cut into. (F.-L.) F. mlctir~, lit. to tread in, hence, to enforce
inciser. - L. incims, pp. of in-cidere, to by admonition. - L. in, in; calcare, to
cut into. - L. in, in; cO!dere, to cut. See tread. See Calk.
ClIl8ura. Inculpate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Incite. (F. - L.) F. inciter. - L. L. inC1llpiire, to bring blame upon. - L.
incitare, to urge on.-L. in, on; citare, in, upon; m/pare, to blame. See Culp-
to urge. See Cite. able.
Incline, to lean towards. (F. -L.) Incumbent. (L.) L. incumbent-,
F. inclimr. -L. inclinare. - L. in, to- stem of pres. pt. of inmmbere, to recline
wards; *clinare, to lean, cognate with E. on, rest on or in (remain in); where
Lean (I) , q. v. Doublet, encline. ·cumbere is a nasalised form ~llied to
Inclose. (F. - L.) For enclose. - cubare, to lie down. So also pro-cum bent,
O. F . me/os, pp. of enclore, to include. - prostrate; re-mmbmt, lying back npon;
L. includere, to shut in. - 1.. in, in; suc-cumb, to lie uncer, yield to.
claudere, to shut. See Clause. Incur. (L.) L. incurrere, to n1l1
include. (L.) From L. inclUdere into, run upon. - L. in, upon; curren, to
(above). run. See Current.
Incognito, lit. unknown. (Ital.-L.) incursion. (F. -L.) M. F . incursion.
Ital. incognito, unknown. -L. in-cognilus, - L. incursionem, acc. of incursio , an
not known. - L. in-, not; cognitus, known. inroad. - L. incursus, p.r. of incurrere,
See Cognition. to run into, attack (above).
Income. gain, revenue. (E.) Properly Incurvate, to crook. (L.) From pp.
that which comes in; from in and come. of L. ittCUruare, to bend into a curve.-
So also out-come, i. e. result. L. in, in; curuare, to bend. See Curve .
Incommode. (F.-L.) F. incom- Indeed. truly. (E.) For in deed, i. e.
moder, to inconvenience. - L. incomf1lodare, in fact; see Deed.
to inconvenience.-L. in, not; commodus, Indelible. (F. -L.) For indeltb/e.
fit; see Commodious. - M. F. inde/ebile, 'indelible;' Cot. - L.
Incony. fine, delicate, very dear. (E.) indellbiHs,indelible.-L.in-,not; dllibilis,
In Shako For in-conny; where in- is destructible, from tillire, to destroy. See
intensive, as in M. E. in-ty, very; and Delete.
conny (also canny) is North E., meaning Inclemnif,v, to make damage good.
skilful, gentle, pleasant, Ikc. From E. (L.) III coined; from L. ;ndemni-s. un-
269
 INDEMNITY INERT
harmed, free from lOBS; and F. -fi", for Indite. (F.-L.) Forendite. M.F.
L. -fic-nr~, for facer~, to make (as in endicter, O. F. enditer, to indict, accuse;
magni-.fy). L. indemnis is from L . in-, also spelt inditer.-Late I.. indidare, to
not; and damnum, loss. See Damn. point out, frequent. of indicere, to appoint_
indemnity. (F.-L.) F. indemnill. See Indioate. Doubtless confused with
-L. acc. incklllniliitem.-L. in-ckmni-s, the closely related L. indicare, (0 point out.
unharm ed, free from loss (damnum). Indolence. (F.-L.) F. indolence. -
Indent ( I), to cut into points like L. indolentia, freed om from pain; hence,
teeth. (Law L.) A law term.-Law L. ease, idleness. -L. in-, not; dolent-, stem
ind~nlare, to notch. - L. in, in; d~nl-, of pres. pt. of do/ire, to grieve. See
stem of delIS, a tooth. Der. indenture Doleful.
(F. endentun); so called because duplicate Indomita.ble. (L.l Coined from in-,
deeds were cut with notched edges to fit not; domitare , to subdue, frequent. of
one another. doman , to tame. See Daunt.
Indent (l ), to make a dint in. (E.) Indubita.ble. (F. -L.) M.F. indubi-
From E. in, prep. ; and dent, a dint. table. - L. indubitiibilis, not to be doubted.
See Dint. Suggested by indent (I ), but - L. in-, not; dubitabilis, doubtful, from
quite a di stinct word. dubilare, to doubt; see Doubt.
Index. (L.) L. index (stem indic-) , a Induce. (L.) L. indiicere, to lead to.
discloser, something that indicates. - L. - L. in, in, to; diicere, to lead; see
indicare, to point out. - L. in, in, to; Duke.
dicare, to appoint, declare, allied to induct. (L.) From L. induct-us, pp.
dicere, to say; see Diction. of i"diicere, to bring in (above).
indica.te. (L.) From pp. of L. in- Indue (I), to invest or clothe with,
dican, to point at, point out (above) . supply with. (L.) In Spenser, F . Q. iii.
indict. (F. - L. ) For indite (which 6. 35. - L. indttere, to put into, put on,
is the French spelling), and so pronounced. clothe with. The prefix is ind-, not
See Indite. in- (for this prefix see Indigent); cf.
indiction, a cycle of fifteen years. ex-uuia, spoils, ind-uuia, clothes. See
(L.) O. F. indiction, an appointment of Exuviee.
tributes arranged for fifteen years; the lit Indue (l ), a corruptionofEndue,q. v.
sense is merely 'appointment.' -L. in- Indulgence. (F.-L.) F. indulgmce.
diclianem, ace. of indiclio, an appointment, - L . indulgentia. - I.. indulgtnt-, stem of
esp. of a tax. - I.. indictus, pp. of indicere, pres. pt. of indulgire, to be courteous to,
to appoint, impose a tax. - L. in, upon; indulge. (Of unknown origin.)
dicere, to S3y. See Diotion. Indura.te, to harden. (L.) From pp-
Incligenou, native. (L.) Late L. of L. indiirllre, to hardeu. - L. in, inten-
illdigen-us, native; with suffix -(IUS. - L . sive; dl~riire, to harden, from durus, hard.
indio - O. Lat. indu, within (cf. Gk. See Dura.
1,,3cw); and gen., as in gen-i.tus, hom, pp. IndUlltrT. (F.-I..) F. industm.-
of gil[!!tre, to beget; see GenUl. L. induslna. - L. industrius, diligent.
hdigent, destitute. (F.-L.) M.F. Origin uncertain.
indigent. - L. indigent-, stem of pres. part. Inebria.te. (L.) From L. inibriatus,
of indigire, to be in want. - L . ind-, for pp. of ,nibriare, to make drunk. - I.. in,
indu, an O. Lat. ~tension from in, in in, very; ibriare, to make drunk, from
(d. Gk. 1"30,,, within); egire, to want, be ibrius, drunk. See Ebriety.
in need; cr. L. indigus, needy. Cf. Gk. Ine:fra.ble. (F. -L.) F. ineffable.-
dxil", poor, needy (Tbeocritus). L. ineffiibilis, unspeakable. - L. in-, not;
Indigo, a blue dye . (F. - Span. - L. if- (for ex), out; /a-ri, to speak; with
-Gk.-Pers. -Skt.) F. indigo. -Span. suffix -bilis. See Fate.
indico. - L. indicum, indigo; neut. of Ineut, foolish. (F. -L.) XVII cent.
Indi{us, Indian (hence Indian dye). - Gk. - M.l'. ine/fe. - L. ineptus, improper,
1.. &,,6 .. , indigo; neut. of 'b&,,6., Indian. - foolish. - L. in-, not ; and aptus, fit. (Also
Pen. Hind, India ; a name due to the inapt, from in-, not, and apt.) See Apt.
river Indus. - Skt. sindllu· , the river Indus ; Inert. (L.) L. inert-, stem of iners,
a large river. - Skt. syand, to flow . ~ The unskilful, inactive. - L. in-, not; ars, skill.
Penian chanres initial s into h. See Art ( 2) .
160
 INEXORABLE INGLE
Inezorable. (F. -L.) F. inexorable. to blow into, puff up. -I... in, in; Jilire, to
I
-I... i,:exoriibilis, that cannot be moved blow. See F latulent.
by intreaty. - I... i,,., not; exortire, to I ID1lect, to modulate the voice, &c.
gain by ill treaty, from L. ex, out, greatly, (I...) L. iltjiectere, lit. to bend in. -I...
and orare, to pray. See Oration. in , in; Jieclere, to bend. See Flexible.
Infamf-. (F. - L.) F. inJamie. - L. Inilict. (L. ) From L iltjiicltts, pp. of
illfamia, 111 fame.-I... infami-s, adj., of inJiigere, to inflict, lit. to stIike upon.-I...
ill fame. - I... ill-, not, bad; f ama, fame. ill, upon; and jligere, to strike. See
See Fame. Aftlict.
Infant. (I...) I... illfant- , stem of in- ID1lorescence, mode of flowering_
fans, not speaking, hence, a very young (F.-I...) F. i'tjiorescence. From the
ba be. - I... in-, not; faIlS, pres. pt. of pres. pt. of L. injloresu re, to burst into .
/dri, to speak. blossom. - I... in, into; and jlOrescere,
infantry. (F .-Ita!'-I... ) F_ itlfall- inceptive form ofjlorire, to bloom. See
terie. - Ital. i'ifallten 'a, foot-soldiers; orig. Flourish.
a band of ' infants,' as young men were Infiuence. (F. -I...) O. F. i,tjiumct.
called. - Ita!' ilifanle, an infant. - L. a flowing in, esp. used of the influ ence of
ilifalttem, acc. of ilifam (above). planets. - Late L . i1tjiumtia. - L. i,tjiumt.,
Infatuate. (I... ) From pp. of L. stem of pres. pt. of i,tjiue,'e. to fl ow into.
ilifa/udre, to make a fool of. - L. in, in, - I... in. into; jluere, to flow. See
greatly; fatuu s, foolish. See Fatuous. Fluent.
Infect, to taint. (F. -I... ) M. E. infiuenz&. (Ital. -L.) Ita!' injluenza,
i'ifecl , as pp. ; also i'ifee/en, vb. - O. F , influence, also used of a severe catarrh. A
infoct, infected.- I... i'ifectus, pp. of in- doubl et of Influence (above).
j icere, to put in, dye, stain. -L. ill, in ; infiuz. (F.-I...) O. F. injlux.-I...in.
facere, to put. See F act. Jiuxus, a flowing in. - I... in, in; Jiuxus,
Infer, to imply. (F. -I... ) M. F. in' , pp. ofJiuere . to flow.
flrer; F . i'iftrer. - L . info"e, to bring in, Inform, t o impart knowledge to. (F.
in troduce.-L. in, in; ferre , to bring. -I... ) F. i1iformer. -I... informiire, to
~ee Fertile. put into form, mould; also, to tell. inform.
Inferior. (F.-I... ) M. F. i,ifeneur. - - L. in, into ; fonna, form. See Form.
L. j11/eriorem, acc. of i1iferior, lower, Infraction, violation of law. (1".-
compo of illforttS, low, nether, Strictly, I...) F. i'if,'action . - I... acc, infractionem,
inferus is itself a compar. form, which a weakening, breaking into. - L. i,t/ractus,
some connect with Skt. adhara, lower ; pp. of in-fn'1tgere (below).
which is doubtful. See Brugm. i. § 589 iD.friDge. (I...) I... infn'"g-ere, to
(note). break into, violate law. - I... in, into;
infernal. (F. -I...) F. infenUlI. -L. /rangere, to break. See Fragile.
i"ftmiilis, belonging to the lower regions. Infuriate. (Ita!. - L. ) Ita!' infuriato,
- L infornus, lower; extended from in- pp. of infun'are, to fly into a rage. - Ita!'
f erus (above). I i1l furia, • in a fury, ragingly;' F lorio.-
Infest, to harass. (F. -I... ) F. infester. L. i1l, in; fun'a, rage. See Fury. ~ Or
-I... infestare, to attack . - I... i,t/eslus, from Late L. pp. i,t/uriatus (Ducange).
attacking, hostile ; orig. unsafe. Origin I Infuse. (F. - L ) F . infuser. - I... i,,·
doubtfu!' /fm~s, pp. of i,t/undere, to pour in . - I...
InfideL (F . -I... ) M. F . i"fide/e, ' in- . ilt , in; fundere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ).
fidell;' Cot.-I... itifidilis, fait hless. -L. I Ingenious. (F. -L. ) M.F . i':gmieux
in-, not ; fidilis, faithful, from fidi.s, faith. I '. Col.) . - L. iltgmiostts, clever. - I... ingm·
See Fa.ith. , ;um, natural capacity; see Engine.
Infinite. (F.-L.) O. F. ;,ifinit (F. ingenuous. (I... ) L. i,zgenu-us, in-
;nfim) . - I... ;nftni/us, uneuded. - I... ill-, born, free -born, frank; with suffi x -ous. -
not; /initllS, pp. of ffnfre , to end, from L. in, in; gen· , as in gen-i-tus, born, pp.
f illis, end. See F inal. of g;g,zere, to beget. See Genus.
Infirm. (L.) L. i1ifirmus, not strong, Ingle ( I) , fire. (C. ) Low!. Sc. ingle,
weak. - L. in-, not; firmus, firm . See fire. Perhaps from Gael and Irish aingeal,
Firm. Der. i'zjirm-ar-y, infirm.i.ty. : fire. Allied to Irish ong-, Russ. ogone, fire.
In:O.a.te. (L.) From pp. of L injlare, See Ignition.
z61
 INGLE INN
Ingle (2), a darling, paramour. (Du. Inhibit, to check. (L.) From L. in-
or Fries.-L.-Gk.) . Also engle (Nares). hwitus, pp. of inhibere, to keep in, hold
M. Du. ingel, engel, an angel (hence, a in. - L in, in; habere, to have, keep.
term of endearment) . KooIman notes E . See Habit.
Fries. engel, an angel, as being commonly Inimical. (L.) L. inimicalis, ex-
used as a term of endearment and as a tended from inimicus, hostile. - L. in.,
female name. - L . angelus. - Gk. If.YYEAOf. not; and amicus, friendly. See EneDl7
See Angel. and Amiable.
Ingot, a mass of unwrought metal. Iniquity, vice. (F.-I..) M. E. in·
( E.) M. E. ingot, Chaucer, C. T. 16677, iquitee. - P. iniquitl. - L. iniquitdttm,
&c., where it means a mould for molten acc. of iniquitas, inj~stice.-L. in-, not;
metal. But the true sense is 'that which tZ'1uitas, equity. See Equity.
is poured in,' a mass of meta!' - A. S. in, Initial, pertaining to the beginning.
in; and got-en, poured, pp. of geotan, to (F.-L.) F. initial.-L. initiiilis, adj.
pour, fuse metals. Cf. Du. ingielen, Swed. from initium, a beginning.-L initum,
ingjuta, to pour in. Also Du. gieten, G. supine of in-ire, to go in, to enter into or
giessm, Ice!. gjota (pp. gotinn), Dan. gyde, upon. - L in, ill; ire, to go.
Swed. gjuta, Goth. giutan, to pour, shed, initiate, to begin. (L.) From pp.
fuse; coguatewithLIundere. (.y'GHEU. ) of I.. initiare, to begin. - L. initiUl11
Hence F. lingot, (or (ingot. + G. tin- (above).
guss, a pouring in, also an ingot; Swed. IDject. (L.) From iniectus, pp. of
iffffott, th: neck of a mould for metals. L . inicere, to cast in, throw into. - L. in,
~, to dye of a fast colour. (F.- in; iacere, to throw. See Jet (1).
L.) M. E. engrtl)'ntn. - M. F. engrainer IDjunction, command. (L.) From
(Palsg.). - F. en graine, in grain, with a I.. iniunctio, an order.-L. iniunctus, pp.
fast colour.-F. en, in (L. in); Late L. of iniungen, to bid. See Enjoin.
grana, cochineal dye, from granum, a IDjure. (F.-I..) F. injurier.-Late
grain. See Grain and Cochineal. L. iniuriare; for L. initlriari, to harm. -
Ingrate, ungrateful. (F.-L. ) :F. in- L iniuria, harm. - L. iniurius, wrong. -
grato - L. ingrtilus, not pleasing. - L. in-, L in-, not; iur-, for ius, law, right. See
not; grit/us, pleasing. See Grateful Just.
Ingratiate, to commend to the favour Ink. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. enke.-
oJ: (1,.) Coined from L. in, in; gratia, O. F. enque (F. encre). -Late L . i1tCaUs-
favour, grace. See Graoe. tum; L. encaustum, the purple-red ink
Ingredient, that which enters into a used by the later Roman emperors; nellt.
compound. (F.-L.) F. ingr{dient (the of encaustus, burnt in. - Gk. lyltaliUTOS,
same).-L. ingredient-, stem of pres. pt. burnt in.-Gk. iv, in; "alGi, I bum. (Cf.
of ingredi, to enter upon, begin (hence to Ita!. inchiostro, ink.) See Encaustio.
euter into). - L. in, in; gradi, to go. See Inlde, a kind of tape. (Origin un-
Grade. known. ) Perhaps from M . Du.enckel, Du.
ingress. (L.) L. ingressus, an enter· enkel, single, as opposed to double; but
ing. - L. ingressus, pp. of ingred; (above). there is no obvious connexion.
InguiD.a.l, relating to the groin. (L.) Inldbur, a hint, intimation. (Scand.?)
L. inguinalis (the same). - 1.. i1tguin-, M. E. inliing, a whisper, murmur, low
stem of inguen, the groin. speaking. Alexander, when in disguise,
ID.ha.bit. (F. - I..) M. F. inhabiter.- feared he was discovered, because he' herd
I.. inhabitare, to d well in. - L. i1t, in; habi- a nyngkiling of his name'; Allit. romance
tare, to dwell. See Habitation. of Alexander, 2968; where a ny1tgkiling
ID.ha.le. (L.) L. in/wlare, to breathe stands for an yngkiling. •To incle the
in, draw in breath. - I.. in, in; halart, to truthe' = to hint at the truth, Alisaunder
breathe. Cf. Exhale. (in app. to Wm. of Paleme), 616. Origin
Inherent. (L.) L. inhtZrmt-, stem unknown; perhaps allied to Swed. enkel,
of pres. pt. of in-htZrere, to stick in. Hence single; cf. et enkelt ord, a single word;
inhere, as a verb. See Hesitate. M. Du. endlelinfe, 'a falling or a dimin-
Inherit. (F. -L.) O. F. enheriter.- ishing of notes I Hexham.
Lite I.. inherCditare. - L. in, in; hered-tm, InD., sb. (E.) M. E. in, inn. - A. S.
ace. of heris, an heir. See Heir. in", in, ab., room, dwelling.-A. S. in,
a6a
 INNING INSTEP
i"n, adv., within, indoors. - A.S. itt, prep., sectum, lit. 'a thing cut into,' i. e. nearly
in. +Ice1. inni, an inn; inni, adv., indoors. divided , from the shape. - L. ituectus, pp.
See In. of inseeare, to cut into. - L. itt, into;
inning. (E.) Properly the securing seeare, to cut. See Secant.
or housing of grain, from iml, vb., due to Insert. (L. ) From L. insertus, pp.
inn, sb. (above ). Also innings, at of inserere, to introduce, put in. - L. in,
cricket, invariably used in the plural, in; serere, to join, put. See Series.
because the side which is in consists of InsidiolUl. (F.-L.) F. insidieux.
several players. deceitful.-L. insidiosus, treacherous.-L.
Innate, in-born. (L.) L. inniitus, in- insiditZ, pI. troops of men who lie in wait,
born. - L. in, in; natus, born; see Natal. also cunning wiles. - L. insidire, to lie in
Innocent. (F.-L.) F. imuuent.-L. wait, lit. 'to sit in.'-L. in, in; sed"e, to
innoeent-, stem of i1Znoeens, harmless. - sit. See Sedentar:v.
L. in-, not; noeens, pres. pt. of noeere, to Insignia.. (L .) L. insignia, marks of
hnrt. See Noxious. office; pI. of insigne, which is the neuter
innocuous. (L.) L. innocuous, harm- of inslgnis, remarkable. - L. in, upon.
less; with suffix -cus. - L. in-, not; noe"e, signum, a mark. See Sign.
to hurt. Insinuate. (L.) From pp. of L. in-
Innovate, to introduce something new. sinuare, to introduce by winding or
(L.) From pp. ~f 1:-. innouare, to renew, bending. -L. in, into; sinus (gen. sinUs).
make new.-L. In, ID; nouus, new. See a bend. See Sinus.
Novel. Insipid. (L.) L. insipidus. -L. in-,
Innuendo, an indirect hint. (L.) Not not; sapidus, savoury. See Sapid.
to be spelt inuendo. From L. i""uendo, Insist. (F.-L. ) F. insister.-L. in-
by intimating; gernnd of innuere, to nod sistere, to set foot on, persist. - L. in, in;
towards, intimate. - L. in, in, at; nuere, sistere, to set, stand, from stare, tp stand.
to nod. See Nutation. See State.
Inoculate. (L.) In old authors it Insolent. (F.-L.) M. E. insolent.
means 'to engraft.'-L. inoeulatus, pp. of -F. insolent, saucy._L. insolent-, stem
inoculare, to engraft, insert a graft.-L. of insolens, not customary, unusual, inso-
in, in; oculus, an eye, also a bud of a lent. - L. in-, not; solens, pres. pt. of
plant. See Ocula.r. so'"e, to be accnstomed, be wont.
Inordinate. (L.) L. i,wrdiniilus. - Inspect. (L.) L. inspeetare, to ob-
L. in-, not; ordinatus, ordered, controlled, serve; frequent. of insp;cere, to look into.
pp. of ordinare; see Ordain. And see - L. in, into; spectre, to look. See
Order. Species.
Inquest. (F . -L.) Later spelling of Inspire. (F. -L.) O. F. enspire,..,
M. E. enqueste. O. F. mqueste. -Late L. M. F. inspirer (Cot.). - L. inspirare, to
inquesta, sb., from inquesta, fem. of Late breathe into. - L. in, into; spirare, to
L. inquestus. - L. inquisitus, pp. of in· breathe. See Spirit.
quireye, to search into. - L. in, into; Inspissate, to make thick. (L.)
quaerere, to search. See Query. Fro.m pp. of .L. ins~ssiire, to thicken.-
inquire, late spelling of Enquire, L. "', ID; SPlSSUS, thick, dense.
q. y. ••• . .. Instance. (F.-L.) F. instance, 'in-
mquUlltion. (F.-L.) F. Inqum- stance, urgency;' Cot.-L. itlStantia, a
tion. - L. acc. inquisitWnem, a search being near, urgency. - L. instant-, Item
into. - L. inquisitus, pp. of inquirere ; of pres. pt. of instare, to be at hand, to
see Inquest (above). urge. - L. in, upon, near; stare, to atand.
Inscribe. (L.) L. inscribere, to See State.
write in or upon; pp. insenptus (whence Instead. (E.) For in stead, i.e. in
inscription). - L. in, upon; scribere, to the place. See Stead.
write. See Scribe. Instep, the upper part of the foot,
ID.8crutable, that cannot be scrutin- where it rises to the front of the leg. (E.)
ised. (F. -L.) F. inscrutable.-L. in· Formerly instup and instop (Minsheu).
scrl4tiilJilis. - L. in., not; serUlari, to These forms may be related to A. S. stop-.
scrutinise. See Sorutin7. as seen in stop-~l, a footprint, O. Sax.
Iaseot. (F.-L.) F. ins«te.-L. in- stop-(). a Itep (c!. Do. sl()ej, a set of &tepI,
363
 INSTIGATE INTERCOURSE
G. stuje, a step, stair) ; from stop, strong a cO\'ering, skin. - L. in, upon; tegere, to
grade of stapa1Z, to advance (whence the cover; see Tegument.
secondary verb st~ppan, to step). The Intellect. (F. -L.) M.F. intellect.-
reference seems to be to the movement of L. itl/ellectus, perception, discernment. -
the foot in walking. See Step. L . inlellecttlS, pp. of intelligere, to dis-
InstiJate, to urge on. (L.) From cern . - L. intel-, for inter, between; legere,
pp. of ,nstigare, to goad on.-L. in , on; to choose. See Legend.
and base *stig-, to prick, allied to L. intelligence. ( F. -L.) F. itttelli·
stinguere, to prick; see Distinguish. genet. - L. intelligentia, perception. - L.
See Brugm. i. § 633. intelligent-, stem of pres. pt. of intelligere,
Instil_ (F. - L.) F. instiller. - L. to discern, understand (above).
instillare, to pour in by drops. - L. in, intelligible. (F.-L.) F. intelli-
in; stilliire, to drop, from stit/a, a drop. gible. - L. i.ttell~l{ibi!is, p erceptible to the
See Still (2). senses. - L. illtel/igt1"C, to d iscern (above) ;
Instinct. (F. -L.; or L.) F. insti"ct, with suffix -bilis.
sb. - L . instinctum, acc. of instinctus, an Intend_ (F.-L.) M. E. entmdm. -
impulse. - L. imtindus, pp. of instinguere, F. entendre. - L. itttmdere, to stretch to,
to goad on. - L. in, on; stinguere, to bend or apply the mind to, design . - L. in,
prick. See Distinguish. to; tende,'e, to stretch. See Tend ( I ).
Institute. (L.) From L. institutu.f, intense. (F.-L.) O. F. illteme. -
pp. of imtituere, to set, establish. - L. ill, L. intens-us, stretched out, pp. of intendere
in ; statuere, to place, from statu-s, verbal (above).
sb. from stare, to stand. See State. intent, design. (F. -L.) M. E. en-
Instruct. (L. ) From L. i1Zstructus , tente. - F. mtmte, intention; participial
pp. of instruere, to build into, instnlct. - sb. from F. entetttire, to intend; see Intend.
L. in, in; struere, to pile up, build. See And see below.
Structure. intent, adj . (L.) L. intmtus, bent
instrument_ (F.-L. ) F. i1lstru- on; pp. of intendere ; see Intend.
ment. - L. ittst,-umultum, an implement, Inter. (F . -L.) M.E. enlerren. -F.
tool. _ L. instruere (above) ; with suffix enterrer, to bury.-Late L. interriire, to
-mentum. put into the ground. - L. in, in; terra,
Insular. (L.) L. insularis, insular.- grol1nd. See Terrace. Der. inter-mm!,
L. insula, an island. Cf. Isle. F. enterrement.
Insult, vb. (F.-L.) F.insulter. -L. Inter-,prqfx, amongst. (L.) L. inter,
insultiire, to leap upon, scoff at, insult; among; a comparative form, answering to
frequent. of insilere, to leap upon . -L. in, Skt. antar, within; closely allied to In-
on ; sali,.~, to leap . See Salient. terior, q. v. Also Intel- (before I).
Insurgent. (L.) L. insur.t:m!-, stem Intercalate, to insert. (L.) From
of pres. pt. of insurgere, to rise up or on, pp. of L. intercaliire, to proclaim that
to rebel. - L. in, on ; surgere, to rise. See a day has been inserted in the calendar,
Surge. to insert. - L. inter, amongst; caliire, to
insurrection. (F. -L.) F. insur- proclaim. See Calenda.
rection . - L .acc. i1lsurrectiomm,fromnol11. Intercede. (F.-L.) F.interdder.-
insurredio. - L. insurrectus, pp. of in- L. illtercldere, lit. to go between; hence,
surgere, to rebel (above). to mediate.-L. iltter, between; cldere, to
Intaglio, a kind of carved work. (ltal. go. See Cede. Der. intercessio1t, from
- L. ) lta1. intaglio, a sculpture, carving. the pp. interuss-us.
- Ital. intagiiare, to cut into. - Ital. in Intercept. (F. - L.) F. ilttercepter. -
( = L. i1l), in; taglian = Late L. taliare, L. i"tercepl-us, pp. of intl!1"Cipere, lit. to
taleare, to cut twigs, to cut, allied to catch between.-L. inter, between; capere,
lalia, tiil~a, a slip, twig. to take. See Capacious.
Iuteger, a whole number. (L.) L. Intercourse. (F. - L.) Formerly
integer, whole, entire; lit. uutouched, i. e. entercourse. - F. entrecours, intercourse,
unharmed. - L. in-, not; *tag-, base of commerce. - Late L . intercursus, com-
tangere, to touch. See Tangent. Hrugm. merce; lit. a running amongst. - L. inter,
i. 2« (3) ; ii. § 632 . amongst; cursus, a running, course, from
Integument. (L.) L.integIJtncntuln, the pp. of curnre, to run. See Oourse.
l6..
 INTERDICT INTERSPERSE
Interc1ict, ab. (L.) Law L. inter- L.) F. intenur.-F. i'lterne, internal,
dictum, a kind of excommunication; in kept within.-L. intemw, inward; from
Latin, a decree. -L. interdictus, pp. of inter, within, IlDd suffix -",IS. See Inter-.
interdteere, to pronounce a jUdgment internal. lL.) Cf. O. F. intenu/.
between two parties. -L. inter, between ; From L. intern-tIS (above); with suffix
dfeere, to say. See Diction. -at (L.-tilis ).
Intereat (I ), profit, advantage. (F.- Internecine, thoroughly destructive.
L.) M. F. interest (F. in/(rlt), an interest (L.) L. internecfnus, thoroughly destruc-
in a thing, interest for money (Cot.). - L. tive. _ L. internecio, utter slaughter. - L.
interest, it is profitable; 3 peTS. sing. of inter, thoroughly (see Lewis) ; and neetire,
.:nteresse, to concern, lit. 'be among.' - L. to kill, from nee-, stem of nex, death. Cf.
mter, among; esse, to be. See Inter- Gk. "fICVS , a corpse. Brugm. i. § 375.
nnd ElI8ence. Interpellation. (F. -L.) F. inter·
interest ( 2), to engage the attention pellalion.-L. acc. i,tlerpelltitiiinelll. - J..
of another. (F.-L.) A curious word ; interp/latw, pp. of illterpelltire, to drivc
formed (by partial confusion with the verb between, to hinder, interrupt.-L. inter,
above) from the pp. interess'd of the between; pellere, to drive. See Pulsate.
obsolete verb to interess, uSed by Massinger Interpolate. (L.) From pp. of L.
and Ben Jonson. -M.F. interesst, 'in- interpo/tire, to furbish up, patch, interpo-
teressed, or touched in;' Cot.-L. in- late.-L. interpo/us, interpo/is, polished
teresse, to concern (as above). Der. up. _ L. inter, in, between; polin, to
Hence dis-interested, from the verb dis- polish. See Polish.
interest,orig. a pp. and spelt disinteress'd. Interpose. (F. -L. and Gk.) F. in-
Interfere. (F. - L.) Formerly enter- terposer, to put between. - L. inter, be-
ftir, to dash one heel against the other tween ; F . poser, to put; see Pose (1 ) .
(Blount). O. F . lentrifen'r, to exch:mge Interposition. (F. - L. ) F. inter-
blows. - F. entre, between; flrir, to strike. position. - L. acc. interpositiol1em,a putting
-L. inter, between ; jerire, to strike. between.-L. interyosittfS, pp. of interj>O-
See Ferule. nerl, to put between. - L. inter, between;
Interior. (F.-L.) O. F. interior.- !Onere, to put. See Position.
L. inten'6rem, acc. of inten'or, compo of Interpret,toexplain. (F.-L.) M.E.
intenu, within. In-terus itself was orig. interpreten. - M. F. interpreter. - L. inter-
a comparative form, answering to Skt. pretari, to expound. - L. inte,.p,.et-, stem of
anta,.a-, interior. The positive is the L. interprls, an interpreter, properly an agent,
in; in; see In. Bru~m, i. § 466. broker. The latter part of the word is
Inter;jacent. (L.) From pres. pt. of perhaps allied to L. pret-;u"" price; see
L. intenacit-e, to he between. - L. inte,., Price.
between; iael,.e, to lie. See Jet ( I). Interregnum. (L.) From L. inter,
interjectiOn. (F.-L.) F.interjee- between; regnl4m, a reign, rule, from
tioll, an interjection, a word tnrt1Wn in to "ege,.e, to rule. See Regent.
express emotion.-L. ace. interiectiOtIml, Interrogate. (L.) From pp. of L.
a throwing between, insertion, interjection. inte,.,.ogii,.e, to question. - L. inter,
- L. interieetus, pp. of L. il1terice,.e, to thoroughly; ,.oga,.e, to ask. See Roga-
cast between; (-ice,.e = iacere, to cast). tion.
Interloper, an intruder. (Du.-F.-L. Interruption. (F.-L.) F. interrup-
and Du.) Low G. and Du. enter/oper tion . -L. acc. interruptiiinem, a breaking
(Brem. Wort.). Lit. ' a nmner between;' into. - L. interruptus, pp. of interrumj>ere,
coined from F . entre ( <L. inter) , between; to break into. - L. inte,., amongst; rumpen,
and Du. looper, a runner, from loopn, to to break. See Rupture.
run, cognate with E. /eap; see Leap. Intersect. (L.) From L. inte,.seclus,
Intermit, to interrupt, cease awhile. pp. of interseeii,.e, to cut between or apart.
(L.) L . inte1'1nittere, to send apart, inter- - L. inte,., between; secare, to cut. See
TUpt; pp. intermissus. - L. inter, between; Secant.
mit/ut, to send. See _iseile. Der. in- Intersperse. (L.) From L. inter-
lenniss-ion, F . intermission, L. acc. in- spersw, pp. of intnsperge,.e, to sprinkle
termisniinem; from the pp. . amongst. - L. i,tler, among; sparger" to
IntenL. to confine within limits. (F.- scatter. See 8pane.
265
 INTERSTICE INURE
Intentice. (F.-I...) J!".interstice.- Intricate, perplexed, obscure. (L.)
L. illtentilium, an interval of space. - L. From the pp_ of I... intricare, to perplex.-
inter, between; sttUus, pp. of sis/ere, to L. itl, in; trietZ, pI. sb., hindrances, vexa-
place, from stare, to stand. See State. tions, wiles. See Extricate_
Interval. (F.-L.) M.F. i,uervaiie, intrigue to form secret plots. (F.-
interval. - L. interuailuf1l, lit. the space Ital.-L.; F. intnguer, (also M.F. i,.·
between the rampart of a camp and the triquer, 'to intricate, perplex, insnare;'
soldiers' tents. - L. inter, between; uallum, Cot.). -Ital. intrigare (also intricarc), ' to
rampart. See Wall. intricate, entrap;' Florio. - L. intricare
Intervene, to come between. (F. - L. ) (above).
F. intervenir; Cot. _ L. i1ueruenire, to Intrinsic, inherent. (F. - L_) For
come between. - L. inter, between; uenire, *intritlSec. M. F. intrillseqlle, ' inward;'
to come. See Venture. Cot. - L. intn'm ccus, lit. 'following in-
Intestate, without a will. (F. - L.) wards.' - L. *i,urim, allied to intra,
M. F. intestato- L. intesttitus, that has within (cf. in/erim ) ; scc-us, lit. following,
made no will. - L. ill-, not; testatus, pp. from sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
of testari, to make a will. See Testa- Intro-, prefix, within. (L.) L. intra;
ment. an adv. close[y allied to L. i,zlra; from
Intestine. (F.-L.) F.ilztestin ,adj ., in/erus, inner. See Interior.
'intestine, inward;' Cot. - L. intestinus, Introduce. (L.) L. intriJdiicere, to
inward. Formed from L. i1uus, within, bring in. - L. intra, within; diicere. to
cognale with Gk. EVTOS, within; extended bring. See Duke. Der. imroduct-ion
from L. in, in. Cf. Entr&i.ls. (from thepp. introduct-us).
Intimate (I), to announce, hint. (L.) Introit, an antiphon sung as the priest
From pp. of L. i,ztimtire, to bring within, approachesthealtar. (F.-I...) F.introi"t.
to announce. - L . intimus, inmost, superl. - L. acc. i,ztroitum, from introitus,
corresponding to compo interior; see In- li t. ' entrance.' - L. itztroitus. pp. of
terior. introire, to enter. -L. ;"tro, within; ire,
intimate (2 ) , familiar. (L.) This to go.
form is due to confusion with the word Introspection. (L.) Coined from
above. It is really founded on M. F. in- L. introspect-us, pp. of ;ntrospictre, to
time, inward, 'secret,deer,entirelyaffected;' look into (with suffix -iotz). -L. i,zlri5-,
Cot.; from L. intimus (above). within; spectre, to look. See Speoiell.
Intimidate. (L.) From pp. of Late Intrude, to thrust oneself into. (L.)
L. intimidare, to frighten. - L. in, inten- L. itltriidere, to thrust into. - I... in, in,
sive prefix; timidus, timid. See Timid. into; triidere (pp. triisus). to thrust. Al-
Into, prep. (E.) M. E. into; orig. two lied to Threaten. Der. in/rus-ion, from
words. A. S. in 10, in to, where in is the pp.
used adverbially, and to is a preposition; Intuition. (F.-L.) J!-. intuition.
see In and To. Formed, by analogy with lui/ion, from L.
Intone, to chant. ~Late L. - L. a,zd intuitus, pp. of ;n/ulri, to look upon.
Gk.) Late L. intonare, to sing according - L. in, upon; /ulri, to watch. See
to tone. - L iIJ tonum, according to tone; Tuition.
where tOllltlil is acc. of tOIJUS, borrowed Intumescence, a swelling. (F . -L.)
from Gk. Tuvor; see Tone. F. i"tumescencc. I'rom stem of pres. pt.
Intozicate. (Late I... -L. and Gk.) of L. intutnt!scere, to begin to swell.-
From pp. of Late L. intoxicarc, to make L. in, very; tttmescere, inceptive form of
drunk.-L. i", into; toxicum, poison, tumlrc, to swell. See Tumid.
bouowed from Gk. To6urov, poison for InlUldation. (F.-L. ) Imitatedfrom
arrows. Gk. TO{IICOl' is dl\!". from TO{Ol', a F. itlOndatioll. - I... inunda/ionem, ace. of
bow, of which the pI. T6ia is used to mean ilzulldatio, an overflowing. - L. i1lUndiire.
arrows. With Gk. T6iov cf Gk. TJX-VfJ, to overflow.-L. in, upon, over; utufa,
art, or perhaps L. laxus, a yew.tree. a wave. See Undulate.
See Technical. Inure, to habituate_ (F. -I...) Also
Intrepid. (L) L. intrcpidus, fear- spelt enure, i. e. en urc; the word arose
less, not alarmed.-L. in-, not; trepidus, from the phrase in (F. m ) urc, i. c. in
alarmed. See TrePldawon. operation, in work, in cmployment, for-
~66
 INVADE IPECACUANHA
merly common. Here it, is the E. prep. inuestire, to clothe in or with. - I.. ill,
ill; ure is from O. F.e"re, also spelt uevre, ill; tlesli"e, to clothe. See Vest.
O'lire, work, action; from L. opera, work. Investiga.te. (L.) From pp. of L.
(Cf. mall·ure ·.. mall,o!llvn.) See also illuestIgtire, to track out. - L. ill, in, uVOn ;
tllallUre, malllzuvre. See Operate. uesliitire, to trace, allied to uesligltim,
Inva.de. (F.-L.) M. F. ;nvader.- a foot·track. See Vestige.
L. ;nuMere (pp. immsus), to enter, in· Inveterate. (L.) L. inue/ertiim, pp.
vade.-L. in, in; wlt/en, to go. Der. of ;nue/ertire, to letain for a long time.-
invas.ioll, from the pp. L. itl, in; ue/er·, for *ue/es-, stem of
Inveclted, Invected, in heraldry, uelm, old. See Veteran.
indented with successive cusps, with the Inviclioua. (L.) From L. inuidiDsus,
points projecting inwards. (L. ) Lit. causing odium or envy.-L. inuidia, envy.
'carried in.' - L. ;mlte/tlS, pp. of inuelure, - L. ;tluidire, to envy, lit. to look upon
to carry inwards. -L. ill, in; uenere, to (in a bad sense). -L. in, upon; uidire, to
carry. See Vehicle. look . See Vision.
Inveigh, to attack with words, rail. Invigorate, to give vigour to. (L.)
(F.-L.) From F.envalzir, O.F. envai'r, As if from pp. of Late L. *inuigurtire, to
ellvti'r, to invade, from L. illutitkre (see give vigour to.-L. in, towards; uigor,
Invade); but popularly connected with L. viJ:'our; see Vigour. Cf. Ita1. invigorire.
illuelure, to carry into or to, to introduce, Invincible. (F. -I..) F. inv;ndbk.
attack, inveigh against. _ L. ill, against; - L. ;nuincibilis. - L. j1l-, not; uinc;-
uekere, to bring. fJ. The latter etymology bilis, easily overcome, from uin~ere, to
was suggested by the use of E. invective, conquer; see Vanquish.
borrowed from F. illvu/ive, 'an invective;' Invite. (F. - L.) F. i,roiier. _ L.
Cot.; from L. inuec/iuus, adj., scolding, ;nui/tire, to ask, request, invite. Allied
due to ;"uectus. pp. of i"uenere. Hence to *uilus, willing, in in,uilus, unwilling.
Cot. has 'invectiver, to inveigh.' Brngm. i. § 343. Doublet, vie, q. v.
Inveigle. (F.-L.) InSpenser, F.Q. Invoca.tion. (F.-L.) F. invocation.
i. n. 31. [Indirectly from F. aveugkr, -L. inua~titiOnem, ace. of inua~titio, a
to blind; cf; E. aveug/e, to cajole, seduce, calling upon . - L. inua~titlls, pp. of in-
A.D. 1547, in Froude's Hist. v. 13l; and ua~tire, tocallupon.-L.in, upon; ua~tin,
A.D. 1543, State Papers, ix. '247.] It to call. See Vocation.
precisely answers to Anglo·l". enveoglir, invoke. (F.-L.) F. invoquer.-L.
to blind, in Will. of Wadington's Manuel inuoctire, to cnll upon (abo~e) .
des Peches, 1. 10639; spelt also enveogler Invoice, a particular account of goods
in N. Bozan. These are mere (ignorant) sent out. (F.-L.) A corrnption ofmvois,
variants of F. aveugler, to blind (like im- pI. of F. envoi, O. F. envoy, a sending;
postkmlle for apostume), from F. aveugle see Envoy. Cf. E. wice, from O. F. vois.
(A. F. enveog/es in Bozon), blind.-Late Involve. (F.-L.) F. involver, 'to
L. *aboctdunz, acc. of *abocu/us, blind involve;' Cot.-L. inuo/uere, to roll in,
(Ducange has avocu/us,alsoabombs, adj.). roll up.-L. it"~ in; uoluere, to roll. See
- L. ab, without; oculus, eye. ~ Baret Voluble. Der. involul-ion, involute,
(1580)has: 'invn'gleonesminde,o(C(:e~are from the pp. inualutus; also iniJo/~e,
aninzum.' from L. inuo/~III, an envelope.
Invent. (F.-L.) F. invmter, to de- Iodine, an elementary body. (Gk.)
vise. Formed, with suffix -er (L. .tire), Named from the violet colour of its
from L. inuent-us, pp. of inuenire, to vapour. [Cf. F. itXie, iodine.]-Gk. 1&'3-
come upon, fiud out. - L. ;~" upon; uenire, 'IS, contr. form of iOf'3!7S, violet·like; with
to come. See Venture. Der. invent- suffix -ine. - Gk. io·." a violet; f13-0S,
itm, &c. appearance. See Violet.
Inverse, opposite. (F. -L.) M. E. Iota.. (Gk. -Heb.) Gk. lein-a, a letter
inwrs.-M. F. i,roers.-L. iiluersus, pp. of the Gk. alphabet. _ Heb. yOd, the
of inuertere (below). smallest letter of the Heb. alphabet,
invert. (L.) L. illuer/ere, to tum with the power of y. (Of Phrenician
towards or up, to invert. - L. ill, towards; origin. ) See Jot.
uerlere, to tum. See Verse. Ipeca.cua.nha., a medical root. (Port.
Invellt. (F.-L.) F. ;Iroeslir. - L. , - Brazilian.) Port. ipe~tKUa,.1ta (Span.
l67
 IR- ISOLATE
ipecacuana). Fr0!D. the Bruz.ilian name of Irriga.te, to water. (L.) l'rom pp. of
the plant; Guarani iPl·katz-guaiia. Ip/~ ' L. irrigiin, to flood. -L. in, upon; rigar"
p~b, small; kaa, pfant; guafla, causing to wet, moisten.
sickness. Irritate. (L.) From pp. ofL. irritiire,
Ir- ( I) , prefix. (L.; or F.-L.) For to incite, excite, provoke, tease. App.
L in, in, prep., when r follows. related to irrire, kirrire, to soarl as
Ir- (2), pnfix. (L.; or F.-L) For a dog i which is prob. an imitative
L. neg. prefix in-, when l' follows. word.
Ire. ( F.-L.) F. ire.-L. ira, anger. Irru~tiOJl. (F.-L.) F. irruption,
irascible. (F. -L.) F. irascible. - ' a forcible entry;' Cot. -L. acc. irrup-
L. irnscibilis, choleric; from irasci, to tio~m, a breaking into. -L. ir. (for in),
become angry i with suffix -bilis. -L ira, into; rupt-us, pp. of rump~re, to break.
anger. See Rupture.
Iris, a rainbow. (L. -Gk.) L. iris. - Is. A. S. is; from .vES, to be. The
Gk. TPIS, a rainbow. Der. irid-esc-ent, general. Idg. form is ES- TI, as in Skt.
irid-ium; from irid-, stem of iris. And as·ti, Gk. fU-Ti, L es-t, G. is-t; also
see Orril. O. lcel. es, E. is. See also Be, Was.
Irk, to weary. (Eo) M. E. irken, erken, IsiJlgla.ss, a glutinous substance made
to tire; also irk, erk, adj. weary. Not in from a l'ish. (Dn.) A corruption ofM. Du.
A. S.+M. H. G. ~rken, to loathe i "klick, kUJunblas (mod. Du. huisblad), isinglass,
loathsome; Bavarian erkel, sb., nausea lit. ' sturgeon-bladder,' whence isinglass is
(Schmeller) . obtained; see Sewel. - M. Du. k"ys, stur-
IroJl, a metal. (Eo) M. E. iren, also geon; blaese, bladder (Kilian). ce. G. kau-
in. A. S. iren, older forms isem, senblase,sturgeon-bladder, isinglass; from
isaem, adj. and sb. + Du. ;.fur i O. Ice!. G. kausen , a sturgeon, blase, a bladder,
isarn; O. H. G. uam, G. eisen; Goth. from blasen, to blow. Cf. O. H . G. kmo,
tisa,.", sb. (whence eisa~ins, adj.). And a sturgeon.
CC. W. kaiam, Com. Mern, Irish iarann, IIIla.m, the religious system of Muham·
O. Ir. iam, Bret. kouam, iron. fJ. The med. (Arab.) Arab. islO"" lit. '6ubmis·
Celtic forms answer to an O. Celt. form sion.' - Arab. root sa/ama, he was resigned.
*isanIQ' (*eisanIQ' , Stokes, in Fick, ii. 25); See KOllem.
from which the Germanic forms may have Isla.Jld. (E.) The s is inserted by con-
been borrowed. At any rate, Icel. jarn fusion with F. isle. M. E. iland. A. S.
and Dan. Swed. jem are from O. Ir. jarn . igland. - A. s. ig, an island i land, land;
Remoter origin unknown. perhaps by confusion of A. S. ig, island,
iroJlJlLoJlger, a dealer in iron goods. with A.S.la·l_d, island, lit. 'water-land.'
(Eo) From iron and monS"; see Konger. The A. S. ig is also ieg, O. Merc. 19 (cf.
iroJl-mould. (E.) See Kould (3). Angles-ey); cognate with lcel. t7, Dan.
IroJl7. (F. - L. - Gk.) F. ironie Swed. 0, island; G. aut, meadow near
(Minsheu). _ L. ironia. - Gk. tipowfia, water. The orig. Teut. form was -acwiii,
dissimulation, irony. - Gk. ffp.."" a dis· fern. of -agwio., belonging to water, an
sembler, one who says less then he thinks adj. formed from -akwa, water, represented
or means. Allied to Ionic ffpofUll, Attic by A. S. la, O. H. G. aka, Goth. a/.wa, a
fpop.az, I ask, enquire, seek out (cf. dp<»TlOJ, stream, cognate with L aqua, water.
Ion. for Ipo>T40J, I ask), IpftlYa, enquiry, Isle, an island. (F. - L.) O. F. isle
search ( ~ase *reu; Prellwiu). . (F . lie). - L. insula, an island. See
Irra.diate. (L.) From pp. of L. 'TTII- In.ular.
diare, to shine upon. -L. ir-, for in, on; IsochroJlOUII, performed in equal
rndiare, to shine, from radius, a ray. See times. (Gk.) Gk. iuo.s, equal; XP6J101,
Radius. time (see Chroniole). Brugm. i. § 3.. 5 c.
Irref.!a.Ja.ble, not to be refuted. (F. iaosceles, having two equal legs or
-L.) F. ,rrtjragable. - L. irrifragabilis, sides as a triangle. (L. -Gk.) L. isosce/es.
not to be withstood. -L. ir- (= in-, not); - Gk. luouKf""", isosceles. - Gk. ruo-s,
rifragiiri, to oppose, thwart, from re-, 1ual; UKfll.-os, a leg, side of a triangle.
back, and (probably) L. trag-, base of solate, to insulate. (Itnl.-L.) Sug-
jrangere, to break. (For the long a, cf. gested by Ita!' isolato, detached, used as
L sujfrtigium, prob. from the &aIDe root.) a term in architecture (whence also F.
268
 ISSUE JACKE1'
isolt'). - Ita1. isola, an island. - L. insula, in wit-an, to know; see Wit. C.vWEID.)
an island. See Insular. ~ The M. E. prefix i· (A. S. gt-) is
Issue. progeny, result. (F.-L.) M. E. sometimes written apart from the rest of
issue, sb. - F. issue, O. F . issui (eissu~), the word, and with a cnpitalletter. Hence,
• the issue, end, eyent;' Cot. Fem. of issu, by the mistake of editors, it has been
pp. of irsir, to depart, go out. - L. exire, printed I wis, and explained as' I kn ow.'
to go onto - L. ex, out: ire, to go. This is the origin of the fictitious word
Isthmus. a neck of land connecting a wis, to know, given in some dictionaries.
peninsula with the mainland. (L. - Gk.)
L. islkmus. - Gk. la9pof, a narrow passage:
allied to t9pa , a step. ( VEl, to go.) J.
It. (E.) M. E. MI. A. S. kil, neut. of Jabber. to chatter. (F.?) Formerly
he, he.+lcel. kit, neut. of kinn : Du. ket, jaberandjab/e, of imitative origin: similar
nent. of kij ; Goth. kita. The old gen. to gabber and gabble. Godefroy gives
case was nis, afterwards ii, and finally ils O. F. j aber as a variant of gaber, to mock.
(X VII cent.). See He. Cf. Du. gabberen, to jabber; Sewel. See
Italics, a name for letters printed Gabble.
thus-in sloping Iype. (L.) . Named from Jacinth. a precious stone. (F.-L.-
Aldo Manu zio, an I talian, about A. D. Gk.) F . J acinthe. - L. kyacintllus, a
1501. -L. Italicus. -L. Italia, Italy. jacinth. - Gk. vWtlv90f, a jacinth: Rev.
Itch. (E.) North E. yuke. M. E. xxi. 20. See Hyacinth.
ikm, iccllen, fuller form Jiken, Jicllen. Jack (I), a saucy fellow, sailor. (F.-
A. S. gicca1t, to itch, for *gyccan; cf. A. S. L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E. Jacke, Jakke,
gykIJa, an itching. + E. Fries. j oken, Du. often nsed as a term of reproach, as in
jet/ken, G. jucken, to itch; O. H. G. 'Jakk( fool,' Chaucer, C. T . 3708. Gen·
jucckan. T eut. type *jukjan.. erally nsed formerly (as now) as a pet
Item, a separate article or particular. substitute for Jolin , and perhaps due to
(L.) L. item, likewise; in common use the dimin. form lankin. Jokn is from
(or enumerating particulars; closely allied A. F. Johan . - L. Iohannes. - Gk. 'IaxlVV1Jf.
to ita, so~ Cf. Skt. itlham, thus, iii, thus. - Reb. Yehiikhaniin, Yok/ulnan, lit. 'God
iterate. to repeat. (L.) From pp. of is gracious.' fJ. Apparently confused with
L. iterare, to repeat. -L. iterum, again; F. Jacques, a common name in }<'rance.
a compar. form (with snffix ·Ier) from the Jaques is from L. Iacobus.-Gk. 'Ia..c",pof.
pronominal base I, as in i-Iem, i-Ia. Cf. - Heb. Ya'oqob, Jacob: lit. one who
Skt. i.lara(s), another. seizes by the heel. - Heb. root 'aqob, to
Itinerant. travelling. (L.) From seize by the heel, supplant. ~ The name
pres. part. of O. Lat. itinerare, to travel. was extended to denote various implements,
- L. niner·, stem of iler, a journey. - L. such as a smoke-jack, a boot-jack; so also
it·um, supine of ire, to go. (.vEl, to go.) Jack-o'·lent,Jack.o·-lontern,Jack.pudding,
Ivo!'7. (F.-L.) M.E.iflQru( =iwrie). Jack-an-apes( =Jack qn apes, with qn = of).
-0. F. ivurU, later ivoire.-L. eboreus, jack (2),a coat of mail. (F.-L.-Gk.
adj., made of ivory. -L. ebor-, stem of -"lIeb.) O. F. Jaque, • James, also a Jack,
eOur, ivory. Perhaps allied to Skt. wha-, or coat of maile;' Cot. Cf. Ital. paco, a
an elephant. coat of mail, Span. jaco, a soldier's jacket,
Ivy. an evergreen. CE.) A. S. ijig: also G.jacke, a jacket. Of obscure origin; but
ifegn. + O. H. G. ebahewi (G. epAeu) ; prob. due to the Jacquen"e, or revolt of the
Kluge. The A. S. if-ig seems to be peasantry nicknamed Jacques Bonkommes,
a compound word. The syllable if- is A. D. 1358; and hence due to F. Jaques,
equivalent to Du. ei· in ei-too!, ivy (where James; see above.
1001= E. leaf): and to ebaCII). in O. H. G. Jackal. a kind of wild animal. (Turk.
tban·: but the sense is unknown. - Pers.) Turk. cnakal. - Pers. shaghtil.
lwia, certainly. (E.) M. E. ywis, iwis. Cf. Skt. rrgala- , a jackal, a fox.
A. S.ge-.uis, adj., certain (whencegewislice, Jackanapes. For Jack qn apes, i. e.
adv. , certainly). +Du.gnuis, adj. and adv.: Jack of ar.s, See .Jack (I).
G. gewiss, adv. Cf. Ice!. viss, certain, .Jacke, a short coat. (F.-L.-Gk. -
sure. From Teut. type *1uissoz (for *wi/· Heb.) O. F . jaquelle, a jacket; dimin. of
loz, Idg. *wid-Ios), pp. from the base wil. O. F.jaqtle, a jack of mail ; see jack C~).
269
 JACOBIN JAR
jacobin. (F. -L.-Gk.-Heb.) M.E. provo E. champ, to mash, crush, also to
jacobin. - F.jacobi,:. -Late Lat.JacObinus, chew; so also champ, hard, firm, i. e.
adj., formed from Jacobus, and applied to a cka"ww/ or pressed down. See Champ.
friar of the order of St. Dominick. See ~ But Ashe (1775) has: 'Jamb, to confine
Jack (I). I). Hence one of the Jacobin as between two posts;' as if from Jamb,
clnb in the French Revolution, which first q. v.
met in the hall of the Jacobi,: friars in jam (2), a conserve of fruit. (E.) A
Paris, Oct. 1789. Also the name of :l soft substance, like that which is chewed.
hooded (friar-like) pigeon. 'And if we have anye stronger meate, it
jacobite, an adherent of James II. must be chammed afore by the nurse, and
(L. - Gk. - Heb.) From L. Jacob-us, so put into the babes mouthe;' Sir T.
James (above). More, Works, p. '41 h. See above•
.Ja.de (I), a sorry nag, an old woman. .Jamb, side·post of"a door. (F. -L)
(Scand.?) M. E. iade (Ch.) The initial F.jambe, a leg, also a jamb (see Cotgrave).
j is perhaps from y. Cf. Lowland Sc. - Folk-L. gamba, a leg. See Gambol.
yaud,yawd, a jade; Dunbar hasya/t/. Of Der. (perhaps) jamb, vb.; see Jam (I).
unknown origin; perhaps from Icel. .Jane, .Jean, a twilled cloth. (F.-
ja/da, a mare; provo Swed. ja/da, a mare Ital.) Also' gl'ne fustian,' 1580; d. M. E.
(Rietz). Gene, Genoa. - M. F. Gems. - Ital. Genova,
.Jade ('), a hard dark-green stone. F. Genoa.
-Span. -L.) F.jade. The jade brought .Jangle, to sound discordantly. (F.-
from America by the Spaniards was called Scand.) M. E. janglen. - O. F. janglcr,
piedra de iiada, because it was believed to to jangle, prattle. Of Scand. origin. -
cure pain in the side; for a similar reason Swed. dial. and Norw. jangla, to quarrel;
it was called mphn"/is (from Gk. ".<ppU~, cf. Du. jange/en, to importune, frequent.
kidneys). - Span. ijada, also iiar, the'flank; of janken, to howl, yelp. An imitative
cf. Port. ilhal, ilharga, the flank, side. - word; cf. L. gannire, to yelp.
L. ilia, pl., the flanks. .Janizary. (F. -.Ital. - Turk.) F .
.Jag, a notch, tooth. (Unknown.) Per- Janissairu, 'the Janizaries;' Cot. _ M.
haps a variant of dag. ' Jagge, or dagge Ital. ianizzen", 'the Turkes gard; Florio.
of a garment;' Palsg. 'I iagge, or cut Of Tnrk. origin; it means' new soldiery';
a garment;' ib. Cf. Tag. ~ Or perhaps from Turk. yelli, new; and cheri , soldiery
cf. Icel.J"aki, a piece of ice. (Devic). And cheri is from Pers. cha,·JIt,
.Jaggery, a coarse brown sugar. (Cana· auxiliary forces (Zenker).
rese - Skt.) A corruption of Canarese .January. (L.) Englished from L.
sharkare, unrefined sugar; H. H. Wilson. ]tinuiin"us, a month named from the god
-Skt. farkarii; see Sugar. Iiinus, who was supposed to have doors
.Jaguar, a beast of prey. (F. - Brazil.) under his protection; cf. L. iiinua, a
'Ja.f1ta in the Guarani [Bruilian] lan- door.
guage is the common name for tygers and .Japan, a name given to certain kinds
dogs; the generic name for tygers is of lacquered work. (Japan.) Named from
ja'luante : ' Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, the country. Der.japan, vb. , to polish.
tr. by Cullen, ii. 318. It should be written Jape, to mock, jest, befool. (F. )
yagoar; for there is no j in Tupi·Guarani Obsolete. M. E.japen. Apparently from
(Cavalcanti). The spelling jaguar is F. O. F . japer (F.japper), to yap (as a dog).
(in Buffon). The Dict. of Trevoux has Imitative; cf. E. yap.
janouare (error for jattouare) ; for Brazil. .Jar ( I ), to make a harsh noise. (E.)
yauara, a dog. Spelt jaguara, His!. Nat. Imitative; cf. M. E.ga,-ren, to chide, M. E.
BrasiJire, p . 235. jirren,A. S .georran, to creak; Du.gicren,
.Jail; see Gaol. to cry; Bavar. garren, to jar. Parallel
.Jalap, the root of a plant. (Mexican.) to provo E. cltar, to chide, M. E. charken,
Named from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico. to creak (prompt. Parv.) ; cf. A. S. aorian.
Orig. Xalapan, • sand by the water.' - cerian, to murmur; M. Du. karren, ker-
Mex. :cal(H', sand; a(tl), water; pan, on, ren, 'to crake [creak] like a cart,'
near; where -Ii, -II are suppressed. Hexham; O. H. G. /terran, to give a loud
.Jam (I). to press, squeeze'. (E.) Prob. harsh sound. Cf. Jargon and GarroloWl.
a variant of ella"" to chew, to champ; .Ju: (3), an earthen pot. (F.-Arab.)
'10
 JARGON JEOPARDY
M. F.jarl!, • a jarre,' Cot.; F.jarre. [cr. Korting.) ~ Perhaps influenced byckaw.
Span. jarra, jarro, Ital. giara.] _ Arab. chew; Palsgrave has dlawe·bone for jaw.
jarra, a jar (Devic). bone.
Jargon, a confused talk. (F .- L.?) Jay, a bird. (F.) O. F. jay, a jay (F.
F. jargon, orig. the chattering of birds, gl!ai). Cf. Span. gayo, a jay. Of doubtful
jargon; O. F . gargon, gergon. Cf. Spa n. origin; perhaps from O. H. G. g,rhi (G.
gerigrmza, jargon; Ital. gergonl!. Prob. jahe), quick, lively (Diez).
from an imitative base garg (cf. garg-le, Jealous. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. Kjalous,
gurg·le) ; cr. L. garrire, to prate, croak. gelus. - O. F. ja/ous (later ja/oux). - Late
Cf. M. E . charken, to creak. See Jar (I). L. zilosus, full of zeal.-L. zllus, zeal. -
Jargonelle, a kind of pear. (F·. - Ital. Gk. (1j~o< , zeal. See Zeal. Der.jealous.y,
-Pers.?) F. jargonelle, a kind of pear, F.jalousie.
very stony (Littre) ; formed (acc. to Littre) Jeer. (Du. ) D oubtful; perhaps from
from F. jargon , a yellow diamond , small M. Du. phrase dmgek scl/uren, lit. to shear
stone. -ltal. giargone, a sort of yellow the fool, hence to jeer at one; whence the
diamond. Perhaps from Pers. zarg'Un , word gekscheeren, or simply scheeren, to
gold-coloured (Zend zain'-grtona-); from jeer. Now spelt schel'm. Cf. G. scheren,
zar, gold, and ,(Un , colour ~ Devic) . 'to shear, /leece, cheat, plague, tease;'
Jasmine, Jessamine, a plant. (F. Fliigel ; K Fries. scheren, the same.
-Arab. - Pers.) F. Jasmin. (So also Jehovah. (H eb.) Heb. yahiivah, or,
Span. jazmilt. ) - Arab. ytisemin (Devic) . more correctly, yahwell, a proper name,
_ Pers. )"rsmin, jasmine; ytisamin, jessa- rendered in the A.V. by' the Lord:
mine. Jejune. hungry, meagre. (L.) L. iiiii-
Jasper, a precious stone. (F. - L. - Gk. nus, fasting, hungry, dry.
-Arab.) O. F. jasp,·e (Littre), an occa- Jelly. (F.-L.) Formerly gelly. -F.
sional spelling ofjaspe, a jasper. -L. ias- gellr,' gelly;' Cot. Orig. fern . of pp. of
pidem, acc. of iaspis. - Gk. rat11rI •• - Arab. geier, to freeze. - L. geltire, to freeze. See
yasb, yas/, yashb, jasper; whence Pers. Gelid.
yashp, yash/. jasper. Cf. Heb. ytishpheh , Jennet, Gennet, a small Spanish
a jasper. horse. (F .-Span. -Arab.) M.F.gmettl!,
Jaundice. (F.-L.) M.E.iattnis; the 'a genet, or Spanish horse;' Cot. -Span.
d being excrescent. - F . jaunisse, yellow- ginele, a nag; but orig. ' a horse-soldier.'
ness; hence,thejaundice.-F. jaune (old- Of Moorish origin ; traced by Dozy to
est spelling jalne), yellow. - L. galbiltus, Arab. zeniila, a tribe of Barbary celebrated
greenish yellow. - L. galbus, yellow; (per- for its cavalry.
h~s of Teut. origin; d. G . gelb, yellow). Jenneting, a kind of early apple.
Jaunt, to ramble. (F . ?) Of doubtful (F. - L. - Gk. - H eh.) Prob . for jea,tne-
origin. Cf. M. F.jallcerun cheval, 'to stirre Ion; a dimin. from F . pomme de S . J eall,
a horse in the stable till he swart [ sweat] an early apple, c~ lled in Italian melo de
wilhan; or (as OUI ) to jaunt (an old word) ; ' San. Giovanni, i. e. St. John's apple. So
Cot. Der. jaunt, sb. , an excursion. called because, in France and Italy, it
Jaunty. Janty, fantastical. (F. -L.) ripened about June 24, SI. John'S day.
Also janty, j anlet, variants of jalltyl, old So also, there is an early pear, called AlIIirt
spe lling of gentle or genleel. Cf. Burgundy Joannel or Jeanette, or pelit SI. Jean; G.
janlais, 'gentil;' Mignard. Joha1t1tisbirne . 1'. Jean<Lat. acc. Johatl-
Javelin. (F. -C. ?) M. F.javelin,' a nelll; from Gk. 'IQlovv'7<, John . - Heb.
javeling,' Cot. ; allied t o javelo/, 'a gleave, Yokhtfntin, the Lortl is gracious.
dart ,' id. Perhaps Celtic. Cf. O. Irish Jeopardy. hazard. (F.-L.) M. E.
gabul, a fork ; gablach , pointed, Irish jupartie, later jopardye, jeopardie. - O. F.
gaM /a, a spear, gabhlalt, a fork of a tree; jeu parli, lit, a divided game ; a game in
Gael. gobhlalZ, a prong; W . .ftlji, a fork, which the chances were equal, hence, a
gajiorh, a dart . See Gaff. risk, hazard. - Late L. ioms partitus, the
Jaw. (F . -L) M. E. iowe (jo'/t'e). - ~ame; also an alternative.-L. ioms, a
O. 1'. (and F .) jout, ' the cheek, the jowle; ' game; partilm, pp. of partiri, to part,
Cot. (Cf. Provo gaula, Ital. gota, cheek, divide, from parti-, decl. stem of pars, a
jaw.) - Late L. gabala, gavata, a bowl; part. ~ The diphthong eo = F. tit; cf.
from the rounding of the jaw. (Diez, . people ( = F. peuple). See Joke.
27 1
 "ERBOA "IB
Jerboa, a rodent quadruped. (Arab.) about. M. E. ,ellm, to strut. -0. F.jettw
Arab.yarbu, (I ) the flesh of the back or geter, getter, to throw, fling, push forth . ..'
loins, an oblique descending muscle; ( 3) L. iactare, to fling; frequent. of iaare to
the jerboa, from the use it makes of the throw. Der.Jet, sb., formerly in the ~se
strong muscles in its hind legs, in taking of guise or fashiou, &c.
long leaps. Jet ( 2), a black mineral. (F . -L.-Gk.)
Jereec1, a wooden javelin used in mock O. F. Jel, j oel, also j ayel, guide, jet (F.
fights. (Arab.) Arab.Jarid,apalm-branch Jais). -L gagatem, acc. of gagatls, jet. -
stripped of its leaves, a lance. Gk. -ya'Y(IT1]f, jet ; so called from rC-yaI, a
Jerk. (E.) We findjerk,jerl, andyerk town in Lycia, in the S. of Asia Minor.
all used in much the same sense, orig. to Jetsam. ( F . - L.) Alsojettison. An
strike with a lash, whip or rod. Of these, old term in Law F. for things thrown over-
Jeri was regarded as equivalent to gird board from a wrecked vessel. - A. F. gtt-
(Index to Cot.) ; see Gird (3). teson, a casting ; O. F . getaison.-L. acc.
Jerked beef. (Peruvian.) A singular iaclatiiJnem. - L. iaetare, to cast; see
corruption of cclzarqui, the S. American Jet ( I ).
name for' jerked' beef, or beef dried in jetty. a kind of pier. (F.-L.) M. F.
a particular way ; see Prescott, Conquest jellte (I": jeUe) , a cast, throw, , also a jetty
of Peru, ch. v. From Peruv. eelzarqui, a or jutty;' Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of
slice of dried beef. Also called jerkin M. F. Jetter (F . Jeler), to throw; see
beef; from Pemv. cckarquini, vb., to make Jet ( I).
dried beef. Jew. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) M. E.
Jerkin, a jacket, short coat. (Du.) lewe, a Jew. - A. F . l eu, Geu (F. juif).
Dimin. of Du. jurk, a frock (Sewel), by - L lUt/tZUs, a Jew. - Gk. 'Iov3cuor,
help of the once common Du. dimin. suffix an inhabitant of 'Iovooia, Judrea. - Heb.
-ken, now supplanted by -je or -tje. Cf. Yelzudiilz, Judah, son of Jacob, lit. 'illus-
Westphal. jurkm, a sort of overcoat; E. trious.' - Heb. root yadalz, to throw, praise,
Fries.jurkm, a child's frock. Cf.Jir-kin , celebrate. Der. J ew-ry, M. E. lewerie,
ki/der-kin. O. F . luede, lit. a Jews' district; also
Jersey. fine wool, a woollen jacket. Jews'·!zarj, a name given in derision; cf.
(Jersey.) From.lerslY, one of the Chatmel 'the harr. of David.'
Islands. Jewe , a valuable ornament. (F.-L.)
Jessamine; see Jasmine. M. E. iowei, iud-O. F . joel, joiei, jl>Uei,
Jesses, straps round a hawk's legs. juel (Iaterjoyau ).-Late L. iocale, usually
(F. -L.) Double pI.; from M. E. ges, in pI. iocalia, jewels (lit. trinkets).-L.
jesses. -0. F. ges, gies, pI. of get, gzit, a iocnri, to play (0. F . joer, joutr). - L_
short thong, for throwing off the hawk; iom s, play. See Joke . (Toynbee, §§ 76,
orig. 'a cast.' Cf. M. F. ject, a cast; les 143·)
jects tl'un oyuau, 'a hawkes Iesses,' Co t. Jib ( I), the foremost sail in a ship.
-0. F. geter, to cast. - L. iactare, to (Dan.) So called be<--tuse easily shifted
cast; see Jet (I). from side to side; see l b (3) below.
Jest. a joke. (F.-L.) Orig. a story, jib (2), to shift a sail from side to side.
merry tale. M. E. gest~, a story. -0. F. (Dan.) 'Jib, to shift th : boom-sail from
gute, an exploit, romance, tale of exploits. one side of the mast to another; ' Ash
-L. gesta, for rls gesla, a thing done, ( 1775) . Alsospeltjibe,gybe.-Dan.gz·bbe,
an exploit. - L. gestus, pp. of gerere, to to jibe, jib ; Swed. dial. gzppa, to jerk up.
carry, carry on. See Gesture, Gerund. Allied to Swed. guppa, to rock; see
Jesuit; see below. Jump. ~ The form gibe answers to Du.
Jesus. the Saviour. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) gijpen, E. F ries. gipen, to tum suddenly,
L. lisus. - Gk. 'I7)lToVr. _ Heb. Y7slzu a, said of a sail.
Jeshua \ Nehem. viii. 17); contr. form of jib (3), to move restively, as a horse.
YeMslzua, Jehoshua (Numb. xiii. 16) ; F . -Scand.) O. F .giber,to strugglewith
signifying saviour, lit. 'help of Jehovah: the hands and feet (Roquefort) ; whence
- Heb. root yaska', to be large, t o save. O. F. regiber (F. regimber), to kick as a
Der. Jesu-it, one of the society of Jesus. horse. Cf. also O. F . giper, to jib, as a
Jet ( I), to throw out, fling about, spout. horse (Godefroy). -Swed. d ial. gippa, to
(F.-L) Fonnerly, to jel was to strut jerk up (above).
27 2
 JIBE JOURNEY
Jibe. the same as Gibe, q. v. joint, sb. - O. F . j oinct ,jt1int, pp. ofjdndre,
Jig, a lively tune or dance. (F . - M. H. to join; see Join (above).
G.) O. F. !{ige, gig-lie, a fiddle, dance.- Joist. one of a set of timbers to sup-
M. H. G. gige (G. gdge) , a fiddle. port the bo~.Js of a Roor. (F. - L.)
Jilt, a flirt. (L.) Formerly jillet, dimin. Sometimes pronounced ji'st (with i as in
of jill, a flirt, orig. Jill or Gillian, a per- mice). M.E. giste. -O. F. giste, a bed,
sonal name. - L. Juliana. See Gill (4). couch, place to lie on, a joist; because
Jingle, to clink. (E.) M. E. ging/en; these timbers support the Roor.-O. F.
a frequentative verb from the base jink, gesir (F.glsir), to lie, lie on.-L. iacere,
allied to chink; see Chink (2) . Also to lie. Cf. Gist.
a Ilied to Jangle. Joke, a jest. (L.) From L. iOCIIS, a
JinD., a demon. ( Arab.) Formed from jest, game. Brugm. i. § 302.
Arab.jitzna(t ), demons, pI. ; the sing. form Jole; see Jowl.
beingjinnry, Englished asji1tnee or genie. Joll;V. (F . - Scand.) M . E. ioo/,earliest
Job (I), to peck with the beak. (E.?) form tolif. -0. F. jolif, later joli, • jolly,
Perhaps imitative. M. E. iobbt1l. Cf. gay, trim, fine;' Cot. Orig. sense' festive.'
Gael. and Irish gob, mouth, beak. - Icel. jol, a great feast in the heathen
Job ( 2), a small piece of work. (F.?) time; cognate with A. S. geo/a, yule. Sec
M. E. iob, a piece, lump. 'Gob, a lump; Yule.
also, to work by the gob; ' Halliwell.- Jolly-boat. (Port. and E .) We find
O. F. gob, a mouthful; gobd. a morsel. 'grete bote and joo/wal' in 1495; but it
Perhaps of Celtic origin. See Job (1). was also spelt gal/evat and galleywat
Jockey. (F. - L. - Gk. - Heb.) A (Yule). - Port. galeola, a ga\liot; seC!
North E. pron. of Jackey, dimin. of Jock Galliot. Perhaps the form of the word
as a personal name. See Jack (1). has been influenced by F.joli. See Jolly.
Jocose. merry. (L. ) L. iocosus, sporti ve. Jolt. to jerk. (E.) From joll, vb., to
-L. iocus, sport. See Joke. knock the jole or head; cf. All's Well,
jocular. (L.) L. ioculiiris.-L. iocu- i. 3. 59. Cf. jolt-head, a stupid fellow;
Ius, a little jest, dimin. of iocus, a jest. one whose head has beenjoll'd or knocked
Jocund. (F. -L.) M. E. joconde. - about. See Jowl.
O. F. jocond, pleasant, agreeable (Gode· Jonquil, a Rower. (F. -Span. -L. )
froy). - L. iOeutulus, iiicundtlS, pleasant; F. jonquille. - Span. ju1tquillo; named
orig. helpful. -L. iuuare (supine iii-fum) , from its rush-like leaves. - Span . junco, a
to help; see Adjutant. rush. -L. itlnms, a rush. See Junk ( 2) .
Jog. to push slightly, jolt. (F . - Teut. ?) Jordan. a pot. (Unknown.) M. E.
M . Eo ioggm. Cf. W . ysgogi, to wag, stir, iordmz, iurdan, t'ordeyne; Late L. iurdii1lUs
shake, E. shog, M E. schoggm, to shake (Prompt. Parv. and Vocab.). It was orig.
up and down; Kentish jock, to jolt. All an alchemist's bottle (Halliwell, Way) ;
apparently from M. E. schokken; see perhap. once used for keeping water from
Shock. ~ We also find Norw. and Swed. the J ordan.
dial. jukka, to jump up and down, as in JoSS. a Chinese idol. (Port.-L.) Not
riding. Chinese, but corrupted from Port. Deos,
John Dory, the name of a fish. (F.- God. Cognate with Span. Dios, God;
L.) John dory is the vulgar name of the O. F. dms.-L. Deus, nom., God.
fish called the dory. J ohn appears to be Jostle, Justle, to push against. (F.-
a mere sailor's prefix,like the jack in jack- L.; witlt E. suffix .) A frequent. form,
ass; it can hardl), be from an alleged F. with suffix -Ie, from M. E. jousten, to tilt,
jaunt dorle, which would be tautological pu, h against. See Joust.
nonsense. Dory is borrowed from F . dorIc, Jot. (L.-Gk.--Hcb.) Englished from
a dory; lit. 'gilded,' dorle being the fern. L. iota, Matt. v. 18 (Vulgate). - Gk. lWTa,
of the pp. of dorer, to gild. - L. deaurare, a letter of the Gk. alphabet. -Reb. yOd,
to gild. - L. dl aU1'o, of gold; see Aureate. the smallest letter of th ~ R eb. alphabet,
Join. (F.-L.) o. F. and F.joign., a with the power of y . See Iota.
stem ofjomdre. - L. iu1tgere (pp. iultctus), Journal. (F.-L.) Properly an adj. ,
+
to join. Gk. CnryvwCll; Skt.yuj, to join. signifying ' daily.' - F.;immal, daily.-L.
Allied to Yoke. dill1'1uilis, daily; see Diurnal.
joint. (F.- L.) O. F. joillct, joi1tt, a journey. (F.-L.) M. E. iournet. a
173
 JOUST JUMP
day's travel. - F. j01,mle, a day, orig. a judica.ture. (F. - L.) F.jlltiica/ure.
day's work. - L'lte L . *diurmita, orig. -Late L. iudicatura, office of a judge,
the fern. pp. of Late L. diurnare , to judll'ment. - L. iudiclitllS, pp. of iudicare,
sojoum.-L. diurnus, daily.-L. diis, a to Judge.-L. iudic- , stem of iudex, a
day. judge.
Joust, Just, to tilt. (F. -L.) O. F. judicial. (F.-L.) M. F . judiciel. -
jomtcr ( F.jouler), to tilt. - Late L. iuxlare, L. iiidicitilis, pertaining to courts of law.
to approach (hence, to approach with - L. iiidicium, a tria!. - L. iudic., stem
hostile intent, as in tilting). - L. iuxta, of iudex, a judge (above).
close to, hard by (whence O. F.jouste, close judicious. (F . -L.) F. judicieux;
to). ~ . The form iuxlti is short for *iug- as if from a L. form *iudiciiisus. _ L iudic-,
is· fli, fern. abl. of the superlative form of stem of iudex, a judge.
L. iug·is, continual. From the base iug· Jug, a kind of pitcher. (Heb.) Drink-
of ;u1'gere, to join. (-V\'EUG.) Brugm. ing-vessels were formerly calledjacks, jil/s,
i § 760. Der.joslle. and jugs, all of which represent Christian
Jovial. (F. -L.) O. F.jovial,sanguine, names. Jug and fudge were usual as pet
ht. born under the lucky planet Jupiter.- female names, and equivalent to J emty or
L. 10llialis, pertaining to Jupiter. - L. Joan ; seeJannellc.Jehannelle in (:otgraye.
/ou;-, decl. stem. of O. Lat. 100tis, Jove, Cf. Jock for Jokn; fern . form Jacquetta.
whence L J,ipiter ( = Jove-father). louis Of Heb. origin; see .reuniting.
represents Diouis (cf. Oscan dat. Ditlv-d ), Juggerna.ut, the name of an Indian
allied to dies, day, and to dms, god; cf. idol. ("Skt.) Skt.jagunnalka- , lord of the
Gk. 410f, gen. case of Zfl/S. See Deity, universe, monarch of the world (Benfey,
Tuesday. Drugm. i. §§ no, 123. p. 46S) .-Skt. jagat, world; ntilka-, pro-
Jowl, Jole, the jaw or cheek. (E. ) tector, lord.
M. E. jolle; all the forms are corruptions Juggler. (F.-L.) M. E. iogelour.-
of M. E. ckol, ckaul, which is a contraction O. F.jogleor,jougleor ; laterjongleu,'. -L.
of M. E. ckautl (chavel), the jowl.-A. S. ioculatiirem, ace. of ioculator, a jester. - L.
eeajl, the jaw; pI. aajlas, the jaws, chaps. iocular;, to jest. -L. ioculu!, It little jest,
Cf. O. Sax. kajluJ , pl. , the jaws; Du. dimiu. of ioeus, joke. See Joke.
kevcls, pI. the gums; G. kiefer, jaw, jaw- Jugular, pertaining to the side of the
bone; also Ice!. kjaplr, Swed. kiijt, Dan. ueck. (L.) From L. iugul-um, or iugul'1Is,
kia/I, jaw. ~ The successive spellings are the collar-bone, which joins the neck and
A.S. ceajl, chaJle (Layamon ),chaud,challl, shoulders; dimin. of iugum, a yoke. See
chol,jole, jowl (all found ) . Yoke.
Joy. (F.-L.) M. E . ioye.-O. F.ioye, Juice. (F. - L.) M. E. iuc(, iwt'. -
joye; oldest form goye (F . joie) ; cf. ltal. O. F.jus , juice, broth. -L. iiis, broth; lit.
gioja, joy, also a gaud, jewel, Span.joya, , mixture.' +Skt. yushn-, soup. ( ~YU. )
a gaud. - L. guudza, pI. of guudium, joy ; Brugm. i. H 911, 922.
afterwards turned into It fern. sing. - L. Jujube, a fruit. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers. \
gaudb·e. to rejoice. See Gaud. M. F. jujubes, pI. (Cot. ). -L. zlzyphuJJl, a
Jubilation, a shouting for joy. (L.) jujube; fruit of the tree called :izypkus. -
From L. iiibiltiNo, sb. - L. i,ibiltitus, pp. Gk. (i(v</>ov, fruit of the tree (i(v</>o •• -
of iiibiitire, to shout for joy. - L. iubilum , Pers. zayzajtin, zlzjiin, zluzjti1t, the jujube.
a shout of joy. ~ Quite distinct from tree.
jubilee. Julep,adrink. (F.-Span. -Pers.) F.
Jubilee, a selilson of great joy. (F. - L. jttlep. - Span. j ttlepe. - Pers. juMb, julep, a
- H eb.) M. E.jubilee.- M. F.jubilt, 'a sweet drink; also guMb, rose-water, also
jubilee;' Cot.-L iubiltZUs, the jubilee julep. - Pers. gul, a rose; nb, water. For
(Levit. xxv. II ) ; mase. of adj . iubil0!1IS, Pers. gul, see Rose. Pers. tib is cognate
belonging to the jubilee (Levi t. xxv. 28). - with Skt. a/,' , water.
Heb. yiibel, a blast of a trumpet, sh out of July. (F . -L.) O. F.Julie.-L.luHus,
joy. ~ Distinct from the word above. a month (formerly ca lled Qttinclllis) named
Judge. : F.-L.) F.j1lge.-L.ilidicem, after Julius Cresar, who was born in July.
ace. ot ilidex, a judge, lit. ' one who points Jump (I) , to leap, spling, skip . (Scand.)
out law.' - L. ;,i-s, law ; die-nre, to point Swed. Gia!. g"llfllpn, to spring, jump, gillljJa.
out. See.rury and Diction. to wag about; allied to Swed. gup/'a, to
274
 JUMBLE JUSTIFY
move up and down; Dan.gumpe, to jolt; -L.) F. jo"rncle (Cot.). Orig. a kind
Icel. goppa, to skip.+M. H. G. gumpm, of cream·cheese, served up on rushes,
gampen, to jump, gumpdll, to play the whence its name. _ Ital. giuneala, a kind
buffoon; provo G. gampen, to jump, hop, of cream·cheese on rushes, al£o a junket
sport (Schmeller); M. Du. gumpm, to (Florio) . _ Ital. giunco, a rush. - L. iun-
dance, leap. From a Teut. str. vb. *gim- cum, ace. of iuncus, a rush.
pan- (for *ge11lpan-); whence Dan. dial. Junta, a council. (Span.-L.) Span.
gimpe, to swing, wag, Lowl. Sc. jimp, to jU,t/a , a congress; a fem. form of junlo
jump. (below).
jumble, to mix together confusedly. junto, a knot of men, a faction . (Span.
(SCand.) We also find M. E.jombren, Ch. - L.) Span. ju,,/o, united, conjoined.-
Troil. ii. 1037; and jumper, to mix har- L. izmelus, pp. of iungere, to join. See
moniously (More). In fact,jumb-/e,jomb- Join.
ren,jump-er are all frequentative forms of Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurist,
the verb to jump, used transitively. Thus Juror; see Jury.
jumb-/e= to make to jump, jolt together, J~, a body of sworn men. (F . - L.)
make a discord; or, otherwise, to shake O. F. jtm!e, a jury, a company of sworn
together, make to agree. See Jump ( I). men; orig. the fem. pp. ofjurer, to swear.
jump (2), exactly, pat; also, as a verb. - L. iurare, to swear, bind by an oath.-
(SCand. ) From the verb above; cf. Ham- L. iur-, for ius, law.+Skt. )'U, to bind.
let, i. I. 6!i. Also lIsed in the sense to juridical, pertaining to courts of law
agree or tally, esp. in the phr. /0 jump or to a judge. (L.) From L. iuridre-us,
witll. ' They jtm:p not;' Oth. i. 3. 5; relating to the administration of justice;
cf. Tam. Shrew, i. I. 195. with suffix -alis.-L. iuri-, decl. stem of
Junction, a joining. (L.) From L. iits, law ; dieare, to proclaim. See Just
ittnclio, a joining. - L. iunelus, pp. of .:1) below.
iungere, to join. See Join. jurisdiction. (F . -L.) M. F.juris-
juncture, a union, a critical moment. die/ion (F . juridic/ion). - I... ii"irisdie·
(L. ) The sense' critical moment' is astro- /iiinem, acc. of iur£sdictio, administration
logical , from the 'union' of planets.-L. of justice. - L. iuris, gen. of ius;law (see
iunctura, a joining. -L. iunclus (above). Just ( \ ) below) ; and see Diction.
June. (F.-L.) O. F . aDd F.Juitt. - ~ So alsojttris-prudmee.
L. Iiinius, the name of the month and of jurist, a lawyer. (F.-L.) F.juriste
n Roman gms or clan. (Cot. ). - Late L. it'risla, a lawyer. - L.
Jungle. (Hind. -Skt.) Hind'Jtmga/, iur-, for iits, law ; with su ffix ·ista ( = Gk.
waste land. - Sk t.jaI7ga/a-, adj., dry ,desert; -HTT1)<) .
hencejungie ~ waste land. ~ The Hind. juror,oneofajury. (F.-I...) Imitated
short a sounds like u in mud. from F. jureur, a swearer, a juror.-L.
Junior, younger. (I... ) L. tumor, iuralorem, acc. of iurator , one who swears.
compo of iuuenr:s, young; short for - L. iin-a"e, to swear; see Jury (above).
*iuum£or. See Juvenile. Jury-mast, a temporary mast. (F.-
Juniper, au evergreen shrub. (L.) L. L.) Short for ajury.mas/ ; wbere ajury-
iimipert/s, iiinipirus, a juniper. Of O. F. ajl/ine, aid, succour (Godefroy).
doubtful origin. From L. adiuta,'c, to aid; see Aid.
Junk (I ), a Chinese vessel. (P ort. - Cf. M. E. iuwere, assistance; Prompt.
Malay.-Chin. ?) Port. (andSpan. )junco, Parv.
a junk. - Malay/ong; also aJong. Said to Just (1) , upright. (F. - L.) M. E. iust.
be borrowed from Chinese eMu'alt, a ship, -F. jrts/e. -L. iuslum, ace. of iustus,
boat, bark, junk; Williams, Chinese Dict. just, according to right; with suffix -tus.
p. 120. - L. iiis, right, that which is fitting; cf.
Junk (l ), pieces of old cordage. (Port. Skt. .l'U, to join.
-L. ) POIt.jUncO, a rush; also junk, as a justice. (F. -L.) F. justice. - L.
nautical term; i. e. rush-made ropes. - L. iustitia, justice; Late L. iUstilia, a trio
iuncum, acc. of iuncus, a rush. ~ Junk bunal, a judge. - L . iusti-, for iUs/us, just;
also means salt meat, tough as old ropes. see Just (1) above.
ButJimk, a·lump, is for cllunk. ) j~. (F.-L.) F. justiJier.-L.
juDket, a kind ofsweetmeat. (I<'. - Ital. it~stilieare to shew to be just. - L. iusti-
'75
 JUST KEN
for ,'ustus, just; -jkiire, for lacere, to kytirr. Cf. provo E. cadg)', cheerful: and
make. perhaps Dan. kaad, frolicsome; M. Dan.
.J1UIt (1), to joust; see Joust. kade, joy; Swed. kiitja, to be wanton .
.Justle; see Jostle. Keel (1), the bottom of a ship. (Scand.)
.Jut, to project. (F. -L.) Merely a cor- Icel. "jolr, Dan. kwl. Swed. "01, the keel
ruption of jet ; in the same way ajell)' or of a ship (whence G. Du. kiel, a keel).
pier was formerly called a JUII), j see Teut. type *kiluz. Cf. A. S. alae, the
Jetty. beak of a ship (0. E. T. ) . Distinct from
jutty, a projection. (F.-L.) For A. S. ceol, O. H. G. kiol, M. H. G. kiel,
jell)'; see above. Der. jutl)', vb., to pro- a ship.
ject beyond. keelhaul. (Scand. andE. ) Also keel-
.Jute, a substance resembling hemp. kale , 'to punish in the seaman's way, by
(Bengali.) Bengali jul, the fibres of the dragging the criminal under water on one
bark of the Corckorus olitorius (Wilson ). side of the ship and up again on the
From j Mlo, vulgarly jkuto, the native other ;' Johnson . From ketl and kaul or
name in Orissa (Yule). kale. Cf. Du. kie/-kalen, G. " ie/kolen.
.Juvenile, young. (F.-L) M. F. keelson, kelson, a set of timbers
juvenile; F.juvmil. - L. iuuenilis, youth- next a ship's keel. (Scand .) Formerly
ful.-L. iuumis. young. See Young. kclsine (Chapman) .-Swed. kiilsvin, Dan.
Juxtaposition. (L. and F. - L.) kiolsvii" (Norweg. kjolsvil!), a keelson;
Coined from L. iuxtii, near j and position. E. Fries. kolswin .+G. kitlsckwein. Lit.
See Joust and Position. , keel-swine j ' but this can hardly have
been the orig. sense. A better sense is
given by Norw. kjOlsvill, where svill
E. answers to G. schwtlle, E . sill; see Bill.
This suffix, not being nnderstood, may
J[ail., Kale, cabbage. (L.) Northern easily have been corrupted to swine, and
E. form of cole; see Cole. afterwards, in English, to -son.
Ea.ils, ninepins. (Dn.) Formerly also Keel (1), to cool. (E.) To keel a pot
ke),les; see quille in Cotgrave. These kails is to keep it from boiling over, lit. to cool
were cone-shaped. - Du. kegel, a pin, kail; it. _ A. S. ellan, to cool; for *cvljan.-
l1Ut kegels spelen, to play at ninepins. + A. S. cvl, cool. See Cool.
Dan. kegle,a cone, kegler, nine-pins; Swed. Keelson; see Keel (I).
kiigla, a pin, cone; G. kegel (whence F. Keen, sharp. (E.) M. E. kene. A. S.
quille). Apparently a dimin. of Du. keg, clnc, where l is dne to an older v; O.
a wedge. Merc. cvene. The orig. sense is' skilful,
EaleidollCope, an optical toy. (Gk.) experienced: + Du. kom, bold, daring;
From Gk. KaA.-Of, beautiful; fi30-r, form; Icel. kann (for katm), wise, also able;
CTK01r-fW, to behold; because it enables one G. kUhn, bold. O. H. G. ckuoni. Tent.
to behold beautiful forms. type *kUnJo_, able; from Teut. root *Iu,.
Ealencla.r; see Calends. (vGEN), to know; see Can (I).
Eangaroo, a quadruped. (Australian.) Eeep. (E.) M. E. kepen. A. S. cipan,
Said to be not the native Australian name, to observe, notice, attenu to,keep.+M.Du.
but to have ariJen from some mistake j but kepen, to keep, retain (Hexham). Teut.
even this is doubtful (see Moms). type *kQpjan-; cf. A. S. ge-cvp, fit, suit-
Ea:7:1e8; see Kalli. able.
Eecbie8 hemlocks. (C.) For kICks- Eeg, a small cuk. (Scand.) Formerly
es; and kecks is also written kex. See also cag. - Icel. kaggi, a keg; Swed. kagge,
Kex. Norweg. kagge, a keg, a round mass or
EecUre (I), to warp a ship. (F. - L. 1) heap. Der. kails.
To keJie is to drag a ship slowly forward, Kelp, calcined ashes of sea-weed. Origin
by help of a kedge-anchor, against tide. unknown. Also spelt kilp.
A kedge-anchor was formerly called a Ken, to know. (Scand.) M. E. kennen.
catch-anckor or catch (N. E. D .). Hence - Icel. kenna, Swed. kanna, Dan. kitnde,
lIe!'ge may represent ketck; for catck. to know; so also G . kemlen; A. S. annan
K~e (1), Eicige, brisk, lively. (E. ) (to declare), Goth. kannjan. Teut. type
An East-Anglian word. M. E . k),gge, *kannja1l-. Causal form of cu,man, to
276
 KENNEL KIDDLE
know, derived from Teut. base ·kattn (cf. Ketchup, a sauce. (Malay.) Malay
can) by vowel·change of a to t. See keckap, k/chap, a sauce; soy. (Tn Dutch
Can (I). s~elling, ketjap. )-C. P. G. Scott.
KeDJ1el (I). a house for dogs. (F. -L.) Kettle. (Scand.-L. ) M. E. keld.
M. E. kmel. A Norman form of O. F. Icel. ketill ; borrowed from L : (atil/us, a
deni!. a kennel. - Late L. 'canile, domus small bowl (whence also Goth. kati/s,
canis' in Wrt. Vocab. 198. 29. - L. can·is, A. S. cetel, Du. ketel, G. kessel, &c.).
a dog, with suffix -ile, as in ou-i!e, a sheep- Dimin. of catinus, a bowl, deep vessel
fold. Cf. Norman F. ken, O. F. dun (F. for cooking food. Perhaps allied t o Gk.
chien), a dog, from L. acc. catum, a dog. K6TVAOS, a cup (Prellwitz); see Coty-
KeDJ1el (2) , a gutter. (F. -L.) A cor- ledon.
ruption of M. E. (anti, a channel. - A . F. Ke:.:, hemlock, a hollow stem. (W. - L.)
cat,d, Charlemagne, ed. Michel, 1. 556; M . E. kex .- W . eecys, pI., hollow stalks,
O. F. chanel; see Channel. hemlock, allied to cegid, hemlock; Corn.
Kerbstone_ (F.-L.; andE. ) Here cegas, hemlock; prob. borrowed from L.
kerb is for curb; so called because the cicuta, hemlock. ~ Kex = kecks, and is
stone was sometimes placed, as round a properly a plural form.
well, on a curved edge. See Curb. Key. (E. ) M. E. keye. A. S. ciig, a
Kerchief. (F. -L.) M . E. curchief, key ; O. Fries. kai, ka, a key.
couercJlef (coverchef). - O. F. covrec/uj, Khan, a prince. (Pers. - Tatar.) Pers.
lit. a head-covering. - O. F. covrir, to khan , lord, prince ; of Tatar origin. Cf.
cover; che/, the head; see Cover and Chingis Khan, i. e. great lord, a Tatar
Chief. title (Chaucer's Cambuscan).
Kermes, the dried bod ies of insects used Khedive, a prince. (F. -Pers.) F.
in dyeing crimson. (Arab. -Skt.) See khedive. - Pers. khad/w, khidiw, a great
Crimson. prince, sovereign; khidlwi, the khedive,
Kern (I), Kerne, an Irish s.)ldier. viceroy of Egypt (Palmer). Cf. Pers.
(Irish.) Irish cea/harnack, a soldier.- klzoda, God.
O. Irish ee/hern, a troop. See Cateran. Kibe, a chilblain. (C.?) W. cibwst, chil-
Kern (2); see Quern. blains; explained by Pugh as standing for
Kernel. (E.) A. S. cymel, a grain : cib-gwsl. - W. cib, a cup; gwst, a humour,
dirnin. of A. S. corn, a grain (with the malady, disease ; hence'acup-likemalady,'
usual change from Teut. u (A. S. 0) to ),). from the rounded form . The E. word has
Teut. stem *kurni/o-. See Corn. preserved only the syllable db, rejecting
Kersey, coarse woollen cloth. (E. ) the latter syllable. (Doubtful.)
Named from Kerst)' (of A. S. origin), a Kick. (Perhaps Celtic.) M. E. killen.
village three miles from Hadleigh, in Cf. W. cicio, to kick (colloquial) ; O. W.
Suffolk, where a woollen trade was once tic, a foot j as in W. cic-wt·, footman.
carried on. ~ Not from Jerse)" which (Doubtful.)
is also used as the name of a material. Kicbhawa, a dainty dish. (F.-L.)
Kerseymere, a twilled cloth of fine A sing. sb. ; the pI. is kickshawses (Shak.).
wool. (Cashmere.) A corruption of Cask- A curious corruption of F. quelq.1t chou,
mere or Cassimere, by confusiou with something, hence, a trifie,a delicacy. Spelt
kersey above. qudquechose by Dryden. - F . que/que chose.
Kestrel, a base kind of hawk. (F.-L.) -L. qual-is, of what sort, with suffix
For kurd; the / is excrescent. as in -quam; caussa, a cause, a thing. ~Moisy
whils-t, &c. - M.F .quercerel/e, ' a kastrell;' gives Norman F . quiquechose.
Cotgrave; F . cr!cerel/e. Extended from Kid, a young goat. (Scand.) M. E. kid.
O. F. creceie, cereel/e, M. F. quercellt, a - Dan. kid, Swed. kid, Icel. ki{J, a kid.+
kestrel. Of imitative origin ; cf. O. F. G. kilu.
cercelle, F . sarce"e, a teal, from L. quer- lddnap, to Iteal young children.
quedula, a kind of teal. (Scand.) Kid, in Tudor E. slang, means a
Ketch, a small yacht or hoy. (B.) child; nap is our nab. - Dan. kid, a kid;
M. E. cache. Prob. from the verb to nappe, to nab; see Nab.
catch; see N. E . D.; s. v. Catch. ~ The Kiddle, a kind of weir formed of basket-
Du. kils, F . quaiche, a ketch, are borrowed work placed in a river to catch fish. (A.F.)
from E. ~ Distinct from caique, q. v. Anglo-F. kidel, pl. kUl~; O. F. (uUkI
377
 KIDNEY KIPPER
(liodefroy) ; later form 'illideal', ' a wicker natural, ill-born; allied to Goth. -kUllds,
engine whereby fish is caught;' Cotgrave. of such a nature. Allied to Kin.
Late L. kidellus; Breton kide/. kindle ( I ), to bring forth young. (I<:.)
Kidney. (E.? and Scaud.) Corrup- M. E.ki1uilm, kundlm; from M. E.ki1lfiel,
tion of 1(. E. kidmre, kidm:er; Ilen is ktmdd, sb., a progeny; from the A. S.
also used alone. 1. Here kid answers to cynd, nature, or from the adj. cYluie,
A. S. *cyd-. perhaps related to A. S. codd, natural.
a bag, pod, husk, M. E. cod, belly. 2. Kindle (2) , to inflame. (Scand.) It
M. E. nere is a Scand. word. - Icel. njra, appears to be the same word as Kindle ( I ) ;
Dan. nyre, Swed. Iljun , a kidney; cog- see Anc. Riwle. But it can hardly be
nate with Du. llier, G. lliere, and allied separated from Ice!. kynda, to inflame,
to Gk. I'f'/JPOS, kidney. ~ The former kindle, Swed. dial. kYllda, kiluia, a sense
element is doubtful. which seems to have been suggested by
Kilderkin. (Du.) A corruption of M. lee!. kYlldill, a torch. And Ice!. kYlldill
Du. killdekm , also kimzeken, the eighth is a mere borrowing from A. S. caJufel;
part of a vat. The lit. sense is 'little from L. calldi/o, a candle. See Candle.
child,' because the measure is a small one Kindred. (Eo) The former d is ex-
as compared with a tun, vat, or barrel. crescent. M. 10:. killrede. - A. S. CYIl, kin ;
Formed, with dimin. suffix -km (now -radell, signifying law, state, condition (so
nearly obsolete) , from Du. kiluf, a child; also Iuzt-red from kate). Rildm is allied
allied to Ice!. kundr, a son, and to E. to the adj. ready; cf. Goth. ga-raideins,
Kin. The mod . Du. name is kinnel/e, an ordinance.
by substitution of -Ije for -ken. Kine, cows; see Cow.
Xill. (E.) M. E. killm, more com- King, a chief ruler. (E.) A. S. 'Yllillg,
monly ctlllm. Thc M. E. mllm prob. a king; lit. ' a man of good birth;' (d.
answers to an A. S. type *cyllaJI, from A. S. cyne-, royal , Icel. kOllr, one of gentle
the weak grade C(111)ul- of ewe/-all, to die. birth) ;-A. S. cyll, a tribe, kin, race; with
Cf. E . Fries. kiillm , to vex, strike, beat, suffix -illg, as in A!/fnd A!}elwuljillg =
a parallel form; O. H. G cnollen, by-form }Elfred the son of A':thelwulf. + O. Sax.
of qtUllOII, to vex, kill, martyr. Thus kutting, fromkulli, tribe; O. }<·ries. kim'tlC;
kill is closely related to Quell, q. v. For Ice!. kOIlUllgr; Swed. kOllung; Dan.
the loss of w, d. dull, which is related to konge; Du. k(mi1lg; G. kiim"g', O. H. G.
dwell. CkUllillg (from O. H. G. ckumli, a kin,
XilD.. (L.) A. S. cyllz, also cylen; race). Teut. type *kunillgoz, m.
merely borrowed from L. culilla , a kitchen kingdom. (Eo ) Late M. E. killgdom;
(hence, a drying-house) ; whence also W. not really a compound of killg' and suffix
cylyn, a kiln, a furnace. !:iee Culinary. -dOIll, but a substitution for early M. E.
Kilt. (Scand.) The sb. is derived from kinedom, A. S. cpudom, a kingdom. The
the verb kill, to tuck up. - Dan. kilte, to A. S. cym- signifie; , royal,' very common
truss, tuck up; !:iwed. dial. killa, to in composition, and is allied to A. S. CYII,
swaddle. cr. Ice!. killitlg, a skirt. Per- a tribe.
haps related to Swed. dial. kilta, the lap, Kink, a twist in a rope. (Scand.) A
Icel. kjalla, lap. Northern word. _ Swed. kitzk, Norweg.
Ximbo; see Akimbo, killk, a twist in a rope. (So also Du.
Kin, genus, race. CE.) M. E . ki", kutz. kink.) Allied to Norweg. kika, kil1ka, to
A. S. 'JJnn, orig. a tribe.+lcel. kyn , kin; writhe, Ice!. kiklJa, to sink at the knees
O. !:iax. kunlli, O. H. G. ckuntli; Goth. under a burden, Icel. keikr, bent back;
kuni, tribe. Teut. type *kulljom, neut. Norw. keika , to bend aside, to twist.
From the weak grade of Teut. root (Teut. base *keik- , to bend. )
*ken- , Idg. gm-. Allied to Genua. Kiosk,a small pavilion. (Turk.-Pers.)
(.vG EN.) F. kiosque. - Turk. kuskk , kUsllk (pro-
kind ( I) ,sb" nature, sort. ( Eo) M. E. nounced with k as k,) , a kiosk.-Pers.
kund, killd. A. S. cynd, ge-'Ylld, nature; krtskk, a palace, villa, portico.
whence the adj. below. D er. killd-ly, Kipper, to cure salmon. (E.) This
natural. meaning IS all accidental one, arising from
lrind ( 2) , adj., natural , loving. \ E.) a habit of curing kzpper-salmoll, i. e salmon
M. E . kIlJzt/e, killde. A. S. 'Yllde, .re-,yntie. I rlurin/,; the spawning season, which were
2jS
 KIRK KNEE
cured because ofinferior quality. A sal mon, Imitative. like Knap. Cf. Du. kltakkm,
after spawning, was called a kipper (Pen. G. ktwckm, to crack. [The Gael. cnaL',
nant). A. S. cypera, a kipper-salmon. Irish cllag, a crack, \\'. cnec, a snap, are
Kirk, a church. (Scand. - E.-Gk. ) borrowed from E. crack. ] It meant (I ) a
M. E. kirke. - Icel. kirkja; borrowed from snap, ( ~ ) a SIlap with the finger or nail,
A. S. cirice, circe, a church. See Church. (3) a jester's trick, piece of dexterity, (.)
Kirtle, a sort of gown or petticoat. a joke, trifie, toy, &c. Cf. Knock.
(L. ; witl. E. suffix.) M. E. kirte!. A. S. Xnacker, a dealer in old horses.
cyrtel, a tunic; Icel. kyrtill, Dan. kiorld, (Scand. ) It formerly meant a saddler and
Swed. kjortel; evidently dim in. forms. All harness-maker (Ray). _ lcel. hnakkr, a
from L. curtus, short, which appears also saddle.
in Du. korl, G. kUN, short. See Curt. )[nag, a knot in wood, peg. (E.) M. E.
Kias, a salute with the lips. (E.) The knagge, a peg, a knot in wood . Not in
vowel i is due to the verb, which is formed A.S. LowG.k~law,akindofpeg; Swed.
from the sb. by vowel·change. M. E . coss, knagg, a knag, knot; Dan. k"ag, a peg,
sb.,akiss; whencekissen,verb. A.S. coss, cog. 'We find also Irish mag, a knob,
sb. ; whence cyssa1Z, verb.+Du. ktts, Icel. peg, cnaig, a knot iu wood, GaeL mag,
koss, Dan. kys, Swed. kyss, G. kttss, a kiss. knob, pin, peg (all from E.).
Teut. type *kttssttZ, sb. Cf. Goth. kttkjatt, Knap, to snap. (Du.) Du. kllappm. to
to kiss; E. Fries. kuk, a kiss. snap, crack. crush, eat (whence k1lapper,
][it ( I), a milk-pail, tub; also , an outfit. hard gingerbread, a lie). Cf. Dan. kneppe,
(0. Low G.) M. E. kit. - M. Du. kitte, a t~ snap; Swed. knitpp, a snap, ktt~p, a
wooden bowl, a tub; Du. kit. Cf. tnck. A parallel word to knack, and of
Norweg. kit/e, a corn-bin. imitative origin. Cf. Gael. enap, to strike,
][it (2),11 small violin. (l'.-L-Gk.) beat, thump, Irish cnapaim, I strike; from
Shortened from Norman F. qui/erne E. See Knop.
(Moisy); answering to O. F. guitcnlt knapsack. (Du.) Du. knapzak, a
(Godefroy). From L. ci/hara. - Gk.",/lap", knapsaCk , lit. a provision-bag. - Du. knap,
a kind of lyre. See Cithern. eating, knappen, to crush, eat; zak, a sack
][it (3), a brood, family, qnantity. (E.) (a word of Hebrew origin); see Sack.
A variant of kith. 'The whole kit' = the )tnapweed, Knopweed, a weed
whole kith. See Kith. with a hard head or knop; see Knop.
][i1i-cat, ][it-kat, the name given to Knar; see Gnarled.
portraits of a particular size. (Personal Knave, a boy, servant, sly fellow . (E.)
name.) The size adopted by Sir G. Kneller M. E. knaue (klIove ), a boy, servant. A. S.
for paintiug members of the Kit·Kat club, cna./a. older form cnapa, a boy. + So also
which used to meet at a house kept by Du. knaap, a lad, servant; Icel. knapi,
Christopher Kat (Haydn). Kit is for servant· boy ; G. knabe, a boy. It is
CIlristopher (G k. XI'I(ITO-<!>OPO~, lit. 'Christ- probable tbat the initial kn- represents
bearing '). the weak grade of Teut. *ken- (Idg. ·gen-),
][itchen. (L.) M. E. kidlene. A. S. to produce; cf. Knight. But the rest of
cycme, f. - L. coquina, a kitchen. - L. the word remains unexplained.
c0tLuere. to cook; see Cook. Knead, to mould by pressure. (E.)
][ite, a bird. a toy for fiying. (E. ) M.E. M. E. klleden. A. S. medan (pt. t. *cutZd,
kite. A. S. cjta, a kite. pp. cneden). a strong verb. to knead.+
Kith, kindred, acquaintance. (E.) M.E. Du. kneden, lcel. kno(ia, ·Swed. knlida , G.
ClltI/1e, kith. A . S. cjiJ, native land, relation- kneten ; (all from Teut. base*kneil'-) . Allied
ship.-A. S. ciUJ, known, pp. of kunnan, to Russ. gnetate, ptesti, to press, squeeze ;
to know. See Can ( I ) . from the corresponding Idg. root *gnet.
][itten. (Scand. ; with F. suffix.) M.E. Knee. ( E.) M. E. kne, pI. knees; also
kitoun, where the suffix ·oun is F., Sl1g- cneo, pI. mean. A. S. cnio. +Du. knie, .
gested by O. F. chattolt, a kitten. Kit is Icel. hll, Dan. kna!, Swed. hzii, G. knie,
a mutated form of cat, appearing in the O. H . G. rhniu, Goth. kniu . Teut. type
E. form kit.ling, from lcel. ketlingr, a *kne-.vom , n. Cf. L. gmu; Gk . .,.6",,;
kitten; and in (ob •. ) kittle, to produce Skt. jattu. The Idg. related bases are
kittens. *gmtt. ~as in L.), *gonu- (as in Gk),
Enack, a map, dexterity, trick. (E.) *gneu. (whence Tent. *Imeu.). Cf. Gk.
~79
 KNEEL KNUAR
on the knees. See
'Yl''''lI'fTfiv, to fall knock; Com. C1llNcye, to knock. An
Genu1l.ection, Pentagon, &c. imitative word, from Teut. */mUR-, weak
kneel, to fall on the knees. (E.) grade of Knack.
M. E. meO'lien , knilen; A. S. £1le(ywlian.+ ][noll ( 1), a hillock. (E.) M. E. !mol.
Du. knidm ; Low G. knelen (Lubben) ; A. S. cnol.+Du. !mol, a turnip, from its
Dan. !male (formed from !ma, knee). roundness, Dall. knold, a knoll, Swed.
][nell, ][noll, to sound as a bell, toll. knijl, a bump, G. /mO'l/en, a knoll, clod,
(E.) M. E. !millen, !mo/lm. A. S. enyllan, lump. Cf. W . at()l, a knoll, hillock;
to knock, beat noisily. Cf. Du. knallen, to Swed. dial. knall, a knoll.
give a loud report, Dan. knalde, to explode; Xnoll ( 2) ; see Knell.
Swed. knalla, to resound, G. knalletl, to ][nOP, Xnob, a bump , protuberance,
make a loud noise; Ice!.gmlla, to scream; boss. (E .) M. E. !mop, a rose-bud.
M. H. G. knill/en, to beat. Perhaps of O. Fries. ersknO'p, the rump·bone.+ Du.
imitative origin, to denote a loud noise ; and Dan. kIlO'P, a knob, bud; Swed. knO'pp,
cr. Du. knal, Dan. knald, Swed. knall, a bud, knO'p, a knot, G. knop/. knob,
G. kna/I, a loud noise. From Teut. base button, knot. Apparently allied to M. E.
*knel- (*knal·, *knul- ). knap, a knob ; A. S. CttIZp, a hill·top,
][nickerbockers,looseknee-breeches. Ice!. knappI', a knob; whence Gael. enap,
(Du.) Named from DiedJich Ktdcker· a knob, button, boss, stud, hillock, also
bO'eker, the pretended author of W. Irving's a slight blow; also the verb enap, to
Hist. of New York; taken as the type of thump, beat (hence, to raise a bump) ; W.
a New York Dutchman. map, a knob; Irish cnap, knob, bunch,
][nick-knack, a trick, trifle, toy. (E. ) hillock, mapaim, I ~trike. See Knap.
A reduplication of knack , in the sense of ][not. (E.) M. E . knotte. A. S.
trifle, toy. Cf. Du. knikken, to snap, cnotta, a knot. + Du. knot. Cf. also
weakened form of knakken, to crack. O. H. G. dmO'dO', G. k1lO'ten, a knot (with a
See Knack. different dental sound). Also (with a long
Xnife. (E.) M. E. kllif, pI. kniues vowel) Ice!. k'IUlr, a knot, Dan. knude,
(with u = v ). A. S. mif, a knife. + Du. Swed. knut. And (with orig. a ) Icel.
kni;/, Ice!. knifr, Dan. kniv, Swed. knif, knottr (Teut. *knottu.), a ball.
provo G. kneif; Low G. kni/, kntp, a knife knout, a scourge. (Russ. - Scand.)
(Lubben) . (Cf. F. canif, from G.) Russ. knllte, a whip, scourge. - Swed.
Possibly related to Nip and Nibble. knut, Icel. knutr, a knot.
XnUrht, a youth, servant, man·at-arms. Know, to be assured of. (E.) M. E.
(E.) ?1'. E. knigkt. A. S. cnikt, O. Merc. knowen. A. S. eniiwan (pt. t. cnlow, pp.
enekt, a boy, servant. + Du. kneckt, a cnQwen). + Ice\. kna, O. H . G. eknaatl.
servant j Dan. knegt, man·servant, knave Further allied to Russ. !lnale, to know j
(at cards) ; Swed. kmkl, soldier, knave (at L. noseere (for gnO'scere) ; Gk. "y1-'Yl'U,UltfIV j
cards); G. kneekt. 8. Perhaps enekt= Pers.far·zan, knowledge; O. Irish ptath,
*en·ekt, belonging to the kin or tribe; cf. known, accustomed, W.gnawd, a custom;
Gk. "y"-~UlOs, legitimate, from "yl,,·os, kin Skt. jna, to know. An from a base *gnD,
(where 'Yl'- is the weak grade of "yf~-); a secondary form of ""GEN, to know.
see Kin. The suffix ·ehl, -ihl is adjectival; knowledge. (E. ) M. E. knowlege,
as in)O'Ylt·iM, thorny, from)O'rn, a thorn. knattlecke; from ~O'wleeken, vb., to ac-
Xnit. CE.) A . S. enyttan, to form into knowledge. Here -lichen = A. S. '/fican
a knot, to knot; formed (by vowel-change) (as in M. E. 1likllehen, A. S. niaklfican, to
from Teut. *knut., the base of cnotta, a approach). And ·lfican is from the A. S.
knot (Teut. type *kllu/·tO'n·). Allied to .liic, the same word as A. S. liic, a game,
Ice!. knjta, Dan. knylte , Swed. knyla, to sE()rt, play. See Wedlock.
knit; and to Ice!. knl,tr, Dan. knuae, Knuckle, the projecting joint of the
Swed. knul, a knot . See Knot. fingers. (E. ) M. E. knO'kil; O. Fries.
][nob, a form of knop. M. E. knobbe. knoke/e. + M. Du. knO'kel, Du. knettkel,
Cf. Low G. knobbe, Du. !mobbel, a knob. Dan. knokkel, G. knOchel, a knuckle. A
See Knop . dimin. form ; the shorter form appears
Xnock, to strike, rap . (E.) M. E. in M. Du. knoke, a bone, knuckle, G.
kllotkm. A. S. Ctlucian; Ice!. knoka. Cf. ktt()cken, a bone, Swed. knoge, a knuckle.
Irish magailll, I knock; W. mO'eiO', to ][nurr, ][nur, a knot in wood,
380
 KORAN LACQUER
wooden balL (0. Low G.) M. E. hwr. Skt.) Pers.!d, gum·lac, whence crimson
Not in A. S.-M. Dn. knorre, a hard lake is obtained for dyeing.-Skt. Il1kslul,
swelling, knot in wood. + Dan. knorl, lac; also laktaka, rak/aka, lac; rallj, to
a knot; G. knorren, a lump. Allied to dye. Der. gum-llU, sltel-Iac.
M. E. knarre, a knot. See Gnarled. Lac (2 ) , a hundred thousand . (Hind.-
Koran, sacred book of the Mohamme- Skt.) A llU of rupees = 100,000 rupees. -
dans. (Arab.) Arab. 'luran, reading aloud, Hindustani lak (also laM), a lac. -Skt.
recitation; also, the Koran. - Arab. root lakslta, a hundred thousand; originally,
'lara-a, he read. (The a is long.) 'a mark.'
alcoran; the same word , with the Lace, a cord, tie. (F.-L ) M.E. las,
Arab. def. art. al (the) prefixed. laas.-O. F. las, laqs (F. lacs), a snare,
Xra.a.l, an enclosure, a collection of huts, noose. - L. laqueus, a noose, snare, knot.
an African vi llage. (Du. - Port. - L .) D u. Allied to L . laclre, to allure ; cf. E. elicit,
kraal, an African village. - Port. curral, delight. See Lasso , Latchet.
an enclosure; the same word as Span. Lacerate, to tear. (L .) From pp. of
corral. See Corral. L. laceYlire, to tear. - L. lacer , mangled,
Kythe, to make known. (E.) A. S. tom.+ Gk. Aa".po<, tom; Aa",<, a rent.
cjilJan, to make known. - A. S. culJ , known, Lachrymal, Lacrimal, pertaining
pp. of cunnan, to know. See Can (J) , to tears. (L.) The spelling lacltrymal is
and Uncouth. bad. - L.lacryma, better lacruma, lacrima,
a tear; O. L. dacn'ma, a tear. Cognate
with Gk. """P", a tear, and E. lem' ; see
Tear (I). Der. (from L.lacri11la) lachry-
L. mose, tea rful; lacltrymatory, a tear-bottle.
Lack ( I), want . (E.) The old sense is
La.bel, a small slip of paper, &c. (F. ) often' failure' or ' fault.' M. E. lak , lac.
M. E. label. - O. F . label, lambel, a label Not in A. S., but cf. O. Fries. lek, d?-mage,
(in heraldry), a shred; mod. 1'. lambeatl. harm, lakia, to attack.+Du. lak, blemish,
Of uncertain origin ; cf. O. Lat. lamberare, stain, laken, to blame; Low G. Iq.k, defect,
to tear ill pieces (Ascoli). blame , Ice!. lakr, defective, lacking.
Labial. (L .) Late L. labialis, pertain- lack (2 ) , to be destitute of. (E.) M. E.
ing to the lips. - L. labium , the lip. See lakken; weak verb; from lak, sb. See
Lip. above.
labellum, a pendulous petal. (L.) Lacker; see Lacquer.
L. labdlum, dimin. of labium, a lip. Lackey, Lacquey, a footman , menial
labiate. (L.) A botanical term .-L. attendant. (F. -Span . ?-Arab.?) From
labi-um , a lip; with suffix -ate (L. -atus). M. F. laquay, 'a lackey, footboy;' Cot.
Laboratory. (L .) Formerly elabora- (F. laquais) . There was also an O. F.
tory (Blount). - M. F. elabora/oire (Cot.). form alacay; littre shews that, in the
F ormed from L. ilaboratus, pp. of Habo- 15th cent., a certain class of soldiers (esp.
rare, to elaborate, work out. - L. 1, out; crossbow-men), were called alaguu, ala-
laboriire, to work, from labor, labour. cays, or lacays. (The prefix a- is prob.
laborious. (F. - L.) M. E . labo- due to Arab. ai, the def. article.) Prob.
rious. - F. laborieux. - L. labiin'osus, toil- from Span. lacayo, Port. lacaio, a lackey;
some. - L. labor., for labor, labour; with Port. lacaia , a woman-servant in dramatic
suffix -osus. performances. - Arab. luka', worthless,
labour, toil. (F. -L.) M. E. labour . servile; as a sb., a slave; lak'a, fem., mean,
- O. F. labour (later labeur). - L. labiJrem, servile. Cf. laka~ , lak', servile, laka'i,
acc. of labor, labiJs, toil. slovenly. ~ This is a guess; it is much
Laburnum, a tree. (L.) L.laburnum, disputed; Diez connects it with Ita!.
in Pliny, xvi.. 18. leccare, G . lecken, to lick.
Labyrinth, a maze. (F.-L.-Gk.- Laconic, brief and pithy. (L.-Gk .)
Egypt.) F. labyrinllte. - L. labyrintltus. L. LacOnicus, Laconian. -Gk. AaxOJv."or,
-Gk. Aafjup.v(Jor, a maze, a place full of Laconian. - Gk. M"OJv , a Laconian, Spar-
lanes or alleys. Of Egyptian origin tan. These men were celebrated for their
(Maspero). brief and pithy locution.
LaC: (I), a resinous substance. (Pers. - Lacquer, Lacker, a sort of varnish.
l81
 LACTEAL LAMMAS
(Y. - Port. - Pers. - Skt.) M. F. lacre also, to be driven (Vigf.) . Cf. also O.F.
(Cot.). - Port. lacre, sealing-wax. - Port. alagane (Godefroy).
laca, gum.lac.-Pers. laR, gum-lac; see Lagoon. (Ital.-L) Ita1. lagune, a
Lao (I). pool; also laguna. [Or from Span.
Lacteal, relating to milk. (L) From laguna.] The former is an augmentative
L. lacte-us, milky. - L lad-, stem of lac, of L. lacus; the latter is from L /a,una,
milk.+Gk. 'YMClMT-, stem of 'YcL\a, milk. extended from lacus. See Lake (1).
Allied to lettuce. LaiC. (L.-Gk.) L. laicus, belonging
Lad, a youth. (E.) M. E. ladtlt. Prob. to the laity.-Gk. AtUJtos (the same). See
the sense was • one led,' i. e. a follower, La;y (3).
dependant. From M. E. lad, led, pp. of Lair, den or retreat of a wild beast.
Ildm, to lead. See Lead (I ). (H. Brad- (E.) M. E. leiI'. A. S. lepr, a lair,
ley, in Atluntzum, June I, 189+) couch, bed. - A. S. stem ·Ieg-, as in A. S.
Ladanum; see Laudanum. leg-, base of licgan, to lie down, rest.
Ladder. (E.) M. E. ladtIre. A. S. See Lie (1).+Du. leger, a bed, lair, from
Mader, hladder, a ladder. + Du. ladder, liggen; G. lapr, O. H. G. legal'. a couch,
ladder, rails of a cart; O. H. G. Met'tra, from O. H. G. liggan, to lie; Goth. lips,
G. leiter, a ladder. Cognate with Gk. a couch. Doublet, leaguer.
JtA.i-/Ult, a ladder; see Climax. Named Laity, the lay people. (F.-L.-Gk.;
from sloping; see Lean (I). (.vKLEI.) witk F. suifix. ) A coined word; from
Lade (I ), to load. (E.) Formerly a lay, adj.; cf. gaie-ty from gay, &c. See
strong verb; we still use the pp. ladm. La;y (3).
M. E. laden. A. S. Madan (pt. t. hiM, Lake (1), a pool. (L.) A. F.lac.-L.
pp. Maden), meanin~ ( I) to load, heap locus. a lake. + Gk. A.4JtJtOS. a hollow,
up, heap together, (~) to draw out water, hole, pit, pond; O. Irish lock, A. S. lagu.
lade out, drain.+Du. laden, Icel. IIIa6a, Lake (2), a crimson colour. (F.-Pers.
Dan. lade, Swed. ladda, Goth. -k/atkan -Skt.) F. loque (Cot.). -Pers.lak, lake.
(in afolatkan ), G. laden, to lade. Teut. -Pers. lak, gum-lac; see Lao (1).
base .klad (not ·Matk), to lade (Kluge) . La.kh; the same as Lao (2).
Allied to Russ. Idade, a lading. Lama. (1), a high priest. (Thibetan.)
lade (~), to draw out water, drain. We speak of the grand lama of Thibet.
(E.) The same word as Lade (1 ). i. e. chief or high priest (Webster).
ladle, a large spoon. (E.) M. E. Lama. (~); see Llama.
ladd; A. S. Madel; so named from being La.mb. (E.) M. E. Iamb, lomb. A. S.
used for dipping out or lading water from lamb, pI. lambru.+Du. lam, Ice!. Iamb,
a vessel; from M. E. ladm, A. S. Mada", Dan. lam, Swed. and G. lamm, Goth.
to lade out; see above. lamb, a young sheep. Teut. type *Iamboz,
Lacl:v. (E.) Perhaps' loaf-kneader.' neut.
A. S. Ila/dige, a lady.-A. S. klaf, a loaf; La.mbent, flickering. (L. ) 'A lambent
and (perhaps) A. S. *dige, a kneader, from flame.' - L. lambent-, stem of pres. pt. of
the root seen in Goth. deiglln, to knead; see lambert, to lick, sometimes applied to
Dike, and see Dairy. ~ Lady was spe- flames. Allied to Lap (I ).
cially used to mean the Virgin Mary; La.me, disabled, esp. in the legs. (E.)
hence lady-bird, lady's-slipper, &c. +
M. E. lame. A. S. lama. Du. lam, Ice!.
Lag, late, sluggish. (C.) W. /lag, lami. Dan. lam, Swed. lam, G. lahm.
slack, loose, sluggish ; Com. lac, loose, The orig, sense is bruised, maimed; from
remiss; Gael. and Ir. lag, weak, feeble, a base *Iam -, to break. Cf. Russ.lomate,
raint; O. Irish lac, weak.+L. laxus, lax; to break; Ice!. lama, to bruise; provo E.
see Lax, Languid, Slack. lam, to bruise.
Lagan, goods cast out in a shipwreck. Lament, vb. (F.-L.) F. lammter.-
(F.) A law-term; usually explained so L. lammtari, 10 wail. - L. ltimentum, a
as to force a false connexion with L. mOllmful cry ; from the base lii- , to utter
ligare, to tie. - O. F. lagan, lagand, a cry; cf. la-trare, to bark. Cf. also
wreckage cast ashore (Godefroy). Low Russ. laiate, to bark, scold.
L. laganulIl. Origin unknown. Perhaps loa,mina.. (L.) L.lamina, a thin plate
from O. Ice!. loginn, 'positus,' old pp. of metal. Cf. Omelette.
pus. of leggia, to lay, place (Egilsson), Lamma.s, a name for Aug. 1. (E.)
28~
 LAMP LANTERN
A. S. "'tif-mlZsu, lit. 'loaf-mass;' later la.ndau, a kind of coach. (G.) Said
spellings hlammasse, lammasse. A loaf to be named from La" dau, a town in
was on this day offered as a first -fmits of Bavaria. Land is cognate with E. land;
harvest. See Mass ( ~ ) . G. aN is allied to i - in M. E . i-land; see
Lamp. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.lampe.- Island.
L. lampas. - Gk. Jl.al'"o.r, a torch , light. - la.ndnave, a count of a province.
Gk. Jl.1i1'''flY, to shine. Cf. Lantern. (Du.) l1u. landgraaj. - Du. land, land;
Lampoon. (F. - Teut.) F . tampon, graaf, a count. Der. landgrav·ine, from
orig. a arinking·song; from the exclama- Du. landgrav in, fern . of landgraaf; see
tion lampons! = let us drink (Littn!). - F. Margrave.
lamper, nasalised form of O. F . lapper, to landraU, a bird ; see Bail (3).
lap up; of Teut. origin.-M. Du. lappen , landscape. (Du.) Formerly land-
, to lap or licke like a dogge;' Hexham. skip; borrowed from Dutch painters. -
See Lap (I). Du. landschap, a landscape, a province. -
Lamprey, an eel-like fish. (F. -L.) Du. land, land ; and -scllap. a suffix cor-
A. F. ]ampreie, O . F . lamproie (ltal. responding to E. -ship in friend-ship,
lampreda). - Late L. lamprida; once allied to the · E. verb snape. ~ The Du.
spelt lampdra, as if 'licker of rocks,' be- sch sounds to us more fike sk than sh;
cause the fish cleaves to them, from L. hence our spelling with se.
lambere, to lick, petra, a rock; but this is Lane. (E.) M. E. lane, lone. A. S.
doubtful. Cf. Limpet. lane, lone, a lane; O. Fries. lana, lona.+
Lance. (F. -L.) F.lance. -L. laneea. Du. laan, a lane, narrow passage.
+ Gk. Jl.frrX1J , a lance. Der. lance, vb., La.ngua.ge. (F.-L.) M. E. langage.
to pierce; lanc-cr. - M. F. language (Cot.), now langage. - }'.
la.ncegay, a kind of spear. (F. -L.; langue, the tongue.-L. lingua, tongne.
and F. - S'pan. - Moorish.) Obsolete. A See Lingual.
corruption of lanee·zagrzye, compounded of Languish. (F. -L.) M.E.languishen .•
lance (as above), and F. zagaye, a kind of -F. la1Zguiss-. stem of pres. part. of lan-
Moorish pike. The latter word answers guir, to languish. - L. languire. to be
to Span. azagaya (= alwgaya), where al weak. Allied to Gk. Jl.a-rapor, slack;
is the Arab. def. article, and zagaya is an Ice!. lakra, to lag; and to Lag. See
O. Span. word for 'dart,' of Moorish Brugm. ii. § 633. (.vSLAG.)
origin. So Port. azagaia, whence E. la.nguid. (L.) L. languidus, feeble.
assegai. - L. la"guire, to be languid or weak.
lanceolate, lance-shaped. (L) L. languor, dullness. (F.-L. ) M. E.
lanceo/atus, furnished with a spike.-L. lang7lor.-F. la,tgueur. -L. la1lguarem ,
la1leeola, a spike; dimin. of lancea (above) . ace. of languor. -L. langulre (above).
lancet. (F.-L.) M. E. launcet. - Laniardj see Lanyard.
F . lancetle, dim in. of lance, a lance Laniferous, wool-bearing. (L.) From
(above). L. lana, wool; fetTe, to bear. L. /tina is
la.nch, another spelling of lance, vb., allied to Wool
to pierce; also of launch (below) . Lank, slender, thin. (E.) M. E. lank.
launch, la.nch, to hurl a spear, send A. S. hlane, slender.
(a ship) into the water. (F.-L.) M. E. Lanner, L&D.D.eret a kind offalcon.
launehm, launcm, to hurl. - O.F.lanchier, (F. -L.) F . lanier, 'a ianner;' Cotg.-
lancier, Picard lancher, F. lancer, to hurl, L. lanilirius, a butcher, one that tears and
fling, dart, also to prick. pierce. - 1.. . rends. - L. lanilire, to rend. (So Diez.)
laltceiire, to wield a lance. - L. laneea, a Der. Hence perhaps lanyard.
lance. Lansquenet, a German foot-soldier,
Land. (E.) M. E. land, lond. A. S. a game at cards. (F.-G.) F.lam quenet,
+
land. Du. lcel. Dan. Swed. Goth. G. 'a lance· knight [a mistaken form] or
land. T eut. type *latzdom, neut. Allied German footman ; ' Cot:- G. landsk1teeht,
to Celtic type *landa, fern., whence Ir. a foot·soldier. _ G.lallds, for landes, gen. of
lann, land, W . llan, a yard, churchyard, land, country ; knecht, a soldier (E. knight).
Corn. lan, BreI. lann (whence F . lande, a Thus lansquenet = land's·knight; orig. a
plain). See Lawn. Der. up-land, out- soldier from Germany.
la,td-ish. Lantern. (F.-L -Gk.) M. E. Ian-
 LANYARD LASH
term. - F. lan/er"e. -L. lanferna, laterlla, emptiness. The steersman formerly stood
a lantern (not a true L. word ). Lanterna on the starboard (steer. board) side; the
<*lamterna<*lampterna, borrowed from other side was free.
Gk. Aafurn,p, a light, torch. -Gk. Aa!'..... JI, Larceny, robbery. (F. -L.) The-y
to shine. ~ Sometimes spelt lantlwm, is an E. addition. - O. F. larreei1: (F.
because Iwrn was used for the sides of lardn), larceny. - L. latrod"ium, robbery;
lanterns. formed with suffix ·cinium (as in tirtJ-
Lanyard, Laniard, a certain small einium) from latro, a robber. Allied to
rope in a ship. (F. - L.) Forme!ly spelt Gk. AaTp<r, a hireling, used in a bad
lannier, l\f. E. lainere; the final d being sense; and to AclTPOJl, hire.
ellcrescent ,orduetoyard. _M.F. laniere, Larch, a tree. ( F . -L.-Gk.) O.F.
'a long and narrow band or thong of larice (Godefroy), also larege, ' the larch; ,
leather;' also lat:ieres, pI. 'hawks' lunes; ' Cot. - L. larieem, acc. of lan'x , a larch.-
Cot. Perhaps from F. lanier, a kind of Gk. AaPt" a larch.
hawk . See Lanner. Lard. (F . -L.) O . F./ard.-L. lardum,
Lap ( 1), to lick up with the tongue. also liirida, lard. fat of bacon. Cf. Gk.
(E. ) M. E. lappen. A . S. lapian, to lap. Aiip6r, nice, Aiipi,,6s, fat. Der. lard-er,
+ M. Du. lappen (Hexham) ; Icel. lepja, from O. F . lardier, a tub to keep bacon in
Dan. labe; O. H. G. lajfan, to lap up.+ (Cot. ), hence a room in which to keep
L. lambere, to lap with the tongue . bacon and meat. Also inter-lard.
(""LAB; Brug. ii. § 632. ) Allied to Large. (F.-L. ) F . large._L. larga,
lambent. fern . ollargus, great. Cf. O. F. lare, m.
Lap ( 2), the loose part of a coat, an largess, a liberal gift. (F. -L. ) F .
apron, part of the body covered by an largesse, bounty. - Late L. *largitia, not
apron, :l fold. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S. found, for L. largitio, a bestowing. - L.
lappa. a loosely hanging portion. + Du. largitus, pp. of largiri, to bestow. - L.
lap, Dan. lap, Swed. lapp, G. lappen. a largus, large, liberal.
patch, shred, rag. Cf. Ice!. lapa, to hang Lark ( 1), a bird, (E. ) Another form
down; Lith. 10pas, a patch, rag. ~ Hence is lavroek (Bums). M. E. larke, also
lap-d, a flap of a coat, dimin. of E. lap; laveroek. - A. S. liiweree, later liiuerce,
lapp-et, also dimin. of E. lap; also the liiferce. + Icel. llZVirki. a larIC; Low G .
verb to lap over. Cf. Limp (I). lewerke, O. H. G . ,"eklta, G . lerelte, Du.
Lap ( 3), to wrap. (E.) M. E. lappen, leeuwrik, E. Fries. tnJerke, Swed. larka,
also wlappen, another form of wrappm; Dan. larke. A compound word, of un-
see Wrap. Quite distinct .from lap ( 2). known origin.
Lapidary, one who sets precious Lark (2), a game, fun. (E.) The same
stones. (L. ) Englished from L. lapidti- word as the above; from the cheerful note
rius, a stonemason. - L. lapid-, stem of of the bird. The fuller form lavrocR
lapis, a stone. Allied to Gk. A....ar. a (whence larrieR) produced the form lar-
bare rock, A."is, a flake, Ai""JI, to peel n'kin' for larking, now used as a slang
(Prellwitz). See Leper. adj. , in the sense of rollicking or rowdy.
Lapse, vb. (I..) From L. lapsiire, to See N. and Q , 7 S. vii. 345.
slip, frequent. of lab; (pp. lapsus ), to glide, Larum; short for Alarum.
slip, trip. Der. eol-, e-, il-, re-lapse. Larva. (E.) L. lart/a, a ghost, a
Lapwing, a bird. (E. ) M. E. lappe- mask; used as a scientific name for a cater-
winke. A."S. hllapewinee, as if 'one who pillar or grub.
turns about in running'; from A.S. Miap· I.a.rynx. \ L.-Gk.) L. larynx.-Gk.
an, to run; *wince, one who turns; see Aapv..,' (gen. Aap1l')''Y·or), throat, gullet,
Winch. ~ But the older form is laepae- larynx. Der. laryng-itis.
uinea (0. E. T., p. 504); the sense of Lascar, a native E. Indian soldier.
which is unknown. (Pers.) Pers. lasltkari, a soldier; from
Larboard. (E.?) Cotgrave has ; lashkar, an army.
'Babort. the larboard side of a ship.' Lascivious. (L.) Corruptly formed
Hakluyt (Voyages. i. 4) has the spelling from L. laseiuus. lustful. Cf. Skt. laslt,
leereboord; where !eere answers to provo E. to desire.
leer, empty, A. S. *ltZrt (cognate with G. Laah ( I ), a thong, stripe. (E.) M. E.
leer, O. H. G. Mri) ; whence A. S. I/)rltes, : lass}u, the flexible part of a whip; cf. E.
~84
 LASH LATHER
Fries. laske, a bit of wood fastened on, and G. Inst , a burden. See Lade. ~ A. S.
Low G. laske, a fI~p, G. lasche, a flap, Mast is for *hlad·sto· ( > *hlasto-) ; from
groove for scarfing timber; M. Du. lassche, Illad-, with snffix -sto-. Cf. Ice!. hlass
'a peece of cloath sowne into a garment,' « *hlad-to-), a cart-load .
M. H. G. lasche, a shred, strip; Norw. Latch ( I ), a catch, fastening. (E .)
laske, a strip, shred , bit of wood. Lash M. E . laeche, a latch, from laechal, to
in the sense of thong is from its use in catch. - A. S. laeca'l , to seize , catch hold
lashing or binding things together ; Swed. of.
laska, to stitch; N orw. lask, a seam. The Latch ( 2), vb ., to moisten. (E .) In
verb lash, to scourge, is to use a lash . Shak. M. N . D . iii. 2. 36. Cf. M. Du.
Lash ( 2), to bind firmly together. laken, to flow (Ondemans); Swed. laka,
(E. ) Cf. D u. lassc/un , to join , scarf to- to distil, fall by d rops, laka pa, to pour
gether ; lasch, a piece, joint, seam. So on to; from lak , 2nd grade of l cel. leka,
also Swed. laska , Dan. laske, to scarf ; to drip: see Lea.k. Also provo E. letch ,
Swed. Dan. lask , a scarf, joint. The verb a vessel for making lye; A. S. lu can,
is from the sb. ; see above. to moisten : Low G. lake, bri ne.
Lass, a girl. (Scand.?) M. E. lasSt, Latchet, a li ttle lace, thong. (F.-L.)
laset (Matzner). Cf. lcel. laskr, weak; M. E. lachet. - o. F. lachet, Norman and
M. Swed. lask, a person having no fixed Picard form of O . F . lacet, a lace; dimin.
abode_ Vigfusson cites O. Swed. loska of O . F. laqs, F. lacs; see Lace.
kona, a spinster. (H . Bradley ; in Ath. Late. (E .) M. E. lat; compo later,
June 16, 1894.) Cf. Bavarian lasch, a latter, super!. latest, latst (Ormulum ,
woman (a term of contempt); Schmeller. 41 68) , last.· A. S. lat, slow, late. + Du.
Lassitude, weariness. (F.-L.) F. lant, Ice!. latr, Dan. lad, Swed. lat;
lassitude. - L. lassitudo, weariness. - L. Goth. lats, slothful, G.lass, weary. Allied
lassus, wearied; for *Iad-tus, and allied to L. lassus (for · Iad-tus), weary. From
to E. Late. the weak g rade of the verb to ItI, i. e. let
Lasso, a rope wi th a noose. (Span. - go; late orig. meant slothful, slow. See
L.) From Mexican Span. laso; O. Span. Let ( I). Brugm. i. § 197.
laso, Minsheu. - L. laqutUs (Folk L. latter, another form of later (above).
lactus), a noose, snare , knot. See Lace. last ( I ), latest ; contracted form of
~ The mod. Span. has lazo (with s sounded latest.
as E. voiceless I"). Lateen; see La.tin.
:r.a.t (I), latest; see Late. Latent, hidden . (L.) L. latenl-, stem
:r.a.t (2), II. wooden mould of the foot of pres. pt. of latin, to lie hid.
for II. shoemaker. (E.) M. E. last, lesl. Lateral. (L.) L. lateralis, belonging
A. S. Illst, lilsl, a (oot-track, path, trace to the side. -L. later-, for *Iates-, stem of
of feet (whence the mod. sense follows). + lalus . side.
Du. leest, a last. form; Ice!. kistr, the Lath. (E.) North E. lat. M. E. lat/e.
foot below the ankle; Swed. liisl, Dan. A. S. lat/, a lath; pI. lat/a. + Du. lat;
lasl, G. kislen, a shoemaker's last; Goth. G . latte (whence F. lalle) ; allied to G.
/aisls, a foot-track. The Teut. base laden, a board, plank, shutter. The mod.
appears in Goth. /aist-, with orig. sense form lal" seems to have been influenced
• foot-track'; from lais-, 2nd grade of by W. lIath, a rod, staff, Ir. slat, a rod;
Teut. *Ieisan-; cf. Goth. lais, I know which is cognate.
(find or trace out). Cf. L. lira, a track; Lathe ( I ), a machine for turning wood,
see Delirious. Akin to Learn. &c. (Scand. ) Icel. lalJ (gen. /olJ-ar), a
1ut (3), to endure. (E.) M. E . lasten, smith s lathe; Dan. dreie-Iad, a turning-
Itslen; A. S. liis/an, to observe, perform, lathe.
last ; orig. 'to follow in the track of;' Lathe (2), a division of a county. (E.)
from llisl, a foot-track (above). + Goth. A. S. liitJ, M. E. mI, a lathe, province;
laisljan, to follow after; G. leis/en, to Thorpe, Ancient Laws, i. 184, 455. Per-
follow onto Cf. Goth. laists, G. leisten,sb. haps allied to Ice!. leitl, leitJangr, a levy.
:r.a.t (4) , a load, large weight, ship's Lather. (E. ) M. E. lath". A. S.
cargo. (E. ) M. E. last. A. S. Most, a liatlor, lather ; whence IjlJran, to anoint.
burden. Formed from A. S. Madan , to + Ice!. latdJr, froth , foam , soap; Swed.
lade,load.+Dan. lasl, cargo ; Swed. Du. lader, lather. For the form, cf. Gk.
28 5
 LATIN LAW
lovrp6r, a bath. Allied to L78 and L.) Formed by adding F. suffix ·us to
Lave. M. E. launder or lavander, a washer-
Latin. (F.-L.) F. Latin. -L. Lati· woman.-O. F. lavandiere, 'a la1Jllderesse
nus, belonging to Latium. Der.latim-er, or washing.woman;' Cot. - Late L.lauan-
an interpreter; for Latiner. dOria,· tibia, (same). - L. lauand-, gerun-
lateen, triangular, applied to sails. dial stem of lauare, to wash. See Lave.
(F.-L.) F. laline, as in wile latine, a Der. laundr-y=launder-y.
lateen sail; latine is the fem. of Latin, Laurel. (F.-L. ) M. E. lord, lorer,
Latin (i. e. Roman). laurer. - O. F. Iorier (F. laurier), a laurel.
Latitude, breadth. (F.-L.) M.E. tree. -O. F. lor (the same); with suffix
latitude. - F. latitude. - L. latitudo (stem -ier (L. -arius). - L. laurum, acc. of
latitUdin-) , breadth. - L. latus, broad; laurus, a laurel-tree.
short for O. L. stlatus. Brugm. i. § 5'9' laureate. (L) L.laureatus, crowned
Latten, a mixed metal, like pinch- with laurel. - L. laurea, a laurel; orig.
beck. (F.) M. E. latoUrl.-O. F. laton fem. of laureus, adj. from laurus (above).
(F. laiton), latten. Origin unknown. Cf. Lava. (Ital.-L.) Ital./ava, a stream
Low L. lato, latifnus; Span. laton; Port. (esp. of molten rock). - L. lauare, to wash,
latiJo; Ita\. ollone, ~atten. lave. See Lave.
Latter; see Late. Lave, to wash. (F.-L.) F./aver.-
+
Lattice. (F. -G.) Formerly lattis. L. lauare. Gk. '\OVEII', to wash. Der.
M. E. latis. - F. latlis, lath·work, lattice- lav·er, M.F.lavoir, a washing. pool (Cot.);
work. - F. latte, a lath. - G. latte, a lath; lav-at-or-y, F. lavatoire, L. /autitorium,
see Lath. neut. of lauatUrius, adj., belonging to a
Laud, to praise. (L.) M. E.lauden. - washer. And cf. La.ther.
L. laudiire, to praise. - L. laud-, stem of Laveer, to tack. (Du. - F. - Du.)
laus, praise. In Dryden. - Du. laveeren; M. Du./averen,
Laudanum. (L. -Gk.-Pers. ) Now loeveren, 'to saile up and downe,' H ex-
a preparation of opium, but formerly a~ ham. - M. F. loveer (Littre); F. louvoyer.
plied to a different drug. Thus Minsheu s - F . Iof, luff, weather-side. - Du. loej.
Span. Diet. (16'3) has: 'Laudano, the See Lu1f.
gum labdanum vsed in pomanders.' Lavender, a plant. (F.-Ita\'-L.)
'Laudanum, Ladanum, Labdanum, a M. E. lavendre, the l' being an E. addition.
sweet·smelling transparent gum gathered -F. lavande, lavender; Cot.-Ita!' la-
from the leaves of Cistus Ledon, a shrub, vamia, lavender ; used for being laid in
of which they make pomander, it smells freshly washed linen. - Ital. lavamla, a
like wine mingled with spices;' Blount, washin$' - L. lauare, to wash. See Lave.
1674. (Laudanum has a like strong LaVIsh profuse, prodigal. (E.) For-
smell.) - L.ltidanum, lidanum, resin from merly spelt lavish, laves; also lavy.
the shrub lada (Pliny). - Gk. AiJ3avov, Formed with suffix ·ish CA. S. -ise) from
A400VOV (same). - Gk. '\ij30v, a certain the obsolete verb lave, to pour out, lade
shrub. - Pers. lad(J1I, the gum.herb lada out water; M. E. lauen, to bale out
(Richardson) . water, whence the llutaphorieal use of
Laugh. (E.) M. E. laughen, lehghen. lauen, to rve bountifully. 'He lauet:
O. Merc. hltZkhan, A.S. hlihan (pt. t. hlok), hys gyftez = God lavishes His gifts;
to laugh. +Du. lagehen, Ice\. hlaja, Dan. Allit. Poems, A. 607. It answers to
lee, Swed. Ie, G. lac/len, Goth. hlahjan A. S. laJian, to lave, wash, pour. Cf.
(pt. t . hloh). (Base *klah = Idg. *klak; Du. laven, G. laben, to refresh. ~ The
cf. Lith. kltg·eli, to laugh, Gk. /t'\WqqUV, Teut. verb was perhaps early borrowed
to cluck.) Of imitative origin. Der. from L. laulin ; see Lave. Cf. Norman
laughter, A. S. "'tahlor. dial. laver, to spend lavishly. Der.
Launch (1) ; see Lanch. lavisll, vb.
Launch (2), a large ship's boat. Law, a rule of action, edict. (Scand.)
(Span.) Span. laneha, ' the pinnace of M. E . law~. A. S. lagu (not common;
a ship;' Pineda (1740). Port. lanella, the the usual A. S. word is ii) ; borrowed from
same. Cf. P.ort. lane/uz"a, a kind of ship; Scand. Cf. O. Sax. lag, law. - Ice!. log,
perhaps of Malay origin (Yule). pt, but in sing. senle, a law, from lag,
Laundreu, a washerwollWl. (F. - a stratum, order; Swed. lar; Dan. In.
a86
 LAWN LEAGUE
From Teut. lag, 2nd stem of ./igjan, to Lay (4) , as in Lay-figure. (Du.)
lie; see Lie (I). The sense is ' that which The old word was lay-man (Richardson).
lies,' or is fixed (cc. Gk. I<fiTa, ,,6,.Of, the Lit. 'joint-man,' i. e. man made with
law is fixed, from I<fi,.al, I ·lie). Der. joints. _ Du. leeman, a lay-man. Here
law-y-er (cf. saw-y-er). See Lie ( I) . ue- is for lede-, in compounds (Sewel);
Lawn (I ) , a space of grass-covered and Du. /eden is the pI. of lid, a joint,
ground, a glade. (F. -C.) M_ E . laund cognate with A. S. #6, Goth. litkus, G.
(the d has been rlropped) .-O.F. lande, g-lied, a joint. Prob. allied to Limb
, a land or laund, a wild, untilled, shrubby, (Kluge).
or grassy plain;' Cot. Cf. Ita1. and Span. La.yft j see Lay (I).
landa, a beath. /3. Of disputed origin; LaZar, a leper. (F . -L.-Gk.-Heb.)
referred by Littre to G. land ( = E. land), M. E. lazar. - F. lazare. - L. Lazarus.-
open country; but by Diez (rightly) Gk. M,apos, the name of the beggar in
to Bret. fann, a bushy shrub, of which Luke, xvi. 20; contracted from Heb.
the pI. lamwu, like F. landes, means name Eleazar.-Heb. Etazar, he whom
'waste lands.' It comes to the same God helps. Der. lazar-etto, a plague-
thing; for E. and G. land are cognate hospital, ltaI. lazzaretto.
with Irish lann, a piece of land. Cf. W. Lazy. (Low G.) Laezie (Spenser).-
IIan, Gael. lann, an enclosure, piece of Low G. lasiek , variant of lonek, languid,
land. See Land. idle (Lubben); liiosig, lazy (Danneil) ;
Lawn (2), fine linen. (F. place-name.) Pomeran.ldsig, cf.laassam, lazy (Bremen) ;
Palsgrave has Laune /ynm, prob. for Lan Du. leuzig, lazy. Allied to Loose.
/ynen, where Lan is the 16th cent. spell- Lea, Lay, Ley, a meadow. (E.)
ing of Laon, to the N. W. of Rheims. M. E . lay, ley, untilled land. A. S. Ilan,
Lawn was also called' cloth of Remel,' lla (gen. liage) , a lea; d. rIlzd-llan, i. e.
i. e. Rheims; see Baret's Alvearie. Hadleigh. Cognate with provo G. lon , a
Laz, slack. (L) L. laxus, slack, morass, low plain, Low G. loge, Flem. 100
loose. Allied to Slack. Brugm. i. § 193. as in Water-loo; also with Lithuan. lau-
lazati.ve, loosening. (F. -L.) F.lax- kas, an open field, L. lucus, a glade, open
atif. - L. laxtitiuus, loosening. - L laxll- space in a wood. Orig.' a clearing.'
tus, pp. of laxiire, to loosen.-L. laxus, Allied to Lucid. Brugm. i. § 221.
lax. Lead (I), to conduct. (E.) M. E.
Lay (I ), to cause to lie down, set. (E.) leden, pt. t. ladde, pp. lad.-A.S.liidan,
M. E. leien, leggen, pt. t. leide, pp. leid. +
to lead. Icel. lei6a; Swed. leda; G.
A. S. leegan, pt. 1. legde, pp. gelegd; leiten; Du. leiden. Teut. type ·laidjan- ;
+
causal of liegan, to lie. Du. leggen, lcel. from *Iaith (by Verner's Law), 2nd grade
leggja, Dan. liZgge, Swed. liigga, G. legen, of *leithan- (A. S. lilJan), to travel. See
Goth.lagjan. Teut. type *Iag-jan· , causal Lode.
verb; from *lag, 2nd grade of *figjan-. to Lead (2 ). a metal. (E.) M. E. Iml.
lie; see Lie (1). For the modem forms, A. S. ll'ad.+Du. lood, Swed.lod, Dan. lod,
see Sweet, E. Gr. § 1293. G. loth, M. H. G. lOt. Teut. type *laudom,
layer, a stratum, tier, bed. (E.) Dif- neut. cr. O. Irish luaidke, lead.
ferent from lay-~, he who lays; a graphic Leaf. (E.) M. E. let/, pI. leues
variant of M. E. leiI'. a lair, couch, ( =Ieves). A. S. lla/, neut., pI. lea/+Du.
place for lying down in ; hence a bed, looj, foliage; lcel. lau/, Swed . Iii/, Dan.
stratum, &c. See Lair. liiv, Goth. laufs, G. lau/J. Teut. stem
Lay ( l) , a song, poem. (F.-C.) M.E. *Iaubo-.
lai.-O. F. lai. said to be a Breton word. League (I ) , a bond, alliance. (Ital.-
Not preserved in Breton, but it answers to L.) Ital.lega ,' a league;' Florio. - Late
Irish laoj, laoidh, O. Ir. Itkd, a song. L. liga, a league. - L. Iig4re, to bind. See
poem, Gael. laoidn, a verse, hymn, sacred Ligament.
poem. League (l ), about three miles. (F.-
Lay (3) , pertaining to the laity. (F. - L. - C.) O. F. leg-ue (Roquefort); F.
L. - Gk.) M. E. lay. - O. F. la" secular. lieut (Gascon lega). - Late L. llga, leuca;
- L. laicus. - Gk. Juu ..6s, belonging to the L. ieuga. leuca, a Gallic mile; a word of
people. - Gk. ~a6f (Attic ~f""), the people. Celtic origin. Cf. Bret. leo ll'U a league;
See Laic, Laity. abo leu (in Vannes).
287
 LEAGUER LECTERN
Leaguer, a camp. (Du.) In All's Leasing, falsehood. (E.) M. E. lesing.
Well, iii. 6. 27. - Du. leger, a lair,:l camp. A. S. leaS/mg, falsehood; from teas, false.
See Lair, Lie ( 1). Der. be·leaguer. Cf. Icel. lausung, falsehood; Du. loos,
Leu. (Scand.) M. E. lekm. - Icel. false. See Loose.
leka, to drip, dribble, leak as a ship, str. vb. Least; see Leas.
(pt. t. lak) ; cf. the causal forms seen in Leat, a conduit for water. (E.) A. S.
Swed. Meka, Dan. lakke, Dli. lekken, G. ge·!t2te, a course, direction. From llZIan,
luken, ro leak, drop; A. S. lucan, to wet. to let, permit. Cf. in-let, ()U/·let. See
~ The mod. E. word is Scal)d.; not from L et (I).
A. S. Iman. [We also find A.S. hlee, Leather. (E.) M. E. kther. A. S.
leaky.] Der. leak, sb., from Icel. leki, letJer. + Du. leder, Ice!. letJr, Dan. lader,
a leak. Prob. allied to La.ck (Franck). Swed. liider, G . leder, leather. Tent. type
Leal, loyal, true. (F.-L.) M. E. lil. *Ieth"om, neut.; ldg. type *Ielrom, as in
- A. F . leal, O. F. leial, legal, hence just, O. Irish letkar, W. lIedr. Der. leather-n.
loyal.- L. legalzs, legal. Doublets, legal, Leave ( 1) , to forsake , quit. (E.) M. E.
loyal. See Legal. leuen (/even). A. S. lie/an, to leave a
Lean (1), to incline, stoop. (E. ) M. E. heritage, leave behind one.+Icel. leija, to
Imen . A. S. Manan, to make to lean, leave. Teut. type *laibjan·, to leave;
weak verb; (cf. A. S. Minian, to lean, from *laib-, as seen in A. S.laf, a remainder,
weak verb). + Dan. lrent, Swed. liina, Ice!. leif, a heritage. And *Iaib is the
cansal forms; G. lekn.:n, intrans. Allied 2nd stem of Teut. *Ieiban-, to remail).asin
to L. -dinan, in inclinare, to incline; A. S. be-Ii/an, O. H. G. bi-liban (whence
Gk. /C)..'Vf(V, to cause to lean, make to G. bleiben). Idg. root *Ieip, as in Gk.
bend. (-v'KLEI.) )..r~s, persistent; the weak grade *Iip
lean (2), slender, frail. (E.) M. E. appears in Skt. lip, to smear, Gk. )..["0<,
lene. A. S. Miine, lean; orig. bending, grease, Russ. lipkii, sticky, Lith. lipti, to
stooping, hence thin; cf. L. dediuis, adhere to. See Live. Bmgm. i. § 87.
declining. Teut. type *Mainjoz. Cf. O. Leave (2), permission, farewell. (E.)
Irish eMen, sloping, bad. Allied to A. S. • To take leave' = to take permission to
hia nan, to lean (above). go. 'By your leave' = by your permission.
Leap. (E. ) M. E. lepen, pt. t. lup, pp. M. E. /eue (/eve). A. S. lenf, permission.
lopen. A. S. hleapan , pt. t. Meop, to run , From the same root as A. S. leof, dear,
jump. + Du. 10opClt , Ice!. Maupa, Dan. pleasing. The orig. sense was pleasure;
lobe, Swed. lopa, Goth. Maupan, G. hence a grant, permission. +Dll . . Iof, as
lau/en, chiefly in the sense' to rnn.' Teut. in 001'·10/, permission, ver-Io!, leave; Ice!.
type *Maupan-. leyji, leave, lofan, permission, lob ( 1)
Learn. (E.) M. E. lemen. A . S. praise, ( 2) permission; Dan. lw, Swed.
Icornian. + G. lemen, to learn. Tellt. lof, praise, leave; G. tlr-laub, ver-Iaub,
type *liznon; from *liz (a)noz , pp. of leave, er-Iaubm , to permit, lob, praise.
*leisnll-, to trace out, of which the pt. t. From Tent. base *Ieub- (whence A. S.
lais occurs in Goth. with the sense' I leo/), 2nd grade */Club· ( > A. S. lea/) ,
know,' i. e. have found out. Hence also weak grade *Iub- (>A. S. Ili/-U, love)
Teut. *laizjan·, to teach, as in A. S. laran See Lief, Love, Furlough. (-v'LEUBH. )
(G . lehren ), to teach. Brugm. i. § 903 (c). Leaven, ferment. (F. -L.) M. E.
And see Last (2) , Lore. leuain (levain). -F. levain.-L.leuamen,
Lease (1), to let a tenement. (F . - L.) an alleviation; here used in the orig. sense
F. laisser, to let go. - L.laxar~, to slacken, of' that which raises.' - L. lcuare, to raise.
let go. - L. laxus, loose. See Lax. - L. leuis, light. See Levity.
Lease ( 2), to glean. (E.) M. E. lesen. Lecher. (F . - G .) M. E. leekur,
A. S. lesan, to gather. + Du. lezen , to lec/lOttl'. - O. F. lu htor, leeke"r, lit. one
gather, to read; G. lesen; Goth. lisan, who licks up, a m.1.n addicted to gluttony
pt. t. las, to gather; Lith. lesti, to snap up. and lewdness. - O. F. leeker (F.llc/ltr), to
Leash, a thong to hold in a dog. (F . lick.-O. H. G. leeeMn (G. leekm), to
- L.) M. E. lees. - 0. F. lesse (F. laim), lick. See Lick.
a leash. - Late L. laxa, a thong, a loose Lectern, Lecturn, a reading-desk.
rope. - L. laxus , slack. See Lax. ~ The (F. - Late L.) M. E. Ie/erone, lee·
number usually leashed together was three. lome, leetrone, leetnm ( Prompt. Parv.).
l88
 LECTION LEGAL
- O. F. letrun (Godefroy) ; lectrun,letrin Sweu. liikare. Also A. S. liicnian, to heal,
(Littre, s. v. lutrin). - Late L. lectrilZlt11l, Ice!. lmkna, Dan. Imge, Swed. liika, Goth.
a reading-desk, pulpit. - Late L. leetrulll, 11kinon, to heal. Also O. Irish liaig, a
a pulpit. Prob. from Gk. A'''''POV, a couch, leech.
support; akin to Gk. AfXO<, a couch, bed ; leech (l ), a blood-sucking worm. (E.)
cf. L. lectus, a couch. But other forms, A. S. Ilcee, lit. 'the healer;' the same
like Late L. tectffrinum, teclUrium, shew word as the above.
that it was popularly connected with L. Leech (3), Leach, the border or edge
lectio (below). of a sail at the sides. (E.) Cf. Ice!. Uk,
LeCtiOD, a reading, portion to be read. a leech-line; Swed. lik, Dan. lig, a bolt-
(L.) From L.leetio, a reading.-L.lectus, rope.+M . Du. lykm, a bolt-rope (Sewel) ;
pp. of legere, to read. See Legend. Du. lijk (see Franck).
lecture,a discourse. (F.-L.) F.tec- Leek. (E.) M.E. leek. O.Merc.lec;
ture, a reading. - Late L. Itctiira, a com- A . S. leac. + Du. look, Icel. laukr, Dan.
mentary. - L. lectus, pp. of legere, to read. log, Swed. 10k, G. laud,. Teut. type
Ledge, a slight shelf, ridge. (E.) "Iauko-; cf. A. S. lucan, str. vb. (pt. t.
Palsgrave has ledge (i. e. support) of a leac = Teut. "lauk), to weed. Der. gar· lie,
shelf. Cf. Norfolk ledge, a bar of a gate, char-lock, hem-lock (latter syllable).
rail of a chair; M. E. legge. Allied to Leer, a sly look. (E.) The verb is a
Swed. lagg, the rim of a cask, Ice!. logg, development from the sb., which is an old
the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask; word. M. E. lere, the cheek, face, com-
Norweg. logg ( pI. legger), the lowest part plexion, mien; usually in a good sense,
of a vessel; M. H . G. lekke. Cf. also but Skelton has it in a bad sense. A . S.
Norw. lega, a couch, lair, bed, snpport on hleor, the cbeek; hence, the face, look,
which anything rests; lege, a ledge, as of mien.+Icel. hljr, pl., the cheeks.
rock. All from Teut. "lag, 2nd stem of Lees, dregs of wine. (F.) PI. of a sing.
"Jigjan-, to lie. Cf. A. S. licgan, Icel . form lee, not used. - F. lie, 'the lees;'
Iiggja, Swed. ligga, Dan. ligge, to lie. Cot. (Gascon lio, 'lie de vin.')-Late L.
The sense is ' support.' .See Lie (I). lia, pI. lim, lees (lOth cent.). Origin
Ledger, a Rat slab; also, a book in unknown.
which a summary of accounts is preserved. Leet, an assembly of a township. (E.)
(E.) (We also find leger ambassat/Qrs, M. E . lete. Prob. from A. S. lfRtan, to let,
i. e. such as remained for some time at a permit , canse. See Let (I ).
foreign court.) A ledger-book is one that Left, the weaker hand. (E.) M. E.
lies always ready. Similarly, in Middle- left, lift, luft. A. S. left ; Dr. Sweet
English, a large book was called a liggar points out that' inanis, left,' occurs in a
(that which lies), because not portable. gloss (M one, Quellen, i. 443), and that the
From M. E. liggen, A. S. licgan, to lie; same MS. has smne for symte (sin ) ; so_
see Lie (I). Cf. Du. legger, one that lies that left is for lyft, with the sense' worth-
down (the nether mill-stone is also so less' or ' weak'; cf. A. S. lyft-iidl, palsy.
called) ; from Dn. leggen, to lie, a common + North Fries. leift, leeftcr hond, left
corruption of liggen, to lie (like lay for lie hand; M. Du. luft, lucht, left; E. Fries.
in English). ~ Howell uses leger-book for liicltter, left, lu/, weak. /3. The form of
'portable book,' which is from O. F. legier, the base is "lub; cf. Du. lubbm (Franck).
light. See ledger in Richardson. See Lib.
Lee, a sheltered place; part of a ship Leg. (Scand.) M. E. leg (pI. legges).-
away from the wind. (Scan d.) M. E. lee, Ice!. leggr, a leg; Dan. lmg, the calf of the
shelter.-Icel. Me, lee (of a ship) ; Dan. leg ; Swed. liigg (the same). Brugm. i.
la, Swed. la.+Du. Ii}; A. S. hleo, Meow, § 647 (5).
a covering, a shelter (distinct from provo Legacy. (L.) M. E. legacie ; a coined
E.lew, warm; see Lew). ~ The peculiar word (as if = L. "legiitia, not found) from
use is Scan d.; the pronnnciation Ie-dJ-ard L. legalum, a bequest, nent. of pp. of
is due to the w; cf. steward for sty-ward. legare, to appoint, bequeath; allied to lex
The Teut. type is "hlewo- (Franck). (stem 11g-), the law (below).
Leech ( I ), a physician. (E.) M. E. legal, pertaining to the law. (F.-L.)
leche. A. S. l;ece, one who heals. + Goth. M.F. legal. - L. legalis, legal. - L.llg-, stem
Ilkeis, a leech; cf. Ice!. lf1'knir, Dan. Imge, I of lex, law. Allied to L. legere;. Gk.
289 L
 LEGATE LENIENT
A/'YfI", to collect. Brugm. i. § 134. pulse,a'pod. - L.leg-umnt (s!em IegUmin-).
(""LEG.) pulse, bean-plant. Brugm. I. § 667. Der.
legate, a commissioner. (F. - L.) l~gumi"-(lUS.
M. E. legate. -O. F. legat (F . IIgat), a Leisure, freedom from employment.
pope's ambassador. -L. ligatus. a deputy; (F. -L.) M. E. Ie7ser. - A. F. leisir (F.
pp. of ligare, to appoint. - L. lig-, stem of loisir), leisure; orig. an infin. mood,
/ex, law. See legal. meaning' to be permitted.' - L. lidre, to
legatee. (L.; with F. suffix.) A be permitted. ~ The form is bad; it
law term; coined from L. legal-lis, ap- should be leiser or leisir; pleasur~ is in
pointed, with F. suffix -I (= L. -iitus). the same case. The suffix has been
See above. changed from -er or -ir to -ure (as in
legend, a marvellous story. (F . - L.) meaS1lre ).
M. E. legmde. - O. F. legmde \ F. IIgende ), Leman, Lemman, a sweetheart.
a legend, story. - Late L. legenda, a legend; (E. ) 1. e. lief man. M. E. lemman, also
fern. sing. from L. legmda, neut. pl., things leofman. - A. S. leof, dear; mann, a man
to be read. - L. legendus, fut. pass. part. of or woman. See Lief.
!eger~, to read, orig. to gather, collect.+ Lemma, an assumption. (L. - Gk.)
Gk. Af'Y"I', to tell, speak. (""LEG.) L.lemma. -Gk. AT]/l/la, a thing taken; in
Legerdemain, sleight of hand. (F. - logic, a premiss taken for granted; allied
L .) O. F. legier de main, lit. light of to Gk . • r-ATJ/l/lOl, perf. pass. of lI.a/ll3Q."fll',
hand. (Cf. Ital. legKiere, leggiero, light.) to take (base AafJ- ) . Brugm. 1. § 852.
The O. F. legier answers to a Late L. Lemming, Leming, a kind of Nor-
type *leuiarius, made by adding -arius to wegian rat. (Norweg.) Norweg. lemende;
L. leui-s, light. F. de = L. di, of. F. also occurring as lemmi1lg, limende.lome/-
main = L. manum, acc. of mantlS, a hand . dre, lomund, lomhund. Cf. Swed. Imlt/,
See Levity. a lemming; Icel. lomundr. Origin oh-
leger-line, ledger-line, in music, scure; Aasen derives it from Norweg.
a short line added above or below the lemja, to strike, beat, maim, lit. ' lame,'
staff. (F. - L.) Properly leger-line; and explains it to mean 'destroying';
where leg" = F. Itger (formerly legier), from the destruction committed by them;
light; because these lines are small and see Lame. But this is • popular etymo-
short. See the word above. ~ So logy.' The word may be Lapp; the
usually explained ; but mod. F. employs Lapp name is loumek.
the phrase ligms additionnelles. Lemniscate, a curve like the figure 8.
Legible, readable. (F.-L.) O. F'. (L.-Gk. ) FromL.lbm';scal-us,adorned
legibTe. -L. legibilis,legible.-L.legere,to with a ribbon. -L. lemniscus, a pendent
read. See legend. ribbon. - Gk. ATJJAVI"KOS, a fillet. Said to
legion, a large body of soldiers. be from Gk. AT]VOS, wool; which is allied
(F. -·L.) M. E. legioun. - O. F. legion. to Wool.
- L. l~giOnem, acc. of legio, a Roman Lemon. (F. -PeTS.) Formerly limon.
legion, body of from 4200 to 6000 men. - F. limon. _ Pers. limun, limuna, a
- L. legere, to gather, select a band. lemon, citron.
Legislator. (L.) L.llgislalor, a pro- Lemur, a nocturnal animal. (L.) L.
poser of a law. - L. ligis, gen. of lex, a Imlur, a ghost; so nicknamed by natural-
law; liitor, a proposer, lit. bringer, from ists from its nocturnal habits.
lfitum (for I!alum), to b ~ar, bring, from Lend. (E. ) The final d is excrescent.
""TEL; see Tolerate. Brugm. i. § 585 M. E. lmen. A. S. lanan , to lend. - A. S.
(2 ) . Der. l~slale, &c. See legal. lien, a 10an.+Icel.lana, Dan. taane, Swed.
legist. (F.-L.) O. F. legiste (F. liina, G. lehnen, derivatives from the sb.
ltgisle). - Late L ligista, one skilled in See Loan.
the laws. - L. lig-, stem of lex, law (with Lenllth. (E.) M. E. lengthe. A. S.
Gk. suffix -isla= -,,,T'TJ<)' leng6, Tern.; for *langi6a, with mutation
legitimate. (L.) Late L. ligili- of a to e.-A. S. la,zg, 10ng.+Du. lengte;
matus, pp. of ligilimiire, to declare to be Dan. lamgde; Swed. liingd; Ice!. lengd.
lawful.-L.ligilimus, according to law.- See Long. Der.length-en.
L. ligi-, for lex, law; with suffix -ti-mus. Lenient, mild. (L.) From pres. part.
Lerume, a pod. (F. - L.) F. IIgrmle, ofL.lblire, to soothe. - L lenis, soft, mild.
290
 LENITY LETHE
lenity. (F. - L.) O. F. Imill, mild- word, from the adj. lefrl1Us; which is
ness \obsolete). - L. Ifnillitem, ace. of from M. F. lefreux = L. leprosut, afBicted
Ilnilas, mildness. - L. Ibtis (above). with left·a, i.e. l<:p~osy. See Leper.
Lens, a piece of glass used in optics. Lemon, an IDJury. (F. - L. ) M. F.
(L.) So called from the resemblance of a lesion , hurt; Cot. - L. /(uionem, ace. of
double-convex lens to the shape of the seed lasio, an injury. - L. Iast4S, pp. of ladere,
of a lentil. - L. Ims, a lentil. ~ hurt. Der. (from laden) col-lide, e-lis·
Lent, a fast of 40 days, beginning with ion.
Ash-Wednesday. (E.) The fast is in Less, smaller. (E.) Used as compo of
spring-time; the old sense is simply spring. lill/e, but from a different root. M. E.
M. E. lent,lenlen. A.S. lenelen, the spring; less~, lass~, adj ., lu, adv. A. S.lressa, less,
supposed to be derived from lang-, long, adj.; liis, adv. + O. Fries. Ilssa, less.
because in spring the days lengthen; Kluge f3. The form liis-sa is for -Us-ra, by
suggests that it represents a Teut. form assimilation. The Teut. ty~ is -'ais-izon,
*Iang-i-tino-, 'long day,' where -tftto- is from a base *Iais-; cf. Lith. /lsas, thin,
allied to SkI. dina-, Lith. dina, a day.+ small. The Teut. type of the ad~. is
Du. lenle, spring; G. lenz, O. H. G. lenzo, -Iaisiz. D er . !ess-er, a double comp.;
lenzin, leng-izen. Der. lenten, adj., from less-ut, vb.
A. S. lenclen, sb. least. (E.) M. E. lute, adj., lut, adv_
Lentil, a plant. (F. - L.) M. E.lmlil. A. S. liisest, whence liist by contraction;
- O. F. (and F.) Imtille. - L. lenlicula, a a superlative form from the same base
little lentil; double dimin. of lent-, stem *lais-.
of lens, a lentil. See Lena. lest, for fear that, that not. (E. ) Not
Lentisk, the mastic-tree. (F. -L.) for leasl, but due to A. S. phrase tJj liis tJe
F. lenlisque. - L. lentiseum, lentiseus, = for the reason less that; wherein by (for
named from the clamminess of its resin. - the reason) was soon dropped, and liis tJe
L. lenlt4s, sticky, pliant. coalesced into lesl. Here liis = less, adv. ;
Leo, a lion. (L . -Gk.-Egypt.!) L. and be is the indeclinable relative.
leo. - Gk. A'ON, a lion. We also find Du. -le._, suffix; see Loose.
leeu1v, G . liYwe, Russ. lev', Lithuan. Lessee. (F.-L.) O. F. lme (Imt),
lavas, a lion; all borrowed forms. Cf. pp. of lesser, later laisser, to let go (lease).
Heb. lavi', a lion. Probably of Egyptian See Lease ( I).
origin; see Lion. LeSSOn. (F.-I,.) M. E. lesson.-F.
leopard. (F .-L.- Gk.) O.F.leopard. le(01'. - L leclime"" ace. of !eetio, a read·
- L.leopardus. - Gk. A06tr1l~os, a leopard; ing; see Leotion. Doublet, lection.
supposed to be a mongrel between a pard Lest; see Le...
(panther) and a lioness. - Gk. 1..00-, for Let (I), to permit. (E.) M. E. leten,
AEON, a lion; .a~as, a pard. strong verb, pt. t. l,u, leet, pp. laten, leten.
Leper. (F . -L.-Gk.) The sense has A. S. ItZlan, Iltan, pt. t. let, Ilorl, pp. lizlen.
changed; lepre formerly meant the disease +Du. lalen (Iiet, g-elaten); Ice!. liila (Ill,
itself; and wh at we now call a leper was llitinn) ; Dan. lade, Swed_ lata, Goth.
called a leprous man. 'The lepre of him Iilan (lailo~. IEtans); G. lassen (liess,
wasclensid;' Wyclif, Matt. viii. 3. - M. F. g-elassen). Teut. type *Iata!}, pt. t.
lepre, 'a leprosie;' Cot. - L. lepra. - Gk. *Ie/ot, pp. *Ialanoz. Idg. ""LED; weak
A<"pa, leprosy; so called because the skin grade LAD, whence E. Late. Brugm. i.
scales off. - Gk. AE.,pas, scaly, scabby. - § ~78.
Gk. A'.os, a scale; Ab,.,v, to peel. Cf. Let (2), to hinder. (E.) M. E. letten;
Russ. lupile, Lithuan. lupli, to peel. A. S. lettnn, to hinder, make late. - A. S.
lepidoptera, a term applied to la/, late, slow. + Du. letten, Icel. letja,
insects whose wings are covered with Goth. latjan, to tarry; from the adj. Late.
scales. (Gk.) Gk. "o.[&.-, for A.o"'s, a Teut. type tlat-i an.; from *Ial-, slow.
scale; rTopa, pI. of .TOpOV, a wing (allied See Late.
to E featker). Lethal,deadly. (F.-L. ; orL.) M.F.
Leporine, belonging to a hare. (L.) letltal, 'deadly;' Cot. - L_ Iltnti/is, for
L. lepor'-1II4S, adj., from lepar-, for *!epas, IEtiilis, mortlil.-L. IlIum, death.
stem of lepus, a hare. Lethe'A0tiUvion. (L.-Gk.) L. Utkl_
Lepro_,.. (F.-L.-Gk.) A coined - Gk. "f/fh1, a forgetting; the river of
 LETHARGY LIBATION
oblivion: allied to Aa9-, base of Ao"9a,,.,v, -igare, for agtre, to make. ce. Gk. Afios,
to lie hid. smooth.
letharQ, a heavy sleep. (F. - L. - Levin, lightning. (Scand.) M. E.
Gk.) M.l<. lethargie, a lethargy; CQt.- leyfnyng, lightning; Wrt. Voc. 735.42.
L. lithargia. - Gk. AT}6afYYta, drowsiness. Prob. Scand.; not found in A. S. Cf.
- Gk. A~6afYYos, forgetful. - Gk. A~9T}, Icel. leiptr (pro ounced leiftr), lightning.
oblivion (above). Levite, one of the tribe of Levi. (L. -
Letter, a character. (F.-L.) M. E. Gk. - Heb. ) L. Leui/a. - Gk. lI..vtTT}S,
let/re. - F. letlre. - L. hi/era, for older Lu. x. 32 . - Heb. Levi, one of the sons of
litera (al so leitera), a letter. See Brugm. J acob.
i. § 930. Levity, lightness, frivolity. (L.) From
Lettuce, a succulent plant. (F. - L.) L. leuitas, lightness. - L. leuis, light.
M. E. let/tee. - O. F. *Ietuce, only found in levy, the act of raising men for an
the fo rm lcell,s (Palsgrave, S. V. Let/es) ; army; the force raised. ( F.-L.) F.
and in the Latinised form 11tusa, Wrt. levie,' a levy, or levying of an army;'
Vocab. 787. 15.-L. *Iactiicea, fern. adj . Cot. Fern. of pp. of lever, to raisc.-L.
from L. lac/iica , a lettuce (whence F. leutfre, to raise. - L. leuis (above) .
lailue, Ital.lattuga). -L. lact-, stem of lac, Lew, Lew-warm, tepicl. (E. ) M. E.
milk, succulen t juice. See Lacteal. lew , Wyclif, Rev. iii. 16. A. S. hl101lJe,
Levant, the E. of the Mediterranean warm (found once).+ Du. lain/), warm;
Sea. (Ital. -L.) Ital. 1t7)ante, E. wind, Icel. hlar, hljr; G. lau, O. H . G. Ino
eastern country or part (where the snn (/liw- ). Teut. base (perhaps) *hl1w·, hl~1IJ-.
rises). - L. leuant-, stem of pres. part. of Lewd, ignorant, base. (L. - Gk. ?)
ltuare, to raise; whence slleuiire, to rise. M. E. !ewed, ignorant. A. S. liiwede, adj.,
- L. leuis, light. ignorant, also lay, belonging to the laity.
levee, a morning assembly. (F. - L.) [It may have been confused with the pp.
For F. Ie !evtr (Littn:). - F. lever, to raise. of ltiwan, to betray; cf. Goth . Ilwjrl1t,
- L. ltullre (above). to betray, from 11w, occasion, oppor-
Level, an instrument for determining tunity.] Bnt it is supposed to be of
that a thing is horizontal. (F.-L.) M.E. Latin origin; answering to L. type *Iiii-
iiue/, leuel (live!, level). -0. F. live!, later clitus, belonging to the laity, parallel to
spelling liveau; mod. F. niveau, a level. Late L. cl1riciitus (whence E. clergy). If
- L. libella, a level; dimin. of libra, a so, it is formed from L. liiicus, a word of
balance. See Librate. ~ Hence the Gk. origin. See Laic. (Sievers, § 173;
adj. level. Pogatscher, § 340.)
Level.'. (F. - L.) M. E. /evour. - F . Lencon. (Gk.) Gk. A.Eo,o", a dic-
/ev~r, a raiser, lifter. - L leuiilOrem, ace. tionary; neut. of A.EII'os, adj., belonging
ofleutilor,alifter.-L.leuiire,tolift.-L. to words. - Gk. AI(I-s, a saying. - Gk.
/euis, light. AI"'(flJl, to speak; see legend.
Leveret. (F. - L.) A. F. /everel (pI. LeI:, a meadow; see Lea.
leveres, Gaimar, Chron. I. 6239); O. F. Liable, responsible. (F.-L.) Formed,
/evrault, ' a leveret, or young hare; , Cot.; with suffix -able, from F. Ii-er, to tie. - L.
with change of suffix. [The suffix -aull = liglire, to tie. See Ligament.
Late L. -aldus, from O. H. G. wald, power, Liane, Lia.D.a, a climbing tropical
common as a suffix.] The base /ever- is plant. (F.-L.) F. /ialte (the snme); from
from L. lepor- for ·Iepos, stem of lepus, a Norman and Guernsey /ian , a band.-L.
hare. liglimen; see Lien, Limehound.
Leviathan. (L.-Heb.) Late L. le- Lias, a formation of limestone. (F.)
viathan, Job xl. 20 (Vulgate). - Heb. F . lias, liais, O. F. liois, a hard freestone.
livyiJIhan, an aquatic animal, dragon, Lib, to castrate. (E.) Answers to an
serpent; named from its twisting itself in A. S. type ·IyMan ; only found in the
curves. - Heb. root lliviik; Arab. root cognate Du. lubben, with the same sense;
/awa' , to bend, whence /tl'IVii, the twisting E. Fries. and Westphal. lubben. Der.
or coiling of a serpent. g-lib, vb., the same (ohsolete) ; cf. O. Dn.
Levigate, to make smooth. (L) Out gtlubt,' ~elt ,' Hexham. Also Ief-I, q.v.
of use. _ L. lluigalus, pp. of Iluigare, Libation, the pouring forth of wine in
to make smooth.-L. llu-is, smooth; hononrofadeity. (F.-L.) F.libaliQn.
29 2
 LIBEL LIEF
_I... acc. libiUiUnem.-I... IibittllS, pr.. of - Gk. AttX'Jv, lichen, tree·moss j also. an
libtire, to taste, sip, pour out.+Gk. l<. tt/3ttV, eruption on the sk in. Generally connected
to pour out, shed, offer a libation. Brugm . with Gk. A.iX« v. to lick up j from its en-
i. § 553. croachment. Cf. Russ. lisnai, a lichen. a
Libel, a written accusation. (F . -I...) tetter.
M.E. libel, a brief piece of writing j A. F . Lichgate, a churchyard gate. (E.) So
libel. - I... libellum , acc. of libel/us, a little called because a corpse (in a bier) may be
book, a notice (Matt. v. 31 ) j dim in. of rested under it. Th e former syllable is
tiber , a book. See Libra.ry. M. E. licl" a corpse. but orig. the living
Liberal. (F .- I...) M.E. liberal.- body j from A. S. lie, a body ; see Like
O. F. liberal.- I... libernlis, befi tting a free ( I ) .
man , generous. -I... liber , free. Lick, to lap. (E.) M. E. liHen . A. S.
+
libera.te. (L.) F rom pp. of I... liceian. D u, likkm , G. luketz. A
liberiin , to set free. - I... liber, free ; Brugm. secondary verb allied to the primary forms
i . § 102. seen in Goth. bilaigon (be-lick) j Russ.
libertine. (I...) Cf. Acts vi. 9. -I... lizate, O. Irish ligim, I lick, L. lin/(ere,
libel·tinus, adj. , belonging to a freed man, Gk. AE'XEtv, Pers. lisMatz, Skt. lin,
also sb., a freed man j later applied to rih , to lick. (.vLElGH.) Brugm. i.
denote the licentious liberty of a certain § 604-
sect ( Acts vi. 9). - I... libertus, a freed Licorice,Liquorice. (F . -L.-Gk.)
man. - I... liber, free. M. E. lieor;s. _ A. F . lyeorys. Liber Albus,
liberty. (F. - L.) M . E . libertee.- p. 234; M. F . liquerice , ' lickorice j ' Cot.
F . liberte. - L. libertiitem, acc. of libel'tiis, - L. It, ' uiritia, liquorice j a corrupted
frectlom. - I... liber, free. form 0 glyey rrhiza (Pliny, N at. Hist.
Libidinous, lustful. (F. - L.) F . xxii. 9. 11 ) . -Gk. -yA IlK,j~p.(a, liquorice,
libidi,teux. - I... libidi,tusus, lustful. - L. lit. 'sweet root.' - Gk. -yAIlK,j.r, sweet;
libidin-, stem of libido, lubJdo, lust, pl(a , root. See Wort.
pleasure. - I... libet, lubet, it pleases. Cf. Lictor, an officer in Rome. (L.) I...
Skt. Ittbk , to desire. All ied to Love. lictor, perhaps 'binder' ; from the fasces
Library. (F. -I...) F. libl'airie.-I... or ' bound ' rod s which he bore. or from
lib/'iiria, a book-shop j fern . of libriiriw, binding culprits. Allied to lignre, to bind.
belonging to books. - I... libr-, stem of See Liga.ment. (Doubtful.)
tiber, a book, orig. the bark of a tree (one Lid, a cover. (E.) M. E. lid. A. S.
of the earliest writing materials) . Allied hlid, a lid. - A. S. Mid-, weak grade of
to Gk. AI,rE/v, to peel j Brugm. i. § 499. hHdan, to cover.+Du. lid, a lid j Ice!.
Librate, to balance, be poised, move liIifJ, a gate, gateway, gap, breach;
slightly when balanced, (I...) The verb is M . H. G. lit, lid, It cover (obsolete).
rare, and due to the sb. libration (Kersey ). Lie ( I ), to rest, abide. (E. ) A strong
- 1... acc. libratiunem, a poising. - L. libra- verb. M. E. /yen, also liggm, pt. t. lay,
tus, pp. of librare, to balance. -I... libra, a ley, pp. leien, lein. A. S. licgan, pt . t .
balance, a level; also a pound of 12 oz. + lag, pp. legen.+Du. liggen, Ice1. Itggja,
G k. Ahpa, a pound of 12 oz. Brugm. i. n an. ligge, Swed. ligga, G. liegell, Goth.
§ 5 89. ligan. Related to Russ. leiate j Lat. base
Licence, License, leave, abuse of leg- (in leetus, bed ) ; Gk. base AEX- (in
freedom_ (F. -I...) M. E. Iyetltee. - F. l<.Jxos, bed). (.vLEGH.) ~ On the
licence. - L. licentia, freedom to act. - L. mod. E. form see Sweet, E . Gr. § 129~ .
!iemt-, from liel re, to be allowable. See Lie (2). to tell a falsehood. (E. ) M. E.
Brugm . ii. § 587. Der. licence, more li3en , 113en, pt. t. leh, pp. lowen. O. Merc.
usually Hcense , vb. Ilga n ; A. S. Ilogan , pI. t. Ilag, pp. logm.
licentia.te, one who has It grant to +Du. liegen ,lcel. Ijuga. Dan. /;'ve, Swed.
exercise a profession. (I...) En~lished from /juga, Goth. /iugall, G. lugett . Teu!. type
L ate I... lieentintus, pp. of luentiare. to *Ieugan-, pI. t. *Iaug, pp. *Iuganoz. Cf.
licence.-L. liuntia, licence (above) . Russ. /gate, luigate, to lie; loie, a lie.
licentious. (F . -I...) F.lieencieux. (.vLEUGH. )
- L. luentiusus, full of licence. - L. Lief, dear. (E. ) M. E. lee.f. A. S. llot.
licentia, licence (above). +Du. liif, Ice!. Ij;;'fr, Swed. liu/. Goth.
Lichen, a moss. (L.-Gk.) L . lie/,in. liubs, G. lieb. Teut. type *Ieuboll. Cf.
293
 LIEGE LIGHTS
Russ. Hoboi, agreeable, liobile, to love ; away. The same as Lift (I ). .. Not
L. It#hel, libel, it pleases : Skt. luM, to allied to Goth. hliftus, a thief.
desire. (.",LEUBH.) All ied to Lov e. Ligament, a band, band of tis ue
Liege, faithful, subject. ( F . -0. H . G.) connecting the moveahle bones. (F. - L .)
[ T he sense h3s been altered by confusion F . ligammt. - L. ligamenlum , a tie, band.
with L. ligdttlS, bound. In old use, we -L. ligii·re, to tie ; with suffix -lIlm/UIIl .
could speak of ' a l£ege lord' as meaning a ligature, a bandage. (F. -L.) F.l~f{a­
free lord, in exact opposition to the im- lure, a tie, bandage. - L. ligaliira, a bind-
ported notion. J M. E. lige, lege ; lege in~.•- L. ligiilus, pp. of ligare, to tie.
pOllslee = free sovereignty, Bruce, v. 165. - .loight ( I ), illumination. (E.) M. E.
O. F. lige, liege, liege, leal; also, free; a lighl. - O. Mere. lihl ; A . S. Il okl, light. +
liege lord was a lord of a free band, and Du. and G. liehl ; cf. Goth. lillk -ath,
his liegu were privileged free men, faithful light, shewing that th e I is a suffix. Teat.
to him, but free from other service. - type *Ieuhtom, neut. sb. ; related to the
M. H. G . led;e, /idic (G. ledig), free, esp. adj . *Ieuhtos, as seen in E. ligkl, i. e. bright,
from all obligations of service. Cf. Icel. adj., G. Il!ld Du. lieht. C o-radicate with L.
li6ugr, free, M. Du. ledig, free. (Disputed; lux (stem liic·), light, Gk. AfIJ~ -Or, white,
see Kiirting, § 4 i 36.) Skt. rue", to shine. ( VLEUQ.) See
Lieger, Leiger, an ambassador; see Lucid.
Ledger. lighten (I), to illuminate, flash. (E.)
Lien, a legal claim, charge on property. I. I NTRANS., to shine as lightning; 'it
(F. -L.) F. lim, a band, or tie, anything lightms.' M. E.ligklenen, more correctly
that fastens or fetters. - L.ligii1lltn, a tie. - ligkl-n-en, where the -n- is formative,
L ligiire, to tie. See Ligament. and gives the sense' to become light.' 2 .
Lieu, place, stead. (F. -L.) F. lieu. TRANS. This is only the intrans. form
-L. locu"" ace. of locus, a place. See incorrectly used with a trans. sense. The
LocUlI. • correct trans . form is simply to light =
lieutenant, a 'locum tenens,' deputy, O. Merc. I;htan, from Ilokl, sb.
&c. (F . -L.) F . lieu tenant.-L. locum- lightning, an illuminating flash.
tment-, stem' of locum tmens, one who (E.) Formed with suffix -ing from M. E.
holds another's place. - L locum, ace. "~ . htnen, to lighten (above) .
o( locus, a place; tenens, pres. pt. of tenere, - ht ( 2), not heavy. (E.) M. E. ligkl.
to hold. See Tenable. A. . leohl (for *Ii"t). + Du. liekl, ligl;
Life. (E. ) M. E. Iif, 171; gen. lyues Icel. Illtr, Dan. let, Swed. liilt, Goth.
(lives), dat. /yue (live). A. S. Iif, gen. leikls, G. leienl, O. H . G. liht , lihli.
lifes, dat. life. From the base of Teut. Teut. type *Iikloz, for *Iinxtoz, *lenxloz.
*Ieiban- (pt. t. *Iaib, pp. *libanoz), to Allied to Lith. lengwas, light; and to
remain; as seen in Goth. hi-Ieihan, A. S. Lung. See Brugm. i. § 684; Sievers,
be-lifan , G. bleiben, Du. blijven, to remain. § 84·
+Icel./if, lifl, Dan.liv, Swed. lif, O. H. G. light (3), to alight, settle, descend.
lip, lif\! (whence G. leib, the body). The (E.) M. E. lihtm. A. S. lihlatl, vb., to
weak grade appears in Live, q. v. And alight from , lit. to make light, relieve
see Leave ( I). (VLEIP 1) a horse of his burden. - A. S. liohl (liM )
lif.nard. ( E.) From life and g uard. (above). The sense 'to descend upon'
~ Cf. <i. leibgarde, a body-guard, which (the earth) is secondary, due to the com-
is a cognate word,. with the orig. sense of pleted action of descending from a horse.
'life-guard,' from O. H. G. liP, life. lighten (2), to alleviate. (E. ) The -en
lifelong; better livelong, q. v. is merely formative , as iu slretlgth-en. -
Lift ( I), to elevate. (Scand.) M. E. A. S. lihtan, to make light (above) .
liftm.-Icel. fypta (pron. fylla ), to lift. lighten (3), to alight on. (E.) Ex-
exalt in ai., from 10pl, air; Dan. lofte, tended from light (3) above.
Swell. fylta . from luft, air. The lcel. lighter, a boat for unlading ships.
y results , by mutation, from Teut. u; see (Du. ) Borrowed from Du. figter, a
Loft. Der. up-lift. lighter, i. e. unloader.-Du. I(({t, light.
Lift ( 3) , to steal. (E.) We speak of lights, lungs. (E. ) So narned from
a sMp-lifter, a thief; see Shako Troil. i. their lightness. So also Russ. legkiia ,
3. 139- To take up; hence, to take lights ; from legkii, light.
394
 LIGHTEN LIMN
~hten (I), to flash, Lightning; Limb (I), a member, branch of a tree.
see ight ( 1). (K) M. E. lim. A. S. lim.+Icel. limr,
LUn1eous, woody. (L. ) L. 1ig1le-us, Dan. Swed. lem. Allied to A. S. li-~,
wooaen; with suffix ·ous. - L. lig1lum, Goth. /i.thus, G . g·Iie-d, a joint. Cf.
wood. Lith. 1l1llU, stature, growth. See Lay (4).
lign-aloes, a kind of tree. (F. - L. Limb (2), the edge or border of a
and Gk.) O. F. lignaloes (Godef.) . -L. sextant, &c. (L. ) L. limbus, a border,
lignum alois, lit. ' wood of aloes.' Aloi s edging, edge.
is gen. of aloi, from Gk. d.l.61], aloe. See limbo, limbus, the borders of hell.
Aloe. (L.) The Olig. phrase is in limbo, where
Ligule, a strap-shaped petal. (L.) In limbo is the abI. case of limbus, a border;
botany. - L. ligula, a little tongue, also the limbus palrum was a supposed place
spelt lingula, dimin. of lingua, tongu e. on the border of hell, where the patriarchs
See Lingual. abode till Christ's descent into hell.
Li~, a precious stone. (L. - Gk. ) Limbeck, the same as Alembic.
L. ltgurius. -Gk. >..•..,uP'"If, a sort of gem Limber ( I), active, fl exible. (E.) In
(amber or jacinth) ; Exod. xxviii. 19. Baret ( l s80). ApparentiyalliedtoLimp(I).
Like ( I) , similar. (E.) M.E.lyk ,lik. Limber (3), part of a gun-carriage, a
A. S. gl -/ie; as suffix, ·Iie. + Du. ge-/tik, frame with two wheels and a pole. (F. 1)
Icel. likr ,g-likr, Dan. lig, Swed. lik, Goth. Cf. provo E. lillllllers, thills, shafts (the b
ga-Ieiks, G . g-Ieieh , O . H . G. ka-lih. /3. being excrescent). G. D ouglas has lym-
Lit' having the same form,' and derived naris, shafts. ProbablyfromO. F. limonier,
from the sb. meaning' form, shape,' viz. adj., belonging to the shafts; from li1llon,
A. S. lie, form, body, Icel. lik, Goth. leik, a shaft. Cf. F. limoni~re, part of a car-
the body, Du. lijk, a corpse, Dan. lig, riage including the two shafts . Etym.
Swed. lik, a corpse, G. leiche, O . H . G. unknown; perhaps allied to Icel. lim (pI.
lih . See Lichgate. Cf. Lith. lygttS, like. lima.·), branches of a tree.
like (2),10 be pleased with. (E.) The Limbo, Limbus; see Limb ( 2).
construction has altered ; M. E. likelh, it Lime (I ), hird-lime, mortar. (E .) M.E.
pleases, is impersonal , as in mod. E. ifyou ly1ll, liim, viscons su bstance. A. S. lim,
like=if it may please you. -A. S. lician, bitumen, cement.+Du. Ii}m, Ice! . lim,
to please, orig. to be like or suitable for. - Dan. fiim, Swed.fi1ll, glue; G . leim, glue;
A. S. -lie, ge-lic, like ; see Like (1). +Du. L. limus, slime. Idg. type ·lei1llo·. See
lijken, to suit; Icel. liRa, to like; Goth. Loam.
Idkatt, to please (similarly derived). Lime ( 2\ the linden-tree. (E.) Limeis
liken, to compare. (E.) M. E. liknen, a corruption of line, as in Shako Temp. v.
to liken; but the true sense is intransitive, 10; and line is a corruption of lind,
viz. to be like. Cf. Swed. likna, ( 1) to the lengthening of i having occasioned
resemble, (2) to liken, from I£k, like; Dan. the loss of d. (Sweet, E. Gr. § 1607. )
li8"'e, the same, from fig, like. See Lind.
Lilac, a shrub. (Span. - Arab. - Pers.) Lime (3), a kind of citron. (F. - Pers.)
Span. lilac.-Arab. lilak, a lilac. -Pers. F. lime. -Pers.limu, (also limt,n), a lemon,
lila}, liIan}, liIang, of which the proper citron. See Lemon .
sense is indigo-plant. The initial I stands Limehound, adoginaleash. ( Hybrid;
for n, and the a bove forms are from ntl, F. -L., and E. ) Short for liam·hou1ld,
blue, whence nilak ( >Arab. Itlall ), bluish. used by Turberville. The M. E. liam or
The plant is named from the ' bluish ' lyam means 'a leash .' - O. F. liem, now
tinge on the flowers in some varieties. spelt lien. a band ; Guernsey liam, !ian.
(Devic). Cf. Skt. nita- , dark blue. - L. figamen, a tie. See Lien, Liane.
Lilt, to sing, dance. ,Scand.) M. E . Limit. (F .-L.) F. limile, a limit._'
lilting-horn, hom to dance to; cf. M. E. L. limilem, acc. of limes, n boundary;
lullen, to resound. Formed (with added -I) akin to limen, a threshold . Cf. L. 1i1llUS,
from Norweg. lilla, to sing in a high tone. transverse.
CE. O. Swed. lylta, to lull to sleep (Rietz). Limn, to illuminate, paint. (F. -L.)
Allied to Lull. M. E. limnen, contracted form of lUfm'nen,
~,aplant. (L.-Gk. ) A.S.lilie.- to illuminate (Prompt. Parv.). Again,
L. liltum.- Gk. Jl.Elp.O/l, a lily. IUlIli.un is for enlumill1n. - O . .1'. enlu-
19S
 LIMP LINNET
miner, to illuminate, burnish, limn. -L. ing, delineation. -L. lineiire, to draw a
illuminare; see illuminate. line. -L. li1ua, a line (above).
Limp (I), flaccid, pliant. (E.) Not linear. ( L.) L.amaris, belonging to
in early use. Apparently related , by gr~· a line. - L. lrnea, a line (above).
dation, to Bavarian lampukt, flaccid,down- linen, cloth made of flax. (L.) Used
hanging, from the verb lampen, to hang as a sb., but really an old adj., A. S.
loosely down; cf. Skt. lamba, depending, lin-en; the old sb. being M. E. lin, A. S.
lamb, to hang down. lin, flax. - L . linum, flax. (Cf. gold-en
Limp (2) , to walk lamely. (E.) In from gold.) See linseed.
Shako Mer. Yen. iii. 2. 130. We find Ling (I ), a fish. (E.) M. E. lenge
A. S. lemp-kealt. earlier laempi-halt (Ep. (HaveTok). Named from its long slender
G\. ), adj. , halting; and a cognate form shape. Cf. A. S. lengu, length. + Du.
in M. H. G. limphin, to limp. Cf. Low leng, a ling, from lang. long; Icel. langa,
G. lumpm, to limp. Norw.langa, tonga, a ling; Swed. longa;
Limpet, a small shell-fish. (L.) G. lange, a ling, also called langfisch,
Formei'ly lempe! (Phillips, 1706). A. S. lon~ fish. See Long.
lempedu, orig. a lamprey, which also Ling (2), heath. (Scand.) M. E. lyng ..
sticks to rocks. - Late L. lemprida, for - Ice\. lyng, ling, heather; Dan. ling,
L. lampedra, a lamprey. See Lamprey. Swed.lju1tg.
Cf. ' Lemprida, lempedu;' Wright's Linger, to tarry. (E.) Frequent. form
Vocab. 438. 17. of M. E.leng-en, to tarry.-A. S.lmgan, to
Limpid, pure, bright. (F. -L.) F.lim- prolong, put off.- A.S.la'lg, long. Cf.lcel.
pitle. - L. limpidus, clear. Allied to leng/a, to lengthen, Du. le1Jgen , to lengthen,
Lymph. Brugm. i. § 102. G. verliingern, to prolong. See Long.
Linch-pin, a pin to fasten a wheel on Lingo, a language. (Port.-L.) Port.
an axle. (E.) Formerly lins-pin, lit. lingua (also lingua), a language. - L.
, axle-pin.' - A. S. lynis, an axle-tree.+ lingua, a tongue, language (below).
Du. luns, a linch-pin, O. Low G. lunisa, lin«ual, pertaining to the tongue.
Low G. lunse, G.lunse, a, linch-pin. Teut. (L.) Coined from L. lingua, the tongue,
base *Iu/lis· (cf. Goth. akw-izi, an ax) ; O. Lat. dingua, cognate with E. longue.
from *lun-, as in O. H . G. lun, a bolt, linguist, one skilled in languages.
peg, pin. Perhaps from Idg. root. *leu, (L.) From L.lingua, a tongue, language;
(cf. Gk. A!l'fII'). to loosen. with suffix -ista ( =Gk. -1<1T'1S).
Lind, Linden, the lime-tree. (E.) The Liniment, salve. ointment. (F.-L.)
true form of the sb. is lind, and lind.etl F.lini1llent.-L.linimentum,ointrnent.-
is the adj. from it. Hence lind-en Irte= L. limre, to smear; ef. Skt. a, to melt.
lind; the same thing. M. E. lind. A. S. Erugm. i. § 476 (5) ; ii. § 608.
lind, the tree; also a shield, commonly Lining. (L.) Formed. with suffix .ing,
of this wood.+Du. linde, Icel. Dan. from the verb to line, i.e. to cover the in-
Swed. lind, G. linde. Cf. Lith. lenta, a side of a garment with line, i.e. linen; see
board. Doublet, lime (1). linen.
Line, a thread, thin cord; also a stroke, Link ( I). a, ring of a chain. (Scand.)
row, rank, verse (L.; or F.-L.). In the O. Ice!. *hlenkr, whence Ice\. hlekkr (by
sense I cord,' we find A. S. line, directly assimilation); Dan. lanke. Swed. kink;
from L. linea. In the other senses, it is G. g~lenk, a joint, link, rin g. Cf. A. S.
from F. ligne. also from L. linea. IJ. The hlence. or Menca (which would have given
L. linea meant orig. a string made of flax, linch). Also M. H. G. lenken, to bend,
being fern. of adj. lineus, made of flax. - O. H. G . Manca, hip, loin (whence
L. linum. flax. Cf. Gk. AtVOV, flax; whence perhaps Flank).
perhaps the L. word. Der. out-line. Link (2 ), a torch; see Linstock.
lineage. (F. -L. ) F. lignage, a line- Linnet, a bird. (F. -L.) M. E.li1ut.
age. -F. ligne, a line, rank. -L. linea. a [A. S. li1UOce.] O.F. linelte ; cf. F. linot/e,
line (above), I a linnet,' Cot. Named from feeeling on
lineal. (L.) L. linealis, belonging to flax-seed and hemp-seed (ef. G. Mnjling,
a line. -L. linea, a line (above). a linnet, from han/, hemp).-L. Unum,
lineament, a feature. (F. -L.) M. F. flax. We also find A. S. linetwige, a
lineament. Cot. - L . lineti1lUlltum, a draw· linnet (whence Low!. Sc. lintwhite )•.
196
 LINSEED LITANY
linseed, flax ·seed. (L. aI/dE.) From liqumr, moisture. -L. liquorcm, ace. of
I
M. E. lill = A. S. li11, flax, borrowed from liquor , moisture. - L. liqtllre, to be moist.
L. !inum, flax; and E. seed. I ~ Now accommodated to L. spelling; we
linsey-woolsey, made of linen and ' also use mod. F . liqt<ettr.
I
woollen mixe?' ~L. and E.). Made ~p J4quorice; see L~corice:
from M. E. 1m, lmen, and E. wool. !::iee , LiSp. (E.) M. E. ltspen, Ilpsm. A. S.
linen, under Line. i *wlispia11, to lisp, not found; regularly
i
Linstock, Lintstock, a stick to formed from A . S. wlisp, also wlips, adj.,
I
hold a lighted match. (Du.) Formerly lisping, imperfect in utterance.+Du. lispm,

I
linlslock (Coles, 1684) ; but properly IUlII· Dan. ltespe, Swed. l{ispa, G. lispetn. (lmi.
slock, from IU11I, • a match to fire guns tative.)
with,' Phillips. - D u. lonlstok, • a lin t- Lissom; see Lithe.
stock ,' Sewe1. - Du. lont, a match; slok, List ( I ) , a border of cloth, selvage.
I
a stick (see Stock ) ; cf. Dan. IUllle·slok; (E.) 1\1. E . list. A. S. Iisl. + Du. lijst,
from lImle, a match, slok, a stick. Du. I cel. lisla, Dan. lisle, Swt d. lisl, G. leisle,
lonl seems to have been formed fro m O. H . G. lisla. (The i was orig. long.)
M. Du. lompe , 'a bundle of linnen,' list ( 2), a catalogue. (F.-G.) F.
Hexham; lit. a lump. See Lump. lisle, a list, roll; also, a list or selvage.
link ( 2) , a torch. (Du .) A corruption It meant (I) a border, strip, (2) a roll or
of lint, as it appears in litll_stock (above). list of uames. - O. H. G. lisla, G. leiste, a
Cf. Low!. Sc. lunt , a torch , Du. 101lt, a border ; see List ( I ).
match (whence Dan. IU1t1e, !::iwed. IUllta). List (3) ; see Lists.
Lint, scraped linen. (L.) Cf. Late L. List (4), to please. (E.) M. E. lusten,
linta, from L. li,tleum, a linen cloth; listen; 'if thee lisl' = if it please thee,
neut. of li,l·leus, linen. -L. linum, flax. Ch. C. T . 1183. A. S. /yslant to desire,
Lintel, the headpiece of a door. (F. - used impersonally. - A . S. lusl, pleasure.
L.) M. E.linlel. -O. F. lilllel (F.linteau; . +Du.luslen, Icel.fysla, Dan. /ysle, Swed.
-Late L. litllel/us, a lintel, for *Iinti· fysla , Goth. luslol', G. geluslen; all from
lelltls, dimin. of L. lillles (stem limil-), a the sb. See Lust.
boundary, border; see Limit. List (5), to listen; see below.
Lion. (F.-L.-Gk. -Egypt. ) F. lion. Listen. (E. ) We also find lisl; also
·-L. leJnem, ace. of leo, a lion. -Gk. AlOJv. M. E. lust·n·en and lust.en, the former
Cf. Heb. liivi', a lion. Prob. of Egypt. being deduced from the latter by a forma-
origin; from Egypt. labai, lawai, a lioness tive n , as in Goth. flll/-It .an, to become
(wflence Gk. AEaeva) ; see Leo. full. A. S. h/ystan, to listen to. - A. S.
Lip. (E.) M. E. lippe. A. S. lippa, hlysl, hearing; Teut. tYI;e *h!us·ti·, from
lippe, the lip. + Du. lip, Dan. labe, Swed. a base *hius, weak grade of Teut. base
lilPp, G.lippe, le.fie. Also L. lab-Mlm, lab- *h!eu-s. Cf. A. S. hiQs·nian, to hearken;
ium, lip; Pers, lab, lip. But the relations Ice!. hiusla, to listen, from hiust, the ear ;
are not clear. Brugm. i. § 563. W . clust, the ear; also L. c/u·ere, Gk.
Liquefy, Liquescent; see Liquid. "'~V"IV, to hear, SkI. p-.I, to hear.
Liquid, moist. (F . -L.) F. liquide. (.vKLEU.) See Loud.
-L. liquidus, liquid.-L. lirub'e, to be Listless, careless. (E.) The same as
clear. lusi-less; Gower has lustles, C. A. ii.
liquefy, to become liquid. (F.-L.) I l l . From lusl, q.v. And see List (4).
M. F . lique.fi~r (see Cot.). Asif from Late Lists, ground enclosed ,for a touena-
L. *Iique.ficiire, to make liquid; but we only ment. (F.) M. E. lisles, sf>. pl., the list s.
find L. lique.fieri, to become liquid. The I is excrescent; and lisle stands for
liquescent, melting. (L.) L. liques- *lisse. - M. F. lisse (F. lice) , • a list or
cent-, stem of pres. part. of liquescel'e, in· tilt yard ;' Cot. Cf. Ital. lizza; Span .
ceptive form of liqulre, to be wet. liza, Port. lita , a list for tilting; Late L.
liquidate, to make clear; hence, to licia, sb. pl., barriers; licia due/li, the
clear off an account. (L.) From pp. of lists. Origin disputed. Cf. Late L. licia,
Late L.liquidtire, to clarify, make clear. - a stake; perhaps from Late L. liciw,
L. liquidlls, liquid, clear. oaken<L. iliceus (from ilex, holm.oak).
liquor, moisture, strong drink. (F . - Litany, a form of prayer. (F. -L. -
L ) ""M. E. lic(lUr, licur. - A. F . lieur; F . Gk .) M. E. letatlie, afterwards altered to
197 L .~
 LITERAL LIVER
/ilani~. - O. F. Idanie. - L. tilania. - Gk. straw to lie on, confused mass of things
A,Tavfla, a pmyer. -Gk. AITaivfl", to pray. scattered. (F . -L.) The same word ap-
_ Gk. AiTOP.CU, I beg, pray, AI-nI, prayer, plied to a straw bed for animals, &c.
entreaty. litter, a btood. (F.-L.) The same
Literal. (F. -L.) O. F.li/eral.-L. word; see the various senses of ·M. E.
literalis, according to the letter. - L.li/era; /yter~ in the Prompt. Parv.; and cf. F.
see Letter. accouclter, E. ' :0 be in the straw.'
literature. (F.-L.) M.F.literaiure. Little. (f ) M. E. litel, lutel. A . S.
_ L. iiterlilura, scholarship. - L. literlitus, Ijte! (or /ylei J, little; we also find Ijt (or
learned, skilled in letters. - L. litera, a Iyt). + Do. lutlel, little, IUlje , a little;
letter; see Letter. O. Sax. luttil; O. H . G. lusil, luzzil,
Litharsre, protoxide of lead. (F. - L. /iusil. Compare also A. S. Iytig, deceit-
Gk.) M. Eo lilarge. - F. litluzrge, 'litargie, ful, Iqt, deceit; Goth . liuts, deceitful,
white lead;' Cot. - L. litltargyrus. - Gk. luton, to betray. All from Teut. base
AI96,nvpor, lit. 'stone-silver.' - Gk. AI9-or, *Ieut, orig. to stoop; see Lout. ~ Not
a stone; ap"'(Vpor, silver; see Argent. allied to less. The Ice!. !ilill, Swed.
Lithe, pliant, flexible, active. (E.) Ii/en, Goth. leitils, little, seem to be from a
M. E. litke. A. S. lifJe, lifJ, gentle, soft different Teut. base *Ieit. It is difficult
(for *linfJe, the lengthened i causing loss to see how they can be related.
of n).+G. gelinde, O. H. G. lindi, soft, Littoral, belonging to the sea-shore.
-tender. Allied to Ice!. linr, L. Unis , (L.) L. littqralis, adj., from littQr- (for
soft ; L. lentus, pliant. Der. lissqm, i. e. *Ii/tqs-) , stem of littus or litus, sea-shore.
litlte-sqme. LiturU, public prayer. ( F. -L.- Gk. )
Lither, pestilent, stagnant, dull. (E.) O. F. liturgie, Iyturgie. -Late L. liturgia.
In 1 Hen. VI. iv. 7.ll, 'Iit1tersky' means - Gk. AflTOVnla, public service. - Gk.
pestilent or dull lower air j cf. 'Iullter Afrro-r, public; <nOli, work, cognate with
eir,' pestilent air, P. Pl., C. xvi. 220. E. wQrk.
M. E. lutlter, litlter. - A. S. IjtJre, evil, Live (I), to exist. (E.) M. E. liuien
base, poor (hence, sickly, dull). Not to (livien). O. Mere. lifgan, A. S. liMan, to
be confused with litlte, pliant. live, dwell; orig. to remain, be left
Lithography, writing on stone. (Gk.) behind.+Du. koen, to live; Ice!. lifa , to
Coined from Gk. Al90-r, a stone; ~I", be left, to live; Dan. leve, Swed. lefta,
to write. Goth. liban, to live; G. leben , to live,
lithotomy, cutting for stone. (L.- O. H. G. Ilben. From Teut. *Iib-, weak
Gk.) L. litMtqmia. - Gk. AI90Top.[a.- grade of *leiban-, to remain. See Life.
Gk. Al9o-r, stone; TOP.-, lnd grade of TfP.-, live (2), adj., alive. ( E.) Short for
as in TEP.VEI", to cut; see Tome. alive, which is not a true ~rig. adj., but
LitUr.tion, a contest in law. (L. ) due to the phrase a /iue (a live) = A. S. q1t
From 1,. litigatio, a disputing.-L. liti- life, in life, hence, alive. Life is the dat.
gatus, pp. of litiglire, to dispute. - L. liI-, case of Iif, life; hence the i in live is
stem of lis, strife; -igare, for ager~, to carry lon~.
on. L. lis =0. Lat. sllis, strife. livelihood. (E.) Corruption ofM.E.
litigious, contentious. (F. -L.) It liudlXie (/iveltxie), i.e. life-leading, means
also once meant debateable. - F. litigieux, of living; older spelling lijllXie, lijlade.
'debatefull ;' Cot. - L. liligiOms, adj.; From A. S. Iif, life; lad, a leading, way,
from litigium, contention. -L. litiglire, to provisions to live by, a course, a lode;
dispute (above). . see Life and Lode.
Litmus, a kind of dye. (Du.) Cor· livelong, long-lasting. (E.) The
rupted from Du. lakmqes, a blue dye-stuff. same as life-long, L e. long as life is; but
- Du. lak, lac; mqes, pulp; (whence G. live/tmg is the older spelling'.
lackmus, litmus). See Lac (I ). livel)". (E.) M. E. lijiy, Le. life-like.
Litter, a portable bed. (F . - L.) M.E. Liver. (E.) M. E. liuer ( = liver).
litere. - O. F . liliere. - Late L. *Iecllcdria, A. S. liftr. + Du. lever, Ice!. lifr, Dau.
formed from ledrca, a litter. - L. leclus, a lever, Swed. lefter, G. leber. Cf. Russ.
bed; see Lectern. Allied to Gk. AfX-Of, IiveY, the pluck of animals (from Teut. ).
a bed; and to Lie (1). Allied to Armen. leard, liver; but not to
~, materials for a bed, heap of L. ucur. Brugm. i. U l80, 557 (l).
l!)8
 LIVERY LOCK
Liveryl a delivery, a thing delivered, Gk. 1..d"E.". Skt. rick. to leave, O. Irish
uniform a lowed to servants. (F . - L.) leci"" I leave. ('V'LEIQ; Brugm. i. § 463.)
M. E. liuet'e (= livere, three syllables). - Hence the Teut. verb *leikwan- (as in
A. F. liveree ; F. livrle, • a delivery of Gothic) ; and the sb. *Iaikwniz, *Iaihw -
a thing that is given, the thing so given, noz, a loan, from the second grade *laihw
a livery; 'Cot. Orig. fem. of pp. of livrer, with suffix -niz or -noz.
to deliver, give freely. _ L. liberare, to &et Loath. (E.) M. E . loth. A. S. la3,
freel give freely; see Liberate. hateful , hostile.+Icel. lei(Jr, Dan. Swed.
Livid, discoloured. (F.-L.) F./ivide. led, odious; O. H. G.- leit, odious, orig.
- L. liuidus. bluish. _ L. liulre, to be mournful. Teut. type *laithoz, where
bluish. Cf. W. lliw, O. Irish Ii, colour, -thoz is prob. a suffix. Allied to G.
hue. ~rugm . i. § 94. /eiden, to suffer; but prob. not allied to
Lizard, a four-footed reptile. (F.-L.) A. S. li(Jan (pt. t. MtJ), to travel, sail; as
M.E. lesarde.-O. F. lesarde.-L.lacerla, usually said (Kluge) . Der. loath-ly;
a lizard. Cf. Alligator. -some, suggested by M. E. wlatso"" detest-
Llama, a quadruped. (peruvian. ) able ; also loathe, vb.
Llama is a Peruvian word, meaning Lobby', a small hall, passage. (Ital.-
, flock' ; Prescott. But the Peruv. Diet. G.) Probably from N. Ital. (Piedmontese)
gives' llama, camero de la tierra,' sheep of lobia (see Diez) ; the Ital. form is loggia
the country. (see Lodge) . Cf. Late L. lobia, laubia,
Llano, a level steppe or plain. (Span . 10biu11l, a portico, gallery, covered way;
- L.) Commoner in the pI. llanos. - as if from a Germ. form *laubjii.-
Span. llano, pI. llanos, a plain; from M. H. G. loube, an arbour, bower, open
llano, adj., plain, flat.-L. planus, flat. way along the upper story ofa house (as
See Plain. in a Swiss ~halet) ; mod. G. laube, a
Lo, behold! (E.) M . E.Io. A.S. la, bower. Orig. madewithfoliage.-M.H .G.
an interjection. loub (G. laub) , a leaf; see Leaf.
Loach, Loche a small fish. (F.) F. Lobe, flap of the ear,&c. (F.-Low L.
loche, 'the loach,' Cot. ; whence also -Gk.) F. lobe. - Late L. lobus. - Gk.
Span. loja, loena. Cf. Norman loque, a 1..o/3os, a lobe of the ear or liver. Brugm.
loach, a slug (Le Herieher). Origin un- i. ~ 667.
known. Lobster, a kind of shell-fish. (L.)
Load, a burden. (E.) The Sense .of A. S. loppes/re, a corrupter form of A . S.
, burden' seems to be due to confusion lop"S/, a corruption of L. locusla, ( I) a
with the verb Lade (I ) ; but cf. provo E . lobster, (3 ) a locust. It was perhaps con-
lead, in the sense' to carry.' M. E. /tide, fused with A.S. loppe, a flea.
a course, way, lode; also, a load. A. S. Local, .Locate;- see LOCU8.
/tid, a lode; als~ carriage. See Lode. Loch,aJake. (Gaelic.) Gael.loch,alake.
Load-star, .a..oad-stone; seeLode. + O. Irish loch, Corn. and Bret. lagen;
Loaf. (E.) M. E. Ioj. loof. A. S. hliif L.lacus; Stokes, p. 237. See Lake ( I).
+Icel.hlei/r,Goth.klaifr,hlaibs,G.laib. Lock ( I), a fastening. (E.) M.E.
Cf. Lithuan. klepas, bread (from Teut.). lORe. A. S. loe, a fastenin g. + Ice!. loka,
Loam, clay. (E.) M. E. lam. A . S. a lock; Swed. loek, a lid; G . loch, a
lam.+Du. leem, G. lehm, O. H. G. leim, dungeon. From Teut. base *luk, wellk
lei1llO. -Teut. type *lai1llOz. Cf.lce!.l(ir grade of Teut. root *leuR, to fasten , whence
(Teut. type *Iaizom), loam. Akin to also A. S. lucan , Du . luiken, Jee\. IfiRa,
Lime ( I ). to shut, Goth. galfiRan, to shut up.
Loan, a lending, money lent. (Scand.) locket, a little hinged case worn as an
M. E. lone- ( = lane). This corresponds to ornament. ( F. -Scand.) Orig. a fastening
the rare A. S. lan, borrowed from Norse. (Hudibras, pt. ii. C. i. 808). - F. IQque/,
[The true A. S. form is liEn, a 10an.J- Ice\. the latch of a door, dimin. of O. F . loc, a
lan, a loan; Dan. loan, Swed. Ian, a loan. lock, borrowed from IceI. loka, a lock.
+ A. S. liEn, a loan; Du. leen, a grant, a Lock (2), a tuft of hair or wool. (E. )
fief; G. lehn, lehen , a fief. ~. All from M. E. 10k. A. S. loec. + Du . 10k, Icel.
the verb seen in A. S. lion (pt. t. lah), to loUr. Dan. 10k, Swed. lock, G. locke..
grant. lcel. Ijii, G. leiken , to lend, Goth. Orig.' a curl;' cf. Ice\. lyUr, Il loop,
leihwan; akin to L. linquere (pt. t. liqui), bend, crook; also Lith. lugnas, pliable.
299
 LOCKET LOLL
Locket j see Lock «( ). down. So called from its lying ou the
Lockram. a kind of cheap linen. ( li. ground, as distinguished from the living
-Bret.) F.locremllZ, a sort of unbleached tree. From the 3rd (pt. pl. ) grade, viz.
linen; named from the place where it was Mg-, of Icel. liggia, to lie; see L ie «()
made, viz. Loc- A'uUltl, or S. Rellafz, near and Low. Der.logg-als, logg-els, a game
Qllimper, in Brittany. -Hret_ Lok-Ronall, . with bits of wood; log-wood, so called
cell ofSt. Ronan; from BreLlok ( L.lo<us), I because imported in fogs, and also called
a cell. blockwood (Kersey).
Locomotion j see Loous. log ( 2) , a piece of wood with a line,
Locus. n place. (L.) L. locus, a place. for measuring the rate of a ship. (Scand.)
O. Lat. st/ows, a place. The same word. The Swed. fogg. as a sea-
local. (F. -L.) F. local. - L. loailis, term, whence 10g-lilla, a log-line,log-bok.
belonging to a place.- L. locus , a place. a log-book, logga, to heave the log, Dan.
locate. to place. (L.) From pp. of log, log-line, log- bog, lo.t;:ge, vb., seem to
L. Iodin, to place. - L. locus, a place. have been all borrowed back from E.
locomotion, motion from place to logger-head. a dunce, a piece of
place. (L.) Coined from loco-. for locus, timber ( in a whale· boat ) over "which a line
a place; and moti01J. is passed to make it run more slowly.
Locust. a winged insecL (L.) M. E. (Scand. and E.) A similar formation to
locuste. - L. locusta, a shell· fish, also a blockhead. Cf. I cel. /agar, gen. of lag .
locllst. Log (3), a liquid measure. (Heb.) In
Lode. a vein of ore , a water-course. Lev. xiv. 10. - H eb. log, a liquid measure,
(E.) The true sense is 'course.' A. S. 12th part of a hin; orig.' a basin.'
lad, a way, course, journey; cf. A. S. Logarithm. (Gk.) Coined from Gk.
liitian, to lead, conduct.+lcel. leiiJ, lode , AO-Y- , skm of Ao-yor, a word, a proportion,
way, course; Swed. led, n course. T eut. ratio; and ap,SjAor, a number; the sense
type *laid,i, fern. From the lnd grade being' ratio-number.' See Arithmetic.
of Teut. *leilhan- ( A. S. liiJan), to travel. LoglIerhead j see Log ( I).
See Lead (I). Der.lode-slar. .. And see Loglc. the scienc~ of reasoning cor-
Load. rectly. (F. - L. - Gk. ) O. F. IDgiqtu.-
lodestar, loadstar. the polar star. L. Iogica , for ars logica, logic lut.-
(E. ) Lit. ' way-star,' star tbat leads or Gk. "o-ytl'~' for A0-Y'"'' TfX"'I, logic art;
guides; see Lode above. where A0-Y'ttI, is fem . of AO"f,,,6r, reason-
lodestone. loadstone. a magnet. able. -Gk. M-yor, a speech. -Gk. Ai-Yfl",
(E.) Compounded of lode and stone, in to say.+ I ... le~re, to speak; see Legend.
imitation of lodestar; it means a stone Hence all words iu -logy, the chief being
that leads or draws. aSlro-logy, bio- , chrono-, concho-, doxo- ,
Lodare, a small house, cot, resting-place: en~omo-, etymo -, gmea-, geo-, 1Jlete~ro-,
(F. -d:) M. E. ID~, logge. -0. F. lo~, 1Jltnera-, mylllO- , necro- , noso- , omzllzo·,
cf. Ital. loggia, Late L. IDbia, a gallery. - osteo-, patho- , philo-, phraseo- , phreno-,
O. H. G. *Iaubjti, allied to loubii, M. H . G. physio·, psycJlo-, tauto-, IlleOo, zoo-logy; see
loube, an arbour, mod. G. laube, a bower. these in their due place;;.
-0. H. G. Ioub, G.laub,a leaf; see Leaf. Loin. (F. -L.) M. E. loine. -O. F.
DOUblet, lobby. logne, also Ionge.-Late L. *lumbea , fern.
Loft. an upper room. (Scand.) M . E. of an adj . *lulllbet4s (not found), from L.
loft, properly' air' ; the peculiar sense is IUlIlbus , loin. See Lumbar.
Scand. - Icel. 10pl ( pron. loft ), ( I ) air. sky, Loiter. to delay. (Du. ) M. E . loilren,
(l ) an upper room ; Dan . Swed. lofl, aPr. Parv. - M. Du. and Du. leuteren , to
garret. Allied to A. S. Iyft, air, sky, Goth. linger, loiter, trifle, M. Du. lolerm, to
luftus, Du. luchl (for luft ), G. luft, the delay, deceive, vacillate; cf. E. Fries.
air. Der. a-lofl; also lofty, i. e. 'in the lolerell , Idlern , to loiter. Allied to M. Du.
air ; ' lift, vb. hdsen , with the same sense (Hexham).
Log ( I ), a block , piece of wood. Perha ps allied to Lout.
(Scand.) The vowel has been Shortened . , Loll, to lounge about. (E. ) M. E.
Cf. N orw. laag, a fallen trunk ; Icel. /r'g. !ollm, lullell. Cf. Icel. lolla, 'segniter
a felled tree , log; Swed. dial. Idga, a agere,' Halldorsson; M. Du . lollen , to sit
felled tree, a tree that has been blown over the fire; the orig. sense was prob. to
300
 LOLLARD LOOSE
doze; M. Du. lolfe-banek, 'a sleeping Loom (2) , to appear faintly or at a dis-
seate,' Hexham. Allied to Lull. tance. (E. ?) Orig. sense doubtful. (Not
Lollard, a name given to the followers = M. E. lumen, to shine, as that has a
of Wyclif. (M . Du. ) It was confused different vowel.) If it meant orig. 'to
with M. E. loller, i. e. one who lolls, a come slowly towards,' it amwers exactly
lounger, lazy fellow; see Loll above; hut to E. Fries. lUmen, Swed. dial. /oma, to
the words are prob. related. Latinised as move slowly; cf. M. H. G. It/omen, to be
Lo//nrdus from M. Du. lolltUrd, ( I) a weary, from the adj. luomi, slack. Kilian
mumbler of prayers and hymns, ( 2) has M. Du. lome, slow, inactive. The
a Lollard , lit. ' God-praiser' or ' singer' ; Teut. base of the adj. is */om-, connected
first applied to a sect in Brabant. Formed by gradation with E. L ame. See Loon
with suffix -aerd (same as E. -nrd in ( 2). Cf. Low!. Sc. loamy, dull , slow; E.
drtmk-ard) from M . Du. lollen, lullen, Fries . IOmig.
to sing; see Lull. Loon ( Il, Lown, a base fellow. (0.
Lone, short for alone; see Alone. Low G.) M . E. lown (spelt IO'wm, but
Long ( I) , to desire, yearn. (E.) rhyming on ·oun). St. Cuthbert, 7957.
M. E. !ongen. A. S. lnngian, impers. vb. Cf. M. Du. /oen . • homo stupidns,' Kilian.
with acc., to long after, crave, desire; Loon (l ), a water-bird , diver. (Scand.)
(distinct from langian, to grow long).+ A corruption of the Shetland name loom.
O. Sax. langon , impers.; Icel. langa, - Ice!. lomr, Swed. Dan. 10m, a loon.
impers. and pers.; O. H. G. Inngth" Prob. from the lame or awkward motion
impers. Perhaps allied to G. gelinge1/., to of diving-bi! ds on land; cf. Swed. dial.
sncceed. Cf. G. ver- Iangen, to wish for. I011la, E. Fries. 10m en, to move slowly;
Der. he-long. see Loom (l ) above.
Long (l ) , extended. (E. ) M. E. long. Loop, a noose. (Scand. ) G. Douglas
A. S. /ang, long +Du. lang, Icel. langr, has l()'lllp·knot (tEn. xii. 603). -Ice!. Maup,
Dan. Imlg, Swed. lan.l{, Goth. laggrs lit. 'a leap' ; cf. Swed. lop-knut . a running-
( = langrs),G.la1Ig; L longus. Brugm. i. knot; Dan. lob, a course, /ob·knude, or
§ 6.p . lob·aie, II running-knot. - Ice!. Maupa, to
longevity, length of life. (L.) From leap, run. See Leap. Thus the orig.
L. longauitas, long life. -L./ong-us, long; sense was ' running knot'; hence, loop of
(eui/as, usually ii/as, age ; from flui-, a a string, &c.
stem formed from iiuum , life. See Age. Loop-hole, a small aperture in a wall.
longitude. (F. -L.) F./ongitude. - (1< .-LoW G.) M. E.1()Upe, P. PI. -0. F.
L. longi/utlo, length; in late Lat., the -Ioupe (not found); Languedoc loup, a
longitude of a place. - L. longi-, stem sma.ll window in a roof (Wedgwood).-
formed from /ongtls, long; with suffix M. Du. /upen , Du. luipen, to lurk (see
-I;;-do. Der. long-itud;n-nl, from stem Franck); Low G. Ilipen, in the same
longi/Uti;n-. sense as Low G. glupen , to peep (Liibben).
Loo, a game at cards. (F.) Formerly Hence, the sense wns • Feep-hole.' Cf.
called lanterl()(1. - F. fan/ure/u, lanturlu, Low L. IDupus (unexplained).
interj., nonsense! fudge ! also a game at Loose, slack. (~cand.) M. E. l()Us,
cards. The expression was orig. the los; Prof. Zupitza shews (in Anglia, vii.
refrain of a famous vaudeville (ab. 1630) , Ifil) that it is due to the Scand. form.
afterwards used to give an evasive answer. [The true M. E. form is lees, answering to
Being purposely nonsensical, it admits of A. S. lEas, ( I ) loose, (l) false.J -lcel.
no further etymology. lauss , Swed. Dan. los , loose ; O. Sax. los,
Loof; see Lu1l'. M. Du. l()(1s, ( I ) loose, (2) false (where
Look, to see. (E.) M. E. loken. A. S. mod. Du. has /os , loose, loos, false); G.
locian, to look. + O. Sax. lUkOn, to look; los , loose ; Goth. laus , empty, vain. Teut:
cf. M. H. G. luogen, to mark, behold, G. type -Iaus()z; from -/aus-, 2nd grade of
lugen, to look out. Brugm. i. § 421 (7). Teut. -Ieusan· , to lose. See Lose.
Loom ( I) , a machine for weaving cloth. -les., ~uffix . (E.) M. E. -Ius, -les;
(E. ) M. E.lome, a tool, implement. A. S. A. S.. lias, the same as "as, loose, frte
ge./oma, a tool, implement, instrument. from (above).
Der. heir-/()()m, where 1()(1111 meant any loose, loosen, vh. (E.) The true
implement, hence a. piece of furuiture. form is l()(1se, later loosen by analogy with
301
 LOOT LOUD
sfrmgtllen, Bee. A late derivative from fused with M: E. lon'm, to be lost] The
the adj. above. Other languages derive M. E. lesen IS from A. S. ·Ilosafl, strong
the verb directly from the adj.; thus Du. yerb, to lose .(pt. t. -Ila~, pp. -loren). This
lossen, Icel. leysa, Swed. losa, Dan. wse, IS co~ate WIth I?u. -ltezen (only in compo
G. /osen, Goth. lausjan, to loosen, are v~r-ltezen), G . •/~eren (only in compo ver-
derived (respectively) from Du. los, Icel. Iteren), Goth. -Itusan (only infra-liusan,
lauss, Swed. and Dan. los, G. los, Goth. to loose). Teut. type -'eusan-. Cf. L.
laus, loose, vain. lu-ere, Gk. Av-."" to set free. Der. lum,
Loot, plunder. (Hindi.-Skt.) Hindi lost, A. S. pp. -Iorm; also forlorn , q. v.
Iii! (with cerebral f), loot, plunder. The loss, sb. (E. ) M. E. los. A. S. los,
cerebral I shews that r is elided. - Skt. destruction. Allied to Lose; being
lotra, shorter form of loptra, booty, spoil. derived from Teut. -Ius, weak grade of
- Skt. lup, to break, spoil; allied to L. -Ieusan-, to lose (above).
rumpere, to break. See Rupture , Rob. losel, lorel, a worthless fellow, re-
Loot = that which is robbed. (Cf. Hom, probate. (E.) One devoted to perdition;
Pers. Diet. § 608.) cf. A. S. los, destruction, los·ian, to be
LoOTer j see Louver. lost, to perish. From lus- (A. S. los-) ,
Lop. (M. Du.) M. Du. luppen, to weak grade of the strong verb feosan, to
maim, castrate, mod. Du. lubben. Cf. lose, pp. lor-en (for older -Ios-m). J.or-el
Lithuan. lu/ti, to peel. See Lib. is formed from the base 101'- of the pp. in
Loquaclous, talkative. (L.) Coined use, and los·el from the older form of the
from L . loquiici-, dec!. stem of loquax, same. For the suffix, cf. A. S. wac-ol,
talkative. - L. loqui, to speak. watchful.
Lord, a master. (E. ) Lit.' loaf-keeper.' Lot, a portion, share. (E.) M. E. lot.
A. S. klaford, a lord; early form klafard, A. S. klot « -hlulom), lot, share. - A. S.
for *klafw!!ard, a loaf-ward; see Loaf and kluf-, weak grade of hllotan (pt. t. Meat ).
Ward. ~ For the loss of w, cf. A. S. to obtain by lot. + Du.lot; Icel. Muti,
julluht, fromjulwiht, baptism. allied to str. vb. k{jofa, to obtain by lot;
Lore, learning. (E.) M. E. lore; A. S. Dan. lod, Swed. loti. All from the weak
liire, gen., dat., and acc. of lar, 10re.+Du. grade of Teut. -kleutan-, to obtain by lot;
leer, G. lekre. O. H. G. lira, doctrine. cf. A.S. kliet , kljt, G. /oos, Goth. Maltls,
Teut. type */aiztf, fern .; cf. Teut. *laizjan a lot, from -klaut, 2nd grade of the same
(A. S. Ireran, G. lekrm ), to teach; from verb.
*Iais-, 2nd grade of *Ieisan-, to trace out; Loth j see Loath.
see Learn, Last (2). Lotion, a washing, external medicinal
Lorel j see losel. application. (L. ) L. 15tiiitHI1t, acc. of
Lorimer, a maker of horses' bits, spurs, lotio, a washing. - L. lOtus, pp. of lauiir!!,
&c. (F.-L.) Alsoloriner. - O.F.lori- to wash. See Lave. Brugm.i. §352 (3).
"jer , loreinier, M. F . lorimier, later Loto, Lotto, a game. (JtaL- Tent.) F .
lonnier, 'a spurrier;' Cotgrave. - O. F. 1010; a F . form of the Ital.lollo, a lottery,
lorein, lorai1t, rein, bridle, bit. - Late L. a word of Teut. origin; see Lot.
lor-blum, 100'anum, a rein, bit.-L.lo..u11l, lotte1'1'. (E.; wilk F . suffix .) In
a thong. Levins, ed. 1570. Formed by adding -ery
Loriot, the golden oriole. (F. -L. ) to E. lot; cf. brew-try, fok -cry. The F.
F . loriot, corruptly written for roriot, 10lerie is borrowed from English or from
where oriol is another form of on'ol; see Ital. lotteria (Torriano).
Oriole. Lotus, the Egyptian water-lily. (L.-
Lorn, lost. (E.) M. E. loren, pp. of Gk.) L.lotus, lotos. -Gk. AQIT<Sr, (I) the
/lsen, to lose; see Lose. Gk. lotus, (2) the Cyrenean lotus, the
L01'1', a bird of the parrot kind. eaters of which were called lotopkap, (3 )
( Malay.) Also called Ittry ; and (formerly) the lily of the Nile.
1'Dry, nury. - Malay liiri, nuri, a lury or Loud. (E.) M. E. loud. A. S. klUd.
lory. + Du. luid, G. laut. Teut. type *hliidoz,
Lose. (E.) The form formerly in use for earlier klutMs (with the accent on 0) ;
was lese; M. E. lesen. [The mod. form allied to the Idg. type *lIlulos (with weak
lose has got its sound of (uu) from the grade *lIlu) as seen in L. -clutus, in
inftuence of M. E. losen, to loose, con- inclut,lS, renowned, Gk. KAIITOr, renowned,
303
 LOUGH LUBRICATE
Skt. p-ula-, heard, from (1"U, to hear. Low (I), humble, inferior. (Scand_)
(""KLEU.) Brugm. i. §§ 100, 113. M. E. 101ln, also fah. - Ice!. lagr, low;
Lough, a lake. (Irish.) Ir. Ioen; see N. Fries. leeg; Swed. lag. Dan. lav. The
Loch. orig. sense is that which lies down, or lies
Lounge, to loll about. (F. -L.) From low (as we say) ; from Ice!. lag- , stem of
lungis, an idle fellow or lounger, not an pt. pI. of Hggja, to lie. See Lie ( J). Der,
uncommon word in the 16th and 17th be-low ( =.by low) ; also lower, vb., i. e.
centuries. - }<'. longis, an idle, drowsy, and to let down, from low-er, comparative of
stupid fellow (Cot.). Littre supposes that low, adj.
this sense of longis was due to a pun, Low ( 2), to bellow. (E. ) M. E. fowtlZ.
having reference to L. longus, long, hence A. S. MUwa1Z, to bellow, resound . + Du.
a long and lazy man; for, strictly speaking, loei/ en, O. H. G. I,fo/ml. Cf. L. clii-mare.
LOllgis is a proper name, being the O. F. Low (3) , a hill. (E.) In place-names.
form of L. Long-ius or Longinus, the A. S. Maw, Maw, a hill; properly a slope.
name (in the old mysteries) of the cen- + Goth. Maiw, a grave; Maim, a hill;
turion who pierced the body of Christ. Lat. eliuus, a hill. From a Teut. base
This name first appears in the apocryphal ·Mai-, 2nd grade of the Teut. root ·Mei-
gospe! of Nicodemns, and was donbtless (Idg. ""KLEI), to lean, incline. Allied
suggested by Gk. l\O,,(X'l, a lance, in John to Lean (I).
xix. 34. Low (4), flame. (Scand.) Ice!. logi,
LouseJ. an insect. (E.) M . E. lous, pI. flame; cf. L. lu.r. Allied to Lucid.
/ys. A. S. Ius, pI. ljs (lice). + Du. itlis, Lower (I), to let down. (E.) From
D.an. luus, Swed. Ius, Icel. IUs, G. laus. low-er, comparative of adj. low.
Teut. type *Ius, fern. Lower (2), to frown. (E.) M. E.
Lout, a clown. (E.) The lit. sense is louren, lflrm, to lower, frown . Cf. M.
, stooping,' from M. E. 1011ten, to stoop, Du. 10ere1z, ' to leere, to frowne,' Hexham ;
bow. - A. S. lulan, to stoop.+lcel. lulr, Low G. and E. Fries. htren, to lower.
stooping, bent (which prob. suggested our frown, peer; M. H. G. luren, G. lauem.
use of the word), from luta, to stoop; cf. Cf. Ice!. Iura, to doze.
Swed . lufa, Dan. IlIde, to stoop, lean. LoWUj see Loon (I).
Louver, Loover, an opening in the Loyal, faithful. (F. -L.) F . loyal
roofs of ancient houses. (F. ) M. E. Iwer (Cot.). - L. /egalis, legal (hence, just,
(used to translate O. F. louverl in the l~al ); see Legal.
Romance of Partenay, 1175), but really Lozenge, a rhombus; a small cake of
from O. F. lwier, /wer, used as a gloss to flavoured sugar, &c., orig. of a diamond
Late L. lOdium, a word also explained by shape. (F.) Formerly losenge, esp. a
M. E. lover. - Romanic type ·'Odiirium, shield of a diamond shape (in heraldry).-
adj. form due to Late L. !Odium, a loover. O. F.losenge, lozenge (F. losa1zge),alozenge.
(For the intercalated v, cf. F. pouvoir, Origin disputed; prob. from 0 : F. lauze,
from O. F. pooir = Span. poder.) Prob. a flat stone. Cf. Span. fosanje , a lozenge,
an opening over a fireplace; from Ice!. rhombus; prob. from losa, a square stone
MolJ, n. pl., a hearth. (Academy, Dec. '94') for paving (whence fosar, to pave). See
Lovage, an umbelliferous plant. (F.- lausa, lauza, a flat stone for buildings
L ) M:- E. louacne (Al,Phita). - O . F. (Ducange).
leveseke, luveseke ( Wright s Voc. i. J 39). Lubber, a dolt. (E.) M. E. fobre,
Cf. Ita!. levis/ico, lovage. - L. ligustieum . lobur. Cf. M. Du. lobben, ' a lubbard, a
lovage, a plant of Liguria. - L.Ligusficus, cJowne,' Hexham; Low G. lobbes (the
belonging to Liguria, a country of Cis- same) ; Norw. lubb, lubba, one of round
alpine Gaul. thick figure; lubben, short and thick.
Love, affection. (E. ) M. E.loue (love). Also W. /lob, a dolt, lubber, !labi, a
A. S. lufu, love. From the weak grade stripling, looby. Cf. lob in Shakespeare,
(/ub) of Teut. base *Ieub. + Goth. lubo; M. N . D. ii. I. 16. Allied to Lump; cf.
O. H . G. luba; cf. also G. liebe; Russ. E . Fries. lobbe, lob, a flabby lump.
liobov'; Skt. lobka, covetousness, lubk, to Lubrica.te, to make slippery. (L.)
desire. Closely alIied toLief. (""LEUBH. ) From pp. ofL.lubrieare, to make slippery.
Der. Iwe, vb.; belove, first appearing in -L. IUbricus, slippery. Allied to Goth.
M. E. /!ilujien, to love greatly. sliujan, to slip. See Slip.
30 3
 LUCE LUMBER
Luce, tbe pike; a fisb. (F.-Late L. to pull, pull by the bair; A. S. li4ctin,
-Gk.) Lit. 'wolf.fish.'-M.F.lucs,lus,a to pull up weeds; Dan. luge, to weed.
pike; Cot. - Late L. lucius, a plke. - G k. 13. Tbe A. S. lucan is a strong verb
AUltos, a wolf; also a (ravenous) fish. Cf. allied to a Teut. type ·Ieuk-an-, to puJi
• Pyke, fysche, dmtrix, lucius, lupus;' (pt. t. ·lauk, pp. · Iukanoz). Lttg is from
Prompt. Parv. 'Luce, fysche, lucius;' id. the weak grade ·Iuk. Der. lugg·age with
Lucid, bright. (L.) L.IUcidus, bright. F . suffix as in bagg-age. '
- L. Ii4cZre , to shine; cf. lux, light.+Gk. Lugsail, a sort of square sail. (Scand.
A.IIKOS, bright; Skt. ruek, to shine. Allied and K ) Prob. from the verb to lug ; the
to Light ( I). (-VLEUK.) Der.lu ci-fer, sail is easily boisted by a pull at the rope
i. e. light· bringer, morning-star, fromftrre, attached to the yard. Or named from
to bring. lugger, its apparent derivative, as if a ship
Luck, fortune. (Du. - M. H. G.) M. E. furnished with lugsails; but cf. Du.logger,
lukke (15th c.). Not found in A. S.; and which seems to mean 'slow ship,' from
Fries. lttk is late. - Du. luk. From M.H.G. Du. log, slow, E. Fries. lug. (DoubtfuL)
ge-lucke, good fortune; G. gluck (for Lugubrious, mournful. (L.) From
ge-Iuck ). The Fries. luk, Swed. lycka, L.lugubri-s, mournfnl; with suffix -ous. -
Dan. lykke (like Du. luk) are borrowed L. lugZre, to mourn. Cf. Gk. Aorypos, sad.
from G. (Kluge). Perhaps akin to G. Lukewarm, partially warm. (E.)
locken, to entice, allure. M. E. luke, leuk , tepid. (Luke.warm-
Lucre, gain, profit. (F . -L.) F . lucre. tepidly warm.) Cf. Du. leuk , luke-warm;
-L. lucrum , gain. Allied to Irish luach, E. Fries. luk, luke, tepid, weak, slack.
price, wages, G. lokn, reward, Gk. AEia ~ Distinct from lew-wm'm.
(for ·AaFia), booty, Russ . lovite, to take Lull, to sing to rest. (E.?) M. E.
as booty. Der. lucr-at·ive, F. lucra/if, lullen. N ot in A. S. + Swed. lit/la, Dan.
L. lucr,iliuus, from pp. of lucrari, to gain, lulll!, to hum, lull; M. D u. lullen, to sing
from lucrum, gain. Bmgm. i. § 490. in a humming voice; E. Fries. lollen, to
Lucubration, a production composed sing badly, howl, cry. From the repetition
in retirement. ( L. ) Properly, a working of lu lit, in lulling children to sleep. This
by lamp-light; from L. lucubratio, the is a drowsier form of la I la! used in
same. - L. lucubratus, pp. of lumbnire, to cheerful sing ing; cf. lilt; and see Lol-
bring in lamps, to work by lamp-l ight. - lard. Cf. Gk. AaA.Iv, to speak.
L. liicubrum, prob. a faint light; at any Lumbar, relating to the loins. (I..)
rate, obviously formed from liic-, stem of L. lumbaris. adj .; whence Ittmbare, an
liix, light; cf.ludre, to shine. See Light apron (Jerem. xiii. I ). - L. IUlllbw, the
(I ) , Lucid. 10in. + A. S. lendenu, pI., the loins, Du.
Ludicrous, laughable. (L.) L. htdi- Imde1lC1t , pI.; Swed. liind, Dan. lend,
er-us, done in sport; with suffix -ous. - L. loin; G. Imde, baunch. Brugm. i. § 360.
It-.di-, for ludus, sport. -L. lz-.dere, to play. lumbago, pain in the loins. (L.) L.
Luff, Loof, to tum a ship towards the lumbago, pain in the loins. - L. lumlms,
wind. (E.) F rom M. E. 10j, a contrivance loi o.
for altering a ship's course; see Layamon, Lumber ( I), useless furniture. (F. -
iii. 476. It seems to have been a sort of G.) Formerly lombor ( 1487) ; lumbar
large paddle, used to assist tbe helm in (Blount) . Perhaps the lumber-room was
keeping the ship right. Prob. named from orig. Lombard-room , where the Lombard
the resemblance of a paddle to the palm of broker bestowed his pledges. Cf. L01Jl-
tbe band; cf. Lowl. Sc. looj, Ice!. 10ji, bardeer, a broker, Lombard, a bank for
Goth. IO/a, palm of the hand. Cf. also usury or pawns; Blount. - F. L ombard, a
Du. loej, Dan. luv, Swed. 10/, weather· Lombard (who acted as pawnbroker in
gage; Dan. lllve, to luff; and perhaps the 14th century). - L. LOllgobardtts,
Bavarian lafft1t, blade of an oar, flat part also Langobardus. - G. LallgOart, a
of a rudder. See E. Fries. 10j, "if in name given to the men of this tribe.
Kooiman. Der. laveer. Cf. A. S. Langbeardas, the Lombards.
Lug, to drag. (Scand.) Swed. lugga , See Ducange. (Etym. disputed.)
to pull by the hair; cf.lugg, the forelock; Lumber (2), to make a great noise.
Norw. I"W , to pull by the bair; cf. lttgg, (Scand. ) In Palsgrave. A frequent. verb
hair of the bead. Also cf. Low G. lullm , of Scand. origin . - Swed. dial. lomro, to
30 4
 LUMINARY LURK
resound i d. Swed. ljUllltll, a great noise, LlUlI'e, 11 thrust , in fencing. (F. - 1'..)
Icel. klfomr, a sound, a tune. From Teut. FormeiIy longe. The E. a lon~ is a mis-
base "kletl-, to hear, whence also Goth. taken substitute for F. allonge (formerly
k/iutnG , hearing. See Loud. alonge), a I ~ :;Ihening; i.e. an extension
Luminary, a bright light. (F.-L.) of the body in delivering the thrust. - F.
O. F. /uminan·e, later luminaire, a light, allonger, to lengthen (formerl y alonger).-
lamp. - L. /iimintire, a light i neut. of F . a (from L. ad), to; nnd L. *Iongare, only
luminari!, light-giving. - L. lumin-, for nsed in compo e-longare, to lengthen, from
lumm, light. Lumen = "lik-men i from 10tZgus, long. See Long.
likire, to shine. See Lucid. Lupine, 11 kind of pulse. (F.-L.) F.
luminolUl, bright. (F. - L.) F. lupin. - L. lupinum, a kind of pulse;
lumineux. - L. luminosus, bright i from orig. neut. of lupinus, wolfish, though the
lumin-, for lumen, light ( above). reason is not clear.-L. ltl/JUS, a wolf; see
Lump. \ (Scand.) M. E.lompe, lumpe. Wolf.
-Swed. dtai. and Norw. lump, a block, Lurch (I), to lurk, dodge, pilfer. (E.)
stump, piece hewn off a log; Swed.lumpor, Allied to Lurk. Cf. birch, birR. The
pl., rags; Swed. Dan. lumpen, paltry. cr. senses are ( I ) to lie in wait, lurk, ( 2) to
Du.lomp (whence G.lumpen), a rag, lump, pilfer, steal. Der. lurch-er, 'one that
lamp, clumsy; E. Fries. lump, clumsy, lies upon the lurch, or upon the catch,
thick, vile, lumpy. also 11 kind of hunting-dog; , Phillips.
Lunar. (L.) L. liinliris, adj.; from Lurch (2), the name of a game. (F.)
liina, moon. L. irina = "Ioucsna, giver of 'To leave in the lurck' is due to an old
light. - L. Iiicere, to shine. Rrugm . i. game. - M. F. loureke, 'the game called
§ liS. Der. lun-elle, inter-lunar; and lurche, or lurch in a game; il demout·a
see below. lourcke, he WllS left in the lurch ;' Cot.
lunatic. (F.-L.) F.luttatif/ue. - Cot. also gives ourche, ' the game at tables
L. IUniilicus, mad; lit. affected by the called lurch.' P erhaps from L. orca, a
moon. - L. l1itta, moon. dice-box. Cf. Ita!. lureia, 'the game
Lunch, a large piece of bread, &c. lurch,' Torriano. Cf. Low L. lurculus,
(E.?) Lunck, ' a gobbet, or peece;' , parvus lusus;' Ducange.
Minsheu. Connected with lump, like Lurch (3) , to devour; obsolete. (F . ?
kunck with kump, llUnch with bump. See -L.) 'Tolurek,devour,oreategreediIYi'
Lump. Raret. -0. F. "Iureher (?) ; cf. Ita!. lut·-
luncheon, lunch, a slight meal. care, 'to lurch or devour greedily,' Tor-
(E.?) Lunck is now used as short for riano. - Late L.lurCliri, lflreare, to devour
lunekeon, though luncMon itself is an ex- greedily.
tension from lunch, alump. Cot. gives M .F. Lurch (4), a sudden roll sideways.
earibot, ' a luneMo1t , or big piece of bread,' (1:.?) • A lee lurek, a sudden roll (of a
&c..; also 'hori01t, a cuff, thump, also a ship) to the leeward;' Webster. Obscnre;
lunckeon or big piece.' Lundtion appears perhaps merely lurek (I) in the sense to
to be for /lInskin, as in ' a huge lunshin stoop or dodge; see Lurch (I).
of bread,' Thoresby to Ray (1703), which Lure, a bait. (F.- G .) M . E. ItI1·e.-
is prob. merely short for lunch in (g). At O. F. loerre, loirre, later lellrre, 'a faul-
any rate, luncheon is clearly from lunch, a coner's lure;' Cot. - Teut. *lotlwo1Jl, neut. ;
large piece (above). ~ Quite distinct as seen in M. H . G. luoder (G. !tlder), a
'rom nuncheon. bait, decoy, lure. Perhaps from Teut.
Lung. (E.) M. E. lunge, pI. IU11ges, "loth, 2nd grade of *Iatl,-, to invite? Cf.
langes, A.S.lungen, pI. lungena.+ Du. long, A. S. la/Han, Icel. latJa, Goth. lathOtt, G.
lee!. IUngll, pl., Dan. lunge, Swed. lunga, laden, to invite, weak verbs.
G. lungen, pI. Allied to A . S. lungre, Lurid, wan, gloomy. (L.) L.ltIridus,
quickly (orig. lightly), also to Gk. '''ax';', pale yellow, wan.
Skt. laghll-, light. The lungs are named Lurk, to lie in wait. (Scand.?) M. E.
from their lightness; cf. E. ligkts, i. e. lurken, 10rken. -NoTW. lurka, t o sneak
lungs; Russ. legkoe, lung, as compared away, go slowly; Swed. dial. lurka, to do
with Russ. legkii, light; Port. teves, lungs, anything slowly i E. Fries. 1lIrken, to
from Port. leve, light; see Light (2). shume along. Perhaps extended from
Rrugm. i. § 691. l;;r-, as in NOTW. lura, Dan. ltlre, to lie in
30 5
 LURY MACARONI
wait, Dan. lure, (al!lO) to listen, S",ed. LU%1lr1", (F.-L.) M. E. luxurie._
lura, to lie in wait; G. lauem, to lurk. O. F . luxurie ( Hatzfeld), F. luxure. -
See Lowe-r (l ) . 1. luxiiria, luxury. - L . lux us, pomp, ex-
Lury; see Lory. cess, luxury.
Luscious, delicious. (F.- L.) Of -11', a common suffix. (E.) A . S. -lie,
doubtful origin. Still, we find in T he adj. suffix j -lice, adv. suffix j from lie,
Anturs of Arthur, ed. Morton , st. 36, like; see Like ( I).
'with lucius drinkes ;' and in Sir Ama- Lye, a mixture of ashes and water, {or
dace, st. 27, 'with liciw drinke.' The wasbing. (E.) M. E. ley. A. S. lealt. +
latter form is short for delicious; so that Du. /oog, G. /al~ge, O. H. G . louga, lye.
luscious may be the same, but confused Perhaps a llied to Icel. laug, a bath j and
with lusty. Also lushious (Spenser) ; to L. lawire, to wash. Cf. Lather.
lussyouse (Palsgrave) . Lym, a lime-houud: K. Lear, iii. 6. 72.
Lust. (E.) The usual old meaning is Short for Limehound.
pleasure. A. S. lust, pleasure.+ D u. lust, Lymph, a colourless fl uid. (L.) L.
Icel. lys/, losti, Dan. lys/, Swed. and G. lymplta , O. L. lumpa (Brugm. i. § 10 2) ,
lust, Goth. llutus, pleasure. Allied to water, lymph, also a water-nymph. The
Skt. lash, to desire; Gk. },..)..alo,..a•. spelling with y is prob. due to a su p-
Brugm. i. § 51S (2). Der. lust-y, formerly posed connexion with Gk. vu,..cp'l, a
, E.leasan t.' nymph (prob. false) . It is rather allied
Lustration; see Lustre ( 2). to Limpid.
Lustre ( I), splendour. (F . - Ital. -L.) Lynch, to punish by mob-law. (E.)
F. lustre. - Ital. lus/ro, ' a lustre, a glasse, From Charles Lynch, a Virginian planter
a shining,' Florio; cf. Late L. lustrum , (1736-96) j Cent. Diet. The name is
a window. - L. Ius/rare, to shine. Proh. (rom A. S. kline, a ridge of land. See
from a lost adj. -Ius/rus (for -Iucs/rus), Link ( I ) .
shining; from lucere, to shine. LYJUt, a keen-sighted quadruped. L.-
Lustre (2), Lustrum, a period of Gk. ) M. E. lynx. -L.lyllX.-Gk. )...ryE,
five years. (L.) L. Ius/rum, an expiatory a lynx ; allied to },.fV,,6~, bright, and named
sacrifice j also a period of five years, from its bright eyes. Cf. Skt. ruch, to
because every five years a lustrum was shine, loch , to see. Cognate forms are
performed. The orig. sense is • a purifi- A. S. lox , Swed. /0, G. !tuM, Lith. /uszis,
cation' j from luere, to wash, purify. a lynx; and (probably) Russ. ruise , Pers.
lustration, a purification by sacri- riis, Zend raozha j Stndent's Pastime,
fice. (L.) From L . lus/ra/io, an expia- P·393-
tiou. - L. lustriUus, pp. of Ius/rare, to Lyre. (F. - L . - Gk .) F. lyn - L.
purify. - L.lus/rum, an expiatory sacrifice lyra. - Gk. },.upa , a lyre , lute. D er.
(above) . lyr- ic.
Lute ( I), a musical instrument. (F.-
Arab.) M. E.lute. - M. F.lu/ (Cotgrave) ,
mod. F . luth . We also find Provo lau/, II.
Span. laud, Port. alaude, Ital. liulo, Du.
tuit, Dan. lut, G . laule. The Port. form lIa.cada.mise, to pave a road with
shews the Arab. origin j since al- in al- small broken stones. (Gael. and Heb. ;
aude is for ai, the Arab. def. art. - Arab. with F. suffix. ) Named after Mr. J ohn
ai, the; 'Uti, wood, timber, a staff, stick, Macadam, A. D. 18 19. Maratfam = son of
wood of aloes, lute, or harp. Adam. - (; Re!. iliac, son; H eb. adam, n
Lute (2), a kind of loam. (F. -L.) man, from root adam, to be reel.
O. F. lUi, clay, loam. - L. lutum , mud, lIa.caroni,lIa.ccaroni. ( I ta!' - L. )
that which is washed down. -L. lu(Ye, to Ita!. maccaroni, 'a kind e of paste meate ; .
wash. Allied t o Lave. Florio. Prob. from Ita!' macrare, 'to
Lutestring, a lustrous silk. (F.- bruise, batter, to pester,' Florio; i.e. to
Ital. - L ) A curious corruption of lustring, reduce to pulp. - L. mac-, base of
a sort of shining silk (Kersey) . - F.lustrine, macera"e, to macerate. See Macerate.
lutestring,lustring. _ Ita1.ltutrino, lustring, Der. macaronic, i. e. in a confused or
tinsel j from its gloss. - L. luslrare, to mixed state (applied to a jumble of
ahine; see Lustre (I). languages).
306
 MACAROON MAGGOT
macaroon. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. maca· Madam, my lady. (F. - L.) F.
ron, pI. macarons, 'macarons, little fritter- madame, i. e. ma dame, my lady. - L.
like buns, .• also the same as macaroni; , mea domina, my lady; see Dame.
Cot. - Ital. maccaroni (above). ~ Now Madder, a plant. (E.) M. E. mader,
ajlt>\ied to a kind of biscuit. madir. A. S. nltzddre; also nltzdere. +
Macaw, a kind of parrot. (Caribbean.) Icel. matJra, Du. nude, mee.
Said to be the native name in the Antilles Madeira, a sort of wine. (Port.-L.)
(Webster). Brazilian macao (Cent. Diet.). Named from the isle of Madeira, i.e.• the
Mace (I), a kind of club. (F. - L.) well-wooded.' - Port. madeira, wood, tim-
O. F. maCt! (F. masse). -Folk-L. ·mattea, ber. - L. materia, stuff, wood, timber.
a heetle, only preserved in dimin. mateo/a, See Matter (I).
a little beetle. See Korting. ~ But see Mademoiselle, miss. (F.-L.) F.
Franck (s. v. lIutselen). ma, my; demoiselle, damsel; see :!>amael.
Mace (2 ), a kind of spice. (F.-L.- madonna, my lady. (Ital.-L.) Ital.
Gk. - Skt.?) F. maeis, mace (0. F. ma, my; donna, lady, from L. domina;
maceis, mads, Godefroy). It seems to see Dame.
have been confused with M. F. macer, Madrepore, coral. (F. - Ital. - L.
which 'is not mace, as many imagine, and Gk.) F . madrlpore. - Ital. madre-
but a reddish, aromaticall, and astringent pora. The lit. sense is 'mother·stone,' a
rind of a certain Indian root' ; Cot. Hoth fanciful name, due to the existence of such
prob. from L. macer, mac;r, i. e. the 'rind terms as madre-selva, honeysuckle (lit.
of a great root, which beareth the name of mother-wood ), madre-boseo, woodbine (lit.
the tree itself,' Holland, tr. of Pliny, xii. 8. mother-bush), madre-perla, mother-of-
- Gk. P.6./cEP; doubtless of Eastern origin. pearl. Here madre is from L. nUltrem,
Macerate, to soften by steeping. ( L.) acc. of mater, mother; see Mother.
From pp. of L. maCl!rarl!, to steep; fre- Pora is from Gk . ."EiJp o~, a light friable
quent. from a b "mac-. stone, also a stalactite. ~ Hut the word
Machine. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. machine. has certainly been understood (prob. mis-
- L. miichina. - Gk. p.f}XavTt, a ~evice, understood) as connected with pore, when ce
machine; cf. JAfiXOf, means. (""MAGH.) numerous sc~entific terms such as eate1zi-
Allied to May (I). pora, tubi-pora, denti-pora, gemmi-pora.
Mackerel, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. , Scientific' etymology is usually clumsy,
makerel (F . maquereau). From Late L. and frequently wrong. We may conclude
nUlfjlu,-e//us. Of unknown origin. that F . and E. pore have been understood
lIIac1ril1tosh, a waterproof overcoat. in the place of Gk . ."EiJpo~, by confusion of
(Gael.) Gael. Mack-j"tosh, the name of ideas. See Pore.
the inventor. Madrigal, a pastoral song. (Ital.-
Macrocosm, the whole universe. L.-Gk.) Ital. madrigall!, a short song,
(Gk.) Gk. JAalCp6-f, long, great; /C6"p.o~, pastoral ditty ; for *mand,.igale. Florio
the world. Cf. microcosm. also gives mandria/e, mand,.iano, a herds·
Maculate, to defile. (L.) From pp. man, also a madrigal. - Ital. mandra,
of L. macultire, to spot. - L. macula, a a herd , flock. - L. ma1zdra, a stall,
spot, dimin. of a form ·maca, not used. stable. - Gk. pav3pa, a fold.+Skt. man-
Der. immaculate, orig. a pp. dura, stable. (The suffix -ig-ale = L. suffix
Mad. (E.) The vowel was formerly -ie-alis.)
sometimes long. M. E. maad, mad. The Magazine. (F.-ltal.-Arab.) O.F.
M. E. mad is from A. S. (ge )-miUed, mad- magruin (F. magasin). - Ital. magazzino,
dened, shortened to (ge- )miidd (cf. fat ) ; a storehouse. - Arab. makhazin , pI. of
pp. of ge-miidan, to drive mad. The makhzan, a storehouse. - Arab. kham, a
M. E. maad answers to A. S. mad; cf. laying up in store.
A. S. ge-maad, Corp. Gloss. 2105 ; hence Maggot, a grub. (C.) M. E. magot,
miid-mOd, madness (Grein).'" O. Sax. ge- magat. Cf. W. maceiad, macai, a maggot;
mid, foolish; O. H . G. gimeit, vain; Icel. magiaid, grubs. Allied to W. 1nagiad,
meiddr, pp. of meilJa, to maim, hurt; breeding, magad, a brood; from magu , to
Goth. ga-maids, maimed. The orig. sense breed. Cf. Bret. and Com. maga, to feed ;
seems to be • severely injured'; the prefix O. Celtic *mak9, I feed. See Maid.
gr-, ri-, goa- is unessential. ~ Hut if the W. word is from E ., mag:gtll

30 7
 MAGI MAIL (BLACK)
must be referred to Norw. makk, Icel. mapzJs, a prince (Judith v. 26). - L.
maD'kr; see Mawkish. mag nus, great. ~ Mapuzte is due to the
Magi. priests of the Persians. (L. - Gk. use of L. magnas in Hungary and Poland.
- Per:;.) L. ma"oi, pI. - Gk. po:YOt, pI. of Magnolia. (F.) A genus of plants
pa-yo< , a Magian, one of a Median tribe ; named after Pierre Mapwl, of Montpellier,
also an enchanter, properly a wise man in France ,; died A. n. 17 15.
who interpreted dreams. - O. Pers. ma"ou-, Magpie, a bird. (F. - L. - Gk.; and
Pers. mugh. miigh, one of the Magi, a F . - L.) Also ca lled magot-pie, maggoty-
fire-worsh ipper (Horn, § 984). Der. pie. Mag is short for Magot = F. Margot,
mag· ie, short for ma","1c art; mag-ie-i-an. a famili ar form of F. Marguerite, also
Magistrate. (F.-L.) F . magistmt , used to denote a magpie. This is from L.
a magistrate, ruler. _ L. magistnitus, : I) a Jl£argarlta, Gk. f'OnapIT']<, a pearl ; cf.
magistracy, ( 2) a magistrate. _ L. magister, Pers. murwarJd, a pearl, from Skt. mail'
a master. L. m(lg-is-ter is a double jari, a pearl. P ie = F. pie, from L. pica,
co mpar. form; cf. mag-mls, great. a magpie; see Pie (1).
Magnanimity, Magnate; see Maguey, the American aloe. (Cuba).
under Magnificent. Of Cuban origin (Oviedo ). Not Mexican,
Magnesia j see Magnet. wh ich has no g; the Mex. name is metl.
Magnet, the lodestone. (F. - L. - Gk.) Maharajah, great king. (Hind. -
M. E. magnete. - O. F. magnete, also Skt.) From Sk t. mahti.rllja-, great king.
manete (13th cent.) . - L. marnetem, acc. Cf. L. magnus rex. So also mahti-rani,
of maples, for Maglles lapis ~ Magnesian great queen ; from Hind. rani, Skt. raj1ii,
stone, the loclestoue. - Gk. Ma-yv,]< (stem queen.
Ma)'v']T- ) , also Ma-yv~T']<, Ma-yv~O'IO <, be- Mahdi, a spiritnal director. (Arab.)
longing to Magnesia , in Thessaly; whence Arab. mahdt, the guided one; from ma,
}..180< Ma-yv~O"o< (or Ma-yv~T']<), Magnesian prefix, and hady, to gnide. Cf. hadf, a
stone, lodestone, or a metal like silver. guide. (Rich. Dict. pp. 1661, 1670.)
Der. magnesia, an old name (in Chaucer, Myogany, a tree. (Hayti.) From
C. T. 169l3, or G. 1455). for a mineral mahagonz, in the old Carib dialect of
brought from Magnesia; now differently Hayti. (Garden and Forest, no. 438,
n~~ied . • See Schade, p. 1395.. July 15, 1896,)
Magnificent. ,L.) L . magniJicent-, .ahometan; see Mohammedan.
stem of magnijieens, lit. doing great .ahout, an elephant-driver. (Hind.)
things, hence. grand. - L. magni-, for Hind. mahtiwat.
magnus, great; jieens, forfaciens, doing, .aid, .aiden. (E.) M. E. mayde,
from fatere, to do. See magnitude. merely short for earlier maiden, meiden.
~. (F. -L.) M. E. magniJien. A. S. magden , a maiden, cognate with
- F. magnifier. - L. magniJictire, lit. to O. H . G. magatin, a maiden (with fern.
make large. - L . magni-, for magnus, suffix -in). The form without this suffix
great; jica,.e, for farere. to do. is A. S. mlZgdJ, a maiden, cognate with
magniloquence. (L.) L . malrni- Goth. magaths, a virgin, G. magd. Related
loquen#a. elevated language. - L. magni-, to A. S. magu, a son or kinsman, cognate
for map'us, great; loquen!-, stem of pres. with Goth. magus, Icel. mogr, and per-
pt. of 10'111;, to speak; see LoquacioWl. haps with Corn. maw, a boy. See Stokes
magnitude, greatness. (L.) L. mag- (in Fick, ii. 198). Kluge compares O.
nitiido, size.-L. magnus, great. + Gk. Irish mace, W. mab, son. Der. maiden·
pf-ya<, great; Skt. mahant-, great; A. S. hood, also spelt maiden-head.
micel. See Mickle. .ail (I) , steel network for armour.
m~a.nimity, greatness of mind. (F.-L.) O. F. maille, mail, also a mesh
(F. - L.) F. mapuz1timitt. - L. acc. magn- of a net. - L. macula, a spot, speck, hole,
animitiitem. - L. magnus, great; animus, mesh of a net; see Maculate,
mind. .ail ( 2), a letter-bag. (F. -0. H . G.)
magnanimous, high-minded. (L.) M. E. male. -O. F . male (F. malle), a bag,
L. magnanim-IIs; with suffix - OilS (L. wallet. -0. H. G. malana, a leathern
-ostlS). -L.magnus, great; animus, mind. wallet. Cf. Gael. and Irish mala, a bag
magnate, a great man, noble. (F. - (from K); Gk. po}..-y" <, hide, skin.
L.) F. magnat. - L. magnatml, acc. of Mail (Black), a forced tribute. (F.-
308
 MAIM MALINGER
L. ) Alail is a Scottish term for rent.
Bla..·kmail or black rent is the rent paid iu
Ician,mac/leIl.t. macodc,
G.
pt. to make.+Du. makm;
Allied to Match (1) , q. v.
cattle, as distinct from white 11Iomy or ]ll[al-, prpx, bad. (F . -L.) F. mal.-
silver. - F . maille, • a French halfpenny;' L. malus, bad; see Malice.
Cotgrave. O. F . meaille. 1Itaar:tl~. - Folk - ]ll[alachlte, a green stonc. (Gk.)
L. *fIletall~a, Late L. nudalia, lit. 'medal.' Named from its colour, which resembles
See M edal. that of mallow-leaves. Formed with
]ll[aim, a bmise, hurt. (F. - G.?) Also suffix -ilis ( Gk. -'T11S) from l'aAax-'1, a
speltmakim in Law -books (Blount ). M.E. mallow. See Mallow.
11Itlilll.-A . F. makaYIll, Liber Albus , p . ]II[&lady. (F. -L. ) }<' . 1IIaladie. - F.
281 ; M. F. lIleliaing, 'a maime, or abate- malade, sick; oldest spelling malabde.
ment of strength oy hurts received;' Cot. Cf. O. Provo malaptes, malaudes, sick . - L.
Cf. Ital. magagna, a defect , blemish. Orig. male ltabitus, out of condition (hence sick,
uncertain; cf. Bret. mac/latl , mutilation, ill ) ; cf. male "abetIS, sick, Matt. iv. 24
lIIac/wila, to mutilate. Some derive I ta!' ( Vulgate ). - L. male, badly, from lIIalus,
magaplare, to maim , from G. 11Iall, man, bad; kabi'us , pp. of Ila bire, to have ;
and O. H . G . *ha11ljall, to mutilate, see Habit. ~ So Schwan. Not from
from the O . H . G . adj . Ilam, maimed male aptus ( Diez) ; this would mean
(Korting). 'foolish.'
.ain ( I ), sb., strength. ( E.) M. E . malapert, saucy. ( F . -L.) '0. F.
maill . A . S. lIlagell, strength. + Ice! . mal apert. - O . F . mal, ill ; ap~l-t, aspert,
megill, O. Sax. m egill, streng th. Allied open, also expert. ready, sk ilful. The sensc
to May ( I) and Might ( I). is 'badly expert ,' i. c. mischievous. -L.
]ll[ain ( 2) , adj ., chief, principal. (1'. - male, oadly ; experttts, skilful, confused
L. ) O. F. 11Iaille, 11lagne, chief. - L.11lag- with apfftus , pp. of aperire, to open;
llUS, great. ~ Distinct from main, sb., see E x p ert and Aperient.
which is of A. S. origin; sec above. malaria, noisome exhalation. (Ital.-
]ll[ainour. ( F. -L.) In thephr.' taken L. alldGk. ) ltal. mal'aria, for mala aria,
with the mainour' or 'taken in the man- bad air. - L. mala, fem . of malus, bad ;
ner'; i. e. caught in the act. Anglo-F. and Ital. aria, air, which represents Late
11Ieinoure, lIIailloure, O. F. mailleuvre, lit. L . *aria, for aeria, fern. of aen'us, adj .
manreuvre; hence, act. See Manamvre. from air, air. See Air.
Wc find also 'to be taken with the ]ll[ale. (F . - I..) O. }<'. masle (later
manner,' i. e. with the stolen chattel ill male) ; F . male. - L. lIlasculus, male.
hand; A. F . ove mainoure. See Ma.sculine.
]ll[aintain, to keep in a fixed state, ]ll[alediction, acurse. (F.-L. ) M. F.
support. ( F.-L.) M . E.mailztme11. - F. maledidion. - L. acc. maledictiollelll, a
maintenir. - L. ma1l1t tellire, to hold in curse. - L. maledictlls , Pl'. of 1Ilaledicere,
the hand ; or more likely (in late L. ) to to speak evil of. - L. male, adv., evilly;
hold by the hand, to abet. - L. manu, dicere, to speak. So also male-jactor, an
abl. of 1lzanus, hand; letlCre, to hold; see ill-doer, from factor, a doer; from facere,
Manual and Tenable. to do. So afso Il1alevolml , lit. wishing
]ll[we, I ndian com. (Span. - W . ill; from tlolmt., stem of UOlCIIS, pres. pt.
Indian.) Span. matzo - W. Indian makiz, of tteile, to will, to wish.
mahis, in the old Carib dialect of the isl e ]ll[alice, ill will. (F . - L.) M.E. malice.
of Hayti. F . malice. -L. malitia, badness.-L. ma-
]ll[a.Jesty. (F.-L.) M. E. lIIagestte. Ius, bad .
- 0 . F . "zajestet ( F. majestl ). - L. maies- malign, unfavourable. ( }<' . - L.) O . F.
tatem, acc. of maiestas, dignity, honour. mali1lg , fern. maligne (F . malill ). - L. ma-
Here ma-itS- is related by gradation to lignus, ill-disposed, for *mali·gmus, ill-
ma·ior, comparative of mag-llus, great. born (like betlignus for *belli·gmus). -
See Magnitude. Brugm. ii . § 135. L. mali-, for malus, bad; gm-, base of
major, a title of rank . (L.) L . maior , .fI:r:nere, to produce; see Genus.
greatcr ; ~omparati~e.of mag1lus, ~rea t . m~lin,er, t.o feig!l sickne~ . ~ F. - L.
Der. major.domo, lmltated from Span. alui G.) }< rom }< . lIlall1lgre, adj ., diseased,
mayor-domo, a house·steward . formerl y ugly, loathsome (Cot. ). -F. 1IIa/,
Kake. (E. ) M. E. maken. A . S. ma- badly; O. F. kaillgre, heitlgre, thin , erna·
30 9
 MALISON MAMMOTH
ciated . - L. male, adv., badly; G. Itager, +
a mallow. Gk. pall.4)(T1 ( = *p.alI.F4X'I) , a
thin, lean (Korting). mallow; named from its emollient pro·
m&lison, a curse. (F. -L.) A. F. perties; cf. Gk. }lall.4u.TflV, to make soft,
tltaleison ; O. F . malistm, popular form of }loll.aIC6s, soft, mild. Cf. Malachite.
malediction; see Malediction above. (So .almsey, a strong sweet wine. (F.-
also benison for benedictio1J. ) Gk.) A corruption of M. E. malvesie,
.a.lkin, a kitchen-wench. (F. - malmsey.-A. F. mahJesy (Ducange); F.
O.H.G. ) Malki" is for MaId-kin, the malvoisie,' malmesie ' ; Cot. From Mal-
dimin. of MaId, Mold, or Maud, i. e. vasia, now called Napoli di Malvasia or
lJIlatilda. See Grimalkin. ~ Not the Monemvasia (f'0v-f}l{Jaula), a town on the
dimin. of Mary; cf. ' Malkyne, or Mawt, E. coast of Lacedremonia in Greece.
Molt,Mawde,Matildis,Matilda;'Prompt. .alt, grain steeped in water. (E.)
Parv. M. E. and O. Mere. malt. A. S. mea",
.all (I ), a large wooden hammer. (F . malt. - Teut. -malt-, 2nd grade of ·mel-
-L.) M. E. malle. -0. F. mal, mail, tan-, to melt, hence to steep, soften. +
F.mail, 'a mall'; Cot. -L.malleum, acc. Du. mout; Icel. Dan. Swed. malt; O_H.G.
of malleus, a hammer. malz, malt, also soft, allied to Skt. mrdu-,
mall (2), the name of a public walk. L. mallis, soft. See Melt.
(F.-Ital.-G. and L.) In Pall Mal/,and .altreat. (F_-L.) F. maltraiter, to
the Mall in St. James's Park. Named from treat ill. - L. male, ill; tractare, to handle,
E. pall. mall ; M. F. pale-maille, because treat; see Trea.t.
the game so called was played there; this malversation. (F.-L.) F . mal-
game of pall-mall was like the modern versation, l misdemeanor;' Cot. (Hence
croquet, which is imitated from it. - M. fraudulent behaviour.) - F. malverser, to
Ital. palamaglio, 'a stick with a mallet at behave ill. -L. male, ill ; uenari, to be
one end,' for playing the game of pall- engaged in, from uersare, frequent. fonn
mall; Florio. Also spelt pallamaglio; of uerlere, to turn; see Verse_
lit. 'mallet-ball: - Ital. palla, a ball; .amaJ.uke, .ameluke, an Egyp-
maglio, a mall. A hybrid word.-O. H. G. tian light horse-soldier. (1.<' . - Arab.)
palla, M. H . G. balle, G. ball, a ball; L. M. F. lIlamaluc; Cot. - Arab. mamlt'ik, a
malleum , acc. of ",alleus, a hammer. See purchased slave or captive, lit.• possessed.'
Ball. -Arab. root malaka, he possessed.
malleable. (F.-L.) M.F.malleable, .amma. (E.) Also mama; for ma
' malleable, hammerable, pliant to the ma, a mere repetition of ma, an in"
hammer; ' Cot. From obs. L. ·mallean, fan tine syllable. Many other languages
to hammer, of which the pp. malleatus have something like it; cf. F. ma11la1t,
occurs.-L.malleus, a hammer. Span. Du. and G. mama, Ital. and L.
mallet, a small mall. (F. - 'L.) mamma, a child's word for mother.
M. E. maillet. - F. maillet, 'a mallet'; .ammalia, the class of animals that
Cot. Dimin. of F. mail; see Ma.ll (I ) suckle their young. (L.l From L. mam-
above. malis (neut. pI. mammalia), belonging 10
.allard, a wild drake. (F.-L.) M.E. the breasts. - L. mamma, the breast.
malard. - O. F. ",alard; formed, with Brugm. i. § 587 (3).
suffix -a1-d (of G. origin, from G. Itart ), ma.mmiUAry, pertaining to the
from O. F. male, male. See Male. / The breasts. (L. l From L. mammlllans,
suffix -ard was particularly applied to adj.; fonned frolD L. mamma, the breast.
males, so that the idea of' male appears .ammon. (L. - Gk. - Syriac.) L.
twice. mammma.-Gk. Jlll}lOJvas , Matt. vi. 24.-
.alleable, .allet; see Mall. Syr. mamma, which occurs in Chaldee
.allecho, malefaction , mischief. Targums, and in the Syriac version of
(Span.-L.) Hamlet, iii. 2. 147.-Span. St. Matthew, and means 'riches.' cr.
malkeclto, 'misdone ; an euill deed;' Heb. matmon, a hidden treasure, from
Minsheu. - Span. mal, ill; Iteelto, done, tama1l, to hide.
pp. of kacer , to do. - L. male, ill ; jactus, .ammoth. (Russ. - Tatar.) Russ.
pp._of jacere, to do. See Fact. mama,,!', a mammoth, species of elephant•
• allow, a plant. (L.) M. E. malwe. - Siberian ma"mttmi. From T&tar malll-
- A. S. malwe; borrowed from L. mallia, ma, the earth; because the Siberian
3 10
 MAN MANGE
peasants thought the animal burrowed in .a.ndate, a command. (F.-L.) M.F.
the earth like the mole, as they could not mandai. - L . mandalum, a charge. - L.
otherwise account for the finding of the mom/OIus, pp. of "zand4n, to enjoin;
remains of these animals. lit. to put into one's hand. - L. man-us,
.a.n. (E.) M. E. man. A. S. mann. hand; dare, to give; see Manual and
+ Du. man, Icel. malln-,malJr,Swed . man, Date. Brugm. i. § 589 (2, b).
Dan. malld, Goth. manna, G. "wlm; Ka.ndible, a jaw. (L.) L. mandibula,
aJlied to Skt. manu-, a man . jaw. - L. mandn-e, to chew.
Ma.nilrjD, ma.nalrin, a dwarf, small .a.ndilion, a soldier's cloak. (Ital.-
man. (F. - Du.) M. F. ma1t4quin, 'a Span. - Arab. - L.) See Nares. Ital.
puppet.' - M. Du. mD.1l1Ieke" (Hexham); manJiglitme, 'a mandillion, souldier's
double dimin. of Du. malt, a man. iacket;' Florio. - Span. mandil, a coarse
mankind, the race of men. (E.) A. S. apron. - Arab. mal/dil, a table-cloth,
mallcynn, mankind. - A. S. man, man; towel , mantle. - L. manli/e, a napkin.
Cylt1l, kind, race; sec Kin. .a.ndolin, a guitar. (F. - It31. - Gk. )
.a.nacle, a handcufl'. (F.- L.) M. E. F. mmtdaline. - ltal. mandolino, dimin.
mallade, also maltyde. - F. mauie/e. - L. of mandola, ma1/dora , a kind of guitar.
mallicula, dimin. of manito , a long sleeve, Variants of ltal. patu/qra. See furth er
gauntlet, handcufl'. _ L. manus, the hand. under Ba.njo.
See Manual. .a.ndrake, a narcotic plant. (F.-L.
ma.nage, government of a horse, con- -Gk.) M. E. malldralie, ma11drage;
trol, administration. (F.-Ita\.-L.) Orig. funer form malldragores; cf. mandragora,
n sb., but now superseded by managemwl. Othello, iii. 3. - O. F . 111andragore (ltal.
See Rich. II. iii. 3. 179.-M.F. manege, 'the and Span . mandragura) . - L. mandra -
manage, or managing of a horse;' Cot. - goras. - Gk. pav6pa"'(6pas, the mandrake .
Ita\.malleggio, 'a managing, a handling;' • a.nelrel, the revolving axis to which
Florio. -Ital. mono , the hand. - L. manus, turners fix their work in a lathe. (F .-
the hand. Dar. manage, vb. Gk. 1) From F. mandrin, a punch , a
.a.natee, a sea-cow. (Span. - W. mandrel. Perhaps from Gk. p.av6pa, an
Indian. ) Span. malza/i, n sea-cow. From enclosed space, sheepfold, also used to
its name in the language of Hayti. mean 'the bed in which the stone of a
.a.nchineel, a tree. (F.-Span.- ring is set,' much like E. ma'ld,·el. See
L.) So called from its apple-like fruit.- Madrigal. But cf. O. can mamphu1-, part
F. mallcmille, the fruit of the manchincel of a lathe; Brugm. i. §§ 57', 757.
tree. - Span. manzanilla, the samc; also .a.ne. (E. ) A. S. manu ; cf. Icel.
mallZaniilo, a little apple· tree, the man- miilt (gen. man-or), a mane ; Swed. and
ch ineel tree; dim in. of Span. mammla, Dan. man. + Du. moan , M. Du. "lane;
an apple; O . Span. mazana (Diez).-L. G. miihne, O. H . G. mana. Cf. W.
ii/aliano, fem. of lJ-fatiihIUS, adj., the myllgen, mane, from mW1t, neck; Irish
epithet of a kind of apple; lit. ' Matian.' 1Il1lincc, collar, from 11111ilt, neck; SkI.
-1,. illatius, the name of a Roman gens. lIlall)'d, the tendon forming the nape of
.a.nciple, a purveyor, esp. for a the neck; L. monile, neck-lace. Orig. sense
college. (F.-L. ) M. E. ma1lCiple. -O.F. , neck'; hence' hair on the neck.'
maltcipe, mallciple, a slave, servant; cf. .a.nege, the same as .a.nage.
M. Ita \. maluipio, a slave, farmer, mand pie. .anga.nese, a metal. (F. -Ita\.-
- L. mallcipiwll , a slave; orig. ' posses- Gk.) An old term , newly applied.
sion.' - L. maneip-, for manceps, a taker in .. Manganese, so called from its likene,s in
hand. - L. man· us , hand; (ap-ere, to take. colour and weight to the magnes or load -
.a.nda.ri.u, a Chincse governor of a stone, is the most universal material used
province. (Port.-Malay.-Skt.) Not a in making glass;' Blount, ed. 1674. -
Chinese, but Skt. word (through the M.F. manganese (Cot.). - Ita I. manga1tes~,
Portuguese). - Port. mantiarim , a man- 'a stufl'e or stone to make glasses with;
darin. - Malay (and Hindu) man/ri, a also, a kind of mineral1 stone;' Florio.
counsellor, minister of state. - Skt. man- A perverted fonn of magllesia, as shewn
In'n-, a counsel1or; mahtimalltrill-. the in the Cent. Diet.; d. maltgllet for magllel
prime minister. - Skt. mall/ra-, advice, in Palsgrave; see Magnet.
counsel. - Skt. 1IIa1l, to think. Kange, scab or itch in dogs. (F.-L.)
3 11
 MANGER MANSE
Made out of adj. mangy, an older word. - .~, frenzy. (L. - Gk.) L. mania.
F. mange, eaten, fed on ; pp. of ,nanger, - Gk. pDJIla, frenzy, orig. mental excite-
to eat. - L mantiucilre, to eat. - L man- ment ; cf. Il£VOS, mind. Der. mania-c,
di4cus. a glutton. - L . mandere, to chew. F. ma,ziaque.
Cf. M. F. mangeson, an itch. M anifest, apparent. (F. - L.) F.
manger, a feeding-trough. (F. - L) manifeste. - L. 7Ilanifes/us, evident. The
M. E. mall1zgeur, Cath. Ang!. - O. F. lit. sense is doubtful. - L mani-, for
ma,zgeure ; F. mangeoire. - F. 'Iltwger, to ma.zus, hand; :fistus, apparently the same
eat (above). as in in-festus, hostile. It has been doubt-
Mangel·wurzel, (properly) a kind fully connected with -jm dere, to strike, as
of beet. (G.) Corrupted from G. man- in ol-fettdere.
gold.7IJur.;e!, lit. 'beet-root.' - G. mang old manifesto, a written declaration.
1M. H . G. mangolt), beet, derived by (Ital. - L.) Ital, manifesto, sb. - Ital.
Schad e from the personal name l lla" egold; m anifesto, adj., manifest;-L. ma"ifeslus
2/Ju r=el, root, allied to E. Wort ( I). (above).
Mangle ( I) , to mutilate. (Perhaps Manifold ; see Many.
F . - G.) In Sir T . More. Works, p. 538. Manikin j see Man.
We find Anglo-F. mang ler, to mangle Manioc, the cassava-plant. (Brazil.)
(Godefroy) ; and mahangler, to maim, in BraziI. manioc; whence Port. ma1tdioca.
Langtoft' s Chron. i. 254. Frequent. form Maniple, a handful, small band of
of O. F . lIIahaig ner, to maim. - O. F. men. priest's scarf. (L .) L. 7Ilanipulus, a
lIla/lain,f{, a maim, hu rt. See Maim. handful, a wisp of straw used as an ensign,
Mangle ( 2) , a roller for smoothing a band of men rouild such an ensign. -
linen; to smooth linen. (Du. - Late L.- L. mani-, for 7flfZ1lt1S, hand; -pulus, lit.
Gk .) Borrowed from Du. mange/en, to filling, from the weak grade (pul) of the
mangle, roll with a rolling·pin; mangel- ruot ·ple, to fill; cf. L. pli-nus, full. Cf.
stok, a rolling-pin, cylinder for smoothing L. disci-pttlus, a disciple.
linen. The corresponding Ita!. word is manipulate, to handle. (L.) A
1)la1lgano, ' a kind of presse to presse coined word, and ill coined. Cf. L.
buckrom ; ' Florio. Both Du. and Ital. manipulati17l , adv., by troops; but it was
words are from Late L. manga1zum, mall- rather made directly out of the sb. mani-
gona, a military instrument for throwing pulttS (above).
stones, worked with an axis aud winch. Manit o, a spirit, fetish. (Algonkin. )
Indeed, the Ital. ma7tgano also means a Algonkin manito, manitu, a spirit, demon.
mangone!. - Gk. ,.w.navov , a machine for (Cu oq.)
defending forts, also the axis of a pulley. M ankind; see Man.
mangonel, a war-engine. (F.- Late Manna.. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) L. manna.
L.-Gk .) O. F . mangonel (later man- - Gk. pavva. - Heb. mall , manna. {3.
g"01meau ), a mangonel. - Late L. man- Hardl y from Heb. mall hu, what is this?
gOllellus, dimin. of mango7ta (above). Exod. xvi. 15; but from mall, (it is) a
Mango, a fruit. ~Po rt. - Malay. - gift; cf. Arab. malltl, favour, also manna.
Tamil. ) Port. manga . - Malay mangga, Manner, way. (F . -L.) M.E.manere.
formerly 1Ilangka , the mango-fruit. The - A. F. manere , M. F. malliere, manner,
Malay word is of Tamil origin. - Tamil habit (Cot.) ; Late L. ma7leria. - L.
mankay , i. e. ' ma n-fruit,' the tree being mantis. the hand .
milmarum, i. e. matt-tree ' (Yule). manmuvre. (F. -L.) F. manauvre,
Mangonel; see Mangle (2) . properl y, handiwork . - Late L.manuopera,
Mangosteen, a fruit. (Ma la y.) For- also manopera. a working with the hand.
merly mangostall. - Malay ma1lggttstatt - L. mantt, abl. of manus, hand; opera ,
(Scott); manggista (Marsden) . work; see Operate.
Mangrove. Hybrid; Malay and E. ' Manor, (forme rly) a residence for a
, A sort of treel> called mallgroves ; ' Eng. nobleman . ( F. - L.) O. F . manoir, a
Gam er, vii. 37 1 ; A . D. 1689. Meant, as I mn nsion. -0. F . munoiy, maneiy, to dwell.
suppose, for lIlang -gyoves from the pecu- - L. manere; see Mansion.
li ar growth in groves or thickets. - Malay manse, a clergyman's house, in Scot-
mal~f{gi- lJlall&oi, the name for the tree land . ' L. ) Late L . mama, a farm , dwell-
,Craw fu rd) . ing. - L. JIlaIlSIIS, pp. of mallere (below) .
3 12
 MANSION MARAVEDI
mansioD. (F . - L.) O. F. l1,ansion, § 1608. + Du. menig; Dan . matlge, Swed.
a dwelling-place. - L. ma1tsianem, acc. of mdnge, (perhaps) Ice!. margr (Noreen,
ma1uio, an abiding, abode. - L. mamus, 359), Goth. manngs, G. ma1lCh, O. H . G.
pp. of manire, to remain, dwell. + Gk. manac. Teut. type *managoz. Allied
J.'fVEtV , to stay, remain. ( ~ MEN .) to Irish minic, Gael. mitlig, W. mynych,
M antel , a shelf over a fire-place. frequent, R uss. lIInOgie, pI. many. Der.
(F . -L. ) The same word as matltle below; lIIatti-fold ; see Fold.
in old fire-places, it projects like a hood , Map. (F. -L.) The oldest maps repre-
to catch the smoke. Der. mantel-shelf, sen ted the world, and were called mappe-
matltd-piece. mO/lnde. This is an O. F. form of L. mappa
mantilla, a long head-dress. (Span. mundi, map of the world. L. mappa
- L. ) Span. man/ilia ; dimin. of manto, meant a napkin, hence a painted cloth.
a cloak, veil (below) . See M op. Der. apron, 1Zapltr)', napkin.
ma.ntle, a cloak, covering. (F. -L.) Maple, a tree. (E.) M. E. maple,
M. E. manttl.- O. F. mantel, later mati- mapul. A. S. mcepet- , mapul-; whence
teall , 'a cloke, also the mantle-tree of a lIIapul-treo, mapulder, a maple· tree.
chimney;' Cot. - L. ?!Iantellum, a napkin , Mar, to injure. (E.) M. E. lIWTe1,.
also a cloak; cf. L. mantile, a towel. O. Merc. '?!Ierratl, in compo amen-all, to
We also find Late L. matzlum, a short hinder j A. S . amyy,'an, to obstruct, waste,
cloak, whence Ital. ann Span. manto, F. hinder; cf. gemearr, an impedimen t. +
mattte, a mantle. Der. matI/Ie, vb., to M. Du. men-ett, Du. man'en. to retard;
form a covering upon, to gather a scum O. H . G. man-jan, to hinder, vex; Goth.
on a surface. Brugm. i. §§ 134 (1) , 483 (7 ). marzjan, to cause to stumble. Teut.
Mantua, a lady's gown . (Ita!.) 'Man- base *marz-. Brugm. i. § 903 b.
toe or Mantlta gown; a loose upper gar- marline, a small cord used for bind-
ment,' &c.; Ph illips (1706) . Manto is ing ropes. (Du.) Du. marbin, also
from Ita!. ma1tio, a mantle (see mantle) ; marlit'g, a marline. - Du. 11Ia1'1"&1', to
but Mantua gown must refer to Mantua bind, tie; and li.;:." -Hug, fr om F. ligne,
in Italy, though this connexion arose from a line. See Moor (2 ) ; and Line. Der.
mere confusion. Der. mantua-maker. marline-spike.
Manual, done by the hand. (F.-L.) Marabou, Marabout, a kind of
Formerly manuel. - L. manuiilisL adj., African stork ; also, its downy feathers.
from mattus, the hand'. ( ~M E, to (F.-Port . -Span. - Arab.) F . mambout.
measure; Brugm. ii. § 106.) . - Port. mambuto. - Span. morabito, a
manufacture. (F. - L.) F. manu- Mahommedan sage. - Arab. mtlriibit,
(actu1"C, M. F. manifacture, lit. a making quiet, still; a hermit, sage ; a rel igious
by the hand. - L. mattii-, ab!. of manl/S, sage among the Berbers (whence the bird's
hand ; factum, a making, fromfacere, to name came '. Cf. M araved i.
make. Maranatha, our Lord cometh .
manumit, to release a slave. (L.) (Syriac.) Syriac mara" aI/Iii , our Lord
L. manumit/ere (pp. manumissus), to re- cometh; cf. Arab. mar, lord (from Syriac) .
lease, lit. to send away from one's hand . - Maraschino, a cordial. (Ita!. -L.)
L. mani" ab!. of manus, hand; mittere, to I tal. maraschiftO. - Ita!. tIlQ1'asca,amarasca,
send; see Mission. Der. mammzissiotl, a black and sour cherry. - L. amarus,
from th e pp. bitter.
manure, vb. (F . - L.) Formerly Maraud, to wander in quest of plunder.
sim ply 'to till, ' or to work with the (F.) M. F. marauder, 'to play the rogue,
hand; Othello, i. 3. 328. A contracted beg;' Cot. - F. maraud, a rogue, vaga-
form of man<£uvre; which see. bond. Etym . disputer!. Bugge connlcts
manuscript, written by the hand. it with F. mal, evil; as if for *malaud
(L.) Properly an adj., but a]"o as a sb. - (Lat e L. *ma/aldm) .
Late L. manuscripttllJl, a thing written by Maravedi, a vcry smnll coin. Span.
the hand. - L. manit, ab!. of lIIattUS, hand; - Arab.) Span. maravedi, the smallest
scriptum, neut. of pp. of scribere, to writ e ; Spanish coin; orig. a gold coin first
see Scribe. stmck during the dynasty of the Almora-
Many. (E. ) M. E. many, moni. A. S. vides at Cordova, A. O. r094-1 rH. Cf.
manzg,lIIOllig, many; see Sweet N. E. Gr. Port. maravedilll, marabitino, a marayedi .
31 3
 MARBLE MARK
_ Arab. Murilbilfn, the Amb. name of the margo, a border, brink; cognate with
above-mentioned dynasty; pI. of murabit j Mark (2).
see Marabou. Kargra.ve, a lord of the marches.
Karble. (F. - L.) M. E. marbel; (Du.) Du. markgraaf, a margrave. - Du.
also marhre. - 0. F. marbre. _ .L . mar- mark, a boundary, march; graaf, a count.
morem, acc. of marmor, marble, con- So also G. markgraf. (That the word is
sidered as a mase. sb.; bnt it is com- Du. appears from the fem. form margra-
monly neuter. + Gk. pO.p,..a.pos, exp1ained vine, which answers to Du. markgravin,
as a j:"listeuing white stone, as if from not to G. markgrajin.)
,..a.PiADJPf,,,, to sparkle j cf. JlQJPa, dog-star, Ka.rigold, a plant. (Heb. and E.)
lit. 'sparkler.' See Marmoset. Compounded of Mary (from the Virgin
Karcasite, a kind of iron pyrites. Mary) and gold (from its colour) .
(F.-Span. - Pers.) F. mareassile.-Span. Karine. (F.-L.) F. marin. - L.
marquesita. - Pers. marqaslJisna (Devic, marinus, belonging to the sea.-L. mare,
Viillers). sea; cognate with Mere (I) . Der.
Karcescent, withering. (L.) L. marin·er.
mareeseent-, stem. of pres. pt. of maree- Karish, a marsh. (F.-L.) M. E.
sare, inceptive form of mareire, to wither, maris, marais.-A. F. mareis.-Late L.
lit. to grow soft. Brugm. i. § . p 3 (8). ·marensis, adj. from L. mare, lake, sea.
Karch (I), a border, frontier. (E.) Prob. confused with Late L. marisms,
M. E. marelte. A . S. meare (gen. dat. acc. from Low G. marsen, a marsh. See
mearee), a mark, boundary. Cf. A. F. Marsh.
",areM. See Mark (2). Karita.l, belonging to a husband. (F .
Karch (2), to walk with regular steps. - L.) F. marilal. - L. marilalis, adj.
(F.-L.? or G.?) F. mareker, to march. formed from maritus, a husband. This
Of disputed origin j perhaps from a Late is a masc. sb. made to accompany L.
L . • mareare, to beat (hence to tramp), marita, a woman provided with a hus-
from marms, a hammer (Scheler). band. - L. mari-, for mas, a man, husband j
Karch (3), the name of a month. see Masculine.
(F.-L.) A. F. Man (pron. marts). - Karitime, pertaining to the sea. (F.
L. MarHus, the month dedicated to - L. ) F. maritime. - L. maritimus,
Mars. formed with suffix -timus from mario,
KarchiOneBB. (Low L. - G .) The for mare, sea.
proper F. form is marquise; the E. Ka.rjoram, a plant. (F. - L. - Gk.)
marekioness answers to Low L. marekio- M. E. majoran (without r).-O. F. majo-
llissa , formed with fem. suffix -issa ( Gk. rane (Godefroy); F. mariolaine. Cf.
-,uua) from Low L marekionem, acc. of Ital. majora1la, Span. mayorana, Port.
marekio, a prefect of the marches. - Low maiora1ta, marjoram, Late L. majortitw,
L. mareka, a boundary.-O.H.G. marcka, majoraca; vario\lsly corrupted from L.
a boundary. See Mark (2). amtiracus. - Gk. dl-'aplllCos, marjoram.
Karchpane, a sweet cake, made with lIIlark ( I ), a stroke, sign. (E.) M. E.
almonds and sugar. (F. - Ital. ) 0 . F. merke. A. S. meare, fern ., mark, sign. +
marapain; now massepain. - Ital. mar- Du. merll, Icel. mark, Swed. marke, Dan.
ciapane, manapam, a marchpane; Florio. mlZ1-ke, G. marke, M. H . G. marc, a
Origin of marcia unexplained, but prob. mark. Cf. also Lith. margas, marked,
from a proper name (such as L. M arlia) : variegated. Perhaps related to Mark (2),
pane is from Lat. acc. panem, bread. which seems to be an older word.
Ka.re. (E.) M. E. mere. A. S. mere, Kark (2), a march, limit, boundary.
fem . form of meark, a horse.+Icel. merr, (E. ) A . S. meare, fem.+O. Sax. marka ;
fern. of marr, a steed; Dan. mar, Swed. Du.mark; G. mark, fem.,O.H.G . mareM;
marr, E. Fries. mare, Du. merne; G . Goth. marka, confine, coast. So also Icel.
miinre, 0. H. G. merika, fern. of 0. H. G. mOrk, f., a forest (orig. a boundary). Teut.
maran, a battle-horse. Cf. Irish and Gael. type, ·marka, fem . Allied to L. margo,
marc, \V. and Corn. marek , a horse, a a margin, Zend merezu, Pers. man, a
stallion. Idg. mase. type "markos, a horse. border; 0. Irish mruig.
Cf. Marshal. Kark (3), a coin. (E.) M. E. mark,
Xargin. (L.) L. mar!,rilt-, stem of A.S. meare, marc, a coin; a weight equal
3J 4
 MARKET MARROW
to half a pound; O. Fries. merk.+Du. lIIa.roon (I ) , brownish crimson. (F. )
mark; G. mark, a weight of silver, a F. marron, a chestnut (hence, chestnut-
coin; Ice\. mOrk. fJ. Orig. a particular colour. Cf. Ita!. marrone, M. Ita!' marone,
weight. There is nothing to connect it a chestnut (of unknown origin).
with Mark ( I). Maroon ( 2), to put ashore on a deso-
lIIarket. (F.-L.) Late A. S. market, late island. (F. -Span.) From F. marro1t,
from Picard F. market. [Cf. Du. G. adj., fugitive, applied to a fugitive slave
markt; F. marchi , O. Provo mereatz, Ita\. who takes reflige in woods. [Hence E.
merea/o, a market.) - L. mereatus, t raffic, maroon, to treat as a fngitive, cause to
also a market (whence G . markt, &c.). - be fugitive.) A clipped form of Span.
L. mereiUus, pp. of mereari, to trade; see cimarron, wild, unruly; hence, savage.
M ercantile. (Pogatscher.) Of unknown origin. ~ Negro ei11larr01l
lIIarl, a rich earth. (F. -L.-C.) or cimarron was :m everyday phrase for
O. F. marle (F. manu) ; Picard marie. a fugiti ve slave hidden in the mountains,
-Late L. margila, dimin. of Late L. in Cuba, about A. D. 1846.
1l1arga, marl; of Celtic origin (Pliny) . Marque, letters of. (F. - G.) A
lIIarline; see Mar. leIter of marque was a pelmissiou by a
lIIarmala.de. (F.-Port.-L.-Gk. ) ruler to make reprisals on the country of
F. marm~lade, Cot. - Port. maYme/ada, another ruler; it had particular reference
orig. a conserve of quinces. - Port. mnr- to l?a5sing beyond the march or limit of
m e/o, a quince. - L. melimilum, lit. honey- one s own country. - O. F. marque, a
apple; also a quince. - Gk. flfA(fI"AOII, a ooundary.-M. H.G. marke, a boundary;
sweet apple, apple grafted on a quince.- see Mark (3) above. See mareha (I) in
Gk. flEAl, honey; l'ijAOII, an apple; see Ducange.
Melon. marquee, a large tent. (F.-Low L.
lIIarmo8et, a small American monkey. - G.) }/or marquees; the s being dropped
(F.-L.) Mnch older than the discovery because it was thought to be a plural
of America; M. E. marmoset/e, a kind of fonn. An E. spelling of F. marquise, a
ape (Maundeville, p. 210). -M. F. mar- large tent; orig. a tent for a marchioness
moset, F. marmouset, • the cock of a cistern or lady of rank . - F. marquise, a mar-
or fountain, any antick image from whose chioness, fem. of marfjuis, a marquis ; see
teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick ;' marquia below.
Cot. Thus it meant a grotesque creature, marquess. (Span. -Low L.-G.)
orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain . Span. marques, a marquis; see marquis.
Formed, by a Parisian change of r to s, as marquis. (F.-Low L.-G .) M. E.
in chaise for ehaire (a chair) , from Late L. markis. - 0.1". markis, later marquis, • a
marmori!tum, a thing made in marble, ap- marquesse, governour of a frontire town;'
plied to fountains. [Thus the rue des mar- Cot. - Low L. 11larehensis, a prefect of the
mousets in Paris was called in Late Latin marches. - O. H. G. mareha, a march or
vieus marmorltmtnz; Littn!.) - L. mar- boundary. See Mark (2). ~ The true
mor, marble; see Marble. ~ This seems O. F. form was marehis; altered to
to be correct; at the same time, the markis by the influence of Ital. 11larehese.
transference in sense from • image' to Marquetry, inlaid work . (F. -
, ape' was certainly helped on by confu- M. H . G.) F. marque/erie, inlaid work.
sion with F . marmot, 'a marmoset, or - F. marfjucter, to inlay, diversify, orig.
little monkey; 'which is a different word to mark slightly with spots; iterative
from E. marmot (see below). form of marquer, to mark. - F. marque,
Marmot, a mountain-rat. (1'. - Ita\. a mark. - M. H. G. mark, G. marke, a
-L.) F. marmot/e. -Ita!. marmot/a, an mark. See Mark ( I ).
ape , substituted for marmo/ana, • the Marrow, pith. (E.) M. E . 1IIarow,
mountain-rat, a marmotan' (Torriano), a mary. O. Mere. merg, A. S. mearh (dat.
marmot. From the Romansch (Grisonsl mearge) + Du. merg, Icel. mel'gr, Swed.
name murmont; O . H. G. 1J/urmunti. mag, Dan. marv, G . mark, o. H. G.
mUYe11ltmto, a marmot . - L. miir-, stem 1J1arag; also W. 1IIer, Com. maru. F urther
of mus, mouse; and mont-, stem of motzs, allied to Russ. 1II0Zg', Zend mazga, mar-
mountain. Thus the sense is' mountain- row; Skt. ma//tw, marrow of bones, pith of
m ouse.' (See Diez.) trees. ldg. type lIlazg/zo· ; llrugm. i. § 642.
 MARRY MASCULINE
K&rr7. (F.-L.) M. E. marien.- (temp. Louis XIV); dimin. form of
F . marier.-L. maritare, to marry.-L. Martin.
marftus, a husband; see Marital. martinmas, martlemas, the {east
lII[a.rsh, a swamp. (E.) M. E. mersch . of St. Martin ; Nov. II . (F. a,ui L.)
A. S. mersc, a marsh; early form merisc< Martlemass is a corrupt form of Marli,,·
*1Ilar-isc, lit. mere-ish, i. e. full of meres or mass, suggested by Barlle for Bartholomew.
pools.-A. S. mere (for .mar,) , a mere, See Mass (2).
lake. See Mere (I). martlet (I), a kind of bird, martin.
lII[a.rshal, master of the horse. (F . - (F. - L.) Variant of M. E. martnet, short
O . H. G.) Lit.' horse-servant,' a groom; for martimt. - F. martinet, 'a martlet or
it rose to be a title of honour. _ M. F. martin,' Cot.; dimin. of F . .Martin. Cf.
maresehal (F. martchaf), 'a marshall, a Picard marti,tel, called 1Ila1·telot in the
farrier,' Cot. - O. H . G. marascalh, lit. dep. of the Meuse (Corblet).
horse-servaut, agroom.-O.H .G. marah, lII[artinga.1e, a strap fa stened to a
a horse; sealh, a servant; cf. Goth. skalks, horse's girth to hold his head down. ( F . -
a servant. See Mare. Span. -Arab . ~) Also applied to a short
lII[a.rsnpial. (L. - Gk.) Applied to spar, in ships, under the bowsprit; but
animals that carry their young in a sort this is only due to a supposed resemblance
of pouch. - L. marsiipitlm, a pouch. - Gk. to a horse's martingale. - F . marlingale,
/UlPlJ.nrIOV, a little pouch, dimin. of ' a martingale for a h orse;' Cot. [Re-
p.aprJlJ1for, a bag. ferred by Littre to the wearing of breeches,
lII[a.rt, a shortened form of market. called ehausses a la martingale (Rabe-
(F. -L.) In Hamlet, i. 1.74. Prob. in- lais) ; but this is quite auother word.]
Iluenced by Du. markt, market (of Latin - Span. al-martaga, 'a kinde of headstall
origin). See Ma.rket . for a horse,trimmed,g ilt, and embroidered; '
lII[a.rtello tower, a watch-tower. Minsheu ( 162 3) ; where at is merely the
(Ital.-L.; IJ.nd F.-L.) So called be· Arab. def. article. The sb. may be derived
cause the watchmen gave the alarm by from Arab. rataka, in the sense' to cause
striking a bell with a hammer ; see to go with a short step' ; see Yule. I find
Ariosto, Orlando, x. 51 ; xiv. 100. From Arab. rataka given by Richardson as a
Ital. martello, a hammer ; Late L. mar- verbal root, whence ,·atak, going with a
tel/us. Dimin. of Late L. martus ~ L. short quick step.
marcus, a hammer. See martus in Du- lII[artinmas, lII[artlet (1 ) ; see
cange. Ma.rtin.
lII[arten, a kind of weasel. (F.-Low lII[artlet (2), the bird called the swift,
L. - Teut.) Short for martern ( 16th cent. ); as depi cted in heraldry . (F.- L. ) An E.
M. E. martrin (Lydg.), adj. made of mar· substitution for F. mer/ette, ' a martlet, in
ten's fur; from O. F. martrin, the same. blazon,' Cot. Lit. ' a little blackbird';
The M. E. sb. was marter, marln. - F. dimin. of merle, a blackbird. - L. merula;
martre.-Low L. pI. marttlres. Of Teut. see M erle. We find O. F . merlos, mart-
origin; cf. Du. marter, G. marder, a lets; R oll of Caerlaverock, p. 7.
marten; A. S. 11lear~, Icel. mor(Jr, Swed. Kartyr. (L. - Gk.) A. S. martyr. - L.
mard, Dan. maar (for *maard), a marten. ma1·tyr. - Gk. p.a(YTvp, ,..aPTVS, a witness, lit.
lII[artia.1, brave. (F. -L.) F. martial. one who remembers, records, or declares.
-L. Marlialis, dedicated to Mars, god of Cf. Skt. smr, to remember.
war. Marvel. (F.-L.) M. E. mervaile. -
lII[artin, a bird. (F. -L.) F . martin, (I) F. merveil/e. - L. mzrabilia, neut. pI.,
a proper name, Martin, (2) the same nome wonderfulthings. - L.mirabilis, wonderful.
applied to various birds and animals. Thus - L. mirart, to wonder. See Miracle.
martin-pecheur is a kingfisher; oiseau de lIIascle, in heraldry, a perforated
S. Martin is the ring-tail, and martinet lozenge. (F. - L.) M. E. 11lascu/e, mascle.
is a martin (Cot.). A nickname, like our - O. F. mascle, erroneous spelling of
robin, jenny-wren, &c.; so that the bird mac/e, a mesh of a net (hence, a lozenge
is named after Martin as a proper name. perforated). - L. macula, a mesh; perhaps
From L. Mart-, stem of Mars. confused with O. H. G. masea, a mesh.
ma.rtinet, a strict disciplinarian. (F.) Doublet, mail (I), q. v.
So called from a F. officer named Marlinet lII[asculine. (F.-L.) F. mascu/in.-
3 16
 MASH MASTIFF
L. masculinus, extended from masculus, -Gk. p41T1T(IV, to knead. Dar. mass.;ve,
male. -L. mas·, stem of mas, a male; with mass-y; also a-mass.
double dimin. suffix -cu·lus. lII[ass (2) , the celebration of the Eucha-
.ash, to beat into a mixed mass. (E.) ris!. (L.) M. E. messe. O. Merc. messe,
A mask is properly a mixture; and to (Matt. viii. 4); A. S. 1Ilame, (I) the mass,
mash was, formerly, to mix, the M. E. form (1) a church-festival. - Folk-L. messa (Ital.
of the verb being mesken, as if from A. S. messa) ; Late L. missa, ( I) dismissal, ( 1)
*miiscan, from a sb. *masc. (The vo\\"el the mass. Usually said to be from the
has been shortened.) We find A. S. max· phr. ite, missa est (go, the congregation is
wyrt (for *masc-wyrt), mash-wort, new dismissed) used at the end of the service ;
beer; so that the word is English; but it in any case, the derivation is from L.
is commoner in Scandinavian, whence misstlS, pp. of mit/ere, to send away. Cf.
Lowl. Sc. mask. Cf. Swed. dial. mask, Du . mis, mass. ~ For the change of
Swed. miisk, brewer's grains, whence vowel from i to e, cf. Ice!. messa, Swed .
maska, to mash; Dan. and North Fries. messa, Dan. messe, O. H . G. messa (as well
mask, grains, mash , Dan. mtEske, to mash , as missa), all in the sense of ' mass'; also
fatten pigs with grains; Nonv. meisk, sb., O. F. messe, Ital. messa. And see Missal.
meiska, vb. + G. meisch, a mash, meischen, Der. Candle-mas, Christo, H al/ow- , Lam-,
to mash. The sb. form appears to be the Ma1·t~n-, Michael-mas, which see.
original. Cf. also Lithuan. maisz-yti, to lII[assacre. (F. - O. Low G.?) F.
stir things in a pot, from misz-ti, to mix. massacre, a massacre ; massac1'er, to mas-
The form of the Teut. base is *maisk -, so sacre. Of disputed origin; it may perhaps
that it may be connected by gradation be referred to Low G. matsken, to cut,
with mix. See Mix. hew, D n. matsen, to manl, kill. Cf. G.
lII[ask, lII[asque, a disguise for the metze/ei, a massacre; from metzeln, fre-
face; maskedentertainmelll. (F.-Span.- quellt. of metun, to cnt, kill. And see
Arab. ) The sense of 'entertainment ' is Mason.
the true one; the sense of 'disguise' is lII[ast (I), a pole, to hold the sails of a
secondary. 'A jolly company in maner of ship. (E.) M. E. mast. A. S. mtEst, stem
a maske ; ' F. Q. iii. 12 . 5. 'Some haue of a tree, bough, mast. + Du. mast, Swed.
I sene daunce in a maske; ' Sir T. More, and Dan. mast, G. mast. Probably coguate
Works, p. 1039. More uses maskers in the withL.malus «*maztios),amastj Brugm.
sense of' visors' (correctly , according to i. § 587.
the Spanish use). -F. masque, a mask, lII[aat(l),fruitofbeech-trees.(E.) The
visor; aclipped form,duetoF. vb.mosquer, orig. sense is' edible fruit,' used for feeding
really short for *masquerer; the fuller form swine. A. S. mast, mast.+G. mast, mast j
comes out in M. F. masquarizl, masked, nliisten, to fatten. Prob. allied to Skt.
masquen'e, masquerade, • a mask or mum- mida(s), fat; Brugm. i. § 698.
mery ;' Cot. - Span. mascara, a masker, lII[aster. (F. - L.) M. E. maister.-
a masquerader; also a mask. - Arab. mask- O. F. maistre. - L. magistrum , acc. of
karat, a huffoon, jester, man in masquerade, magister, a master ; see Magistrate.
a pleasantry, anything ridiculous.-Arab. Der. master-y, O. F. maistrie.
root sakkira, he ridicnled (Dozy). Dar. Jlaatic, Kastich, a kind of gum
masquerade, M. F . masquerade, F. masca- resin. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.11lastic, 'mastich,
rade, Span. lIlascarada. a sweet gum'; Cot. - L. 11lastick~. - Gk.
lII[ason. (F. - G.?) O. F . massm; F. JU1.t1TIX1], the gum of the tree UXIvOf, called
mll(on; Low L. macio, a mason; we also in Lntin lentiscus. So cnlled because used
find the forms machio, macko, maco, mactio, for chewing in the East. - Gk. P.aoT- , base
mat/w, matw. From Tent. stem *lIlat- of p.aITTa! , mouth, JU1.t1Ta(.. v , to chew; cf.
jon-, i.e.cutter; fromabase*mat-, tocutor Gk. p.4lTaOJlD.l, I chew.
hack, whence also E. mattock. Cf. O. H. G. masticate. (L. - Gk.) From pp. of
mezzo, a mason, whence G. stdnllletz, a L. masticare, to chew, quite a late word;
stonemason. properly, to chew mastic. - L. mastiche,
lII[asque; see Mask. mastic (above). ~ The true L. word for
lII[ass (I) , a lump. (F.- L. -Gk.) F. to chew is lIlandere.
masse._L. massa.-Gk. p.a(a, a barley lII[asti1f. ( F.-L.) The A. F. form wns
cake; allied to JJ.4'Yp.a, any kneaded mass. maslin, as in O. F.; hence F. lIltit£", a
31 7
 MASTODON MATRIMONY
mnstiff. The O. F. mastin also meant ' a - Pers. & Arab.) From the game of chess.
,lomestic'; see Godefroy. Hence the Late e/leck-mate means 'the king is dead' ; cf.
L. mastimts, a mastiff, has been conjectured M. F. esr/tec et mat, 'check.mate'; Cot.
to st:lI1d for *masnat imts, house·dog ; as [Here et is not wanted.] Godefroy has
if from Late L. lIlasnllta, a household (see , mat dn roi,' i. e. death of the king. - Pers.
MeDagerie). The Late L. mastinus seems shah mat, the king is dead, check-mate.
to have been mistaken for mastluus -Pers. shtil" king (see Check) ; mat, he
(Duc:lI1ge) ; and confusion set in both wit h is dead, from Arab. root mtila, he died.
M. E. masty, fat, large (adj. formed from Cf. Heb. mUth, to die. ~Hence Turk. and
fIlast ( 2» . and with O. F. mesti/, mongrel , Pers. ""it, aston ished, confounded, amazed,
Late L. *mixtivus, from L. miscere (pp. receivi ng check-mate; F. mat, 'mated,
mixt·m), to mix. See Mix. quelled, sulxlued,' Cot.; M . E. mate, con-
Mastodon, an extinct elephant. (Gk.) founded.
Named from the nipple-like projections on lIIaterial, substantial. (F. - L.) O. F.
its molar teeth. - Gk. J.IIlfIT-6r, the female materiel. - L. miUerialis, adj., formed from
breast ; DOOV-, short for O/) Ol'T-, stem of miileria, matter. See Matter.
Mour, a tooth; see Tooth. Maternal. (F.-L.) F. maternel.-
Mat. (L ) M. E. matte. A. S. meatte. Late L. mtiterna/is. - L. miife1'1'US, belong-
- L. matta (Late L. "atta). a mat; whence ing to a mother. - L. mater; mother; cog-
Du. mat, G. matte, F. natte, &c. nate with Mother.
Mata,4or, the slayer of the bull in a Mathematic, pertaining to the science
bull-fight., (Span. - L. ) Span. matador, lit. of number. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F. matl,e-
slayer. - Span. matar, to kill. -L. mac/lIre, matique. - L. mathematicus. - Gk. jlall'l-
to kill. jlanl<or, disposed to learn , belonging to
Match, (I), an eqnal, a contest, mar- the sciences, esp. to mathematics. - Gk.
riage. (E.) M. E. macche, mache. Olig. a J.IIl9'lJ.lllT-, stem of jlb.9'lJlQ, a lesson. - Gk.
comrade.~A.S. ·mtl'cca, whence gefllO!cca , J.IIlIl~- "ojla" futnre of jlOI'6o.vflI', to learn.
a comrade, companion, spouse; from the Matins, Mattins, morning prayers.
more origi\lal form -maca, Durh. Rit. 165 ( F. -L.) F. matins, a pI. sb. from F.
(whe.nce Mi.,E. make. C h.), gemaca. + Tcel . matin, morn ing, ori!;. an adj. - L. mat,,·
makt, Swea . 1JIake, Dan. mage, O. Sax. linllm, acc. of matiifi'nus , adj., belonging
gimako, ri lIl ate, comrade. 11 All closely to the morning. Gf. Ital. mattino, morning.
related tf> the adj. seen in Icel. makr, - L. Mal,lta, the gocdess of dawn, as if
suita ble, . M. H. G. gemach, suitable; and from a mas.:. *matiilus, with the sense of
further to A. S. madan, to make, or 'fit ' early,' or ' timely.'
together: ~ Mate, as used by sail ors, Matrass, a long-necked glass bottle;
is prob. Dutch; see Mate ( I) . in chem istry. (F .) F. matras ; also (in
Match ( 2), a prepared rope for firing a Cot .) matrac, matraz, mate/as; Span.
can11011. (F. -L.- Gk.) M. E. macche. - malra.. Perhaps Arabic; see Devic.
O. F. mesche, mei,he (F. mec!ze), wick of a Matricide, murderer of a mother. (F.
candle, match to fire a gun, • match of - L.) F . maln'cide, adj., 'mother-killing';
a lamp;' Cot. - Late L. myxa ( = Gk. Cot. - L. matriclda, a matricide. - L.
jl v[a); Late L. myxus, the nozzle of a mlltri·, decl. stem of mater, mother;
lamp, through which the wick protntdes; caclere , to slay; see Mother, Coosura.
also, a wick. - Gk. jlv[a , the nozzle of a ~ \\' e also use matricide to represent L.
lamp; older senses being ( I ) mucus ( 2) mtitricidiu1ll, the slaying of a mother.
nostril. Allied to Mucus. Der. match- ma.triculate, to enrol in a college.
lock, the lock of a gun holding a match; (L. ) From pp. of Late L. matriculare,
hence, the gun itself. to enrol; a coined word. - L. mtitrict~/a , a
Mate ( 1) , a companion. (0. Low G.) register; dimin. of ""ltriX (stem miifric- ),
M. E.mate, a fellow (Prompt. Parv.) ; Low meaning ( I) a breeding animal, (2) womb,
G . mate, mate (Lubben) ; maat (Bremen) ; matrix, (3) a public register, roll , list, lit.
M. Du. maet, 'a mate,' Hexham; Du. parent-stock. See matrix (below).
+
maat. O. H. G. gi-mazzo, a meat-com- matrimony. (F.-L.) O. F. matri-
panion, mess· mate. Cf. Goth. matjan, to 11101%ie. - L. 11Iiitri11lOttiu1ll, marriage, lit.
eat, mats, food. See Meat. motherhood . - L. mtitri-, decl. stem of
Kate (21, to check· mate, confound. (F. milter, mother; with suffix ·mii,,.,iJ-.
3 18
 MATRIX MAXILLAR
matrix, the womb, cavity or mould. Maund (I), a basket. (E.) A . S. maud,
(L.) L. IllatriX, a breeding animal, the a basket; in MSS. of the 8th century. +
womb.- L. matri-, for miittr, mother. Du. malld; provoG. lIland, mandt, mmme
matron, a married woman. (F. - L.) (whence F . manne ) ; E. Fries. maltde.
F. matrol1e. - L mtitrol1a; extended from Maund ( 2) , a ( very variable) weight.
mtitr- , stem of maler, a mother. (Arab.) Arab. mann; Pers. matl. Cf.
Matter ( I ), substance. ( F. - L. ) M. E. Heb. maneh, Gk . p..". See Yule.
mater~, malerie. - O. F. malere, matiere Maundy Thursday, the clay before
(F . matiere). - L. materia, stuff, materials, Good Friday. ( F. - L.; and E. ) Mmm dy
usefu l for build ing, &c. Brugm. i. § 407. is M. E. maundce, a command, usecl with
matter ( 2), pus, a fluid in abscesses. esp. reference to th e text 'lV/a1ldatlll1l
(F.-L. ) The same word as matter ( I ) ; nouum; J ohn xiii. 34. The ' new com-
see Liltn! , s. v. maliere, § 8. mandment ' is ' th a t ye love on e an other ' ;
Mattins j see Matins. but in old times it was applied to the
Mattock. ( E.) A . S. mat/tic. Cf. W. particular form of devotion t o others ex-
malog, a mattock, hoe; Gael. madag, a emplified by Christ, when washing Hi s
pickaxe ; Russ. fIlo/ttika, Lithuan. matikkas, disci pIes' feet (on the first Afmmdy
mattock (from Teutonic) ; see Mason. Thursday)_ See my note to P. Plowm an,
Mattress. (F.-Arab. ) O.F. mate- B. xvi. 140. Tbis M. E. maundee=O. F .
ras; Picard and Walloon matras; F. mandt, that which is commanded; from L.
mate/as. Cf. Span. al-madraque, a mat- mandtitum, a mandate, comm and. ~ Not
tress; where al is the Arab. def. art. - connected with maund. C f. O. H. G.
Arab. malrah, a situation, place, a place mandai, the washing of feet (Otfrid) ; from
where anything is thrown; this word came L. mattdtitum_
to mean also anything hastily thrown down, lIIausoleum, a magnificent tomb. (L.
hence, something to lie upon, a bed (Devic). - Gk.) L 11Ia/lSollum, a splendid tomb,
- Arab. root laraha, he threw prostrate . orig. the tom b of Maus6lus. - Gk. Mav/1Q1-
• ature, ripe . (L.) L. maliirw, ripe. A"OV; from MaV/1Q1AOS, Maus6lus, a king
Matutinal, pertaining to the morning. of Caria.
(L.) L_ mtitutinus, adj., belonging to the Mauve, mallow colour. ( F.-L.) F _
moming_ See Matins. mauve, a mallow. - L. maltla, mallow.
Maudlin, sickly sentimental. (F. - See Mallow.
L.-Gk.-Heb. ) Orig. 'shedding tears of Mavis, the song-thrush. (F. - C. ?)
penitence,'like MaryMagdalen. From M.E. M.E. mavis.-F. mal/vis, a lhrostle ; cf.
Maude/ein , the same as Magdelaine. - 0_ F. Span. mnlvis, a thrnsh. Perhaps Celtic;
Miwdeleine,Magdeleine. - L.Magrialene. - cf. Bret. miijid, milvid, a mavis, also 1IIil-
Gk. Ma"y~jL\'1v~ , i.e. belonging to Magdala; chouid (at Vannes) ; Corn. me/hues, 0_
Luke viii. 2. - Heb. migdol, a tower; Corn. melhuet, a lark.
whence Magdala as a proper name. Ma.vourneen, my darling. (Irish.)
Maugre, in spi te of. (F. - L.) The From Irish mo, my; and mhuirnin, mu-
proper sense is ' ill will,' as in P. Plowman, tated form of muirnin, darling, from
B. vi. 242. - O. F. malgre, maugre, lit. ill muint, affection. (Mh = v. )
will; but also with sense' in spite of.'- Maw, stomach. (K ) M . E . mawt. A.S.
O. F. mal, ill; gre, grel, a pleasant thing. maga. + Du . maag, Ice!. magi, Swed.mage,
- L. malus, bad; gralum, neut. of griilus, Dan. mave, G. magett.
pleasing. Mawkish, squeamish. (Scand.; 1vitlt
Maul, to beat grievously. (F. - L. ) E. suffix. ) The older sense is loathsome,
M. E. mallelt, to strike with a mall, or lit. 'maggoty.' F ormed , with E. suffix -ish,
mace; from M. E. malle, sb., a mall, mace; from M. K mawk, lIlauk, a maggot, a
see Ma.ll ( I ) . contracted form of M. E. 1IIatJek, a maggot.
• aulstick, a stick used by painters to - Ice!. matJkr, Dan. maddik, a maggot
steady the hand . (G.) G . malerstock, lit. (whence Norw. makk=E. mawk). Derived
, painter's stick.' - G. maler, a painter, from from the foml which appears as A. S_ matJa,
malen, to paint; stock, a stick. Malen was Du. G. made, maggot. See Moth.
orig. to mark, from G. mah!, O . H. G. Ma.zilla.r, .a.nnary, belonging
mtil, a mark, point of time; see Meal (l) to the jawbone. (L.) L. maxillan's, adj_;
and Stook. from maxilla, jaw-bone.
319
 MAXIM MEAL
Kaxim, a proverb. (F. - L.) F. other languages, as in M. H. G. ,nase,
maxime. - L maxima, for maxima a ~j>Ot, and in E. Me&lllell, q. v.
untentiarum, an opinion of the greatest Kasurb. a dance. (Pol.) From Po!.
importance, chief of opinions, hence a Mazurka, lit. a woman of Massovia or
maxim (Duc.). Orig. fem. of maximus, Mazovia, a province of Poland containing
greatest, superlative of magnus, great. Warsaw. Similarly, polka means 'a Polish
maximum.. (L.) Neut. of maxim"s, woman' ; and secondly, a dance .
greatest ( above). • auard, the head. (F. -O. H. G.)
Kay (I ) , I am able, I am free to do. From mazer, a bowl; see Mazer.
(E.) Pres. t. may, pt. t. might; the inlin. • e. (K) A. S. mi ( also mee, in the
(not in use) should take the form mow. accnsative only). +Du. mij ; Icel. mir,dat.,
M. K mowen, infin.; pres. t. may; pt. t. mik, acc.; Swed. Dan. mig; Goth. mis,
migkte. A. S. mugan, to be able; pres. t. dat., mik, acc. ; G. mir, dat., mien, acc.
mOlg; pt. t. mihle. (H ere mag is the old For the stem, cf. Corn. and Bret. me;
perfect of a strong verb.)+O. Sax. mugan, Irish, Gael. W . mi; L. miM, dat., me, acc. ;
pres. mag, pt. makta; lcel. mega, pres. ma, Gk. p.o', "1'01, dat. , I'f, ll'f, ace.; Skt. man-
pt. matH; Du. mogen, pres. mag, pt. mogt ; yam, me, dat., mam, ma, acc•
Dan. pres. maa, pt. maatte; Swed. pres. • ead ( I), a drink made from honey.
mfl, pt. mfitte; G. mQgen, pres. mag, pt. (E. ) M. E. medt. A. S. medu, mcodu. +
moehte; Goth. magan, pres. mag, pt. mahta; Du. medt, Icel. mjotJr, Dan. miOd, Swed.
Russ. moeM, to be able, pres. mogu; cf. mjod, G. metn; also Irish mid, W. medd,
Gk . I''1X4viJ, means. Lith. middus, Russ. med', Gk. p.f9v; Skt.
Kay (2), the fifth month. (F. - L) madnu , sweet, also as sb., honey, sugar.
O. F . Mai. -L. Maius, May. Idg. type *met/hu, Brngm. ii. § 10+ Cf.
Kayor. (F. -L) M. E. main. -F. Lith. mtdus, honey.
maire. - L . maior, nom. greater; see • ead (2 ), a meadow. (K) So called
Major (above). ~ Mayor is a late because 'mown.' M. E. mede. A. S.
spelling, introduced in the middle of mted, a mead. [Allied to provo E. main, a
the 16th century; it answers to O. F. mowing, as in aftermath, and A. S. mawan,
maior, from L. maiifrem, acc.; cf. Span. to mow; G.maM,amowing,M.H.G.mat,
mayor. a mowing, a mead.] Cf. M . H . G. mate,
Kayweed, Anthemiscotula. (E.) For- a meadow, Swiss matt, a meadow (as in
merly matlle-weed; from A. S. mOlya. Zermalt, Andermatt). Also Gk. a -I''1TOr,
Kaze. (E.) M. E. mase; we also a harvest, afUlfll', to mow. See Mow (I).
find M. K masen, to confuse. The A. S. meadow. (E.) This fnller form is
*masian appears in the compo pp. a-masod. dne to the inflected form (dat. mfEr/we) of
Cf. Norweg. masa-sl (where -st is reflexive), A . S. meed, a mead.
to lose one's senses and begin to dream, .eagre. thin. (F.-L.) M. E. megre.
masa, to pore over a thing, also to prate, - F. maigre. - L. macrum, acc. of macer,
chatter ; Ice!. masa, to prate, chatter; thin, lean ; whence A. S. mager, Ice!.
Swed. dial. masa, to bask in the sun, to be magr, Dan. Swed. G. mager, thin, were
lazy, lounge about. Cf. E. in a maze = perhaps borrowed at an early period
in a dreamy perplexity. The orig. sense \nnless cognate). Cf. Gk. 1'4KpOr, long.
seems to have been' to be lost in thought,' .eal ( I), ground grain. (E.) M. E.
dream or pore over a thing, whence the mele. A. S. melu, meolo.+Dn. meel, Ice!.
idea of' perplexity' for the sb. mjol, Dan. meet, Swed. mjol, G. meMo
Kaser, a large drinking-bowl. (F. - Teut. type *melwom, neut. All from Idg.
O. H. G.) M. K maser.-A. F. mazer root MEL, to grind , as in O. Irish mel-im,
(Bozon) ; O. F. masere, a bowl of maple- Ch. Slav. mel-j~, I grind; the 2nd grade
wood, also of meta!. - O. H. G. masar, is Teut. *;'lal, to griml, as in Ice!. mala,
mark in wood, also maple. +Icel. mom rr, Goth. malml, O. H. G. malan , to grind,
a maple-tree, spotted wood; whence cognate with Lith. malti, L. molere .
masur-bolli, a mazer-bowl, so called • eal (2\ a repast. (E. ) M. K mele.
because made of maple-wood; the maple- A. S. mal, ( I ) a time, portion of time,
wood was called mQsurr or ' spot-wood' stated time; (hence a common meal at a
from its being covered with spots. But stated time, not a hastily snatched repast).
the word for spot is only preserved in + Du. maal, ( I) time, (l) meal; Icel. ma.',
 MEAN MEDLEY
measure, time, meal; Dan. mMl, Swell. mechanical. - L. mechanica. - Gk. ll'1xav-
mat, measure, meal; Goth. mil, a time; 1"1"science of machines.-Gk. Il'lXal'iJ, a
G. malll,.! meal, mai, time. From Idg. device , machine. See Machine .
.vME(ME) ; cf. Mete and Moon. See Jledal. (F. -Ital.-L.- Gk.) O. }o' .
Prellwitz, s. v. lli30JUlI. medaille. - Ita!' medaglia (Low L. mediilia,
Jlean ( I ), to have in the mind, intend. medalla, a small coin). -Late L. -metiil/ea,
(E.) M. E. menen. A. S. manan, to in- adj. fem. - L. melalltlm, metal. See
tend. +Du. meenen, Dan. mene, Swed. Metal.
"una, G. meinen. Cf. the. sb. seen in Jleddle. (F.-L.) M. E. medlen,
O. H. G. meina, thought, allied to minni, simply in the sense 'to mix.' - A.· F.
memory. See Mind. medler; O. F. meller , mesler, to mix
Jlean (2), common. (E.) M. E. mene. (F . me!er).-Late L. misculare, to mix;
A. S. milne, usually ge-miine, common; cf. L. miscellus, mixed. - L. misclre, to
O. Fries. mene, common. See Common. mix. See Miscellaneous.
~ The peculiar sense of base, vile, may Jlecliate, adj ., acting by or as a means.
be dne to A. S. milne, wicked, false, evil; (L .) From L. mediiillls, pp. of l1udiare,
from A. S. man, wickedness. Cf. Ice!. to be in the middle (Palladius). - L.
meinn , mean , hurtful, from mein, a hurt; medius, middle. See Medium. Der.
M. H. G. mein, false (cf. G. mein-eid, medial-ion, medial-or.
p~riury) . Jledic, a kind of clover. (L. -Gk.)
Jlean (3), intermediate. (F.-L.) A. F . L. mldica. -Gk. M'1""Jn7, Median grass;
meien (F. moyen). -L.mediiinus, extended fern. of M'1l1l1c6s, belonging to Media.
form from medius, middle ; see Mid. JlediciDe, a remedy. (F. -L.) O. F.
Der. mean, sb., common in pI. mcans. medecine.-L. medicina.-L. medicus, a
Jlean (4), to lament. (E.) In M.N. D . physician. - L. mederi, to heal. Cf.
v. I. 330 (ed. 16l3). A. S. milnan, to Zend madk, to treat medically. Der.
bemoan; see Moan. So also, probably, medical, Late L. medicalis, from l1udicus
in Merch. Yen. iii. 5. 82 . (above) ; medicale.
Jleander, a winding course. (L. - Gk.) Jlec1ieval, relating to the Middle Ages.
L. MOlander. - Gk. Maiavllpos, a winding (L. ) Also written mediaval. Coined
stream ; Pliny, v. 19. from L. 1Iledi-us, middle; OIu-um, age;
Jleasle8, a contagious fever accom- see Medium and Age.
panied by small red spots on the skin. Jlediocre, middling. (F . - L.) F.
(E. ) 'Rougeolle, the meazles ;' Cot. mediocre. - L. mediocrem, acc. of medioc,.is,
M. E. maseles (14th cent.). From A. S. middling; formed from medi-us, middle.
masle- , a spot (Toller). Cf. Du. maze/en , See Medium.
measles; also called masel-suck!, ' measell- Jleditate. (L .) From pp. of L.
sicknesse,' Hexham. The lit. sense is 1Ileditari, to ponder. Cf. Gk. IlfIl0JUlI,
'small spots'; cf. M. Du. maescke, mascke, I attend to. Brugm. i. § 591.
masckel, 'a spot, blot,' Hexham. The Jlediterranean, inland, said of a
orig. word occurs in M. H. G. mase, sea. (L.) L. mediterrane-us, situate in
O. H . G. miisa, a spot. See Mazer. the middle of the land. - L. medi-us ,
~ Wholly unconnected with M. E. mesel, middle; terra, land ; see Medium and
a leper, which merely meant orig. 'a Terraoe.
wretch,' from O. F. mesel, L. mise/Ius, Jledium. (L. ) L. medium, the midst,
from L. miser, wretched. also a means; neut. of medius, middle.
Jleasure. (F. - L. ) M . E. mesure. - Allied to Mid.
O. F. mesure. -L. mensura, measure.-L. Jledlar. (F . -L:-Gk.) The name
mensus, pp. of metiri, to measure. See of a tree, bearing fruit formerly called
Bmgm. ii. § 771. medles. M. E. medler, the tree, also
Jleat. (E.) M. E. mete. A . S. mete called medle-tree (A. F. medle = O. F.
(for -matiz).+Icel. matr, Dan. mad, Swed. mesle ). - O. F. mesle, a medlar (whence
mal, Goth. mats, O. H. G. malt, food. Cf. mulier, the tree); Gascon mesplo.-
L. mandere, to chew. L. mespilum. - Gk. J.lft11r1AOJl, a medlar
Jlechanic. pertaining to machines. (whence also F . neJle).
(F.-L.-Gk. ) M. E. meckanike, in the Jledley. confusion, mixture. (F. -L.)
sense 'mechanic art.' - O. F . meckanique, M. E. metllee. - A. F. medlee ; O. F. medle,
pi M
 MEDULLAR MEMENTO
melle, merle (fern . medlee, mellee , meslet ), (rom the honey in it.-Gk . piA' , honey;
pp. of the verb medler , to mix, confuSJ:. AQJT6s, lotus, clover.
See M eddl e. The fern. fo nn medlet = r. Meliorate, to make bet ter. (L. )
mdlle . From pp. of Late L. melioriire, to make
Medullar, belonging to the marrow. better. - L. melior, better. + Gk. paAAOJl,
(L.) L. medu llaris, adj. - L. medulla, ratber, compo of ptiAa, adv., very much.
marrow. Mellifluous, sweet. (L. ) Lit.' Row-
Meed. (E.) M. E. mede, meed. - A. S. ing sweetly,' ' Rowing like honey.' - L.
mid, besirle meord (with r for older z). melli·, dec!. stem oT mel, honey; -Jiuus,
+ G . m iellu, hire; Goth . mizrfij; Russ. Rowing, from jluere, to Row; see Fluent.
m z la , Gk . pH,96s, pay, Pers. muzd, wages. Cf. Gk. p. ' A" Goth. milith, Irish mil,
Idg. types *meizdhii, *mizdhii, *misdhos. W . met, honey.
Brugm. i. § 226. Mellow, fully lipe. (E.) M. E. mehue,
Meek. (Scand .) M. E. meke , meek ; orig. soft, pulpy. Pegge notes that. in
spelt meoc, Ormulum, 667. -Icel. mjiikr, Derbyshire, a mellow apple or pear is
sort, agil e, meek, mild; N. Fries. mjock , called a mealy one; and mtllow may be
Swed. mjuk , Dan . myg , soft. cr. Ou. an adjectival use of meal. The M. E .
m ll ik ; Goth. *miiks, in compo miik<1- me/we may represent A . S. me/w-, as in
modei, gentleness. Teut. types *meukoz, me/we, dat. of melu, meal. Cf. Du.
*mliko2. maisch, Low G. mals , soft, mellow; from
Meerschaum, a substance used for T eut. *malan-, to gn nd; see M eal ( r ) .
making pipes. (G .) G. meerschaum. lit. Note also Du. molmen , to moul<ler, mul,
sea-foam (because it is white and light). soft; Goth. gama lwiths, crushed; Du.
- G . meer , lake, sea; schaum, foa m, lit. 11UJllig, soft. See Franck, s. v. mollig.
scu m ; see Mer ) ( I) and Bourn. ~ Perhaps confused with O. Merc. merwe,
Meet ( I), fit. M. E. mete. A. S. gemet, tender (Mat. xxiv. 31 ) ; A. S. meant, G.
meet , fit (the prefix ge- making no differ- miirbe, mellow.
eoce). - A.S.melan, to mete. Cf. G.miissig, Melocotone, a qtlin c ~, a pear grafted
fr~gal, from messen, to mete. See Mete. on a quince. (Span. - L.- Gk.) In Nares.
Meet (2) , to encounter, find, assemble. Span. mtlocoton (Pineda) .- Late L. milum
(E. ) M. E . meten O. Merc. moetan; A. S. cotoneum (Ducange). - Gk. Pl1Aov KII&;,-
mila", to find, meet (for *molian ). Formed VIOV, a quince. See Quinoe.
hy mutation from A.S. 1II0t, a meeting, Melodrama. (F. -Gk.) Formerly
assembly.+lcel. ma la, mala, from mot; me/orlrame. - F. m!lorlrame, acting, with
Goth. gamotjan, Swed. mOta, Dan. mo'de, songs. - Gk. pIAO-S , a song; ~pO.pa, an
to meet. See Moot. action, drama; see Dra.ma..
Megatherium, a fossil quadruped, melody. (F.-L.- Gk. ) M.F.me!odie.
(Gk. ) Lit. ' great wild beast.' - Gk. pl-ya·s. - L. melodia. - Gk. pf)"tp ~ia, a singing. -
great; 9'1piov, dimin. of 9qp, a wild beast. Gk. PfAtpMs, adj , musical. - Gk. piA 'OS, a
mega.losaurus. (Gk.) Lit.' great song ; rP~q, a song, ode; see Ode.
li zard.' - G k. Pf.,tiAO-, dec!. stem allied to Melon, a frui t. (F .- L.-Gk.) O. F .
jlf-ya-s, great ; O'afipos, a lizard. melon. - L. mflOnem, acc. of milo, an
Megrim, a pain affecti ng one ~ ide of apple-shaped melon. - Gk . p;j)"ov, an
th e head. (F. - L. - Gk. ) F. migraine, apple, also applied to other fruits. Cf. 1..
, the megrim;' Cot. - Late L. hfmigriinea, malum , apple, prob. borrowed from Gk.
megrim. - Gk. r,JIoll(pO.VtOV, half of the Melt. (E. ) M. E. mellm, pI. t. mall ,
skull. - Gk. ;'P'·, half; KpaVIOV, cranium. pp. molten. A. S. meltan, pt. t. ,nealt. +
Melancholy, sadness. (F . -L.-Gk.) Gk. pIAaf"'. to melt. Allied to Skt.
Supposed to be due to an excess of' black mrdu, O. Slavonic mladtt, soft; Brugm.
bile.' M. E. melancolit. - O. F. melan- i. § 580, ii. § 690. (""MEL.) See Mild.
(olie . - L. melancholia. - Gk. pf)"a., X0)"ia, Member. (F. - L.) F. membre. - L.
melancholy. - Gk. PfAQ')'XOAOS, jaundi ced. membrum, a mem ber. Brugm . i. § R75.
- Gk. pIAav-, stem of piAas, black; XOAq, membrane. (F. - L.) F. membra11t.
bile, gall, cognate with E. gall. _ L. membrlina , a skin covering a mem ber
Melilot, a plant. (F. - L. -Gk .) M.F. of the body, a membrane.-L. membrum.
melilol (Cot.). - L. melilotos. - Gk. p.)"i. Memento, a memorial. (L.) L. '11(-
AQJTc.<, Pf>'(AQJTOV, a kind of clover, named mt'tlii (Luke xxiii ..41) , remember me ;
321
 MEMORY MERE
imperative of lIItllli"r, I remember; Brngm. menstruous. (L.) From I .. mm·
ii. § 8+6. (vMEN.) slru-us, monthly. - 1.. lIIuzsis, a month.
Memory. (F. -L. ) M. E. mtmorit. menstruum.. (L.) Late L. mt1t-
- A .F.memorie; F . mlmoire. - L .mtmoria, strlltllll, a solvent; a word in r.lchemy ;
memory. - L. memor, mindful, remember- from the Dotion of some connexioD of its
ing. This L. memor appears to be a re- action with' the phases of the moon.
duplicated form; cf. Gk. fl'P-fl'p-os,anxious, lIIensuration, measuring. (L.) From
flfp -'flJla, care, thought. Allied to Skt. L. mensuriitio, a measuring. - L. mel/sii-
smr, to remember. ( v'SMER.) ratus, pp. of mensuriire, to measure. - L.
memoir, a record. (F.-L.) Com- ntensura, measure; see Meuure.
moner in the pl.mt11loirs. - O. F . mtmoirts, Mental. (F.-L.) F. mmtnl. -Late
notes for remembrance, records; pI. of L . mentiilis, mental.-L. mellt-, skm of
memoi"e, memory (above). mms, mind. Brugm. i. § +31 (2 ).
Menace. ( F.-L.) O. F . mmace. - mention, a notice. ( F. - L. ) F. men-
L. pI. minocilZ, threats. - L. minac-, lio1l. _ L. acc. melltiollem. - L. me"Ii-,
stern of minax, full of threatenings, also, declo stem of mens, mind (above).
projecting forward. - L . milllZ, things Mentor, an adviser. (Gk.) Gk. Mi,,-
proj ecting forward, hanging over and TOJP, Mentor ( Homer, Od. ii) ; explained
ready to fall , hence threats. -L. -minere, as 'adviser '; cf. L. monitor (Vanicek).
as in e-minert, to project, jut out. See Monition.
Menagerie, a place for keeping wild Mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.
animals. (F. - L.) F. mlnagerie, orig. a (L. ) L. lIIepMtis (Vergil).
place for keeping 110lluhoid animals ( Bra- Mercantile, commercial. (F.-L.)
chet).-F. 1IIlnager, to keep house.-F. M. F. lIler(antil,' merchantly;' Cot. - Late
millage, O. F. mema,f{e, a household.- L. lIIercalltilis. - L. mercant-, stem of pres.
O . F. mtsllee, meisnee, maisnee, a family; pt. of meruir/, to trade . - L. merc-, stem
the same word as Late L. ma"s'lada, of 11ltrx, merchandise. Cf. Gk. JU¥JfTf ... ,
maisnada, masnata, Ital. masnada, a to seize (Prellwitz).
family (answering to a Lat. type *mansio'l- mercenary. ( F.-L.) F. merretlaire.
ata). - L. ntm,sioll-, stem of ma1lsio, an - L. merceniirius, older form mercem'ii-
abiding, abode; see Mansion. rillS, a hireling. For *merctd-1Io,.i,.s;
Mend. (F.-L.) M. E. mendm, short from merced-, stem of mercis, pay.- :~ .
for M. E. nlllendm , to amend, by loss of a ; merc- , stem of merx, merchandise.
see Amend. mercer. (F. - L.) F. mercier, lit. ' a
Mendacity. ( L.) From L. mendii· trader.'-Late L. merceriltS, a trader. -L.
citiis, falsehood . - L. lIIe11diic-, stem of mere· , stem of merx, merchandise.
mendax, false. merchandise. (F. - L. ) M. E. mar-
Mendicant, a beggar. (L.) L. ntt1Zdi- rhandise. - F . marchandiu, merchant's
canto, stem of pres. pt. of nundicare, to wares. - F . marchand, a merchant
beg. - L mendicus, beggarly, poor. (below).
Menial, one of a household, servile. merchant. (F.-L.) M. E. mar-
(F. - L .) Properly an adj . ; M. E. mly- chant. - M. F. ma"chant (F. marchalld). -
neal, as ' her meyne,,! chirche '= the church L. mercnnt-, stem of pres. pt. of merror/,
of their household, WyC\if, Rom. xvi. 5.- to trade ; see Mercantile.
o F. mesnee, nuiS1ue, a household; mercury, quicksilver. (F.-L. ) M.E.
whence M. E. mt inee, ntainee, a house- merrun'e, quicksilver, named after the
hold, troop, retinue, once a common planet Mercury. - A. F. Afercurie; F .
word; with suffix -al. See Menagerie. mercure . - L. Mercurium , acc. of Mercur·
Meniver, lIIiniver, a kind of fur. ius, Mercury, god of traffic. -L. men -,
(F. - 1..) M. E. meniuer (meniver). - stem of "le"X, merchandise.
O. F . menu vel', multi vair, miniver; lit. mercy. ( F. -L. ) F .merri;O . F.
, little vair.' - O . F . menu, small, from L. mercit. - L. merc(dem, acc. of mercis; see
minutlls, small; vair, a fur, from L. mercenary.
tlan'lIs, variegated . See Minute and Vair. Mere ( I ) , a lake. (E.) M. E. mere.
Menses. ( L.) L. menses, monthly A. S. mere, sea, lake, m.; orig. type *mari.
discharges; pI. of mm.sis, a month. n.+Du. met1'; Ice!. mart', sea; G. metr,
Allied to Month. sea; Goth. marti, Russ. more, 1.ithuan.
 MERE METAL
mares, pl~ W. fIIBr, Gael. Irish muir, L. midc1le, cognate with L. 1IIedius; f"T'PO",
1llart, sea. entrail. See Mid and Entra.il.
Kere ( 2), pure, simple. (L.) L. mems, Mesh, the opening between the threads
pure, un mixed (as wiDe) . of a net. (E. ) M. E. maske. A . S. max
Kerelles, a game. (F.) From F. ( = *masc, by the common interchange ol
mtrd le, a counter; Low L . merellus. Of sc and cs = x ) ; cf. A. S. mascre, a mesh,
unknown origin. dimin. form. + Du. 1IIaas, lce!. lIIijskvi,
Meretricious, all uring by false show. Dan . maske, Swed. maska, G . lIIasc/le, \ V.
(L. ) L. meretrici·tts, pertaining to a cour- masg . Orig. sense 'a knot,' from the
tes3n; with suffix - OilS. - L. meretric-, stem knot,; in a net; cf. Lithuan. 1IIazga.f, n
of meretrix, a courtesan,- L. 1Ilerere, to knot, mag" /as, a knitting-needle, alli ed to
gain, recei ve hire. lIIegsti, verb (pres. t. mezg' u ), to knot,
Merge, to sink, plunge under water. weave nets. From an I dg. root *1/Iezg, to
(L.) L. lIIerg(r~, to dip. + SkI- mal], to weave. Brugm. i. § 816 (2).
dip, bathe. Brugm. i. § 816. Mesmerise, to operate on the nervous
Meridian, pertaining to mid-day. (F. system of a patient. (G.) Named from
-L. ) O. F. 1IIeriJim. -L.meridiamls. - M esmer, a German physician (about 1766) .
L. meridies, mid·day; formed from the Mess ( I) , a dish of meat, portion of
old locati ve meri-die, as if meaning' in the foo d. (F.-L.) M . E. messe.-O. F .lIIes,
clear day ,' from L. merus, clear, dies, day; a di ,;h, course at table (now spelt 1IIels,
but really for *medf-die, from medius, mid . badly) . Cf. Ital. messo, a course at table.
Brugm. i . 587 (7). -0. F. mes, that which is sent, pp. of
Kerino, a variety of sheep. (Span. - mettre, to send. - L. missttm, ace . (or nellt. )
L.) Span. 11Ierino, roving from pasture to of misstts, pp. of mitten, to send; in late
pasture. - Span. merino, an inspector of Lat., to place. See Missile .
sheep-walks. - Late L. majorinus, a major- . Kess (2 ) , a mixture, disorder. (E. )
domo, steward of a household; cf. Late L. A corruption of the older form mesh,
majoriilis, a head-shepherd. From L. which again stands for mash , sb. • lI-les-
maior, greater; see Major. co/are, to mixe, to maslt, to mesh;' Florio.
Kerit, excellence, worth. (F.-L. ) , Mesco/anza, a medlie, a mesh, a mixture;'
M. E. merite. -0. F. merite. - L. meritlllll, id. See Mash.
a thing deserved; orig. neut. of lIlerittts, Kessage. (1'.- L.) F . message. -
pp. of merire, to deserve; orig. 'to receive Late L. missaticum, a message. - L.
as a share,' if it is alIied to Gk. I'Jpor, misSlts, pp. of mit/ere, to send. Dcr.
a share, IldpoJl.'l" I receive a share. messenger, with inserted n, for M. E.
Kerle, a blackbird. (F. -L.) O. F. messager, formed from message with
merle.-L. merIda, a blackbird. Cf. W. suffix -~r.
mwyalch, a blackbird. See Titmouse. .essia.h, tbe anointed one. (Reb.)
merlin, a kind of hawk. (F.-L.?) Reb . maskfakh, anointed. - Reb. mashaklt ,
M. E. mer/ion. - M . F. esmn-illon, emeri/- to anoint.
ion, 'the hawk termed a marlin;' Cot. Kessuage, a dwelling-house with
Cf. Ita!. smer/o, a kind of hawk. Prob. offices. (F.-L.) M. E. memage.-A. F.
from L . merula, a blackbird; the initi,al s mesllage, a manor-honse; Low L. messua-
being unoriginal (Diez). gillm , mansuagium. - Late L. mallsio1W-
Kerma.id. (E.) M. E. mermaid.- tiCltm, a mansion; prob. shortened by
A. S. mere, sea, lake; 1II0!gden, maiden. confusion with mansiiticum, acc . of matts ·
Kerry. (E.) M . E. merie, mirie. iiticus, a mansion. - L. mansiUnem , ncc.
A. S. lIIyrge, myrige (m;rige ), merry. Cf. of mansio, a mansion; confus~d with
O. H. G. murgfa7'i, fragile, transitory; Late L. mansa, with a like sense nnd
Gk. f3po.XrJr, short; so that A. S. myrg-e origin. See Ma.nsion and Ma.nse.
(for *murgjoz) means 'lasting a short time,' Keta-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. Ilha, prep ..
and so ' making the time short.' Cf. Goth . among, with, after ; as a prefix, it com-
.f[rI/JIaurgjan, to shorten. Brugm. ii. § 104. monly signifies' change.' +Goth. fIIil/,
Der. mirth. A. S. mid, G. mit, with; Ice!. lIIetJ.
Kesentery. (L.-Gk.) L. mmnter- Ketal ( F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. metal. -
illm . - Gk. IlfafJ'T'pIO", a membrane in O. F. m~/a/. -L. 1Iuta/lUtll, a mine , metal.
the midst of the intestines. - Gk. ilIa-os, -Gk. IlfTaUOV, a cave, mine, mineml
 METALLURGY MEW
metal. Allied to ",oTaAAaOJ, I sean;h ,jYl/call , to seent + 0 . Sax . tilUl/kial/, k el.
after, explore. jykkja, Goth . th /lgkjall, i. e. *thtmkjall , G.
metallurgy, a working in metals. diil/km, to seem. Allieu ( uy grad at ion)
(F. - L.-Gk. ) O.F. metallll rgie.-Late to A . S. j anc, a th ough t, and jeucall, to
L. *metallttrgia. - Gk. ",oraAAol1p..,or, adj., thi nk. See 'I'hank, Think.
working in mt tals. - Gk. ",fraAAo-v,metal; Method. ( F . -L.-Gk .) M.F. lIIethode,
'nov, work; see Work. ~ L. It = Gk. 'a method ;' C ot. - L . methodlls. - Gk .
011<00 . ,.. .eo~or, an enq uiry into, meth ocl, system.-
Metamorphosis, transformation. (L. G k. ,..oe·, for ,...r-a , among, after; tlMr, a
- Gk.) L. metamorphosis. - Gk. ",om,..up- way; the lit. sense is ' a way after,' a fol-
.pOJutr, a change of form. - Gk. ,..OTa , here lowing after. (.vSED.)
denoting 'change ' ; and 1l0p<f>uOJ, I form, Methylated, used of spiJits of wine
from ,..op<f>r" sb., shape. when mi xed with met hy l to make it un-
Metaphor. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. meta- d rinkable. lL. - Gk .) F ormed with suffix
pl,on, , metaphor; ' Cot. - L. lIIetaphora. ·ated from methyl, mean ing a gas procured
- G k. ,..om</> opa, a transferring of a word by the destructive distillat ion of wood.
from its literal signification . - G k. ,..ora- Methyl is a Latinised spelling coined from
</> .PEtV, to transfer. - Gk. ",<To. , sign ifying Gk. ,..oe' ( = ,..fTd, by means of), and vA""
, change' : </>fPEtV, to bear; see Bear ( I ). wooci .
Metaphrase. (Gk.) From Gk. ""Ta- Metonymy, Ihe putting of one word
</>pautr , a para phrasing; lit. change of for another. \L. - <, k.) L. metollymia.-
phrase. - G k. ,..oTa, signifying 'change ' ; G k. ,..fTOJVl1pia , change of name. - Gk.
and </>pO.utr, a ph rase ; see Phrase. ,..fTa, implying' ch nnge ' ; ovo,..a, name.
Metaphysics, the science of mind. Metre, Meter, rhythm , verse. (1:'. -
(L. - Gk .) F ormerly also metaphysic. - L. - Gk .) M. E. melre. - M. F. metre,
L. lIIetaphysica, neut. pI. metaphysics.- , llleeter;' Cot. - L. mef1'1111l . - Gk. ""rpov,
Gk. ,..'To. TO. </> I1Ut"a, after physics ; because that by which anyth ing is measured, a rule,
the study was supposed to follow that of metre. Lit.' measure;' cf. Skt. mo, to
physics or natural science. measure. See Brugm . ii. § 61 . Der.
Metathesis. (L.-Gk.) L. metathe- baro·meter, chrollo-meter, geo-metr)', hexa-
sis. - G k. ,..orae'Utr, transposition. - Gk. meter, hydro-meter, I')'gro·meter, petlta-
,..'Ta, im plying ' change ' ; e'Utr, a placing; meter, thermo- meter, tngono·metl'Y, tri-
see Thesis. meter, &e.
Mete, to measure. (E.) M. E . melm . Metropolis, a mother-city. (L. - Gk.)
A. S. meta", to measure. + Du . meten, Ice!. L. metropolis. - Gk. "''1rpo7roA/r, a mother·
meta (to value), Swed. mata , Goth. mita1l, state; the city ofa primate.- C k. ,..r,TpO·,
G. messe1l. Cf. L. modus, measure , Gk. for ,..~r",p, a mother; .6Atr, a city. See
,...~ - opat, I provide for. (.vMED.) Mother and Police.
Metempsychosis, transmigration of lIIettle, spirit , ardour. (F.-L.-Gk.)
souls. I Gk .) Gk. ,..fTf,..I{IvXOJulr. - Gk . ,..OT- Another spelling of metal; in Shakespeare,
op!fI1XoOJ, I make the soul pass from one no distinction is made between the two
body to another. - Gk. ,..fr.a, den oting words in old editions, either in spelling or
' change ' ; ''''- (for lV), in, into; 1{1I1X'r" the in use (Schmidt). With special allusion to
soul. See Psychical. the metal (or 1IIettle) of a sword-blade.
Meteor. (F.-Gk.) M. F. 11leteore,' a Mew ( I ) . to cry as a cat; a word of
meteor;' Cot. - Gk . ,..orfOJpov, a meteor; imitative origin. (E.) M. E. 11lawen. +
neut. of adj. ,..fT'OJpor, raised above the Pers. lI~a w, Arab. 1IIua , mewing of a cat.
earth, soaring in air. - Gk. ,...ra, among ; Der. ml!1tJI, from F. lIIiauler, to mew.
*iiFopor, prob. from af'PO"', to lift (see Mew ( 2), a sea·gull. (E.) M. E.1Ilawe.
P rellwitz) . A . S. 11Idw, 1Iliaw, mitt, a mew. + N.
Metheglln, mead. (W.) W. medd· Fries. mlwe, E. Fries. lJIeve, Du. 11leeuw,
yglyn , mead , lit. mead· liquor. - W . 11udd, Icel. mar, Dan. maage, Swed. make, G.
mead; Ily1t , liquor. See M ead ( I). tIliiwe. Cf. O. H. G. lIlih, a mew.
Methinb. (E.) Lit.' it seems tome ;' Mew ( 3), a cage for hawks, &c. ( F .
here tile is the dat. case, and tkiuks is an L. ) The pI. 1Ile'W$ now means a range of
impers. verb, from M. E . jinkm, to seem. stabling, because the royal stables were
A. S. mi }Y1Ue4, it seems to me; from rebuilt l Ao D. '534) in a place where the
 MEWL MIGHT
royal falcons had ueen kept (Stow j. / midditzg .-Dan. llliidding l for *miigdynge).
M. E. lIuwe, mile, a .:age where hawks : - Dan. mog- (Icel. myk. , muck; Dan.
i
were kept when moul ting. - O. F. 11ltU , a dynge, a heap; lit. • muck-heap'). Dan.
moulting, also a mew for hawks; G uernsey I dytzc4'"e=S werl . dynga, dung; allied to E .
mItt, :t mew. - F. mIter, to change, mou lt. ) dU1lg. Anrl see Muck.
- 1,. mlttlire, to change. Der. mew-s, as Kiddle, adj. , intervening; also as sb.
above. See Mutable . (E. ) M. E. mitidel, adj. ; mirldel, sb.
lIIewl; see Mew ( I). A.S. m iddel, adj. and sb.-A. S. midd,
Mews; see Mew (3). adj. , middJe.+Du. middd, adj. adv. and
Mezzotinto, a mode of engraving. sb.; G. mittel, sb., means; O. H. G.
(Ita!' -L.) Ital. mezzo tinto, half tinted. mittil, adj. Cf. Icel. me6al, prep. , among.
- Ita!' mezzo, mid ; tin to, pp. of tingere, to D er . lIliddl-ing; middle·most, an iIl·coined
tint. - L. medius, mid; lillgere, todip, dye. supe rl ative, on the model of alter-most,
Kiasma., pollution , infectious matter. loremost.
(Gk.) Gk. l'i(J(fJll1, a stain. - Gk. I'lcU"Wf, midri1f, the diaphragm separating the
to stain. heart from the stomach, &c. (E.) M. E.
Kica., a glittering mineral. (L.) 'Mica, midnf. A. S. midril, also midhrif.-
a crum, little quantity of anything that A. S. mid, middle ; hn/, the belly. +
breaks off; also, a glimmer, or cat-silver, O. Fries. midrif, from mid, midrlle, t-ef,
a metallick body like silver, which shines t-i/, the belly; Du. mitidel-nf. With A . S.
in marble,' &c.; Phillips (1706) . -L. mica, hrif cf. L. corp· us, body.
a crumb; cf. F. and Span. mica, mica. midship, short for amid-ship ; hence
Hut it seems to have been applied to the midship-man.
mineral from the notion that this sb. is midst, the middle. (K ) b. lIlitidesl,
related to L. ",icare, to shine, which is Spenser, F. Q. vi. 3. 25; formed, with
probably not the case. added t, from M. E. in middes, equivalent
lIIich, to skulk, play tmant. (E.) M. E. to amiddes: see Amid.
muchen, to pilfer. A. S. *myccan ; not midwife. (E.) M. E. lIlidwz/; rarely
found , but allied to G . lIleuchlings, insidi- medewif (Wyclif), from a false etymology
ol1sly. Der. mich-t!r, mich-ing (Shak.) . which connected it with M. E. mede or
lIIicha.elmas, the feast of St. Michael. meed, reward. - A. S. mid, prep., together
(F. - H eb. ; alld L.) M. E. 1Ilichelmesse; with; ttJif, a woman. Thus the lit. sense is
where Michel = F. Michel, from Heb. 'a woman who is with another,' a helper.
jj,fikhiiel, lit. ' who is like unto God?' Cf. A. S. mr:d-wyrcall, to work with. So
The suffix -Illas - M. E.messe = A.S.m<zsse; also Span. co-mad/-e, lit. 'co-mother,' a
from 1.. missa; see Mass (2) . midwife. Cf. Du. mede1lt/pen, to assist
lIIickle, great. (E.) M. E. mike!, (from mede, with, he/pm, to help) ; G.
m"kel, michel.mtlchel. _ A .S.micel (mycel). mit-heifer, a helper with, assistant.
+ Ice\. mikill (mykill), Goth. mikils : Gk. Kidge. (E. ) M. E. 1Iligge, lIlygge.
1"'Ya~f/. great. Cf. also Gk. 1"'Yos, great, A. S. micg, better mycg, a mirlge, gnat.
L. magnus. See Much. + D u. mug, Low G. 11t"gge, Swed. mygg,
lIIicrocosm, a little world. (F. - L. - Dan . my/{, G. mucke. Teut. type · mugja,
Gk.) F. mia·ocosme. -L. microcosmus.- f.,or ·mul:joz, m. ; prob. 'buzzer;' cf. Gk.
Gk. I'lltp/"'O<1I'OS , a little world. - Gk. I'v("" , to mutter, I'vi'a, a fly (Prellwitz) ;
fUllpO-S, littl e, for UJlIltpOS, little; IC/'UI'OS , also leel. mj, a midge;
world ; see Cosmetic. Kidri:ff, lIIidship, Kidst, Kid-
microscope, an instrument for view- wife; see Mid.
ing small objects. (Gk.) Gk. l"ltpO-S, lIIieD, look. (F . -C.) F. I1lit'c. 'the
little; UltO,,-."', to see; see Scope. look;' Cot. (Whence Ital. milla ; Hatz-
lIIid, middle. (E.) M. E. mid . A. S. feld .) Prob. from Hret. mitt, muzzle,
mid, midd, adj. + Du. Dan . Swed. mid- beak (also used of men). Cf. W . ,"itz,
(in compounds) ; Ice!. mitJr, Goth. mid/is, lip ; Ir. men, mouth; Com. meitz. men ,
O. H . G. mitti, L. medius, Gk. I" UOS, lip, mouth (Thumeysen). Celtic ty pe
rEolic Jlluuos, Skt. madhya-, adj., middle. ·makna (·mekno- ), open mouth (Stokes).
Cf. Ir. mid-, as in mid-,tOg(, midnight. ) Kight ( I ), strength . (E. ) M. E. mi jt.
See Medium, Middle . A. S. millt; O. Mere. maht. + Du. ma,l{t,
KiddeD, a dunghill . (Scand.) M. E. I Ice!. //Ilillr. Dan . Swed. magi, Goth.
3 z6
 MIGHT MINCE
lIlah/s, G. mad,t. Teut. type *mah -tiz, Lit.' bread sopped in milk;' her.ee, a soft
f.; from the verb *mag-an-. See May ( 1). fellow. - M. E. milk, milk ; soppe, a sop;
Kight (2) , pt. t. of may. (E. ) See see Sop.
May ( I ). lIIfill. (1..) M.E.miln , myl,t,mulne;
lIIignonette, a plant. (F. ) F. whence mille, mulle, by assimilation of n .
mig1toltelte, dimin. of mt"g1tOn, darling; A. S. myln, mylm. - Late 1.. lIlulina, for
see Minion. molina, a mill; extended from mola, a
Kigrate. (L.) Frompp.ofL.migrar~, mill. See Molar.
to wander. Cf. Gk. all.18.,,,, to chauge. lIIfillennium, a thousan d ye:m. (L. )
JIilch; see Milk. 1.. millennium. - L. mille, thousand j
JIild. (E.) M. E. mild, milde. A. S. a,mus, year j see Annual.
milde.+Du. mild, I ce!. mildr, Dan. Swed. lIIfillet, a plant. (F . - L.) F . lJIillet j
G . mild; O . Sax. mildi, O.H.G. milti. dim in. of mil, millet.-L. milium, millet
Goth. -milds, in wI-millis, without natural (whence A. S. mil, millet).+Gk. Il''';'''' ,
affection. Perhaps allied to Gk. p.aJ.6ruc6r, millet.
soft, mild, O. Irish meld, pleasant. Brugm. lIilliner. (ltal.) Formerly also
i. § 591. millamr (Ben Jonson) . Disputed j but
lIIfildew. (E.) M. E. me/dew. A. S. certainly for Milaner, a dealer in gom's
me/edlaw, mildlaw, lit. honey-dew. - A. S . brought from lI-lilatt, in Italy.
mele, mil, allied to 1.. mel, honey; dlaw, Killion,a thousand thousand. (F. - 1..)
dew. So also Irish milceog, mildew j from F. millio,.; Late L. 1IIi/lio, lit. 'great
mil, honey. And cf. Gk. Il""" honey. thousand,' an augmentative form. - L.
lIIfile. (1..) M. E . mile. A. S. mil.- 1IIille, thousand. Der. Hence b-il/ioll,
1.. pI. milia, commonly mil/ia, a Roman tr-illiolt, quadr-illioll are formed , by a
mile. - 1.. mille, sing., a thousand; whence
mille (pI. millia ) lassullm, a thousand
I
sort of analogy, in order to express shortly
the ideas of bi-milliolt, tri-lIIillion, &c_;
paces, a Roman mile. Cf. Du. mijl, G. where bi- means ' to the second power,'
lIleile, Swed. mil, Dan. miil; all from 1.. not' twice.'
milfoil, yarrow. (F.-I..) Lit.' thou- JIilt (I ) , the spleen . (E.) M. E.lIlilte.
sand- leaf.' - F. mille, thousand; A. F. A. S. milte. + Dn. milt, Icel. milti, Dan .
joil/e, Ffeuille, leaf. - Late L.lIIillifolitl7n, milt, Swed. mjiille, the spleen; G. milz ,
mil foil. - L. mille, thousand; folium, leaf; O. H . G. milzi, milt. From the verb to
see Foil ( 2). melt in the sense to digest; cf. Ice!. melfa
JIilitate, to contend. (L.) F rom pp. ( I) to malt, (2) to digest. See Melt. '
of L. militare, to serve as a soldier. - 1.. JIilt ( 2) , soft roe. (Scand.) A corrnp-
milito, stem of miles, a soldier. tion of milk,due to confusion with milt (1).
militia, troops. (1..) 1.. militia, ( 1) M. E. mylke of fyshe; Vocab. 591. 16. -
warfare, (2) troops. - 1.. milit-, stem of Swed. mjolke, milt, from miolk, milk;
miles, a soldier. Dan. fiske71lelk, soft roe of fi shes, lit. ' fish-
Kilk. (E.) M. E. milk. O . Mere. mile milk; ' G. fisehmilch, milt. Cf. M. Du.
(Sweet, O . E. T.) ; A. S. meolc, meolue.+ melcker vatt un viseh, , the milt of a fish,'
Du. me/k , O. Sax. milttk; Icel. 1iljolk, H exham.
Dan . me/k, Swed. 71I:fOlk; Goth. miluks, Kimic. (L .-Gk.) L.mimieus,farcical.
G . milch. Teut. stem *meluk-, fern. Allied - Gk. 1l'I.ltlc6r, imitative. - Gk. IlIp.OS, an
to the old strong Teut. vb. *me/k-an-, as imitator, actor, mime.
seen In A. S. me!can, Du. and G . melkm, Kinaret, a turret on a mosque. (Span,
to stroke a cow, milk; allied to Gk. -Arab.) Span. minarele, a h igh slender
all."'Y.... , 1.. mulglre, to milk, Lith. milsz- turret. - Arab. manarat, a lamp, light-
Ii, to stroke, to milk; O . Irish bHg-im, I house, minaret. - Arab. manar, candle-
milk. (.vM EL G .) stick, lamp, lighthouse. Allied to Arab.
milch, milk-giving. (E.) M.E milche, 1wr, fire.+Heb. manorah, a candlestick;
me/ehe, adj.; cf. A. S. mile-en, adj., from ttiir, to shine.
milky. + Icel. milkr, mjolkr, adj., milk- Kince, to cut up small. (F.-I..)
giving, from mjalk, milk. So also G. M.E. lIlinctn.-M.F. mincer, O .F. mincier,
me/k, adj., milch. to mince; cf. mince, adj., small. _ Late 1..
milksop, an effeminate man. (E.) *lIlilliilil'1"e, to mince (Schwan, § 199);
M.E. milksoppe,Ch.C. T. 13916 (B3IOO). from Late L. miniitia, a small piece.-L.
32 7
 MIND MINUS
mimi/us, small. Cf. A. S. miltsiall, to I small. - L. mht-ima, very small ; superl.
diminish. See Minish. D er.minet-pie, for- ,I fern. allied to mitt-or, less. See M i nor.
merly 1IlitlCCd-/,ie, i.e. pie of minced meat. lIIinion, a favourite. (F.) F. mignon,
I
Mmd. ( E.) M.E.mind. A .S.gemynd, sb., a fav ourite. - F . m igtW1t, adj., miuion,
memory. _ A. S. t/tlmall , to think ; gelllull- dainty, also pleasing, kind . Of doubtful
an, to remember (whence gemynd for *ga I origin. Cf. G.1Il;'me, love; see Minikin.
1IlImdi-, by mutation) .+ Goth. ga-tmmds, Or from Celt. min-, small (K arting) _
f., remembrance. T eut. type *mundi-, Minish, to lessen. (F. -L.) M. E-
for *11l1mt/Ii-, by Verner's law; Idg. type lIIenusen. - F. mem,iser , to mini sh (answer-
1IJ3ntf- (cf. L.lIIenl-is,gen. of mens, mind; ing to Late L. *1Ililliiliare). - L. milllitus,
Skt. mati-, mind ) . From the weak grade small; sec M inute. Doublet, minu.
of .vMEN , to think. Brugm. i. § 431- minister. (F . -L.) M_ E. mittistre.
Mine (I ) , belonging to me. ( E.) M. E. - F. minis/re. - L. acc. minis/mill; nom.
lIIill, pI. mille; often shortened to my. minister, a servant. L. min-is-ter is
A. S. 1JIln, poss. pron . (d<!clillablel , from formed with suffix -ter from *min-es,
111'n, gen . of 1st pers. prononn . + Goth. allied to mitt-or, smaller ; from the base
meills, poss. pron ; allied to meilla, gen. min- , small; see Minor.
case of 1st pers. pronoun; so in other Tent. Miniver; see Meniver.
tongues. C f. L. metlS. See Me. Minnow, a small fi sh. (E.) M. E.
m y. (E.) M.E. mi. my; short for 1JIC1l0W. A.S. 1JIyne, a minnow; cf.O.H.G.
lIIin (above), by loss of final 1:. Der. tlltmiwa, a minnow (Kluge). ~ We
Illy-self, M. E. mi-selj, form erly me-self. find another word, viz. M. E. 1IlC1lttSe ,
Mine (2), to excavate. (F.-C.) F . a small fish; from O. F. mem,ise,:t small
1IJiller. Of Celtic origi n. Cf. Bret. mett- fish. - L ate L. type *millidia. - L.1JIimitlls,
glmz, a mine (cf. c/euz, hollow) ; \ V. minute, small; see Minute.
1J/WIl , ore, a mine, 1J/7Cm-glawdd, a mine Minor, less. (L .) L. mht-or, less; the
\cf. clawdd, a pit) , O. W. mwyn, ore positive form occu rs in A. S. mitt (?), Irish
(Da vies) ; Irish 1JIein, ore ; Gael. mein, min, small.+Icel. mimtr, adv., less; Goth.
meill1t, ore, a mine (Thurneysen) . Celtic lI:i1tniza, less . Drugm. i. § 84.
type *1IICi1ti, ore (Stokes) . Minster. (L. - Gk.) A . S. mymler;
mineral. (F. - C.) M.F.lIlineral, I a cf. O. H . G. 1Il/1nis/ri. From L. 1/Ionaster-
minerall; ' Cot. - F . tlliner,tomine (above) . it/til; see Monastery.
Cf. Span. tIIine1'a , a mine. Minstrel. (F. -L.) M. E . ministral,
Minever; see Meniver. or menes/ral. - O. F. lIlelles/1'el, 1/Icms!1'al.
Mingle, to mix. (E.) A frequentative - Late L. 1Iiinist1'iilis, :t se n'ant, retainer,
form of ming, to mix (Surrey) ; M. E. hence one who played instruments or
II/engen , mingell, to mix. A. S . 1I11ugan, acted as jester. - L. minister, a servant;
to mix, to become mixed; a causal verb. see Minister. Der. lIlinstrel-cy, M. E.
- A. S. 1/Iang, a mixture, usually gemang, minsI1'alcie.
/fell/o1tg . a mixture, crowd, assembly. + Du. Mint ( I ) , a place where money is coined.
lIlmgelm, to mingle, from lIlengen, to mix; (L.) M. E. mi11/, myl/t. A. S. lIlyne/ ;
Icel. mel/ga, G. me1Ig<!1t, to mingle_ See cf. O. H . G. 1l11mizz(I (G . 1ltiillzc). From
Among, Monger. L. moneta, (1) a mint, (2) money (Pogat-
Miniature, '. small ?ainting_ (Ital. - scher) . "Iollita was a surname of ] uno ,
L.) Ital. miniatu1'a, a miniature. - ItaL in whose temple at Rome money was
1IIillialo, pp. of mi1tiare, to dye, paint, cointd. -L. mOllin , to warn; Brllgm. ii.
I to colour or limne with vermilion or red I § 79· See Money.
lead;' Florio. - L. minium , cinn abar, red Mint (2), a plant. (L. - Gk ,) A. S.
lead; sai d to be of Iberian origin. min/e. - L. men/a, melll/la. - Gk. p.lvOa,
Minikin, a little darl ing. (Du.) Used mint.
b)' Florio, to translate Ital. lIIignolle. - Du. Minuet, a dance. (F. - L. \ So called
milluekyn, a cupi d . (Se wel ) ; M. Du_ 1from the small steps taken ill it. - M.F.
1JIillnekell, my darl ing, dimin. of 1IIi1111e, l mcl1uiit, smalli sh, little, prett)';' Cot.
I

love , llexham !. Cf. O. H. G. milll/a, love; Dimin. ofM . F. mC1lU, small. - L. mimi/liS,
allied to Mind. (.vMEN.1 I small; see Minute.
Minim, a note ill music; 1J'"D'th of a minus, less. (L.l Neut. of minor,
drachm. (F. -L.) O. F . miltilll':, lit. very less ; see Minor.
3 28
 MINUTE MISPRISE
minute, sb. (L. ) M. E. miltute, sb. mell<)s-, from L. mi""s, less ; with the
- I . ",illllla, a small part; orig. fern . of sense of' bad.' Fre<:luently confus~d with
milllillls. sm, l1 , pp. of 11li1ltJere, to make tbe prefix above. Der. m is-advenlure
small. - L. min-, small; base of m in-or, (q. v.), -al/ianr~, -dlalll"e (q. v.l, -chief
kss . See M inor. (q. v. ), -COUllt (q. v. ), -creant (q. v. ), -1l01ller
Jll[in%, a pert wanton woman. (Low G .) (q. v. ), -pn'se (q. v.\
Low G. minsk, ( I ) masc. a man , ( 2) neut. Misadventure. (F. - L.) O. I' .
a pert femal e. Cr. G. lIlensdl, neut ., a lIlesavutlure; see Mis- ( z) and Adven-
wench . The G. mensch was orig . an adj., ture.
from 1IIam" a man. Cr. A. S. mmnisc, Misanthrope. (Gk. ) Gk. fUl1uv9pru -
human; from maWI . a man. Sec Man. 1fDr, adj., hating mank ind. - Gk. fUl1 -'IV,
Miocene, less r ecent. (Gk.) Gk'I'Eio-, to hate, from 1'111-0', hatred; o.V9POl1fOS, a
for pAOl" . less; Itruv-6" new, recent. man . D e,r., lIIisant/l1'op-ic, -ist, -y (Gk.
Miracle. (F.-L.) F. mirac/e. - L. I'tl1aV9pOlTrw ·.
III idim 111111 , a wonder. - L. m,rar" to Miscellaneous, various. ', I..: L
wonner at. - L. mirtlS, wonderful. Cr. Skt. misce/liine-tls; \I ith suffix -Otis. - J •. 1IIis-
s",aya-, wonder, from smi, to smile. Allied cellus, mixed. - L. lIlisclre, to mi x; see
to Smile. Brugm. i. § 389. Mix.
mirage. (F.-L. ) F. mirage, an Mischance. ( F. -L.) M. E. and
opt ical il1usion. - F. mirer, to l ook at. - O. F. meschance; see Mis- ( z) and
L. mi,.ar: (ahove). Cha.nce.
Mire, <leep mud. (Scand.) M. E. mire, Mischief. (F . -L. ) M. E. mesrhie/
lIIyre. -Icel. 1IIyrr, m od. mjri, a bog; - 0 . F . lIIeschiej, a bad result. Cr. Span.
Swcd. myra , Dan. myre, ",yr, a bog-. + menos -cabo, diminution, loss. See Mi s-
O. H. G. mios, M . H . G . mies, moss, (z) and Chief.
swamp. Teut. base *lIleIIS' > *1Ileuz-. M i scount. (F.-L.) O. F . 1IICS(01lt&r;
Allied to Moss. see Mis- ( z ~ and Count.
Mirror. (1'.-1..) M.E. mirour. - Miscreant,a wretch . (F . -I..) Orig .
O . F. mireDI', later miroir, a looking-glass, an unbeliever, infidel. - M. F . mescrea'lt,
mirror (answerin g to Late L lIliriitorium ). ' misbelieving ;' Cot. Here mes- < J ,.
- Late L. mirare, to behold; L. mlriiri . m illus; see Mis- ( z) . C,·ta"t is from L.
!)ee Mira.cle. rrldent-, stem of pres. pt. of cri dere. to
Mirth. (E. ) M. E. mirtlze. A. S. believe. Cf. Tt a1.miscredmte, misbelieving;
1IIyrgd, mi"htJ, mingu, mirth. - A. S. myrge, and E. re-creant. See Creed.
merry. See M erry. Miser, a niggJird. (1..) Also 'a wretch ';
Mis- ( I ), prefix. (E.) The A. S . mis- Spenser, F. Q. ii. I. 8. - L.miser, wrekhed .
occms in mis-diM, a mi, deed, and in Cf. Ital. and Span. misero ( I) wretched, (2)
other compounds. It answers to Du. avaricious.
Dan . Ice!. mis-, Swed. G . miss-, Goth. miserable. (F.-I.. ) M .F . 1IIiserab/e.
1IIissa. , with the sense of 'w rong.' T eut. - L. miserifbilis, pitiable. - L . miserari, to
t ype "misso- ; Idg. type *mit-to-; allied pity. - 1.. miser, wretched.
to O. H . G. midan (G. meiden), to avoid; Mishap. (Scand .) M. E. mishappm.
Lat. mitten, to send away, 1'1'. misms. " erb, to fall out ill; see Mis- ( I ) and
]~ rl1gm. i. § 79+. D er . mis-become. -behave, Hap.
-believe, -deed, -deem, -do, ·g£ve, -lay , -lead, Mishna, a dige't of Jewish tradi tions.
-like, -lIa1lle, -shape, -tillie, -tmderstalld. ( Heb.) Heh. 111 ish'Ulh , a rCI 'etition, a
Also prefixed to words of F. and 1,. ori gin, second part. - Heb. root slziiniih, to
a5 in lIIis-appty, -rakulale, -cm'"ry, -{o1lcdve, repea t.
-(olldllct. -collstrue, -date, ·demeal/our. -elll- Misnomer, a misnaming. (F. - J .. )
plo), , ~!orlllJ/ e. -gave,.,l. ~!(llide, -i11/orlll, It answers to an O. French lIlCS1l0m1llcr,
-illterprel, jurlge, -pla,-e.-prilll, -/,rolloll1ue, to misname ; used as a 5h. wit h the sense
-,/llole, .rep,-esellt, -rllle, . spend, -Ierm. -tlse, 'a m isnaming.' - O . F . 1IIes-, hadly ; 110111-
&-c . Also to Sca nd. worus, as in mis-call, 1IIer. to nam e. See Mj ~ - (2) and Nominal.
-ha/" -lake . !)ee M iss ( I ) . Misprise, Misprize, to sl ight. (F.
Mis- ( z), prefi x. 11'. _ 1..) The proper - 1.. \ Tn A, You Like It. i. I. 1/7. -
~pell jn ~ is M. E. lIUJ-. a" in IIles-t"h i ej. ~f. F. Il1lspri.'t'r. 'to (~i<>;est "(' m, contemn: '
Illis.:h ief. The same as O. F. meso , Span. Cot. - 0. F. 1IICS-, badly; Late L. prdia r~,
3 39 M .)
 MISPRISION MITRE
to prize, esteem, from L. pretiulII, price. taka, to take by error, make a slip.- lcel.
See Mia- (l ) and Price. mis-, wrongly; taka, to take. See Mill-
lIIiaprision, a mistake, neglect. (1".- (I ) and Take.
L.) M. F. mespris(m, ' misprision, error, lliater, Kr., a title of address. (1'.-
offence;' Cot. Cf. F . mipn'u, a mistake. L.) A corruption of master, due to the
-0. F . mes-, badly, ill ; Late L. prmsiiJ- inflnence of mistress, which is an older
,tem, ace. ofprensio(short for L. prehensio), word than mister; see below.
a seizing, IRking, apprehending, from L. mistress, a lady of a household. (1<'.
pre"entkre; to take. ~ Quite distinct - L. ) O. F. maistresse, 'a mistress, dame ;'
from misprise. Cot. (F. mattresse.) Fem.ofO.F.1IIaistre,
llias (I), to fail to hit. (E. ) M.E. a master; see Master.
missen. A . S. missa1J, to miss; also, to lliatery, Kystery, a trade, handi-
escape one's nolice (rare). From a base craft. (F. -L.) The mystery plays (better
"mith-, weak grade of "meith-, as in A. S. spelt mistery plays) were so called because
and O. S. 1IIi6an, to conceal, avoid, escape acted by craftsmen; from M. E. mistere, a
notice (as well as in G. meitien, O. H. G . trade, craft, Ch. C. T. 615.-0. F. mestier,
midan, to avoid). See Mis- (1).+Du. a trade, occupation (F. mttier). -Late L.
missen, lcel. missa, Dan. miste (with ex- misteriu1II (also writtelllllysteriu1II by con-
crescentl), Swed. missa, O.H.G. missan, to fusion with that word in the sense of
miss i also Du. mis, Icel. mis, adv., amiss; , mystery'), short form of L. ministeriulIl,
also Du. 1IIis-, Icel. mis-. Dan. mis-, Swed. employment. - L. minister, a servant; see
G. miss-, wrongly. Allied to L. mit/ere, Minister.
to send; see Missile. (.vMEIT.) Der. llistle-thrllah. (E.) So called from
miss, sh., a fault, M. E. misse, Will. of feeding on the berries of the mistletoe;
Paleme, 532; miss-ing. from A. S. mistd, mistletoe (below). + G.
llias (3), an unmarried woman. (F.- miste!drossel, mistle-thrush.
L.) A contraction of 1IIistress; Evelyn's mistletoe. (E.) A final n has been
Diary, Jan. 9, 1663. See Mistress. lost. A. S. misteltan. - A. S. miste!, nlso
Missal, a mass-book. (L.) Late L. llike G. miste!) with the sense of mistletoe;
missa!e, a mass-book. - Late L. missa, ttln, a twig, cognate with Icel. teinn, ·Du.
mass; see Mass (2) . teen, Goth. tai1Js, Dan. tem, Swed. te1l,
ll:issel-thrush; see Mistle-thrush. (wig, spindle.+lcel.miste!teinn, mistletoe.
lIIiasile, a weapon that may be thrown. Perhaps mistel is relakd to G. mist, dung.
(L. ) Properly an adj., 'that may be Cf. M. Du. m;stel, bird-lime (Kilian ),
thrown.' - L. missi!is, tbat may be thrown . , glew' (Hexham ).
- L. missus, pp. of millere, (perhaps for Kiatress; see Mister.
"milere), to throw, st'nd; pt. t. 1IIisi.+ lliaty ( I), adj. formed from Mist.
O. H . G. midan, to avoid; see Miss (I ). lIIisty ( l), doubtful. ambiguous, as ap-
llrugm. i. § 930. plied to langUage. (F.-L.-Gk.) In the
mission. (L.) O. F. and F. 1IIissio1J. phrases 'misty language' and 'mistil/lSs
- L. missiollelll, ace. of missio, a send- of language,' misty is not from E. mist,
ing. - L. miSS-liS, pp. of mittere, to send. but is short for mystic; see Palmer, Folk-
missive. (F.-L.) F. missive, 'a Etymology. See Mystic.
letter sent;' Cot. Coined from L. miss-us, ll:ite ( I) , an insect. (E.) M. E. mite,
PE,--of millere, to send. A. S. mite, a mite. + Low G. mile, Du.
Il:iBt. eE.) A S. mist, gloom, darkness. mijt, O. H. G. miza, a mite. Teut. type
+Icel. mistr, Du. Swed. mist, mist. Teut. "milan·, f. The word means' cutter,' i. e.
type "mih ·s/oz. Apparently formed from biter; from Teut. base MElT, to cut ; c ~.
the base "mig- (>lIIih- before st), Idg. Icel. meita, to cut. See Emmet.
"mig"- (weak grade of root "meigh); as mite (2), a very small portion. (Du.)
seen in Lithuan. mig!a, Russ. mgla, Gk. M. E. mite. - M. Du. mijt, mite, a very
6p1xA'I, mist, Skt. mih·ira-, a cloud ; also small coin, mite, bit cut off. See above.
Skt. migh-a-, a cloud, from the stronger ll:itigate. (L.) From pp. of L. miti·
grade. (.vMEIGH, to darken; perhaps giire, to make gentle. - L. mit-is, gentle;
distinct from .vMEIGH, ns appearing in -ig'ire, for agere, to make.
L. lIli1Jgere. ) ll:itre, a head·dress, esp. for a hi.hop.
~, to err. (Scand.) lcel. mis- (F.-L.-Gk.) 0.F.1Iljtre.-L.lIlitm,a
330
 MITTEN MODERATE
cap. -Gk. jliTpa, a belt, girdle, head· band, (some edd. 1IIlIatlS) in Shako M. N. D . v.
fillet, turban. 330. Der. bWloa1l, vb., substituted for
Etten. (F.-G. or C.?) M. E . ,ni· M. Kbimmen, A.S.bi·mihta" , to bemoan.
!aim. - F. milaine, ' a mittain, winter· Jloat. ( F. - Teut.) M . E. mote. -O. F.
glove,' Cot.; Gascon mitano. Origin dis· mote, an embankment, dike; Nonnan dia!'
puted; · see Hatzfeld, Korting, Scheler. motte, a moat, foss . [As in the case of
JIiz, to mingle. (E. ) For misk, like dike, the same word means either the
ax for ask. A. S. mixian (C. Hall), trench cut out or the embankment thlOWll
1Iliscian, to mix (not borrowed from Latin, up, or both together; cf. Low L . mola ,
but allied to it).+G. mischen; . aIsoW. ( I) a mound, (2) a mound and moat
mysgu. Gael. measg, O. Irish mucaim, I together; also spelt motta. ] The same
mix , l{uss. mieshate, Lithuan. ntaiszyti, word as F. molle, ' a clod, lump, sOOd,
L. misdre, Gk. jli(I'YfW (for *jli",('l1ltft,,) , to turfe, little hill, butt to shoot at;' Cot·
mix. Cf. Skt. mirra, mixed. Extended grave. Cf. also ltal. motta, a heap of earth ,
from -VMEIK; cf. Gk. 1-"",(JlvJ.II, I mix. also a hollow, trench (like E. moat) , Span.
Brugm. i. §§ 707, 760. Der. mash, mota,amound; Romansch muotta, rounded
q. v. hill. Of Teut. origin; from Bavarian moll,
mi%ture. (L.) L. mixtiim, a mixture. peat, heap of peat (Diez). Prob. allied to
- L. mixtus, pp. of miscere, to mix Mud; cf. Du. modder, mud.
(above). Jlob (I ). a disorderly crowd. (L.) A
Jlizen, a dunghill. (E.) M. E. lIlixen, contraction of mobile Uti/gus, i. e. fickle
A. S. mixen, 1IIeoxe" , the same. From crowd. Both mob and mobile were in use,
A. S. mix, meox, dung-. - A .S. mig·, weak in the same sense, A. D. 1692-5. -L.mobile,
grade of migall , to urine. Cf. G . ,nist. neut. of mobilis, moveable; fickle. - L
lIIfizen, lIIizzen, a sail in a ship. (F. mouere, to move. See Move.
- Ital. - L.) F . misaine. explained by Jlob (2) , a kind of cap. (Du.) From
Cotgrave as 'the foresaile of a ship.' - Ita!' Du. mopmuts, a woman's nightcap (where
1Ilezzana, 'a saile in a ship called the poope lIluls means cap) ; M. Du. mop, a woman's
I
or misen·saile ; , Florio. Cf. Ital. mezzano, coif (Sewe1); Low G. mopp, a womall'S cap
, a meane man, between great and little;' (Danneil) .
I
id. The orig. sense seems to have been Jlobile, easily moved. (1<. -L.) F.
, of middling size,' without reference to its mobile. - L. 1IIobilis; see Mob ( I).
I
position. - Late L. meditinus, middle, also JlOCca88in, Jlocasin, a shoe of
of middle size (whence also F. moym, E. deer·skin. (N. American Indian.) From
mean). - L. medills, middle. See Medium. the Al/!,onquin makisj" (Cuoq) .
lIIfizzle,toraininfinedrops. (E.) For· Jlock, to deride. (F.-L.) M.E.
merly mis/e, M. E. mise/en, Cath. Angl. ' lIlokken. - O. F . 1Il0cquer, later moquer.
Cf. M. Du. mieselm, to drizzle, Hexham ; According to Korting, it is the Picard form
Low G. miseln (Berghaus); E. Fries. of moucher, to wipe the nose ; and Cot·
misig, damp, gloomy. Cf. Mist. grave has moucher, ' to snyte, or make
Jlnemonic8, the science of aiding the deane the nose; a lso, to frump, mocke,
memory. (Gk. ) Gk.I-'''''J.II'I'IItc:l, mnemonics ; scoff, deride;' for which Corblet gives
neut. pI. of I-'lITJl-'oJll1t6s, belonging to me· the Picard form mOl/ker. cr. Ital. lIloccare,
mory. - Gk. J-II'TJI-'O"-, stem of 1-'vT,J.U»", 'to blow the nose, also to mocke ;' Florio.
mindful. - Gk.I-'"c:loI-'QI, I remember. (From - Late L. mUCCiire, to blow the nose. - L.
the weak grade of -VMEN.) muccus, mucus, mucus. See Mucus.
Jloan, sb. (E.) M . E. mo,ze, a com· Jlode. ( F.-L.) F.lIlode.-L.modum,
munication, also a complaint; correspond. ace. of modus, measure, manner, way. AI·
ing to A. S. *man· (not found ), supposed lied to Mete. Brugm. i. § 412 .
to be cognate with O . Fries. mbte, an model. (F.-Ital.-L.) M.F . modelle
opinion, O. H. G. meilla, an opinion, (F. modele). - Ital. modeI/o, 'a modell,
thought. Hence was formed A. S. mc'btan, frame , mould ; ' F~orio. From dimin. of
to mean, intend, relate, also to complain, L. modulus, a standard, measure, which is
moan, lament, M. E. menen, to lament. again a dimin. of modus, measure. Der.
now obsolete, its place being supplied by re·model.
the form of the sb. , used as a vb. See mode~te, temperate . (L.) From pp.
further under Mean ( I ). ~ Cf. mealu . of L. modernrf, to regulate. From a stem
33 1
 MODERN MOLECULE
moder·. lor modes· , extended from mod·ttl·, ! This verb answers to a Late I .. *mo/{itire,
a measure. !::iee modest. to soften; not fonnd . - L. molli·,·. soft.
modern. (F. - L.) }'. moder,u. - L. ' Thus the senses were , to soften, moisten,
I
lJIodenms. belonging to the present mode; dirty . soil oneself. drndge.
extendeel from a stem moder· (above). Moire, watered silk. ( F. ) From J'.
modest, moele rate, chaste. decent. (F. 1II0ire. used in two senses. In the 'ense
- L. ) F. modeste. - L. modestus, modest, mohair, it is borrowed from E. 1II0hair
I
lit. 'keeping within measure.' From a ( Hatzfeld ). In the sense of watered silk .
neuter stem modes·, with suffix ·tus ; see , it may represent L. 1IIannoreus, sh ininl:
moderate (above) . Brugm. ii. § 13 2. like marble. from marmor, m"rblc
modicum, a small quantity. (L .) I ( Ko rting); bu t this may be only a trans·
Nenl. of L. ",adieu s, moderate. - L. modus, I {erred.sense of the form er. . .
measure. I MOlst. (F . -l..) M. I~ . 1II01sle, oftell
modify. 'Yo - 1..) F. modifier. - L. with the sense' fresh '; C h. C. T. 459.
moder, tion; -jiclire, for .facere, to make. I
modifieare. - L. modi·, fOT modus. measure, 122 49. - O. F. 1IIoisle, later fIloile. Etym.
disputed; ( I ) from L. muslws, new, frc-m
modulate, to regulate. (1..) From L. mustum . must; (2) from 1.. flltla i·
pp. of 1.. moduMri, to measure by a I dllS, 1Il1/eidtlS, mould y, from I .. ,It/IeUS
standard. - L . modulus, dimiu. of modus, : ( Korting l ; ( ~ ) from L. fIllISeidlls , m os~y,
a measure; see model. , from fIIuseus, moss ( Hatzfel d). Der.
Mogul, a Mongolian. (PeTS.) Pers I moisl.ure. O . F. moisteur.
j~/ogh ol, a Mogul; another form of kIa,,· I ~olar, used for grinding. (L.) 1.. "'a·
gal. larts, adj. , from fIIola. a mIll. Cf. molere,
Mohair, cloth of fine hair. (Arab.) to (!rind. (-v'MEL. ) Brugm. ii. § 690 .
A changeel spe ll ing (hy confusion with Molasses, syrup maele frnm sugar.
ltait·) 01 1Iloekaire ( Hakluyt, ii. 273) ; (Port. - L. ) Formerly ",e/asses. - I'mt.
whence F. mouai"e ( 16~0), mod. F . moire ; fllelafo , molasses ; cr. Span. me/aza (!'ame .
also F. m01lcayar. - Arab. fIlttkha yya,', a - L . mel/aeeus, made with hon cy. - L. ",el,
kind or l:oarse cam let or hair-cloth; l{ieh. honey.
Dict., p. 1 :\69 . Mole ( I ) , a spot or mark on the boely.
Mohammedan. ( Arab. ) A follower ( E.) M. E. molt. A . S. miil,a srot (whence
of Mohammed. - Arab. lIIUI,alltlllad,·praise· mole by the usual change from d to long ~).
worth \,. - Arab. hamada , he praised. + 0. H . G. mell, Goth. mail, a , pot.
lII[ohur, a gold coin. (Pers.) Pers. Mole ( 2) , an animal. ( E.) M . E. ma1/e.
IIItlhr, lItuhar , a gold coin \\ orth 16 rupees + M. Du. and Du. mol; Low G. mull
(\\,ilson) ; mukr, mull/w, Rich. Diet., (Berghaus). Prob. related to M . Du.
p. 15 34. fIlttl, 'the dust or crumblings of turf,'
Moidore, n Portuguese gold coin. Hexham; M. E. fllIIl, A. S. my/, dust;
(Port.-L.) See Bailey's Dict. - Port. which are furth er related to Mou ld ( I ) .
1II0eda d'oll1'o, a moidore, £ 1 7s.; lit The sense may have been ' earth·grubber,'
, money of gold .' - L. monita, money ; de, or 'crumbIer,' from the weak grade of
of : aU1'1t1ll , ~,)lel. See Money. -v'MEL, to pound. Cf. E. Fries. mullen,
Moiety, half. <Y. -L. ) F. moitit, a to grub ; mulle acbildtbatgnlbsin the
half. - L. medietatelll, ace. of mediettfs, I g round ; mulle, mul, a mole; Low G .mull-
n middle course, a half. - L. medittS, worm, a mole (Danneil). ~ Another name
mid el le. See Medium. was formerl y moldwarp ( 1 Hen. IV. iii . I.
Moil, to toil , d rudge. (F. -L.) For· 149), lit . ' the animal that casts IIp mould.'
merly maile, to defi1e with elirt; later moil, M . E. 11l0ldwerp; from mold, mould,
' to dawbe with dirt. to drudge; 'Phi llips. werpm , to throw up. See Wa.rp. Cf.
The older sense was to dirty, hence to Icel. moldvarpa. a mole , O. H . G . multo
drudge. from the dirt consequent on toil. wurf. G. maulwtt1f.
Spenser has moyie. to sully, H ymn of Irole (3), a b reakwater. (F. -Ital. - L. )
H eav. Love, st. 32. Still earlier. we have F. mile. -Ital. m% , mole , ' a great pile;'
M. E. moillen , to moislen. wet. -O .F. ffl oil- F lorio. - L. fIlolem, ace. of moles, a great
ler , moiler (J.ittn!) . .latcr mouiller, to wet , heap .
moisten : orig. sense, to soften, which (in , molecule, nn atom. (1..) Formerly
the case of clay) is effected by wettmg it. I moleeula ; Hailey. Coined from L. moles,
33<1
 MOLEST MONTH
a heap; the true form would have been of mixed breed; cf. rock-er-d, tirl.·-er-el
m oliatla . (smal\ pike). - A. S. mang , a mlxtllll:'.
Molest, to annoy. (F . - L. ) F.1Jlolester . See Mingle.
- L. JIIolestare. - L. 1Jlolesfu>, trout;lesome ; Monition, a warning, notice. (F. - L. )
formed with suffix ·tltS, from a "tem m oles- , F. monition. - L. acc. m01litionem. - L.
ext ended from mol-, as seen in 1J/ol-ere, to mottilus, pp. of m(mire, to advise , lit. [ 0
grind. Set! Molar. make to think. (-v'M EN.) Brngm. ii.
Mollify,tosoft en. \F . -L. ) M. F.11l01· § 794·
lijit!r. - L. molliJiclfre. - L. moll-is, so l"t ; Monk. (L.-Gk .) M. E. monk. A.S.
jieiire, for lacert!, to make. Cf. Skt. munlle. - L.m01Iaclllls. - Gk. JA ovaxos , adj. ,
1Jl!'dtt-, soft. Allied to Melt; Brugm. ii. solitary ; sb., a monk. - Gk. JAOV- OS, alone.
§ 69 0 . Monkey, an ape. (Low G.-F.-
mollusc. (F.-L.) F . lIIollusqtle.-L. ltal. - 1...) Borrowed from M. Low G.
1II0l/IIsea, a soft-shelled nUL ; which Some /Ilonek e, the name of the ape's son in
molluscs were supposed to resemole. - L. Rei nke de Vos (where -ke is for -km,
lIIoli- is, soft. dimin. suffix; so that the F . version has
Molten, old pp. of Melt, q. v. Momteki1t ; Godefroy). Formed with
~ol.1' a plant_ (L.-Gk. ) L. moly.- Low G. dimin. suffix -km = G. -dun, from
Gk. JAwAv; Homer, Od. x. 305. M. F. 1Il01lne, an ape. - M. Ital. 11I0na,
Moment. ( F.-L.) F. moment. - L. monlla, ' an ape, a munkie, a munkie-
1ItOlllt'1ItUlIt, n movement; hell t.:t:, an instant face; also a nickname for women, as we
uf time; short for *moui1Jlentum. - L. say gammer, goodie;' Florio: MOllna is
lIIouire, to move. See Move. Doublets , a familiar conuption of madonlla, i. e. my
momentum, movement. lady, mistre:;s ; Scott introduces M01ma
Monad, a umt , &c. (L.-Gk. ) L. Paula in the Fortune:; of Nigel. See
monad-, stt!m of 1II011as, a ullit. - Gk. JAo~as , Ma.donna.. ~ From the same source is
a unit. - Gk. JAu.os, alunt!. M. Ital. 11I01ticchio, 'a pugge, a munkie,
monarch, a sole ruler. (F.-L.-Gk.) au ape;' Florio. This is the Ita!. equiva-
F. lIlo1larllue. - L. lIlonarclla. - Gk. fWvap- lent of the Low G. word.
X1]S, a sovereign , sole ruler. - Gk. JAOV- (for Mono-, prefix, sole. (Gk.) Gk. JAovo,s,
JA~"os) , alone ; and iipX"., to rule. single.
monastery. (L. - Gk.) L. lIlonaslir- monochord, a musical instrument
ium. - Gk. p.ovaoT~plo~, a minster.-Gk . havillg Lut one string ; see Chord. So
JAOVaOT~S, dwelling alone, a monk. - G k. also 1JI01l0'eotyledolt, molt ocular, mOil-ode,
JAO~a'fI., to be alone. -Gk. p.U~os, alone. mono-Iogue (hom Gk. )..,,'"(OS, a speech ),
Der. monast-ie,from Gk. JAOvaOTIKOS, living mono-syllable, 1110tlo-tone; "ee Cotyledon,
in solitude. Ooular, Ode, Syllable, Tone.
Monday. (E.) M. E. monmday, later monopoly, exclusive sale. (L. -Gk. )
lIIolleday, monday. A. S. 1II1Jnan dieg, day L. monopoliu1lt. -Gk. flOVcnrW)..IOV, right of
of the moon; where mOnan is the gen. of monopoly; JAo.".,01Aia, monopoly. - Gk.
mona, moon. See Moon. A translation p.UIIO-S, sole; .,01)..0;", to sell, barter.
of L. dils lunO! . MonsooD, a periodical wind. (Ital.-
Monetary, relating to money. (L. ~ Malay.-Arab. ) Ital. monsone. - Malay
L. 1II01Utdrius, lit. belonging to a mint.- 1II1isim, a season, monsoon, year. - Arab.
L. monlta, ( I) a mint, ( 2 ) money. See mawsim, a time, season. - Arab. was1ll
Mint ( I ) . (root wasalllo ), marking.
money. (F.-L. ) M.E.moneie. -O.F. Monster, a prodigy. (F.-L.) F .
mOlleie (1' . l1umnaie). - L. 1IlO1uta, ( I ) mint, 11I0nstn. - L. monstrum, a divine omen,
. 2) money; see Mint tI ). portent, warning. ( For *moll -es-trIl11l. ) -
Monger, a dealer, trader. ( L ) Hence L. m01t-ere, to warn.
irOll-1Il01tgu-,eoste1--monger. M.E. monger ; Month. (E. , M. E . m011e/h , later
A.::; . 1Jla/~!{ere, a deala, merchant; A. S. 1II0nth. A. S. 1Il01tatJ , a month; from
1Ilangiall, to traffic. - L. mango, a dealer. 1II0na, moon . See Moon. +Du. 11Iaalld;
Mongoose; see Mungooae. kel. ma1l1uJr, Dan. moalled, Swed. mClllad;
Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed . <.~ . monat, Goth. 11Iinoths, a mon th. Teut.
(E.) Spelt 1mmgril in Levins ( 1570). It stem *1/I(e,loth-. Cf. also Litbuan. minesis,
stands for *m01lg-er-el, i. e. a Ilmall animal I{uss. lJIiesialJ"', J.. IJIPIlS;S, Irish and W
333
 MONUMENT MOROACITY
",is, Gael. mios, Gk. ,...q", Skt. mlis, 11 proper sense of 1II00t is 'meeting,' as in
month; all connected with Moon, q.v. moot-hall, hall of assembly; hence, to
lIIonument, n memorial. (F.-L.) F. 1II00t is to discuss at a meeting, and' a
",on/munt. - L.1IIOntlmentulIl, a memorial. moot point' is one reserved for public dis-
-L. m01lu · ,for moni-, as in 1II0ni-tus, pp. cussion. M.E. motien, to discuss. A.S.
of mOltere, to advise, remind; with snffix m~tian, to converse, address a meeting,
-men-tum. discuss; from A. S. mot, a meeting, also
Mood ( I), disposition of mind. (E.) gtmot, esp. in phr. wilma gemot =
Prob. sometimes confused with mood (~), meeting of wise men, parliamcnl.+lcel.
but properly distinct. M. E. mood, mind, mol, M. H. G. 11ltlOZ, a meeting. Tent.
also temper, anger, wrath. A. S. mOd, base *mot-. Der. meel.
mind, courage, pride. +Du.moed, courage; lIIop ( 1), an implement for washing
Icel. m08r, wrath, moodiness; Dan . Swed. floors. (F. - L.) In a late ed. of Florio's
mod, G. ml/lh, cOhrage; Goth. mUs, wl1ilth. Ital. Diet., pannatore is explained by 'n
Teut. type *mo-a'o- (where -do is a suffix). maulkin, a map of clouts or rags to rub
Cf. Gk. ,..aio,..al, I strive after. Brugm. i.withal.' Halliwell gives mop, a napkin;
§ 196. Der.1Ilood-y, A. S. 1IIOdig; Sweet, Glouceslershire. Prob. from O. F. mappe,
N . E. G. § \1)::>8. a napkin (afterwards turned into nappe). -
Mood ( 2), manner, grammatical form. L.mappa, a napkin (of Punic origin '. See
(~· .-L. ) The same word as Mode, q.v.; Map. ~Cf. st1"OP, sl1"ap; knop, kttap.
hut confused with 1IIood ( [). The Celtic forms are from E.
Moon. ( E.) M. E. mOllt. A. S. mona, lIIop (2), a grimace; to grimace. ( E.)
a mase. sb.+Du. lIlaan, Icel. mani, Dan. The same word as mope ( below).
1IInallC, Swed. maIze, Goth. mena, G. 1I10tUI, mope, to be dispirited. (E.) The same
O. H. G. 1Ila1lO. Teut. type *miCIlOft-, word as mop, to grimace; cf.' in the 1II0PS,'
mase. Cf. also Lithuan. mbtlt., Gk. ,...q"1J; i. e. sulky , Halliwell). + Du. moppm, to
~kt. mas, moon, month. Perhaps it meant po lIt, be sulky; M. Swed. 1Il0pa, to mock
the 'measurer' of time. (.y'ME.) See (lhre); Westphal. mopen, to grimace;
Rrugm . i. § 132. ii. § 132. G. mujJig, sullen, pouting (Fliigel) , Bavar.
Moon.hee, a secretary. interpreter. 11lt4fi1t, to growl, pont. And see 1II0'l/J (3 ).
(Amb.) Arab. 1mlnshi, a secretary, a Moraine, a line of stones at tbe edges
language-master or tutor. of a glacier. (F. - Tellt.) F. moraine ; cr.
Moor (\), a heath . (E.) M. E. more. Ital. mora, a pile of rocks. - Bavarian
A. S. mar. + M. Du. moer, moor, mud; 1IIU1", sand and broken stones, fallen from
moerlalldt, peaty land; Icel. mar, Dan. rocks in a valley; the lit. sense being-
11101", Low G. 111001"; O. H. G. muor, marsh, perhaps 'crumbled material.' Cf. (;.
pool, sea. Teut. type *moro- ; perhaps miirbe, soft, O. H. G . 1l11tr1l7l1i ; kel.
related (by gradation) to Goth. marti, muja, to crush.
sea, lake; or to SkI. martt, a desert, Moral. (F.-L.) F.moral.-L.1Ilo1"alis,
mountain. See Mere. relating to conduct. - L. 1IIiir-, from nom.
Moor ( 2), to fasten up a ship. (Du.) 1IIOS, a manner, custom.
Du. marl'm (M. Du. merren), to tie , Morass, a bog. (Du.-F. -Low G.)
bind, moor a ship; also to retard. Cog- Du. moeras, marsh, fen; M. Du. 1Il0e.-nsrh,
nate with E. Mar. adj., belonging to a moor, "5 if from the
Moor (3), a native of N. Africa. (F.- sh moer, moor, mire, but really an altered
L. - Gk.) F. More. 'a Moor;' Cot. - L. form of M. Du. marascn, maerasc!t, a
Mau1"1ts. _ Gk. Majjpo~, a Moor. Der. marsh (Kilian) .-O.F.ma1"esque,mnresr!u,
black-a-moo1·, corruption of blackmoor adj. , marshy ; also, as sb., a marsh; Low
(Minsheu), i. e. black M oor. L 1IlnriSCtls. - Low G. marsch, a marsh.
lIIoose, the American elk. ( W. Indian.) See Mariah, Marah. Cf. G. morast (for
The native W. Indian name; 'Knisteneaux • morask), Swed. moras, Dan. momds, :l
mous1l1ah, Algonquin musu;' cited in the morass; al! from Du. or Low G.
Cent. Diet. Cuoq cites Algonquin mons Morbid, sickly. (F. - L.) F. morbide.
(with n ). - L.morbidtlS, sickly. - L. morbm, disease.
lIIoot, to discuss a point. (E.) Chiefly Allied to mor-i, to die; Brugm. ii. § 70 1.
used in phr. 'a moot point.' Minsheu lIIordacity, sarcasm. (l".-I..) Little
gives mool as A verb, to discuss. The used. - F. mordadll!. - L. ace. mo,·dad-
334
 MORE MORTAR
la/elll, from lIIon/aeilas, power to bite. - L. morwm (above) by adding the substantival
moniac-, stem of mordax, biting . _ L. (not participial) suffix -i1tg ( = A. S. -tmg).
mordere, to bite. Cf. Skt. mardaya, to So also even-i,tg, from even.
rub, break in pieces, from mrd, to rub. Morocco, a fine kind ofleather. Named
Brugm. ii. § 794. (-v'MERD. ) from Morocco, in N . Africa; which was
More. (E.) T his does duty for two named from the Mo01's dwelling there.
d istinct M. E. words, viz. (1) mo, more in Morose. (L.) L. monjm s, self-willed ;
num ber, (2) m ore, larger. Q. T he former (1) in a good sense, scru pulous ; (2) in a
is fro m A . S. ma, morc in number, OIig. bad sense, peevish. - L. mor -, nom. mos,
an adv. form , like G. mekr, Goth. m ais. ( 1) self-will , (2) custom, use. ~ Confused
Il T he latter is from the corresponding wit h L. mora, delay, in the 1 i th cen t.
adj . A. S. mnra , greater; cognate with Morphia, Morphine, tbe narcotic
Icel. meir i . Goth . maiza , greater. See principle of opium . (Gk.) From Gk.
Most.. ~ T he notion that 1110 is a posi- MOfXl>E U<, Morpheus, god of dreams (Ovid);
tive form is quite wrong; the positive lit.' shaper,' i. e. creator of dreams. - Gk.
forms are muck , mickle, ma"y. The l' /-I0fXl>~, a shape, form. Der. m e/a-morp/, -
in mor e represents an earEer -z-, which in osis, a-morpk·ottS; from /-Iop<p{/.
the adv. (being final ) was regularly lost. Morris, Morris-dance. (Span.-
Brugm. i. § 200. L. - Gk.) Tbe dance was also c,'llled a
Morganatic. (Low L. - G.) Low L. morisco, i. e. a Moorish dance. - Span.
morganalira, in the phrase ma/ri11l0"iu11l Morisro, Moorish. - Span. M o,'o, a Moor.
ad morgnncilicam, a morganatic marriage. - L. Maun~s, a Moor. See Moor (3
Coined from G. morgm, here short for Morrow. (E. ) M. E. 71l0rwe, from an
1II0rgengabe, lit. morning-gift, orig. a pre- older form mOrUlm (from A. S. 1II0':l{m ),
sent made to a wife on the morning after by loss of final 1l. See Morn. Thus
marriage, esp. if tbe wife were of inferior M. E. morwcn gave rise ( 1) to morrow , by
rank. See Morn. loss of n; ( 2) to monl, by loss of 11J , and
Morian, a Moor. (F. -L. - Gk.) In contraction; cf. M. E. morMm, Gawain,
Pss. Ixviii. 31; lxxxvii , 4 ( P. B. version) .- 120 8. [Or else mome, dat., is from A. S.
O.F. lJIfor im,1I10rinine (Godefroy).-Late morgene, short form 1/Iorne.) ·Der. 10-
L. *Maurilti1ltls, for L. 1I1nurrtam'cus, a mon'01IJ = A. S. 101/l0rg me, i. e. for the
Moor.- L . Mauri/ania, the land of the morrow, where 10 is a prep. (E. 10) , and
Moors. - 1.. Maw"·ur, a Moor. - Gk , morlJffle is dat. case of morlJ&II, morn.
Mavpo<. See Moor (3). Morse, a walrus. ( F. - Finnish. ) F.
Morion, an open helmet. (F. -Span.) 1IIorse. - Finnish 1/IurS1l, a mor~e; whence
F . lIlorion. - Span. mo",,;01l; cf, Port. also R uss. mor}', a morse (with ) sounded
morrill0, Ital. mon'01le, a morion. The as F.J) . Tbe tme Russ. name is lJIorsknia
word is Spanisb, if we may accept the korova, the sea-cow.
prob. derivation from Span. morra, the Morsel, a mouthful, small piece. (1".
crown of the head; a word of unknown - L. ) M. E. mOl·set. - O. F . morsel ( F.
origin. Cf. Span. morro, anything round; morant~ ) . Cf. Ital. morseI/o . Dimin. from
1II01'0" , a hillock. L. lJIorStttll, a bit. - L. morsus, pp. of
Mormonite. The Mormo1tites are mordi re, to bite. See Mordacity.
the fullowers of Jo~eph Smith, who in MortaJ, deadly. (F. - L. ) F. morlnt.
Ifl27 said be bad found the book of 11101'- - L. lIlor M/is, adj. ; from mo,'I-, stem of
1JI01t. An invented name. 1II0rs, death . From I.. lIlor-i, to die ; ef.
Morn. (E.) M. E. mOrll, a Northern SkI. mr, to die, mrla, dead; Russ. mer/-
form. Short for M. Eo mor well, Ancren vuii, dead; Lithuan. mirl;, to die; Pers.
Riwle, p. 22. A. S. mOlgen, whence lImrdan, to die; Gk . /3POTOS, mortal.
monllm by the usual change of rg to 1"1U. Allied to Murder. Rrugm . i. § 500 .
O. hies. 11101'11. + Do. Dan. G. morlJe1l ; Mortar ( I ), Morter, a vessel in
lcel. morg inn, Swed . mO''lJOn; Goth. which substances are pounded with a
maurgins. Teut. type *lIlllrlJellOlt:, m. pestle. (1,. ) M. E. morler. A. S. mor·
C£. Lithuan. merkli, to blink. Orig. sense (ere. - L. 1Il0rtiirt'ulIl, a mortar.
prob. 'dawn.' Doublet, mOrr01IJ, q. v. mortar (2" cement. (F . - L.) M. E.
mOrninf' (E. ) Short for lJIor1lJellillg. mo,·lier. - F . morlier, 'mortar;' Cot.-
Ch. C. T ., 106 1; formed from M. E . \ 1" lIIM"liirillm, mortar ; lit. stuff pounded
335
 MORTGAGE MOTHER
together; :l different use of the word .oaque, a Mohammedan temple. (F.
above. -SI,au . -Ara b. ) I'. mosqule ; Cot._
.ortgage, a kind of security for debt. Span. mezquila. a mosque. - Amb. masjad
( .... -L.) U. F. marlgage, lit. a dead masjid, a temple, place of pray~r. - Arab:
pledge; because, whatever profit it might : root sajada , to adore, prostrate oneself.
yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but i Kosquito, a gnat. tSpan. -L.) Span.
became dead or lost to the mortgagee on 1II0sqllito, a little gnat; dimin. of mosca,
breach of the condition. - F. murt, dead; ally. - L. musca. ally. Cf. Gk. Jou'la
gage, a pledge. - L . mortuus, dead, pp. of Lithuan. mUJe, a dy. '
mori, to die; gag-e, a pledge; see Mortal Koss. (E.) M. E. fIlOS; A . S. mas, a
and Gage ( I). Der. ,fI()rtgag·ee. where swamp. +Du. mas; I ce!. mosi, moss, also
·ee answers to the F . . , oi the pp. a moss or moorland; D an. mos. moss,
mortify. ( F.-L.) M . F.mortiJier. - mose, a bog, moor; Swed.lIlossa; G.1Il00S,
L. mortificiire, to cause death. - L. morli., moss, a swamp , O. H. G . mos. Teut. base
ded . stem of mors, death; -JiCiire, for *fIlttS· ; allied to M. H . G . lIliu, O. H . G .
laure , to mak e. mias, A. S. meos, moss (Teut. bas<: *"leus, ) ;
.ortise, a hole in a piece of timber to and to Mire. Cognate with kuss. mokk' .
receive the tenon. (F.) SpeIt mar/esse in moss. L. 1Ims",s, moss. ~ Note E. moss
Palsgrave.-F. mortaise, 'a mortaise in a in sense of bog-, moorland; hence '/lOSS,
piece of timber;' Cot. Cf. Span. mortaja, trooper. Brugm. i. § 105.
a mortise. Orig. unknown; Devic sug- Kost. (1<:. ) M.E. most, mls f. -A. S .
gests Arab. murlazz, fixed in the mark m tl1sl. +Du. 1IIust, Ice!. muIr. G . 1IIdst.
(said of an arrow ). very tenacious (said of ('oth. maists; the superlative form corre·
a miser). sp<>ndi ng to compo more. See More .
• ortmain. (.... -L.) Property trans· ~ The 0 (for early M. E. e) is due to the
ferrd LO the church was said to pass into 0 in "lOre.
lIwrle main, lit. ' dead hand ,' because it Kote, a particle of dust. speck. (E.)
could not be alienated. - L. mortuam , M. E. 'fI()t. A. S. mot, a mote.+ Du. mot,
ace. fern. of mort·ults, dead ; lIlamlm , acc. sawdust; E. Fries. 1IIut, grit.
of manllS, hand. See Mortal. Kotet, .otett, a short piece of
mortuary, belonging to the burial of sacred music. , F. -Ital.-L.) F. motet,
the dead. \L. ) Ch ie.,y in the phr. 'a ' a verse in musick;' Cot. - Ital. motteI/o,
1ilOrluary fee ; which was also called 'a dittie, a wiltie saying; 'Florio. Dimin.
morlttary for sbort. - Late L. 11I0rtuarium, of motto, a saying. - L. mutlum, a murmur;
neut. of lIlortuarius, belonginl{ to the dead. see Motto.
-L. mortu· us. dead; pp. of muri, to die. Koth. ( E.) M. E. motke. A .S.m08lJe,
KOS&ic-work, ornamental work made mokJe. + Du. mot, Icel. motti, G. motte. a
with small piect!S of marble, &c. (F.- moth; Swed. matt. a mite. 13. Perhaps
Ital.-L. -Gk.) F. mosaique, 'mosaicall rel ated to A. S. malJa, a maggot, Du. G .
work;' Cot. - ltal. mosaico. 'a kinde of made, a maggot, Goth. matka, a worm.
curious stone worke of diuers colours;' Kluge allies these forms to the verb
I'"lorio.-Late L. musaicus, adj., an ex· to mow, i. e. to cut as if the sense were
tended form from L. musO!UIIt (opus). 'cutter.' Cf. E. after· mall,.
mosaic work . - Late Gk. /U>VUf"'V , mosaic .other ( I ), a female parent. (E. )
work, lit. artistic, neut. of I'0VUfWr, belong- M. K moder. A. S. 1IlOdn', modor, a
ing to the muses, artistic. - Gk. /U>vua, mother; the change from d to 1/, is lale,
a muse. Cf. Museum. after A. D. 1400.+Du. 1Il0edu', lcel.m06ir,
.'lslem, a Mussulman. ( Arab.) Arab. Van. Swed. mode,', G. mulle,' : Irish and
1Illls/im , ' a musulman, a true believer in Gael. matkair; kuss. male, Lilhuan. mote,
the Mohammedan faith; , Richardson. Cf. L. mater, G k. I'~T"'P, Pers. madar, Skt.
Arab. musa/li11l, one who acquiesces. A matn, malr" Orig. sense uncertain.
mus,u/man is one who professes isliim , i. e. mother ( 2), hysterical passion. (E.)
submission to tbe will of God and to In King Lear .. ii. 4. 56. Spelt modn' in
the orthodox faith. _ Arab. salama, to be Palsgrave: and the same word as the
resigned . ~ The E. words moslem. mm· I above. + Du. moeder, a mother, womb,
su/man, islam, and salaam are all frolll , hysterical passion ; d. G. 1Ilulterbndnlltr·
the same Arab. root salama. ; 1mg. mother-fit . hysterical passion.
336
 MOTHER MOURN
Mother (3), lees, mouldiness. (0 . Low.! mole defaceth the whole peece of lawne,'
G ) CJribinally "mudo'er. - M. Du. modder, Lyly, Ellphues, p. 39. Thi;; is now called
mud or mire, also the lees, dregs, or 'lhe iron· mould \.wit h added d ). V,e also find
mother of wine or beere'; Hexham.+ G. j\'!. E. 1Jio/ed, spotted; hence mod. E.
moder , mud, mould, mouldering decay mouldy (in some senses) ; by confusion
(fro m Low G . moder) ; which is sometimes wilh mould ( I ). See Mole ( I ).
called muller las if 'mother'; from Low Mouldy, musty. (Scanel.) Orig. dis-
G. mudder, mnd). Extended from Mud, tind from mould, ground; also from
q . v. mould as used in iron· mould. Formed
Motion. (F. - L.) F. motion. - L. from the sb. mould, mustiness, in which
miiliolJem, ace. of ))Iolio, movement. - L. the final d is excrescent. F'rom the M. E.
1Jlolus, pp. of moult'e, to move. See verb moulc.z, mowlen, to grow musty ;
Move. formerly very common, and much used in
motive. (F . -L.) M. F. molif, 'a the pp. mouled. Note abo the M. E. moul,
mo\ ing reason; ' Cot. - Late L. 1Jtotivus, mould, mouldiness, answering to Dan.
moving. - L. mot·us, pp. of mouere, to ))luI, Swed. dial. mul, mud, mujel, Sweet.
mOve. mogel. Cf. also Dan. mullen, mouldy,
motor. (L.) L. mol-or, 11 mover. IJJttine, to become mouldy; Swed. dial.
Motley, of different colours. (F.) M.E. 1Jwlas, Swed. miiglas, to grow monldy;
mollelee, Ch. C. T. 271. Of uncertaiu Lt!. mygla, to grow musty. l' rom mug-,
origin. Perhaps from O. F. matteI!, as in 1ce l.mugga, mugginess. See Muggy.
' clotted, curdled;' Cot. Cf. M. 1-. Thus mould is ' mugginess ' in lhis use.
mattomtl, as in ciel mattomzt, 'a skie Moult, to cast fe .th ers, as Lirds. ( L )
full of small curdled clouJs; ' id. [Thus The I is m!rll sil·e. M. E. moulCIt. A. S.
the orig. sense of motley was merely mftlia1l (in com po bi-mlltia1l ,. _ L. mi'illlre,
' spotted.'] - Bavarian malte, curds to change. See Mutable.
(,Sehmeller). 2. Or from O. F. mOlel, Mound, an earthen defence, a hillock.
M. F . motteau, ' a clot of congealed mois- (E. ) M. E . lJJou8li, a protection. A. S.
ture,' Cot.; app. a deriv. of M. F . motte, mund, protection, chiefly as a Jaw-term;
a clod, lump; see Moat. Der. mottl-ed, but also 1lI111td-beorh, a protectiug hill, a
for O. F .llIallel! above , by substituting the mound.+O. l' ries. 1mmd, O. H . G. mlmt,
E~JlP ' suffix -cd for the F. pp. suffix -t. a protector; cf. G. vormll1td, a guardian.
Motto. (Ilal.-L.) Ita!. motto, a say- Mount (I ) , a hill. (F.-L.) M. E.
ing, a motto. -L. mitt/ulll, a murlllnr, mou,zt, monl. - F. 'llonl. - L. mont-, stem
muttered sound; d. L. muttire, 11lutire, of mo.u, a hill. -.vMEN, to jut out; see
to mlirmur. (.vMU.) Allied to Mutter. Mound. Cf. A. S. 1)lIIltt (borrowed from
Mould ( I) , earth . (E. ) M. E. molde. L.).
A. S. moUe, dust, soil, earth.+Icel. mold, mount ( 2) , to ascend. (F.-L.) F.
Dan. muid, Swed. mull (Cor *muld), monter. - F. 1))Ollt, a hill. l The verb is
mould; Goth. muldd, dnst; O. H .. (;. due to O . F. a mo1tt, up-hill.) -L. montelli,
molta, mould. Allied to the shorter forms ace. of moltS \above).
seen in Du. 1IIul, G. mull, A . S. my/, dust ; mountain. (1'. -L.) O. F. moutaine
d. O. H. C;. lIluljan, Icel.m,,[ja, to crush. ( F . lJlo.z/aglle). -Late L. m01ttiima, L) -
The lit. sense is ' crumbled.' From Teut. fonnol montana, a mountain. -L.mOl1la.za,
mu/, weak grade of .vM EL, to grind. See nent. pI., mountainous regions; from mo,'-
Meal, Mill. Der. mould·!!r, to crumble; liillUS, adj. from mons (stem mont-;, a
al so 1Il0uld-y (wh ich seems to have been mountain.
confused with Mole ( I) , q. v.). mounteba.nk, a quack doctor. ( Ital.
Mould (2), a model, form. (F . - L.) -L. and (;. ) Lit. one who mOlmls a
~ 1. E. molde, with excrescent d. - Norman bench, to proclaim his nostrums. - Ital.
dial. moUe, O. F . mole, molle (F. mOille), J1)onla11lbanco, a mountebank; M. Ital.
a mould; once spdt modle in the 121h monta i.t /Janco, the same. - Ital. 1Il01ltar!!,
cent. ( Littrc~) . - L. 1II0dululll, ace. of mod,,- to mount; in, on; banco, a bench. Here
Ius, dirnin. of modus. a measure. See mOIl/m'e i;; the same word as F. 1II01l1er, to
Mode. mOllnt; in = L. i1z , on; and ba1uo is from
.ould (,,), a spot. (E.) For mole;
mold in Spen!'er, F . Q. vi. 12.7 . 'One yron
10. II. G . /Ja1tc , a Lench; see Bank (2) .
M01U'Jl. ( E. ) M. E. mttmen. A. S.
337
 MOUSE MUFF
mlll"7Um, to grieve.+lcel. m4rM, Goth. out or a stable: Dan. mOg, dung: Norw.
maur;nan, O . H. G. ~n. Cf. A. S. "",k-dunge, a muck-heap, allied to mukkn.
meornan, to care, Gk. P.'P-1iU'4, sorrow. a heap• • Not allied to A. S. mtox, dung.
(.v'SMER.) Kuclt, Amuclt, a term applied to
Mouse. (E.) M. E. m(IUS. A. S. miis malicious rage. (Malay.) Only in phr.
(pI. mys). + Du. muis, lcel. mus, Dan. • to run amuck,' where amuck is all one
"'UIIS, Swed. ",us, G. maliS, Russ. muislle, word: yet Dryden actually has' runs a"
L . mUs, Gk. JoIiis, Pers. mUsil, a mouse; Indian muck,' Hind and Panther, iii. 1188.
Skt. muslla-, a rat, a mouse. Perhaps from T o ru" amuck = to run about in a rage.-
.v'M EUS, to steal; Skt. musil, to steal. Malay amllk, • rushing in a state of frenzy
See Muscle (I). to the commission of indiscriminate mur-
Koust&ehe, Kustache. (F. - Ital. der;' Marsden.
-Gk.) F. mous/aclle.-Ital. mos/accio, Kucus, slimy fluid. (L.) L. miictls,
• a face, a snout, a mostacho;' Florio. - slime. + Gk. JoIuf4, mucus; JoIultf/s, snuff oi
Gk. JoIU(fTaK-, stem of JoIrJ(fTa(, the upper a wick. Cf. Skt. mucll, L. 1IIu"gere, Gk.
lip, a moustache, Doric form of ",,(fTa{ , a1TO-pU(f(fflV, to cast or wipe away.
the mouth, upper lip. See Mastic. Kud, wet soft earth, mire. (E.) M. E.
Kouth. ( E. ) M. E. mou/II. A. S. mud (not common). Not found in A. S.
1Jl,w.+Du. monti. Tce1.mttl",r, Dan. mund, Cf. E. Fries. muddt, Low G. mt/dde, mud:
Swetl. mun, G . 1II111ui, (ioth. munths. M. Swed. modd, mud (Ihre). + Bavarian
Teut. type *mlmthoz, masc.; ldg. type mott, peat; whence E. moat, q. v. Hence
*mantos; cf. L. mmtum, the chin. mother (:\), q. v.
Kove. ( F.-L.) M.E. mouen (tt=v). muddle, to confuse. (E.) Lit. to
-0. F. movoir ( F. mouvoir). - 1.. 1Il0uere, dabble in mud; frequentative from mild.
to move, pp. moltlS. Der. molioll. • Muddle, to rout with the hill, as geese
Kow (n, to cut grass. ( K) M. E. and ducks do; also, to make tipsy ami
//lowen, pt. t. mew. A. S. miiwan, to unfi t for business;' Kersey. + Dan. lIIuddre,
mow, st rong vb. + De. maaijen, Dnn. to stir up mud , 1m/dde,., mnd (from Du.) ;
meie, G. miillen, O. H. G. mllen. Teut. E. Fries. mttddelm , to dirty ; M. Du. mot/-
base mIC-. Allied to Gk. Ii-Joitl-.., I reap, delm,' to mudd water,' Hexham; Pomeran.
L. me-I·ere, to reap. Brugm. ii. § 680. 11I11ddtltt, to disorder.
Kow (2), a heap, pile of hay or com. Kuezzin, a Mohammedan crier of the
( K ) M. E. mowe, A. S. muga, a mow. + hour of prayer. (Arab.) Arab. mu-azzin,
Tcel. 1mig''', a swathe, also a crowd; Norw. 11Itl-zin, lhe public crier, who assembles
1Il11ga, mila, a heap (of hay). Cf. Muck. people to prayers. -Arab. aza1l, the call to
Kow (3), a grimace; obsolele. ( i". - prayers (Palmer); u zn, tbe ear.
M. Du.) F. moue, 'a moe, or mouth;' Ku1f ( I), a warm , soft cover for the
Cot.; Norman dial. ,noe.-M. Du.11I0uwe, hands. (Walloon. -F. -Low L.) A late
the protruded under-lip, in making a word. Formerly mttffe; Minsheu. Proh.
grimace (Oudemans). Cf. Mop ( 2). from Walloon mouffe (Sigart). Cf. Du.
Kuch. (E.) M. E. moclle, muclle, adj., 1110/; Low G. mlif (Berghaus) ; E. Fries.
laler forms of M. E. mocllel, 11Iuclle/, mickel. 1mif. The word m"JIle is founel earlier,
For the loss of finall, cf. E. wetlcll , from and is more widely spread; so that Wall.
A. S. 1/Jenal. The cbange of vowel (from mouffe is merely a short form of F . mOllfie;
micllel to muclle/) seems to have been due see below.
to association with M. E. Itttel, little, from mu1Be, to cover up warmly. (F. -
A. S. Iyte!. The orig. A. S. form was Low L. ) 'I muffyll;' Palsgmve. 'A
mice! (cf. Low Sc. mickle ), great. + lcel. ,miflle;' Levins ( 1570). - O. F. "toJle,
mikill, great: O. H. G. millMI; Goth. moufie, a kind of muff or mitten. - Low
mikils. Cf. Gk. p.f'YD.A-fJ, fern . of p.f'YOS, L. muffllla, (occurring A. n. 817) ; also
great. spelt "m!foln. Cf. M. Du. moffe/, a muff,
KucUa.ge, a slimy substance, gum. mitten. ~ The late appearance of Du.
( F. - L. ) .... lIltlci/~. - L.miicililgo (stem mof, and the Low L. form mu!foln, remain
ml<ciliigi1l-), mouldy moisture (4tb cent .) . unexplained. Cf. M. H. G.1Il01lwe, a sleeve.
- L. miieire , to be mouldy. K11ft' (2), a simpleton. ( E. ) Lit.' a
Kuclt, filth. (Scam\.) M. E. 1I/1uk.- mumbler,' or indistinct speaker; hence a
Ice\. lIlyki, dung; moka, to shovel dung stupid fellow. Cf. provo E. ""tj[, ""ifIle,
338
 MUFFLE MULTIPLY
+
to mumhle; also mojJle, 11Ia.fJle. Du. Mule. (F. -L.) F.mllle. - L. m171us,
muffin, to dote; provo G. 11IUjfitl, to be a mule (whence also A. S. ttliil).
sulky. Allied to Mumble. Mulled, applied to ale or wine. (E.)
Mu1B.e; see Muff (1). Mulled ale is a corruption of mu/d-ale or
Mufti, a magistrate. (Arab.) Arab. mold·ale, a funeral ale or feast . M. E.
ttlufti, a magistrate. Allied to Arab. molde-ale, a • mould.ale,' a funeral feast;
jalwd, a judgment, doom, sentence. ~ The from molde, the earth of the grave, and
phr. ill mufti means in a civilian costume, ale, a feast (as in bride-ale ). The sense
not in military dress. being lost, 1lltt//ed was thought to be a pp.,
Jlng. (Scand.) In Levins (1570). Cf. anel a verb to 11IUl/ was evolved from it.
Irish ttlugan, a mug. -Norw. 11Iugga, mug· Jlullein, the verbascum. (E.) M. E.
ge, an open can; Swed. mugg, a mug. - E. moleyn. A. S. 11I0Ieg", mullein? The
Fries. 11Iukke, a cylindrical earthen vessel; sense is doubtful; but see the Cent. Diet.
(jroningen moUe (Molema, p. 543) ; and Cockayne, Leechd. iii. 339. (Cf. A. S.
whence also Norm. dial. 1I10que, a cup, holegil, holly, whence provo E. holli",
(;uernscy moguc. holly.)
lIIuggy, damp and close. (Scand.) Jlullet ( I ), a fish. (F .-L.) M. R.
From lee!. 11lt1gga, soft drizzling mist ; molet, 1I1111el. - F. 11Iulet; Cot. Dimin.
whence 1111tCJ{1lvelJr, muggy, misty weather. from L. 11ltt/lUS, the red mullet.
Cf. Norw. mugg, fine rain; ttltlggen , moist, Jlullet (2) , a five-pointed star. (F.-
muggy; Dan. muggm, musty, mouldy, 1..) O. F . moletle, a rowell, whence it
1Il11gne, to grow musty. came to mean the • mullet' of heraldry ;
Jlugwort, a plant. (E.) M. E. mog- also M. F. 11I0//elte, 'a mullet, rowell of
7vort. I
A. S. mttcg7vort. For the latter a spur;' Cot. Dimin. from L. mola, a'
syllable, see Wort ( 1) . The sense of mill, whence Ita!. 11Iola , a mill.stone, mill-
A. S. 11l1lcg is unknown, unless it be a by- wheel, 1110110, a clock·wheel with cogs.
form of A. S. mycg, a midge; cf. Norw. 1See Mill.
1JllIg, O. Sax. 1Jluggia, Du. "mg, a midge; JlulligataW1lY', a hot soup. (Tami!.)
O. H. (;. 1II11cca, a midge. [Like Jlea- Tamilmilagtt ·tamw·, lit.' pepper· water ; ,
bam.l Yule. Cf. Malayalam 11m/aka, pepper.
Jlulatto, one of mixed breed. (Span. Jlullion, an upright division between
-Arab.) Span. 1Jlulalo, a mulatto. Usually lights of windows. (1'.) A corruption of
derived from Span. milIa, a she·mule, as mumtt'otl, which occurs with the same
being one of a mixed breed. But the true sense. The lit. sense is 'stump,' because
forms for 'young mule' are muleto, m., the mlillion is, properly, the stump or
1I11Ilela, f. Hence der. by De Sacy from lower part of the division below the
Arab. 11l1t7Vallad, lit. 'begotten'; also tracery. - F. moigmJ1l, :l stump. (Cf. E.
used to mean' one who has an Arabian 'run7lion=M.F.trolgnoll,dimin.ofF.t1'01lf
father and a foreign mother'; allied to = Ital. Ironco. ) - O. F. m oing, maimed
Arab. 7valad, a son. See Devic. (Sup pI. to Diez). Cf. Bret. moun, mon,
Jlulberry-. (L. and E.) M. E. mool- maimed, also occurring in the forms mank,
bery. Here the I stands for an older 1-, monk, mons. Also Span. 1IIt1nOI1, the stump
by dissimilation; and M. E. 00 answers to I of an arm or leg; Ita!' mllgnom, 'a car·
A. S. 0, as usual. Thus the M. E. mool· penter's mlmion or tTUnion,' Torriano.
is the same as A. S. mOr', in 11101'- Jlultangular, &c.; see Multitude.
beam, a mulberry· tree. Again, the A. S. Jlultituo.e. ( F. - L.) F. mullilude.
11101' is borrowed from L. morns, a mul- - L. 111111Iitiit!inelJl , ace. of 11Ittltif1'ido, a
berry. tree. The word b~rry is E.; sec multitude. - L. 1IIulli- , for 1IIU1/1IS, many,
Berry. Cf. also Gk. pwpov, popov, a mul· much; with suffix ·Nido. From 1.. 111ullus
berry, popia, a mulberry-tree. ~ Similnrly, come also mull- a/~f[ll/ar, mttlli-Ialeral,
G. malllbure, a mulberry, is O. H. (;. &c.
miirberi, from L. m01-US and O. H, G. multifarious. f L. ) L. mullifari·us,
beri, G. been. Imanifold; with suffix ·OtfS. The orig. ~·ense
Jlulct, a fine. (L.) 1.. 1IIulrta , a fine ; seems to be 'many.speaking,' i.e. speaking
also speJt 11Iulla. Perhaps orig. 'damage;' on many subjects. - L. 11/ulti·, for mull,lS,
from L. 1I1tt/c'(irc , to injure. Brllgm. i. many; far;, to speak \. see Fate.
§ 756. Der. muM, verb. I multiply. , F.-L.) F. multiplier.
339
 MUM MURMUR
- L. mlt/lipHeare. - L. lIlulliplic-, from L. mundus, clean, adorned . Der. supra-
mul'ip/~x , many-fold; cf. pHe-tire, to fold. mundam; from L. supra, nbove; tmmdus,
See 1'l&it. the world .
Jlum, a kind of beer (Low G.). In Jlung008e, a kin(l of ichneumon.
Pupe. Said to have been so named after (Telugu.) T elugu mangisu; ' Jerdon
Chr. Mllmm, a brewer of Brunswick (ab. gives mangtls, however, as a Deccani and
14)0;7) . Cf. Du. mom in Franck; G.mumme. Mahratti word; ' Yule.
lIIum! silence! (E. ) M. K mom,mUIII, Jl1ll1icipa.l. (F .-L.) F. municipal.
to express the least sound made with clooed - L. ""I1Jieipiilis, relating to a township.
lip; . Cf. L. mu, Gk. 1'' (the same). - L. mtl1JicipiuIII , a township which had
mumble, to speak indistinctly. (E.) the rights ot Roman citizenship, whilst re-
For mUIII11l·le. M. E . mome/en, manu- taining its own laws. - L. munidp., stem
1m, to speak indistindly; frequ~nt. form of munieeps, a free citizen, one who
due to M. E. mom, mum (above). + E. undertakes duties. -L. mllni-, for mu1tus,
Fries. 1JtII"l1Itele1J; Du. mommelelt. . obligation, duty ; eap ere, to take. See
mummer, a masker, buffoon. (F. - Brugm . i. § 2 0 R.
))u.) M. F. mommeur, 'a mummer, one m1U1Uicence, liberality. (F . - L.)
that goes a -mumming;' Cot. - M. D u. F. munificence. - L. mllm'jiee1Jlia; formed
mOmlllelJ, to go a.mumming; cf. 'mom- from 11l11ltijiells, bountiful. - L. m'lni-, for
aellsiehi, n mummer's mask; Low G. munns, a duty, also a present; -fie-, for
lit/limite, a mask. fJ. The word is imi ta- jaeere, to make.
live, [rom the sound tIlum or mom, used lIIuniment, a defence, title-deed. (F.
by nurse3 to frighten or amuse children, nt - L.) M. F.1mmilllettl. - L. munfmenlum,
the same time prdending to cover their a defence. - L. lIlfmfre, to fortify; old form
faces. Cf. G. mumme!, a bug-bear. . moenire. - L . 1JIoenia, neut. pl., walls,
Der. mummer-y, M. F. mommerie (F. ramparts, defence,;. Brugm. i. § 208.
II/oll/erie . munition. (F.-I..) F. tIluttili01l.
Mummy. ( F . -Ital.-Arab.-Pers.) - L. a~c. lIut1tilioltem, a dcfending. -L.
F. 1Il0mie ,mllmie in Cotgrave). - Ital. 11lt11l1/us, pp. of 1Julllire (above) . Der.
lIlullllllia, 1Ilt1mia (Florio) . - Ara b. all/muni tio1l.
1Itumiyti, a mUlllmy; the substance with Jlunnion, old form of Mullion, q. v.
which mummies are preserved. (Cf. Per,;. Jlura.l. J'. - 1..) F. mural. - L.
lIlumayi,t, a mummy.) - Pers. tIlllm, mom, mi,ralis, Ileionging to a wall. - L. miinls,
wax; much used in embalming. a wall .
Mump. to mumble, sulk, beg. (Du.) Jlurder, Jlurlher, sb. (E.) M. E.
A mumper was a cant term for a beggar. m01'dre, mort/we. A. F. mttrdre, sb. ; mur-
- Du. mompell, to mump, cheat (Sewel) ; dn'r, vb. A. S. moriJor. + Goth. matn-tll.r.
cf. momme/ett, mompe/en, to mumble /3. We also find A. S. 1Il0riJ, Du. lIIoord,
(Hexham ). Thus mump is merdy an ice!. m011J, G . mord, murder, death, cog-
emphatic form of 1JltIm, M. Du. mommett, nate with L. m01'S (stem mort- ) ; see
to say mum, also to mask. C f. Norw. Mortal. Der. murder, vb.
1JltIlIlpa, to munch. See Mwnble. Jluriatic, briny. (I .. ) L. mu1'iiilicus,
mumps. (Du.) 'To have the mumps' lying in brine. - L. mun:a, brine, sa lt
or ' to b~ in the mumps' was to be sulky li9\1or.
or sullen; hence it was transferred to the Jluricated, prickl y. (L.) L. mf,ri-
disease which gave one a sullen appear- CtiIIU, prickl y. - L. tIlurie-, stem of ,mi"ex,
ance. From mump (nbove). a prickly fish , a spike. + Gk. I'Vat (for
MUliCh, to chew. (E.) M. E. monehen *I'vuo!) , a sea· muscle ; from I'''~ ' n mouse,
(Chaucer). DoulJtless an imitativt: word , a sea-muscle. See Muscle ( 2 ) .
like mump. Kilian has M. Du. monekm , Kurky, Jlirky. (Scand .) The·y
mompele1t, 'mussitare.' Cf. E. Fnes. and is a modern addition. M. E. lIIirke , merke.
Low G. mllnkeln , to mumble; and see - Icel.lIlyrkr (for *lIli1'kwoz, Noreen ), Dan.
14wnp. ~ It cannot be from F . manger Swed . mii"k, dark, mirky.+A . S. llIiree;
« L. mandiicor(\ . O. Sax . lIlirki. ~ The A. S. form would
Kundane, worldly. (F.-L.) M.E. have given1Jli1'ch .
mondai11-. _ F. mOttriain. _ r.. mundt/liltS, I Jlurmur, sll. ( ~' . - 1..) F. lIturlJ/llre.
adj. from 'Illmdus, the world (lit. order) . - I - , .. 1JIU"mur, a murmur; lIlltrIJ/II,.,ire, to
HO
 MURRAIN MUSTACHIO
murmur.+Skt. marmara-, rustling sound IIlttscluroll. _ M . F. mouse/lerOll, mOtISstrtln,
of wind. A reduplicated fnrm; cf. (; . a mushroom; extended from F . 1II01/SSe,
murren, Ice!. murra, to murmur. Of moss ( Hatzfeld ). -0. H. G .1Il0S (G. moos ),
im itn ti,'c origin . Brugm. i. § 499 . moss; see MOM.
Kurra-in, cattle-disease. ( I'. - L .) KUBic. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. 1Ilusik.
M. E. moreitu, also morin_ - 0 . F. mori,u, - F. musique. - L f1lttsiea. - Gk. P.OIlUCK."
a carcase o f a beast, also a mmTain; musical art, fern . of POIIU'KO< , belonging to
Norm. dial. murine. Cf. Span. murrina, the mnses. - Gk. l'oVuo. a muse.
Port. morrinha, murrain. _ O. F. morir Kusit, a small gap in a hedge. (F.-
( F. mourir), to die. -L. mori, to die. See C.1) M. F. mussel/e, • a little hole;'
Mortal. Cot. Dimin . of O . F . musse, a secret
Kurrey, dark red; heraldic. (F . -L.) corner. - F. tIlttsser. to h ide. Perhaps of
]n Palsgrave. - M. F. morle, 'a kind of Celt. origin ; cf. O. Irish miich-aim, I hide
murrey, or Clark red colour;' Cot. [Cf. (Thurneysen, p. J08).
Ital. morato, mulberry ·coloured.l - L. Kusk,aperfume. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.)
morum, a mulberry. See Mulberry. F. musc. - 1.. museum . acc. of museus.
Kurrion' see Morion. - Gk . P.O<1Xo~. - Pers. musk, misk. Cf.
Kuscadei, K1UIcatel, K1UIca- Skt. 1Ill/shka, a testicle, because musk
cline. (1'. -1tal.-L.-Pcrs. ) M.F. mus- was obtained from a bag behind the musk-
cadel. - M. 1tal. moscade/lo, moscatello, deer's nayel; it also means' little mOl1se,'
moscali,w, names of wines, from t heir per- from mush , to steal. See MOUBe.
fume. - M. Ital.mosralo, scented with musk. Kusket. (F . - Ital. -L.) M . F . mOIIS-
- M. Ital. musco, musk. - L. museum , acc. <juet, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk;
of musCtls, musk; see further under Musk. (another sort of gun was called a falconet,
And , ee Nutmeg. another a saker, a kind of hawk ). -Ital.
Kuscle (I ), the fleshy part of the boCly. mosquelto, a musket, orig. a kind of hawk,
(F.-L. ) F. f1m scle.-L. 1llttscttlllm, aCe. so called from its small size. Deriv. of
of musCt/lus, ( I) a little mouse, (2) a 1Ial. mosca, a fly. - 1.. musca, a fly.
muscle, from its creeping appearance Doublet, mosqllilo.
when moved. Dimin. of L. mus, a mouse; Kuslin. (F. - Ital. - Syriac.) F'.
see Mouse. (Cf. F. souris, ( I) mouse, mousseline; O. F. moso/in. - ItaI. mus-
(2 ) muscle.) solitUJ, dimin. of mussolo, muslin.-Syriac
muscle, ( 2), mussel, a shell-fish. Mosul, a city in Kurdistan, whence it tirst
( L.) In earlier use. M. E. muscle, A.S. came; Arah. Mawsil (the same).
muxle, muscle (Wright) , a muscle (fish ). Kusquito; see Mosquito.
- L. lIlusculus, a sea-muscle, also a little Mussel; see Musole (2).
mouse (as above) . Kussulman, a true believer in the
• Kuscoid, moss-like. ( L. with Gk. Mohammedan faith. (Pers. -Arab. ) Pers.
suiJix.' L . ,mlsco- , for muscus, moss ; musulmiin, an orthodox believer. _ Arab.
and Gk. suffix -f'~'1~, like, from f160~, form. moslim , muslim, a moslem ; see Moslem.
See MOilS. Kust (I ), part of a verb implying
Kuse ( I), to meditate. (F.-L.) M.E. 'obligation.' (E.) Only the pt. t . remains,
1llttsen. - F:. museI', . to muse, dreame;' which is DOW only used as a present.
Cot. - O. F. muse, the mouth, muzzle M . E. mol, moot, preterito-pres. t., J am
(Godefroy) ; see Muzzle. The image is ahle , ] am free to, I ought ; pt. t. f1wsle,
that of a dog sniffing the air when in musle, I was able, I ought. A. S. ie mot,
Clonbt as to the scent; cf. Ital. lIlltsare, to preterito-pre'. t . ; ic mOSie, I must, new pt.
muse, also to gape .about, ' to hould ones t.; infin. ·molan.+O. Sax. ·molmt, pro t.
musle or snout in the aire,' Florio, from ill mot, pt. t. ik mosta; Du . moeten , to be
1tal. mil so, snout. obliged; Swed. masle, I must (compare
K1UIe (2) , a goddess of the arts. (F . - the E. use) ; G. mussen, pro t. ich mllSS, pt. t.
L - Gk.) F. muse. - L. miisa. - Gk. ie" musste ; Goth. pro t. ik ga-mot, pt. t.
1'0;'<10. a muse. i/t..ra-mosla, lit. ' I find room.'
m1Uleum. (L . -Gk.) L. muslttm. - Kust ( 2), new wine. (L. ) M. E. musl.
Gk. 1'011<1£101', temple of the muses, a study, A. S. mllst. - L. mustum, new wine; neut.
a sr hool. -Gk. po;;<1a, a muse. of musltts. fresh, new .
• U8hroom. (1'.- O. H. G.) M. E. .ulltachio; see llouAaoh,.
 MUSTANG MYRRH
.ustang, a wild horse of the prairies. old verb to muti,lt; Ham!. iii. + 83.-
(Span.-L. ) Span. ",estelio (with n as F . IImti,ler, ' to mutine;' Cot.-O. F.
tty), formerly lIustellgo (Pineda), in the lIJUlill, tumultuous. - O. F . IImle, a
same sense as ",ostruuo, adj., stray, having sedition; (cf. Low L. mota, a pack
no owuer. The adj . 1IIesleno also means of hounds = mod. F. lIlettle ) - Folk-L.
belonging to a 'mesta: -Span. ',lesla, a *mwila, (lit. moved , hence, a movement,
body of proprietors of cattle, a company of bustle), fern. of *movilus, new pp. of
graziers. -L. mixla, fern . ofpp. of misc~re , 1Il01dre, to move. Cf. mod. F. elllcule.
to mingle. Cf. Span. l1leslura, a mixture. See Move.
Kutard. (F. - L.; wilk Teut. sufo. ) Jlutter, to murmur. (E.) M. E. ",ul-
M. E. 1Il0slara.-0. F. moslartie (F. mou- Iren, moleren. A frequentative verb, from
lartie). Cf. Ital. moslaria. It took its a base mul-, to express inarticulate mumb-
name from being mixed with musl or ling, as in E. Fries. moljm , to mutter;
vinegar (Littre).-L. muslulII,must; with Swed. dial. lIIut/a, ",ultra, Norw. lIIulm.
suffix -ard « G. karl ). So also L. mfttlire, miilire, to mutter, provo
Jluster. (F. - L ) M. E. mouslre, a G. mustern, to whisper.
muster of men, lit. display. -0. }<'. ",oslre, Jlutton. (F. - C.?) M. E. moloun. -
anotlier form of monslre, 'a pattern, also O. F. molon (F. mouton ), a sheep; Low
a muster, view, shew;' Cot. The same L. mullo, a sheep. Cf. Ital. mon/olle (for
word as F. mOILSlre, a monster; see *mollone), a sheep. Prob. of Celtic origin,
Monster. Cf. O. Norm. dial. muslrer, froID Celt. type *lIIollos, n sheep; whence
Gascon "mstra, to shew. Irish and Manx moll, Gael. mull, W.
Jlusty, mouldy, damp. (L.) A doublet mollt, Corn. mols, Bret. maout, a weIher
of fIloisty, used by Chaucer in the sense of sheep. '1 Diez cites Provo moul, Como
'new,' but by Aschnm in the sense of mot, Grisons mult, castrated, and derives
'moist.' -L. "lIIsleus, like must, new.-L. all from L. muti/us, maimed; but this is
lIIustUlII, must. See Must (l). Perhaps not now accepted.
influenced by F. l1lOisi, 'mouldy. musty, Jlutual. (F. - L.) O. F. l1l1tluU.
fusty,' Cot.; from which, however, it Extended from L. mulu-us, mutual, reci-
cannot possibly be derived. procal, orig. ' exchanged.' - L. mut4re, to
Jlutable. (L.) M. E. l1lt1la/Jle. -L. change. See Mutable.
lIliiltfIJilis, changeable. -L. multire, to .usle, snout. (F.-L.) M. E. "lOse!
change. Prob. for *moiltire; allied to - O. F. musel (Burguy), lIIusel (A. D . 1521,
fIltlltttLS, mutual, and to Gk. flOCTOS, thanks, Godefroy) ; later 11luseau, 'muzzle,' Cot;
favour (Prellwitz). Norm. dial. lIlusel (Do Bois). Diez
.utc'hkin, a pint. (Du.) From shews that the orig. F. form was
M. Du. mudseken (for *mutsckm), 'the morsel (slill preserved in Bret. morsul or
halfe pint of Paris measure,' Hexham. muul, a muzzle, forms borrowed from
Lit.• small cap;' dimin. of M. Du. lIlulse O . F.) . This O. F. morse/is a dimin. from
(Du. muts), a cap. Cf. G. 11lUlu, a cap. Late L. morsus, a morsel, also a snout,
See Amice ( l). beak . ~L. morSlLS, a bite; from morsus,
.ute ( I ), dumb. (L.) From L. mutus, pp. of mord~re, to bite. See Mordacity.
dumb. Cf. Skt. lIluka., dumb. ~ The Cf. Ital. muso, snout, morso, a sname
M. E. muel, ",ewet, mute , is from a (Florio). ~ Disputed.
Romanic form *muletlus, formed from L. :117. (E.) M. E. mi, my; short for lIlin,
mut-us (0. F. fIlU ) by adding -eltus. mine, .by loss of final n. See Mine. Der.
Jlute (l ) , to dung; used of birds. my-self, M. E. . mi·sdf, formerly me-self.
(F. M. Du. ) M. F . mutir. • to mute as Jlpi:a.d. (Gk.) Gk. fllJP'&.~" stem of
a hawke;' Cot. Short for M. F. es- fllJp,as, the number of 10,000. - Gk. fllJP[OS,
meulir, the same; oldest spelling tsmellir. numberless.
- M. Du. smdten, smilten, to smelt, to Jlyrm.idon. (1.. - Gk.) Gen. in pI.
liquefy; also to mute (Hexham) . See Myrmidons. - L. Myrlllid01zes, pI. - Gk.
Bmelt. MlJP""U~ES, pl., a warlil.."C people of Thes--
Jlutilate. (L.) From pp. of L. salr, formerly in .lEgina ~Homer). •
111tttiliire,l0 maim. -L.mulilus, maimed. Jlyrrh. (F.-L.-Gk.-Arab.) M.E.
+Gk. I'VTIAOf, p4TV1..0S, curtailed, dochd. 1Ilirre. - 0. F . mirre ( 11th cent.) ; F.
Jlutin;y. (1'.- L.) Formed from the lIl)'1-r"e. - L . t1tyrrka. -Gk. f<,lppa . -Arab.
H3
 MYRTLE NAP
tIlurr, (1) bitter, (2) myrrh, named from "agen, 'laJJlie'l, to gnaw, vex, nag; 1J'1t1K-
its bittemes~. +Heb. mor, myrrh. gm, to nag (Be;ghl1us) . See Gnaw.
Kyrtle. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pers.) O.F. lII'a.iad, a water-nymph. (L. - Gk.) L.
myrlil, <limin. of myrle, 1Ileurte, the myrtle-
'laiati-, stem of ,uzias. - Gk. IIQUi<. a
tree.-L. mllrlus, myrlus.-Gk.pvpTos.- water· nymph. - Gk. reif'", to _flow.
Pers. murti, the myrtle. Cf. O. Irish snaim, I swim . C.vSNA.)
IIYstery (I), a secret rite. (L. -Gk.) lII'ail. (E.) M. E. Myl. A. S. 'Iffgel.
M. £. myslen·e. - L. mysUrillm. - Gk. +Du. nagel, Dan. Mg-Ie, Swed. 'Iaget, G.
pUCTT~PCOII (Rom. xvi. 25). - Gk. PVCTT'1S, Mgel j Icel. MgI, the human nail, nagli,
one who is initiated. - Gk. pw;", to initiate.a nail or Sfiike j and cf. Goth. ganag(;im,
Kystery ( 2). llistery, a trade, to nail. . The Teut. type is *nagloz,
hanaicrnft; see Kiatery. mase. AI 'ed to Lithuan. nag-as, a claw,
Kystic, secret, :lllegorical. (l'.-L.- Russ. nogole, a nail, Pers. niikhun, Skt.
Gk.) F. mystiqlle.-L. mysticus.-Gk. nakha-, nail of the finger or toe; and
further, to Gk. 01111[, L. unguis, O. Irish
PIJCTTIICOS, mystic. - Gk.pVCTT'1S, fem.pvCTTls,
one who is initiated; see Mystery ( I). inga, V,,' . twin, a nail, with a different
mystif.v. (F.-Gk. anti L.) F. myst;- gradation.
fier, a modem and ill-coined word; coined lII'aive, artless. (F. - L.) F. ,/ai've,
from Gk. PIJCTTHC/'S, mystic, and F. -fier, fem. of naif, native, natural. - L. 1IlltiZ/tts,
from L. -jicare, for faure, to make. native. - L. lliilus, born j see Natal.
Kyth, a fable. (Gk.) Gk. pv90s, a lII'aked. (E.) A. S. 'lacoti.+Du. naakl,
fable. G. nackt, Goth. 11akwatlzs, Icel. tliikvi'6r j
mythology. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. my- cf. Dan. 'tOgen, Swed. "Mm, mod. Icel. 11a-
thofqgie . - L. mjthologia. - Gk. l'u9o"-o-yia,
kinn. All these are pp. forms j cf. Itake,
legendary lore. - Gk. I'v90-s, a fable j to strip, in Chancer, tr. of Boethius, bk.
1I.o"(-os, a discourse, from "-',("JI, to tell.iv. m. 7; which is a back-formation.
Teut. type *nakwallioz > *nakwadoz ; Idg.
type *tuJg(w)olos. Allied to SkI. ,/aC'IO-,
lII'. Russ. 1lOgoi, L. tludus, Irish nochd, W.
noeth, stripped, bare. Brugm . i. i 165.
lII'a.b, to seize. (Scand.) Provo E. ,zap See Nude.
(North ). From Swed. and Norw. nappa, lII'aker, a keltle-drum. (Arab.) In
Dan. 'IOPpe, to catch, snatch at, nab. Der. Chaucer. Arab. Mqqtiralz, a kettle-drum;
kitiMp. see Palmer's Pers. Diet .. col. 659.
lII'a.bob, an Indian prince. (Hind. - lII'a.me. (E.) A. S. 1Iama.+Du. lIaam ;
Arab.) Hind. nawab or 1zawwab, orig. a Icel.nafn, nanm, Dan .navtl,Swed.lIanmj
pi. sb., but used in the sing. as a title of Goth. l1amo, G. name. Further allied to
houour. Pl. of Arab. ,ulib, a vice-gerent, L. nOlI/elt , a name j Gk. oJlopa, Pel's. 1zom,
deputy. viceroy. Cf. Arab. nawb, supply. Skt. naman ; and to Ir. ainm, W. emu,
ing the place of another. name. ~ Not allied to Know j sec
lIa.clir, the point of the sky opposite Prellwitz. Brugm. i. §§ 399, -4l5.
the zenith. (F. - Span. - Arab.) F. 1lOdir. lII'a.nkeen,lII'a.n1rlD, a kind of cotton
-Span. nadir.-Arab. nazir, short for cloth. (China.) So called from Nallkin,
lIaziru's 'samt, the nadir; lit.· correspond- in China. - Chin. nat/-king, south court j
ing to the zenith.' -Arab. 'Iazir, alike, cf. pe-king, north court (Yule).
corresponding to; as'samt, the azimuth, lII'ap (I ), a short sleep. (E.) M. E.
also the zenith. See Azimuth, Zenith. nappen, verb, to doze. A. S. Imappian,
(The z is here the 17th letter of the Arab. verb, to doze. Cf. O. H . G. h1IaJ1eZetl, to
alphabet. ) nap.
lII'a.g (1), a horse. (M. Du.) M . . E. lII'ap (2), the roughish surface of cloth.
'lOgge. -M. Du. negglte, negge, Du. 1tegge, (M. Du.) M. E. tuJj>pe, nap (Prompt.
,leg, a small horse; Dn. dial. knagge Parv.). Prob. introduced by Du. cloth-
(Molema). Cf. Low G. nikkel, a nag. workers. [A. S. ·htuJjJpa is unauthorised.)
Origin unknown. - M. Du. nqppe, 'the haire or nap of
lII'a.g (2) , to worry, tease. (Scand.) wooll or cloath;' Hexham. Du. tuJjJ. Cf.
Non". Swe(l. tla.s:..~a. to nibble, peck; d. M. Du. tuJppen, , to sheare of[£1 the n~p;'
Dan. 11Oge, Ice!. glUZgn, to b'IULw; Low G. Hexham.+Norw. napp, nap j 'IIlPpa, to
3-43
 NAPE NAUSEOUS
give a nap to; Dan. ''''!fe, nap ; ""ppe, to Swed. ,zar/tVa'; Ice!. ttahvalr, a uarwhal.
lriz; Low G. nobbt, mtbbe, nap. Allied The lit. sense is ' <.:orpse-whale·; the fish
to Norw. nllppa, to pluck off with the being (often) of a pallid eolour; perhaps
fingers; A. S. IlIIappian, to pluck, Voc. a ' popular etymology.' - kel. mi-r, corpse ;
~80. l3; Goth . dis-hnupnan, to be torn to hvalr, whale.
pieces, tlis-httiupatl, to tear to pieces. Jl'asal. (F.-L.) F. ,.asal.-Late 1..
Teut. root *hlleup. wisa/is, belonging to the nose. - L. tlasus,
Jl'ape, the joint of the neck behind. nose. See Nose.
(E.) 'M. E. 1Iape; also naupe (Palsgrave). Jl'ascent, springing up. (L.) L. 'tas-
The same as O. Fries. hals-knap, nape of cent-, stem of pres. pt. of nard, to be
the neck; which links it with A. S. ettap, born, arise, spring up, inceptive verb with
the top of a hill; and with Knop. pp.:. mitus. See Natal.
Jl'apery, linen for the table. (F . -L.) .a.sturtium, a flower. (L.) Lit.
O. F. 1l<lperie. - Late L. ,tiiparia, map- ' nose-wring;' from the sharp smell. - L.
piiritz, the office in a household for sup- ,zaslurlium, cress; better spelt nastllr-
Vlyiug table·linen. - Late L.,tiipa, a cloth, cium. - L. 1Ias-us, nose; torquere, to twist,
for L. mappa, a cloth. See Map, Napkin. torment; see Torment.
Jl'aphtha. (L. - Gk. - Arab.) L ltap!t- Jl'asty. (Scand.) Formerly also ,zasky;
Iha. - Gk. vacp6a. - Arab. nalt, ,tift, naph- see Mau-lavi in Cot. Cf. Swed. dial.
tha , bitumen. ' 1Iaskug, nasty, dirty, abo spelt snarkig;
Jl'apkin, a small cloth. (F. -L.; willt Swed. muskig, nasty.-Swed. dial. marka,
E. StiJIix.) M. E. naptkitl, also 'tapet, to eat like a pig, be slovenly; Dan. maske,
both dimin. forms of O. F. ,zaPt, a cloth, to eat like a pig.+Low G. nask, nasty;
from Late L. niipa ; see Napery. Norw. nark. greedy, tlaska, to champ;
Jl'arcissus, a flower. lL.-Gk.) L. E . Fries. narkm, G. naschen, O. H. G.
I/arcisstts. - Gk. vapICHttro<; named from ,zaSCOtt, to eat dainties.
its narcotic properties. See below. Jl'atal, belonging to one's birth. (1'. -
narcotic,producingstupor. (F.-Gk.) L.) F. nalal (0. F. 1tOiil).-L. "iiliilis.
F. Ilarcotique. - Gk. vapICOIT'lCo<, benumb- - L. 1IiiJus (for gtliilus), born (d. Gk .
ing. - Gk. vapKoOJ, I benumb; vaplCaOJ, I lCatrl'Y"TJ1:o" a blood relation) ; pp. of nasci,
b>TOW numb. - Gk. vaplC1J, numbness, orig. to be born. - ",GEN, to beget. See
<.:ontraction; for *trvaplC'1, i. e. contraction. genus, Kin. Brugm. i. § 452.
Allied to Snare ( Prellwitz), . Jl'atation, swimming. (L.) From the
Jl'ard, an unguent. ~F.- L. - Gk. - ace. of L natalio, a swimming. - L. tIIlld/-
l'ers.) F.nard.-L.,zardus.-Gk."apoo<, us, pp. of 1latare, to swim, frequent. of
Mk. xiv. 3. - Pers. ,zard (whence Skt. nare, to swim. Cf. Gk. v~X"'" to swim,
tlalada-) , s~ikenard.+Skl. ,zaqa-, a reet!. O . Irish s,tii-im, I swim. See Naiad.
Hom, § 1060. Der. spike-nard. Jl'ation. (1'. - L.) F. nation. - 1..
Jl'a.rgil~h, Jl'argili, Jl'a.rgile, 'tiiliiinem, ace. of tliilio, a nation. - L.
a pipe or smoking-apparatus in which the miltts, born. See Na.tal.
smoke is passed through water. (Per•. ) native. ( F. - L. ) F. nalif, 'native;'
- Pers. mirgil, a coco-nut, becanse these Cot. - L. tliiliulIS, natural. - L. tlalus,
pipes were originally made with a coco- born. Doublet, naiv~.
nut, which held the water. Cf. Skt. nature. (F.-L.) F. nature. - L.
tlarikera-, ,tiirikela-, a coco-nut. (Devic, natura, nature. - L. ttiitltS, born.
Yule.) Jl'atron, native ..:arbonate of soda.
Jl'arration. F . - L.) F. ,.arrlltio1l. (F. - Span. - Arab. - Gk. - Heb.) A
- L. acc. ttarriitio'UiIJt, a tale. _ L. ,tarra- donblet of ,titre; see Nitre.
It4s, pp. of ,tarrare, to relate, lit. to make Jl'aught, Jl'ought. (E.) M. K
known._ L. narlts, gttarltS, knowing, ac- tlaught. A. S. ,tiiwiht, also 'ziiht.- A. S.
quainted with. - .vGEN, to know; see "ii, not; wiht, a whit; see No and Wbit.
Know. Brugm. i. § 457 (2). Der. naught-y {lit. naught.like, worthless) .
Jl'arrow. (E.) M. E. narowe, ,zarewe, Doublet, ,wi.
,zar-we. A. S. nearn, narrow, closely Jl'alUieOUS. (L . - Gk.) L. nallseosus ,
drawn.+O. Sax. ttaro; Du. ,zaar, dismal, adj.; from nausea, sea-skkness. - Gk.
san. Perhaps allied to Nerve (Franck) . vauoia, sea-sickness. - Gk . • au., a ship.
lIKWhal, sea·unicorn. (Scand.) Dan. See Nave (2 ).
3H
 NAUTCH NECK
!lautch, a kind of ballet· dance by Nay. (Scand.) M. E . •,ay. -Icel. nei,
women. (Hind.-Prakrit.-Skt.) Hind. Dan. ttei, Swed: nej, lIay. Negative of
(and Mahratti ) ,weh, a dance; Prakrit Aye, q. v.
'laeheha. - Skt. nTtya, dancing, acting; Na.za.rite, a Jew who made vows o f
orig. [ut. pass. part. of 'tTt, to dance, to act. abstinence, &c. (Heb.; with Gk. suffix. )
Der . •tauteh-girl, a dancing·girl (Yule). Heb . •wzar, to separate oneself, vow,
!lautical. (L.-Gk.) From L. ,tau- abstain; with suffix ·ite ( = L. ·ita, Gk .
tie,"s, nautical. - Gk. vavTtI,6s, pertaining •tT'Jt).
to ships. - Gk. vauT'Is, a sailor; from vav.s, Neap, scanty, very low! said of a tide.
a ship. See Nave (2) . (E.) M. E. neet; A. S. net (or ttet).
nautilus, a shell·fish. (L.-Gk.) L. Near, nigh. (E.) Now used as a
nautilus. - Gk. vavTI}"os, a sea·man; also positive, but orig. the comparative of m'gh.
the nautilus (from its sailing). - Gk. vauT- (The form "earer is a double compara.
'IS, a sailor ; from vav·s, a ship. tive.] M. E. nerre, adj., ner, adv., nigher;
!laval. (F.-L.) F. noval.-L. na· A. S. near, comparative adv. from neah,
ualis, belonging to ships.-L. miuis, a nigh.+lcel. nar, adv., both positive and
ship. Cf. Gk. vavs. See Nave ( 2) . comparative; orig. the latter. See Nigh.
Nave (I), the hub of a wheel. (E. ) Neat ( I) , black cattle, an ox. (E. )
M. E. naue (tt =v). A. S . •ta/u, .tabu. + M. E. neel, both sing. and pI. A. S. neat,
Du. naaf, I cel. niif, Dan . •tav, Swed. nof, pI. neat, cattle. + Icel. naul, pI. naul,
G. nabe, O. H. G. naba. Teut. type cattle; Swed. nOt; Dan . •wd; M . H. G.
"nabti, fem. Cf. Skt. nabki·, the nave of nO'z, cattle. Teut. type *nalilom, neut.
a wheel, navel, centre, boss. See Navel. fl. U suall y explained as 'domestic' or
Der. auger. 'useful'; from the lud grade (nau/) of
Nave ( 2), the body of a church. (F.- Teut. *tlCul·an, to employ; seell in A . S.
L. ) }<' rom O . F. nave (Y. 1tej) , a ship, 7llotan, to use, employ, Icel. njota, G.
also the body of a church; said to be named geniessen , Goth. niulan, to enjoy, gel
from its lengthy shape. - L. niiuem, acc. of benefit from. Cf. Lithuan. ,uzudil, use-
IWllis, a ship. + Gk. vails, a ship, O. Irish fulness. (-v'NEUD. ) Brugm. i. § 221.
ItaU, Skt . •taU-. Brugm. i. § 184. Der. neat·herd.
Navel. (E.) M. E. nauel (tt~v) ; A.S. Neat (2 ) , tidy. (F. - L.) F. uel,
ua/eta, nabllla, navel. + Du. navel, Icel. masc., nette, fern., neat, pure. -L. "ilidus,
1tajli, Dan . •tavle, Swed. najle, G. nabel. shining, neat.-L. nitlre, to shine.
Teut. type *nab3Ion· ; from the form seen Neb, beak, nose. (E.) M. E. mb, face.
in Lettish ,taba, navel; see Nave (1) . A. S. nebb, face. + Du. neb, bill, nib, mouth;
Cf. also Pers. naJ, navel; Skt. nablli-, ( I) leel . •tel, nose; Dan. llab; Swed . nabb.
nave, ( 2) navel; related (with a difference (1 Further allied to Du. meb, bill , beak,
of gradation) to Gk. op.~(,s, navel, Lat. mavel, bill; G . S<'hllabel, bill, M. H. G.
umbilicus, O. Irish imoliu. Similarly, .,ave mabel, allied to M. H. G. snaben, to snap.
(I ) is allied to L. umbO', boss (of a shield). And cf. Lith. snapas, bill.
llrugm. ii. § 76. Nebula., a misty patch of light. (L.)
Navigable, that can be traversed by L. ,zebu/a, mist. + Gk. v*.p(},,'1, cloud; Du.
"hips. (F.-L.) F. navigable.-L. naui· nevel, Icel. nijl, G. nebet, mist. Allied to
gabilis. - L. ,wuiglire, to navigate. - L. Gk. V(.pos, cloud, W. nej, O. Jr. nem,
"lize·, for nauis, a ship; -igare, for agere, heaven, Russ. nebo, heaven; also SkI.
to drive. nabkas, sky, rether. Brugm. i. § 554.
navigation. (F. - L.) F. naviga· Necessary. (F.-L.) O. F. neces·
tio,t, sailing-. - L. acc. niiuigationelll; from sa ire. - L. neeessiirius,needfui. - L . necesse,
pp. of L. niiuigiire (above) . nellt. adj., necessary.
navvy, a labourer employed on rail- Neck. (E. ) M. E. ,ukke. A. S. hnecea,
ways, &c. (L.) Short for navigator, for- neck, orig. nape of the neck.+Du. llek,
merly used to mean a labourer employed G. geniek; Teut. type *hnekkon-. Cf. also
on canals for navigation; first used, ac- Icel. hnakki, Dan. nakke, Swed. nacke, G.
cording to Haydn, about 1830. nacken, O. H. G. (h)nach, nape of the
navy, a fleet. (F. -L.) M. E. ,uzvie. neck, back of the head; from Tent. type
- O. F. ,tavie, orig. a single ship.-L. */makkon-. fl. Orig. sense ' projection',
•wuia, a vessel. - L. ttiit4i·s, a ship. further all ied to Irish moe, hill .
345
 NECROMANCY NEPHEW
lIec1'OmaDcy, divination by com- lzegligent-, stem of pres. part_ of 1tegli-
munion with the dead_ (F. -L.- Gk.) M.E. gen. to neglect (above).
lligromaltcie (since altered). - O. F. nigro- lIegotiate, to do business. (L.) From
mance, 'nigromancy, conjuring, the black pp. 01 L. ltegoliare, to do business. - L.
art; ' Cot. - Late L . nigromantia, corru,Pt negotium, business; compounded of 1teg-,
form of L.,tecrOmalltia. - Gk. "fltpoJ.W.YTEla, not (see Negation), and otiunt, leisure.
necromancy.-Gk. "fltpO-S, a corpse; J.W."- Negro. (Span.-L.) Span. negro.-L.
TEla, propheti c power. 8. Gk. "fltpOS, is nigrmll, acc. of niger, black.
allied to "E"us,a corpse; ct.L.necare, tokill. Negus. (E.) A beverage invented by
(.vNEK.) Gk. paVTEia is from jJIi"TlS, a Colonel Negus (one of a Norfolk famil y)
seer. ~ Necromancy was called ( the black in the time of Queen Anne.
art ' owing to a popular etymology from lIeif, lIeaf, the fist. (Scand.) M . E.
L. IIlger, black; CC. the Late L. Itigro- neue (11 = v ), dat. case. - Ice!. h!tefl, fi st;
lIumtt"a. Swed. wi/ve, Dan. 1ICEVe.
Nectar. (L.-Gk.) L. nectar.-Gk. Neigh. (E.) M.E-mien. A.S./m<2gall,
"'nap, the drink of the gods. to neigh. +Low G. neigen (Lubben), M.
Need. (E.) M. E. lIeed. A . S. nled , Du. neyen, to neigh. Cf. Ice!. g lleggja,
(lIfd ), also Ilead; O. Merc. Ilid, necessity. /megg/a, Swed. gtltigga, Dan.gtlegge, N orw.
+ Ice!. llaufJr, necessity, nallfJ, distress ; k1l egg./a.
Du. Ilood, Dan. Swed. nijd, G. nolll, nol, Neighbour. (E.) M. E. Ileigllebour;
Goth. Ilauths. Teut. stem naudi-. In A. S. nlahgebiir or nlahbiir. - A. S. Ilirall,
late A. S. texts this word is coufused in nigh; bi!r, or gebiir, a husbandman , the
form with 1llod, Ilied (njd), desire; which same word as Du. bOC1', a boor. See Boor.
is related to O. Sax. niu", O. H. G. 1liot, +G. nachbar, M. H. G. 1lachbiir; from
desire; Teut. base *Jteud-. Brugm. i. § nacll, nigh, bitr, a husbandman.
42 7 b. Neither. (E.) M. E. neither; for Ile
I
Needle. (E.) Also neeld; M. E.mdlc, (negative particle), not, and either. ::iee
also nelde. A. S. nadel; earlier form Either. With A. S. ne, not, cf. O. Sax.
1l,/dU. + Du. 1laald (for *m.zadl ) ; Ice! . ne, Itl; Goth. and O. H. G. ni, not.
lltil; Dan. 1laal; Swed. 1U1l; G. nadel; Nemesis. (L.-Gk .) L.nemesis.-Gk.
(;oth. Ilethla. 13. All from a T eut. type "Ep.Hm, allotment, retribution, vengeance.
*lIa-thla, from root *'le, to sew, as in G. - Gk. "EPEt", to distribute. (.vNEM.)
?lti/lett, to sew, L. 'I:!re, Gk. II~8f"', II'f"', Nenuphar, a kind of water·lily. (Pers.
to spin. Cf. .vSNE, as in O. Irish sn111l, -Skt.) Pers. Illll1ifar, for Ill/it/ar, nfllt-
a spinning; cf. Irish snathad, a needle, par, ItlliiPal, a water·lily (Devic). - Skt.
mathaim,I string together, maidlle,thread. Itilotpala, a blue lotus. - Skt. nJla, blue;
See Brugm. i. § 136, ii. § 62. utpa/a, a lotus.
Neese, Neeze, to sneeze, puff. (E.) Neology, the introduction of new
M. E. nesm; not in A . S.+Du. niezen , G. phrases. ,(Gk.) Gk. 1I'0-S , new; -Ao-yla,
niesen, O. H. G. niusan, Ice!. hlt/osa, from ACryOS, discourse, from A'1Etll, to
Swed. IZysa, Dan. nyse. Teut. type ·Imeu- speak; see New.
san_. See Sneeze. neophyte, a novice. (L. -Gk.) L.
Nefarious. (L.) L. IIe/tiri-w, im- neopl'ytus. - Gk. IIftKpUTOS, lit. new planted,
pious; with suffix -DIU. - L. Ile/as, that hence, a novice. - Gk. IIfO-S, new; .puT-6",
which is unlawful. _ L. ne-, for ne, not; a plant, .pUT-OS, grown, from.p""", to grow,
las, law. allied to fan, to speak, declare. cause to grow, allied to Be.
Cf. Skt. bliash, to speak. neoteric, novel. (L. - Gk.) L. neate-
Negation, denial. (F . - L.) M . F . ne- l-icus. - Gk. "fOJT'p,,,6s, novel. - Gk. IIfW-
gatioll.-L. ace. negationem, denial. - L. Tfpos, comparativeofllfos, new ; seeNew.
Jugalus, pp. of negare, to deny. Prob. Nepenthe, Nepenthes, a drug
from a particle (neg-) of negation; cf. which lulled sorrow. (G k.) Gk. "'1"fIl8's,
Lith. negi, also not. Brugm. ii. § 774. an epithet of a soothing drug (in Homer) ;
B'eglect. (L.) L. neglcetus, pp. of neut. of "1J".,,8~s, free from sorrow. - Gk.
1teg/igere, to neglect. -L. neg-, not (see ",,-, neg. prefix; ,,(,,80s, grief, allied to
Negation) ; and legere, to gather, select. 7I'a80s. See No ( I) and Pathos.
negligence. ( F.-L.) M. F. neg/i- Nephew. (F. - L. ) M. E. lleueu
!
gm<"C. - L. lleglige11lia, carelessness. - L. ( = 1leveu . - F . nevell, (a nephew;' Cot.-
a..6
 NEREID NEWEL
L. ,zepolem, acc. of ,upos, a grandson, also Ifrom ni, downward, into.+Icel. ."e3ri, adj.,
a nephew. +Skt. 'ltlPfzl, a grandson; Pers. m lJan', adv. ; Dan. neder· (111 comp.),
nawilda, a grandson; A. S. nefa, a nephew; I whence ,ud, downward; Swed. uedre, G.
G. neffi, nephew; Du. neef. Idg. type "~ieder, nether; Du. neder, adv., down.
· nepoI; whence orig. T eut. type ·1lt./od, Cf. R uss. nije U as in F.} adv., lower.
later "nefon·. The fern. type is Idg. ·,tepli. Der. ,zelher·mosl, corruption of A. S. ni6e·
(Skt. napli, L. ,zeplis), Teut. "nefti. > l 1)/esl, extended (by the usual superlative
·nif/i· (A. S. nift, Du. nieltt). Der. nepot· suffix .esl) from an earlier *ni·(Jem-a,
ism , favouritism to relations, from L. where -tJe·m· = Idg. ·Io·mo (as in L.
nepol., s!em of nepos. Brugm. i. § 149. , op.li.mus).
lfereld, a sea·nymph. (L.- Gk.) L. I lfettle. (E.) M. E. "etle. A . S. ndele,
Nlreid., stem of Nlreis. - Gk. N'IP,is , a 1ltlle.+Dn. neld, Dan. nelde (for *mdle ),
daughter of N l reus (Gk. N'IP'6s ), an Swed. nassla (for *nalla), G. nessel. Teut.
ancient sea·god. - Gk. "'1pOS, wet; _cf. Gk. type *natillJn', fern . An older form appears
"a.. II, to Bow (Prellwitz). (-v'SNA.) in O . H. G . nazza, fern., a nettle. Cf. O.
lIerve. (F . -L.) F. tteif; Cot.-L. Irish nenaid, nettles.
,zeruum, acc. of neruus, a sinew. Perhaps lIeuralgia, pain in the nerves. (Gk.)
allied to Gk. ",uPO", a sinew, string; Skt. From Gk. ", IiP'Oll, a nerve, and clA'Y-os,
snfzva·, a tendon. See Prellwitz. pain; with suffix ·Ia. The Gk. ".ilpOll
lfescient, ignorant. (L.) From L. may be allied to L. "IIn/us; see Nerve.
1ttsd ent· , stem of neseims, pres. pt. of lfeuter. (L.) L.neuler; neither; hence,
,useire, not to know. -L. ,u', not; scire, sex·less.-L. ,ze, not; uter, whether; sec
to know. See Science, Nice. Whether. Der. 1leutr·al, &c.
lfesh, tender, soft. (E.) M. E. nesh. liner. (E.) M. E. 'teuer (Il = v ).
A.S. h"esee, soft.+Goth. It,ltlSkwus, soft, A. S. ,tilfi·e.-A. S. ne, not; iF/re, ever;
lender. see Ever.
lfe•• , a promontory. (E.) Seen in lfew. (E.) M. E. "e'we; A . S. ,tiwe,
Slteer·ness, &c. A. S. ,ttESS, headland.+ 'l101ve.+Du. n;et/w, Jcel. ,tj", lJan. Swed.
lceI. nes, Dan. ntZS,· Swed. 1tas. Teut. ,ty, Goth. "iujis, G. ,leU, L. ,tOUUS, W.
types *,ltlSOZ or *nassoz, masc., *nasjom, 'Iewydd, Irish and Gad. nuad/l, Lithuan.
neut. Perhaps allied to Nose. lIaujas, Russ. izovuii, Gk. "'os (= /I'Fos~ .
lfest. (E.) M. E. and A.S. nesl. + Pers. nau, Skt. tlava (s), navya(s), new.
Du. nest, O. H. G. and G. ,zesl; Bret. Jdg. types *,uwios, mwos; Hrugm. i. §§
1Ieit, Irish and Gael. mad, O. Irish, tlet; 120, 31S; ii. § 63. Allied to Skt. ,tU,
W. ,tylh, L . nidus (for.*niulus), Skt. "iola·, now; hence new = ' that which is now,'
a nest, a den. 8. Orig. 'a place to sit in.' recent. See Now.
Explained as short for *ni·sd-os, a place newfangled, fond of novelty. (E.)
in which to sit down; cf. Skt. ni·sad, to sit The d has leen added. M. E. ,tewefangel,
down. Here .•sd. is the weak grade of i. e. fond of what is new. Compounded of
-v'SED, to sit. See Sit. Der. 1lest·le, 1ltl1ve,new, andfattgel, ready to catch, from
from A.S. nest/ian, to make a nest; nest· the base fa'lg', as in A. S. fangm, pp. of
I.ing. Brugm. i. § SI. fln, to catch. The suffix otl is lhe same
lfet ( 1), an implement for catching fish. as in A. S. spree·ol, fond of speaking, talka·
, E.) A. S. net, nett.+DlI. ,zet, Ice\. Dan. live, &c. ~ ec Fang.
'let, Swed. nat, Goth. ,tati, G. 1zetz. Tellt. news, tidings. (E.) Forrnerly1ltwes, sb.
type *notjam, neut. Cf. L. 'tassa, a wicker pl. , lit. new things; see the Kingis Quair,
creel, I ce!. 1lot, a net. st. 179. It is a translation of F. nou·
lfet (2 ) , clear of all charges. (F.-L.) velles, newS, pI. of 0.1'. novel, new. Cf.
F . lIet, pure; hence, free; see Neat (2). DI1. lliett1IJS (Sewe1).
lIether, lower. (E .) M. E. ne/here. lIewel, the upright column round which
A.S. tleotJera, ",'otJerra, nether; a compo acircula. staircase winds. ( F.-L.) Former·
adj . due to ni6er, adv., downward, also a Iy nuell. - O. F. nuel, 1toiel, later 1loyau,
com par. fqrm. To be divided as ni~er, ' the stone of a plumme, the nuell or
the suffix ·(Jer being comparative, as in spindle of a winding staire ; ' Cot. - L.
o·ther, nei·ther (cf. Gk. -Tfpos, Skt . . tara.). nuciile, neut. of nucfzlis, lit. belonging to
" ' e find SkI. 'li·farfzlll, adv., excessively, a nut ; hence a kernel or stone of a plum.
conlinuaIly, grammatically a compo form - L. 1tUe·, stem of ttl/X, a nut. ~ Named
3+7
 NEWFANGLED NIGHTMARE
from its mural position. Cf. 1". nUlil, a by Cronstedt (a Swett mineralogist) in
nut (dial. of La Meuse). 125,t (Cent. Dict.).
lIewfazurled, lIew.; see New. lIlClmack j see Kniokknack.
lIewt, a kind of lizard. (E.) The ini- lIickname. (E. ) M. E. "ekmame,
tial " ii unoriginal; a newl stands for an also ekename; (a nekename = an ekenallle).
ewl. M. E. newle; also ewle, which is a See Prompt. Parv. ; cf. Du. loenaalll, G.
shortened form of M. E. evete. - A. S. zuname. From eke and name. + Icel.
ifela, a lizard. See Eft. auknefni, Swed. okna1m" Dan. oge1taV1t,
lien, nighest. (E.) M. E. nexl; also an eke-name, nickname.
nehesl, super!. of nell, nigh; A. S. nehsl, lIicotiaD., belonging to tobacco. (F.)
super!. of nln, neah, nigh. See Nigh. M. F. Nicoliane, 'Nicotian, tobacco, first
lIia., a young hawk, a ninny. (F. -L.) sent into France by Nicol in 1560;' Cot.
M. F. niais, ' a neastling, ninny;' Cot. - Nicol is a personal name.
Late L. acc. type *nidiacem (Ital. nidiace). lIiece. (F. - L.) M. Eo neee, 1Uyce.-
- L. nidus, a nest. See Nest. M. F. niece (F. niece). - Late L. 1uplia, a
lIib, point of a pen. (E.) Anotherform niece. - L. neptis, a granddaughter, niece ;
of neb; see Neb. Cf. E. Fries. nibbe, used as fem. of L. nepos, nephew. See
nib, Low G.nibbe, a neb. Nephew.
lIibble. (Eo) Lit.' to nip often;' the lIigga.rd, a miser. (Scand.) M. E.
frequent. of "ip, to pinch off the end of nigara; where the suffix -ard is of F.
grass, &c.+Low G. nibbe"" Imibbeln , to origin (=O.H.G. hart, hard ). We also
nibble, to gnaw slightly. (Cf. dibble from find M. E. nigun, a niggard, and ,tiggisll,
dip.) ~ Or we may regard it as an at· adj ., stingy; and even mg. -Icd. h"ogg1',
tenuated form of Du. hlabbelm, to nibble. niggardly, Swed. njugg, niggardly, scanty;
lIice, fastidious, delicious. (F. -L.) cf. Mid. Dan. nygger, Swed. dia!' nugger,
M. E. nice, foolish, simple, later fastidious , stingy.+A. S. h"law, niggardly (Noreen).
and lastly delicious. - O. F. nice, lazy. Cf. M. Du. nugger, 'nimble, carefull, or
simple; orig. ignorant j Romanic *.eciUIll diligent,' Hexham.
(cf. S~an. neeio). - L. nescium, acc. of lfigh. (E.) M. E. mil, neih, ney. A. S.
/Jescius, ignorant. - L. 1U, not; sci-re, to mah, nlh, nigh ; adv. and prep. +.. Du.
know. See No (1) and Soienoe. na , adv., I cel. "'1- (as in 1lI1-btti, a neigh-
lIiche, a recess in a wall for a statue. bour) j Goth. nlhwa, arlv. and prep.; G.
(F.-ltal.-L.) F. 1litM.-Ital. 1liuhia, ,tah, nahe, adj., nach, prep., nigh. Teut.
a niche, a shell-like recess in a wall. - Ital. type *nahwo-. Root unknown.
nicchio, a shell, also a nitch (Florio). - L. Hight. (E.) M. E. night, niht. A . S.
lIlitulum,1Iljli/ttm ,acc. of mittllus, mjtiltts, 1lihi, neaM; O. Merc. na'l,t.+Du. G. 1laeht,
a sea·muscle. ' Derived in the same way as Ice!. mUt, nott, Dan. nat, ~wed. 1latt, Goth .
Ital. secchia from silula, a bucket, and vec- naMs. T eut. type *1la/il-; Idg. type
chio from tutulus, old; as to the change of *nokt- . + W . nos, Irish 1lOrI/d, L ithuan.
initial, cf. Ita!. nespola with L. mupiltlm , naktis. Russ. nache, L. 1taX (slem 1l0Ct-),
a medlar;' Diez. [The same change Gk. vJ[ (stem VUI<T- ), Skt. nakta-. ~r For
occurs in F. natte, a mat, and in ,tapki".] the old system of reckoning by nights, cf.
We alio find L. multllus, a sea-muscle; smmght, jorlmght.
er. L. musmlus, a sea-muscle; see Musole nightingale. (E.) M. E. 1ligMin-
(1). Cf. Gk. flIITiJ..or (Liddell). gale, earlier mghtegale (the n having been'
lIick -(I ), a small notch. (0. Low G. ) inserted) ; A. S. nilitegale. - A. S. nihle-,
Nick is an attenuated form of 1lock, a for niht, night; gale, a singer, from
notch; see Nook. So also lip from lralan, to sing. Lit. ' singer by night:
lop. A. S . .gal-an is from gal-, 2nd stem of
lIick (2) , the devil. (F . - L. - Gk .) giel/an, to yell. See Yell. So also Du.
Short for Nicolas. [ Not from A. S. niear, nachtegaal, Dan. nattergal, Swed. mikler-
a water-sprite, hobgoblin; Ice!. nykr, Dan . gal. G. nachtigall, O. H. G. naMagala.
,wk, nisse, Swed. niick, G. ,.ix, a water- nightmare, an incubus. (E.) M. E.
goblin. See Kluge, s. v. Nix.) llightemare. From A. S. niht, night;
lIickel, a grayish white metal. (G. - 1JltEre, a nightmare, incubus ; allied to
Swed.) G. 1ticket, nickel : Impfe1'llickel, a Teut. verb *marjan-, to cnlsh, Ice!.
nickel of copper. - Swed. nickel. So named "urja (pt. t. ma~,) , to crush. [Mara is
34 8
 NIGHTSHADE NOCK
quite distinct from A. S. mere, a mare, but to Lith • .f"yb-ti, to pinch; or to Lith.
the two have been confused in Du. nacM- kNo-ti, to pinch.
merrie, a nightmare.]+Icel. mara, Swed. lIipple, a teat. (E.) Formerly"ible
mara, Dan. mare, Low G. moor, O. H. G. (Nares); neble (Palsgrave) ; dimin. of
mara, mar; all with the sense of incubus nib or neb; see Neb. Cf. O. F. nijle,
or crushing weight on the breast. Cf. F . ,.iflle, a nose, Ital. niffolo, niffa, a snout,
caue/,e-mar, nightmare; wlrere cauche is from the Teutonic (Low G. nibbe, a beak).
from L. calciire, to tread on, press upon. D er. nipple-wort.
Also N. Fries. tlaagtmare, G. tltlChtmahr, lIit, egg of a lonse; a louse. (E.)
nightmare. M. E. nite, a nit, also a louse; A .S. hnit",
nightshade, a plant. (E.) A. S. a louse's egg. + Du. neet; lcel. nitr, pI.,
nilitscada. C f. Du. "achtschade, M. Du. Dan.gnid, Swed. gnet; G. niss; Gk. "o"lt
"achtschaede, G. nachtsrllatten. Also Swed. (stem "ovl~-) ; W. ,.edd, pI., nits; cf. also
dial. tlatt-skate-griis, as if from tIlltt-skata, Russ. gnida , a nit.
a bat, and gras, grass ( Rietz). Nitre. ( F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.nitre.
lIigrescent, growing black. (L.) - L. uilrum. - Gk. vlrpov.- Heb. netller,
From stem of pres. pt. of nigrescere, to nitre. ~ N it1'e and natron are doublets ,
grow black, inceptive of nigrere, to be but applied to different substances. Natron
black.-L. nigro, for niger, black. is from F . nab·on. - Span. natro1l.- Arab.
lIihilist, a member of a revolutionary ttatrt'm, nitrim. - Gk. "'rpov. - Heb.
secret society, esp. in Russia. (L.) Ety- 'let/w·. Der. ,Ii/ro-gen, that which pro-
mologicall y, one who denies real existence. duces nitre, from "YEV', base of "Yi'Y""v, to
- L. nihil, nothing. produce.
lIilgau; see Nylghau. lIiza.m, the title of .Jl ruler in the
lIimble, active. (E.) M. E. nip-lei ; Deccan, in Hindustan. (Hind. - Pers.-
the b is excrescent. Lit. ' ready to catch; , Arab.) F rom the Arab. ttir/hiim, govern-
from A. S. nim-an, to catch, take, seize; ment, which the Persians pronounce as
with suffix -01, as in sprec-ol, talkative. nizam. T hough the proper sense is
We actually find A . S. numol or numu/, • governmen t,' in the phrase niziim-'1-1'mlk
taking , seizing, or able to receive; from it is used as a title, meaning' governor of
the weak grade (t.um-) of the same verb. the empire' ; first used by Asaf Jah in J 713
Cf. Ice! . 'lema, Goth. niman, G . nehmen, (Yule.) - Arab. root nat/hama, he arranged
to take. Perhaps related to Gk. "'/Iofu8al, or ordered. (Devic, Richardson.)
to occupy, "'/Iof"', to distribute. (.vNEM.) II0 ( I ), a word of refusal or denial. (E.)
lIincompoop, a simpleton. (L.) M. E. ttO; A. S. nli, no, adv., never, no.-
Thought to be a cormption of L. ntm A. S. ne, not; ii, ever (whence M. E. 00, 0,
compos (menlis), not sound in mind. ever, now obsolete). See Aye. /3. With
lIine. (E.) M. E. nine, where the A. S. ne, not, cf. Goth. ni, Russ. ne, Irish,
final ·e is a pI. suffix, and nin- is for nijen, Gael. W. ni, L. ne (in non-ne), Skt. na,
nine (Layamon) . A. S. nigon, nigm , nine. not.
+ Du. negen , Icel. nilt, D an. ni, Sw. nio, no (l ), none. (E.) Short for none,
G. neun, Goth. t.iun; cf. also W. naw, q.\'. Der. ,.o.body, i. e. none body; it
Ir. 'laoi, L. nouem, Gk . • ""'a, Zend 1laVa, took the place of M. E. no man. So also
Pers. tmh, Skt. nava, nine. Idg. type no.thing.
*newm. Rrugm. ii. § 173. lIoble. (F. - L.) F·. noble. - L. 1l0'
lIinny, a simpleton. (Ita!. ) Ita!. bilem, acc. of nobilis, well known. For
ninno, a child (Diez). Cf. Span. nino, a O . L. gnobilis. - L. /[110' , base of '16sare
child, one of little experience. - Ital. n;"na, (i. e. gnDsrere), to know; allied to E.
a lullaby, nurse's song to lull children to Know. Der. nobil-i·ty, O. F. tlobilite/,
sleep, also na,.na. Of imitative origin. L. acc. ,.obilita/em. Also i-gnoble.
IIl'ip. (E.) M. E. nippen, for knip- lIobody; from no and body; see No ( I ) .
pen ; see G . Douglas, Prol. to lEn. xii. lIook, an indentation , notch; obs.
I. 94. Not in A. S. From the weak (M. Du.) M . E. nokke. _ M . Du . nocke
grade (lmiP-) of a Teut. verb *kneipan-, to (Kilian) , a notch in the head of an
pinch, as seen in Du. knijpen, to pinch, arrow; M. Swed. nocka, a notch; Swed .
Dan. Imibe, Sw. knipa; G. kneifm, dial. nokkt, nokk. The M. Swee1. 1UIcka
kneipen, to pinch (from Low G .). Allied also denotes the sml1e as Ice!. Imokld, i. e,
 NOCTURN NOOSE
the small metal hooks holding th" thread - L. ,wmen, name; ca/iire, to call; see
in a distaff. .. The M. Ital. ttocca, a nock, Calends.
is of Teut. origin. Distinct from nolck. nominal. (F. - L. ) F. nominal. - L.
lIocturn, a service of the church. "omintilis , nominal; belonging to a name.
(F.-L.) F. nocturlle, a lloctum; orig. - L.ni5min- , for nomen, aname; see Noun.
nocturna!' - Lat~ L. "oclurlla, a nocturn ; nominate. ( L.) From pp. of L.
fern. of L. noclurJJlts, nocturnal. From nominare, to name. - L. .ltJmin-, for
noel-, stem of nox, night. S~e Night. ttome,,; see Noun.
lIod. (E. ) M. E. nodden. Not in lIon-, prefix, not. (L.) L. nOn, not.
A. S.; but the orig. form began with kn. nonage. (L. atld F. -L.) I. e. nott -
The orig. sense was to push, beat, shake. age, min ority . So a\;o non·con.formi,tg,
Cf. Ice!. knytJja, a rammer for beating noll.descript, non-entity, non-juror, non·
tnrf ; O. H. G. knoton (knoton? ), to shake; se/lSe, nOll-suit.
Bavar. ttotteftt, to move to and fro. Teut. lIonee j see One.
base *kneud. lIonehaJant, careless. (E. -L.) F.
lIoddle, the head. (E.) M. E. llMle, nOIle/lattlnt, careless; pres. pt. of O. F.
nodil, the noddle, nape, back of the head. nonckaloir, to be careless about. - O. F.
, Occiput, a nodyle;' Vocab.673. Dimin. n01J, not ; chaloir, to glow, hence to be
of *k'lOd, a word not found in M. E. , but hot over, take care for. - L. non, not;
the same as M. Du. knodde, a knob calen, to glow.
(Hexham), Du. Imod, a club; cf. G. lIone. ( E.) M.E.noon,non. A.S.
kllOten, a knot, knob. This is a mere ,,an. - A. S. ne, not: an, one; see One.
variant of knot ( Franck). Cf. Low G. Hence no, as ill /lo.tking, no-body, by loss
knuddef, a ball of yam, a hard swelling of final n.
under the skin (Berghau5) . lIones, the ninth day before the ides.
lIode, a knot. (L.) L. nUus, a knot. (L.) From L. nMza, ninth (i. e. ninth
lIog~, a wooden cup. (Scand.) Cf. day), fern. of nonllS, ninth; from nque1ll,
Irish nolgitt, Gael. noigtan, a noggin; Gael. nine. See Nine.
cnagrm , a little knob, a peg, an earthen lIonpareil, matchless. (F. -L.) F.
pipkin, cnagaire, 'a knocker; a gill, lion, not; p areil, equal.-L. lion, not;
noggin; a quart measure;' all from E. Late L. 'pal'iculllS, equal, douhle dimin.
(Macbain). Also Lowl. Sc. ttoggin, from par, equal. Cf. Apparel.
noggie; spelt knoggilJ by Swift. For lIonplus. (L.) 'To be at a ,umplus,'
*knogg·ett, with -en as in wood'en, from to be in perplexity. not to be able to pro-
knog, variant of knag, a knob, peg. also a c~ ed. - L . 'tlhl , not; plus, more , furt her.
keg (Jamieso:l) , kmzggie, a keg (id.). Of lIook. (E.) M. E. llok, a corner.
Scand. origin; see Knag. Lo w!. Sc. nmk, whence (probably) Irish
lIoise. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. noise.- and Gael. llillC, a corner, nook; also Low!.
F. noise, O. F. noise, "ose, a debate, Sc. nuik, nuk, a headland. It answers
quarrel, noise. Cf. Provo 'lOisa, nausa , to A. S. *ntJc (not found ) ; cf. Norw.
'Jlleiza. fJ. Diez holds that it can only be llakke, a comer Cllt off; Dan. dial. ,Iogg.
derived from L. nausea, sea-sickness, dis- a beno in a river .
gust, hence annoyance, &c.; the L. word ]foon. mid-day . (L.) Orig. the ninth
being borrowed from Gk. See Nausea. hour or 3 P.M., but afterwards the time of
lIoisome, annoying, troublesome. (F. the church ·ser via called nones was shifted
- L. ; 1vilk E. sufftx. ) Formed from to mid-day. We find A. S . •1i5n·tid (lit.
M. E. noy. annoyance; with E. suffix noon-tide) , the ninth hour, Mk. xv. 33.-
-some. This M. E. noy is short for M. E. L. 1JMla, i . e. ninth hour, fern . of non us,
anoy, anoi. - O. F . anoi, vexation; see ninth. See Nine.
Annoy. ]foose, a slip-knot. (F . - L ) In
lIole, lIoll, head; see Noule. Beaumont and Fletcher. The word was
lIomad, wanderiug. (Gk.) Gk. v0Jl43- , imported from Gascony by sailors. -
stem of vo}Uif, roaming in search of pas- Gascon nus ; O. Provo .zotz; Provo nous, a
ture. - Gk. VOIl"s, a pasture, allotted abode. noose or loop. [Cf. Provo nous courrtnl,
-Gk. VEIl"V , to assign. (.vNEM.) a nlOning noose; p!. .lOuses; IIOUS tb
lIomenclator, one whonamea things. I'at'aire, a noose for mooring ships; note
(L. ) L. l1i5mmdtifo,', lit. 'nnme-cnller.' Gasc. /louset, a knot, 'lOlIstra , to tie a
35 0
 NOR NOURISH
knot.] - L. nUus, nom., a knot. See mnkes notes, a scrivener. - L. ,,,,la, a nole ;
Knot. see Note.
"or. (E. ) M. E. ''''1', short for ,,,,t/w', "otch, an incision, a score; also, ns
neither. - A . S. "awtJer, contracted form vb., to incise, nick. (F. ) For *old" by
of ntihw(ZtJer, neither. - A. S. nil, not; a.sociation with nock, which has a similar
h1vatJer, whether. meaning. M. E. ochen, to cut, cut into,
..ormal, according to rule. (L ) 1.. occurs in the Morte Arthnre, 3565,3676.
nonntilt's, adj. -L. norma, a carpenter's NOlch was often particularly used with
sq~are, rule, pattern. reference to the scoring of tallies, and
l!Jorma.n, ..orse; see North. cricket was once scored by counting nolckes.
"orth. (E.) A. S. noM1.+Du. noon!, -0. F. oche (F. koche), 'a nick, nock, or
lcel. no~r, Dan. ~wed . G . nord. Root notch, the cut of a tally;' Cot. Also
unknown; some compare Umbrian nerlru, ocher,' to nick, nock , notch, to cut as a
on the left hand (to one looking east- tally;' id. The O. F. ode. Gascon osco,
wards) ; Gk. ~'fYTfPO~, lower. is of nnknown origin . ~ There i5 a similar
norman. (F.-Scand.) O. F. 11'01'- d ifficulty as to initial 11 in the word "ouch
mand. - Dan. N m"mmzd; Ice!. NortJmatJr, or ouch; see Ouch.
pl.1ITortJmemz. Lit. ' North-man.' Note, a mark. ( F.-L.) F . tlote. -L.
norse. (Scand. ) From N orw. and 1101a, a mark, lit. that by which a th ing is
Dan. norsk, Norse; Ice!. norskr, N orse. known . Perhaps for *gnola, and allied to
Short for *1Ii orlh-isk, i. e. Nortk-isk. 110tUS, known, pp. of noscen; Brea!. (For
northern. (E.) A. S. 'to~em; cog- the short 0, cf. L. cognit"s = *cognotus.)
nate with Ice!. ttorran, O. H.G. 1tordroni. D e r. not-al-ion, from 1.. lIOMlio, from pp.
For the suffix, cf. L. -timus. Der. 1Iortk- 1101'llus ; and see not-able , 1lot-ary a hove.
er-I)', put for "orlk-em-ry. Nothing. (E.) Short for ,to lhing; see
"ose. (E.) M. E. 1Iose. A. S. nosu. None.
+ Du. neus. Related , appare.ntly by Notice. (F. - L.) F.tZolice - L.nolitia ,
gmdation, to A . S. tZam, nose, Ice!. t,ds, a being known , knowledge -L. 11otUS, pp.
Dnn. nase, Swed. ,zlisa, G. nase, Rus,. of nosC(re, to know. See Know.
no/, Lilhunn. 1tosis, L. 1lIisus, nares, pl., notify. (F. - L.) F . nOlijier. - L.
Skt. tulsa, dunl. Allied to Ness. D er. notijiciire, to make known. - L. 110Ii- , for
nose-gay; cr. provo E. gay, a painted 110ttH , known; -jica"e for level'e, to
picture in II book, fromgny, adj.; tZos-lril; make.
nozzle; nuzzle. notion. (F.-L. ) F.nolion. - L.ncc.
Nosology, science of disease. (Gk .) noliol1('" , an investigation, a notion . - L.
Gk. ~Oqo·~, disease; -).o,"(ia. from A6'"(o~, notus, pp. of noscere, to know. See
discour>e , from ).E'"(fIV, to speak. Know.
"ostril. (E.) Nostril =,tose-Ikrill or notorio1Ul. (L. l From L. nolori-us,
nOSl-thiri. M. E. nosethid; A . S. tloslfyrl. manifest; with suffix ·OtlS. - L. tlolor, a
- A . ~. tlOS-U, nose; tJyrtl, a perforation, voucher, witness . - L. pp. notus, known .
orifice; see Thrill. Der. notori-e·ly, M .. F. 110toriet! (Col. ) .
"ostrum, a quack medicine. (L.) L. ..ot-pated, close shorn. (E.) See
noslrum . lit. ' our own,' i. e. a special drug I Hen. i V. ii. 4. 78. From A. S. knot ,
peculiar to the seller. Neut. of noster, close shorn; ane! Pate.
onTS. -L. nos, we. Cf. Skt. "as, us "otwithstanding. (E.) M. E .
"ot ( I), a wore! expressing denial. (E.) nougltt witllslondi"g, Gower C. A. ii. 181.
M. E. ttOI, short form of nougltt, ttaugltt; From naugltt and wilksland.
spe Naught. lII"ought, the same as Naught.
"ot (l ), I know not. or he knows not. "oule, lII"owl, "ole, "oIl, head .
(E.) Obso/cle. M. E. nol, nool. A. S. mIl. ( E.) S ~e Nares. Mid. Nt. Dr. iii. 3 . 17.
-A. S. nc , not; w,lI, T know, orh e knows; M. E. nolo A. S. knoll, the crown of the
~ee Wit. head.+O. H . G. knol, top.
"otable. (F. - L.) F . nolable.-L. "oun, a grammatical term. (F.-L.)
notObilis, remarkahle. - L. tzolare, to mark. O. F. noun, "on , ntm ( F. nom), a name.-
- L. nota, a mark ; see Note. L. nometz a name . See Na.me.
notary. (F. - L.) M. F. nolaire.- T.. lII"ourish. (F.- L.) M. E. "orisen.-
ace. noliirium (from tloliirius) , one who O . F . Houri.<· , 1ltlrris., stem of pres. pt. of
351
 NOVEL NUNCIO
nounr (F. 'JI)urrir), to nourish. - L. l!II'uisance. (F. - L.) F. lIu;sance, a
nUirire, to nourish, suckle. Cf. Nurse. hurt. - F. 1luisant, hurtful; pres. pt. of
l!II'ovel. (F. - L.) O. F. novel (F. nuire, to hurt. - L. 'JI)cire, to hurt.
nouveau). - L. mutllus, new, dimin. of l!II'ull, invalid. (F . - L.) F. ntll. - L.
nouus, new. See New. Der. novel-ty, nul/us, none. - L. nt, not; ttllus, any,
from O. F. ,wveiiteit, from L. acc. muelli- short for *u1lulus, dimin. of imus, one.
tatem, newness. l!II'ullah, a water-COlll1le, bed of a torrent.
novice,abegilmer. (F.-L. ) F.nuvice. (Hind.) Hind. ndla, a water-course
- L. nouicius, nouitius, new, fresh, a (Yule).
novice. - L. nouus, new. Der. 1I.~iti-ate , l!II'umb. (E.) M. E. nome, nomen, pp.
from M.F. novifiat, ' the estate of a novice,' seized, taken, caught with, overpowered,
Cot., from Late L. novitiafus, sb. deprived of sensation. Pp. of M. E. nimen
l!II'ovember. (L.) L. Nouember, the (A. S. nilllan), to take; see Nimble.+
ninth mon th of the Roman year. - L. nauem, Icel. numimt, bereft, pp. of nenta, to take.
nine. See Nine. l!II'umber. (F. -L.) F. nombre.-L.
l!II'OW. ( Eo) M. E. now, mu, nu; A. S. numerum, acc. of numerus, a number.
nu.+ Du. nu, lcel. nu, Dan. Swed. O. H.G. Cf. Gk. vop..os, law, II'POLV, to distribute.
Goth. nu, Skt. nu, nu. Cf. Gk. vii-v, L. (.vNEM. ) Der.out-"umber.
nu-nc. Der_ mw. Brugm. i. § 1042. numeral. (L. ) From L. numeral;s,
l!II'oway, l!II'oways. (E.) The older belonging to number. - L. numerus
form is noways.-A. S. "ams weges, by no (above).
way, the gen. case nsed adverbially. See numeration. (F.-L. ) F. numera-
None and Way-. tion. - L. acc. numerafiomm, a numbering.
nowhere. (E. ) A. S. nalnu/er. - - L. 1mme1'iifIlS, pp. of 1tltmernre, to
A. S. nli, not; hwar, where. See No (I) number. - L. numerus, a number.
and Where. numerous. (F.-L.) M.F .•lu1llermx
nowise. (E.) Short for in no 7uise, (COL). - 1.. ,mmerostts, adj.; from nu-
M. E. on none wise; where none is dat. of merus, sb., a nnmber.
M. E. mon, none, and wise is dat. of wise, l!II'umismatic, relating to coins. (L.-
a way, from A. S. Wise , a way. See None, Gk. ) Coined from L. numismaf-, stem
and Wise, sb. of numisma , cnrrent coin. - Gk. lIop..,rp.a,
l!II'ozious. (L.) L. noxius, hurtful.- a custom, also current coin. - Gk. lIop.l{OIll,
L. mxa, hurt. - I~ mcere, to hurt; cf. nex, to adopt, use as coin. - Gk. vop.o~, usage.
destruction. + Skt. ndfa(sl, destruction. - Gk. 11'1'0111, to distribute. (.vNEM.)
(.vNEK.) Brugm. ii. § 794. l!II'un. (L.) M. E. and A. S. 1Iunne.-
l!II'ozzle, a snout. (E.) Formerly 'JI)zle; Late L. nunna, 'tUmta, a nun; orig. a title
(limi n. of mse. of respect; oldest sense, 'mother.' It
l!II'ucleus, core. (L.) L. nucleus, small answers to L. mnnus, father, also a monk
nut, kernel. - L_ nuc-, stem of nttx, a nut. (Ducange) . + Gk. 11<1l1li1], aunt; Skt. nanii,
l!II'ude, naked. (L.) L . nUtius, bare; for mother, a familiar word used by children.
*nogwedos. Allied to Naked. Formed like 1Ila-1Ila, ,{a-da (daddy), and
l!II'udge, a slight push. (E.) Lowl. Sc. the like. Der. ntmn-tr-y, from O. F.mn-
1Iodge, to push, strike, strike with the nerie, which is from O. F. nonne, Late L.
knuckles; North_ E.mg, to jog. Perhaps nonna.
of imitative origin. Cf. Norw. nugga, l!II'uncheon, a luncheon. (Hybrid; L.
to rub, push, allied to nYl{J[ja (pt . t.mgg), to and E .) The ending is confused with that
push; Swed. dial. nog;gu, to move slightly. of luncheon. M. E. mllechenche (for none-
l!II'ugatory, tritling, vain. (L.) L_ nttga- schenclle). Riley, Memorials of London,
ton'us, adj. from nttglitor, a tritler. - L. p. 265; lit. a 'noon-drink,' to accompany
ni;gatus, pp_ of nugari, to mtle. - L. pI. the nonemete or ' noon-meat.' - M. E. none,
nug(J!, tritles. noon; schmche. a pouring ont of drink. -
l!II'ugget,alnmpofmetal. (E.) Formerly A. S. nifn , noon (of L. origin; see Noon);
niggot; see Trench, Eng. Past and Present. scencan, to pour out drink. /3. The A. S.
Cf. provo E. nug, a block of wood; nigg, scencan is lit. 'to pour out through a pipe; ,
a small piece ( Essex) ; nog, !mog, a block derived from A. S. scane, a shank, hollow
of wood, knob, peg; allied to Kna&. bone, pipe; see Shank.
See No&ein. l!II'uncio, a messenger. (Ita1.-L ) Ital.
35 2
 NUNCUPATIVE OATS
nuncw.-L. nun/ium, acc. of nun/ius, a E. Fries. nusseln, Swed. dial. niJs/a, to
bringer of tidings. Prob. for *noumJius, nuzzle.
a bringer of news, from nouus, new. ]fylghau, a kind of antelope. (PeB.)
]f1U1cupative, declared by word of Pers. tlilgtiw, a nylghau , lit. ' blue cow.' -
mouth. (F: -L.) F. nuncupatif (Cot.) . - Pers. nil, blue (see Lilac) ; and giiw, a
Late L. nuncupdtivus ,nominal. - L. nuncu- cow, allied to E. Cow.
patus, pp. of nuncupare, to call by name. ]fymph. (F.-L. -Gk.) F . nymplte.
For *nOmi-cupdre; from L nOmen, name, -L. nympha.-Gk . JlvfU/>T/ , a bride.
eapere, to take. Brugm. ii. § 3,..
]fuphar, a kind of water-Iily. (Pers. -
Skt. ) Pers. nular, short for niliifar; see
Nenuphar. O.
]fu,lltiaJ. (F. -L.) F. nuptial. - L.
nupttalis, belonging to a marriage.- L. 0 (1), Oh, interjection. (E.) M. E. 0;
nuptja, s. pl., a wedding.-L. nupla, a not in A.S.+Du. Dan. Swed. G. Goth. L.
bride; fern. of pp. of 1It'4bere, to marry, lit. iJ; Gk. iL, w. There was no distinction,
'to veiL' Cf. nUbe.r, a cloud. formerly, between 0 and olt.
]furse. (F.-L) ContractedfromM.E. 0 (2 ), a circle. (E.) So called because
noriee, nuriee. - O . F . norrice (F. nourrice). the letter 0 is of a circular shape.
-L. tzutricia, a nurse.-L. tzul"ie-, stem Oaf, a simpleton. (Scand .) Provo E.
of niitrix, a nurse. - L. nulrire, to nourish. auf, . an elf. -lcel. alfr, an elf. Chaucer
nurture. (F. - L.) M. E. norture. _ uses elvislt in the sense of 'simple.' A
O . F . 1wriJure (F. nourriture).-L. "utri- variant of elf; see Elf.
tura, nourishment; from niitritus, pp. cf Oak. (E.) M. E. ook; A. S. ac. + Du.
niilrire, to nourish. lcel. eik; Dan. ((g, eg, Swed. tk, G . ticlte;
Nut. (R.) M. E. note, nule; A. S. Teut. base *ajk-.
Anutu.+Du. nool, lcel. Ilnot , Swed. niJt, Oakum, tow from old ropes. (E.)
Dan. niJd, G. nuss. Cf. Irish cnu, Gael. A. S. acumba, tow. (For the sound-
eno, W. meum, a nut. Der. tlut·ltatch, i. e. change, cf. E. oak< A. S. ae.) Lit. ; that
nut-hacker; see Hatch (3). which is combed out.' - A. S. a-, prefix;
nutmeg, the musk·nut. (E.; andF.- cemban, to comb, from camb, a comb;
L.-Pers.-Skt.) M. E. nolemuge, later see A- (,.) and Comb. Cf. O. H . G.
nutmegge. Here -1IIuge is from O. F. ncha1llbi, tow; of like origin.
mugue,musk. - L.muscum,acc.ofmuscus, Oar. (E.) M.E. ore; A.S. ar.+Icel.
musk; see Musk. Cf. O. F . 1Iluguelle, a ar, Dan. aare, Swed. ara. Teut. type
nutmeg, also called noix muscade, Span. *aira, fem.; whence Finnish ajro (Noreen,
nuez moscoda, Ital. 'wee moscada, Late L. § 57) . ~ A connexion with Gk. fp-fT1J"
mus((ita, nutmeg. oarsman, cannot be established.
Nutation, a nodding. (L. ) From L. Ouis. (L. - Gk. - Egypt.) L. oap·s.-
nutalio, a nodding.-L nutare, to nod, Gk. 00.0", aVao ••, a ferule islet in the
frequent. of nuere, to nod.+Gk. "'VflJI, to Libyan desert. Of Egypt. origin; cf.
nod. (1I'NEU.) Coptic oualte, an oasis, a dwelling. place,
]futriment, food . (L.) L.nulri1llm- OUill, to dwell (Peyron ).
lum , food. - L. nutrirt, to nourish , suckle, Out, Out-house, a kiln for drying
feed. hops. (E.) M. E. oost, ost. A. S. ast, a
nutritious. (L.) L. nutriti.us, for kiln, drying-house. +ThI. eest, M. Du. ast
nutriet'us, adj. , nourishing; with suffix -gus. (the same) . Allied to L.astus, Gk. alSos,
- L. nutric-, stem of nutrix, a nurse. - L. a burning heat. (11' AIDH.) See Ether.
nutrire (above). Oath. (E.) M. E. ootil, oill. A. S. tilJ.
nutritive. (F.-L.) F. nutn·tif. + Du. ted, Ice!. ei/Jr, Dan. Swed.td, Goth.
Formed with F. suffix -if (L. -iuus), from aitlls, G. tid, O. H. G . eid. Teut. type
niitn-t-us, pp. of nulrire (above) . *aitlloz; Idg. type *oitos, as in O. Irish
]fuzzle, to thrust the nose in. (E. ) oeth, an oath.
Formerly nousie, nosyl/; a frequent. verb; Oats. (Eo) M. E . oles, pI. A. S. tile,
from nose, sb. Cf. Swed. nosa, to smell; sing.; pI. titan. Perhaps allied to Ice!.
also Bavar. nusein , niJseln, to seek about tit;", a nodule in stone, Norw. eitel, a
for, also, to speak through the nose; gland , knot, nodule, Russ. iadl'o, a kernel,
353 N
 OB- OBSERVE
ball, Gk. ol3or, a swelling. From the oblation, an offering; Cot. _ L. acc. ob/l1-
swollen shape. (.vElD.) timem, acc. of oblatio, an offering. _ L.
Obo, prefix. (L.) It changes to oc- ob/iitus, used as pp. of o.fferre, to offer
before e, of- before f, oj- befo~e p. L. Db, (but from a different root) ; see Tolerate.
with very variable &enles; as, towards, at, Oblige, to constrain. (F.-L.) F.
before, upon, over, about , near. Cf. obliger. - L . obligare, to bind together,
Oscan 0/, near, Gk. {'III, upon; Brugm. i. oblige. - L. Db, near; ligtire, to bind. See
§ ~57· Ligament.
Obdurate. (L.) L. obdiMUus, pp. of Oblique, slanting, perverse. (F.-L.)
obdurtire, to harden. - L. ob; and diirus, F . oblique. - L. obliquus, ob/ieus, slanting,
hard. See Dure. sideways, awry. - L. 011; *liquus, oblique
Obedient. (F.-L.) O. F. obedient. (not in use).
- L. obldient., stem of pres. pt. of obldire Obliterate. (L.) From pp. of L.
(0. L. oboedire) , to obey. - L. ob-, near; oblit/erare, to efface. - L. ob, over; lit/era,
and audire, to hear. See Audience. a letter. See Letter. ~ It seems to
Brugm. i. § 250. Der. dis-obedient. have been associated with L. oblinere, to
obeisance. (F. - L.) M . E. obeisance. smear over; though there is no etymo-
- O. F. obeissanee, later F. obti'ssance, logical connexion.
service, a salute. - O. F. obeissallt, pres. pt. Oblivion. (F.-L.) F. oblivion.-L.
of obeir, to obey.-L. obldire (above). acc. obliuiimem, forgetfulness. - L. obli-
Obelisk. (F.-L. -Gk.) O. F. obelis- uiset, to forget. Origin uncertain.
que. - L. obeliscum, acc. of obeliseus. - Gk. Oblong, long from side to side. (F.-
6/Jfll.[u/Cor, a pointed spit ; hence a thin L.) F. oOiong. -L. oblongus, long across.
pointed pillar; dimin. of Of3fll./Jr, a spit. - L. ob, over; lottgus , long; see Long.
Obese, fat. (L.) L. oblms, (I) eaten Obloquy, calumny. (L.) L. obloquium,
away, wasted; (1) fat, lit. 'that which contradiction. - L.obloqui, to speak against.
has devoured.' - L. obl.rtts, pp. of obedere, - L. Db, against ; loqui, to speak. See
to eat away. - L. ob, near; edere, to eat. Loquacious.
See Edible. Der. obes-i-ty. Obnoxious, offensive. (L.) Formerly
Obey. (F. -L.) M.E.obeym.-O.F. in the sense of ( liable to.' - L. obnoxi-us,
obtir. - L. obedire, to obey ; see Obedient. liable to; also, hurtful; with suffix -ous.
Der. dis-obey. - L. ob, against; noxius, hurtful. See
Obfuscate to darken. (L.) From Noxious.
pp. of L. obfosetire, to obscure. - L. ob, Oboe. (Ita1. -F. -L.) Ital . oboe. -
near; and/useus, brown. See FU8COUS. F. hautbois; see Hautbois.
Obit, a funeral rite. (F. - L.) O. F. Obolus, a small Gk. coin. (L. - Gk.)
obit. _ L. acc. obitum, a gOIDg to or down, L. obolus. - Gk. 6/Jo)../Jr, 11 small coin, per-
downfall, death. - L . obiturn, supine of haps orig. in the shape of a spike or nail;
oil-ire, to go near. - L . ob, near; ire, allied to Gk. 6/Jfll./Jr, a spit.
to go. Obscene. (L.) L. obsclnus, obseaenus,
Object, vb. (F.-L.) F. objeeter. -L. obscoenlls, repulsive, foul. Etym. unknown.
obiecttire, to throw against, oppose; fre- Obscure, dimin. (F.-L.) F.obseur.
quent. of ob-icere (obiieere), to cast towards. - L. obsciirus, dark, lit. ( covered over.'-
- L. ob, towards; iaeere, to cast. See L. ob; and -seU,,"s, i. e. covered; cf. Skt.
Jet (1). s/m, to cover. (.vSKEU.} Brugm. i.
Objurgation. (F.-L.) F. objurga- t '09; ii. § 74. See Sky.
tion. - L . acc. obiurgiitionem; a chiding. - Obs8Cluies. (F. - L.) M .F. obseques,
L. obiurgiitus, pp. of obiurgtire, to chide. , obsequies;' Cot. - L. obsequias, acc. of
-L. ob, against; iurgiire, to sue, chide, obsequitZ, funeral rites, lit. followings. - L.
which stands for *iurigare; from iiir-, obsequi, to follow near, comp1y with.-
stem of iUs, law, and -igare, for agere, to L. Db, near; sequ;, to follow. See Se-
drive, pursue. Cf. Navigate. quenoe.
Oblate, widened at the sides. (L.) L. obaequious. (F. - L.) M.F. obst·
obititus, spread out (at the sides). - L. ob, quieux; Cot. - L. obsequiosus, full of com-
towards ; latus, borne, carried out, pp. of pliance. - L. obstquium, compliance. - L.
tollere, to bear. See Tolerate. obsegui, to comply with (above.)
oblation, an offering. (F. - L .) F. Ob.erve. (F.-L.) O. F. observe,..-
354
 OBSIDIAN OCTANT
L.obsermire, to take notice of, mark.-L. to meet in the way, prevent -L.ob,against;
ob, near ; sen/lire, to keep, heed. uia, way. See Viaduct.
Obsidian, a vitreous stone. (L.) From obvious. (L.) L. obui-IIS, lying in
L. Obsidianus lapis (false reading for the way, evident; with suffix -ous. - L.
Obsianus lapis), a stone found by one ob, over against; uia, the way.
Obsidius (false reading for Obsius) in Oca, the name of a certaiu edible root.
}Ethiopia (Pliny, lib. xxxvi. c. l6, lib. (Peruvian.) Peruv. oeca, the same.
xxxvii. c. 10). Occa.sion. (F.-L.) F.occasitm.-L.
Obsolescent, going out of use. (L. ) acc. occiisio1tem. - L. oc- (for ob), at; and
From pres. pt. of L obso/escere, to grow clis-us, pp. of cadere, to fall. See
old, inceptive form of obsolere, to decay. Cadenca.
Origin doubtful; perhaps from L. ob, occident, west. (F.-L.) o. F. occi-
against; solere, to be wont. dent, west. - L. occident-, stem of pres. pt.
obsolete. (L.) L. obsolltus, pp. of of occidere, to fall, set (as the 5un ). -L.oc-
obsolere (above). (for ob), at ; caden, to fall.
Obstacle. (F. - L.) F . obstacle. - Occiput. (L.) L. IXCiput, back of the
L.obstaculum,ahindrance.-L.ob, against; head.-L.oc- (for ob), over against; caput,
-slliCl4lum, double dimin. from sta-re, to the head. See Capital.
stand. Occult. (F. -L.) F . occulte.-L. oc-
obstetric, pertaining to midwifery. cullus, pp. of occulere, to cover over, con-
(L.) L. obsteI1·icius, adj., from obstetric-, ceal. - L. IX- (for ob ) ; and oha. L. *celere,
stem of obsle/1ix, a midwife; lit. an as- to hide, allied to (llare, to hide. Cf. O.
sistant, stander near. - L. obstare, to stand Irish cel-im, I hide, A. S. Iltl.an, to hide.
near; with fern. suffix -tn·x (of the agent). Occupy. (F.-L.) M.E. accupien.-F.
-L. ob, near; stare, to stand. See State. occuper. - L. occupiirt, to lay hord of. - L.
obstina.te. (L.) L obstz"natus, reso- oc- (for ob ), near; capere, to seize. Der.
lute; pp. of obstinart, to set about, be ra- pre-occupy.
solved on; lit. 'to put oneselfnear.'-L. Occur. (F.-L.) M.F. occurrer.-L
00, near; and *slanare, to place oneself; ocwrrere, to run to meet, occur. - L. oc-
cf. Russ. slanovite, to set; from -VSTA. (for ob), against; currere, to run. See
See Destine. Current.
Obstreperous, clamorous. eL.) L. Ocea.n. (F.-L.-Gk.) O.F. lXean.-
obstt·eper-us, clamorous; with suffix -ous. L.Oceanum, acc. ofoceanus. -Gk. clI".ayos,
- L. ob, against, near; slnpere, to rattle. the great stream supposed to encompass
Obstriction, obligation. (L. ) Coined the earth.
from L. obstr ictlls, pp. of obstringere, to Ocelot,a quadruped. (Mexican.) Mexi-
bind, fasten. - L. ob, over; stri1tgere, to can ocelotl, a tiger; applied by Buffon to
draw tight. See Stringent. the ocelot.
Obstruct. (L.) From L. obstructus, Ochre, a fine clay, commonly yellow.
pp. of obstruere, to build iu the way of (F.-L.-Gk.) F.ocre, 'oker;'Cot.-L.
anything, lit. build against. - L. ob, against; ",okra. - Gk. wXpa, yellow ochre; from its
struere, to build. See Structure. pale colour.-Gk. clI)(p6r, pale, wan.
Obta.iD.. (F. - L. ) F . ob/mir. - L. Octagon, a plane 8-sided figure. (Gk.)
ob/inere, to hold, obtain. - L. ob, near; From Gk. OItTa-, for OItTW, eight; "(AW-la, an
lenere, to hold. See Tenable. angle, connected by gradation with "(Ol'V,
Obtrude. (L.) L. obtrodere , to thrust knee; see Knee.
against. - L. ob, against; trudere, to octahedron, a solid 8-sided fi§!.lre.
thrust. See Thrust. (Gk. ) From una-, for OItTW, eight; .~pa,
Obtuse, blunt. (F.-L.) M. F . obtus, a base, from the base ~~-, to sit; see Sit.
' ,lul\; , Cot. - L. ob/iisus, blunted, pp . of octa.ngular, having eight angles.
obttmdere, to beat against. - L. ob, against; (L. ) From L. oc/-o, eight ; angulus,
tundere, to beat_ angle.
Obverse, lit. turned lowards one, used octa.nt, the aspect of two planets
of the face of a coin. (L.) L. obuersus, when distant by the eighth part ofa circle.
pp. of obuertere, to turn towards. - L. ob, (L) L. octani-, stem of actans, an instru-
towards; tIer/ere, to tum. See Verse. ment for measuring the eighth of a circle.
Obviate. (L.) Frompp.ofL. obuiare, -L. oct-o, eight.
355
 OCTAVE OGEE
octave. (F . - L.) Lit. 'eighth;' hence, Cf.Gk.ii(*,,,( =.Uo)'''''),tosmell. (""on.)
eight days after a festival, eight notes in Der. odoro1tS, from L. odOr-us, with suffix
music.-F. octave, an octave (Cot.). -L. -OUS; the accent has been thrown back.
oc/aua, fern. of octiflluS, eighth. -L. octo, Of, from, &c. (E.) M. E. of; A. S. of.
eight.+Gk. lJICTW, eight; cognate with E. +Du. Icel. Swed. Dan. Goth. af; G. ab,
Eight. Doublet, ulas. O. H . G. aba; L. alJ, Gk. 4.0, Skt. apa,
October. (L .) L. October, the eighth away. Brugm. i. § 560.
month of the Roman year. - L. oc/o, oft', away from. (E.) An emphatic form
eight. of of M. E. of; as in 'Smiteth of my
octogenarian, one .wh o is eighty hed' ~ smite off my head; Ch. C. T. 78l
years ora . (L.) From L. octoglnarius, ( Harleian MS. ),
belonging to eighty. - L. octogeni, eighty Oft'al, waste meat. (E.) M. E. offal,
each , distributive form of octoginta, eighty. falling remnants, chips of wood, &c. liro m
-L. oc/o, eight; -ginla, probably allied off and fall.+Du. afoal, windfall, offal;
to decem, ten. Brugm. ii. § 16.. Dan. affald, a fall off, offal; Swed. affall;
octoroon, the offspring of a white G . al>f all; all similarly compounded.
person and a quadroon. (L.) One who is, Oft'ence. (F . -L.) O. F . offence, offense.
in an eighth part, a black. Coined from - L. offensa, an offence; orig. fern. of pp.
L. octo, eight; in imitation of quadroon. of offendere, to dash against (below).
octosylla.bic. (L. -Gk .) L.octosyl- offend. ( F.-L.) M . E. offenden.-F.
labicus, having eight syllables. - Gk. Ol<TW, offendre. - L. offettdere, to dash or strike
eight; UIJAAafJi], a syllable; see Syllable. against , injure. - L. of- (for ob), against;
Octroi, a toll. (F. - L.) F . octroi, *fendere, to strike. See Defend.
O. F. otroi, orig. a grant; verbal sb. from Offer. (L.) A. S. offrian .-L. offe1're,
O. F. ofroier, to authorise, grant. -Late to offer. - L. of- (for ob), near; ferre to
L. auctorifare, by-form of auctoriziire , to bring. cognate with E. bear. Der. offer-t-
authorise. - L. auctor; see Author. or-y, from F . offertoire, L. 0ffer/on'um, a
Ocular. (L.) L . om/aris, belonging place to which offerings were brought.
to the eye. -L. ocu/us, eye; cognate with O1Iice, duty. (F.-L.) F. ~ce. -L.
Gk. i5p.}JIl, eye. See Optic. officitlm, duty; lit. 'service.' Perhaps
Odalisque a female slave in a Turkish from of- (for ob ), towards; and faure, to
harem. (r.-Turk. ) F. odalisque ; better do (Breal). Der. ~c.er, F. ~ci(r,
odalique (Devic).- Turk. odaliq, a cham- Late L. ojJiciarius j ~t-i-qzIS, F. ~cietli,
bermaid. _ Turk. oda, a chamber. L. officiosus.
Odd, not even, strange. (Scand.) M. E. OBicinal, pertaining to or used in a
oddc. - lcel. odd;, a triangle, a point of shop or laboratory. (F. -L.) F. ojJicinal.
land; metaphorically (from the triangle) , - L. ojJicina, a workshop, office; con-
an odd number (orig. three) ; hence also tracted form of opijicina (Plautus). -L.
the phr. standask i odda, to stand (or be) opi-, for opus, work; -fico, for faure,
at odds, to quarrel; oddamatJr, the odd to do.
man, third man who gives a casting vote, 01Iing, the part of the visible sea
oddatala, an odd number. Allied to oddr, remote from the shore. (E.) Merely
a point of a weapon (for *ozdr).+A. S. formed from off, with the noun-suffix -ing.
ord, n point of a sword, point; Dan. od, a See off.
point, Swed. utida, odd, udtie, a point; G. Oft'scouring. (E.) From off and
ort, a place, M. H. G. ort, extreme point. sc~r. So also off-set, off-shoot, off-spring.
Teot. type *uzdoz. Oft, Often, frequently. (E.) A. S. oft;
Ode, a song. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. ode. - whence M. E. ofte , with added -e, andlnstly
L. ada , Ode. - Gk. '!ill>!, a son~ ; for 40lm7, oite·n with added ·n.+Icel. opt, Dan. ofte,
a song.-Gk. o.EiIlE''', to sing. Allied to 5wed. ofta, G. oft, Goth. ufta. Origin
O. Irish faed, W. gwaedd, a cry, shonto unknown.
(""WElD.) Der. ep-ode, palin-ode. Ogee, Ogiye, a double curve. (F.-
Odium, hatred. (L.) L. odium, sb.- Span.-Arab.) 'An ogiue (ogi'lltl) or ogee,
L. iJdi, I hate; an old perfect tense. Cf. a wreath, c:rclet, or round band in archi-
Armen. at· cam , I hate. Brugm. i. § 160. tecture,' Minsheu. An o~e arch is a
Odour. ( F . - L.) M. E. odour. - F. pointed arch, with doubly-curved sides.
OdellI'. _ L. odiJrem, ace. of odor, scent. - M.F. augive, F . ogive, aD ogive or ogee
:15 6
 OGLE OMELET
(Cot.) . - Span. au~, highest point, also oleasler, Rom. xi. 17; fonned from olea, an
meridian,' apogee (cf. Port. auge, top) ; olive-tree. _ Gk. IAala, an olive-tree.
from the pointed top of Moorish arches, Olfactor,y, relating to smell. (L.) L.
which have doubly-curved sides.-Arab. oifaclOrius, adj., from L. ,ifactor, one who
dwj, summit. ~ Perhaps not a true Arab. smells, oif(7clus, a smelling. -L. oifacllls,
word, but der. from Gk. all'01<UOI', the pp. of oifacere, olifacere, to scent.-L.
apogee (in which sense awj is sometimes ol'-re (also olb'e), to smell ; /acere, to
used ). Der. og£v.al, adj. (also written make, C:luse. This L. olere stands for
ogee-falll). *odere; cf. od·or, scent; and cf. L. lacrl/lIla
Ogle, to glance :It. (Du.) A frequent. for dacruma. Allied to Gk. M·p.", scent.
form of Du. oogen, 'to cast sheepes eyes Oligarchy. (F. -L. - Gk.) F.oligar-
upon one;' Hexham. (Cf. Low G. oegeln , chie. - Late L. oligrzI'Ch£a. -Gk . oAI-yaPX'a,
to ogle, from oegen, to look at.) - Du. government by a few men. - Gk. oAl'y-, for
ooge , eye; cognate with E. Eye. oA['Yo~, few, little; and -apXla, from
Ogre, a monster. (F.-L.) F. ogre. dPXfll', to rule.
Cf. Span. ogro (Diez; but not given in Olio, a mixture, medley. (Span.-L.)
most Diet. , and probably from F.). Of A mistaken form for olia, intended to
unknown origin. The deriv. from L. acc. represent Span. olla (pronounced olya), a
augurem , soothsayer, hence, a wizard round earthen pot, also an olio, esp. in
(Korting) is not convincing. Der.ogr·tIs, phrase oil" podr£da, a hodge-podge. -L.
F. ogresse. olla, O. Lat. aula, a pot.
Oh; see 0 (I). Olive. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. olive.-L.
Oil. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. oile.- A . F. oliua. - Gk. fAa/a (for *fAaiFa), an olive-
oile (F. huile).-L. oleum ; from olea, an tree. Brugm. i. § 121 (l ).
olive-tree. -Gk. fAala, an olive-tree. See Omadaun, Omadhawn, a simple-
Olive. ton. (C.) Anglo-Irish; from Irisha1lladd",
Ointment. (F. -L.) The former I is a simpleton. -Irish amad (the same).-
due to confusion with anoint; the M. E. Irish am-, for an-, neg. prefix (cf. Gk. al'- ) ;
form is oinement. -0. F. oignement, an -mad, O. Irish -met, mind, cognate with
anointing, also an ungnent.-O. F . oigne-r, L. mens and E. mind. Cf. L. omens,
the same as oindre, to anoint ; with suffix mad .
-ment.-L. ungere, to anoint. See Un- Ombre, a game at cards. (Span.-L.)
guent. From Span. juegv del hombre, lit. 'game
Old. (E.) M. E. old. O. Merc. aid, of the man ' (whence F. hombre). - L.
laterald; (A. S. eald). +Du. oud ( for *old), hominem, acc. of nomo, a man. See
G. alt; cf. Goth. altheis. Teut. type Human.
*aldOz; Idg. 'ype *al-Ms, formed with Omega, the eml. (Gk.) Gk. w, called
pp. suffix -Ms from VAL,- as seen in w p.'-ya, i. e. great 0, long 0; which is the
L. aI-ere, Icel. ai-a, to nourish, bring up; last letter of the Gk. alphabet, as opposed
so that the sense was orig. ' brought up.' to alpha, the first letter. Mf-ya is neut. of
13, L. altus, high, is prob. the same word , I'has, great, allied to E. Mickle.
with a newer sense. Omelet, a pan-cake, chiefly of eggs.
Ole&JinOUB. (L.-Gk.) L . o/eagin-us, (F.-L.) F. omelette, aume/elte (Cot. ).
oily, with suffix -OIlS; adj., from olea, an These are from O. F. amelette, but this
olive·tree. See Oil. again was preceded by the form a/emetle,
Oleander, the rose-bay-tree. (F. - which is, through change of suffix, from
Late L.) M. F. oleandre, rose-bay-tree. a/emelle (Scheler). The sense of alemelle
(Cot. ). The same as Ital. oleandro, Span. was ' a thin plate,' still preserved in F.
eloendro (Minsheu ), Port. eloendro, loendro; a/umel/e, sheathing -of a ship. Godefroy
all variously corrupted from Late L.liirand- gives O. F . alemele, blade of a knife; thus
rum (taken for fiJrandrum ). It seems to the omelet was named from its shape, that
have been confused with oleaster. 2. of a ' thin plate' of metal. 2. Lastly
Isidore gives the name as • arodandarum, lalemelle is a corruption of la lemelle, the
vulgo lorandrum: This shews that the correct O. F . form. - L. /iimel/a, a thin
name was a corruption of rhododendron, plate, properly of metal; dimin. of lamina,
due to confusion With L. laurus, laurel. a thin plate; see Lamina. ~ See this
Oleuter, wild olive. (L. - Gk.) L. clearly traced by Scheler and Littre.
3~7
 OMEN OPHIOIAN
Omen, a sign of a future event. (L.) A. S. linlfe, adj., unique, lit. 'one-like.'-
L. i5lnen; O. Lat. osmen. Der. omin- A. S. an, one; lie, like.
ous. Onomatopc:eia., name-m:Lking, the
Omit, to neglect. (L.) L. omitt~re, formation of a word with a resemblance
(pp. omissus), lit. 'to let go.' For *01ll' in sound to the thing signified. (Gk.) Gk.
mittere<*ob·mittere; from ob, by, mittere, l>"O~T01fO,;a, the making of a name. _ Gk.
to send. See Missile. Der. omiss-ion, O"O~TO- , combining form of OVOJUl, a name;
from F. omission, 'an omission,' from L. and 1f0.. "', to make; see Name. and
acc. omissionem; from the pp. Poem. Brugm. ii. § 117.
Omni-, prefix. (L.) L. omnis, all. Onset, an assault. (E.) Due to the phr.
Der. omni·potent, all· powerful ; omni· set on! i. e. attack! From on and set.
present, everywhere present; omni-seimt, Onsla.ught, an attack. (Eo) From on
all-knowing; omni-vorous, all·devouring ; and M. E. slaht, A. S. sleaM, a stroke,
see Potent, Present, Science, VOl'&- blow, formed from sUan, to strike; see
cious. Slay. And cf. slaughter.
omnibus, a public vehicle. (L.) . So Onward, Onwards. (E.) From 011
called because intended for the use of all. and -ward, .wards; see Toward.
-L. omnibus, for all; dat. pI. of omnis. Onyz, a kind of agate. (L.-Gk.) L.
• Commonly shortened to bus. onyx. - Gk. 0",,[, a nail; a veined gem,
Omrah, a prince, lord. (Arab.) • Ai- onyx, from its resemblance to the finger.
grettes by omrahs worn;' Scott, Vis. of nail. See NaiL
Don. Roderick, st. 31. Omrah is properly Oolite, a kind of limestone. (F. -Gk.)
a plural, like Nabob, q. v. -Arab. umara, F . oolithe (with tn sounded as t ).-Gk.
pI. of amir, a prince, emir; see Emir. qi6 .." egg; AlII-os, stone. Lit.' egg-stone.'
Cf. the Arab. title amiru'l,u1lzara, prince See Oval.
of princes (Yule). 00••, moisture, soft mud. (E.) For-
On. (E.) M. E. on; A. S. on. Du. + merly 'Wose; M. E. 'Wost. A. S. 'Wos,
aan,Icel. 4, Swell. ct, G. an (whence Dan. +
moisture, juice. Icel. fJiis, wetness. Per-
an), Goth. ana, Gk • .u.a, Russ. na. Idg. haps confused with A. S. wase, soft mud;
type *ana. which is cognate with Icel. fJeisa, a stag·
OnC.; see One. nant pool. Der. oose, vb.
Once sometimes for Ounoe (~) . Opacity; iee Opaque.
One (I), single, sole. (E.) M. E. DOn. Oval, a gem. (F.-L.) F. opa/e.-L.
Already written won in M. E. See Guy opa7us, an opal. Cf. Gk. l>lrfulOS, an
of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, note to 1. 79~7 . opal; Skt. upaia·, a stone, gem.
+
A. S. an, one. Du. un, Icel. einn, Dan. Opaque. (F. -L.) F . opaque.-L. opti·
een, Swed. en, G. tin, Goth. aim, W. un, eum, acc. of opticus, dark, obscure. Der.
Iriah and Gael. aon, L . unus, O. L. oinos, opac·;·ty, from F. opaciM, L. acc. opad.
Gk. ·ofvos, one (fem. ofVT}, an ace on a die). tatem.
Teut. type *ainos; Idg. type .oinos. Cf. Open, unclosed. (E.) The verb is from
Lith. v~; Brugm. ii. § 165. Der. a1l, the adj. open, which is sometimes short·
a, on-ly, al·one, at-Ont . ened to ope (Coriol. i. 4. 43). A. S. opm,
once. ( E.) M. E. ones; A. S. anes, adj., open, with the form of an old pp.
adv., once. Orig. gen. case (masc. and + Du. open, adj. ; lcel. opiTm; Swed.
neut.) of an, one; the gen. case was used oppm; G. ojfe'" Teut. types *upeno~,
advirbially, as in need·s, twi-ee, thri-ce. *upanoz. Perhaps connected with the
one (2), a person,spoken of indefinitely. idea of the lifting of a tent-door; cf. A. S.
(E.) In the phrase' one says,' one means up, up. See Up. Der. opm, vb., A. S.
'a single person.' Merely a peculiar use openian, to make open.
of the ordinary word one. • Not F. 01'. Opera. (Ital. - L.) Ital. opera, a work,
Onerous, burdensome. (l<'.-L) M.F. a musical play. - L. opera, work; see
onereux. -L. onerosus, adj. -L. oner-, for below.
*ones-, stem of onus, a burden. operate. (L.) From pp. of L. operari,
Onion, a plant. (F . -L.) F.oignon. - to work.-L. opera, work; from oper- (for
L. uniOneln, ace. of unio, a large onion; *opes-), stem of L. opus, work, toil. +
see Union ( ~). Skt. apas, work.
0n17. (E. ) M. E. DOnli, adj. and adv. ; Ophiclian, relating to serpents. (Gk.)
36 8
 OPHICLEIDE ORACLE
Formed with suffix -all (L. -anus), from opfJosillu, pp. of ~e, to set against.-
Gk. o.,.l&;'II. ~l&oll, dimin. of &t><s, a C up- (ob), agamst; j6l1ere, to set. See
serpent.. Cf. the dimin. form '';-&011 (see POlition.
Zodiac). +Skt. aM-, L. a"lluis, a snake. Oppress. (F.-L.) F. oppresur.-
ophicleide, a musical instrument. Late L . oppressare, frequent. of L. oppri-
(F.-Gk.) Lit. a 'key-seIpent'; because mere, to oppresS.-L. up- (ob), near ; pre-
made by adding keys to an old musical mere (pp. pressus), to press. See PreIs.
instrument called a serpent (from its Opprobrious. (L. ) From L. optro.
twisted shape). - Gk. 4><-s, a seIpeDt; briosus, full of reproach. - L. opprobrium,
"hE.II-, stem of "hEiS, a key. reproach. - L. op- (for ob), on, upon; pro-
Ophthalmia, inflammation of the brum, disgrace.
eye. (Gk.) Gk. O<{>6ahpla.-Gk. orp(Ja.\JA!>s, Oppugn, to resist. (F.-L. ) F. op-
the eye, Boeotian {JleTa.\.\os, for *OKTall- pugner. - L. oppugnare. - L. op- (ob) ,
hOS (cf. Skt. akskan-, eye ); Doric {1'1rT[hOS, against; pugniire, to fight, from pugnus,
the eye. From Idg. base *oq-, eye; cf. a fist. See Pugilism.
Russ. oko, eye, Skt. akska-, aksn;, Lith. Ovtative, wishing. (F . -L. ) Chiefly
akls, L. oc-ul·us. See Prellwitz. And as the name of a mood. -F. optalif.-L.
see Ocular. oPIatiutlS, expressive of a wish. - L. op-
OpiniOn. (F. -L.) F. opi1,ion. -L. latus, pp. of optare, to wish. Cf. SkI. ap,
opiniUnem, acc. of opinio, a supposition. - to attain.
L. opinari, to suppose, opine. - L. opinus, Optic, relating to the sight. (F. - Gk.)
thinking, expecting; only in nee·opinus, F. optique. -Gk. OfFTlK6s, belonging to the
not expecting, unexpected, in-opitlus, un- sight; cf. 6rrT'iJp, a spy. From the base
expected. Der.opine, F. opiner, L. opintiri OfF- (for OK') seen iu Ionic ~fF-Qnr-a, I have
(above). seen, oy,-opa., I shall see; cf. L. DC-ulus,
Opium. (L.-Gk.) L. opium.-Gk. the eye. See Ocular.
o.nol', poppy-jnice. - Gk. 6,,6s, sap. Optimism, the doctrine that all is for
Ovo.Bum, a quadrnped. (W . Indian.) the best. (L.) From L. optim-us, O. La!.
- W. Indian opassom; in the language of opilumus (Brugm. iL § 73), best; with
the Indians of Virginia; Capt. Smith, p. 59. suffix ·im, (Gk. -1(fpOS ). L. op-ti-mus is
Oppicla.D. (L.) L. oppidamlS, belong- a superl. form from a base op- (i.e. choice,
ing to a town. -L. oppidum, a town; O. select) ; cf.optare, to wish.
L .oppedum. Apparently from L. op- (ob), option, choice. (F.-L.) F. opti01,. -
near; *pedum (Gk .... E/lOl') , a field, plain; L. oPlio1u1Jl, ace. of OPlio, choice. Allied
Brugm. i. § 65. (Explained as 'protecting to L. optare, to wish; see Optative.
the plain'; the derivation is. clearer than Opulent, wealthy. (F. -L.) F.opu-
the sense.) lent. - L. opulentus, wealthy. -1.. op·, base
0Rpilation, a stopping up. (F. -L.) of opes, wealth. Cf. Skt. apnas, wealth.
M. J:i . oppilalion, ' an obstruction;' Cot. - Or ( I), conj., offering an alternative.
L. ace. oppiliilibne",. -L. oppilattlS, pp. of (E.) Short for other, 07,tker, atltker, the
oppiliire , to stop up. - L. op (for ob), M. E. forms , which answer to A. S. tikwtZ-
against ; pilare, to ram, from pilum, a per, awper. - A. S. a, ever; hwtzper,
pestle. And L. pilu", is for *pins.lo"" whether. Cf. Either.
from pinsere, to pound. Or (1 ), ere. (E.) M. E. or, unemphatic
Opponent. (L.) L. opponenl-, stem of form of er, ere. A. S. lir, ere; see Ere.
pres. part. of oppiinere, to oppose. - L. ob, (In the phrases or ere, or ever.) •
against; ponere, to place. See Position. Or (3), gold. (F.-L. ) In heraldry. F.
Opportune, timely. (F.-L.) F . op- or.-L. aurum, gold.
portun. - L. opportiinus, convenient, sea- Orach, a ' pot-herb. (F:. - L. - Gk. ~
sonable, lit.' ncar the harbour,' or' easy of Alsoarrache. - F.arrocke,' orache,orage;
access.' - L op- (ob) , near; portus, access, Cot. A Picard form corresponding to ~.
harbour. See Port (3). *arreuce (Hatzfeld). [Cf. Walloon artp,
Oppo_e. (F.-L. and Gk.) F. opposer, orach (Remacle) ; ItaL alrepice.) - L.
to withstand. _ L. up- (for ob), against; F. alnplice1lz, acc. of alriplex, orach. - Gk.
poser, to place, from Late L.pausare, used dTp6<f>a[IS, d-rp4<patvs, orach.
to translate L.ponere, to place. See Pose. Oracle. (F.-L.) F. orade.-L. Ora-
Opposite. (F. - L.) F . opposite. - L nllu1l' , a divine announcement; formed
359
 ORAL ORGAN
from orti· r~, to pray, from or- (for 6s), the of testicular shape. Der. ord,id, where
mouth (below). the suffix -id was suggested by the Gk.
oral, spoken. , L ) Coined from L.~· .i~o., shape; cf. cyclo-id, cono-id.
(for os), the month. + Skt. (rsya, mouth; Ordain, to set in order. (F . -L.)
Icel. ass, mouth of a river. "I. E. ordeinen. - O. F . ordener (later or-
Or&ng-outanl[, a large ape. (Malay.) donner). - L. ordinare, to set in ' order. -
Mala yorang.utan.Til. • wild man.' - Malay 1.. ordin·, declensional stem of ordo, order.
orang, a man; utan , hUlan, woods, wilds Der. lre·ordain.
of a country, wild. Ordeal, a severe test, judgment by fire.
Ora.nge. (I". - ltal. - Arab. - PeTS.) &c. (E.) M. E. ordal. A. S. ordil, ordal,
0 . 1". orengt (F . orange ). For *narenge, a dealing out, judgment, decision. -0.
but the initial n was lost (in Italian), anel Friesic ordll. - A. S. or-, prefi x, out; dill,
then arenge became ormge by a popular dal, a dealing; see Deal, Dole. The
etymology from or, gold. Cf. Span. na- prefix or- = Du. oor-, G. fir-, Goth. US-,
ranja , an orange. - Ital.arancia, an orange; out (hence , thorough ). + Du . oordeel,
Low Lat. arangia. - Arab. naranj, na- O. Sax. urdili, G. urlheil, judgment ; simi-
rinj. - PeTS. n arang, an orange. Allied larly compounded.
to PeTS. nar, a pomegranate. Order. (F. - 1..) F. ordre, O. F. or-
Oration. (F. -1.. ) F. oralion . - 1.. ace. dine. _ 1.. ordinem, acc. of ordo, order.
orlltionem . - L. oralus , pp. of orare, to Allied to 1.. onifri, to begin, oriri, to
pray. - L. or- (for os), the mouth. See arise. Brugm. ii. § u8. Der. dis-
Oral. Doublet, orison. order.
Or&tor. (F.-L) Formerlyoratour.- ordinal, shewing the order. (1..) L
F. oralet4r. - L. orat~em, acc. of orator, a ordinlflis, adj., in order. -L. ordin-, de-
speaker. - L. oratltS, pp. of orare, to pray, clensional stem of ordo, order.
to speak (above). ordin&D.Ce. (F. -1..) O . F. ortii-
Orb. (F.-L.) F. orhe.-L. orhem, acc. nance.-Late L . ordinantia, a command.
of orbis, a circle, sphere. -L. ordinant-, pres. pt. of ordinarc, to
orbit. \ L.) L . orbita, a track , circuit; ordain. See Ordain.
formed with suffix -ta from orbi-, decl. ordinary. (F. -L.) F . ordillaire.-
stem of or";s, an orb, circle. L. ordinarius, regular (as sb., an over-
Orc, Ork, a large marine animal; a seer). - 1.. ordin·, decl. stem ofordo,order.
narwhal. or grampus. (1..) See Nares. Der. oniinat7' sb.
-1.. orca, perhaps the narwhal (Pliny). ordination. (1..) From L. ordinatio,
Orchard. (1.. and E). M. E. orchard. an ordinance. also ordination.-1.. ordin-
A. S. orceard, older form ortgeard. Cog- iilus, pp. of ordinare, to ordain. See
uate with Goth . aur/igards , a garden Ordain.
(Gk . Kij".O<). The latter element, A. S. ordn&D.Ce, artillery. (F . -1..) For-
geard, is the mod. E. y ard; see Yard. merly, ordinance; it had reference to the
The former element is merely borrowed bore or size of the cannon, and was thence
from L . hor/us, a garden , bOlh in E. transferred to the cannon itself (Cot. ;
and Gothic; see Horticulture. As s. v. ordonnance) ; see ordinance.
the 1.. I,orlus is cognate with E. yard, Ordure, excrement. (F. - L.) F. or-
the form orl-geard merely repeats the d '/re .- O . F. ord (fern . orde), filthy, f0l11,
idea of' yard.' ~ So in Hrugm. i. § 767; ugly, frightful. - 1.. horridus, rough,
but some consider A. S. url-geard a5 wholl y frigh tful. See Horrid. (So Korting.)
Teutonic. and connect it with A. S. Ore. (E.) M. E . or, 0 01'. A. S. om ,
wyrt·geard, Dan. url-gaard, Swed . orle· ore of metal. allied to ~e,a mine. E. Fries.
gord, a kitchen -garden, from A . S. 1vyrl, iir, ore. + Du. oer, ore. ~ Distinct from
Dan. uri, Swed. or!, a wort. (See Wort A. S. ar, brass, which is cognate with Goth.
in Franck.) See Wort. ais , 1.. aes, brass. But the words may
Orchestra.. (1.. - Gk.) 1.. orcl,i's/ra. - have been confused.
Gk.opxr,urpa, an orchestra ; whkh , in the Ore&d,a mountain-nymph. (Gk.) From
Attic theatre, was a space on which the Gk. 6p*"i~- , stem of op*,(u, an oread. - Gk.
chorus danced. - Gk. OpXiolMJl, I dance. 0po" a mountain.
Orchis, a plant. (L.-Gk. ) 1.. orchis. Organ. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. orgalll!.-1..
- Gk. iipx,«, a testi cle~ a plant with roots rgamllll , an implement. - Gk. "p")'ClJ'O", an
360
 ORGIES ORTHODOX
implement; allied to "nOli, work ; sec of L. ora, border, edge. Cf. L. os,
Work. mouth.
orgies, sacred rites, revelry. (F. -L.- Orlop, a deck of a ship. (Du.) For·
Gk.) 'F. orgies. - L. orgia, sb. pl., a festival merly orlope (Phillips). Contracted from
in honou r of Bacchus, orgies. - Gk. 0nta, Du. overloof , a running over, a deck of a
sb. pl., orgies, rites, from sing. *oP"ItOlI, a shi p, an orlope (Sewel). So called because
sacred act ; allied to "nOli, work. it traverses the ship. - Du. over, over;
Orsru!OUS,proud. (F.- O.H.G. ) Also loop en, to run ; see Elope, Leap.
orgilTo'4s ; M. E. orgeilus; Anglo·F. or· Ormolu, a kind of brass. (F. - L.) F.
guyllus.- O. F . orgoillos, orguillus, later or moulu, lit. 'pounded gold.' - F. or,
orgueillettx, proud.-O.F . orgoil, orguil, from L. aurum, gold ; and mOlt/II, pp. of
F. orgueil, pride. From an O. H . G. sb. moudre, to grind, O. F. moldre, from L.
*urguoli, from O.H.G. urguol , remarkable, molere, to grind.
notable (Graff). Orna.m.ent. (F. - L. ) M. E. orne·
Oriel, a recess (with a window) in a ment. - F . ornement. - L. onuimmtum,
room. (F. - L.) M. E. orio!, oryall, a an adornment. - L. ornare, to adorn.
small room, portico, esp. a room for a lady, ornate. (L.) :From pp. of L. ornare,
boudoir. -O.F. oriol, a porch, gallery, cor· to adorn.
ridor.-Late L. oriolutIl, a small room, Ornithology, the science of birds.
recess, portico; prob. for aureo/mu (?), (Gk.) Gk. opvtlJo·, for OPVtS, a bird;
that which is ornamented with gold. - L. ''''o-yla, from l\6"1os, a discourse, """IfllI, to
aurullt, gold. ~ See Pliny, lib. xxxiii. speak. Allied to A.~. earn, G. aar, W.
c. 3, for the custom of gilding apartments. cryr, an eagle, named from its soaring; cC.
CC. Oriole. Gk. I5PIlVpt, I stir up, rouse.
Orient, eastern. (F. -L.) F.orient. - ornithorhyu.cus, an Anstralian
L. orient., stem of oriens, rising, the east; animal. (Gk. ) Named from the resem·
orig. pres. pt. of oriri, to rise, begin. + blance of its snout to a duck's bill. - Gk.
Skt. r, to rise. OpVteo· (for I5PVts), bird; /JIrtXOS, a snout.
Orifice. (F . -L.) F. orifice, a small Orphan. (L.-Gk.) L.orphanus.-
opening. - L. orificiU1ll, an opening, lit. Gk. op<l>avos, destitute; John xiv. 18.
t making of a mouth.' _ L. ori·, declo stem Allied to L. orbus, destitute.
of os, mouth; Jacere, to make. Orpiment, yellow sulphuret of ar·
Oriflamme, the old standard of senic. (F .-L.) Lit.' gold paint.' F.
France. (F. - L.) F. oriflamme, the sacred orpiment. - L. auripigmentum, gold paint.
standard of France.-Late L. auriflamma, -L. auri· (for aurum), gold; and pig.
lit. 'golden flame,' because the banner mentum, a pigment, paint, from pingere,
was cut into flame·like strips at the outer to paint.
edge, and carried on a gilt pole. - L. auri· orpine, orpin, a kind of stone-crop.
(for aurum), gold ;jlamma, flame. (F.-L.) Named from its colour. M. E.
Oripn,wild m.arjoram. (F. -L ;-Gk.) orpin. - F . orpin, t orpin, or Iive·long;
F. ortga1t.·_ L. orIganum. - Gk. Opt"lQIIOV, also orpiment;' Cot. A docked form 6f
lit. 'mountain.pride.' - Gk. opi = 0PEt·, orpiment above.
related to opos, a mountain; "Iavos, beauty, Orrery, an apparatus for illustrating
ornament. the motion of the planets. (Ireland.) Con.
Origin. (F.-L. ) F. origine.-Lat. structed at the expense of Charles Boyle,
origjnem, ace. of or/go, a beginning. -L. earl of Orrery, about 1715. Orrery is a
oriri, to rise. barony in co. Cork, Ireland.
Oriole, the golden thrush. (F.-L.) Orris, a plant. (Ital.-L.-Gk.) For·
O.F. oriol( F.loriot=roriot).-L.aureolus, merly oriel, oris. These are E. corrup·
golden. - L. aurum, gold. tions of M. ltal. irios (Ital. ireos). - M.
Orison, a prayer. (F. -L.) O. F. ori· Ital. irios, ' oris·roote,' Florio; with refer·
son, oreisoll (F. oraison). -L. oriitiottem, enee to the I ris jlorentina. Modified
ace. of oriitio, a prayer; see Oration. from L. iris, a rainbow, an iris.
Orle, a kind of fillet, in heraldry, &c. Ort; see Orts.
(F. -L.) F. or/e, m. , M. F . or/e, f., a Orthodox, of the right faith. (L. -
hem, narrow border; CC. Late L. orla, Gk.) Late L. orthodoxus. - Gk. Op8ooo(os,
a border, edge. - L. type ·orula, dim in. of the right opinion. - Gk. op8o.r, upright,
361 N3
 ORTHOEPY OUCH
right; &S{4, an opinion, from 301t,ill, to From L. ossi- , decl. stem of os, bone;
seem. Cf. Arduous. Brugm. ii. i 1.3- Ii. :fier, for L. :fictire, to make, from
orthoeP7, correct pronunciation. facere, to make. Der.ossijic-at-itm.
(Gk.) From Gk. opfol'l'fI4, orthoepy.- Ostensible. (L.) Coined from os-
Gk. 6,,6-s, right; b_, a word; see tensi- (for ostenSlts), pp. of ()slendere, to
Jlplo. shew; with suffix -bilis. See below.
orthograph:v, correct writing. (F.- oRenta.tion. (F.-L.) F.osltnla-
L. - Gk. ) M. E. ortograpltie. - M. 1'. orlo- tion. - L. ostenltiti6nem, ace. of ostentMio,
grapltie. - L. orlllograpltia. - Gk. 6pfo- display.-L. ostenttilus, pp. of oslen/tire,
"(pa.'/>'a. _ Gk. 6pf6-,;, right; "(~I", to intensive form of oslentiere, to shew, lit.
write. stretch before. - L. os- (for -op-s-, related to
orthopterolUl, lit. straight ·winged. ob), near, before; tt1ldere, to stretch. See
(Gk.) Gk. 0,,6-s, straight; 'I'T'pOlI, a Tend (I). For ·ops., see Brugm. i.
wing. § 1.~3·
Ortolan, a bird. (F. - Ital. - L.) Osteolog:v, science of the bones. (Gk.)
O. F . hor/olan . - M. Ital. Itor /olano, a Gk. o(1Tlo-lI, a bone; -AO"(,a, from A6"{os,
gardener, also an ortolan, lit. ' haunter of a discourse, Af"( .... , to speak. See 08-
gardens.' - L . Itorlulitntts, a gardener. - L. Beous.
/t,ortulus, dimin. of horlus, a garden; Ostler i see Hostler.
allied to Yard. OBtra.c18e, to banish by a vote
Orts, remnants, leavings. (E. ) M.E. written on a potsherd. (Gk.) Gk. OUTpa-
ortes. From A. S. 01"-, ont (what is left) ; ,,1(fllI, to ostracise. - Gk. MTpa1tOIl, u pot-
elan, to eat. Proved by M. Du. ore/e, sherd, tile, voting-tablet, ong. a shell;
oorae/e, a piece left after eating, Swed. allied to Gk. OUTP'OIl, an oyster, orig. a
dial. orate, urtf/e, refuse fodder. The shell. See Oyster.
same prefix 01"- occurs iu ordeal. Cf. also Ostrich, a bird. (F.-L. anti Gk.)
Low G. ort, an ort; Dan. dial. ored, orre/, M. K ostrice, oystryche. - O. F. ostruce;
an ort; N. Fries. Orie, to leave remnants mod. F. a'ttntche. [Cf. Span. mJestl'Uz,
after eating. Port. abu trwl , an ostrich.] - L. auis
Oscillate, to swing. (L.) Jo'rom pp. strutltio, lit. ostrich-bird. Here strUthitl
of L. osci//dre, to swing. _ L. oscillum, a is from Gf. uTpou8IOJV, an ostrich; ex-
swing. tended from uTpou8/,s, a bird.
Osculate, to kiss. (L. ) From pp. of Other, second, different. (E.) M. E.
L.oscular;, to kiss. _L. osculum , a little otlter; A. S. (Mer, other , second. + Du.
mouth, pretty mouth; double dimin. of ander, Icel. annarr (for ·anthar- ), Dan.
os, the mouth. anden, Swed. annan, G. ander, Goth.
ODeI'. (F.) F . osier, 'the ozier, red antltar; Lithuan. antras, SkI. an/ara-,
withy, water-willow tree;' Cot. The other. In Skt. an-tara·, the suffix is the
proposed connexion with Gk. 01UOI, an same as the usual comparative suffix (as in
osier, lacks evidence. Gk. uo¢W-Tfpos, wiser). Cf. Skt. an-ya-,
Osmium, a metal. (Gk.) The oxide other, different.
has a disagreeable smell. - Gk. 6up.;', ""J.I~, Otter. (E.) M. E. titer, A. S. 0101" +
a smell. - Gk . is(fllI (for -iS3-y.",), to smell; Du. titter, lcel. tltr, Dan. tIdder, Swed
cf. /;3p.~, scent. See Odour. utter, G. otter j Russ . fmidrn, Lith. ildra;
Osprey, the fish-hawk. (L.) A cor- also Gk. lI~pa, a hydra , water-snake.
ruption of ossifrage, the older name for the Teut. type -otroll, m . ; ldg. types -wros,
bird.- L. ossi/ragus, ossi/raga, an osprey. m., -wro, f. Allied to water; compare
- L. ossifragus, bone-breaking; (from its Gk. 113pa, hydra, with lI&'p, water. The
strength). - L. ossi-, declo stem of os, ~nse is • dweller in the water.' Doublet,
bone; /ra.! , b:lse of/rangN'e, to break. hydra, q. V.
osseoU9, bony. ( L.) L. osseous, bony; Otto, the same as Attar.
with snffix -ow. _ L. 05S-, stem of os, a Ottoman, a low stuffed seat. (F.-
bone. Cf. Gk. OuTlov, Skt. asthi, a Turk.) F . tlltomam, an ottoman, sofa.-
bone. Brugm. i. § 70~ . F. Ofloman , Turkish. So named from
ossitrqe. (L. ) In Levit. xi. 13; Othman or 0S111a", founder of the Turk-
see Ospre,.. ish empire.
ossify, to tum to bone. (Y . - L.) Ouch, .ouch, the iOCket ofa precious
363
 OUGHT OVER
stone, ornament. (F.-O. H . G. ) Usually out·balam·" , ollt-bid, out-break, presenting
(tuck ; yet ,wuck is the true form. M. E. no difficulty.
,lOuche. - O. F. nouc/le, noscM, mlScke, a outer, ·comp. form; see Utter.
buckle, clasp, bracelet (Burguy); Low L. Outlaw. (Scand.) M:E. oul/awe.-
tIIlSea. - M. H . G. ttuske, O . H. G. nusca, Icel. iUlagi, an outlaw, lit. out of (beyond)
a buckle, clasp, brooch. • Perhaps of the law. - Ice1. tit, ont; log, law; see Out
Celtic origin ; cf. Irish 1ZaSC, a tie, chain, and Law. Cf. I.. ex/ex, lawless.
ring, 1ZaSgai11l, I bind (Schade, Stokes). Outlet. (E.) M. E. utlele, lit. 'a
Qught (1), pt. t. of Owe, q. v. letting out.' - A. S. ul, out; /INatt, to let.
Qught (2), anything; see Aught. Outmost; see Utmost.
Oui.ce (I ), twelfth part of a pound. Outrage. (F.-I..) F. ttUfrage, ear-
(F . -L. ) M. E. u,ue. - O. F. ulue (F. Iier form o/trage, excessive violence. (Cf.
(tNe ).-L. tt1uia, (1) an ounce, (2) an Ita1. oltralJl[io.) -O. Jo'. oltre, F. outre , be-
inch. Allied to Gk. tryKO'1, mass, weight. yond; with suffix -age « L. -titicum ). -
See Inch. L. ultrti, beyond. See Ultra-.
01UlCe (2), Once, a kind of lynx. Outrigger. (E. andScand.) A pro-
(F.-L.-Gk.) F. (tNt; M.F. /o,ue, Cot. jecting spar for extending sails, a project-
Cf. Port .. 0nta, Span. oma, lta1. lanza, an ing rowlock for an oar, a boat with pro-
ounce; also ltal. tttlza, an ounce (Florio, jecting rowlocks. From Out and Rig.
1598), obtained by treating lmlla as if = Outward. (E.) A. S. ute11Jlard, out-
fonza . -Late L. type *lyncea, lynx-like, ward.-A. S. ute, out; weard, -ward; see
fem. -L. Iync_, stem of lynx, a lynx.- Toward.
Gk. A.r,[, a lynx; see Lynx. l'or F. Oval, egg-shaped. (F.-L.) F. 0fJai.
o<Gk. II, cf. grotto, t011lb, twso. Formed with suffix -al «I~ -tilis) from L.
Ouphe, an elf, fairy. (Scand. ) Mer. Quu"', an egg.+Gk. qlcW, "01', an egg.
Wives, iv.•.•9. A variant of oaf=elf. The Gk. &leol'is for *tJwiqlll, related by
See Oaf and lIllf. gradation to L. auis, a bird (like ';0, a
Our. (E.) A.S. ure, of US; gen. of sheep-skill, hom &s, a sheep); see Av!-
we, we. The possessive pronoun ",as also ary. Perhaps cognate with Ega. Der.
tire, which was regularly declined. The ov-ar-y, Late L. 6u4ria, the part of the
form ure stands for *us~r-; cf. Goth. body in which eggs are formed in birds;
umara, gen. pI. of Goth. weis, we. ovi-fOr11I, egg-shaped; ov;-pa"ttus, from
~-outaJur; see On.na-outAng. L. tJu;-jxu'us, egg-producing (see Parent).
Ouel, a kind of thrush. (E.) M. E. Ovation, a lesser Roman triumph. (F.
osel. A. S. DSIe. For *Onlsal-, which is - L.) F. ovatim. - L. ace. ouiUitJne11l,
for older *amsal-.+G. amsel, O. H. G. am- from outitio, a shouting, exultation. - L.
saia, an ousel. The L. merula (whence ouiilus, pp. of oua"e, to shout. + Gk.
E. merle) can stand for *mesula, and may fOO,.,I', to shout, from .Val, .UOf", inter-
be connected with G. anlSel by gradation. jections of rejoicing, esp. in ,honour of
See Kerle. Bacchns.
Out, to eject. (F. -L.) A. F. ouster Oven. (E.) M. E. OUtn ( =ovm). A. S.
(Bozon), M. F. oster, 'to remove;' Cot. ofm, ofn. + Dn. OVttl Ice!. of", omn (also
(F. dler.) Of disputed origin; some ogn), Swed. ugn, G. ofttl, Goth. aukns.
derive it hom obslare, to thwart , which Teut. types *Uh,IO-, 1IftlO-; Idg. type
gives the right form, but does not suit ·u'lnos. Allied to Skt. ukhii, a pot (cf.
the sense; Diez suggests L. ·kaustare, Gk. 1",,6s, an oven) ; this older sense is
a derivative of kau,,!re (pp. ka~stus) , to remarkably preserved in A. S. ofnel, a pot,
draw water. Cf. K ex-kaust, and L. vessel.
eorkaurtre, in the sense' to remove.' Over, above, across. (E.) M. E. ouer
Out, without, abroad. (E.) M. E. oute, (= over). A. S. ofer.+Du. over, Ice!. yjir,
ute, adv., A. S. iile, titall, adv., out, with- ofr, Dan. over, Swed. iifver, G. tibe", Goth.
out; formed (with adv. suffix -e or -an) ufar; Gk. brfp, L. s-uper; Skt. upari,
from A. S. Ut, adv. , out, from .+Du. uil, above. The Idg. form is ·u~r-, closely
Icel. iii, Dan. tid, Swed. ut, G. tzUS, Goth. related to *uj>eros, upper (Skt. upara-,
iii (= A. S. ut), iita (= A. S. tlte ), utana L. s-uperus, A. S. yfera). This is a com-
e ~ A. S. titan); Skt. uti, up , out. parative form from ldg. -tlPO- (Ski . upa,
• Hence numerous componnds, such as near, Oil, under; Gk. bro, L. s-ub, Goth.
36 3
 OVERT OZONE
ufo under; cf. A. S. tifan, E. -ove in own (3) , to grant. (E.) A develop-
ab·ove) Closely allied to Up. ~ Hence ment from own (~) , to appropriate, claim;
a large number of compounds beginning hence, to acknowledge. See Johnson.
with over, which present no difficulty. ~ Usually said to have been due to A. S.
Overt, open, public. ( F. -L.) O. F. unnan , M. E. unnen, to grant, of which
overt (later ouverl) , pp. of ovrir (later there is no clear trace.
ouvn'r), to open. The etymology is dis- Ox. (E.) M. E. ox, oxe, pI. oxen; A. S.
puted. G. Diez suggests that ovrir is a oxa, pI. oxall.+Du. os,lcel. uxi, oxi, Dan.
shortened form of O. F. a·ovrir, a-uvrir Swed. oxe, G. ocMe, ocAs, Goth. auAsa;
(Livre des Rois) , answering to Provo adu- also W . y cA; Skt. ukshan-, an ox, bull.
brir, to open. The latter can be resolved Teut. type*ohsan-; ldg. type *oksen-. The
into L . ad, de, operfre, where ad is a mere Skt. ukshatz- is usually derived from Skt.
prefix, and de·operire is to uncover. /3. ttksh, to sprinkle, hence, to impregnate;
Littre considers ovrir to be for aV1-i,', Brugm. ii. § 114.
i. e. L. aperin, to open; the change Ozalis, wood-sorrel. (L.-Gk.) L.
being due to association with covrir (F. oxa/is. ';'Gk. o(a).,[s, (I ) sour wine, ( 2)
couvrir), to cover. Cf. Port. avrir, to sorrel; from its sourness. - Gk. ",us, acid.
open. See Oxygen.
overture, a proposal, beginning. (F. o:z:ide, a compound of oxygen with a
- L ) O. F. overture, latter o/,verture, an nOll -acid base. (Gk.) Coined from ox-
opening, from O. F . overt, open (above). ( for oxy-, as in oxy-gm ) and -ide, Gk.
Oviform, Oviparous j see Ova.l -.. a~s, like. See Oxygen.
Owe, to possess; hence, to possess Ozlip, a flower. (E.) A. S. oxamlyppe.
another's property, be in debt, be obliged. orig. an ox-slop, piece of ox-dung (a coarse
(E.) M. E. ajen, awen, owen, orig. 'to name, like some other plant-names). -
possess.' A. S. agan, to have, po.sess A. S. oxan, gen. case of oxa, ox; slyppe,
(whence long 0 from A. S. a, and w for g). a slop; see Slop. (So also cow-slip =
+lcel. eiga, to possess, have , be bound, cow·slop. )
own; Dan. eie, Swed. iiga, O.H.G. eiga1l, Ozygen, a gas often found in acid com-
Goth. aigan, to possess. Tent. type *aigan-. pounas. (Gk.) Lit. 'acid-generator.'-
Allied to Skt. if, to possess. Gk. o(u-s, sharp. acid; "YEV-, to produce,
oUJht. (E.) The pres. tense of A. S. base of "Yi"Yvop.tU. I am born .
iigall IS ic ah , really an old perf. tense; ozymel, a mixture of honey and
hence was formed the new pt. t. ahte, M. E. vinegar. (L. -Gk.) L. oxymeli. - Gk.
ahle, aughle, oug/zte, mod. E. ought. 0("",,)., •. - Gk. 6(u-s, sharp, acid; p.EJ\l,
owing, in phr. owing 10 = due to, honey; see Mellifluous.
because of. (E.) Orig. pres. pt. of owe, vb. ozytone, having an acute accent on
Owl, a bird. (E.) M. E. oule. A. S. the last syllable. (Gk.) Gk. ",Vrovos,
ule. + Du. uil, Ice!. ugla, Dan. ugle, Swed. shrill-toned. - Gk. otu-s, sharp; TOVOS. a
ugla, G. mit, O. H . G. uwela. Teut tone ; see Tone.
types *uwalon-, *uwwalm-, fern. Cf. Oyer, a term in law. (F. - L.) Oyer
also L. ulula, Skt. uliika -, an owl. The and terminer means,literally, 'to hear and
sense is 'howler,' from an imitative determine.'-A. F. oyer (F. oui'r), to hear.
root; cf. L. ululiire, to howl. See -L. audire, to hear.
Howl. oyez, oye8, hear yet (F .-L.) Public
Own (I), possessed by anyone, peculiar criers begin by saying oyes, now corrupted
to olleself. (E.) M. E. aJen, awen, owen, into 0 yes! - A. F. oyez, ~ p. pI. imperative
contracted to own by loss of e. A. S. agen , of oyer, to hear (above).
own, orig. pp. of agan, to possess; see Oyster. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. oistre.
Owe.+lcel. eiginn, Dan. Swed. egen, G. - A. F. oislre IF. huttre). - L. ostrea; also
eigen, Goth. aigans. oslreum. - Gk. 6UTPfOV, an oy~ter; named
own ( ~ ), to possess. (E.) M . E. a3tuen, from its hard shell.-Gk. /)UTfOV, a bone,
annien, ahnm , olmen. A. S. agnian, to shell; see OSBeOUS, Ostra.cise.
appropriate, claim as one's own; den om. Ozone, a substance perceived by its
vb, from A. S. iigen, own (above).+Icel. smell in the air after electric discharges.
eigna, to claim as one's own; from eiginn, (Gk.) Gk. il(IIIV, smelling; pres. pt. of
one's own. Der. (fWn-er. 0(..... to smell. See Odour.
36,.
 PABULUM PAGE
PA.-PB. Haml. iiL 4. 185; Oth. ii. I. l59. It is
a parallel formation to paille, frequent. of
Pabulum. (L.) L. pabulum, food; pat; see Pat ( I) . Cf. Low G. paddeln,
from the base pa-, as seen in pa-ui, pt. t. to tramp about (Danneil) , frequent. of
of pascere, to feed. See Pastor. pedden, to tread, or padjen, to walk with
Pace, a step. (F.-L.) M. E.pas.- F . short steps (Brem. Wort.) ; from pad, the
pas. - L. passum, acc. of pasms, a step, sole of the foot . See Pad (I ) . Cf. also
pace, lit. a stretch, distance between the Low G. pladdern, to paddle in water.
feet in walking. -L passus, pp. ofpanden, Paddle ( 2), a little spade, esp. to clean
to stretch . See Expand. a plough with. (E.) Formerly spaddle;
Pacha· see Pasha. dim in. of spade. See Spade.
Pachydermato1l8, thick -skinned. Paddock ( I), a toad. (Scand .) M. E.
(Gk.) From Gk . ..ax,,·., thick; and a.p- paddok, dimin. of M. E. padde , a toad.-
fUlT-, stem of a'PfLa, skin. Gk . .-aXil. is Icel . padda, Swed. padda, Dan. padde, a
allied to L. pinguis, fat. And see Denn. toad, frog.+Du. padde, pad; E. Fries.
Pacify. (F.-L.) F.pnciJier.-L.pad- padde.
foare, to make peace. - L. pad-, dec!. Paddock (2), a small enclosure. (L.l)
stem of pax, peace ; -ficare, for ./ncere, to Not an old word; used by Eyelyn; a cor-
make. See Peace. ruption of M. E. parrIJk, spelt parrIJcke in
Pack, a bundle. (Low G . - L.?) M. E. Palsgrave. (So also pIJddzsMorporridge. )
paUe (13th cent.). - M. Du. pack l Du. See Pa.rk.
pak) ; cf. Icel. pakki, Dan. paUe, Swecl. Paddy, rice in the husk. (Malay.)
packa i G. pack. [Cf. also Irish pac, Malay padi, rice in the hnsk. It seems to
Gael. pnc, from E. i Bret. pak, from have been confused with H ind. Mat,
Romanic i Ital. paccIJ, F . paqu-et; Late L. cooked rice ; from Skt. bhakta, (properly)
paccus.] Prob. of Late L. origin; from boiled rice, food , OIig. pp. of blzaj, to
the L. base pnc-, as in pp. pactus, from divide, possess, &c. (See Yule. )
paltgere, to fasten (Korting) . See Pact. Padlock, a loose-hanging lock. (E.)
Der. pack-age, with F . suffix -age (cf. A lock for hampers, &c. ; prob. coined by
bagg-age); pack-et, from F . paquet, a adding IIJck to provo E. pad, a pannier
packet, bundle, dimin. form from Low G. (Norfolk ). Tbis word is also written
paU, M. Dn. pack. ped; see Pedlar.
Pact, a contract. (L.) L. pactum, an Paean, a hymn to Apollo. (L.-Gk.)
agreement.-L. pactus, pp. of pacisci, to L. paalt. - Gk. lla,,!v, lla"'IJI, (I ) Prean,
agree, inceptive form of O. L. pacere, to Preon, physician of the gods, (l) Apollo,
agree (Breal). Allied to pangere (pp. (3) a hymn to Apollo. Der. peon-y.
pac/us), to fasten, fix; Skt. par, to bind, Paedobaptism, infant baptism. (Gk.)
Gk. rrfJ-yvviJ.I, I fasten. Brugm. i. § 200 ; From Gk. 1I'alaO-, representing .-ai's, a
ii. § 79. child; and baptism. Cf. P edagogue.
Pad (I) , a soft cushion. (Low G.?) Also Pagan, acoontryman; hence, a heathen.
in the sense of 'saddle' (Levins, 1570) ; (L.) L. pagatlus, (I ) a villager, (l) a
also in the sense of' bundle' (Halliwell). pagan, because the rustic people remained
Of obscure origin. In the sense of cushion longest uncor.verted. -L. pilganus, adj.,
beneath an animal's foot, it agrees with rustic. - L. pagus, a village, district, can-
M. Du., Low G., and Pomeranian pad, ton. Some connect it with pag-, base of
sole of the foot ; perhaps borrowed from pangere, to fasten; as being marked out
Slavonic. Cf. Ross. pIJdosnva, sole of the by fixed limits; see Pact.
foot ; podusnka, a cushion, pad; also Page ( 1) , a boy attending a person of
Lith.padas, (thesame). Cf.Pod. rank. (F. -LateL.-Gk. ?) M. E.page.-
Pad (2\ a thief on the high road. (Du.) F. page.-LateL.pagium, acc. ofpagius,
WenowsaY./OIJt-pad. Formerlyapadder, a servant. Cf. Span. page, Port. pagem,
one who goes on the pad, i. e. foot-path. - Ital. paWIJ, a page. Etym. disputed.
Du. pad, a path; see Path. (Many cant Diez thinks that Ital. paggiIJ was formed
words are Dutch.) Der.pad, a nag, orig. from Gk. 1I'a1MoII, a little child, dim in. of
pad-nag, a road-nag; pad, vb., to tramp. ..ai's, a boy. (See Diez, Littre, Scheler.)
Paddle ( I) , to finger, dabble in water. Page (l), one side of the leaf ofa book.
(Low G.?) Formerly also to finger, handle; (F.-'L.) F. page. -L. pagina, a page,
36 5
 PAGEANT PALEOLOGY
leaf. Orig. a leaf; and named from the Plljja.m.as, Py,jam.as, loose drawers.
fastening together of strips of papyrus to l Hind. - Pers.) Hind. jikjti"tii, pajam4,
form a leaf. - L. pog-, base of pa1lgtre, to d.lLwers, lit. 'leg-clothing: _ Hind. pile,
fasten (pp. poc-Ius <pog-Ius). lel' ; jama, garment. - Pers. piii, cognate
pageant, an exhibition, spectacle. wi lit E. foot; jamak, a garml:llt (Hom,
(LateL . - L. ) Orig. the moveable scaffold § 4 1 2 ).
on which the old ' mysteries' were acted. Palace. (F.-L.) M . E. palais.-F.
M. E. fa.~enl (Prompt. Parv.), also pagen, palai:. - L. palalill"" orig. a building on
pag)l1l; formed , with excrescent t after ", the Pdaline hill at Rome; esp. a palace
from Late L. pa![ina, a scaffold, stage for of Aurnstus on this hill. The Palatine
shows, made of wooden planks. - L. pli- hill is ~Ilpposed to have been named from
gina, a page of a book; in Late L. a plank Pales, ~ putoral divinity.
of wood. Named from being fastened to- paladin. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.paladin,
gether; seePage ( 3) . Der.pag~-anl-r-y. a knight of the round table. - Ital. pala-
Pagoda, an Indian idol's temple. aiM, a warrior; orig. a knight of the
(Port. -Pers.) From Port. pagoda, pa- palace or royal household. - L. paliilinus ;
gode, a pagoda. - Pers. but-kadak, an idol- see Palatine.
temple. - Pen. but, idol, image; kadak, Pall8O-; see Paleo-.
habitation. (The initial Pers. sound is Palanquin, Palankeen, a light
sometimes rendered by p, as in Devic's litter in which travellers are bOrne on men's
Supp. to Littre.) Perhaps confused with shoulders. (Port. -Hind. -Skt.) Cf. F.
Skt. bkag-avati, f., venerable, as the name palanquin. From Port. polanfjllim, a
of a ~oddess (Yule). palankeen. All from Hindustani palang,
Pail. (E.) M. E. paile. A. S. pt7.gd, a bed, bedstead (Forbes) ; otherwisepalki,
a pail (Bosworth-ToUer). See Anglin, viii. and (in the Camatic) pal/akki (Wilson) ;
450. Cf. Dan. pagel, half-a-pint; M.Du. Palipa//anko, a p:llankeen (Yule) .-Skt.
peg-tl, the contents or capacity of a pot. paryanka- (Prakrit paI/anlta-), a couch-
The orig. pail was prob. a liquid-mea- bed, bed. Apparently named from the
sure, with pegs to mark the depth. See support afforded to tbe body. -Skt. pari
Peg. (= Gk. "'pl), round, about; anka-, a
Pain. (F. -L.-Gk.) M. E. peine.- hook, also the flank.
F. p eine, a pain, a penalty.-L. fXZna, Palate. (F. -L.) O . F. p nlat. - L.
punishment, penalty, pain. - Gk. 1TO'vt7, palatum, the palate, roof of the mouth.
penalty. Idg. type *fjoina; cf. O. Ir. cin, Palatine. (F. -L.) In phr.• count
a fault (Ir. cion ), Zend kaina-, punish- palati1te ;' the proper sense is 'pertaining
ment, Pers. kin, revenge, RUSii. tsiena, a to the palace or royal. honsehold.'-F.
price, Gk. Tlv.,v, to pay a price. Brugm. palalin. - L. palOlintls, (I) the name of a
i. § l03. Cf. Pine (3). hill at Rome, (2) belonging to a palace;
Painim; see Paynim. see Palace.
Paint. (F.-L.) M.E. pdnlen, vb. Palaver. (Port.-L.-Gk.) A parley.
-F.peint, pp. of peindre, to paint.-L. - Port. palavra, a word , parole. - L.
pi1tgere, to paint. See Picture. parabola. - Gk. 1TO.pa{Jo>..f,; see Parable.
Painter, a rope for mooring a boat. Pale (I) , astake,limit. (F.-L. ) M. E.
(F.-L. -Gk.) Assimilated to painler, paol. - F. pal, • a pale, stake;' Cot. - L.
one who paints; orig. M. E. panler, a palum, acc. of palus, a stake. For *f>tu-
noose, esp. for catching birds. - M. F. sl"s, from pac-, to fasten, as in pac-isri,
panliere, a snare for birds, a large net for to stipulate. llrngm. ii. § 76. ~ The
catching many at once; Cot. -L.pa1tthlr , heraldic pale is the same word; so is
a hunting-net for catching wild beasts.- pole ( I ) .
Gk. 1T6.V(J,!poS, adj., catching all sorts. - Pale (3) , wan. (F.-L.) O. F.pale,
Gk. 1I'aV, neut. of 1I'aS, every; (J1J~'" to later pasle (F . ptUe). -L. pall£dum, acc.
huntl from 9fJp, a wild beast. See PaD-. ofpallidlIS, pale. Allied to Fallow.
(Ana see pantker.) Paleogra.J»h7. the study of ancient
Pair, t.wo equal or. like, thin~ . ~F. -L.) modes of wnting. (Gk.) -Gk. wuA<UO-t,
M. E. pe,re. - F. pa,re, a paIr; Cot. - old, from 1I'IiMu, adv., long ago; .,pIut.-.,,,,
F . pair, ' like, equal ; ' id. - L. parem, acc. to write.
of par, equal. See Par. pa.leolol7, arch:-eology. (Gk.) From
 PALEONTOLOGY PALM
Gk. 1r'IlAa.6-r, old; -)..o-ylo, discourse, from is the same whether read forwards or
.\6')'os, a word, '\;')'.'''' to speak. backwards. (Gk.) Such a word is madam.
paleontology the science of fossils, - Gk. waA.i,,3poflOS, running back again.-
&c. (Gk.) FromGk.1fQ.\a(-os, old; 6VTO-, Gk• ..aM". again; 3pop.os, a running, from
declo stem of cW, existing; '1..o')'la, dis- 3po.jJ.;", to run; see Dron:edary.
course, from )..{yyos, a word, 1..E')'fI", to Pa.l.inode a recantation, in song. (F.
s~ak. -L.-Gk.) F . palinodu (Cot. ). -L.pnli-
Palestra, a wrestling-school. (L. - nOdia. - Gk. waA.,v'P~Kx, a recantation , esp.
Gk.) L. pallEstra. - Gk. waA.aiO'Tpo., a of an ode. -Gk . ...a1..,,,, back, again; ~~,
wrestling-school. - Gk. wa>..ai • .", to wrestle. an ode. See Ode.
-Gk. "a)..rl, wrestling. Palisade. (F . -L. ) F . palissade, a
Paletot, a loose garment. (F. ) Mod. row of pales. - F.paliss-er, to enclose with
F. paletot, formerly spelt palletot, palletoe, pales. - F. palis, a pale, extended from
a sort of coat; whence M. E. paletok, used pal, ajlale; see Pale ( I ).
of a dress worn by soldiers, knights, and Pall ( I ), a cl oak, mantle, shroud. (L.)
kings, and usually made of silk or velvet. A .S.pal/. -L. palliu1II, a coverlet, cloak;
Explained by Diez aspalle-toque, a cloak Sievers, § 80.
with a hood; from L.pnlla, a mantle, and Pall (2), to become vapid. (F . -L.)
W. toe, BreI. tok, a cap. Littre derives Pall is a sborte,ped form of appal, fOlmerly
O. F . palletoe from M. Du. paltrok, a used in the same sense. Palsgrave has
mantle, but Franck says that this M. Du. palle and appal/e, both in the sense of
word is taken (with alteration) from the losing colour by standing as drink does;
O. F. word. Cf. Bret. pallok, a peasa nt's also' I palle, I fade.' See Appal.
robe; from pallen, a covering (L. palla ) ; Palladium, a safeguard of liberty. (L.
and 10k, a cap. Whence also Span. pn le· - Gk.) L. Palladium; Virgo.lEn. ii. 166,
tOfJ.ue. 183. - Gk. DaMci~,o", the statue of Pallas
Palette, a small slab on which painters on which the safety of Troy depended.-
mix colours. (F.-Ital.-L.) F . palelte, Gk. DaA..\as (stem DaMa6-), Pallas, an
orig. a Bat blade, spatula, and lastly a epithet of Athene.
palette. - !tal. palella. a Bat blade, spatuia; Pallet (1), a kind of mattress, prof'erly
dimin. ofpala,a spade. -L.piila, a spade, one of straw. ( F.-L.) M . E.paillet.-
shovel, Bat-bladed' peel' for putting bread F. paillel, a heap of straw, given by Littn~
into an oven. See Peel (3). as a provincial word. Cf. taillal, a pal-
Palfrey. (F.-LowL.-C.) M. E. Hasse, in patois of Lyons Cfuitspelu ). -
paleft'ai, pal/rei. -0. F. palefrei (F. pale- F. paille, straw. -L. palea, straw, chnff.
f rol) - Low L. paraverMus, lit. ' an extra +Gk. "a)..'1, fine meal; Skt.paliila, straw;
post-horse' (White). - Low L. para- (Gk. Russ. polova, chaff; Lith. pelai, pl., chaff.
"apa ), beside, hence , extra; tlerltitls, a Pallet (~ ) , an instrument used by pot-
post-horse, ccurier's horse. Il Here tle- ters, also by gilders; aho a palette. (F. -
rldus stands for ·vo-rldus, from a Celtic Ital. -L.) It is a Bat·bladed instrument
type ·vo-reido-, a carriage-horse. - Celtic for spreading plasters, gilding, &c.; and
· vo (Ir. /0-, W . go·), under, in ; and Celtic is a douLlet of Palette.
*reidtl, Gaulish L. rMa, rhlda, a carriage. Palliasse, a straw mattress. (F . - L.)
The Celt. *vo·reido- appears in W. go- F. paillasse (with II mouilles), a slraw-
rwydd, a horse. The CeIt. *reidii is from bed; spelt paillace in Cotgra\,e. - F . pa;"~,
the verb seen in O. Irish r iad-aim, I travel, straw ; with su ffix ·aee « L. ·iUeus). - L .
ride, cognate with E. ride (Stokes ). palea, straw. See Pallet ( I ).
~ Cf. Du. paard, G. pferd, O. H. G. pfer. Palliate, to cloak, excuse. (L.) From
fn'f, n horse, also from paraveridus. L. palliiitus, covered as with a cloak. -L.
Palimpsest, a MS. which has been pallium, a coverlet, cloak. See Pall (I).
twice written on, the first writing being Pallid. (L.) L. pallidus, pale.
partly erased. (Gk.) Gk. waA.iJ4t1lO'TO", a pallor. (L.) L. pallor, paleness.-L.
palimpsest, neut. of frQ.\1J4t11O'Tor, scraped pall&e, to be pale. See Pale ( ~ ).
again (to renew the surface). -Gk. ..a1..,1'- Pall-mall; see Mall ( ~ ) .
(for ".u.",), again; 1frrI0'T6s, scraped, from Palm ( I), inner part of the hand. (F.-
."a.." to rub. L. ) M. E.paume, palm of the hand . -F.
PaiiDdrome, a word or sentence that patlm~.-L.paltlla,thepalmofthehand.+
36 7
 PALM PANEGYRIC
Gk. ffaA.ap.f/, the palm of the hand; A. S. find F. pamphi/e, the knave of clubs, from
/olm, the same; O. Irish llim, W. llaw. the Gk. name Pamphilus; similarly, I
Brugm. i. § 529 (2). Der. palm·isl-r.y . should suppose that there was a F. form
Palm (2) , a tree. (L.) A. S. palm. - *pamjiltl, or Late L. *pamphilltus, coined
L. palma, a palm-tree. Der. palm-er, from L. Pamphila (of Gk. origin), the
M. E. palmere, one who bore a palm- name of a female historian of the first
branch in memory of having been to the century, who wrote numerous epitomes of
Holy Land; hence a palmer or palnur- history. G. Paris suggests L . Pamphilus,
worm, a sort of caterpillar, supposed to be the name of a medieval Lat. comedy.
so named from its wandering about. Also W e find Low Lat. panjielus (A.D. 1 ~ 44)'
palm-ary, deserving the palm (of victory). Pa.n. (E.?) M. E. pa1lnt. A. S. pamte,
Pal'ps:ble, that can be felt. W. - L. ) a pan, broad shallow vessel ; cf. Irish
F. palpable (Litlre, Palsgrave). - L. palpa - panna, W. pan, a pan. - Late L. pan1ta,
bilis, that may be felt. - L. p alpare, pal. a pan (whence also Du. pan, G. p/amu,
pari, to feel, to handle. O. H . G.p/anna). Ifnot of Teut. origin,
Palpitate, to throb. (L.) From pp. it may be a corrupted form of L. patina,
of L. palpilare, to throb. a shallow bowl, pan, bason. Der. pan-
Palsy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. palesy, cake ; pamtikin (M. Du.panneken).
fuller form parlesy . - F. paralysie. - L. Pa.n-, prefix, all. (Gk.) Gk. :ral', neut.
paralysin, acc. of paralysis. - Gk. ..apa- of ..as, all.
AlIl1eS; see Paralysis. Pa.nacea, a universal remedy. (L.-
Palter, to dodge , shuffle, equivocate. Gk.) L. panacea. - Gk. 1I'ClI'aKfla, a uni-
(Scand.) Spelt pauller in Cotgrave, s. v. versal remedy; allied to ..aJlO.n,s, all-
harceler. The orig. sense is to haggle, to healing. - Gk . ..aI', all (above) ; aKEop.ae,
haggle over such worthless stuff as is called I heal, cUtOS, a remedy.
palln'e in Lowland Scotch. More literally, Pa.ncreas, a fleshy gland, commonly
it is ' to deal in rags, to trifle '; see further called sweet-bread. (L. - Gk.) L.pancreas.
below. - Gk. ..a'Y"p~as, sweet-bread; lit. 'all
paltry, worthless. (Scand.) Lowland flesh,' from its softness -Gk . ..aI', all ;
Sc. palln'e is a sb., meaning trash; so "pEas, flesh, for *KpEFas; cf. Skt. kravya-,
also Norfolk paltry, 'rubbish, refuse,' raw flesh, L. crU-dus, raw. See Pan-
Forby. But both sb. and adj. are from an and Crude.
old sb. paller, rags, which is still preserved Pandect, a digest. (F. - L . - Gk. )
in Danish and Swedish. - Swed. pallor, Usually in pI. pandects. - M. F . pandectes,
rags, pI.. of palla, a rag, tatter; Dan. pI. (Cot. ).-L.palldecltZ, the title ofa col-
pialler, rags, pI. of pialI, a rag. 13. We lection of laws made by order of Justinian;
find the adj. itself in Low G. paling, also (in sing.) pandecles. - Gk . ..avBEnae,
ragged, frompalle, a rag, piece tom off a pandects; fromGk.1I'al'/!EI<Tf/s,all-receiving
cloth; and in provo G. pallmg, paltry, comprehensive. - Gk. 1I'av,all ; BExop.al,i
from palter (pI. pal/ern), a rag (Fliigel). receive. See Pan-,
We nnd o.lso M. Dn. pall, a fragment, Pa.ndemonium. (Gk.) The home of
Friesic pall, a rag; E. Fries. palleng, all the demons. - Gk . ..aI', 0.11; lJat!-,ol'e-,
paling, ragged. Possibly of Slavonic for Batp.ow, a demon; see Pan- and
origin. Cf. Russ. pololno, plaino, linen, Demon.
pla/ile, to patch . Pander, Pa.ndar, a pimp. (L. - Gk.)
Pampas, plains in S. America. (Peru- L. Pandarus. - Gk. n avlJapos, a personal
vian.) The final s is the Span. pI. suffix. - name; the name of tbe man who procured
Peruvian pampa, a plain. for Troilus the favour of Chryseis. The
Pamper, to glut. (0 . Low G.) Frc- name is from Homer (11. ii. 827) ; but the
quent. from Low G. pampen, to cram. - slory belongs to medieval romance.
Low G . pampe, broth, pap, nasalised form Pane, a patch of cloth, plate of glass.
of pappe, pap. Cf. Low G. (Altmark) (F.- L.) M.E. pane, a portion. - F.pan,
pampen,pappen,lo cram oneself (Danneil). 'a pane, piece, or pannell;' Cot. -L.
See Pap ( I ). pannu m, acc. of pannus, a cloth, rag,
Pamphlet, a small book. (F.?-L. 1- pat<.'h. Allied to Vane.
Gk . ?) Spelt pamjiet, Test. of Love, pt. Pa.neOric. (L.-Gk.) L. panigyn'-
iii. 9. H . Etym. quite uncertain. We cus, a eulogy; from L. jJanegyn'cus, adj.
368
 PANEL PANTRY
-Gk. ~/t6f, fit for a full assembly, Pansy, heart's-ease. (F. - L.) F.
festive, solemu; hence applied to a festival pensle, ' a thought; also, the flower paun·
oration. -Gk. 1IWf1ryvplS, a full assembly. sie ; ' Cot. (It is the flower of thought or
- Gk ....(iv, all; -""",PIS, related to a'Yopa,remembra,zee. ) Prop. fern. of pp. of F.
a gatheriug, a crowd. penser, to think. - L. pensare, to weigh,
Panel, Pannel, a board with a sur· ponder, frequent. of pende.·e, to weigh.
rounding frame, &c. (F.-L.) M. E. See Pendant. Cf. Chaucerian Pieces,
panel, ( I) a piece of cloth, sort of saddle, xxi. 62 (note).
( 2) a schedule containing jurors' names ; Pant, to breathe haId. (F. -L. ? - Gk.?)
the general sense being 'little piece.'- M. E. panten, to pant (15th cent.). The
O. F.panel, M. F . paneau (laterpanneau), O. F. pantais (Godefroy) meant' shortness
'a pannel of wainscot, of a saddle,' &c. ; of breath, in hawks,' and was a term in
Cot.-Late L.pannellum, dimin. of pan- hawking. So also F. pantois, short·
nus, a cloth; see Pane. Der. em-panel, winded, F.pantder, to pant; Gascon pan-
im-panel, to put upon a panel, enroll tacha, to pant; A. F. pantoiser. The
jurors' names. O. F. pantau is a verbal sb. from O. F.
Pang, a sharp pain. (E.?) Spelt' prange pantaisier, to breathe with difficulty; cf.
oflove'; Court of Love, 1. IJ50 (ed. 1561 ); Prov.pantaisa, to pant, dream. Prob. from
M. E. pronge, a throe, a woman's pang Late L. ·phantasiare, by-form of phan-
(Prompt. Parv.). The sense is 'a sharp tasiari, to imagine, dream (Ducange).-
stab,' a prick; see Prong. For the loss Gk. tf>allTaCTla, a fancy; see Fancy. (G.
of r, d. speak for spreak. Paris, in Romania, vi. 628.) ~ Not from
Panic, extreme fright. (Gk.) Gk. TO W. pantu, which does not mean to press
wnVUC611, Panic fear, supposed to be in- (Diez), but to sink in, indent.
spired by the god Pan. - Gk. 1rIU'L"OS, adj., Pantaloon ( I ), a ridiculous character,
from nav, Pan, the rural god of Arcadia. buffoon. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) F.pantalon. -
Panicle, a form of inflorescence. (L.) Ital. pantalone, a buffoon; from the per-
L. panicula, a tuft; double dimin. of sonal name Pantaieone, common in Venice,
piinus, the thread wound round the bobbin St. Pantaleone being a well-known saint in
of a shuttle.+Gk. '"ivos, the same. Allied Venice. Prob. from Gk. _IITaAEOIV, lit.
to L.pannus, cloth; see Pane. I ali-lion,' a Gk. personal name. _ Gk.
Pannage, food of swine in woods. (F. 1fQVTa-, all; AfOlV, lion.
-L.) Anglo-F. panage ; M . F. pamage, pantalooJl8, a kind of trousers. (F.-
I pawnage, mastage, monie for feeding of Ital. - Gk.) F . pantalon, so called because
swine with mast;' Cotgrave. - Late L. worn by Venetians. - I tal. pantalone, a
pasnaticum, pastionlUicum, pannage.- Venetian; see above.
Late L. pastiiiniire, to feed on mast, as Pantheism, the doctrine that the uni-
swine.-L.pastiiin-, stem of pastio, graz- verse is God. (Gk.) From Pan- and
ing, used in Late L. to mean right of Theism; see below.
pannage. - L. past-us, pp. of pasure, to pantheon. (L. - Gk.) L. pantkion.
feed. - Gk. w9f.av, a temple consecrated to
Pau.nier, a bread-basket. (F.-L.) all the gods. -Gk. W, all; 9f1oS, divine,
M. E. panier. - F. panier. - L. paniirium, from 6fOS, god.
a bread-basket. - L. panis, bread. Cf. Panther, a quadruped. (F .-L. -
Pantry and Company. Gk.) M.E. pantere. -O.F.pant!ere. -
PanD;);D, a little pan. (L.; wit! E. L. pan/Jura, pantMr. - Gk. 1I"avlh]p, a
suffix.) Dimin. of Pan. Cf. M . Du. panther; prob. of Skt. origin. ~ A sup-
panneken, Westphal. piinneken, the same. posed derivation from ...(i", all, 9qp, a
Panoply,completearmour. (Gk.) Gk. beast, gave rise to numerous fables.
wnvo"JJa, full armour. _ Gk. 1I"iir, all; Pantomime, a dumb actor ; later, a
o...A-a, arms, armour, pI. of r,1I"AOII, an im- dumb show. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. panto-
plement, from Gk. 111"01, I :un busy about. ",ime, an actor of many parts in one play.
Brugm. ii § 657. And see Pan-. -L. pantomimus. - Gk. 1IO.YT0""p.Df, all-
Panorama, a kind of large picture. imitating, a pantomimic actor. - Gk. 1I"I1J'TO-,
(Gk.) Lit. I a view all round.' -Gk . ..... , for 1I"iis, all; ,...p.os. a mime, imitator; see
all; (,pap.a, a view, from c!p<iOI, I see. See Pan- and Kimic.
!'1m- 8Jld Wary. Pantr7. (F.-L.) M. E. pantrie.-
3~
 PAP PARADOX
O. F. pant/erie. - Late L . panlldrill, pan;- papjrus. - Gk. mln/pos, an Egyptian (lish
Idrill, a place where bread is mad~ or or flag, of which a writing material was
kept. - Late L. panlla, one who makes made. Prob. of Egyptian origin.
bread. -L. pan-is, bread, food; cf. pas- Par, equal value. (L.) L . par , equal.
~tre, to feed. (.,{PA.) Perhaps allied to Pare.
Pap (I ), food for infants. (E.) 'Pap- Para-, prefix. (Gk.) Gk. 'l'fJpO., beside.
mele for chylder ; ' Prompt. Parv. (A. D. Allied to Skt. par~ away, from, L. per,
1140). Cf. M. E.pappe, only in the sense through. and to E.Jor- in for-give.
of 'breast.' Of infantine origin, due to P&lP&ble. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. E. para-
the repetition of pa, pa, in calling for bole. - O. F. parabole. - L. parabola, Mark
food; cf. L. papa, pappa, the word by iv. 1 . - Gk. ftapafJo}..1! , a comparison, a
which inf~ts call for food. So also Du. par~ble. - Gk. ftapafJOJV..fII', to ~t or. put
pap, E. Fries. and G. pappe, pap; Dan. besIde, to compare. - Gk. 'I'flpC1, besIde;
pap, Swed. papp, paste-board. Cf. pap fJt1.J..}..f''', to cast. Brngm. ii. § 713.
(1), Papa. parabola, a certain plane curve. (L.
pap (l ), a teat, breast. (E.) M. E. - Gk.) L. parabola. - Gk. "apafJo}..1!, the
pappe. Cf. M. Swed. papp, the breast; conic section made by a plane parallel to
changed, in mod. Swedish, to pa/I. So the surface of the cone; see Parable.
also Swed . dial. pappe, N. Fries. pap, Parachute, an apparatus for break-
pape, Lithuan. papas, the breast. Much ing a fall from a balloon. (F. -L.) F.
the same as Pap (I); and due to the par~kute, lit. that which parries or guards
infant's call for food. against a fall. - F. para-, as in para· sol ;
Papa, father. (F. - L.) Not found in and ~kule, a fall . Here para· represents
old books; rather, borrowed from F.papa. Port. or Ital. parare, to ward off; and
-L. papa, a father, bishop, pope. Cf. ckule is equivalent to Ita!' cadula, a fall ,
L. pappas, a tutor, borrowed from Gk. orig. fern . of caduto, fallen, from L. cadere,
"<l1MI'as, papa; Homer, Od. vi. 57. Due to fall. See Parasol.
to the repetition of pa, pa; see Pap (1 ) , Paraclete, the Comforter. (L. - Gk.)
Pope. L. par~IZlus. - Gk. "Op/JK}..T}TQS, called to
paual. belonging to the pope. (F . - one's aid, the Comforter (John xiv. 16).
L.) "}'. "papal. - Late L papalis, adj., - Gk. TrOpa/caAfW, to call to one's aid.-
from L. papa, a bishop, spiritual father. Gk. "apa, beside ; /caAfW, to caU.
Cf. Gk. "a ..as, ftanaS, papa, father Parade, display. (F.- Span. -L. ) F.
(nbove). parade, a show, also ' a stop on horse·
Papaw, a fruit. (Span. - W. Indian.) back ,' Cot. The latter sense was the ear-
Span. papaya (Pineda). - Carib ababa;'. lier in French. - Span. parada, a stop,
See Yule. halt, from parar. vb., to hait, also to get
Paper. (L. -Gk.- Egyptian?) A. S. ready. - L. parare, to get ready. See
paper; directly from L. papjrus ; see Pare. The sense • display' was d.ue to
Papyrua. the F . verb parer. to deck, trim, from the
papier-mach'. paper made into pulp, same L.t:zrtire.
moul3ed, dried, and japanned. (F. -L.) Pa.ra.cligm, an example, model. (F .-
F. papitr, paper, from L. acc.papjrulll ; L.-Gk.) F. paradigm~.-L. paradlplla.
F . ",J~k', lit. chewed). pp. of mJ~"er, L. - Gk. 1ItlpO.3w(luJ , a pattern, model, ex·
mastican, to chew. :see Maatioa.te. ample of declension. -Gk. _pa, beside;
PapilionaceouB, having a winged 3flltJllljU, I point out, shOw. See Die-
corolfa resembling a butterfly. (L.) tion.
Coined, with suffix -actUS, from L.papi. Paradise. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L.para·
lilm-, stem of papilio, a butterfly; see a'isus. - Gk. 'l'fJpO.3f1O'Of, a park, pleasure-
Pavilion. ground; an oriental word of Pers. origin.
Papillary belonging to or resem- - Zend pa;ridaZza, an enclosure, place
bling nipples ~r teats, warty. (L.) From walled in. - lend pairi ( = Gk. ftfpi) ,
L. papilla, a small pustule, nipple, teat; around; a'iz (Skt. a'ik), to mould, form,
dimin. of papula, a pustule. + Lithuan. shape (hence to form a wall of earth).
pJpas, a teat,pampli, to swell out. See .,{DHEIGH; see Dough.
Prellwitz, s. v. ft'JUI>t(. Parado][. (F. -L. -Gk.) F . para-
P&PJT1UI. (L.-Gk.-Egyptian?) L. doxe._L.paradoxlIlII,neut.ofparadoxus,
370
 PARAFFINE PARAPH E R NALIA
IIdj.-Gk. ffap/J&tos, contrary to received lines.-Gk. ~fJ)..o-s, parallel (above);
opinion. - Gk. -rapO., beside; &Sta, opinion, ",(paP}J4, a line, from "'(pO.~'JI, to write.
from OOIt."', to seem ; see Dogma. ~elopiped. (L. - Gk.) So
Para.1Ilne. (F . -L.) Named (rom its wntten; a mistake for parallelepiped.-
having but small affinity with an alkali.- L. parallilepipedum. - Gk. -rapallfJ)..f-
F. paraffine.-L. par-um, little; afftnis, '0'(11'01.01', II body formed by parallel sur-
having affinity; see A1BDity. faces. - Gk. 1I'apOAAfJA-OS, parallel; '1I'i-
Paragoge, the addition of a letter at "030.,, a plane surface, neut. of hrlffoooS,
the end of a word. (L.-Gk.) [Thus, in on the ground, from '11'1, upon, and 1I"OOJl,
Iyran-t, the final letter is paragogic.] -L. the ground.
paragOgi. -Gk. "apa..,..,-yl" a leading by or Pa.raJ.ogiam, a conclusion DDwar-
past, alteration. - Gk. -rapO."'(fUl, to lead ranted by the premises. (F.-L.-Gk.)
past. - Gk. ffO.~, beyond; 6.",(o'JI, to lead; F. paraiogis11Ie. - L. paralogismus. - Gk.
see Agent. . fIO.pa)..O"'(UlpDs, a false reckouing or concln-
Paragon. (F. - Span. - Gk.) M. F. sion. - Gk. -rapa)..o"'('(opaJ, I miareckon. -
paragon. - M. Span. par'Won, a model of Gk. 1I'apO., beside, amiss; )..O"'(I(opaJ, I
excellence. Cf. Ital. paragrme, 'a para- reckon, from Ao-,O$, reason; see Logio.
goo, a match, an eqnal;' Florio; and Ital. P~. (L.-Gk.) L. paralysis.
paragtmare,tocompare. Thelatteranswers -Gk. ffiipllA.HIIS, a loosening aside, dis-
to the Gk. TapoJlI.."" to rub against a abling of nerves, paralysis or palsy. -Gk.
whetstone (hence, probably, to try by n 1I'apaA{,0"" to loosen aside. - Gk. Tapa,
touchstone, compare). - Gk. ffQ~, beside; beside; )..{,"", to loosen, allied to Loae.
"6"", a whetstone, allied to "is, a sharp Der. paralyse, from F . paralyser, verb
point. (.v AK.) See Tobler, in Zt. fUr formed from F. sb. paralysie, paralysis.
roman. Philol. iv. 373. Also paralytic, from Gk. 1I'apa)..VT.1t6s,
Paragraph, a short passage of a afllicted with palsy. Doublet,paI.;y.
book. ,F. - L. - Gk.) Actually cor- Paramatta, a fabric like merino.
rupted, in the 15th century, intopargrafte, (New S. Wales.) So named from Para·
pylcrafte,andpilcr(lflJ !-F.par'W"aplze.- ",atta, a town near Sydney, New South
Late L.paragrapltu11l, acc. ofp aragraplzus. Wales. Properly spelt Pa17'ah,atla ; the
-Gk. -rapO...,patpof. a line or stroke in the lit. sense is ' place of eels '; where parra
margin, a paragraph-mark; hence the represents eels, and malia, place. Parra-
paragraph itself. _ Gk. ffQpO., beside; malla is also the name of the river;
"'(pIt",O'JI, to write; see Graphio. (N. B. Cabra1llalta, ten miles off, is not a river.
The piicr(lflJ or paragraph-mark is now Pa.ramount, of the highest import-
printed ~.) ance (F.-L.) O. F.par amolll, at the
Pa.ra.l18.z, the difference between the top, above, lit. ' by that which is upwards:
real and apparent places of a star. (Gk.) -L.per, by; ad 1IIon1elll, to the hill, up-
Gk. ffClpO.AAat.S, alternation, change; also wards; where monlt1l1 is ncc. of 1II01lS, a
parallax (in modem science). - Gk. "ape>..- hill. See Mount.
)..QI1,mv, to make things alternate. -Gk. Paramour. (F. - L.) M. E. par
-- -rapO, beside; cL\AaI1110W, to change, alter, amour, with love; orig. an adverb. phrase.
from cl.\)..os, other; see Alien. - F. par a1hour, with love ; where pa,,<
Parallel, side by side, similar. (F . - L. per, and ~1IIour is from L. a1llUre1ll, acc.
L. - Gk.) M. F . parallele. Cot. - L. of a1l101', love. See Amatory.
p aralillus. - Gk. 7rIlpaAAfJ)..or, parallel, Parapet. a rampart , breast-high. (F.
beside each other. - Gk. 1fa~a, beside; -Ital.-L.) F. parapel. -Ita1.parapetto,
*cl.\)..fJAOS, one another, only in the gen. a wall breast-high; lit. 'guarding the
dat. and ace. plural. 13. The dec!. stem breast.'-Ita!. parare, to adorn, also to
"""'lAO- stands for 6.AAo- ci.\AO·, a redupli- guard, parry; pelto, breast. -L. jJar4re,
cated form, lit. 'the other the other' or to prepare, adorn; peettlS, the breast . See
• one another'; from Gk. cl.\)..os, other; Pare.
see Alien. Paraphernalia, ornaments. (L. -
parallelogram. (F. - L. - Gk.) Gk.) Properly the property which a
M. F. paralelograme, Cot.-L. paraillto- bride possesses beyond her dowry.
grammum . - Gk. flapallfJA6"'(paPPOJl, a Formed by adding L. nent. pI. suffix
ligure contained by two pairs of parallel -!ilia to lAte L. parapherll-a, the pro-
37 1
 PARAPHRASE PARHELION
perty of a bride over and above her of heat. We still say' piercingcold.' See
dower. - Gk. ffapa",fp"a, that which a Milton , P. L. ii. 594.- Picard and Walloon
bride brings beyond her dower. - Gk. percher, for F. percer, to pierce. See
"apa, beside; ",.pv~, a dower, that which is Pierce.
brought, from "'.PflV, to bring, allied to Parchment. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.
E. Bear ( I ) . percl:emin. - 0. F. parch em in. - L. per·
Paraphrase. (F.-L. - Gk .) M. F . gam ina, pergamma, parchment ; fern. of
paraphrase. - L.parapllrasin, ace. of para- L. Pergamlnus, belonging to Pergamos
phrasis. - Gk. "apd",paul~ , a paraphrase, (where parchment was first invented)._
free translation. - Gk. wapa , beside; ",palM , Gk. "'p-ya p'7vr" parchment, from nip-
a phrase, from ",pdC'IV, to speak; see "(a/.lo~ , n 'p"(l1/.10V , Pergamus, in Mysia of
Phrase. Asia Minor.
Paraquito, Parakeet, a little par- Pard, a panther, leopard. (L.-Gk.)
rot. (Spall .) Span. pel'iquito, a little L. pm·dus. - Gk. "ap50~. An Eastern
parrot, dim in. of perico, a parrot. Diez word; cf. Pers.pars, a pard; Skt.Prdtlkt4,
supposes perico to be a nickname, mean- a leopard. Der. leo-pard, came/o-pard.
in g 'little Peter,' dimin. of Pedro, Peter. Pardon, forg iveness. (F. -L.) M. E.
See Parrot. pardtnm. - F. pardo", sb. - F. pm-donmr,
Parasang, a measure of distance. to forgive. - Late L. perdihtal'e, to remit a
(Gk. - Pers. ) Gk. "apaua'Y'YTJ~, of Pers. debt, pard on. - L. per, fully; donal'e, to
origin. Mod. Pers. farsang-, ferseng-, a give; see Donation.
league. (Hom, § 818.) Pa.re, to shave off. (F. -L.) M. E.
Parasite. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. para- pal·m .-F.parer, to deck, trim, pare.-L.
site. - L.parasitus. - Gk. =pauITo~ , eating pararej to get ready, prepare.
beside another at his table, a flatterer, Paregoric, assuaging pain. (L. - Gk.)
toad-eater. - Gk. "apa, beside; uiTo~ , L. parlg-oricus, assuaging. - Gk. rrapTJ,,(opt-
wheat, food. Orig. in a good sense; see ,,6 ~, addressing, encouraging, soothing. -
Gk. Lex. Gk. "ap'7,,(opf/v, to address. - Gk. "apa,
Parasol, a sun-shade. (F.-Port. - L.) beside ; a"(optl, an assembly, whence also
F. parasol, ' nn umbrello;' Cot. - Port. a"(op"/tV, to address an assembly.
parasol (or Ital. parasole), an umbrella to Parent. (F. -L. ) F. parent, akins-
keep off the sun's heat. - Port. para-r (or man. - L.parent-, stem ofpa"ens, a parent,
Ital. pm'are), to ward off; sol (Ital. so/e), lit. one who produces. - L. parere, to pro-
sun. - L. parare, to prepare; solem, acc. of duce. Brugm. i. § 515.
sol, sun. See Parry and Solar. Parenthesis .. (Gk.) Gk.1rOp<v8fUtS,
Parboil. (F . -L.) It now means' to an insertion, a putting in beside. - Gk.
boil ins\,fficiently,' by confusion with part. "up-a, beside; EV, in; 8fUtS, a placing; see
The old sense is 'to boil thoroughly.' - Thesis.
O. F. parboillir, to cook thoroughly, also, Parget, to plaster a wall. (F. - L.)
to boil gently (Godefroy). -Late L.par- Nearly obsolete; once common. M. E.
bullire, L. perbullire, to boil thoroughly. pargeten; as if from O. F. pa1-geter, to
- L. per, through; and bullire, to boil; spread abroad , cru:t around , Late L. pe,--
see Boil ( I) . jactare (not in Ducange, but found in the
Parcel. (F.-L.) M. E. parcd-F. 14th cent.) . cr.' Perjacio , Anglice, to
parcel/e. a small piece or part.- Late L. perjette ;' Vocab. 602. 7. As if from L.
pa1-ticella, only preserved in Ita!' parti- per, fully; iactlire, to cast, frequent. of
cella,a smallpart. Dimin.ofL.particula; iacere, to throw. See ;ret ( I ). 2. But
see Particle. . really substituted for O. F . p01-g-eler, to
Parch, to scorch. (F . - L.) Very rough-cast a wall (Godefroy). -L. proitc-
difficult. M. E. parden, to parch. Prob. tlire, to cast forth; from pro and iac/are.
the same as M. E. perchen, \0 pierce, an Cf. Walloonporg-ett!. to parget (Remade).
occasional form of percen, to pierce. This ~ Also spelt sparg-etten, where the s of
is the most likely solution ; in fact, a care- spar~tten = O. F. es-, L. ex (intensive).
ful examination of M. E. perchen fairly Parhelion, a mock sun. (L. Gk. )
proves the point. It was at first used in L. parhllion. - Gk. II'ap{,,\IOV, neut. of 1IIlp{J-
the sense • to pierce with cold,' and was '\IO~, beside the sun . - Gk . •rap-a , beside;
afterwards transferred to express the effects I ~'\IOS, sun; see Heliaoal.
37 3
 PARIAH PARRY
Pariah, an outcast. (Tamil.) Tamil - L. paroekia, same as paracia, a parish ;
paraiyan, corruptly parian, Malayalim see Pariah.
parayan, a man of low caste, performing Pa.rody. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. andF.
the lowest menial services; oru! of his parodie. _ L. parodia. - Gk. 'ral"*'lila, also
duties is to beat the village drum (called "al"*'lii!, a song sung beside (i. e. in imita-
parai in Tamil), whence, probably, the tion of) another. - Gk. "op-o., beside; ~~,
aEPellation of the caste. (H. H. Wilson.) an ode. See Ode.
Parian, belonging to Paros. (Gk.) Parole. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. parole, a
Paras is an island in the lEgean sea. word , esp. a promise; the same word as
Parietal, forming the walls, applied Provo paraula, Span. palabra ( = ·para-
to two bones in the front of the skull. bla), Port. palavra. -LateL. parabola, a
(L.) L. parietalis, belonging to a wall. discourse; L. parabola, a parable. See
- L. pamt-, stem of parns, a wall. Parable, Palaver.
Parish. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. pa- Paronymous, allied in origin; alike
risehe. -F. paroisse.-L. parO!eia. - Gk. in sound. (Gk.) Gk. "optl!vv/AOS, formed
ffapolKia , a neighbourhood; hence an fr om another word by a slight change.-
ecclesiastical district. - Gk. 'lro.POIKOS , Gk. 'lra"a, beside; 6"lIfUJ, a name. Der.
neighbouring. - Gk. 1I'ap-o., near; 07KOS, parollom-as-ia, a slight change in a word's
house, abode, allied to Vioinage. Der. meaning, from Gk. ff(Jpo1"oJ.IQuia , better
parishion-er, formed by adding -er 1I'apo"oJ.IQuia.
(needlessly) to M. E. parisshen <0. F. Parozysm. (F.- L. - Gk.) F. parox-
paroissien, a parishioner. ysme. - L. paroxysmus. - Gk. "apo(lIu,..cS,
Paritory; see Pellitory. irritation, the fit of a disease. - Gk. 1I'ap-
Parity, equality. (F. -L.) F. parite. O(WEIII , to irritate. - Gk. 'rap-t1., beside;
-L. pari/a/em , acc. of parittis, equality. 6(')""", to sharpen, from "(,)s, sharp.
- L. par, equal. See Oxygen.
Park, an enclosed gronnd. (E. ?) Parquetry, a mosaic of wood-work
Park = O. F. pare, is a F. spelling. M. E. for lIoors. (F . - Teut.?) F. parqueterie. -
parrok, an enclosure, A. S. pearrlte, pear- F. parque/er, to inlay a wooden floor. -
roc. Cf. Irish and Gael. paire, W. park F. parquet, a wooden floor; orig. a small
and parwg « E. parrok). The word is enclosure; dimin. of F. pare, a park.
common in Teutonic tongues, as in Du. See P ark .
j>e1'k, Swed. Dan. park, G. pftreh, and Parricide, ( I ) the murderer of a
is prob. Teutonic; cf. M. E. parren, to father; (2) murder of a father. (F.-L;
enclose. Hence, probably, Late L. pareus, or L. ) The former is the older E. sense,
parrieus, an enclosure; whence F. pare, and answers to F. parricide, L . parrieida,
Ita!. parco, Span. parque. for older paricidas (llrugm. ii. § 190). a
Parley. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.parler,sb. , murderer of a relative. -L. parri-, for
speech, talk, a parley. - F. parler, vb., to pari·, a relative (cf. Gk. 1t1JOs, a relative,
speak. -Late L. pa1'aboliire , to talk.-L. Prellwitz, s. V. Wo.O}lQI) ; and eadere, to
parabola; see Parable. kill (whence -cida, a slayer). 2. The
~arliament. (F. - L. - Gk. ; with F. second sense is directly from L. parri-
sup.) M. E . parlallent. [We also find cfdium, the murder of a relative, from
Late L. parliamentum, corresponding to the same sb. and vb.
our spellingparlz'ament.]-F. parlemen/ , Parrot. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. Perrot, of
• II speaking, parleying, a supreme coun ; ' which the lit. sense is • little Peter,' given
Cot. - F. pader, to speak (as ahove); with to the bird as a nickname; see Cotgrave.
F. suffix -lIlm/ (L. -flUntulll). Also written Pierrot, both forms being from
parlour. (F. -L. - Gk. ) M. E. par- Pierre, Peter. -L. Petrun" ace. of Petrus,
lour, parlur.-O. F. parloir, a parlour, Peter. - Gk. ."I.,.pos, a stone, rock; also
lit. a room for conversation. - F. parl-er , Peter. Der. F . perroquet, borrowed from
to speak; with suffix -oir <L. -atifrium; Span. perielzito or periquito, dimin. of
so that parlollr answers to a Late L. form Perno, Peter; see Paraquito. ~ The
·parabolalifn·um, a place to talk in. (Cf. F. word is prob. imitated or translated
F. dartoir <L. dormitUrium .) See above. from Span . or Portuguese.
Parlous. (F.-L.) Short for perilous. Parry, toward off. (F. -L.) For.merly
Parochial. (L. - Gk.) L.pariJckitilis. parra, sb., a warding off. From F. parle,
373
 PARSE PARTURIENT
fern. pp. ; used as equivalent to Ital. particip&te. (I..) :From pp. of L.
parala, a defence, guard. - F. parer, to pa,.Iiciptire, to take a part. _ L. partirip-,
prepare, also to guard, ward off. - L pa- stem of particeps, sharing in. - L. parli·,
rare , to prepare. See Pare. declostem of pars, a part; capere, to take.
P.u-se, to tell the parts 0 < speech. (L.) pa.rticiple. ( F. - L. ) The I is nn E.
To parse i3 to tell' qUa! pars orationis,' i. e. insertion, as in syllable. - F. partieipe. - L.
what part of speech a word is. - L pars, partiripiu,,~, a participle; supposed to
a part. See P Mt. partake of the nature both of an adjectival
P.u-see, an adherent o ~ the old Persian sb. and a vb. - L. partieiP-, stem of par-
religion , ia India. (Pers.) Pers. pars;, a ticeps, sharing in; see above.
Persian. - Pers. Pars, Persia. pa.rticle. (F . -L.) F.particule ( J6th
Parsimony,frugaJity. (F.-L.) M. F . cent.). - L. particula, double dimin. from
parsimonie; Cot. - L. pdrsimonia , better parti-, dec\. stem of pars, a part.
par<"il1uJnia. - L.pard·, for parcus ,sparing; p&rtisan (I), an adherent of a party.
with suffix -monia (lng. -mo"yti). Allied (F:"- Ita\. -L.) F.partisan. - Italparli-
to parare, to spare. siano, .a partner; answering to a Late L.
P.u-sley. (F.-L. - Gk.) Formerly form *partilia.nus. - L. partitus, pp. of
pendy. - }< . persil; older form peresil.- partiri, to part, divide.-L. parti-, declo
L. pe/rose/inum. - Gk. fffTptXTb"""", rock stem of pars, a part. Others (see Kor-
parsley. - Gk. flETPO-S, rock, stone; tTl- ting), give the Late L. form as *partensi-
ALl'O V, a kind of parsley; see 031ery. anus, extended from part-, stem of pars,
P&rsnep, P&rsnip. (F.-L.) For- a j>art.
merly pannep, and stiU better pameppe, Parti8&n (z), Pa.rtizan, a halberd.
as in Palsgrave; the r being intrusive.- (F. -Ita1. -L.?) M. F.pertuisane, 'a par·
O. F. pastenatJ.tll!, a parsnip (by dropping tisan, or leading-staffe,' Cot.; O. F. pour-
Ie). - L. pasl,naca , a parsnep: perhap3 tisaine (15th cent., Littre) ; pertesane
orig. a root dug up. Perhaps from L . (Godefroy, I. v. pertuisanier).-ltaJ. par-
pastintire, to dig up. - L. pastinu"" a teria"a, 'a partesan, iauelin;' Florio.
two-pronged dibble. ~ The ending -nep [The M. F. pertuisane is an accommodated
was assimilated to that of turnep. spelling, to makeit look like M.F.pmuiser,
Parson. (F.-L.) M. E. persone, to pierce through, due to L. per-tundere.]
which also mea .. s perso,,; see lAte L. Cf. Late L. partesana, pertixa,la. ~ . Ap-
perso1Ja, a person of rank , a choir-master, parently connected with the word above,
curate, parson (Ducange). See Penon. as if the weapon of a partisan (Diez).
~ Blackstone gives the right etymology, Pa.rtition. (F.-L.) F.partition.-
but the wrong reason; the L'lte L. per- L. acc. partitionel1l, a sharing, partition. -
SOIIa was applied to 'rank' or diguity , L. partitus, pp. of partiri, to dividt'. - L.
and had nothing to do with a fancifnl parli-, dec\. stem of pars, a part; see
embodiment of the church in the parson's Part.
person! Der. parsoll·age. ~er. (F. - L.) A curious corrup-
Pa.rt. (F.-L.) F. part. -L. parte"" tion of M . E. parcmer, frequently misread
ace. of pars, a part. Orig.' a share,' that and misprinted as partmer, by the common
which is provided; from the same root as confusion between c and t in MSS., and
portion. Brugrn. i . § 527. Der. part, through the influence ofpart.-O. F.par-
vb. ; partake, p::zrtial, &c. Cllur, M. F.panonnier, 'a partener, or co-
pa.rta.ke. (F.-L ; a/~dScand . ) For parcener;' Cot. - Late L. *partitiontirius,
part-Iak~, i. e. take part. Wyclif has part- of which the shorter form parti6ntirius
takYllfC, 1 Cor. x. 16 (earlier version ). occurs. - L. partition-em, acc. of parlilio,
See Part and Tak". a sharinC", share; see Partition.
Parterre. ( F. - L. ) I' . parterre, an Pa.rtndge, a bird. (F. - L. - Gk.)
even piece of garden-ground. - F.par terre, M. E . pertric/lI!, - F . perdrix, where the
along the ground. - L. per urrafll, along second r is intrusive. _ L . perdicem, acc.
the ground. See Terrace. of perdix. - Gk. ff<p3<t, a partridge.
P.utiaJ.. (F. - L .) F. partial. - Pa.rturient, abont to produce young.
Late L. parlin/is. referring to a part Oirly. (L.) L. parturie1ll-, stem of pres. pt. of
- L. parti-, ded. stem of pan, a parI. parlurirt!, to be rearly to produce young.
Sce Part. From part- , as in pari-lis, pp. oJ padre,
374
 PARTY PAT
to produce. Brugm. ii. § 778. Der. par- L.passiiticmll, a right of pasaage.-Late
tur-it-ion, F. parturition. L. passare; see above. Der. j>asseng-er,
P~. (F.-L.) M. E.partit, usually for M. E.passag-tr.
'a part. -O.F. partie, a part, a party; Pullion. (F.-L.) F. passilm.-L.
Cot. -L. partita, fem. of partilus, pp. of passionem, acc. of passil1, (properly ) suffer-
partiri, to divide. See Partition. ing. -L passus, pp. of pali, to suffer.
Parvenu, an upstart. (F.-L.) F. See Patient.
parvenu, lit. one who has arrived, hence, puldve. (F.-L. ) F. passif.-L.
one who has thriven. Pp. of f>arvmir, to passiuus, suffering. - L. passus (above).
arrive, thrive. -L. per-umire, to arrive, Pa.sSport. (F. - L.) F. passepqrt,
come through. - L. per, through; umire, written permission to pass through a gate,
to come; see Venture. &c. - F. passer, to pass; pl1rte, gate, from
Parvia a porch, room over a porch. L. pl1Yla; see Pass and Port ( 3).
(F.-L-Gk.-Pers.) O. F. parvis, a Paste. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.paste; F .
porch, outer court before a house or pdtt. - Late L. pnsta, paste. - Gk. fffl17TQ,
church; variant of parevis,pareis, para;'s, a mess of food; orig. fem. of "a17TOS, be-
paradise (Low L. paravisus). - L. paradi- sprinkled, salted; from "&1717f''', to sprinkle.
sus, a church·porch, outer court, paradise. The orig.sense was ' a salted mess of food.'
See Paradise. The v was inserted in Der. past-y, M. E. pastee, O. F. past( (F.
pare-is, to avoid hiatus. pdt!) , a pasty; past-roy, orig . a room in
Pasch, the Passover. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) which pasties were kept (cr. pantry,
A.S.pasclla.-L. pascka.-Gk. ,,&oxo.- '",ttery). And aee Patty.
Heb.pesakk, a passing over; the passover; Pastel, a coloured crayon. (F. -ltal.
Exod. xii. II . - Heb. pasakk, he passed - L.) An artist's term . - F . pasltl, 'a
over. pastel, crayon;' Hamilton. - Ital. pas-
Pash, to dash. (Scand.) Swed. dial. lello, a pastel. - L. pastil/um, ace. of pas-
paska, to dabble in water, Norweg. baska, IiI/us, a little loaf or roU; the pastel being
to dabble in water, tumble, work hard; named from being shaped like a roll. Dimin.
the same as Dan. baske, to slap, baxes, to of pas/us, food.-L.pastus,pp. ofpa!ctre,
box, Norw. baksa, to box; Swed. dial. to feed. ~ Not allied tojastt; see pastille
baska, basta, to beat; from bas-a, to beat. below.
Cpo provo E. bask, of which it is a mere pa,8te1'1l. (F.-L.) Formerlypastrt1n;
variant. And see Plash, Baste (1). Pa1sgrave. - M . F. pas/tlrl1lz, ' the pastern
Pasha, Pa.cha... (Pen.) Also bashaw. of a horse;' Cot. (I' . pdturl1'z.) So called
Pers. basll/l, badshtilz, a governor of a pro- because a horse at pastu"e was tethered by
vince, great lord; the same as piidskalz, a the paste,n; the tether itself was called
prince, great lord; lit•• protecting the pasture in O. Fr~nch. - O. F. pasture, pas-
king.' - Pers. /dil, protecting; skak, king. ture. See pasture.
See Bezoar and Shah. putille, a sm~lI cone of aromatic
Pa.squin, Pa.squinade, a lampoon. sUDstances, to be burnt in a room. (F. - L.)
(F. -Ital. ) (Formerlyalsopasquil; M. F. F.pastille, a little lump or loaf; aeeCot-
pasquille. ) -F.pasquin (whencepasquin- grave.-L. pastillum, acc. of pastilbts, a
ade), a pasquin, lampoon. - Ita!. Pas- little loaf; dimin. of pastu!, food; se.e
quinQ, I a statue in Rome on whom all Pastel. .
libels are fathered;' Florio. From the Pastime. (F.-L.; a,zd E.) From
name of a cobbler at Rome, whose stall pass and time; imitating F.passe-tefltps.
was frequented by gossips; his name was Pa.stor, a shepherd. (F.-L.) For-
transferred to a statue found near his stall merly pastl1ur. - O. F. jJastl1Ur. - L. pas-
at his death, on which the wits of the time torem, acc. of pastor, a shepherd, lit.
secretly affixed lampoons; see Haydn. ' feeder.' -L. pastus, pp. of pascere, to
Pus, to move onward. (F.-L.) feed, an inceptive verb; pp. pa-ui.
M . E. passm.-F. passer.-Late L. pas- ("",PA.) Der. pastor-al, F. pastl1Ya/, L .
sart, to pass. - L. passus, a step; lee pastl1Ylllis, adj.
Pace. fJ. Diez takes Late L.passtIre to puture. (F.-L. ) O. F . pasture, a
be the frequent. form ofpandere, to stretch; feeding. -L. pastura, a feeding. -L. pas -
it makes but little difference. , tus , pp. of j>dscere, to feed.
pu...re. (F.-L.) }O' passage. -Late i Pat (I ), to .trike liihtly. (E.: In
375
 PAT PATRIOT
Bacon, Nat. Hist. § 63. Most likely from vnlgar language, the head (Fliigel); M.
a by-form of A. S. plaltan, M. E. platten, H . G. plate, a plate, shaven pate. All
plettm (see Stratmann) , to strike; for from Gk. 1fMTVS, fiat, broad. Cf. M. F.
loss of I cf. palek ( 1) . Cf. Swed. dial. pate, a plate; Cot.
tjiitta, to pat, pkitto, to tap (Rietz) ; Paten. (F . - L. - Gk.) M. F. patme
Bavarianpatze1Z, to pat; E. Fries.patjm, (Cot.). -L.patina, patena, a fiat dish.-
to splash; G. patselun, to tap, splash; Gk . ...aTa~, a fiat (open) dish. See Pan
G. platzen , to crack; M. Du. pletten, and Patent.
, contundere,' Kilian. Of imitative origin; Patent, open, public; as sb., an official
cf. Tap, Dab, Paddle. document conferring a privilege. (F.-L.)
Pat (2) , a small lump of butter. (E.) M. E. patente, a patent; &0 caUed because
Cf. Irish pait, a hump, lump, paileog, a open to general inspection. -0. F. patent
small lump of butter; Gael. pait, paitetzg (fern. patente) , patent, wide open. - L.
(the same) ; where the form pait is bor- patent-, stem of pro pt. of patire, to lie
rowed from E. Prob. from the verb pat open. Cf. Gk.. 1ffTa"".,pt, I spread out.
(I ) above, as beingpattedinto&hape; just ("",PET.) Brngm. i. § 120 (note).
as dab, a small lump, is from the verb to Paternal. (F. - 1..) F. paternel. -
dab. Late L .paterna/is, fatherly. -L.paterntls,
Pat (3), quite to the purpose. (E.) Due fatherly. - L. pater, father. Perhaps
to a peculiar use of pat, to strike, tap; see formed with suffix -ter of the agent from
Pat (I). 'It will fall [happen] pat;' "",PA, to feed, guard. See Father.
Mid. N. Dr. v. 188. Cf. dab, sb., an Path. a way, track. (E.) A. S. pa:6,
adept, from the verb to dab. pa8, a J>ath. +Du. pad, G. pfad.
Patch (I), a piece sewn on a garment, Patho8. (Gk.) Gk. • aBos, suffering,
a plot of ground. (E. 1) M. E. pacehe. emotion.-Gk.1faS."" used as 3 aor. infin.
Apparently a by-form of platek . 'Platek, of 1faO'Xf'" (for ·1faS-O'ltf."), to suffer.
a large spot, a patch, a piece of cloth Allied to 1ft"Q-os, grief. Der. patk-et-ie,
sewn on to a garment to repair it;' Dial. from O. F. pathetique, L. patk~ticus, Gk.
of Banffshire, by W . Gregor. Cf. Low G. ..a6-qTlItOs; extended from fla6-qTos, subject
plaUe, plakk, (I) a spot, (2) a patch, ( 3) to Buffering.
a patch or plot of ground; also M. E. Patient. (F.-L.) O. F. patietlt. -
plekke, a plot (ofland), Du. plek, a patch L. Patient-, stem of pres. pt. of patl, to
of ground. suffer. Der. patience, F. patience, L.
patch (2), a paltry fellow. (E.1) patientia.
Temp. iii. 2. 71. Patek meant a fool or Patois, a vulgar dialect of French.
jester, from the part i-coloured or patch- (F.-I..) F. patois, country talk; which
like dress; Wolsey had two fools so named stands for an older form patrois, given by
(Nares). The same word as patek (I). Godefroy (Diez, Littn!). -Late L. patri.
Der. patck-ock, a clown, a dimin. form, ensis. a native; hence, belonging to the
Spenser, View of Ireland, Globe ed., p. natives. - L. patn'a, native country. -L.
636, col. l ; spelt pajock, Hamlet, iii. 3. patn'-, for pater, a father.
395. patriarch. (F . - L. - Gk.) O. F.
Patchouli, a sceut. (F. -Dravidian.) patriarche. - L. patriarcka. - Gk. 1faTI"-
F. patclwuli; of obscure origin. Appar- aPX'If, chief of a race or tribe. - Gk.
ently from E. patcka-leaf, i. e. 'green 1fQTI"~, a race; a.pX"", to rule. See
leaf,' imitating the vernacular pacha-piit, Arch- {frefix).
where Piil is Hind. for 'leaf: Or from patrician, a Roman nobleman. (L.)
Dravidian words menning 'green ~eaf.' Formed, with suffix -an, from L. patri-
Cf. Tamil pachckai, green, ilai, leaf ci-us, noble; a descendant of the patres,
( K:J.ight) ; Malayalim pachcMla, green L e. senators or fathers of the stale.
leaf (Gundert) ; Canarese packcka, green, patrimonY'. (F. -L.) M. E. patri-
yele, leaf (Reeve). monie. - F. patrimoine. - L. patrimollium,
Pate, the head. (Unknown.) M. E. an inheritance. - L.patri-, for pater, father;
jJate. Of unknown origin; perhaps sug- with surlix -mifnium (Idg. -man-yom).
gesterl by Late L.platta, the clerical ton- patriot. (F. -Late L.-Gk.) O. F.
sure. Cf. ~1. Du. platte, ' vertex rasns,' patriote.-Late L. patriota.-Gk. raT",&'"
Kilian; G.platte a plate, a bald pate, in 'T1/f, properly, a fellow-eountryman.-Gk.
37 6
 PATRISTIC PAWL
"aTp.a, a race, from fraT",-, for fra-ri}p, a - L. pauci/Mem, acc. of paucitas, fewness.
father. ~ The mod. sense of patriol - L. paucus, few; allied to Few.
arose in Frenck. PalU1ch. (F. - L.) O. F. pa,,,M
patristic, pertaining to the fathers (Picard) ; also ponce; F. panse. -L. pan-
of the church. (F. - L. ) F. patristique lieem, ace. of pa"lex, belly, paunch.
(Littre). Coined from L. patn-, pater, n Pauper. (L ) L. pauper. poor. Pau-
father; with the Gk. suffixes -isl- and ·ie. is alliea to paueus, few; per, (perhaps)
Patrol, a going of the rounds in a gar· to L. parare, to provide. Lit.' provided
rison. (F .) F. palrouille, 'a still night· with little.'
watch in warre;' Cot. Lit. a tramping Pause, a stop. (F. - L. - Gk.) F.
about; from O.F. (Picard ) patrouiller, to pause. -Late L. pausa.-Gk . ... auu.s, a
paddle in water, the same word (but with pause, ceasing. - Gk. "'0.""", to make to
inserted 1') as patouiller, to paddle or cease; ".a"fu/la., to cease. Doublet,
dabble in with the feet; also patrol/i, in pou, q. v.
the patois of Lyons (Puitspeln). Formed Pave. (F. -L.) M. E. pauen = (patlen).
from O. F. pale (F. palle), the paw or foot - F . paver, to pave. -Late L.pavare, ccr-
of a beast. Of ull certain origin; perhaps rupt form of L. pauire, to beat, strike,
imitative. Cf. Late L. pata , the foot of n ram, tread down . Cf. Skt. pavi-, thunder-
cup, base of a tower; also G. palseke, an bolt. Der. pavemenl, F . pavemenl, L.
instrument for striking the hand , palsek- pauimentutll, a hard tloor, from pauire,
juss, web foot of a bird; palseken, to to ram; also pav·i·or (cf. law-y·er), from
strike, dabble, walk awkwardly; Low G. F. paveur, 'a paver,' Cot.
pal/jen, to paddle in water with the feet Pavilion. (F. -L.) M. E.pavilon.-
(Richey); Bavarian patzen, to pat; see F . pavilion, a tent; so called because
Pat (I ). ~ Hence also Span. pata, paw, spread out like the wings of a buttertly.-
patullar, to run through mud, patrullar, L. papilionem, ace. of papilio, (1), a but-
to patrol; and Ital. pattuglia, a patrol tertly, (2) a tent.
(without the inserted 1'). PaTin, Pava.n, a stately Spanish
Patron. (F.-L. ) F.patroll.-L.pa- dance. (F.-Span. -L.-Pers.-Tamil. )
Ironum, acc. of patrOnus, a protector; F. pavane. - Span. pavana, a grave dance
extended from patr- , stern of pater, (see Pavan in Nares). Prob. from a Late
father. L. ·pava"us, peacock-like, from the row
patronymic. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. of stately dancers (Scheler) ; cf. Span.
patronymique. - L. patriinymieus. - Gk. pava, a peahen, a turkey, pavada, a tlock
".aTpowvp..K6s, belonging to the father's of turkeys, pavo, adj., like a peacock
name. - Gk. fraTf'O'''vp.i.o., a name taken (whence pavon ear, to walk with affected
from the father. - Gk. "aTp-, for fraT~p , gravity). - Late L. pavus, earlier L. pallO,
a father ; iiJlop.a, a name; see Name. a peacock. See Peacock.
Patten, a clog. (F.) Formerly paten. PaviBe, a large shield. (F.) Also
- F. patin, a patten, 'also a foot-stall of spelt pavese, pavisk,pauiee,pauys,paues.
a pillar;'Cot.-M.F.pate (F. patte), a -F. pavois, 'a great shield;' Late L.
paw or foot of a beast, 'also a foot-stall pavensis. (Span. paves; Ital. pavese,
of a pillar;' Cot. See Patrol. pavaee, Florio.) Of uncertain origin;
Patter, to strike frequently, as hail. perhaps from the city of Pavia, in Italy.
(E.) A frequentative of pat; see Pat Godefroy has the adj. pavinois, paviois,
(I). Cf. provo E. (Lonsdale) pattie, to pavois, pavaiz, adj. ' de Pavie;' as in the
pat gently. phr. euus pavaiz, shields of Pavia.
Pattern, an example, model to work Paw. (F.) M. E. pawe, powe, a paw.
by. (F.-L. l M. E. patron; (the old -A. F.powe,O.F.pOt , apaw; the same as
spelling). - F. patron, ' a patron .. also a Provo pattla, Catalan pola, a paw. Cf.
pattern, sample;' Cot. See Patron. Low G. pole, Du. pOOl (whence G. pjole),
Patty, a little pie. (F.-L. -Gk.) a paw. Perhaps from an imitative root;
Mod. F . p,21{; O. F. pastl, a pasty. -Late cf. F. patle. Franck takes Du. poot to be
L. paslatu"" neut of pp. of paslare, to of Tent. origin. Cf. E. Fries. pole, fol,
make paste. - Late L. pasla, paste; see paw.
Paste. Pawl, a short bar, as a catch to a wind -
Paucity,fewness. (F.-L.) F.paucitl . lass. (F. -L.) O. F. paul, variant of pal,
377
 PAWN PEAL
pel, a stake (whence Du. pal, Swed. pall, King Hom, 803, to mean • heathen lands.'
Norw. paO, a pawl; cf. W.j>awl, a pole, -0. F.paimirme,lil paganism; Late L.
stake, bar).-L. palum, ace. of pa/us, a ./Jaganismus. Formed with suffix -is,llus,
stake. See Pale (1) . from L. pagiln-us, a pagan. See P&-
Pawn (I), a pledge. (F. - Teut.) F . gan.
Pea, a vegetable. (L .) Formerly pease,
pan, ' a pane, piece, panel, also a pawn,
gage, &kirt of a gown, pane of a hose: pese; M. E. pese, pI. pesen or pues. A. S.
&c.; Cot. In the sense of 'pane,' F. pisa, pI. pisano- L. pisum, a pea.+Gk.
pan is of Latin origin; see Pane. In the "[C10~, a pea. (""PIS.)
sense of 'pawn,' F. pan is rather from Peace. (F.-L.) M. E.pais. -O. F.
Du. pand; cf. G.pfand, O. H . G.phant, a pais (F. paix).-L. piicem, acc. of pax,
pledge. Der. im-pa7lm, to put in pledge, peace, orig. a compact; cf. pac-, as in
to pledge; pawn, vb. pac-tum, a bargain; see Pact.
Pawn ( 2), a piece at chess. (F.-L.) Peach (I ), a fruit. (F. -L. -Pers.)
M. E.pattne,poune,poun.-O . F. paOlt, a M. E. peche.-O. F. pesche, a peach.-L.
pawn (Roquefort), also poo" (Littre) ; but persicu"" a peach; so called from grow-
the older form is peon (F. pion), agreeing ing on the Persica arbor, Persian tree.-
with Span. peon, afoot-soldier, pawn, Ita!' Pers. Pars, Persia.
pedolle, a foot-s oldier, pedona, a pawn Peach (2), to inform against. (F.-L.)
(Florio) .-Late L. pedonem, ace. of pedo, Short for M. E. apechen, to impeach, a
a foot-soldier.-L.ped-, stem of pes, foot. variant of i",pechm, to impeach , by the
~ The O. F. paon is the same word; cf. substitution of prefix a- (L. ad) for i",-
F.faon (E. fawn ) , from Late L./l/ontm , (L. in). See Impeach.
shewing the same substitntion of a for e ; Peacock. (L. - Pers. - Tamil; and
there is no need to connect it with F. paon, E.) M. E. pecok, pocok; where cok = E.
a peacock, as Littre does, ignoring the Ita!. cock. We also find M. E. po; A. S. pea,
and Span. words. pawa; .all from L. paUD (whence Dn.
Pawnee, drink. (Hind. - Skt.) Hind. paauw, G. pfau, F. paon). The same
pani, water. - Skt. foniya, allied to pana, ns Gk. Ta.W~, for Ta! W~, a peacock; the
a beverage. - Skt. pa, to drink. change from T to p being due to the fact
P&XW&lI:, strong tendon in the neck of that the word was foreign both to L. and
animals. (E.) M. E. pax-wax, also fex - Gk. - Pers. {allJus, taus, a peacock. _ O.
wax, the latter being the right form (see Tamil tokei, togei, a peacock; see Max
Prompt. Parv.). - A. S. feax, fex, hair; Muller, Lect. on Lang. i. 190 (ed. 1891).
weaxan, to grow. Thus the lit. sense is ~ Also pocock, which is still a surname.
perhaps' hair-sinew,' because it is where Pea-jacket, a coarse thick jacket.
the hair ends; cf. G. haarwachs, a tendon. (Du. and F .) The prefix pea- is borrowed
Pay ( I) , to discharge a debt. (F.-L.) from Dn. piJ, pife, a coat of a coarse
M.E.paien . -O.F.paier,paer (F.payer), woollen stuff; Hexham has M. Du.pije,
to pay, to content.-L. piica1'e, to pacify; 'a pie-gawne, rough gowne, such as sea-
in late Lat., to pay a debt. - L. Piic-, stem men weare.' The same as Low G . pife,
of pax, peace ; see Peace. N. Fries. pie, pie-jiickert. - M. Dn. pije, or
Pay (2), to pitch the seams of a ship. piJe-laken, 'a rongh or a hairy doath;'
(F. -L.) A. F. peier (0. F. poier, Gode- Hexham. Prob. from F. pie, a mag-pie;
fray) , to pitch.-L. picare, to pitch.-L cf. E. pied, spotted. See Pie (I ). Also
pic-, stem ofpix , pitch; see Pitch. ~ The Low G.pije,pigge,pyke (Brem. \V.), per-
M. E. word for ' pitch ' ispeis, from A. F. haps from L.pica.
peis ( 0. F . pois ), pitch; from L. acc. Peak. ( F.-L.) M. E.pee. [Cf. Irish
picc",. peac, a sharp·pointed thing; from E.peak.)
Paynim,Pa.inim,apagan . (F.-L.) A variant of pike, q. V. Cf. dial. ()f
'The payni", bold;' F . Q. i. 4. 41. Normandy pee, a hob (or mark) in the
M. E . paynim, a pagan; but this sense is game of quoits (Godefroy, s. v. pee); also
due to a singnlar mistake. A payni", is Low G. peek, a pike, pointed weapon.
properly not a man, but a country or PeaJ., a loud sound, chime of bells, noise
district, and is identical with paganism, of a trumpet. (F.-L.) A shortened form
formerly used to mean henthendom, or of appeal, M. F. apel, appel; Cot. gives
the country of pagans. Rightly used in appel, pI. appeaux, 'chimes.' Note also
37 8
 PEAN PEDANT
M. E. apel, an old term in hunting-music the name given to the peccary in OroDoko
(Halliwell) ; this we now call a peal. The (Clavigero, Hist. Mexico) ; Span. pacquire
prefix a- was prob. mistaken for the E. (Pineda).
inclef.article. The O.F. apelisfromO.F. Peck (I), to strike with the beak, to
apeler , vb.; see AppeaL pick up. (L.) M. E. pekken, used as
Pean; see Pman. equivalent to pikken, to pick or peck up.
Pear, a fruit. (L.) A. S. peru , pere. - A mere variant of pick; see Pick.
L. pirum, a pear (whence also Ita!. jura). Peck (2), a dry measure, 2 gallons.
Pearl. (F.-L.!) M.E.perle. -F.perle, (F . -L.?) M.E. pekllt, a peck. A.F.
'a pearl, a berrie;' Cot. Of unknown and O. F. pek. From the verb pekken, to
origin; we find also Ital., Span., Provo peck or snap up; cf. E. peck, to pick up
p erla, Port. perola, perla. Cf. Low L. (as a bird) ; provo E. peek, meat, victuals.
p erula, the end of the nose (7th cent.). [So also F. pieotin, a peck (measure),
Perhaps for L. ·pirula, i. e. a little pear, picoter, to peck as a bird.] See Peck
from L. pirum, a pear; cf. Span. perilla, ( I ) , Pick.
(I) a little pear, (2) a pear-shaped oma- Pectinal, lit. comb· like. (L.) From L.
ment, M. Ital. perolo, a little button on pectin., stem ofpecten, a comb. - L. peetere,
a cap. Perhaps suggested by the various to comb. + Gk. Tlflt'Tfl", to comb, from
senses of L. baeca, (I ) a berry, (2) olive- TIl""", to comb. (.vPEK.)
berry, (3) round fruit , (4) a pearl (Horace). Pectoral, belonging to the chest. (F.
See Purl (2). -L.) F. pectoral.-L. pectoralis, adj.,
Pearl-barley. (F.-L.; andE. ) F. from peetor- (for ·peclos), stem of pecttlS,
orge perU, pearl-barley (Hamilton) ; but the breast. Der. poitrel.
this seems to be a corruption of orge pelt, Peculate, to pilfer. (L.) From pp.
'£illed barley,' Cot. See Peel (I ). of L. peculiiri, to appropriate to one's
Pea.a&D.t. (F.-L.) O. F.paisant, an- own use. Formed as if from *pecul14m, for
other form of O. F.paisan, a peasant; (cf. peculium, private property; see below.
Ital. patsano, Span. paisano, a compatriot ). peculiar, one's own, particular. (1'.-
Formed with suffix -an (L. -anus), from L.) M. F. peculier.-L. pecUliiiris, one's
O. F. pais (F. pays), a country (cf. Ital. own. - L. peeielium, private property;
PF.se, Span. pais, Port. pais, a country). closely allied to pecunia, money; see
-Late L. j>iigense, neut. of pagensis, be- below.
longing to a village.-L.piigu.f, a village, pecuniary. (F.-L) M.F. pecuni-
district. See Pagan. aire. - L. pecuniiirius, relating to money or
Peat, a kind of tnrf for fuel. (L.?) property. - L. pecunia, property. - O.L.
Latinised as peta (Ducange) ; whence pecu, cattle; cf. pecu-a, neut. pl., cattle of
petaria, a place for getting peat. Ap- all kinds, property; pecus, cattle. Cf. Skt.
parently from M. E. (Kentish) pet, O. Fries. POtu, cattle, cognate with Goth. Jail:u,
pet , M. Du . pet,pette, a pit. See Pit. property, A . S.ftok, G. viek, cattle.
Pebble. (E.) A. S.papol-stan, a peb- Pedagogue, a teacher. (F.-L.-Gk.)
ble-stone. M .F.pedagogue. -L.padagegus. - Gk. 1I'aID-
Peccable, liable to sin. (L.) Coined a'YCI1')'u" a slave who led a boy to school;
as if from L. ·pecciibil£s, from peccare, to hence, a tutor. - Gk. 1II1<1i-, stem of 1I'ai'., a
sin. Brngm. i. § 585. boy; a'YCI1')"s., leading, from 0.1'<11/, to lead.
pecca.dillo. (Span. - L.) Span .puca- The Gk. 1I'ru< = waf!., allied to L. puer, :I.
dil/o, pecadillo, a slight fault; dimin. of boy. See Puerile, Puberty.
p ecado, a sin. -L. peceiitum, a sin. -L. Pedal, belonging to the foot. (L.) The
p eccatus, pp. of peecare, to sin. pedal keys in an organ are acted on by the
pecca.nt, sinning. (F . -L.) Firstused feet.-L. pedtilis, belonging to the foot . -
in phr. 'peccant humours.' - F. pucant, L. ped-, stem of piS, foot.+ A. S.ftt, foot.
sinning; , l' humeur peccallte, corrupt See Foot.
humour;' Cot.-L.pecca1zt-, stem of pres. Pedant. (F . -Ital. -Gk.?) M. F.
pt. of pecrare, to sin. pedant. _ Ita!. pedante, ' a pedante, or a
Peccary, a quadruped. (F . - Carib- schoolmaster, the same as pedagogo;'
bean.) F. pecari, a peccary (Buffon).- Florio. The suffix -all/e is a pres. partici-
Carib. pakira, the name used in Guiana; pial form; the stem ped- is prob. the same
see N. and Q., 9 S. iv. 496. Cf. pachira, as in Ital. pe~go , and therefore due to
379
 PEDDLE PEER
G1c.InlI&tl.",(whenceaLat.form·paeaare), Parv.; Norfolk pea (Forby); Lowl. Se.
to instruct; see Peciacocue. pedtiir, a pedlar (Jamieson). The olig.
Pec1c11e, to deal in small wares. (E.?) sense of pea was prob. 'bag,' and the word
Coined from the sb. pedlar, later form of may be related to pad. See Padlock.
petidar; see Pedlar. Pedobaptism. infant baptism. (Gk.)
Pede.t&l. (Span.-Ital.-L. and G .) From Gk ...... 30-, for "a,r, a boy; and
Span. pedestal, 'the base of a pillar,' baptism. Cf. Pedagogue.
Minsheu; borrowed from Ita1. pietiestallo, Peel ( I), to strip off skiu. (F. -L.)
'a footstall or treshall [threshold] of a FromF.pel~r,to'unskin'; Cot. (Cf.M.
door;' Florio. Lit.' foot-support.' Com- Ital. pellar~, 'to unskin;' Florio).-O. F.
pounded as if from L. pedem, acc. of pes, p~l, skin. -L. pellml, acc. of pellis, a skin.
a foot; and O. H. G . stal (G. stall), a See Fell ( 2). 41 Confused with F.,Piller;
stall; see Stall. see below.
pedestrian. (L.) Properly an adj.; Pee1 (2), topillage. (F.-L.) In Milton,
from L. pedestri-, decl. stem. of p~~st~r, P. R. iv. 136. Distinct fromped, to strip;
one who koes on foot . For ·pedit-t,..; another spelling of pill; see Pill (2).
from peait-, stem of pedes, one who goes Peel (3), a fire-shovel. (F. -L.) Once
on foot ; with suffix -t~r (Idg • . t~r). Pea-it- a common word.-O. F. jele (Littn!), F.
is fromped-, stem of pes, foot; and il-um, pelle, a fire-shovel.-L. pilla; see Pa-
supine of Ire, to go. Brugm. ii. § 1l3. lette.
pedicel, pedicle, the foot-stalk of Peel (4) , a small castle. (F.- L.) M. E.
fruit. (F.-L.) Pedicel is from mod. F. pel, a small castle, orig. a stockade or
pldice/le; but p~dide (older and better) wooden fortress. -O. F .pd (alsopal) ,a
from M. F . peaicu/~, a leaf-stalk; Col-L. stake. -L. palum, acc. of palus, a stake.
peaiculus, little foot, foot-stalk, pedicle; See Pale (I).
double dimin. ofpea-, stem of pes, foot. Peep (I), to chirp, cry like a chicken.
ued.i&rree. ( F.-L.) Old spellings (F . -L) M. E.pipen.-O.F. piper, also
pei1egru - (1627) ; peaigrew (1570) ; pety- pepier, to chirp as a bird. - L. pipdre,
grt'IJJe (1530). Also, in Prompt. Parv. pipire, to chirp. See Pipe (I) and Peep
( 1#0) p~degrll , petygru, with slight varia- (2).
tions, explained by' Iyne of kynrede and Peep (2 ), to look through a narrow
awncetrye, Stemma, in scalis.' Also aperture. (F. -L. ) Palsgrave has : 'I
peedegrue, Lydgate (1426; in Pol it. Poems, peke or prie, Ie pipe Itors;' i. e. I peep
ii. 138). A . F. pee de grue, foot of a out. Thus peep is directly from F. piper,
crane; from a three-line mark (like the lit. to pipe, but also used in the sense to
broad arrow) used in denoting succession peep. [ It arose from the .exclamation
in pedigrees.-L.pedem, acc. of pes, foot; pipe I (Du. dial. piep I, Molerna) , made
til, of; gruem, acc. of grus, a crane, cog- by a hider in the game ofpee/>-bo, bo-peep,
nnte with E. Crane. or hide-and-seek; cf. Du. dial. piejm , (I)
pediment, an ornament finishing the to say piep I ( 2) to peep out. J Cot.
front of a buildiug. (Ital. -L.) Better gives F. piper, 'to whistle, chirp like a
pedament. From Ital. pedamento, a basis, bird, cousen , deceive, cheat, beguile;'
foundation, ground-work; also, a prop piple,' the .peeping or chirping of small
for vines (Torriano) . -L. pedlimentum, a birds, counterfeited by a bird -catcher, also
stake or prop, with which vines are sup- a counterfeit shew;' ,Pipe, 'a bird-call.'
ported. The sense seems to be due to the The F. piper is from L. pipiire, f'pin, to
allied word pedati'ra, a prop, also (in chirp ; see Pipe.
Late L. ) a space, site ; since a pediment Peer ( I ) , an equal. (F. - L.) The
does, in fact, enclose a space which often twelve peers of France were of equal rank.
supports sculpture on its base. History M. E. pere, per. - O. F. per, pe". later
obscure. Form of the word from L.pediire, pair, a peer; or as adj., equal. -L.parem,
to prop; from pea-, stem of pu, a foot. acc. of par, equal. See Par. Der. p eer-
Pedlar, Ped1er, Peddler, a dealer less.
in small wares. ( Eo 1) The old word was Peer (2) , to look narrowly, pry. (E.?)
usually petidare,pedder,a man who hawked M. E. piren, E . Fries. pinn, Westphal.
about fish in baskets called peds, or oc- firm, Low G. piren, to look closely. Cf.
casioually f>ath.. See Petide in Prompt. also plirm, to peer, orig. to draw the eye-
380
 PEER PENANCE
lids together, so as to look closely j Swed. belonging to walls. -L. pan'd- , stem of
plira, Dan.p/ir~, to blink. parils, a wall.
Peer (3), to appear. (F.-L.) Short Pellitory (3), the plant pyret':lrum.
for appar, just as M. E. p~rtn is short for (Span. - L. - Gk.) Span. pelitre [Ital.
ap#ren; see Appear. pilatro].-L.pjntkru",.-Gk. '"'fH(Jpov, a
Peevish, fretful, whimpering. (E.) hot spicy plant.-Gk. "lip, fire.
M. E. peuisc", peyum"e j also pevyck, Pell-mell, confusedly. (F.-L.) O.F.
pevtzge, uncouth, perverse (G. Douglas). pule-mule, I pell-mell, confusedly;' Cot.
The leading idea seems to be' whining,' SpeltPell~melle in the XlIIth cent. (mod.
I making a plaintive cry.' Cf. Dan. dial. F. pHe-m&). [Apparently understood to
pilZVe, to whine j Low!. Sc. peu, to make mean I stirred up with a fire-shovel.' - F.
a plaintive noise, E. pew- in pewet, a bird; pelle, a fire-shovel j O. F. muler, to mix
Low G. pauen, to whimper. See Pewet. up ; see Peel (3) above, and Medley.]
Of imitative origin. F or the suffix, cf. But orig. only a reduplicated form of
tkiev-isk, mop-is". mes/~, as mesle-mesle and melle-m~//e also
Peewit j see Pewet. occur. See Korting, § 5336.
Peg, a wooden pin. (E .) M. E.pegg~. Pellucid. (F. -L.) F. pe/lucide.-
Cf. Du. and Low G. pege/, a measure of L. pellucidus, perliicidus, transparent. -L.
liquid capacity, such as was marked by per; and liicidus, lucid. See Lucid. .
pegs in a • peg-tankard.' Appirently Pelt ( 1) , to throw, cast. (L.) M. E.
allied to Dan. pig, Swed. Pigg, a spike j peltm, also pitten, pullm , to thrust, cast.
W. pig, a peak, point j Corn. peg, a The forms piltm, pulten, answer to an
prick ; see Peak. A. S. fOTID "tyltan. - L. pultare, to beat,
Peise, Peise, to weigh. (F.-L.) strike, knock. Pultiire (Iikepulsare) is a
M. E.peistn j A. F.peiser, to weigh j O.F. derivative of pel/en, to drive. See Pul-
poiser j see Poile, which is a doublet. sate.
Peitrel j see PoitreL Pelt (2), a skin, esp. of a sheep. (F.-
Pelf, lucre, booty. (F. ) M. E. pd/yr, L.) M. E. pe/t, a shortened form of peltry,
pelfrey, I spolium j ' Prompt. Parv.-O. F. skins, peltry-ware, dealing in skins.-O.F.
plfre, booty, spoil j allied- to plfrer, to pelle/erie, the trade of a skinner. - O.F.
pilfer. See Korting, § 3221. Der. pilfer. pelletier, a skinner, Formed (like hijou-
Pelican. (F.-I....-Gk.) F , pelican. lier, with suffix -tier=L. -tari,~s) from
-L. pelicanus, pelecanus.-Gk . • ,"u"", O. F.pd, a skin. -L. pellis, a skin. See
"."E..Gf, wood-pecker, also a water-bird. Pell. ~ G.pelz, O. H. G.pelliz, answers
Named from its large bill, as the wood- to E . pelisu; see Pelisle.
peeker was named from its peeldng. - Gk . Pelvis, the bony cavity in the lower
"."."a..., I hew with an ax, peck. - Gk. part of the abdomen. (L.) L. pluis, a
wI"./CIIS, an ax.+Skt. parafU-, an ax. basic, hence the pelvis.
PeliII.e, a silk habit. (F . -I..) For- Pemmican, a preparation of dried
merly a furred robe. - F. plisse, plice, 'a meat. Of N. American Indian origin.
skin of fur j ' Cot. - L. pel/icea, fem. of Pen (I ) , an instrument for writing.
pllictus, made of skins.-I.... pdlis, a (F.-L.) O.F.pnne.-L.penna, afea-
skin. ther j O. L. psna (for "pelna or ·plsna).
1)e]l, a skin. (F. -L.) M. E. pll, Brugm. i. § 763 (2). From ""PET, to
pel-o. F. pl (F. peau ) .-L.p~l/em , ncc. fly. See Feather.
of pellis, a skin. See Fell (2). Pen (3), to abut up. (I.... ) M.E.pennen.
Pellet, a little ball. (F.-L.) M. E. A.S.pennian, onlyinthe comp.on-penma.. ,
pelel. - O. F. pelote, a tennis-ball. Dimin. to un-pen, unfasten. Pennia" is properly
from L. pila, a ball. to fasten with a pin or peg; cf. Low G.
Pellicle, a thin film. (F.-L.) F. pennen, to bolt a door, from pnn, a pin
pellicule. - L. pel/icula, a small skin j or peg; see Pin. Note E. Fries.penne,
dimin. of pilis, a skin. See pell. penn, pinne, pin, a peg, a pin.
Pellitory (I ) , Pa.ritory, a wild Penal. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.;mat,
flower that grows on walls. (F. - L. ) • penall j ' Cot. - L. f>a=ilis, belongmg to
PelliUry is for paritory. M. E. paritorie. punishment. _ L. jJ«na, punishment. - Gk.
-M. F. paritDire, 'pellitory j 'Cot. - L. "oc~, penalty. See Pain.
parutaria, pellitory; fern. of parietariru, penance. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F.
3 81
 PENCIL PENTECOST
pena1ue, older form pmlance.-L. frEni- Pennon, Pel1J1ant. (F.-L.) M.E.
tentia, penitence. - L. jxEnitmt-, stem of penon, penO/m. - M. F. pennon, 'a flag,
pres. pt. of jxEnitlre, to cause to repent. streamer; also the feather of an arrow;'
See Penitent. Cot. - L. penna, wing, feather (hence a
Penchant, a strong inclination, bias plume, standard) . See Pen (1).
(in fnvourof). (F.-L.) F.perukant,sb.; Penny. (E.) M.E.pen;; pl.penits,
orig. pres. pt. of penelzer, to lean, lean contracted form pens (whence mod . E.
towards. - Late L. type *pendicare; from pence). A. S. pening, pmning, a penny;
L. pendere, to hang. later pmig, whence M. E. peni. By-form
Pencil. (F. - L.) The old sense was pending (Thorpe, Diplomatarinm, p. 471);
a small hair-brush for painting. -M. F. as if formed with E. suffix -ing from the
pi1tcel, later pinceau, 'a pensill, brush;' base ·pand. /3. This base is usually
Cot. - L. pbudllus, n small tail, painter's identified with Du. pa1w, a pawn, pledge,
brush; dimin. of pbticulus, which is a G.pfand, O. H. G.pfant; see Pawn (1 )
double dimin. of pm is, a tail. For *pes- above. In this case, the lit. sense may have
nis; cf. Skt. pasa(s), Gk . ."EOS; Bmgm. i. been" little pledge,' i. e. a token, coin.+
§ 877. Dn.pen1ting, Ice\. pmningr, Dan. Swed.
Pendant, anything hanging, a hang- penning; G. pfennig, O. H. G. phanti1tc,
ing ornament. (F.-L.) F. pendant, a phmtinc, dimin. ofpfant.
pendant. -l<' .pendant, pres. pt. ofpendre, Penny-royal, a herb. (F.-L.) A
to hang. - L. pmdlre, to hang; allied to popular form of the old name pulial royal.
pendere, to weigh. Cf. Gk. IT<pEvMVT] , a Cotgrave translates M. F.pule~ by' penny
sling. (v'SPHEND, SPHED.) Der. royall, puliall royall'; from Late L. pule-
pend-ent, hanging, Latinised form of F. gillm. The above old name is due to L.
pendant; pend-ing, Anglicised form' of F. piillium rlgjum, a name given to the
pendant, during. plant from its supposed efficacy against
pendulous. (L.) For L. pendulus, fleas (cf. E. flea-bane). From L. piilex,
hanging. - L. pendere, to hang. a flea; 1"lgius, royal. See Puce and
pendulum. (L.) L. pendulum, neut. Royal.
of adj. pendulus (above). Pensile, suspended. (F.-L.) M. F.
Penetrate. (L.) F rom pp. of L. pensil; Cot. - L. pensilis, pendent; from
penetrare, to pierce into. Compounded of ·pens-us, nnused pp. of pendere, to hang.
pene-, base of penes, with,peni-tus, within, pension. ( F. -L. ) F. pension. - L.
with which cf. penus, the inner part of a pensionem,' acc. of pensio, a payment. - L.
sanctuary; and -trare (as in in-trare), to pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh, weigh
pass over, allied to Skt. tara-, a crossing. out money, pay.
Penguin, Pinguin, a bird. (Un- pensive.\ (F. -L.) M. E. pensif.-
known. ) Iu a tract· printed in 1588, we F. pensif, thoughtful. - F. penser, to think.
read that Sir F. Drake gave a certain - L. pmsare, to weigh, ponder; frequent.
island the name of Pmguin Island in of p endere, to weigh.
1587, from the pengnins found there. Pent, fo r pmned, pp.ofPen (2), q.v.
Selden (1613) derived it from W. pen Pentagon, a plane five-sided figure.
gwyn, i.e. white head. In that case, it (F.-L.-Gk.) F.pentagone.- L. penta-
mnst first have been given to another bird, gonus, adj ., pentagonal. - Gk. 1TEVTa1'0WO<,
such as the auk (the puffin is common in pentagonal; neut. 1TEVTa1'OIVOv, a pentagon.
Anglesey), since the penguin's head is - Gk. 1TfVTa-, for ."E VTE, five; ",(owla, an
black. angle, from "'(6vv, a knee; see Knee.
Peninsula. (L.) L. peninsula, a And see Five.
piece of land nearly an island. - L. plne, pentameter, a verse of five metres.
Ptme, almost; insula, an i~land . So also (L.-Gk. ) L. pentameter. -Gk . "'EVTa-
pen-ultimate, almost the last, last but one; /JfTPO " - Gk. 1T,vTa-, for 1TEIfTE , five; /Ji-
pen-umbra, partial shadow. TpOV, a metre.
Penitent. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. pen i- pentateuch, the five books of Moses.
tent. - L. pamitent-, stem of pres. pt. of (L. - Gk.) L . pentateuchus. - Gk . ."EvTa-,
jxEnitlre, t o cause to repent, derivative of five (above) ; TEVXM, a tool, also a book.
ptznire = pimire, to punish. - L. ptzna, pentecost, Whitsun tide ; orig. a
penalty. _ Gk. 11"0'1'17, penalty; see Pain. Jewish festival on the fiftieth day after the
38~
 PENTHOUSE PERFORM
Passover. (L. - Gk.) L. pmucoste. - -L. acc.perceptiOtum.-L.pe1·ceptus, pp.
Gk. flE"'"IlIoo,"" Pentecost, Acts ii. 1; of percipere; see above.
fern. of flE"'"1I1fX1TOS, fiItieth.-Gk. flE",",- Perch (1) , a rod for a bird to sit on;
IIOV'Ta, fifty. a measure. (F.-L.) F. perche.- L.per-
Penthoue, a shed projecting from lica, a rod, bar.
a _building. (F.-L.) Formerly pmtice, Perch (2), a fish. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
whence it is corrupted.-M. F. apetttis, perche.-L. perca.-Gk. r.plC", a perch;
apptnlis, 'a penthouse;' Cot. - L. ap- from the dark marks. - Gk. ".pICOS, "'PKVOS,
pendicium, an appendage, allied to appen- spotted, blackish; cf. Skt. Pr(1Ii-, spotted.
dix (the same). -L. ap- (ad). to; pe1tdire. pied. sprr, to sprinkle.
to hang. Percolate. (L.) From pp. ofL.per-
Pentroof. a roof with a slope on one colare. to filter through. - L. per. through;
side only. (F.-L.; and E. ) This has colare, to filter. See Colander.
affected the sense of pmtltouse, though Percussion. (L.) From L.perCIIssio,
th ey mean quite different things. Here a striking. - L. percussus, pp. of permtere,
pent is from F. pente, a slope, formed to strike. See Quash. Der. re-percussi01I.
from F. pmdre, to hang.-L.pendire, to Perdition. (F . - L.) F.perditi01I.-
hang. L. ace. perditionent, utter loss.-L. per-
Penultimate, Penumbra; see ditus, pp. of perden, to lose. -L. per,
Peninsula. thoroughly; -dere, to put, place, repr!-
Penur,y,want. (F.-L.) M.F.penltrie. senting Idg. *dlt~, weak form of "\",DHE.
- L. plnun'a, want. need. Cf. Gk. " ....a. to place; cf. Do.
hunger. Pere~ation. (F.-L.) M.F.pere-
Peony, Peony, a flower. (F.-L.- grination. -L. peregriniitiihtem, ace. of
Gk.) Altered to suit the Lat. spelling. peregrinatio, n wandering. - L. peregri-
M. E. pi01tt. -0. F. pione (F. pivoine).- natus, pp. of peregriltari, to travel.-L.
L. plZmia, medicinal, from its supposed peregrinus, foreign, adj. fromperegri,per,,-
virtues; fem. of PlZonius, belonging to grl, adv., abroad; ef. pereger, a traveller.
PlZon, its supposed discoverer. - Gk. flat..... From L. per-, which is either = L. per,
via, preony; from IIaI~v, Preon. See through, or is related to A. S. f eor, far;
Pman. and ager, land, field. See Acre and
People. (F. - -!-.) M. E. people, poeple. Pilgrim.
- A. F . people, peple; O. F . Inteple; F. Peremptory,decisive. (F. -L.) M.F.
peuple. - L. populum, ace. of populus, peremptoire. - L.peremptorius, destructive,
people. decisive. - L. peremptor, a destroyer. - L.
Pepper. (L. -Gk. -Skt.) A. S.p;por. peremptus, pp. ofper-imere, to take away
-L. piper. -Gk. "."Epi. -Skt. pippali, entirely, destroy. -L. per, utterly; emere,
(1) fruit of the holy fig-tree, ( 2) long to take. See Exempt.
pepper; from pippa/a-, the holy fig-tree. Perennial. (L. ) Coined from L. per-
PeJlsine, one of the constituents of enni-s, everlasting ; lit. lasting throughout
gastnc juice. (F.- Gk.) Mod. F. pepsine. the year. - L.per, through; annus, a year.
- Gk. ".II"s, digestion; for *"E1rTLs< *jJeq- See Annual.
tis, related to flE1I"TfIV, to cook. ("\",PEQ.) Perfect. (F.-L.) M.E.pt1jit,parjit.
See Cook. -0. F. parjit, par/eit (I<'. par/ait).-L.
Per-, prefix. through. (L.; or F.-L.) perftctus, pp. of perjicere, to complete.-
L. per, through; whence F. per-, par-, L. per, thoroughly; facere, to make. See
prefix. Allied to Gk. "'pi, around; cf. Fact.
also "opa, beside; Skt.para, away, forth, Perfidious. (L.) FromL.perjidiosus,
param, beyond; E.from. treacherous.-L. perjidia, treachery.-L.
Perambulate , to walk about through. perjidus, treacherous. - L. per, away (cf.
(L.) L. per, through; and ambulatus, Skt. para, from); jidis, faith. See Faith.
pp. of ambulare, to walk about. See Perfoliate. (L.) Coined from L.per.
Amble. through ; folium , a leaf. See Foil (2) .
Perceive. (F. - L. ) O. F. percever. Perforate. (L.) From pp. of L. per-
-L. percipere, to apprehend. - L. per, forare, to bore through; where fl,,·are is
thoroughly; capere, to seize. cognate with E. Bore.
perception. (F. -L.) F.perception. Perform, to achieve. (F.-O. H. G.;
383
 PERFUME PERK
witl, L. prefix.) Corrupted from M. E. sentence. (F . - L. - Gk.) M. F. periode, a.
parfournen, later parfourmen. - O. F. par- perfect sentence. - L. periodus. - Gk. ".pl-
lournir, ' to perform;' Cot. - L. per, tho- ""os, a going round, circuit, complete sen-
roughly; and O. F. lournir, to furnish, tence. - Gk. 'Iffpl, round; Mos, a war; see
provide ; see Furnish. Exodus. ~ The sense of 'circuit is di-
I'el'fume, vb. (1<'.-L. ) F. parfumer, r~cllJ' from Gk.
to perfume, lit. to smoke thoroughly. - I'eripatetic, a walking about. (L.-
L. per, thorougllly; fumilr~, to smoke, Gk.) L.periJ>alllicus.- Gk.1IfpU,aTrrrll<os,
fromfiimus, smoke; see Fume. given to walking about, esp. while dis-
l'erfuncto17. (L.) L. perfuncJiJrius, puting; a name given to followers of
carelessly done. - L. peifunctus, pp. of per- Aristotle. - Gk . .".".",aTEw, I walk about.
lungi, to perform fully, get through with. -Gk. ""pl, about; .."aTEQ), I walk, from
- L. p~r, thorougllly; flmgi , to perform; ..,,(lTOS, a path.
see Function. l'eriphe17, circumference. (L.-Gk.)
I'erhaps. (L. and Sc:md.) A clumsy L. perijeria , p~riph~ria. - Gk. ."f",</>'pfla,
hybrid compound.-L. per, by (as in per- the circumference of a circle.-Gk. ",pi,
cnance, where per is, strictly, F. par) ; around; </>'PflV, to carry, cognate with E.
haps. pI. of nap, chance. Bear, vb.
I'eri, a. fa.iry. (Pers.) Pers. pari, a I'eriphrasis. (L.-Gk.) L. peri-
winged spirit. Lit. ' winged; , from Pers. phrasis. - Gk . ..",pl</>paUIS, circumlocution.
par, a wing, feather, Zend palara-, a wing. Gk . .".pl, around; </>p6.(flV, to declare, ex-
See Feather. (""PET.) Brugm. ii. § ISO. press. See Phrase.
I'eri-, prefix, round . (Gk.) Gk . ..",pl, I'erish. (F. - L. ) M. E. periSclletl. -
around, about.+Skt. pari, round about. O. F. periss-, stem of pres. pt. of peril', to
Allied to per·, prefix. perish. -L. perin, to come to naught,
I'ericardium, the sac surrounding perish. -L. per- , used with a destructive
the heart. (L.-Gk. ) L.pericardium.- force (like E.for- infor-dD); and ire,
Gk . ..",p"..apa,ov. -Gk . ..",pl. around; Kai>" to go.
34a, tile heart; see Heart. I'eriwig, a peruke. (F. - Ital. - L.)
I'ericarp, a seed-vessel. (Gk.) Gk. Formerly perwigge, perwicke (Minsheu).
""p'I<ap1r'ov, shell of fruit. - Gk. ""PI, This is a corrupted form, used in place of
around; Kap."os, fruit; see Harvest. peruke. - F . perruque ; see Perruque.
I'ericranium, the membrane that " l'eriwinkle ( I),a plant. (L.) Formed,
surrounds the skull. (L. -Gk. ) Late L. with suffixed -Ie and inserted i, from M. E.
pen·cyanium. _ Gk. ""P'KpIJJI,OJf, neut. of jMrvenke, a periwinkle; A. S. peruince.-
flfp'''pIJJIWS, surrounding the skull. - Gk. L.peruinca, a periwinkle ; also called uinca
..".pl. round; KpavlOV, skull. peruinca, a name doubtless orig. given to
I'erigee, point of the moon's orbit some twining plant. - L. per, through,
nearest the earth. (Gk.) From Gk. ""pI, thoroughly; uincire. to bind, allied to
about, here' near' ; 'ri, earth. See Geo- Withy.
P'&phy. I'eriwinlde ( ~ ) , a small univalve
l'erihelioJl, the point of a planet's mollusc. (Gk. and E.) A corrupt form,
orbit nearest the sun. (Gk.) Gk. ",.pl, due to confusion with the word above.
round, near; Ii",os, the sun. See Heliacal. The better name is simply winkle ; see
I'eril, danger. (F.-L.) M. F.peril.- Winkle. Also found as pennywinkle;
L. peridum, periculum, danger, lit. • a Halliwell.
trial.' - L. periri, to try ; an obsolete verb, I'erjure. (F. - L .) F. par.iltr~r. - L.
of whkh the pp. perilus is common. periurare, to forswear. - L. per, in the
Allied to Gk. "'ipa, an attempt; and sense of 'beyond, against'; iurare , to
ultimately to E. fare; see Fare. Cf. swear. See Jury.
E. fear; G. gifahr, peril. (""PER.) I'erk, to make smart or trim. (F.-L.)
Der. peril-ous. [Cf. W. perc, compact, trim; percu, to
l'81'imeter, lit. • the measure all smarten, trim; percus, smart; all prob.
round.' (L. -Gk. ) L. pn-imetros. -Gk. from E.) M. E . perken, used of birds, to
..",pll'upor. _ Gk . ..".pl, round; I'fTPOJf, a trim their feathers. Cf. provo E. perk up,
m~asure. See Metre. to recover from illness. All prob. from
l'81'i04, time ofa circuit, epoch, perfect M. E. perk~, a perch (on which a bird sits
38,.
 PERMANENT PERSPIRATION
up). - North F. perque, perke, for F. ! L perquisitum, an extra profit above the
perelle ; see Perch (I ). Cf. Walloon ' yearly rent , arising from fines , waifs, &c. ;
pierke, a perch; and F. Nre perell' sur, to I neut. of perquisitlls, pp. of p erquirere, to
be conceited of (like E. perky ). Perhaps seek after thoroughly. - L . frr , thoroughly;
associated with Pert. quarere, to seek. See Query.
Permanent. (F . -L.) F. permanent. Perruque. (F.-Ital.-L.) In use in
- L. permanent·, stem of pres. pt. of per· the 16th cent. - F. perrllque. - Ita!' per-
manere, to endure, lit. abide through. - L. rueca, M. Ita!. perucca, , a periwig,' Florio;
per, through; manere, to remain. See also spelt parucea, id. The same as Port.
Manaion. jJeruca, Span. peluca, Sardinian pilucca,
Permeate, to pervade, pass through orig. a mass of hair, and allied to M. Ital.
small openings. (L. ) From pp. of L.per- piluccare, ' to pick or pull out haires or
meiire, to pass through. - L. per, through ; feathers oue by one; ' Florio. F rom Ita!'
meiire, to pass, go. See pL>ITOS in Prell· ptlo, hair. -L. pilum, ace. of pilus, a hair.
witz. Perry. (F.-L.) M . E.pereye. • Pire-
Permit. (L.) L. permiltere (pp. per- tum, pereye;' Vocab. 603. II. From an
missus), to let pass through, lit. send A. F. form (mod. Norman pnri). Cf.
through. - L. frr, through; mil/ere, to F . poir/, 'perry, drink made of pears:
send. See Missile. Der. permiss-ilm. Cot.; which is formed with suffi x -I « L .
Permutation. (F.-L.) F. ptrmu/a· ·ii/us, made of) from F. poire, a pear.-L.
lion. - L. ace. frrmu/ii/iiinem, a changing. pirum, a pear. See Pear.
- L. ptrmuliitus, pp. of permUlIJre, to Persecute. (F. - L.) M.l'·. perseculer,
change thoroughly. - L. per, thoroughly; vb. - L. perseell/us, pp. of persequi, to
mu/iire, to change. See Mutable. pursue. -L. per, thoroughly ; sequi, to
Pernicious, hurtful. (F.-L.) F. follow. See Sequenoe.
pernicieux. - L . perniciosus, ilestructive. - Persevere. (F. - L.) Formerly persl·
L. perniciEs, destruction. - L. per, tho· 'CIer. - O. F. perseverer. - L. perseulriire, to
roughly; nici· , for neci-, decl. stem of persist in a thing. -L. per, thoroughly ;
nex, slaughter; see Internecine. seuErus , earnest. See Severe.
Peroration. (F.-L.) M. F. perora· Persist. (F.-L.) F . persister. -L.
lion. - L. peroriUiiinem, acc. of periiriitio, persis/ere, to continue, persist. - L. per,
the close of a speech. - L. peroriitus, pp. through ; sis/ere, to stand, orig. causal of
of peroriire, to complete a speech. - L. per, sltire, to stand. See State.
through ; iirare, to speak. See Oration. Person. (F . -L.) M. E.persone,per.
Pe~endicular. (F.- L.) F.perpm- soune. -O.F.p ersone,F.personne. -L.per.
diellla,re.-L. perpendieuliiris , accordiug sima, a mask used by an actor, a person-
to the plumb·line. - L. perpendiculum, a age , character played by an actor, D. person.
plummet, for careful measurement. - L. - L. personiire, to sound through ; the
perpendere, to weigh or measure carefully. large-mouthed mask of the actor was
- L. per, thoroughly; pendere, to weigh. named from the voice sounding through it.
Perpetrate. (L.) From pp. of L. -L. per, through ; sonare, to sound, from
perpetriire, to perform thoroughly. -L. sonus, sound. See Sound (3).
per, thoroughly ; patrIJre, to accomplish. Pers~ve. (F.-L.) F. perspecti'CIe,
Pe~al. (F. - L .) M. E. p erpetutl. ' the opuke art;' Cot. - L. *perspeetiua , the
- M. 1'. perpetutl. _ L. perpetuiilis, uni- I art of inspecting; orig. fem . of ·perspee/i·
versal; in later use, permanent.-L. per. . uus, looking through.-L. perspeet lls, pp.
peluus, continuous, constant, perpetual. - of ptrspicere, to look through. - L. per,
L. perpet., stem of p erpes, lasting through· through ; speeere, to look. See Species.
out, contiouous. -L. per, through; pet., perspicacity, keenness of sight. (F.
as in pet·ere. to seek. See Petition. - L .) .... persj>icacill. - L. acc. perspiciici-
Perplex. (F. - L.) Perplexed, pp., was tii/em , sharp-sightedness. - L. perspieiici-,
I
first in use. - M. F . perplex., ' perplexed, dec!. stem of perspieax, sharp·sighted. - L.
intangled;' Cot. -L.perplerus, entangled, frr.spieere, to see through (above).
interwoven.-L. per, thoroughly ; plexus, :perspicuous, clear. (L.) L. per-
Plait.
I
entangled, pp. of pltc/ere, to weave; see spu u.us, clear; \lith suffix -QUS. - L . per.
spicere, to see through (above).
PerquUite, a small gain. (L .) Late . Penpiration, a sweating. (F. - L.)
38 5
 PERSUADE PETITION
F.jJerSlirala'oll.-Late L. acc. *persl;";J- Peat. (F.-L.) F. peste.-L peslem,
liolllm, lit. a breathing through. - L. per- acc. of pestis, a plague.
slin;re, to breathe through. - L . let', Petlter. (F.-L) Formerly to encum-
through; spin;re, to breathe. See Spirit. ber, clog; and short for imllSlet'. - M . F .
Persuade. ( F.-L) F.persuader. - emjeslrer,' to pester,intangle,incumber j'
L. lersui1d&/!, to advise thoroughly, sue- Cot. (F. emp/lrer.) Orig.' to ho~ble a
ceed in advising. - L leI". thoroughly j horse at pasture.' - Late L im- (in), on,
suddEre, to persuade. See Suasion. upon; pastorium , a clog for a horse at
Pert, saucy. (F. -L.) M. E. lerl, pasture, from Inslus, pp. of laseere, to
shortened form of apert, formerly used in feed. See Paa tor.
the same sense. See Malapert. Pestiferous. (L.) L. pestiferous, or
Pertain. ( F. -L.) M. E.partenen.- pestifer, pla gue-bringing; with suffix -(IUs.
O. F. partenir.-L. lertinl re, to extend - L. pesti-s, plague; ferre, to bring.
th rough to, uelong. -L per, thoroughly; See Pes t and Bear ( I).
leni re, to hold, hold to. See Ten- pestilent. (F . -L.) F. pestilenl. -
able. L. pestilent-, stem of leslilms, hu rt ul;
pertina.cit:v. (F.-L.) F.lertinacitt formed as if from a verb ·pestillre, from
(16th cent. ). Coined, with Slltlix -11< L. peslilis, pestilential. - L . pesti-, decl. stem
·tlilem, from L. pertinaci-, necl. stem of of pestis, a plague (above).
pertinax, very tenacious. - L.per, thorough ; Pestle. (F. - L.) M. E.leslel. - O. F.
temu:, tenacious, from lenere, to hold. pesld, later pesttil (Cot.). -L. listi/ltml,
pertinent. (F.-L. ) F.perlinent.- a small pestle. See Pistil.
L.pertinml-, stem of pres. pt. ofperlinere, Pet ( I), a tame animal, a child treated
to belong to, relate to; see Pertain. fOlldly. ( Unknown.) Formerly peal. [Cf.
Perturb. (F.-L.) M. F.perlurber ; Irish peal, sh., a pet; adj., petted j Gael.
Cot. -L. perlurbtire, to di5turb thoroughly. peata, a pet, a tame animal; borrowed
- L.per, thoronghly; turbare, to disturb. from E. J The word is prob. of F . origin;
See Turbid. but has not been traced. Perhnps from
Peruke; see Perruque. O . F. leti, short for letit, small; see
Peruse. (F. - L.) . The orig. sensewl\s Petty. And see peliot, dear little child,
'to use up,' to go through thoroughly; in Godefroy.
hence to examine thoroughly or all over, pet (l ) ,afitofpeevishness. (Unknown. )
to survey; the on ly diffi culty in the word We also find pettish, capricious, i. e. l ike
is in its change of sense. From per, a pet or spoilt child ; see above. Henc'!
thoroughly ; and we, q. v. Cf. O. F. the phr .• to take pet,' or' to take the pel,'
paruser sa vie, to live out his life. i. e. to act like a spoilt child ; and finally
Pervade. (L.) L. leruitdere, to go pet, sb., a tit of wilfulness.
through. - L. per, through; uatiere, to go. Petal. (Gk. ) Gk ' ''''raAov,a leaf (hence
See Evade, Wa.de. . peta l of a fl ower) ; nent. of ""TaAo ~, spread
Pervert. (F. - L.) F. pervertir. -L. ont, fl at; from the base ... fT., ns in "fT·
peruerlere, to overturn, ruin, cOrInpt, av.uJU, I spread.+ L. pntult/s, spreading ;
pervert. - L . ptr, wholly; uerte"e, to turn .from paUre, to spread. (VP ET.)
See Verse. Der. perverse, from pp. ler- Petard, an ex plosive war-engine. (F.-
utrsus. L.) M. F.petard,pelart, '1\ petard or pe-
Pervicacious, wilful. (L.) Coined tarre ; ' Cot. Lit. 'explosive.' Formed
from L. ptrltieiici-, decl. stem of peruieax ,with suffix ·art (= G. hart, hard, common
wilflll; allied to peruieus, stubborn. Per- as a suffix) from M. F. pettr, to break wind.
haps from per, through ; and uie-, weak - F.pet, a breaking wind, slight explosion.
grade of uie-, as in uie·i, pt. t. of "incere, -L. plditum, neut. of I,ditus, pp. of
to conquer. See Victor. pEdere (for *peuiere), to break wind. See
Pervious, penetrable. eL. ) L.pertd-/ls, Bnlgm. i. § 8~ 7.
passable; with suffix -MU. - L. per, Petiole, footstalk of a leaf. F.- L.)
through; Ilia, a way. See Viaduot. F. pltiale. - L. pelin/llm, acc. of petiolus,
Pessimist, one who complains that little stalk.
:dl is for the worst. ( L.) Coined from L. Petition. (F.- L. ) lIf. F .lelitt'on; Cot.
i'tssim-1IS, worst; a superl. perhaps can- - 1.. acc. petftiOWfll, from petitio, a suit.
necte<lwith pior, WOr!le. Brugm. ii. § 73. - L. pellttls, pp. of petffe, to attack, to
386
 PETREL PHARISEE
beseech, ask; orig. to fall on. A11i~ to E. in, &c. ; lit. 'little foot.' - Gk. .,03[-,
Feather. (.vPET.) See Brugm. i. § 560. for .,OVf, foot. See Foot. ~ Cf. M. Du.
Petrel, a bird. (F.-G.-L.-Gk.) puye, 'a pue,' Hexham; borrowed from
Formerlypeltrd. - F.ptlrel,piltrel; formed O. F.puye,puie.
as a dimin . of PIlre, i. e. Peter, and the Pewet, Peewit, the lapwing. (E.)
allusion is to the action of the bird, which Also puet (Phillips) . Named from its
seems, like St. Peter, to walk on the sea. plaintive cry; cf. mod. Norman F. pivit,
The F . form of Peter is Pierre; Petre is a pewet; Low!. Sc. Pffl, to make a plain-
for G. Peler, Peter; cf. the G. name for tive noise; Westphal. Pi'IIJit, piwik, a
the bird, viz. Petersvogel (= Peter's-fowl, pewet. Cf. E. jet'llis;'.
Peter's-bird). - L. Petrus. - Gk. -rrfTPOf, a Pewter. (F. - Teut. ?) M. E. pewlir.
stone, Peter (John i. 42 ). O. F. pel/Ire, peautre, pial/Ire, a kind of
petrify, to tum into stone. (F. - Gk. metal (Roquefort) . Older form pellre,
and L. ) M. F . pefrijier; as if from a L akin to Sp~n. pttlre, Ital. peltro, pewter.
*petrijicare, not used. - L. pelri-, for petra, Diez remarks that the Ita!. pel/ro is be-
a rock; -jicare, forfacere, to make. The lieved to be derived from English, which
L. pelra is borrowed from Gk. -rr/Tp4, a he rejects, but only on the ground that
rock; cf. TrlTPOf, a stone. pewter could not become pellro. However,
petroleum, rock-oil. (L. - Gk .) pellro is probably (like O. F. peaulre), an
Coinea from L. pelr-a, rock; oleum, oil.- adaptation of the form fOllnd in O. }<' .
Gk. -rrfTp4, rock; ;Jo.o,ov, oil; see Oil. *espeltre (tspeaulre), E. speller; see
Petronel, a horse-pistol. (F. - Span.- Spelter.
L. ) M. F.pelrinal, 'a petronelJ,or borse-
man's piece;' Cot. Said to have been PH.
invent~ in the Pyrenees; and almost Ph. Initialp~ is distinct from p, and
certainly derived from Span. petrina, a belt, has the sound off; it represents the Gk.
a girdle (so that peln'nal would orig. menn </>, almost every word beginning with ph
what was attached to the belt'. Allied to being of Gk. origin. The only exceptions
Span. pelral, a poitrel ; and named from arepheon (alsofeon),pkilibeg,betterfillibeg,
going round the breast. - L. pector- (for which is Gaelic, and Phan'see, really of
*pecloS), stem of peclltS, the breast. See Hebrew origin, but coming to us through
Pectoral. Greek.
Petty, small. (F.-C.?) M.E.pelit. - Phaeton, a kind of carriage. (F.-L.
F . petit, small. Cf. O. Ital. pilello, small . - Gk. ) F. phatlO1l; occurring A. D. 1723.
Perhaps allied to piece, from a Gaulish - L. Phaethon. - Gk. 4>alIJOJV, son of
base pell- (Celtic *qtll-); cf. BreI. pez, Helios, and driver of the chariot of the
a piece; W.pelh, a part; Irish cuid, O. Ir. sun; lit.' shining; being pres. part. of
cuil, a part, share. See Korting, § 6101; </>afIJE''', to shine. - Gk. </tio,v, to shine.
Stokes (s. v. qelli). Der. pelli-fogger, See Ph~ntcm. See Prellwitz, s. v. tf>00f.
where fogger is equivalent to M. Du .focker , (.vB H A.)
'a monopole or an engrosser of wares Phalanx. ( L.-Gk.) L.phalanx.-
and commodities,' Hexham ; focker being - Gk. <pMa-y[ , a battalion. See Plank.
prob. a corruption of the surname Fugger, Phantasm; see below.
Englished asfogger (N . E. D. ). Phantom. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M. E.fan-
Petulant. (L.) L. petulant-, stem of lome. - 0 . 1'. fanlosme . - L. phantasma
pelulans, forward, pert,.ready to attack. - (whence E . phantasm ). - Gk. qxl.vTaITI'O, a
1.. petere, to attack . See Petition. vision, spectre, lit. apparition. - Gk. I/'a.·-
Pew. (F . -L. -Gk.) M. E . pew, pile. Ta(fIV, to display. - Gk. </>011-, as in <palvflv
- A. F . pili, a platform (Liber Albus) ; (= tf>O"-Yf'V), to shew, lit. to cause to
O. F . pui, an elevated space ; puie, an shine; whence *tf>OV'TT/f, one who shews
open gallery with rails (hence applied to (as in ;Epo-."aIlT7Jf). - Gk . ."a-o!!', to shine.
an enclosed space or to a raised desk to +Skt. Ma, to shine. (.vBHA.)
kneel at) . - L. podium, a balcony, esp. near Pharisee, one of a religious school
the arena, where distinguished persons sat. among the Jews. (L. - Gk. - Heb.). L.
(So E. pew meant a place for distinguished phnrislus, p;'aristZUs. - Gk . .pa.!"ITOlof,
persons in church. ) - Gk . ".6~,ov, which Matt. ix. ) I, lit. 'one who separates him-
came to mean a foot ·stool, gallery to ~it self.' - Heb. piiras;', to separate.
38,
 PHARMACY PHONETIC
Pharmacy. (F. - L. - Gk .) M. E. I live. (L. - Gk.) L. PM/ipp;cu"" pl.
jermacy.-O. F.jarmade, laterpnarmacie. Pltilippica, used to denote the celebrated
_ L. pnarmacia. - Gk. </XJp/JaJ<fia, know- orations of Demosthenes against Philip. _
ledge of drugs. - Gk . .paPl'aJ<"ov, a drug. Gk. +iA.mror, Philip; lit. ' a lover of
Pharynx. (L . -Gk.) L.pnalynx. - horses.' - Gk. <pIA-or, fond of; I,""or, a
Gk. <p"p'l'Y{, the joint opening of the gullet horse.
and wind-pipe, a cleft , a bore; allied to philology, study of languages. (L.
.papa,,({, a chasm. From the root </XJp-, to - Gk. ) L. pkilolog-ia. -Gk. ""AoAo"(la,
bore ; see Bore ( 1) . (.vBHAR.) love of discourse, love of literature and
Phase, Phasis, an appearance. (L. language. - Gk. <P.A"Ao-yor, fond of dis-
-Gk. ) Late L. pnasis, pI. phases. - Gk. course; also , a student of literature and
.pau.r, an appearance ; from base _ct-a-, to language. - Gk. <plAo-r, fond of ; A",,(OS,
shine; cf. .pa-os, light. (.vBHA.) fl discourse, from A'''(flV, to speak.
The Gk. <pau.r also means ' a saying-, de- philosophy, love of wisdom. (F.-
cl aration,' in which sense it is connected L. - Gk.) M. K pnilosopkie. - F . pnilo-
with <P'II'I , I speak, declare , from .vBHA, sop hie. -L. p hilosophia. - Gk. <p.AOUo.pla,
to speak. Der. em-phasis. love of wisdom. - Gk. ",'A"uO<fxJr, loving
Phea.sa.nt, a bird. (F.-L.- Gk.) knowledge.-Gk. cpiAo-r, fond of; uo.p6r,
F ormed with excrescent t (after It) from skilful, uo.pla, skill; see Sophist. Der.
M. E. fera lllt, a p heasant. - O. F . fa isan . philosop n-er, for M. E. philosopnre, which
- L. p hiisiiina, a pheasant; for Phasiiilla represents F . pnilosopne, L. pni/osopnus,
auis, Phasian bi rd. - Gk. </XJu.avor, a Gk. ",.Aouo<por.
pheasant , lit. Phasian, i.e. coming from philtre, a love potion. (F.-L.,- Gk.)
the r iver Phasis in Colchis. F. pkiltre.-L. philtmm.-Gk. cpiATpOV,
Pheeze; see Feeze . a love charm, love potion, drink to mak e
Phenix, Phcsniz. (L.-Gk .) L. one love.-Gk.cpiA.-or, dear; "'-pov (cf.ldg.
pho!nix. -Gk. "'OWI{ , a phcenix (H erod. oter o), denoting the instrument.
ii. 73) . Perhaps named from its bright Philibeg, a kilt ; see Fillibeg.
colour, like that produced by the Ph(l'1Ii- Phlebotomy, blood-letting. ( F. - L.
dan dye ; see Pliny, bk . x. c. ~. -Gk.) M. F . pMebotomie.-L. p/zleboto-
Phenomenon, a remarkable appear- mia. - Gk. <PAf{JoTop[a, blood-letting, lit.
ance. (L. - Gk.) L. pna nome1ton. - Gk. cutting of a vein. - Gk. ",Af80-, for "'A"r, a
",alV0l'fVOV (pI. </XJIVOl'fva), an appearance, vein, from ",A'-flV, to gush; Topor, cutting,
neut , of ,Pass. part. of </XJlvflv, to shew from TfJU'flV, to cut; see Tome.
(pass. </XJIVOl'al, I appear). See Phantom, Phlegm, slimy matter in the throat,
Hierophant, Sycophant. sluggisliness. (F.-L.-Gk.) The use of
Pheon, Peon, a barbed arrow-head. the term was due to the supposed influence
tF.-L.) M. E.flOtt, Bk. of St. Alban's. of the' four humours'; phlegm causing a
- O. F. foem, joualte, joine, foime; sluggish or ' phlegmatic' temperament.-
M. F . fouin e, 'an eele·spcare,' Cot. -L. M. F.pltlegme.-L.pltlegma. -Gk.",Af"(/JA
juscina, a trident. See Foin. (base "'Af"(/JAT-) , (I ; a flame, (2) in flam-
Phial, Vial. (F. -L. - Gk.) Formerly mation, (3) viscous humonr, phlegm. -
+
fyoll, vial, viol, altered to pnialin modern Gk. "'AI"(flll, to burn. L. }lag--rare, to
editions of Shakespeare.- M. F . pniole, 'a bnrn; see Flame. Der. plt!e,l,'11tat-ic,
violl,' Cot. (Mod. F. /iole. )-L. pltiala. from base <PAf,,(/JAT-.
-Gk. ",I"A'I, a broad, flat, shallow cup or phlox, a flower. (Gk.) It means
bowl (applied in F. to a small bottle). ' flame,' from its colour. - Gk. "'AO{, flame.
Philanthropy, love of mankind. -Gk. <pAf"(-ftV, to bum (above).
(L.-Gk. ) L.pliilamnropia. -Gk. ",.Aav- Phocine, belonging to the family of
'ponria, benevolence. - Gk. "'1A."v9po)'.. o~, seals. (L. -Gk.) From L. pnoca, a seal.
loving mankind. - Gk. ""A-, for ",IAo~, - Gk. <f>&J1<1J, a seal. See Prellwitz_
friendly, kind; d.v(Jponros, a man. Phcsnix; see Phenix.
philharmonic,lovingmusic. (Gk.) Phonetic, representing sounds. (Gk.)
From Gk. ",iA-or, friendly, fond of; and From Gk. </>OJII'JT'IItOr, belonging to speak-
L. narmotti-a <Gk. apf'ollla, harmony; ing. - Gk. </>OJvIOJ, I produce a sound. -
see Harmony. Gk. <f'ol!:'-!" a sound; cf. </''1p[, I speak.
philippic, a discourse full of invec- (-¥,BHA.) Der.pnono-grapk , -logy, &c.
388
 PHOSPHORUS PICKADILL
PhHphoru. (L.-Gk.) L. PMs- phy.iology, the science of nature.
plwrus. - G. ~tf>6pos, l!ght-bringing, (F.-L.-Gk.) F.pkysiokgie; Cot. -L.
i. e. producing light. - Gk. </>On, light physiologia. - Gk. cpuuloAO-Yla, an enquiry
(=</i4os, light), from base ."a-, to shine; into the nature of things. - Gk. CPI)UIO-, for
-<f>opos, _bringing, from '/>fP«I", to bring. '/>VUIf, nature; -Ao-y(a, from A6-yos, a dis-
(.vBHA and .vBHER.) course, from Af'Y"V, to speak.
photography. (Gk.) From Gk .
.porro-, for<t>Gir,1iglit (above) j and 'Y"a,/>«"', PI-PT.
to write.
Phrue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.phmse.- Piacular, expiatory. (L.) L. pidcu.
L. phrasem, ace. of phrasis. - Gk. CP"aUIf, tan's, adj ., from piiil:ulu1II, an expiation. -
a speaking, a speech, phrase. - Gk. ,/>pa("v L. jn'are, to propitiate. - L. pil~s, devout.
( = *",pali.,.flV ), to speak; cf. ,/>pa~s, shrewd. See Pious.
Der. anti:phrasis, meta:phrase, peri- Pianoforte, Piano. (Ital.-L.) So
phrasis, para:phrase; with prefixes anii·, called from producing soft and loud effects_
me/a-, peri-,para-. -Ital. piano, soft ; lorle, strong, loud.-
Phrenology}. science of the functions L. planus, level (hence smooth, soft) ;
of the mind. «(jk. ) From Gk. ,/>pfv6-, fortis, strong; see Plain and Foroe.
for cppfJ", mind; -AO"'(la, from A6-yos, a dis- Piastre. (F. - Ita!' - L. - Gk.) F.
course, from Af'YfIJ', to speak_ piastre. - Ital. piaslra, plate of metal , also
Phthisis, consumption of the lungs. a piastre or coin ; allied to Ita!. jn'astro, a
(L. - Gk.) L. phthisis. - Gk. ,/>lIluI" con- plaster. - L. emplas/rum, a plaster (with
sumption, decay. -Gk. cplliv."" to decay, loss of em-). See Plallter.
wane. Cf. Skt. kshi, to destroy, kshili-, Piazza. (Jtal.-L.-Gk.) Ital.pia zza,
decay. Der. phthisic, properly an adj., a market-place, chief street. - I'olk-L.
from L.phthisicus, adj., consumptive; but ·plaltia; L. plalea,plalla; see Place.
used as a sb. (=L. phthisica passio), with Pibroch, a martial tune. (Gael.- L.)
the same sense as phthisis; often called Gael. piobaireachd, a pipe-tune, tune on
and spelt tisic. the bagpipe. - Gael. piobair, a piper.-
Phylactery, an amulet, amongst the Gael.piob, a pipe.-E.pipe. see Pipe.
Jews. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M. E. fila/trie, Pica' see Pie (I) .
Wyclif. -0. F.fila/erit (Godefroy) ; Mod. Pic&dor, a horseman with a lance, in
F. phylactere. - L. phylactin·utll. - Gk. bull-fighting. (Span.-L.) Span. picador,
cpuAaKrrll)(OV, a preservative; Matt. xxiii. lit. a pricker. - Span. picar, to prick._
5. - Gk. cpu}.,aKT~p, a guardian. - Gk . Late L. pi({ire; see Pick.
<{iuAtiuuuv, to guard; cpvAa[, a gUaid. Picaninny, a negro or mulatto infant.
Physic. (F. -L. - Gk.) Orig. the heal- (Span.) From peekaneenee, a dimin. (in
ing art; hence, medicine. -0. F.pll,isique , Surinam) ofSpan.ptquello, small, allied to
science of medicine; also, natural philo- Ital. piccolo, small. Of uncertain origin.
sophy. - L. physica, natural science. - Gk. Piccadill; see Pickadill.
CPUUI~, fern. of ,/>uUII<6s, natural, physical. Pice, a small copper coin. (Marathi.)
-Gk. '/>VUI-S, nature, being.-Gk. '/>v-uv, Hind. and Marathi paisa, a copper coin;
+
to produce. Skt. biz;;, to be; L. lu-i, sometimes rated at four to the anna, or
lo-re; E. be. (.vBHEU.) Der.physic-s; six!}'-four to the rupee (H. H. Wilson).
physic-i -an; &c. Pick, to peck, pierce, also to pluck, &c.
physiognomy, visage, expression of (L.) M. E. pikkm, pekkm, used as equi-
features. (l<'.-L.-Gk.) M.E.fisnomie, valent words, Ch. C. T. , Group B. 4157.
visnomie.-O. F. phisonomie, later phy- [Cf. Irishpioe, Gael. pioe, to pick, nibble,
siognomie, a knowledge of a man's cha- pluck, peck; W. pigo, to pick, peck,
racter by hi~ features j hence features, prick, choose; Corn. piga, to prick.]
expression. Fonned as if from L. *phy- Allied to A. S. pican, to peck, from Late
siognomia, but due to the longer form L. piciJre, to use a pickaxe, to peck; pica,
pkysiogno11lo"ia.-Gk. CPUUIO-YOlOJflovta, the a pick, pickaxe.-L. Pic-, as in piC-US, a
art of reading the features j sometimes woodpecker. Cf. Gk. "dK'''', to shear;
cpuulO'YvOJJtia. -Gk. </>uuIo-y"wJA4W, adj.,judg- .,IKp6S, shalp', bitter. See Pike.
ingcharacter.-Gk.,/>uulo-,forcpvulS,nature; pickaclill, piccadill, a piece set
.",wp.-, an interpreter; see Gnomon. round the edge of a garment, a collar. (F.
38 9
 PICKAX PIEPOWDER COURT
-Span. - L.) Obsolete; but preserved - Swed. dial. pittla, to keep on picking
in Piu adilly. a street in London, named at; frequent. of Swed. pela, to pick,
from a certain house, which was' a famous poke.
ordinarynearSt.James·s·; see Blount and Pie ( I ), a magpie; unsorted printer's
Nares. - M.F. piecadil/e; pl. piccadilles. type. (F. - L.) The unsorted type is called
, the several pieces fastened together about pie, i. e. a jumble; see pie (3) ; also pi,
the brim me of the collar of a doublet;' as if short for 'piea, from the common
Cot. Formed, with Span. dimin. suffix use of pica· type ; see below. The magpie
-illo, from Span. pieado. pp. of piear, to is M. E. pie. - F. pie. - L. pica, a magpie.
puncture; .:f. Span. picadura, a puncture, Cf. L. Picus, wood pecker, Skt. pika-, Indian
an ornamental gusset in clothes. - Span. cuckoo.
picar, to prick, from pica, a pike (hence a pie ( a), a book which ordered the
pricking instrument) ; a word of Latin manner of performing divine service. (F.-
origin; see Pike. L.) Herepuis (asabove) al'.formofL.
pickax. (F.-L.) Not an ax at all, pica. which was an old name for the
but a corruption of M. E. Pikois. pikeis, a Ordinale; so called from the confused ap-
mattock. -0. F. pieois, later piequois. a pearanee of tbe black·letter type on white
mattock. - O. F . piquer, to pierce, thrust paper, resembling a magpie. Certain sizes
into. - F. pic, a ' pick' or kind of mattock. of type lU"e still called pica.
-Late L. pica, a pickQ. Cf. A.S. pic, pie (3), a pasty. (F.-L.) M.E.pie;
a pike; Bret.pie, a pick; W. pi~, a point, prob. the same word as pie ( I); from the
pike, Irish piocaid, a mattock; see Pike. miscellaneous nature of its contents. E.
picket, a peg for fastening borses, a pies seems to be Latinised as piel, Habees
small outpost. (F. -L.) F.piquet,piequet, Book, pt. ii. 36. 51. Cf. pie (a ). ~ Gael.
a little pickax, a peg thrust in the ground. pigke. a pie, is from E.
Dimin. of F. pic (above). piebald. of various colours, in patches.
Piolde, a liquid in which substances are (F.-L.; and C.) Compounded of pie, a
preserved. (L. 7) M. E. pikil, pykyl; magpie, and bald; see Bald. The old
Prompt. Parv. Probably from pickle, fre- sense of bald, or baird, is streaked, from
quent. of pick, in the sense to pick out or W. bal, baving a white streak on the fore-
, cleanse'; with reference to the gutting head . said of a horse. Cf. skew-bald.
or cleansing of the fish with wbich the Piece. (F.-C.) M. E . peee, pieee.-
operation of pickling i. begun. We find O. F. piece; F. foee. Cf. Ital. pezza,
M. E.pykelynge, 'purgulacio,' derived from Span. pieza, Provo pessa, pesa, Port. pe(a,
'pykyn, or clensyn, or cullyn owte the a piece. -Late L. petia, a piece; cf.lite
onclene,purgo,purgulo, segrego'; Prompt. L. peliull1, a piece of land CA. D. 757). -
Parv. See Piok. 13. v"e also find Du. Ceftic (Gaulisb) ·petli-, a piece, portion,
pekel, pickle; which some have derived answering to O. Celtic *qetti-, the same;
from the name of the supposed inventor evidenced by O. Irish cui! (Ir. cuid), a
of pickling, whose name is variously gi I'en piece, share, W. petko a piece, a thing,
as Beukel", Bijckel, and Pokel; a story Corn.pelk, Bret. pez, a piece (Thumeysen,
unsupported by evidence. Stokes, Korting) . Esp. used of a piece
Picnic. (E.) Found in F. as early as of land.
li40, and in Swedish before) 788; but piece-meal. (F.- C.; andE. ) M. E.
borrowed in those languages from Eng lish. peee·mde, by pieces at a time. The M. E.
Origin obscure. Pic is prob. from pick, suffix -mele. lit. 'by bits,' occurs in other
in the sense to nibble; cf. slang E. peck, compounds, and is also spelt -md ltm;
food, peemk, hungry. Nie is for knick , a from A. S. mtelttm, dat. pI. of 111121, a por-
trifle; another name for a picnic was nick- tion; see Meal (l ).
nack (Foote, Nabob. act I). Piellowder COurt, a summary court
Picture. (L.) L.pictura, properly the of justlce formerly held at fairs. (F.-L.)
art of painting. - L. Pictus, pp. of pingere, The E. piepowder represents O. F. pied
to paint. Allied to SkI. pilli, to dye, pou/dre , i. e. dusty foot. The court was
colour; Gk. 'ffOl"","OS. Brugtn. i. § 701. called, in Latin, Cun"a pedis pulverisiUi,
PiddliJur, trifling. (Scand.7) From the court of the dusty foot, from the dusty
the verb piddle, to trifle (Ascbam) ; other feet of the suitors. - F. pied, foot. from L.
10rms arepittle(Skinner),pettle(Halliwell). pedem, ace. of pis; O. ~'. poliidre (-poul-
a90
 PIER PILL
dr{), pp. of pouIdrer, to cover with dust, a young pike (fish); pike-sta./!, aho found
frompouldre, dust; see Powder. as piked-sta./!, i.e. staff armed with a pike
Pier, a mass of stone-work. (F.-L. - or sp'ike.
Gk.) M.E.pere.-O. F.piere (F.pierre), Piluter, a sqnarepillar. (l".-Ita!.-
a stone. -1.. petra. - Gk. .,iTpa, a rock, 1..) F.pilastre. - Ita!.pilastro, ' a pilllSter,
stone. a piller;' .I'lorio. -Ita!. p ila, 'a flat-
Pierce. (F. - L?) M. E. percen. - F. sided piller;' id. - L. pila, a pillar. ~ee
percer; O.F.percier (Roland). Generally Pile (2 ).
thought to be contracted from O. F. per- Pilch. (1..) Orig. a warm fnr garment .
tuisier, to pierce, lit. to make a hole. - M. E. pilche. A. S. pilece, pylce.-L. pel-
O. F. pertuis, a hole (Ita!. pertug,o). The licea : see Pelisse.
O. F. pertuis (like Ita!' perl/lgio), answers Pilchard, a fish. (E.?) Formerly
to a Late 1.. ·pertUiiulIl, extended from pilcher; cf. Irish pilseir, a pilchard. Of
1.. perlusus, pp. of pe"lunden, to thrust unkn own origin. Cf. Dan. dia!' pilke,
through, pierce. (Ennius has latu' pertudil to fi sh (in a particular manner), Swed.
hasla = the 5pear pierced his side; Lewis.) dial. pilka ; from N orw. pilk, an artificial
-1.. per, through; lundae, to beat; see bait.
Contuse. ~ Commonly accepted; some Pilcrow, a curious corruption of Para.-
suggest Lale L. ·per-iliOn, to go through ; graph, q. v.
cf. L. in-iliare. See Initiate and Com- Pile ( I), a tumour, lit. a ball. (1..)
mence. Only' in the pI. pi.es. -1.. pila, a ball.
Piety. (F,-L.) M . F.piett.-1..piela- Pile (2) , a pillar, heap. fLo) M. E.
Iun , acc. of Pieltis, devoutness. -1.. pius, pile; A. S. pil. -L. pila , a pillar, a pier of
devout. ~ Pious. Doublet, pily. stone. ~ In the phrase cross and pile
Pig. (E.) M.E. pigge. Provo E. peg (ofacoin) , answeringtothemodem'head
(Berks.) . Cf. A. S. pecg ; 'of swinford a ots and tail,' the pile took its name from the
pecges ford ; ' Birch, Cart. Saxon. iii. H3. pile or short pillar on which the coin rested
But the connexion is doubtful. ~ Certain when struck; see Cotgrave, s . v. pile.
masses of molten metal are called sows and Pile (3), a stake. (L.) A.~. pil, a
pigs; hence pig-iron. stake. -1..pilum , a javeliu; orig. a pestle.
Pigeon, a bird. (F. -1..) F_ pigeo", a For ·pi"s-ltl1n.-1.. pinsere, to pound. +
pigeon, a dove. - 1.. pipionem, aCC. of SkI. pish, pi,;Ish, to pound. ~ The he-
pipio, lit. 'chirper.' - 1.. pip/re, to chirp. raldic pile (F . pile) is a sharp stake.
See Pipe. Pile (4 ), a hair, fibre of wool. (1..) L.
Piggin, a small wooden vessel. (E.) pilus, a hair. Cf. Gk.1TlAos, felt. Brugm.
Cf. Gael. pigean, a pitcher, jar; dimin. of ii. § 76. Der. three-piled, 1.. L. L. v. 2.
p£ge,p£geadh, an earthen jar; Irish jn'gin, 407.
small pail, pighead, earthen jar; W. Piles, small tumours. (1..) SeePile(I ).
p£cyn, a piggin; all borrowed from E. Pilfer. (F.-L.?) O. F. pelfrer, to
Prob. for ·piggen, adj ., from pig, in the Tob, pilfer. - O. F. pelfre, plunder; see
sense of' earthen vessel,' as in G. Douglas, Pelf.
Ir. of Vergil, bk. vii. See Pig. Pilgrim. (Ital. -J.,.) ltal.pell~grino,
Pight, old form of pitched; see a pilgrim. - 1.. peregrinus, a foreigner,
Pitch ( 2). stranger; as adj. foreign.- L.peregri, adv.,
Pigment. (1.. ) 1..pigmentutn , colour- away from home; see Peregrination.
ing matter. - 1.. Pig-, base of p£ngere, to Cf. O . H. G. pil£gritn, from Ita!.
paint ; with suffix -mentum. &e Paint. Pill ( I ), a little ball of medicine. (F.-
Pisrmy; see Pygmy. L.) Short for pilule; cf. O. F. pile, a pill.
Piie, a sharp· pointed weapon , a fish. - F . pilule, 'a pill;' Cot.-1.. pilula, a
(L.) M. E. pike, a peaked staff, pic, a little ball, globule; dimin . of pila, a ball.
spike; also M. E.pike,a fish, named from See Pile ( I).
its sharply pointed jaws. A. S. pic, It Pill ( 2), to plunder. (F.-1..) Also
point, .a pike. (Hence Irish pice, a pike, spelt peel; and, conversdy, peel, to strip,
fork, Gael. pic, W. pig, Bret. Pik, pike, is speltpill; the words have been confused,
point, pickax .) Closely allied to pick, but are really different; see Peel (3).
sb., a mattock.-1.. pic-, as in pic-us, It M. E . pillen, to plunder.-l'·. piller.-L.
woodpecker kiee Pick. Del'. pik-er-el, pi/are, to plunder, pillage, not common i
39 1
 PILLAGE PINE
but the deriv. compJliire (whence E. COIll- Pimpe1'11el,afiower. (F.-L.?) M.F.
pile) occurs often. Der.pill·age, F.pil/age. pimpernelle (F. pimprenelle). C£ Span.
Pillage; see above. pimpinela, Ital. pimpindla. Origin un-
Pillar. (1".-L.) M. E. piler. -O. F. k nown. II Diez considers these words to
piler, later pilier. (Span. pilar.) - Late be borrowed from L. *bipinella,*bipenltula,
L . pllare, a pillar. - L. plla, pillar, pier. a dimin. of h;pennis, i. e. double-winged.
See Pile ( 2). The pimpernel was confused with burnet
Pillau. Pilaf, a dish of meat or fowl, (Prior); and the latter (Potmum satt·
boiled with rice and spices. (Pers.) PeTS. guisoriJa) has a feather-like arrangement of
piltlv, pilav, a dish made of rice and meat; its leaves. Cf. Rosa pimpinellifolia. If
Palmer. this be right (which is highly doubtful),
Pillion. (F. -L.) Mod. Norman and we refer the word to L. bi-, double;
Guernsey pillon ; Span. pelion, a long penna, a wing.
robe made of akin, also a covering for a Pimple. (F.?) rCf. A. S. piplian, to
saddle (see Wedgwood ).-L. acc. type be pimply. The alleged A.S. pinpel
*pell4nelr', augm. form from L. pellis, a is Lye's misprint for winpel !] Prob. not
skin. [CI: Irish pil/iun, pillin, a pack- an E. word, but borrowed from some O. F.
saddle; Gael. pillean, pillin, a pack- or Late L. form. C£ F.pompettt, 'a pumple
saddle, cloth put under a rustic saddle; or pimple on the nose or cbin,' Cot.; and
Irish pill, a covering,peall, a skin; Gael. Span.pompa, a bubble. Also Gk. ,,'~<t,
peal/, a skin, coverlet; all from E. or from rrop.#s, a bubble, blister, Lith. pampti,
L. ~lIis, a skin.] See ~e~.. , , to s~ell; L . papula, a pimple. .
Pillory. (F.) F. pl14n, a pillory; Pin, a peg, &c. (L .) M. E. pmne, a
Cot. or unknown origin; other remark- peg. A. S. pinn, a pen, style for writing
able variants occur, viz. O. F. pi14ritt, pel- (Toller). [We find also Irish pion, Gael.
Imn, Port. pe14urinM, Provo espitlm, pinne, a pin, peg, spigot; W. pin, pin,
Late L. pil/macum , spiliorium. There style, pen; Du. pin, pin, peg, Swed.
seems to have been a loss of initial s. pinN, a peg, Dan. pind, a (pointed \ stick ,
PillO.... (L.) M. E.pilwe ; A.S.pyle; Icel.pinni,a pin, LowG.pmn, a peg.] All
both from L. pululnus, a cushion, pillow, from L. pinna, a wing, fin, pen; cognate
bolster; whence also Du. peuluw, G. with E. Fin. See Brugm. ii. § 66 (note).
pfoll!, Westphal.puif. Pinch. (F.-L. ) North F. pindur,
Pilot, one who conducts ships in and F. pincer. A nasalised form of M. Ital.
out of harbour. (F.-Ital.-Gk.) M.F. pizzare, picciart, to nip; cf.ltal.pi1lZo,
pi14t, Cot. (F.pi/o/e); O. F.ptdot; cf. M. F. a sting, goad, pinzette, pincers. The
piloter, to take soundings (Palsgrave). orig. sense seems to have been a slight
Prob. borrowed from Ita!. piIota, also prick with a sharp-pointed instrumeut,from
petkta, a pilot (Florio); cf. Late L. a Latin base pic-, whence E. pike, pick;
ptdotta, a pilot. - Late Gk. ""3&!r~, a cf. L . plcus, a woodpecker. Cf. also Du.
steersman; formed from Gk. ~'" a pimen, pitsen, to pinch (Hexham ). Der.
rudder, blade of an oar. pincllers or pinc-ers; cf. M. F. pinces, • a
Pimento, allspice. (Port. - L.) Also pair of pincers;' Cot.
pimenta. - Port. pimmta, pimento. The Pinchbeck,ametal. (Personal name.)
same as O. F.pimmt, a spiced drink.-L. From the inventor, Mr. Chr. Pinckbeck,
pigmentu"" ( I) a pigment, t 2) the juice of the elder, a London watchmaker (c. 1670 -
plants ; see Pigment. (732). From Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire.
Pimp, a pandar. (F.-L.) Prob. a Pindar, PiJmer, an impollnder. (E.)
smartly dressed fellow. -M. F. pimper, to Formed with suffix -er of the agent from
dress up smartly. A nasalised form of F. A . S. pyn4an, to pen lip. - A. S. ptmd, an
p;per, to pipe, also to beguile, cheat; cf. enclosure. See Pound ( 2). II Not allied
also Prov. pimpar, to render elegant, from to pm ( 2).
p;mpa, sb. (equivalent to F. pipeau) mean- Pine (1), a tree. (L.) A. S. Pill·triO,
ing (1 ) a pipe, (2) a bird-call, (3) a snare; a pine-tree. -L. pinus, a pine; i. e. pi-
besides which, F. piper meant to excel in nus.+Gk. ""-Tvr, a pine; Skt.pitu·diiru-,
a thing. Note also F. pimpallt, smart, lit.' resin· tree ;' L. pituita, phlegm, also
spruce; and see Littre. - L. pipare, to 'resin.' See Pip ( I) . Der. pine-apple,
chirp (hence to pipe). See Pipe. orig. 'a fir· cone:
39 2
 PINE PIPE
Pine (l) , to long for; to suffer pain, So named because made of pine. - L .
waste away. (L.-Gk.) M.E. pinell, to pinus, a pine. See Pine (I).
suffer, more frequ ently, to torment; a verb Pinnacle. (F.-L.) F. pintUle, Col.
formed from M. E. pine, torment.-A. S. - L.pinniict<lum, a pinnacle (]\fatl. iv. 5 ).
pin, pain; borrowed from L. j>ana, pain; Double dimin. of L ate] .. pinna, a pinna-
see Pain. de (Lu. iv. 9), L. pinna, a fin, &c. See
Piufold, a pound. (E.) For pind- Pin.
fold; (also spelt pund-fold, Birch, iii. :109). Pinnate, feather-like. (L.) L. pill'
- A. S.pyndan, to pen up (from pund, an niilus, substituted for pmniiltlS, feathered.
enclosure ) ; and fold. See Pin dar. - L. penna, a feather. See Pen.
Pinion,joint of awing. (F . -L.) F . Pint, a measure for liquids. (F.-L.)
pignon, a gable-end; Cot. O. F. pignon, F. pinle; cf. Span. pinla, a spot, mark,
a feather, a pennon on a lance. Cf. Span. pint. Named from being a marked part
pinon, a pinion. [Again , the mod. F. of a larger vessel; cf. O. F. pinter, to
pignon has the sense of E. pinilm , a small measure wine. _ Late L. pineta, a pint;
wheel working with teeth into another; in for L.picta, fem. ofpictus, painted , mark('d,
which case the derivation is from L. pinna , Pl'. of pingere, to paint. So also Span.
the float of a water-wheel.] - L. pinna. a pi'llura = a picture.
win~; see Pin. Pioneer, a soldier who clears the way
Pink ( I), to pierce, prick_ (L 1) M. K before an army. (F.-L.) Formerlypioner.
pinkm, to prick. Used as a D:lsalised F . pionnier, O. F . peonier, a pioneer: a
form of pick. We may note E. pink, to me1"e extension of F. pUm, O. F. peon,
cut round holesoreyes in silk doth (Bailey), a foot-soldier, but esp. applied to sappers
as equivalent to M. F. piquer, the same ano miners. See further under Pawn (l).
(Cotgrave). Cf. Pinch. ~ Or from A. S. Piony, the same as Peony.
pynca, pinea, a point, which seems to have Pious. (:F.-L.) F. pieux. -Late L.
been borrowed from 1... punctum; see "piQsus, extenoed from L. pius, holy,
Puncture. devout. Brugm . ii. § 643-
Pink (l), half-shut, applied to the eyes. Pm (~), a disease of fo,,;ls •. (~.-L.)
(Du. -1... ) Obsolete; cf. 'pink eyne,' M. E: pijJpe. - M. F. pep;e, pip; Cot.
Antony, ii. 7. llI.-M. Du.pincken (also (Mod. Norman pipie; Span . pepita, Port .
pinck-oogen), to shut the eyes (Hexham). pevide, Itat pipita.) -L. pituita, r.hlegm,
,'he notion is that of narrowing, bringing rheum, also the pip (whence 'jJitvita,
to a point; see Pink ( I ). C( Provo E. "pipita, Late L. pipido). Hence also Du.
pink, a very small fish , minnow. pip; Swed_ pipp, &c. fJ. L. pituita is
Pink (3), the name of a flower , and of from a stem Pilu-, for which see Pine ( I).
a colour. (1...) As in violet, mauve, the Pip (2), theseedoffruit. (F.-L.-Gk.)
name of the colour is due to that of the Short for pippin or pepin, the old name. -
flower. The flower is named from the M. F. pepin, a pip_ Allied to Span. pepita ,
delicately Cllt or pinked edges of the petals; a pip [quite dbtinct from pepita, pip in
see Pink ( I ). p. Similarly. M. F.pince, a fowls]; and prob. to Span. pepino, a cu-
pink, is from F . pineer, to pinch, nip; but cumber. fJ. Some have supposed that
F . pinee and E. pink are not the same pep:"n was first applied to the remark-
word; though they are related. able seeds of the cucumber ano melon; and
Pink (4) , a kind of boat. (Du.) See is derived from O. F. pepon. L. pepo, a
Nares. Short for M. Du. espincke, also melon, borrowed from Gk. ""'ON, a melon.
written p:"neke, 'a pinke, or a small fisher's y. This Gk. tr'JrQ)" was orig. an adj.,
boat: H exham; (whence also F. pinque, signifying' ripened' or' ripe'; (cf. "''''rEI'',
Span. pingue, a pink). The same word to cook, to ripen ); allied to Skt. pack, L.
:LS Icel_ esp:"ngr, Swed. uPitlg, a long boat; c0'1uere, to cook. See Cook.
named from Ice!. espi, aspen-wood, M.Du. Pip (3), a spot on cards. (1'. -L. -Gk. \
espe, an aspen-tree. See Aspen. Apparently a peculiar use of Pip (2) . p.
Pink-eyed, having small eyes; see We also find a formpu-k,formerly a spade
Pink (2\. at cards. - F. pique, a spade at cards; the
Pinnace. (F. - Ital. - 1...) 'l. pinace, same as Pique.
pinasse . 'the pitch-tree; also a pinnace;' Pipe, a musical instrument formed of a
Cot.-ltal. pinaccia, a pinnace , Florio). long tube; a tube, cask. (L.) M. Kptpe;
~3 ol
 PIPKIN PIT
A.S.p~. An imitative: word; but borrowed E. Fries. mire, an ant. Teut. type *mi,.",.-.
from Late L . PifJa, pipe; from L. Pipdrt, fJ· We also find the similar (but unrelated?)
to. chi~. rSo a!so Irish ~d Gael. P!!b, forms : Swed. myra, Dan. "'yre, lceL
Imh plb. W. pib; Du. PI/P, I.:el. Pila, m(lurr, an ant. Also Irish moirbll. W.
Swed. p;pa, Dan. pibe, G. plei/e.] Cf. L. mor, pI. "'yr, Russ. ",uravei, Gk. p,6pp,TJt.
pipire, Gk . ..I1,t,,,,,, to chirp. From the Pers. miir, ",61', an ant; Corn. murrian,
cl]' ti-pi of a young bird. ants.
1'1pJrin, a small earthen pot. (L., Pa•. (F.) F. pisser; supposed to be
wit" E. suJ!i:c.) A dimin. (with suffix a Romance word, lind of imitative ori-
-~in) of E. pipe, in the sense of cask. This gin.
particular sense of pipe may have been I'istaohio, Piatacho, the nut of a
imported ; it oc~urs both in F. and Du.; certain tr~e. (Span. - L. - Gk. - Pers.)
see tipe in Cotgrave, pijpe in Hexham. Span. PistatM. - L. Pistticiu",. - Gk.
1'1PP~l a kind of tart apple. (F. -L. 'l'IO'TaKIOl', a nut of the tree called ..u1TaKf/.
- Gk.) Named frOID seed-pips; the old - Pers,_tistd, the pistachio-nut. j
sense of pippin was a pip; see Pip ( ~ ) . l'atU, in a flower. (L.) Named from
, Perhaps an apple raised from the pip or the resemblance in shape to the pestle of
seed;' Wedgwood. ( So Arnold's Chron. ) a mortar. -L. pistillum, a small pestle,
Cf. O. F . and Norm. dial. pepin, an apple dimin. of an obsolete form *pistrum, a
raised from seed. pestle. - L. pistum, supine of pi1lSere, to
Pique, wounded pride. (F . - L.) M. F. pound.+Gk. 'l'TtO'O'fll', Skt. pisk, to pound.
pief/tI<!, pi f/ue, 'a pike, pike-man; also a ("""PIS.) See Pestle.
pike [pique], debate, quarrel;' Cot. The Patol, a small hand-gun. (1<".- ltal.)
same word as pike; lit. 'a piercer,' that F.pistok.- ltal.pistola, 'a dag or pistoll;'
which pierces. See Pike. Der. pif/ue, Florio. We also find M. ltal.pistolese,' a
vb., pif/lI.ant, pres. part. of F. pif/ller, vb. great dagger,' in Florio; and it is agreed
PiquetLa game at cards. (F. personal that the name was first applied to a
name 1) ittre says pif/uet was named dagger, and thence transferred to the pistol,
(rom its inventor; but see Hatzfeld. which even in E . was at first called a dag
Pirate. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.pirate.-L. (F. dague, a dagger). Apistolistoagun
pirata. - Gk. 1rflpaT"S, one who attempts, what a dagger is to a sword. 13. The ltal.
one who attacks, a pirate. - Gk. """tW, I pistolese ( - Late L.tistolensis ) mellns 'be-
altern pt. - Gk. 'l'flpa (for *.. /".10, ), an longing to Pistola ; so also Ita1. pistola
attempt. See Peril. is from Pistola, now called Pistoja, a town
I'irogue, a sort of canoe. (F. - W. in Tuscany, near Florence. The Old Lat.
Indian.) Defoehasperiagua.-F. pirogue name of the town was Pistorium. See
(Span. pirag-IIa). From the native W. Scheler.
Indian name; said to be Caribbean. pistole, a gold coin of Spain. (1'.-
l'irouette, a whirling round, quick Hill.) The name, however, is not Spanish,
turn. (F.) F.pirouette, , a whirling about, but French, and the coins were at first
also a whirltgig;' Cot. Dimin. of the called pislolets. The name is of jocular
Guernsey word piroue, a little wheel or origin. - F. pistolet, a little pistol, also a
whirligig (Metivier). The latter part of pistolet ; Cot. Diez explains that the
the word simulates F. roue (L . rota), a crowns of Spain, being reduced to a smaller
wheel. Allied to M. Ita1. pirolo, a peg, a size than the French crowns, were called
child's top. Origin unknown. pistolets, and the smallest pistolets were
Pisces, the Fishes. (L.) L. pisels. pI. called bidets; cf. F. bidet, 1 a small
of piseis, a fish; cognllte with E. Fish. pistoll;' Cot. - F. pistole, a pistol; see
Pish! (E. ) Of imitative origin; begin- above.
ning with expulsion of breath, and ending Piston. (F. - Ital.-L.) F . pistlm, 'a
in a hiss. pestell,' Cot. ; also a piston. - Ital. pistone,
Pismire, an ant. (F. and E.) The a piston; pestone, a large pestle.-ltal.
old name of the ant; from the strong pestare, Late L. pistdre, to pound.-L.
urinous smell of an anthill. The first Pistt4S, pp. of pinsere, to pound. See
syllable is from F. pisur (below). fJ. The PisUl.
second is M. E. min. an ant, prob. a Pit. (L.) M.E.pit,put; A. S.nt.-
native word. Cf. Du. "'Ur, M. Du. miere, L.puteus, a well, pit (Luke xiv. 5). Per-
3~
 PITAPAT PLAINTIFF
haps a spring of pure water, from L.putus, :Placable. (L.) L. plticabilis, easy to
pure, allied to piirus; see PUTe. Der. be appeased. - L. p Mcnre, to appease.
pit, vb., to set in competition, from the :Placard. (F. - Du.) F. placard,
setting of cocks to fight in a pit. plaquard, 'a placard, inscription set up;
:Pitapat. (E.) A reduplication of pat, also rough-cast on walls;' Cot. - F.
weakened to pit in the former instance. plaquer, to rough-cast; also to stick or
:Pitch ( I ), a black sticky substance. (L.) paste on; Cot. -Du. plakkm, to glue or
M. E. pick; older form pik; A. S. pic. - L. fasten up, formerly' to plaister,' Hexham.
Pic-, stem of pix, pitch.+Gk. "laaa (for Prob. of imitative origin (Franck ).
*trllt-ya ). Cf. Pine (I). :Place. (F.-L-Gk.) F. place. -
:Pitch (2), to throw, fall headlong, fix a Folk-L. ·pla//ia; L. platea, also platia,
camp. (L.) A palata!ised form of pick, to a broad way, a courtyard.-Gk. ,,)..ania.
throw, Cor. i. J. z04, esp. to throw a pike a broad way; fern. of ,,)..aTl$s, broad. ~ A
or dart; also to plunge a sharp peg into place was orig. a courtyard or square, a
the ground for fixin~tent&. M. E. picclttn, piazza. <;£ Ita1.pwza ( = F.place). Sec
pt. t. piMe (later plgkt). See Pike. Plaice, Plate.
:Pitcher. (F.-O. H. G. -L.) M. E. :Placenta, a substance in the womb.
piclttr. -0. F. piclttr, ulso peckir; M. F. (L.) L placen/a, lit. a tlat cake.+Gk.
pickier, ' a pitcher; a Languedoc word;' ")..alCoils, a fiat cake; cf. ")..0[, a flat sur-
Cot. -0. H. G.peckiiri(G. becker). -Late fnce.
L . *biccariu1ll, for L bicaritllll, a wine- :Placi4. (F.-L.) F. placide, 'calm;'
vessel; prob. from Gk. /3iltos, (the same). Cot.-L placidus, pleasing, gentle.-L.
See Beaker. placlre, to please. See Please.
:Pith. (E.) M. E. pi/Itt. A. S. pi6a, :Plack, a third of a (Scotch) penny.
pith.+Du. pit, M. Du. pitle, Low G. (Du.) From M. Du. placke, • a bench
petldi!.:. sons;' Hexham. Also,' a spot.' -1\1.
:Pittance, a dole. (F.) M. E.pi/aullce. Du. pladen, 'to plaister;' see Placard.
-F. pi/anee, 'meat, food, victuall of all ~. (F. -L) F.plagiaire,one
sorts, bread and drinke excepted;' Cot. who kIdnaps; also' a book-theef'; Cot.
Cf. Span. pi/anza ; Ita!. pie/anza (which is - L pla,fiarius, n kidnapper. - L plagiU1ll,
prob. corrupted by a supposed connexion kidnapping; p/agiilre, to ensnare. - L .
with pieta, pity); also Span. pi/ar, to dis- plaga, a net.
tributeordoleoutallowances. p. Ducange :Plague. (F.-L.) M.E. pla~.-O.F.
explains Late L. pictantw. as a pittance, plage, plague (1". plait). - L. plaga, a
orig. a dole of the value of a piela, which stroke, blow, injury. disaster.+Gk. ""'1.",
was a very small coin issued by the counts a blow, plague, Rev. xvi. n. from ")..,,ir-
of Poitiers (Pictava). y. But we also find af,V (=*trAf/_:rfW), to strike; CC. L. pla1lg-
Late L. pillantia, which Thumeysen con- ere, to strike. Brugm. i. § 569.
neets with Ital. pi/-e/IIJ, F. pe/-it, small, :Plaice, a fish. (F.-L.) O. F. plaise,
allied to Piece. plai's. - L. platessa, a plaice; so called from
:Pity. (F. -L.) M. E. pi/«.-O. F. its fiatness. hom the base plol-, as seen
pite, pilei (1Zth cent.). - L. pielli/em, acc. in Gk. ,,)..aTIIs, fiat,_broad; cf. Place.
of pie/as, devoutness.-L. pius, devout. :Plaid. (C.-L.) Gael. (and Irish )
Doublet, piety. Der. pite-QUs, for p/aide, a blanket, plaid. Allied to peal-
M. E. pi/ous, from O. F . piteus<Late L. laid, a sheep-skin. - Gael. (and Irish)
pielOms, merciful. peal/, a skin. - L. pellis, a skin. See
:Pivot, a pin on which a wheel, &c. Pell.
turns. (F.-Ital.-L.l) F.piwt. Formed, :Plain, fiat, evident. (F.-L.) F.plain.
with dimin. suffix -0/, from Ita!. piva, a - L. planus, flat.
pipe. The Ita1.pivameant (1)apipe,(z) :Plaint, a lament. (F. -L.) M. E.
a tube with fine bore; cf. pivolo, a peg. - pleinte. - O. F. plein/e. - Late L. plane/a,
Late L. pipa, a pipe; allied to L. pipiire, for L . plane/us, lamentation. - L.plalle/lIs,
to chirp; see Pipe. • So Diez; much pp. of I'angere, to bewail. See PI~e.
disputed. plainti1f. (F. -L.) M.E.plaill/if.-
:Pizy, a fairy. (Scand.) Also picksy; F. plaintif, 'a plaintiff;' Cot. Formed
Cornwall pisky. Of Scand. origin; cr. with suffix -if (L. -i"us) , from plane/us,
Swed. dial. pyske, a dwarf, goblin (Rietz). pp. of ptangere (above).
395 _
 PLAINTIVE PLATTER
plaintive. ( F. - L. ) I' . plaintive, Cf. also G. plalscl"",, Dan . pladske (for
fern . of F. plaintif (above " ·platsu), Swed. plaska (for *platska , to
Plait. (F. - L.) From M. Kplait, sb., dabble; from the Teut. base *plat, to
a fold. - O. F . pleil, ploil, plet, a fold. - strike, seen in A. S. plattan, to strike.
Late L. type ·plectum, for plic'tum, short Plash ( l '" the same as Pleach.
form of plidtum, by·form of L plicatum , Plaster. (L. - Gk.) M. E. piastre ;
neut. of plicdtlts, pp. of plicare, to fold ; A. S.plasler. [Also speltplaister =O. F.
~e Ply. Cf. Implicit; and see Pleach. plaistre.] - L emplast","" a plaster for
Plan. ( F.-L.) 1.. plan, • the ground. wounds, the first syllable being drop,ed.-
plat of a building;' Cot. - F. plan, Bat; Gk. f",,,).auTpoII , a plaster, a form used by
learned form of F. plain. - L. planum , acc. Galen instead oH",,,).aUTOII, a plaster, neut.
of planus, flat. Properly, a drawing (for of f",,,).auTor, daubed on or over. -Gk.
a builciing) on a flat surface. 1",,,>..6.uu,,", to daub on . - Gk. i",. (for iv).
plane I ) , a level surface. (F. -L.) on; ,,).al1u.III, to mould , form in clay or
F . plane, fern. of plan, flat (above).-L. wax. Here ,,).4UU,,"=*,,).aT·Y''''; allied
plana , fern . of pMnlts, flat . to E. fold, vb.
plane (l), a tool ; also to render a sur- plastiC. (L. - Gk.J L.plasticus.-Gk.
face level. (J'. - L.) M. E . plane, a tool. ,,).auTII,6r, fit for moulding. - Gk. ").auu.",,
- F . plane. - Late L. plana , a tool fo r to mould (ahove '.
planing. 2. We lfind also M. E. planen , Plat (I), Plot, a patch of ground; see
to plane. - F. planer. - L.planiire, to plane. Plot (2 ).
- L. planus , flat. Plat (l ), to plait; see Plait.
Plane (3}, atree. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.E. Platane.l.a plane·tree. (L.-Gk. ) L.
plane. - F. plane. - L. platanum, acc. of platanus. -uk. ,,).,hallos; see Plane (3).
platanus. a plane. - Gk. ,,).aTallOS, a plane; Plate, a thin piece of metal , flat dish.
named from its spreading leaves. - Gk. (F.-L.) M. E.plate. -O. F.plate; pro-
,,).aT';s, wide. Brugm. i. § 444. perly the fern. of pIal, f1at. -Late L
Planet. (1'. - L. - G k.) M. E. planell!. plat/a, a lamina, plate of metal , fern . of
-0. F.planele. -Lplanita. -Gk. ,,).al'l/. Folk-L. plattus , flat. Cf. Span. plata,
T'IS, a wanderer; also ".).al'l/$ , a wanderer; plate, silver; but the Span. word was
the pI. ".).all'lTO$ means the wandering stars borrowed from French ; whence also Du.
or plan ets. - Gk. ".).allaO",aI, I wander. - Dan. plat, G. Swed. plall, f1at .+Lithuan.
Gk . ").4'''1, wandering. platus, Gk. ,,).aM, broad; Skt. Prthus,
Planisphere, a sphere projected on a large. (-v'PLET.)
plane. (L. and Gk. ' From L. planus, plateau, a flat space. (F.-L. ) F.
flat ; and E. sphere, of Gk. origin; see IPlateau, for O. F. platel, a small plate;
Sphere. dimin . ofplat, aplate. _ F.plat, Bat (above) .
PlaDi,a board. (F. -L.) M. E. planke. platform, a flat surface, level scaffold.
-N.F.( Picard)planke; Normanplan'lUl! . 1ing; formerly, aground.plan,plan . ( F.-
-L. planca, a flat bo'a rd. Nasalisecl from ! L.) F. plate/orme, 'a platform, modell; '
the base plac·, flat; see Placenta. Cot. - F. plale, fern . of plat, flat; j()Yme,
Plant. (L.) M. E.plante. A .S.planle. form . See above; and see Form.
-L.plaltta, a plant; properly, a spreadin g platina, a metal. (Span. - F. - L. j
sucker or shoot; also, the sole of the foot. Span. platina ; named from its si lvery ap-
From the base plat-; see Place. pearance. - Span.plata, silver. - O.F. plate,
plantain. ( F. - L. ) F. plantailt. - hammered plate, also silver plate; see
L. plantapnem , acc. of plantago , a plnn· Plate.
tain. Named from its spreading leaf; platitude. (F. - L. ) F. platitude,
allied to Plant (above). flatness , insipidity. Coined from F. plat,
plantialrade, walking on the sole of fl at; see Plate.
the foot. (I.) From planti-, for planta, Platoon, a company of men. (F.-L.)
the sole or flat part of th e foot; grad·i, Earlier form p e/%n (Stanford). - F. pe/o·
to walk. See Plant, Place. ton, a tennis-ball, also a group of men, a
Plash ( I), a puddl ~ , shallow pool. platoon. Dimin. of M. F . pe/ote, a tennis-
(E. 1) M. E. plascke. Cf. M. Du. plasch. ball; see Pellet.
a plash. pool; plasschen it, 't water, to Platter, a flat plate , (F . -L.) M .E.
plub or plunge in the water; Hexham. plater. - A. F. plaler (Bozan). Formed
3¢
 PLAUDIT PLIGHT
(with suffix -tr) from O. F. plat, a plate; Pleiocene, more recent; Pleisto-
see Pla.teau. cene, most recent. (Gk .) From Gk .
Plaudit, applause. (L.) Formerly "Af'QI-II, more, or 1r~frOTO·f, most; and
plaudile or plal/dity. - L. plaudite, cla p ICa<vor , recent, new. n,\dalV, ".'\ficrTor are
your hands; ~ pers. p!. imp. of plaudere, to compo and super!. of ".OhVS, much.
applaud. Plenary, full. (Late L. - L. ) Late
Play, a game. (E. ) M . E . play. A. S. L. pllntfritts, entire. - L .plinus, fulI.+Gk .
plega, n game, sport ; also (commonly ), a "''\'1,w,r, 1T,\I'QJr, full ; WIP.-"''\'1-J.«, I fill.
fight, hattIe. Cf. A. S. pleg ian, to play, Allied to Full.
clap; plegian mid han dum, to clap hands. plenipotentiary,having full powers.
~ N ot allied to plight (Franck). (L ) C Oined from L. plbti-, for puno-,
Plea, all excuse. (F.-L.) M . E. plee, dec!. stem of pl1nus, full; and potentj-,
play. -A. F. N ee ( Bozon) ; O. F. ple, p lai , for polens, powerful; with suffix -ii,..ius;
occasional form s of O. F. plait, plaid, a see Pot ent.
plea. - Late L . p laeitum, a decree, sentellce, plenitude, fullness. (F. - L.) O. F.
&c. (with numerous meanings), orig. a plenitude. - L. pll niliido, fullness. - L.
decision , that which has seemed good. - pNn;·, for pll nus, full; with suffix
L. placitum, nell I. of placitus, pp. of -tiido.
plaen-e, to plea,e. See Plead, Plea.se. plenty, abundance. (F. -L.) M. E.
Plea.ch, Plash, to intertwine boug hs plenlee. - O. F. plenle, plmtd. - L. plln;-
in a hedge. , F. -L. ) M.E. plerhen.- tntem, ace. ofplenitas, fullness . - L. plinj-,
O. F . plescier, plessier, later plaser, 'to for plinus, ful!. Der. plenteous, M. E.
plash, plait young branches,' &c.; Cot. - plenteus, often spelt plelllivous, from O.F.
Late L. type ·pleetiare, later plessare, to plm tivos ; from O . F. plmtif, . answering
pleach. - Late L. type ·plectia , later to Late L. form pli"itivus.
plessa, a t hicket of woven l.oug hs. - L. Pleonasm. (L. - Gk. ) L.p/eonasmus.
pleetere, to weave; exten ded from base - G k. ".,\<ovauJ.<0r, abundance. - Gk.
PLEK, to weave, whence also plieare, to "..\<ova(.. v , to abound, lit. to be more.-
fold. See Ply. Gk. "''\EOV, neut. of 1T'\ EQJV, ".'\f'QJV, more,
Plead. ( F . -L. l M. E.pledm. - O. F. comparative of 1I'0,\ vs, much, allied to
plaider, to pl ead, argue. - O . F. plaid, a 1T.\fQJr, full. See Plenary.
plea; see Plea.. Plethora, excessive fullnesa, esp. of
Please. ( l'. -L.) M . E.plesm.- O.F . blood. (L . -Gk. ) L. plethora. - Gk .
plesir, plaisir, to please (F . plaire). -L. 1T'\'18wprJ , fullness. - Gk. 1T'\~9-or, a throng,
I'laclre, to please. Allied to ptaeare, to crowd ; allied to 'fI'\~p'1r, full . See
appease. Der. pleas-ant, from O. F. Plenary.
plesant, pleasing, pres. pt. of plesir; also Pleurisy, inflammation ofthepleura,or
dis·please. membran" which covers the lungs. ( F . - L.
pleasure. (F. - L.) An E. spelling - Gk.) F . pleurlsie. - L. pleun's;s; also
of F. plaisir, pleasure ( like E. leisure for pleuritis. - Gk. 1T'\fvpt'm, pleurisy. - Gk.
A.F. leisir). This F. sb. is merely the inlin. 1T'\fVpci, a rib, side, pleura. Der. pleurit.
mood used substantively. - L . placn-t; see ic, from lI''\fv,xT·/ r; pleur01m~u",on ia,
Please. inflammation of pleura aod lungs, from
Pleat t another form of Plait. 1TVfVjJ4JV, a lung; see Pneumatio.
Plebel8.D., vulgar. ,F. - L. ) O. F. Pliable, flexible. See Ply.
p lcbeim ', I' . p IIMim ) ; form ed, with suffix pliant. ( F. - L.) F.p/iant, pres. pt
·m l L. -nllttS), from L. pli hiius, adj., from of plier, to bend; see Ply.
plebes, more commonly plehs, the people. Plight ( I ), pledge; hence, as vb., to
C f. G k. 1T,\ij80r, a multitude. pledge. (E .) M. E. pliht, danger, also
Pledge, asecnrity, surety. (F.-O. Low engagement, pledge. A. S. plilzt, risk,
G. ) M. E. plegge, a hostage, security. - danger. Formed, with suffix·t (Idg. -ti_),
O. F. plege. a surety ( F. pleige). [A llierl from the strong vb. pilon, (·pleh-an),
to O . F . plevir , M. F. pleuvir, to warnnt.] pt. t. pleah, to risk; cf. plto", danger.+
- 0. Sax. ple.l{Qn, to promise, pledge one· M. Du. pliellt, duty, debt, use; plegen , to
self; cf. O. H. G. pjiegall , to answer for be accustomed; G. pjiie"t, duty, !i'om
« ~. pjiegen), A.S. pli(J1I, to risk, pleoll, U. H . G . pji~fan ( G. pjiege;f.l , to promise
ri~k (Franck) . See Plight ( I). or engage to do. T eut. root, ·p/~II·.
397
 PLIGHT PLUMP
Dar. jlt~"I, vb., A. S. flihtan, weak borrowed from Late L.jiluccart, whence
vb., from plihl, sb. Ital. piluccart, to pluck out hair; from L.
Plight (2), to fold; as sb., a fold, also pilus, a hair; see Pile (3). Dar. pluck,
state, condition. (F. - L. ) Misspelt. In sb., a butcher's term for the heart, liver,
nil these senses, the sb. was formerly M. E. and lights of an animal, whence mod. E.
jlite. - O. F. jlitt, fern. (given as plyte pluck, courage, plucky, adj.
in Godefroy, plisle, plyle in Roquefort), P .l ug. (Du.) M. Du. plugge, Du. plug,
sLlte, condition.-L.plicita, fem. ofplid- a peg, bung. Cf. Low G. pluggt, Swed.
IUS, pp. of plicart, to fold. It is the fem. plugg, G. pfloek, a peg, plug.
of plall; see Plait nod Ply. Plum. (L. - Gk.) A. S. pliime, a
Plinth, the lowest part of the base of plum; formed (by change of r to I) from
a column. (F.-L.-Gk.; tlr L.-Gk.) L.prUnum,aplum. Seehune.
F. plintllt._L. plint"us. -Gk. "A,v9Of, a ,PI~e. (F.:- L.) F. plul1~age,
bric,k, plinth. l 'erhaps allied to Flint. feathers; Cot. - F. plume.- L. plllma,
Plod. (E.) Orig. to splash through a feather; see Plume.
water or mud; hence, to trudge on Plumb, a lead on a string, as a plum-
laboriously, toil onward. From M. E. met. (F.-L.) Formerly pltlmb; M. E.
plDd, a puddle. Cf. Irish pltld, plDtian, pltlm. - F. pltlmb, 'lead, a plummet;'
a pool; plDdac", a puddle, whence pItld- Cot. - L. plumbum, lead. Cf. Gk. ,.6AII'
anaclzd, paddling in water; Gael. pltld, /Jor, p/MlJfJ7JOf, lead. Der. plumb, vb., to
pltldan, a pool. Allo E. Fries.jludern , to sound a depth; plumb.er, sb., F.pltllllbier.
splash about in water; Dan. dial. pludder, plumbago, blacklead. (L.) L. pltl11l'
Dan. pladder, mud. Of imitative origin i Mgtl, a kind of leaden ore. - L. plllm/l"""
cf. Plash (.). lead (above).
Plot (I), a conspiracy. (F.) Short for Plume. (F.-L.) . F. plume. - L.
rtlmpltll(?) ; for the loss of ctlm-, cf. fmce pluma, a small feather, down. Allied to
for defence, sjDrl for disjDrt.-F. ctlmpltlt, E.fiy, vb. See Fly. Brugm. i. § 681.
'a complot, conspiracy;' Cot. Of un- :ftl1UDD1et. (F.-L.) M. E.plommet.
known origin; Korting, § 2053- ~. Or, -0. F. plommet; M. F.jltm,bet; dimin.
more likely, short for jltltform, variant of ofpltlmb,lead; see Plumb (above\'
plal/Drm, a map or plan; see platform. Plump ( I), full, round , fleshy. (E; til'
For plol/orm, see Gascoigne, Art of Ve· O. Low G.) M. E.jltl",p, rude, c1owmsh;
nerie, .0; and cf. plat, a map (Mirror for also plllmp, sb., a cluster or clump. The
Magistrates). word seems to be E., especially if the provo
Plot (3), a small piece of ground. (E.) E. pli"" to swell out, is an allied verb.
M. E. pltlltt. [Cf. plat, 2 Kings ix. 26.] Cf. plump, to swell (Nares).+M. Du.
A. S. pltll, a plot of ground; Cockayne's plomp, clownish, dull (8 metaphorical use,
Leechdoms, iii. 286. Note Dan.jlet, as from the notion of thickness) ; E. Fries.
in lIrasplet, a grass.plat. and Low G. plump, bulky, thick; Swed.
Plough. (E. ) M. E. plou", jl(JfIJ; Dan. G. plump, clumsy, blunt, coarse.
also A. S. pl6" , in the sense' plot of land.' See Plump (3). Der. plump·er, 8 kind
E. Fries. plog.+Du. ploeg; Icel. plogr, of vote (to swell (lUI 8 candidate's chances
a plough; Swed. plog, Dan. plov; also O. against all the rest).
Fries. ploe", G. pflug. [Lithuan. plugas, Plump ( 2), straight downward. (F.-
Russ. plug' are borrowed from T eutonic.] L.) Formerly plum, plumb; Milton,
PIOYH,B bird. (F.-L.) M. E.plover. P.L. ii . 933.-F. aplomb, downright (cf.
-0. F . pkwier, later pluvitr. Formed Ital. cadere a piombo, to fall plump, lit.
rrom L . •pluutirius. equivalent to L. like lead). - F.plomb, lead. -L. plttmb1tlll ,
pluuialis, rainy.-L. pltmia, rain; see lead. See below, and see Plunge.
Pluvial. These birds were said to be most Plump (3), vb., to fall heavily down.
seen and caught in a rainy season ; whence (E. 1). Of imitative origin. Cf. E. Fries.
also the G. name Tegmpfeifer(rain-piper). plttmpm, to fall heavily, plempm, to
Pluck, to snatch . (E. ) M. E. plttkkm. I plunge into water; so :uso Du. plDmpm,
A.S. pluccian, Matt. xii 1.+Du.plukkm, · G.pltt",pm, Swed .plumpa, to fall heavily.
Icel. pl(lkka, pluklta (perhaps borrOWed)' j Under the influence of this word the form
Dan. plltUe, Swed. ploeka, G. pfliickm. plumb. 'straight downward,' ha~ become
~ Some think it not n Tent. word; but plttmp. See above.
398
 PLUNDER POET
PI1Ul4er, to pillage. (G.) G. pi;;". heumonia. (Gk.) Gk. "",vI.IO"tG,
dun, to steal trash, to pillage; from disease of the lungs. - Gk. ""fV;W"-, stem
plundn-, sh., trnmpery, trash, baggage, of 11"'''1"'''', for 1IA(\)I.I""',a lung, by a false
lumber; orig. of Low G. origin; cf. M. connexion with ,",fEl/l, to breathe (above).
Du. plllntkrm, plunderm, to pillage, con- The Gk. WAf"P"'" is allied to L. pul1llo, a
nected with Low G. plunnm, pluntlm, E. lung; Lith. plauezei, pI. the lungs.
Fries. plunde, plunne, rags, worthless house- Poach (i) , to dress eggs. (F. - O. Low
hold stuff. Hence to plunder is to strip a G. 1) Formerly ftcn . - F . poener; Cot.
house even of its least valuable contents. gives' tzUj poeM, a potched (poached) egg.'
PI1U1ge. (F.-L.) F. plmger, 'to The orig. sense was prob. 'a pouched'
plunge, dive;' Cot. Formed from a Late egl;, i. e. an egg so dressed as to preserve
L. *plumbieare, not found, but verified by it In the form of a pocket. - F. poche, a
Picard plonqller, to plunge; see Diez, s. v. pocket; see Pouch. See Scheler's ex-
piomban!. A frequentative form from L. planation.
plumbum, lead; cf. Ital. piombare, to Poach (l), to intrude into preserves.
throw, hurl, fall heavily like lead, from (F. - L l M.F .poelzer; Cot.explainspoener
pombo, lead. See Plump (2). Ie labeur d 'aulruy by , to poch into, or
Pluperfect. (L.) Englished from L. incroach UPOIl, another man's imploiment,
pltlSquampeifee/um, by giving to pIUs the practise, or trade.' The old sense was ' to
F. pronunciation, and dropping quam. thrnst or dig out with the fingers,' Cot. (if
The lit. sense is 'more than perfect,' this be the same word); or rather, to put
applied to a tense. - L. plus, more; quam, the thumb into. Cf. provo E. poach, to
than; pelfee/14m, perfect. See Perfect. trend into holes; Picard pocher, , tater un
Plural. \ F . -L.) M. E.plural. -0. F. fruit avec Ie pouce,' peucner, 'presser avec
PlUI'e! (1" . plun·el). -L. p[uralis, plural, Ie pOlice;' Corblet. Perhaps from L.
expressive of more than one.-L. pl;;r-, pollieem, acc. of pollex, the thumb; cf.
stem ofpliis, more. Allied to Gk. wAoi""" O. F. pockier , poucier, the thumb (from
more, wA/OJS, full; and to Plenary. the adj. polliearis).
Brugm. ii. § 135. Pock (I), a pustule. (E.) Smoll pox =
Plnnay, superabundance. (L.; mis- small pocks, where pocks is pI. of pock.
jomud.) Shako uses p lurisy to express M. E. pokke, a pock, pI. poUes. A. S. poe,
plethora; so also Massinger and Ford . a pustule.+E. Fries. pok, pokke; D u. pok,
Formed from L. pluri-, from plus, more, G. poeke, a pock . Cf. Gael. ptlmid, a
by an extraordinary (prob. a jocular) con- pimple, Irish pueoid, a pustule, pucadh, a
fusion with pleurisy. swelling up, Gael. poc, to become like a bag
Plush. (F.-L.) F. peillene, 'shag, (from E. ).
plush;' Cot. (Cf. Span. pelusa , nap, Ital. Pocket, a small pouch . (F. -Scand.)
peluzzo, soft down.) From the fern . of a M. E. pollet. - Norman dial. *poquelte,
Late L. form ·piliieeus, hai ry, not found . _ dim in. of O. Norman poque (see Norman
L.pilus, hair. See Perruque, Pile (3). dial. pot/que, Metivier) , the snme as 1".
Pluvial, rainy. ( F. -L.) F . pluvial. pocne, a pocket, rouch. -Icel. polli, a bag;
-l~pluuialis , rainy.-L.plutlia, rnin.- cf. M. Dn. poke, a bag (Hexham ). See
L. pIli-it, it rains. Cf. Skt. plu-, to swim. Poke (I).
From Idg. ·plt~, weak grade of vPLEU, to Po4, a husk. (E.) Of doubtful origin.
swim j cC. Gk. 'Ir)"ff"', to swim. Cf. M. Du. puden, • huske~: Hexham;
PlY. (F . -L) M~ E.plim , tobend , to Westphal. puddt k, a lump, a pudding ;
monTd as wax (hence, to toil atl.-F.plitr, Low G. puddig, thick; provo E.poddy,
, to fould, plait, ply, bend;' Cot. - L. pli- fat and round; puddle, short and fat . See
care, to fold .+Gk. 'lrAlltfl/l, Russ. plerte, Pudding and Pout.
G. jleclzten, to weave, plait. (vPLEK.) Poem. (F . -L.-Gk.) M.F.pol11U,COt.
Der. pli-ant, bending, from F . plian/, -L. polma. - Gk . woir/lJa, a work, com-
pres. pt. ofplier ; pli-ersorply-ers, pincers position, poem.-Gk. 'lrOlf''', to make.
for bending wire; pli-able (F. pliable). poe_y. (F. - L. -Gk.) M. E. poene.
PneumatiC. (Gk.) Gk.""fIlI'GTIM<SS, - M. F . pol sie. - L. poinn, acc. of poins,
relating to winet or air. - Gk. ""fVIl/I (stem poetry. - Gk. wolf/cm, a composition . poem.
"".VIl/IT-) , wind, air.-Gk. ""/fI/I (for -Gk. 1IOIf'/I, to make.
""'F-f"'), to blow. Allied to Neele. i poet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.j>o'ife.-L.
399
 POIGNANT POLL
polla. - GIt. ."OlrrrTI<, a maker. - Gk • ."Olf;"..", hen, because the pole-cat slays capons; see
to make; with sulTlx -771< d the agent. Chaucer, C. T. Il789. Cf. the pronuncia-
Poigna.nt. (F. -L.) F. poignant, tion of poul-try, from A. F. poldru; and
stinging, pres. part. of pointire, to prick. - see Catchpoll.
L.pungere, to prick. Polemical, warlike. (Gk.) From
point. (F.-L.) M. E.point. -0. F. Gk. woA.fl""o<, warlike. - Gk. .,,6>"fI'-0<,
pomt, poinct, a point, prick. _ L. punctum; war.
()fig. neut. of punctus, pp. of pungere, to Police. (F. -L - Gk.) F. polict, orig.
prick. civil government. _ L. polilia. - Gk. "'OA'-
Poise, Peise. to balance, weigh. (F. Tda, polity, government. - Gk . ."OAIT1/<,
-L.) M. E.poistn, peuen. -0. F.poiser, a citizen.-Gk . ."6,,,., a state, city. l-~e­
laler peser, to weigh ; A. F . peiser. - L. lated to "'0>"';', much; cf. SkI. puri, a
pemiire, to weigh. Allied to O. F. pois, town. Der. polic-y, O. F. policu < L.
A. F . peis, a weight (now misspelt POUis, politia; polit-ie, from Gk. ITOA'T'KU<, adj.
from a nOlion of its being derived from L. Der. aero-polis, metro-j>olis, cosmo-polite.
pontius, which is not the case). -Late L. Policy. a warrant for money in the
pensum,pensa, a portion, weight; L. pen- funds, a contract of insurance. (F. -Late
.fum, a portion weighed out to spinners, ll L. - Gk.) Confused with policy, from
task. - L. pensus, pp. of pendere, to weigh. police, with which it has nothing to do. -
See Pendant. F. po/ice ( Hamilton; cf. M. Ita1.poliza, a
Poison. (F .-L.) F.poison,poison.- schedule, Florio).-Late L. politiwm,
L. piiliiinem, acc. of folio, a draught, esp. po/ecticum, corruptions of polyptyehum , a
a j>oisonous draught; see Potion. regi;ter ~a common word; Ducange). - Gk.
:Poitrel, Peitrel,armourfor a horse's 1l'0AVrTIIXOV, a piece of writing in many
breast. (F. -L.) M.l".poitral, Cot. ; A.F. folds, hence a long register ; orig. neat.
peitral. - L. pee/orale, neut. of pec/oriilis, of 1l'0A.nrTIIXO<, having many folds. - Gk.
belonging to the breast. See Pectolal. 7rO>"Ve, much; 1I"TVXO-, crude form of ""i,
Poke ( I) , a bag, pouch. \Scand.) M. a fold, leaf, layer, cOlluected with rnJf1f1*,If,
E . polu. [Cf. A. S. ·poca, pocca, pohha, to fold up. (Supp. to Diez.) Il Better
pohcha, poha, a bag.] -Ice!. poki; M . Du. thus: the Port. form apOliee, M. Span.
poke, a bag. jJO/ifa, M. Ital. pu/iza, p61isa, prob. repre-
Poke (l), to thrust, push. (E.) M. E. sent Late L. ajJOdissa, ajJOdixa, 'caatio de
poken, pukken ( whence Irish poc, a blow, snmpta pecnnia;' Duc. C f. Port. apodixe,
kick, Corn. poe, a shove. Gael. puc, to a plain proof. - Late Gk. alT~f'in, a shew-
pn; h) .+Dn. poken; E . Fri~s. polm'n, ing forth , a proof. - Gk. a7roll.lt<vIII'-" I point
freqnent., to keep on poking about; out. - Gk. a...6, from, forth; /l#1/fll1I1" , I
Pomeran.pok·en; G. poehen. From Teut. shew._ (Korting, § 6:158.)
base ·puk; of imitative origin. Der. Polish, to make smooth. (F.-L.) F.
pok-er. poliss-, stem of pres. pt. of poUr. - L.
Pole (1 ), a large stake. (L.) M. E. po/ire, to make smooth.
pole , fo rmed (by usual change of ti to 0) polite. (L. ) L. politus, polisbed; pp.
from A. S. pal, a pale, pole. -L. palus, of polire, to make smooth (above).
a stake; see Pale ( I). Politic; see Police.
Pole (l), a pivot, end of earth's axis. Polka. a dance. (Polish.) Said to
(F. -L. -Gk.) O.F. pol.-L.polu1ft,acc. have been fiTllt danced by a Bohemian
ofpolus. -Gk . .,,6>..0<,a pivot, hinge.-Gk. peasant-girl in 1831. and to have been
."fA.", , to be in motion; allied 10 Russ. named polka at Prague in 1835. - Pol.
koleso, a wheel. (.vQEL.) Brugm. i. § 6 ;:1. Polka, a Polish woman. Another dance
Pole-az, a kind of ax. (L. and E.) I is called the Polonaise, with the same
From pole and ax. Cf. Westphal. pdl-ex~. literal sense; another the CraetJVien1U!, lit.
from plU. a pole. The Low G. pollexe, as a woman of Cracow; another the Mazur-
if from POll~ , the poll, is also spelt I>ollexe, ka , q. v.
and rather represents the obs. E. bole-ax, Poll, the head, esp. the back part ( 0 .
leel. lJoloxi, from the bole of a tree. Low G. ) Hence it means als,) a register
Polecat. a kind of weasel. ( Hybrid.) of heads or persons, a voting-place, &c.
M. E. pokat, where cat is the ordinary M. E. pol, a poll; pol bi pol. head hy head,
word ; also pulka/. From }<'. /JOfIIt, a separately. - Low G. pol/e; M . Du. pol/e .
• 00
 POLLEN PONDER
pol, bol, • head or pate,' Hexham ; Swed. figure. (Gk.) Gk. 11'0.\';', many; .,3por,
dial. pllll, Dan. puld \for pull). Cf. E. for i'~, a base, from the base E3-, to sit;
Fries. pol, round, full, fleshy. Der. poll, see Bit.
t o cut off the hair of the head. Also polynomial. (Gk. and L.) Coined
poll.ard, a tree that is polled, leaving a to go with bi-nomial. - Gk. 11'0)'.1-, many;
large knobby head; also, formerly, a L nOmen, a name , term.
dipped coin. Polypus, Polyp, an aquatic animal of
Pollen. (L ) L. pollen, pollis, fine the radiate type. ( L. - Gk.) L. polyjius.
flour. Cf. Gk. 1rci.\1J, fine Ill eal. - Gk. 1ro),V1Tollr,many-footed . - Gk . "0.\.1 r,
Pollock, Pollack, a fi sh. (E.) Prob. many; 1I'0ilr, a foot. ~ Cf. F. polype,
from E. poll; cf. E. pollard, which is a Ita!' and Span. polipo, L. polypils (gen.
name of the chub. See pollard, under polyPi) ; all false forms, due to treating the
Poll. H ence Irish pullog, a pollock; Lat. ending -pus as if it were oj-us.
Gael. pollag, a whiting. (Doubtful.) polysyllable. (Gk. ) From poly- and
Pollute. (L.) L. pollutus, pp. of syllable. C f. Gk. 1To),""';A),a~ o~, adj.
polluere, t~ defile. Orig. to wash over, polytheism. (Gk ) From poly- and
as a lIooded river. - L. pol., allied to tlteism.
O. Lat. por-, towards; luere, to wash; Pomade, Pommade. (F.-Ital.-
see Lave. L ) F. pommade, pomatum; so called
Polo, a game. (Balti.) 'It comes from because orig. made with apples. - Ita!.
Balti ; polo being properly, in the language pomada, pomata, 'a pomado to supple
of that region, the ball u3ed in the game;' one's lips, lip salve,' Florio. -Ital. pomo,
Yule. Balti is in the high valley of the an apple. - L. pomum, an apple, fmit.
Indns. Pomander, a globe-shape9 box for
Polony, a Bologna sausage. (Ita 1.) holding oin t mt nts or perfumes. (F. - L. atld
Ital. Bologna, where they were made Arab. ) Speltpomamier(1518); po11launde1'
(Evelyn). (Skelton). Cf. 1\·1. F. pomendie1', I a pom·
Poltroon, a dastard, lazy fellow. (F.- aunder;' Palsgrave (prob. from E. ) ;
Ital. - L.) F . pollnm, a sluggard; Cot. and note M. Span. po1Ila, a pomander
- Ital. poltrone, a varlrt, coward, sluggard; ( Min ~ heu), which is a fern. foml, from
cf. poltrare, to lie in bed.-Ital. poitra, a pomo , an apple. 11 The suffix -antler is
bed , couch; orig. 'a colt,' also' a varlet,' for ambre, amber. ' ''Ie find' p011lum ambre
Florio. Cf. F . poutre, a beam, M. F. for the pestelence'; MS. Harl. 2378.
poutre, , a filly,' Cot. - Late L. pullitrum, p. 324. in Medical Works of the 14th
acc. of pullitrus, a colt; Duc . - L julius, cent., ed. Henslow, p. 1l2. Cf. O. F.
a colt, foal. See Foal. For chonge of pomme d'a11lbre ,Rom. Rose,21008). -L.
sense, cf. Pulley, Chevron. pomu11l, an apple; and see Amber.
Poq-, many. (L.-Gk.) L.po(y-. -Gk. Pomegranate. (F.-L.) O. F.pome
+
11'0),';- , decl. stem of 1I'0.\.x, much. Skt. grenate (also turned into pome tie grenate
puru·, much. Allied to Full. by confusion of the sense; ; the same as
pol7anthus, a flower. (L - Gk.) L. Ital. porno granato. - L. pomum, an apple;
polyaniltus. - Gk. 1I'0.\vavllo~, many-flow- granatum, full of seeds, from granum, a
en·d. - Gk. 1TO),V-, many; a"lIo~, flower. grain, seed; see Grain.
poqgamy. (F. - L.-Gk.) F. poly. pommel, a knob. (F.-L.) M. E.
gamie. -L. polygamia.-Gk. 1I'O.\"'Y"~a, a pome/, a boss. - O. F . pome! (later pom-
marIfing of many wi ves. - Gk. 11'0),';', much; meau ) , a pommel; lit. I small apple.'
-'YGI"a, from 'Y nI-tOr, marriage. Dimin. from L. fonum, an apple.
poqglot, speaking many languages. Pomp. (F. -L.-Gk.' F.pompe.-L.
(Gk.) Attic Gk. 1TO.\iryAQ/TTor. - Gk.lI'o),u-, pompa. - Gk. 1TOJl";', a sending, escorting,
much, many; 'Y)'fiIrra. = 'YNlJt1t1a, tongue , solemn procession. - Glt. 1rIJl1rflV, to S'!nd.
language ; see GIOils. Pond. (E.) M. E. pond, variant of
po~on, a many.sided plane figure. pound, an enclosure; it means a pool
(L. - Gk.) L polyfon ..m. - Gk. 11'0),.1- formed hy dammiog up water; see Pound
"'(OJI'0V, neut. of "o),"'Y",vor, having many ( 2). Cf. Irish pont, ( I ) a poond, (2 ~ a
angles. _ Gk .lI'o),v-, many; 'Y",ria, an angle, pond.
from 'Y6,,", a knee. Ponder, to weigh in the mind, con-
poqbedroll, a many-sided solid sider. (L.) L. pont/erare, to weigh. -L.
,.01
 PONENT PORCELAIN
jJMtJer-, for ·pondes-, stem of jJMItfflS, a hinder part o( a ship. ~ Or F. fJM4fr
weight. - L. pmdere, to weigh. See is from Ital. poppa, poop; Hatzfeld.
Pendant. Poor. (F.-L.) From M. E. fJM4re
Ponent,westem.{F.-L) M.F.ponent, (= jHmre) , poor. -O. F . jHmre, poor.-L.
'the west;' Cot. - L. jJOMni-, stem of pauperem, ace. of pauper; see Pauper.
pres. pt. of pOMre, to lay, hence to set (as POp. (E.) 'To poppe, coniectare;'
the sun). See Position. Levins. Of imitative origin; allied to
Poniard. (F . -L. ; with G. suffix.) F. M. E. fJM4pen, to blow a hom; also to
poignard, a dagger. - F. poing (0. F. P~
poign ), the fist; with suffix -ard<G. hart Pope, the father of a church, bishop of
(lit. hard). [So also Ita!. pugnale, a Rome. (L.-Gk. ) M. E. pope; A. S.
poniard, from pugno, fist; Span. punal, a papa, pope, with the usual change from Ii
poniard, from puw, fist, handful, hilt. ] - to o. - L. fnpa, pope, father; see Papal.
L.pugnus, fist. See PuenaciOUB. PopiD,]ay,orig. a parrot. (F. -Bavn·
Ponti1f. (F.-L.) M. F. pontif; F. rian and L.; with modified suffix. ) M. E.
pontife. - L. pontifex, a Roman high- popingay, also spelt papeiay " = papejay).
priest; lit. 'a path-maker' or ' road- The n is inserted as in passe-1t·ger, messe·n-
maker,' but the reason for the name is ger. -F. papega':, 'a parrot or popinjay;'
not known. - L. ponti-, representing pons, a Cot. Cf. Span. papagayo, Port. papa,l{aio,
path, a bridge; facere, to make. Cf. Gk. a parrot; (whence Arab. habagha, a parrot).
"OVTOS, sea. Brugm. i. § 140. fl. But there is also O. F. papegau, a
Pontoon. (F. -L. - C.) F. ponton, parrot (I 3th cent.), Ital.papagallo, a parrot,
n lighter, bridge of boats, 'a wherry,' lit.' a talking cock;' and this is the older
Cot. - L. pontoMm, acc. of ponto, a boat, form. [The change was due to the sub-
bridge of boats. The word is of Celt. stitution of jay (F. gai, geaz) for' cock,'
origin; see Punt. because the jay seemed to come nearer
Pony. (F. -L.) Cf. Gael. ponaidh, a than a cock to the nature of a parrot.] Cf.
little horse, a pony; vulgar Irish poni, Bavarian pappel, a parrot, from pappeln, to
both borrowed from English. Lowl. Sc. chatter (= Eo babble). A similar name
powney. - O. F. pouleMt, a little colt (Gode- is Low!. Sc. bubblyjock (i. e. babble-jack),
froy ) ; dimin . ofpoulain, a colt, foa1.- Late a turkey-cock.
L. acc. pttl/anum, a young horse. - L. Poplar, a tree. (F . - L.) O. F. poplier;
pul/-ttS, a foal; cognate with E. Foal. F. peuplier. Formed with suffix -ier ( =L.
Poodle, a dog. (G.) G. pudel, a -iirius) from O. F. *poplc, later pmple,
poodle: Low G. pudel, pudel-hund, allied a poplar. - L. populmn, acc. of populus, a
to Low G. pudeln, to waddle, used of fat p<lJllar.
persons and short-legged animals. Cf. Low Poplin. (F. ~ F. popelilt.e, a fabric; at
G. pudel-diU, unsteady on the feet,putldig, first called papelil/c, A. o. 1667 (Littre).
thick. Allied to Pudding. [Therefore not from Poppeli1tg or I'opper-
Pooh. (F.) M. F.pouac, , faugh,' Cot. ingen, near Ypres, in W. Flanders ; as in
Cf. Icel. pu, pooh. Of imitative origin. N . and Q. 6 S. vi. ;10:;.1
Pool ( I), a small body of water. (E.) Poppy. (L.) A. S. popig, also POPlZg;
M. E. pol,pool. A. S. pol; [Irishpoll,pIIIl, from T...papauer, a poppy (with change of
a hole, pit; Gael. poll, a hole, pit, bog, suffix).
poOl; W. pwll, Corn. pol, Manx /JOYl, Populace. (F.-Ital.-L.) F.poprl-
Bret. poull, a pool].+Du. poel, G. pfuM, lace. - Ital. popolazzo. popolaccio, ' the
O. H. G. pfuol. Teut. type *poloz; cf. grosse, vile, common people ; ' Florio. -
Lith. baJa, a swamp. (The Celtic forms Ital. popolo, people.-L. acc. poprt!tllIl.
are borrowed.) ~ The suffix -accio is depreciatory.
Pool (2), receptacle for the stakes at popular. (F.-L.) F.populaire.-L.
cards. (F.-L.) F. poule, (I ) a hen, ( 2) populdris, adj., from populus, the people.
a pool, at various games; the stakes being Porcelain. (F . - Ital.-L.) Named
the eggs to ~ got from the hen. - Late L. from the resemblance ofits polished surface
pulla, a hen; fern . of L. prll/us, a young to that of the univalve shell with the s~me
animal; see Foal. name. - F. pureelainc, pottrcelailt.e, 'the
Poop. (F. - L. ; or F . - Ital. - L.) F. purple-fish, the Venns-shell;' Cot. - Ital.
poupe,pouppe.-L.puppim,acc. ofpuppis, ·parcel/ana, 'the purple-fish, a kind of fine
402
 PORCH PORTCULLIS
earth, whereof they make .. porcellan poryeys. - O. F. porpeis, a porpoise; now
dishes;' Florio. p. The shell is named obsolete (except Guernsey pourpeis), and
from the curved shape of its upper surface, replaced by marsouin, borrowed from G.
like a pig's back. - l tal. peella, a pig, me" -selzu'ein (mere-swine). For *porc-
dimin. of porco, a hog, pig. - L pcum, jJeis.- L pore-um , acc. of porcus, a pig;
ncc. of percus, a pig. See Pork. piseem, acc. of piscis, a fish. See Pork
Porch. (F . -L) F. p elze. -L p - and Fish.
tieum , acc. of pertiet/s, a gallery, porch i Porridge. (F.) Another form of
formed, with suffix -ieus, from L pert-a, pettage, which first became poddige (as
a door i see Port (3). preserved iu Craven poddislz ) and afterwards
Porcine, pig-like. (L ) L pere-inus, ptJrridge, just as the Southern E. emslz is
adj. , from pc-us, a pig; see Pork. corrupted from eddish (A.S. edisc), stubble.
Porcupine. (F . - L ) M. E.pkef>Y1I Similarly,pella1zger (Palsgrave) was an old
\3 syllables. - O. F. p c espn, Godefroy i form of porringer. Cotgrave has ' potage,
(now called porc-Ipie ). [So also Span. pottage, porridge.'
puereo espin, Ital. perco spinoso.J -O. 1". porringer. (F.) Formedfromporrige
I
pore, a pig; espi1', by-fonn of esjJ1:ne, a (= porridgl) by inserted n , as in messenger
spine, prickle. -Lpc-um, acc. ofp cus; (1". messag") i with E. suffix -". It means
spina, a thorn; see Spine. ~ But mod. a small dish for porridge (above).
F.perc-Ipic was fonnerly porc esp, derived Port (I ), demeanour. (1". - L.) M. E.
from spieD, ~pike, not spina, a thorn. We pori. -F. pori, 'the carriage, or demeanor
also find E. ppin, short for perkepin i of a man ;' Cot. A sb. due to the verb
whence ppint, altered to PorfxJi"t, jx»'k- pori", to carry.-L portiire, to carry.
point: whencepjJent·inei all these forms Allied to Fare. (..; PER.) Der. perl,
occur. vb., as ' to perl arms i' and (probably)
Pore (I ), a minute hole in the skin. (F. 'to pI the helm ' i perl-ed, P . L. iv. 980.
-L-Gk.) F. pore. -L. porum, acc. of Also perl-er, a bearer of a burden, sub-
pe1'Us.-Gk. Tr"POf, a passage, pore. Allied stitnted for M. E. portour, from F .perleur.
to Fare. ('1/ PER.) Hence porter, the name of a strong malt-
Pore ( 2) , to look steadily, gaze long. liquor, so called from being the favourite
(E.) M. E. jx»·en. Cf. North Fries.porre, drink of Londonport"s ( 1730) ; portfolio,
to stick, stir, provoke, E. Fries. puren, a case large enough to carry.folio paper
purren, to stick, thrust, bore, stir, vex; in (cf. F. porte-.feuille), jx»·t-1lla1zteau, F.
Low G. purren, to poke about, clean out pertemanteau, see Mantle, Mantua i pt-
a hole, ])u. porren, to poke; Swed. dial. 1)1, perl-li-ness.
pera, pura, para, to work slowly and Port ( 2), a harbour. (L ) M. E. perl.
gradually, to do anything slowly (Rietz); A. S. pert. -L plUS, a harbour; cognate
Norw. pora, to finger, poke, stir, thrust. with E . Ford. Closely allied to Port (3).
The idea seems to be that of poking about Brugm. i. § 514.
slowly, hence to pore over a thing, be slow port (3), a gate, entrance. (F. -L) F.
about it. We also find Gael. purr, to porte.-L. porla, a gate. Allied to Gk.
push, thntst , drive, urge, Irish purrailll, Tr6por, a ford, way; see above. Der.
I thrust, push ; from M. E.pourm,pm ; porl-er , F. portier, L. porliin'us: pl-al,
cf. Low!. Sc. porr, to stab. O. F. pial, Late L . perliile.
Pork. (F.-L.) F.porc.-L.percum, port (4), a dark wine. (Port.-L.)
acc. of jorm s , a pig.+Lithuan. parsZlls, Short for Oporlo Wi1ze.-POrt. pto, i. e. °
Irish ore (with usual loss of P), A. S .ftarlt , the harbour i where 0 is the def. art. (=
a pig (whence E • .farrow). Bnlgm. i. Span.lo=L. ilium), andperlo is from L.
§ .186. portum, acc. of portus, a harbour.
Porphyry. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. portal; see port ( ~) above.
perpllun'e, answering to an O.F. form portcullis. (F.-L.) M.E.porteo/ise.
*pphyrie, which Cotgrave gives only in -0. F . portecolei'ce (13th cent.), later }orlt
the form po1plzyre. _ L. fx>1"jJlzyrites. - Gk. cOtl/isse, or cOlllisse, a portcullis, lit. sliding
'lrOp</>vplT''1f, porphyry, a hard rock named door.-L.porta, adoor: LateL. *coltiticia,
from its purple colour. - Gk. ffOP'/>Vpo., the (sc. }orla), from colalus, pp. of coltire, to
purple-fish . See Purple. flow, glide, slide; see Colander and
Porpoi8e, Porpe... (F, - L .) M. E . Ouill.. We find the Late L forms colli-
403
 PORTE POST
aissus, ciiliicitlS, porta colada, port-collis; ! effectually as to restrict F. pondre (= L.
fronl the saIne source. Ipiinn-e ) to the sole sense 'to lay egg.:
porte, the Turkish government. (F. whilst in all compounds it thrust it aside,
- L. ) The Sublime Porte is a F. transla- so that compaustin iF. composer) usurped
tion of Bahi Ali, the chief office of the the place uf L. comPiJ~re, and so on
Ottoman government, lit. 'high gate;' throughout. Hut lIote that , on the other
(Arab. bab, gate, 'ally, high j. - F. porte, hand, the sb. positio1t (with all derivatives )
a gate. - L. porta, gate; see port (3) is veritably derived from the pp. of ponere ;
abo ve. see Posi t ion ; and see Repose.
Portend. (L.) L.portendere, to pre- Pose ( 2) , to puzzleLy questions. ( 1'. -
di.:t; lit. to stretch out towa rds, point L. O1zd Gk.) M. E. apposen, to question;
out.-L. por. (0. Lat. port- ), towards; not really=1'. apposeI', but substituted
lewlere, to stretch. D er. portent, O. 1'. for M. E. opposen, to oppose, hence, to
portellt, L. portenturn, neut. of pp. of por- cross-questi on; see Oppose. ~ Confused
tmderc. with appose, because of apposite, which
Porter ( 1), a carrier; see Port (1 ). see. Sec Appose in N. E: D.
Porter (1), a gate-keeper; see Port Pose (3) , a cold in the head. (C. ) In
(3 ) . Chau.:er. A. S. f{epoS1l, a cough (where
Porter (3), a kind of beer ; see Port ge- is a mere prefix). Borrowed from V• •
(I ). peswch or pas, a cough; allied to Irish
Portesse, Portous, a hreviary. (F. cnsaduias, Russ. kasne/e, provo K /toast,
- L. , ~ l. E. portous, portllors. - O. 1'. a cough , Skt. kitS, to cough . (v'QAS.',
portellors, a translat iun of the Latin name Position. ( F.-L. ; F. position.-L.
portifo1ium. - 1'. porter, to carry; hors, positiifnem, acc. of positio, a placing. - L.
forth , 0. F. fors ). - L. portare, to carry; positus, pp. of ponen, lO pbce. /3. Pimere
foris, abroad. is for po-sinere, where po- stands for all
Portico. (Ital. - L.) Ital.portico. - 1.. old prep.. and sinere is to allow; see
jorticum, acc. of portieus; see Po!·ch. Site. ~ Quite dislinct from pose ( I).
Por~ion. \ F. - L. ) F. portion. -L. positive. (F.-L.) F. positif -I-
ac~. portionem, a share, from portio; I positiuus, settled. - L. posit·us , pp. of
closely a.llied to part-, stem of pars, a part. i ponere, to set, settle. .
Bmgm . I.§S17. " Posse. (L. ) L.posse, mfin. to be able;
Portly; see ~ort (I). . used as sb., meaning ' p ower.' See Potent.
Portrut. ( I<.-L. ) M. F . pourt1"azct, Possess. (L.) L. possessus, pp. of
'a pourtrait;' Cot. - M. F. p01trtraict , possidere, to possess. The orig. sense was
pourtrait, pp. of pourtraire, to porlray 'to remain master.' - L. pot-, as in pot· is,
(below). able, having power; sedire , to sit. Cf.
portray, pourtray. (F . -L.) M. K Potent.
pourtraien.-D. F . portraire, pourtraire, Posset, a warm curdled drink. (F.)
to portray. - Late L. jJrotralure, to depict; M. E. possyt. - M. F. possette, . a posset of
L. protrakere, to draw forward, to reveal. ale and mylke,' Palsgrave. Origin nn-
- L. pro, forth j trakere, to draw. See known; cf. L. posca, sour wine and water.
Trace ( I ). [ Irish jmsoid, a POSSt t, W. posel, curdled
Pose (I ), a position, attitude. (F.-L. milk, posset , are borrowed from K j
-Gk. ) Modern; butimportant. -F.pose, Possible. ( F .-L.) F.possible.-L.
attitude. - F . poser, to place, set. _ Late L. possibilis, that may be done. Cf. L. posse,
paustin, to cease; also to <:nuse to re, t to be;: able; see Potent.
\substituted for L. ponel'e, the sense of Post , I ), a stake set in the ground. (L.)
which it took up). -L. pausa, a pause.- M. Kpost; A. S.post. -L. postis, a post.
Gk. lTaii<TIS, a pause. - Gk. lTau.lv , to make Perhaps something firmly fix ed. - L.postus,
to cease; 1Tov.<T911l , to cease. ~ One of short for posittls, pp. of ponere, to set.
the most remarkable facts in F. etymology See Position.
is the extraordinary substitution whereby post (2) , a military station, a public
Late L. pausare, coming to mean 'to letter-carrier, stage on a road. (F. - Ital.
cause to rest,' usurped the place of L. - L. ) Orig. a m!litary post; . then a fixed
I
piilUrl!, to place, with which it has "0 place on a line 01 road, a staUon; then a
el)llllolo.~im/ ronnexiolt. This it cI id so stage, also a traveller who used relays of
<40 <4
 POST- POTION
hones, .!te. _1'. posle, masc., a carrier, postscript. (L.) L . pos/wiptum,
messenger; fem., posting. a riding post. - that which is written after. - L. post, after;
Ital. post4.-Late L. postus, fem. posta , scriplum, neut. of pp. of scribert, to write.
a post, sution.-L. positus, pp. ofponere, Postulate, a self· evident proposition.
to place. (L.) L. postultilllm, a thing demanded
post-, prefix. (L.) L.post, after, behind . (and granted) ; neut. of pp. of poslul,ire,
post-date; from post and date. to demand. Derived from pou ere, to ru.k.
posterior, hinder. (L. ) L.posterior, Brugm. i. §§ 483 (7), 502.
compo of posterlts , coming after. - L. post, Posture. (F.-L.) F. /,osture.-L.
after. Der. posterior-s, i. e. posterior posilura, arrangement. -L. posilus, pp. of
parts. piJnere, to put. See Position.
posterity. ( F.-h) M.F .posterite. - Posy. (F. - L.-Gk.) In all its senses .
L. posteritatem, acc. of posten'tas, futurity, it is Short for poesy. It mean t a short
posterity. - L. posteri-, for posterus, coming poem, esp. a short motto in verse on knivt:s
after (above). and rings, Hamlet, iii. 2 . 162; hence it
postern. (F.-L.) O. F. posterle, meant a nosegay, because the flowers
also spelt pos/erne (by change of snffix) ; chosen for it enigmatically represented a
later poterne , 'a back-door to a fort; ' posy or motto. It even meant a collection
Cot. - L. posterula, a small back-door. - of . precious stones, forming a molto;
L. posterus, behind. Chambers, Book of Days, i. 221. Ste
posthumous, postumous. (L.) Poesy.
L. postumus, the latest-born; hence, as sb., Pot. (Eo) M. E. pot. A . S. poll. + Eo
a posthumous child. Written posthumus Fries. Du. pot; Ice!. po"r, Swed. potta,
owing to a popul:1r etymology from post Dan. potte; Low G. potl. Also Irish pola ,
humum , forced into the impossible sense Gael. poil, W. POI, all from E. Also 1'.
of 'after the father is in the ground or POI, BreI. p&i, Span. pole; from Low G.
buried'; hence F. posthume, Port. post- Teut. type .puttoz. H ence Low 1,. PO"ItS ,
htlmO; but Span. and Ital. postumo are also spelt polUS (as if from L. po/are, to
right. (3. L. postumus = ·post-tu.mus, a drink). D er. to go to pot, i.e. into the
super!. form of post, behind; cf. op-tu-mus, cooking-pot.
best. Potable, drinkable. (1'. - L.) F.
postil,an explanatory note or commen- potable. - L. potabilis, drinkable. - L. piJ-
taryolltheBible. (F.-L.) M.F .postille. tare, to driuk; polUS, drunken.+Skt. pa,
- Late L. poslilla, a marginal note in a to drink. Allied to Gk. ",ou,s,drink, "wp.a,
Bible. Derived by Ducange from L. post drink.
ilIa uerba, i. e. after those words, because Potash. (E .) From pot and ash; ash
tbe glos,es were added afterwards. obtained by boiling down burnt vegetal>le
Postillion. (F . -Ital.-L.) F. pos- su bstances in a pot. Latinised as polassa ;
tilIon. - Ital. postiglione, a post-boy. - Ital. whence potass-ium.
posta, a post ; with suffix -iglione - L. Potation. ( L.) From L. potatio, a
-iliiJIl1!1It. See post ( l ) above. drinking. - L. potatus, pp. of potare, to
Post-meridian, Pomeridian, be- drink . See Potable.
longing to tbe aftern oon. (L. ) L. pome- Potato. (Span.-Hayti.) Span.palala,
r,diatlUS, also postmeridianus, the same.- a J>otato. - Hayti hatata, a yam.
L. post, after ; meridia1lus, adj., from meri- Potch, to th rust; see Poach ( 2) .
dies, 1100n; see Meridian. Potent. (L.) L. potenl- , stem of
post-mortem. (L.) L. post, after; potens, powerful, pres. part. of posse, to be
mortem, ace. of mors, death. able, possum, I am able. Possum is short
post-obit. (L.) L. post, after; ohi- for ·pot·sum or ·pole-sum, from potis,
tlllll, ace. of obitus, deatb. powerful, orig. 'a lord;' . allied to Skt .
postpone, to put off. (L.) L. post- patio, a master, lord, Lithuan. -palis, Russ.
ponere, to put after, delay. -L. post, after; -pode in gos-pode, lord. Brugm. i. § 158.
p6nere, to put. Der. omnipotent. And see Despot.
post-prandial, adj. , after-dinner. Pother, a bustle, confusion. (E.) Also
(L.) From L. post prandium, i. e. after pudder, the same; from pudder, vb. , to
dinn er. For L .prandium, see Brugm. ii. atir, confuse, a variant of Potter.
i 165. Potion. (F. - L.) I'. poli01'. - L.
 POTTAGE POWER
p6titJnem, ace.. of folio, a draught. - L. answers to a Late L. ·pulletiiire, not
polus, drunken; see Potable, P<tison. found, but regularly formed from L.
Pottage. (F. -Low G.) M. E. potage. PUllctIlS, pp. of pu"gen. See Pungent.
-F. polage; formed with F. suffix -age Pounce (l ), fine powder. (F. -L.) F.
(L. -iUicum ), from F. pol, a pot, of Teut. ponce; 'pierre ponce, a pumis stone;'
origin. See Pot. Cot. -L.pumicem, ace. ofpumex, pumice;
Potter. (Eo) To potter is to poke see Pumice. Der. jxnmcet-box.
about, hence to stir, confuse, disorder, also Pound ( I ), a weight, a sovereign. (L. ~
to do a thing inefficiently; so also POlker, Orig. a weight. M. E. pu,"'. A. S. pUM,
to poke, disorder (Bailey, Halliwell). pI. pu,,,,. -L. pontiO, a weight, used as an
These are frequentative forms of put, to indeclinable sb., though orig. meaning' by
thru st; see Put. Cf. M. Du. poteren, 'to weight'; allied to POMus, a weight. See
search one thoroughly,' Hexham; Du. Ponder.
pellltreJt, to fumble, poke abont; Norw. Pound (2 ), an enclosure for strayed
pola, M. Swed. polta, to poke. cattle. (E.) M. E. p01ui. A. S. pU'''', an
Pottle. (F. - Low G.) M. E. pole!. - enclosure. Hence pi,uiar. Doublet,
0 . 1'. polel, a small pot, small measure; poM.
<timin. of F. pol, a pot. - Low G. pott; see Pound (3), to bruise in a mortar. (E.)
Pot. The d is excrescent. M. E. ponnm; also
potwa.lloper. (Hybrid.) Lit.' one jJonen, as in compo 10-jJolfm, to pound
who boils a pot;' hence a ,"oter who has a thoroughly. - A. S. puniall, to pound.
vote because he can boil a pot on his own Pour. (F.-L.) M. E.jJonrm, poren,
fire. Wallop, to boil fast, is from M. E. esp. used with out. The orig. sense was
walopen, to gallop. Golding has 'seeth- to purify, clarify, esp. by pressure or
ing a.wallop,' hoiling rapidly; tr. of Ovid, squeezing out. - O. F. purer, to clarify,
f. 82. See Gallop. also to pour out or drip; so also depurer,
Pouch. (F.-M. Du.) M. E . poudu. to clarify, to be clarified, to drip or run
-0. F. pouche, variant of poclle; see out.- Late L .purare, to purify. -L.purus,
Pocket. pure; see Pure. So in Guernsey, • ]'0
Poult, a chicken. (F. -L.) M. E. l'cidre qui pure dans l'auge,' I hear the
pul/e. - ~'. ponle/, a chickeu; dimin. of cider pouring into the trough (Moisy).
poule, a hen.-Late L .pul/a, a hen; fern. Pourtra;r; see Portray.
of jlttllw, a youug animal. See Pool (2). Pout (I), to swell out, to sulk. (E.)
Der. pou/I-er, aftcnvards extended to See below. [W. pwdu, to pout, to be
poull-er-cr; pou/I-r-y (for pou/I-er-y), A.I'. sullen, is from E.]
poklrie. pout ( 2), a fish. (E.) A. S. iile-jJiUa11,
Poultice. (F. -L.) Gascoigne has pl., eel-pouts. The fish has the power of
the pI. Ptl/tcsses (Steel Glas, 997). - M. F'. inflating a membrane above the eyes;
*jlttlt-iee, formed from M. 1'. pulte, 'a hence A. S. -put-a - poltl-er. From a
poultice;' Cot. [Cf. M. Ita!' poltiglia, Teut. base ·p'llo4n-, to swell out. Cf. Du .
. a pultis,' Florio.] - Late L. pulla, a kind puil, a frog, from its rounded shape; jlttil-
of pap; frompull-, as in L.PIt/t-is, gen. of aa/, an eel-pout; puisl, a pimple (from a
puIs, a thick pap, or pap-like substance.+ shorter base ·pii-) ; Swed. pula, a cushion
Gk. ".6ATO~, porridge. (from its shape; Swed. dial. pttla, to be
Poultr;y; see Poult. inllated). Cf. Provo POI, pottl, a full lip;
Pounce (I ), to seize with the claws. fa de pots, to pout (Mistral). Cf. Pudding.
(F.-L. ) Orig. a term in hawking; a Povert;y. (F.-L.) M. E. pouerlee
hawk's claws were termed pounces; CC. ( = poverlce). - O. F. pover/e, later povrelt!,
O. F. po'ICe, a fist. ApoUftceis also a punch poverty (F. jJattvrete). -L. pauperttile11l,
or stamp (Narei); a POUflSOfl was a dagger ace. of pauperliis, poverty. - L. pauper,
(B~rbour). Cf. ,Gascon poIlnckoun; O.F. poor. See Pauper.
joUle-Ofl, puncll-ott (Ita1. jltmz-one, Span. Powder. (F. - L.) M. E. poudre.-
P""Z-Ofl), a punch, sharp point. Cf. Ita!. F. jxnldre, O. F . po/dre, puldl"e. Formed
PttltWU, • a bodkin, a goldsmith's pouncer with excrescent d from L. pttltterem, acc.
or pounce;' Florio. From the base se<:n of puluis, dust. See Pulverise.
in Ital. pum-el/are, to prick, goad, Span. Power. (F.- L.) M. E. /JOey; later
pum&'ar, to punch. The Spall. jltm:zar po-w-er, the w being inserted. - A. F. poir.
406
 POX PRECENTOR
O. F.j>ooir (mod. F.~lIv()ir), to be able; Dan. Swed. prunk, show, parade; M. Du.
hence, as sb., power. - Late L. ~Url, to pryken, to make a show. }<'rom a Tent.
be able; for L. posse. to be able. See type ·frmkan-, str. vb. (pt. t . •frad, pp.
Peaaible, Potent. *jJrunkancl ).
Poz; see Pock. prank (2), a trick. (E.) An act done
Praam, Pram, a /lat-bottomed boat. to shew off. a trick to make people stare;
(Dn.-Slav.) Du.fraam; M. Du.frame. from Prank (1).
- Pol. and Bohem. fram. Prate. (E.) M. E. fraten . Cf. M.
Practice. (F.-L.-Gk.) [Formerly Swed. prata, Dan. fratl, to prate, talk;
fractise, from the verb to fractise.-O . F. Swed. Dan. prat, talk; M. Du. and Low
prac/islr, pratiser. - Late L. fradicare.] G.j»'atm, to prate; Du. praa/, talk. Of
The M. E. form of the lb. was frak/ike.- imitative origin; from a base ·prat. Der.
M. F . fractifjlU, practice. - L. prac/ica. fem. pratt-Ie, the frequentative form.
of prac/icus.-Gk. 1tpa1<TIK6s, fit for busi- PraWll. (F. I - L. !) M. E. pram,
ness; whence ~ ffpa1<TI..q, practical science, Prompt. Parv. Perhaps (through a lost
txperience. - Gk. ffpaaaflJf (- *ffpOK-YflV) , A. F. form) from L. perna, a sea-mussel;
to do, accomplish. Der. prac/ifion-er, CC. M. Ital. parnocchie, 'a fish called
formed by needlessly adding -11" to the shrimps or praunes ;' Florio.
older term frac/ician, from M.F. frac/icitn, Pray. (F. -I...) M. E. preym.-A.F.
I a practicer in law; , Cot. and O. F . preier (F. prier). -L. precdri,
Prator, Pretor, a Roman magis- to pray. See Precarioull. Der. fray-er,
trate. (L.) L. pra/or, lit. a goer before, M.E. prei~re, O. F. preierl, from L. pre-
leader; for *prlZ-;/or. - L. fra, before; caria. fem. of prlcdn'us, adj.
-i/or, a goer, from ire, to go. Pre-, beforehand. (I... ; orF.- L.) M. F.
PragmatiC. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.frag- pre-, L. prlZ-, from L. pra, prep., before.
matil/IU, belonging to business. - L. frag· For *prai, a locative form. ~ Hence
ma/icus. - Gk. ffpa"YfUlTIK6s, skilled in numerous compounds, many of which,
business. - Gk. fffK1"YfUlT-, stem of ffpO."YI-'O like precaution , are of obvious origin.
( ~ -ffpa1<-;u,.), a deed, thing done. - Gk. Preach. (F.-L.) M. E. prechm.-
."pti.aafIJf (= -"pOK-YfIJf), to do. See Prac- O. F. precher, prlscher (prlcher). - L. prlZ-
tioe. dicare, to declare. See Predioate.
Pra.irie, an extensive meadow. (F.- Prebend. (F. - I... ) O. F. prebmde
L.) F. frain'e , a meadow. - Late L. (F. prtbendl). - I... prlZbencia, a payment,
frllldria, meadow-land.-L. fralum, a stipend from a public source; orig. fern.
meadow. of gerundive of prlZbere, to afford, give.
Prai.e, sb. (F. -L.) O.F.preis, price, -I... pra, before, habere, to have; whence
value, merit (hence, tribute to merit). - L. prahiblre, to hold forth, give, contracted
frelium, price, value. Der. dis-praise. to prablre. Der. prebend-ar-y.
Prance. (E. ) M.E . francm, prau'ICm, PrecariolUl. (L.) I... precarious, ob-
used of a horse; it means to make a show, tained by prayer or as a favour, doubtful,
shew off; apparently an A. F . adaptation precarious; with slIffix -OIlS. - L. precari.
of M. E. pra,lken. to trim. Cf. Dan. dial. to prny. -L.prec-, stem of prex, a r.rayer.
prandse, p"anse, to go proudly, as a +G. /r~n, to ask; Goth. /ra,h-nan,
prancing horse; fransk , proud; Swed. A. S. /rignan, to ask; Lith. praszyti;
dial. prll.1lga , to shew off. So also M. Do. Russ. prosite ; Pen. pursidan; Skt. pracch,
pro"ken, to make a show, to strut about; to ask. (.vPREK.) Brugm. i. § 607.
Low G. prunken. See below. Preca.ution. (F.-I...) From Pre-
Prank (1) , to deck, adorn. (E.) M.E. and Caution.
prankm, to trim; allied to obs. E. prink, Precede. (F. - L.) O. }<'. preceder
to trim (Nares). Prink is a nasalised (F. prtdder). - L. prlZcldere. to go before.
form of prick; cf. Low\. Sc. freek, to be -I... pra, before; cidere, to go. See
spruce, prick-ml-dainly. finical, prink, Cede. Der. preced·ent; prl-clss-itm, from
pn'mp, to deck, to prick. Prank is an the pp. pracess-us.
allied form to these; see further under Precentor. (L.) L. pracm/or, the
Prick. So also M . Du. frtmekm, to dis- leader of a choir. -I... prlZ, before; and
play one's dress, pr01lCktpinJ:en, froncke- can/or, a singer, from c_e, to sing; see
prinkt", to glitter in a fine dress i Low G. Cant (1).
,,OJ
 PRECEPT PRELIMINARY
Precept. (F. - L.) 0.1". precept. - general classes into which things can be
L. praceptum, a prescribed rule. - L. pra- divided. - L. prd!dictire, to declare (above).
ceptus, pp. of pracipere, to take before- Predict. (L.) L. pradictlls, pp. of
hand, give rules. -L. prtZ, before; capere, pradtcere, to say beforehand, foretell. - L.
to take. Der. precept-or. prlZ, before; dicere, to say. See Diction.
Precinct. (L.) Late L. pracimtum, Predilection, a choosing beforehand.
a boundary. - L. prlZcimtus, pp. of prlZ- (L.) From L. prlZ, before; dilectio,
cingere, to gird about. - L . PrlZ, in front; choice, from diligere, to choose; see
cingere. to gird. See Cincture. Diligent.
Precious. (F.- L. ) O.F. precieus Preface. (F.-L.) O.F. preface.-
(1'. precieux ). - L. pretiosus, valuab1e. - L. L. prlZfdtio, a preface. - L. prd!fotus,
pretium , price, value. See Price . spoken before, pp. of prlZfari, to speak
Precipice. (F.- L.) F. precipice. - before. - L. prlZ, before, fari, to speak.
L. prlZcipitium. a falling headlong down; See Fate.
a precipice. - L. pracipit- , declo stem of Prefect, a governor. (F. - L) M. K
prf1!ceps, headlong. - L. prlZ, before; and prefect. - O. F. prefect ( F. prifet). - L-
capito, <lee\. stem of caput, head. Der. prlZfectus, one set over others; pp. of prlZ'
precipitate, from L. prlZcipitare, to cast fleere, to set before. - L . prlZ-, before;
head10n{:. facere, to make, set. See Faet.
PreClSe. (F.-L.) O. F. precis, strict. Prefer. (F . -L.) O. F.preferer.-L.
- L. prlZcims, cut off, concise, strict; pp. prlZferre, to set in front, prefer. - L. prlZ,
of praddere, to cut off. - L. pra, in front; before; ferre, to bear, set. See Fertile.
c{<,dere, to cut. See Ceesura. Prefigure. (F.- L.) From Pre- and
Preclude. (L.) L. frlZdUdere, to Figure.
shut off, hinder access to. - L. prlZ, in Pregnant, fruitful, with child. (F . -
front; clat/dere (pp. clttsus), to shut. Der. L.) M. I'. pregnant, • pregnant, pithy;'
preclus-ion, from the pp. prlZdiisus. Cf. Cot. - L. prlZgnantem, ace. of prlZgnans,
Conclude. pregnant. PrlZgnans has the form of a
Precocious. (L.) Coined (with suffix pres. part. of an obs. verb ·prlZgnare, to
-ous) from L.prd!coci-,dec\'stemofprlZcox, be before a birth,to be about to bear.-
prematurely ripe. -L.prlZ, before; coquere, L. PrlZ, before; ·gnare, to bear, of which
to cook, to ripen. See Cook. the pp. gniUus or ntitus is used as the pp.
Precursor. (L.) L. prlZCUrSor, a of the iuceptive infin. nasc;, to be born.
forerunner. - L. prlZ, before; cursor, a See Natal
mnller, froUl curs-us, pp. of currere, to Prehensile, adapted for grasping.
run . See Current. (L.) Coined with suffix -ile (L. -ilis)
Predatory, given to plundering. (L.) from L . preltens-us, pp. of pre!tendere,
L.prtl'datorius,plundering.-L.prlZdiUor, prendere, to lay hold of. -L.pra, before;
a plunderer. - L. FrlZdari, to plunder. - L. obsolete -Itendere, to grasp, cognate with
prlZda, booty. fJ. PrlZda = *prlZlted-a, E. Get, <t: v.
that which is seized beforehand; from Prejudge. (F. -L.) O. F. prefuger.
PrlZ, before, and !ted-, base of -!tendere, to - L. praiiidicare, to judge beforehand.-
!leize, get, cognate with get; see Get. L. pr(e, before; iUdicare, to judge, from
(So also prendere -pre-Itendere.) y. lrisb iudic-, stem of judex, a judge. See
spnidlt, cattle, W. praidtl, flock, herd, .rudge.
booty, prey, are from L.prlZda. prejudice. (F . -L.) O.F .pre.iudice.
Predecessor. (L.) L. pra:dZcessor. -L. prlZit7diciu fll, a judicial examination,
- L. prlZ, before; dZcessor, one who retires previous to a trial , also a prejudice. - L.
from an office, from dlcessus, pp. of dlcid· PrlZ, before; jUdiejum, judgment, from
ere, to depart. - L. de, from; cidere, to go. , iUdie-, stem of jUdex, a judge.
See Cede. ' Prelate, a church dignitary. (F.-L.)
Predicate. (L.) From pp. of pm- O. F. prdat. - L. prlZlatus, set above;
dictire , to publish, proclaim, declare. - L. used as pp. of prlZferre, to prefer (but
prlZ, before ; dienre, to tell, publish, allied from a different root) -L. prlZ, before;
to dicere , to say. See Dict·ion. latus, borne, set, pp. of tol/ere, to lift, be3.r.
predicament. (L.) L .prlZdicamen- See Tolerate .
tum, a term in logic, one of the most Prelim;D....,-. introductory. (F.-L.)
,.08
 PRELUDE PRESIDE
.
Coined from pn-, prefix, before; and M.~'. form of A .F.purpmst!, pp. of jmrjJenser, to
!imillair~, 'set before the entry of, dedi' meditate on, with prefix pur- ( F. pour-'
eatory,' Cot. }<'rom L. prO!, before; and from L. pro.
/iminiirU, adj ., coming at the beginning preponderate. (L.) From Pi" of
or threshold.-L. limitl-, stem of limen, L. prtrpolldcrare, to outweigh. -L. prO!,
threshold. See Limit. before ; pomurare, to weigh; see Pon-
Prelude, an intsoduction. (F . -L.) der.
M . F. prelude, ' a preludium , preface, pre- Preposition. (F. - L.) O. F. prepo-
amble;' Cot. -Late L. ·pr{e/udium. - L. sitiott. - L. ace. prlEpositiollem, a setting
/,rlEl1tdere, to play beforehand, give a before; a preposition (in grammar). -L.
prelude. _ L. prlE, before; ludere, to play. prlEpositlts, pp. of p'-lEpomre, to set before.
See Ludicrous. - L. prd!, before; ponere, to place. See
Premature. (F.-L.) From Pre- Position.
and Mature. Preposterous. (L.) L .prO!poster-us,
Premier. (F. -L.) F.premier, first. im'erted, hind side before; with suffix -om.
- L. pri1llaritlm, acc. of primarius, chief. - L. prO!, before; postertl!, later, coming
- L. primus, first. See Prime ( I). after. See Post-.
Premiss, Premise. (F. - L.) Prerogative. (F.-L.) A. F. pr~­
Better premiss than premise.-O. F. pri!- rogative, a privilege.-L. prO!rogtitiuQ, a
miss~ (F. prt!misse), in use in the 14th previous choice, preference, privilege.-
century (Littre). -L. p rO!missa (untentia L. pne, before j rogar~, to ask. See
being understood), a premiss, lit. that Rogation.
which is sent before or stated beforeband. Presa.ge. (F. - L.) O. F. presage.-
Fern. of p rO!misms, pp. of prO!mittere, to L. prlEsagium, a divining beforehan d. - L.
send before. - L. pra , before; mit/er~, to prlEsagire, to perceive beforehand. - L.
send. See Missile. Der. premis·es, s. prO!, before; sagire, to observe, perceive.
pl., the adjuncts of a building, first stated See Sagacious.
in full, in a lease, and afterwards referred Presbyter. (L.-Gk.) L.presf,)'t~r.
to as the premiu s; or otherwise, due to -Gk. "PfUfjVTfPOS, an elder; orig. elder,
the custom of beginning leases with pre- comparative of "'PfUfjIJS, old. Cf. L.
mises setting forth the names of the prisms, ancient.
grantor and grantee of the deed. Also Prescience. (F. - L.) O.F.prescimce.
premise, vh., witb accent on i . - L. prO!scimtia, foreknowledge. - L. prtJI,
Premium. (L. ) L. p rlemiwlI, profit j before; scimtia, knowledge. See Science.
lit. ' a taking before;' for *prO!-imium. Prescribe. (L.) L . prO!scriben, to
- L. prO!, before j ~1Itere, to take. Cf. write beforehand, prescribe; pp. pra-
Exempt. scriptus (whence prescription). - L. prO!,
Premoniah, to warn beforehand. (F. before; scribere, to write. See Scribe.
-L.) Coined from pre-, before (for L Present ( I) , near at hand. ( F.-L. ~
prO!); and mOllish, a corrupted form of O. F. present. - L . prasmt-, stem of prO!-
M. E. monesle" , to warn, Wyclif, 2 Cor. settS,i.e. being in front ornear.-L.pt·lE,
vi. I. See Admonish. Der. premanil- in front; -sem, for *es·ens, being, from
or:)', from L.PrlEmollitor, one who warns .vE.S, to be. Cf. Absent. Der.present-ly;
beforehand, from prO!monlre, to warn pruence, sb., O. F. presence, L. pree-
beforehand. selltia.
Prentice, short for Apprentioe, present (2), to give. (F . - L.) O. F.
'1' ,'. presellte,-.-L.prO!smtiire, to place before,
Prepare. (F.-L.) M. F. prepareI'; hold out, offer.-L.prtPsmt-, stem ofprO!-
Cot. - L praparare, to make rearly before- sem (above). Der. presettt, sb., a gift.
hand.-L. prO!, before; parare, to pre- Presentiment. (F.-L.) M.F .pre·
pare. See Pare. sentiment, , a fore-feeling; ' Cot. - L. prO!-
Prepense, premeditated. (F. - L.) smti-re, to feel beforehand.-L. pra,
1. As iffrom M. F.pre-, beforehand ;pmser, before; sentire, to feel. See Sense.
to tbink.-L. prO!, beforehand; pemare, Preserve. (F.-L.) O.F.preserver,
to weigh, ponder, frequent. form of pen- to preserve.-Lpra', beforehand; urutire,
dere, to weigh; see Pendant. 2. But in to keep. See Serve.
the phr. malice prepense, it is an altered . Preside. (F.-L.) O.F.presider, to
~09
 PRESS PRIDE
preside, govern. - L. jmxsidlre, to sit be· beyond; and natlirtU, adj., from nature.
fore, preside over.- L. pra, in front; See Nature.
sedere, to sit. See Sedentary. betezt. (F. -L.) M. F. prelexle, a
be•• ( I), to squeeze. (F.-L.) M.E. pretext.-L.pralexlllm, a pretext ; orig.
pressm.- F.presser. -L.pressare.frequent. neut. of pralexlus, pp. of pratexere, lit. to
of premere (pp. pressus J, to press. Der. weave in front. - L. prtZ, in front; texere,
press, sb. : press-lire. to weave. See Text.
be•• (3), to hire men for service, make betty. (E.) M. E. prat;; A.S.pra -
men serve as sailors, &c. (F.-L.) Press lig, prattig, pang, orig. deceitful, tricky;
is a corruption of the old word prest, hence clever, conning, the usual M. E.
ready; whence prest-"umey, ready money sense. Formed with suffix .ig from A. S.
advanced to a man hired for service, pr~t, deceit, trickery. Cf. Low!. Sc. pratty,
~arnest money; also ;mprest, a verb (now pretty, tricky, fromprat, a t rick (G, Doug-
impress), to give a man eamest money. las J.+lce!. prettr , a trick; pretia, to cheat;
When it became common to use 6lmtj>lll- E. Fries. pret, a trick, ;rettig,jocose, droll,
sion tofor.e men into service, it was con- pleasant ; M . Du. pratte, perte, Du. part,
fused with the verb to press. Prest money a trick, deceit. Of uncertain origin.
was money lent.-O.F.prester (F. prlter), Prevail. (F.- L.) O. F . prevail, I p .
to lend, advance money.-L.prasliire, to pro of p revalo;r, to prevail.-.L. pr~ualire ,
stand forth, come forward, furnish, offer, to have great power. -L. pra, before, ex-
give. - L. pra, in front; stare, to stand. cessi vely ; ualire, to be strong. See Valid.
See State. Der, press-gang, im-press, Der. p revalml, from L. praualent- , stem
im-press-ment. of pres. pt. of prallalire, to prevail.
Pre.tige. (F.-L.) F. prestige, an Prevaricate. (L.) F rom pp. of L.
I
illusion, fascination, influence due to fame. prauiirit:tiri, to straddle, hence to swerve,
- L. prasliS;lIm, a deception, illusion, shuffie, shift, quibble. - L. pra, before, ex-
jugglery. For ·prastrigillm, the 2nci r cessively ; lliiri. -us, straddling, from lIarus,
being lost (Brug. i. § 483).- L. praslriug- crooked. See Varicose.
ere, to bind fast, to dull, dim, blind. - L. Prevent. (L.) The old meaning was
pra, before ; stringere, to bind, See' to go before ' ; cf. M. F . preven;r, ' to pre-
Stringent. vent, anticipate, forestall ; ' Cot.-L. pra -
Pre.ume. (F. -L.) M . K presumen. uent-us, pp. of praumire, to go before. -
- O. F. presulI!er. - L. prasumere, to take L. pra, before; lIenire, to come. See
beforehand, (Jresume, imagine. - L. pra, V enture.
before ; sumere, to take; see Assume. Previous. (L.) L. pra ui-us, on the
Der. presuTJIpt-ion, &c. (from the pp. way before, going before; with suffix -ous.
prasumpl-14s). - L. pra, before; uia, a way.
Pretend. (F . -L.) O. F. pretentire. Prey, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. prae (F.
-L. pratendere, to spread before, hold proie). - L. prada, prey. See Predatory.
out as an excuse, allege, pretend. - L. p ra, Der. /»:.ey, vb.
before; tendere, to stretch. See Tend (I ). Prial, three of a sort, at cards. (F. - L .)
Der. prelence, misspelt for pretense (0. F. A contraction of pair-royal; (see Nares).
pretmsse, f., Godefroy), from the fem. of Price. (F.-L. ) M. E. pris.-O. F .
Late L. pralensus, used for L. pratmtus, pn·s, also spelt preis, price, value, merit.-
PI>- of pratendere. L. pretium, price. See Precious.
Preter-, prefix. (L.) L. prater, be- Prick. (E.) M. E. prikke, prike, sb.
yond; comparative form of pra, before; A. S. prim, prica, a point, prick, dot;
see Pre-. pri.wn, to prick. + M. Du. prick, Du.
Preterite. (F. - L.) M. E. preterit. prik, a prickle; Dan. prik, Swed. pnCk,
-0. 1<-. preterit, m., preterite, fem. -L. a dot, mark; E. Fries., L ow G. prik.
praleritlls, pp. of praterire, to pass by.- Al.so Du., E . F~ies., Low G. !M'kkm, to
L. prater, beyond; ire, to go. pnck; Dan. prikke, Swed. pncka, to dot.
Pretermit, to omit. (L.) L.prater- From a Teut. base -prik, to prick, dot.
mitter" to allow to go past. -L. priZter, Der. prick, vb. ; pri. k-Ie, sb., from A. S.
beyond ; ",il/ere, to send. See Kiuile. price!.
Der. ;reln-miss-ion, froOl the pp. Pride. (F. - L.) M. Eo pride, prude.
beternatuzal. (L.) From L.prater, A. S. prjte, pride; regularly formed (by
4 10
 PRIEST PRISON
the usual change from u to j ) from A. S. primus, first j genitus, pp. of gignere (base
prUl, proud, of F. origin. See Proud. gen- ), to ~~~~oduce; see Genus.
Prien. (L . - Gk. ) M. E. preest; A. S. l'rimo . original. (F.-I..) F.
priost. Contracted (like O . t-.. prestre, O. prUllordial. -L. primordiiJlis, originnl.-
Sax. prestar, G. priester) from L. presbyter. L. primordium, origin. - 1.. prim·us, first;
Cf. 'Prester John·.' See Presbyter. ordiri, to begin, allied to qrtio, order.
~ Abnormal; perhaps presbyter was ap- l'rimrose. (F. -L.) As if from F.
prehendt d as *prebyster. przme rose, first rose; L. prima rosa .
PriJ (I), to steal. (E.) Cant prygge, to Such is th e populnr etymology; but, his-
ride, nde off with a horse which a man has toricaUy, primrose is a substitution for
to take care of; prigger of praunars, a M. E. pyz'merole, a primrose. Dimin. of
horse-stealer; see Harman's Caveat, pp. ute L. primula, a primrose (still preserved
41,43, and p. 84, col. 3. Modification of in Span. primula, the same) . Again,
prick, to spur, to ride; Spenser, F. Q. i. primula is a derivative of primus, lint.
J. I. See Prick. ~ Thus the word rose was only associated
PriJr (2), a pert, pragmatical fellow. with primrose by a popular blunder.
(E.) "trom the verb to pn"dl, in the sense prince. (F.-L. ) F.prince.-L.pyz·n-
to trim, adorn, dress up. Low!. Sc. prig- I cipem, acc. of prinups, a chief, lit. ' taking
me-dainty, prick· me· dainty, a prig. See the first place.' -L. prin-, for prim-us,
above. I first; capere, to take; see Capital.
Prim,neat. (F.-L.) O.F.prim,masc., I principal. (F.-L.) F.principal.-
prime, fern., prime, forward, also prime, L. principiilis, chief. -L.princip., stem of
masc. and fern., thin, slender, small, as eke· Iprince,Ps, a chief (above).
veux primes, 'smooth or delicate hair;' I prmciple. (F. - L.) The I is an E.
Cot. The sel~se is first-grown, small, deli- I ad~it~on, as in. syllab/~. -F. fri~ipe, a
cate.-L. prImus, first (below ). ~ The prmclple, maxun; ong. beglUDmg. -L.
word was perhaps confused with prink, to IPYZ·,,,ipium, a beginning.-L. pn·'ICip-,
deck i see Prank. stem of princeps, taking the first place;
!'rime ( I) , fil1lt, chief. (F.-L.) F. see prince (above) .
pyzme, properly' prime,' the first canonical Print, ab. (F. -L.) M. E. pyz·"te,
hour.-L. prima, fern. of primus, first. prente, preinle; short for empreinle, bor-
Primus is for .prismus, and is related to rowed from M. F. cmpreinte, 'a stamp,
pyzs-cus, ancient, pris-linus, primitive, print;' Cot. See Imprint. Der. pn'tlt,
and to prius, adv., former. Brugm. ii. vb.; re-prilll.
§ 165. Cf. A. S. for·",a , first, from fore Plior (I ), former. (L.) L. prior,
(see Former) ; Gk. "piiI-TOS, first, from former. Used as comparative of the Sll-
"po; S~t. pra-ta-ma-, .first. Der. prim- perl. frimus; see Prime . .
aryipnm-ale,O.F.pyzmal, L. acc.prim- priOr ( 2) , head ofa pnory. (F.-L.)
atem, from prim as, a chief man. M. E. priour. - A. F. prioltr i F. prieur.
prime ( 2) , to make a gun quite ready. - L. pritJrem, acc. of pn'or, former, hence,
(F. - L.) Cf. prime, to trim trees; prime, a superior; see above.
first position in fencing; and esp. the phr. Prise, Prize, a lever. (F. -L.) 'Prise,
'to put into prim.e order.' A peculiar use a lever;' Halliwell. Hence' to prise open
ofprim.e (I). a box,' or corruptly, 'to pry open.' - F.
primero, an old game at cards. (Span. prise, a grasp, tight hold (hence, leverage).
-L.) Span.primero, lit. 'first.'-L.pri- Orig. fern. of pris, pp. of prmdre, to
marius, chief; see Premier. grasp.-L. prekendere, to grasp. See
primeval. (L.) CoinedfromL.prim- Prehensile.
us, first; tZu-ttm, age; with suffix -al; cc. Prism. (L.-Gk.) L. pn·sma. - Gk.
L. primauus, primeval. "p<ul'a (stem "'PLU/oWT-), a prism i lit. a
primitive. (F.-L.) F. pn·milif.- piece sawn off.-Gk. "'piflv, for *"piu ...',
L. primitiuus, earliest of its kind. -L. to saw. (Gk . .vrrpis.) Der. prismat.ic.
primit-us, adv., for the first time.-L. Prison. (F.-L.) O. F. prisu", 1".
primus, first. prism; cf. Ital. prigi01U, a prison. - L.
primogeniture. (F.-L. ) M. F.pri- acc.p~e1Uii5nem, acc. ofprmsio, a seizing,
lIlogeniture, ' the being eldest;' Cot. - L. seizure. - L. premus, for prekens"s, pp. of
Prif1UJgmitus, first·bom.-L. primo-, for prelzeMere, to seize. See Prehenaile.
+11
 PRISTINE PRODIGY
Priatine, ancient. (F. - L.) M. F . Pzooblem.. (1". -L.-Gk.) O. F. fwD-
pristine. - L . pristinw, ancient; allied to bleme; F . probteme. - L . ~6/lma. - Gk.
L.Prfs·cw, former, and:o prime (I ). fr"o/J>"'1JA11, a thing thrown forward, or put
Pnvate. (L.) L. przwtus, apart; pp. forward as a question for discussion. - Gk.
of priutlre, to bereave. - L. priuw, single; .",,0, forward; /J>"ijJAl1, a casting, from 1J1lA-
lit. put forward, sundered from the rest. >"0 ..', to cast.
Privet, a shrub. (F.? - L.?) Privet Pzooboscis. (L. - Gk.) L. proboscis._
seems to be a corruption of primet, which Gk. "po/JOUIt'f, an elephant's trunk or
also means a primrose; confnsion between • feeder.' - Gk. "po, in {ront; /JOUltOIV, to
the plants arose from the L. ligustrum being feed; see Botany.
applied to both. We also find, for privet, Pzooceed. (F. -L.) O. F. proceder. -
the names prim, primprin!, primprivet; L. procldere, to go forward . _ L. pro, before;
where prillt is short for prime! (prim't), cMere, to go. See Cede. Der. process
and primprint stands for prim-prim-et. (mod. F. prOCls ) ; process-ion.
Prob. named from being formally cut and Procla.im.. Cl'.-L.) F . proelamer,
trimmed; cf. prime, to cut trees (Halli- • to proclame;' Cot. - L. proc/amare, to
well ). See Prim and Prime ( I ) . Primd, call out. -L. pro, forth; clamare, to cry
a j>rimrose, is likewise from prime. out. See Claim.
Privilege. (F. -L.) O. F. privilege. Proclivity. (L.) From L. prikH-
-L. priuifegittm, (I ) a bill against a uitds, a downward slope, tendency. -L.
person, (2) an ordinance in favour of one, procHuus, sloping forward. - L. pro, for-
a privilege. - L. priui-, for priuus, single ; ward; ciiuus, a slope. (""KLEI.) Cf.
fig-, stem of lex, law. Acclivity.
privy, private. (F.-L.) O. F.prive Procrastinate, to postpone. (L.)
(F.prive). private. -L. priuatus, private; From pp. of L. procrastina1'l!, to delay,
see Private. put off till the morrow. - L. pro, forward,
Prize ( I ), a thing captured from the off; crastilluS, belonging to the morrow,
enemy or won in a lottery. (F.-L.) F. from eras, morrow.
prise. a seizure , also, a prize ; see Prise. Procreate. (L.) L. prikreatw, pp.
Prize ( 2), to value highly. (F. -L.) of p rocreare, to generate. -L. pro, before,
M. E. p r isen. - F. priser, to esteem. - O. F. forth; creare, to produce. See Create.
pris (F . prix ), a price, value. - L. pretium, Proctor. (L.) M. E. proketour; short
value. See Price. form of procttratour. - O. F. procurator. -
Prize (3) , the same as Prise. . L. acc. procii,·atorem; see Procurator.
Pro-, prefix. ( L.orGk.;orF.-L. ) L. Procumbent,prostrate. (L.) L.pro-
p ro-, prefix, before; cf. also pro (= prod ), cumbent-, stem of procumbens, pres. pt. of
an abl. form, used as a prep. Also Gk. proeumbere, to sink forwards. - L. pro,
"PO' , prefix; "pO, prep., before; cf. Skt. forwards ; cumbere, to recline, allied to
p ra, before, away. See pre-, prefix ; pri- cubare, to lie down. See Covey .
or, pri-me, prj-vate, prow, pro-vost, &c. Procurator. (L.) L . procftrator, a
Proa, Proe, Prow, Pra.u, a small manager, deputy. - L. prOC1trare; see
ship. (Malay.) Malay priihu, prau, a below.
general term Jor small ships. procure. (F. - L.) F. procurer. - L .
Probable. (F.-L.) F.probable.-L. priJcurare, to take care of, manage. - L.
probabilis, that may be proved. - L. pro- pro, before; curare, to take care, from
bare, to test, prove, orig. to try the ciira, care. See- Cure.
goodness.-L. prohw, good, excellent. Prodiga.!. (F.-L.) O.F.prodigal.-
See Prove. Late Lat. prOdigalis; due to L. prodigus,
probation. (F. -L.) F. probation. lavish; for ·prOd-agus. -L. prOd-, forth;
- L. ace. probiitionem, a trial, proof. - L. and agere, to do, act. See Agent.
prooa/us, pp. of probiire, to test. Prodigy. (F. - L.) Englished from F.
probe. (L.) A coined word; cf. Late prodige, aprodigy,wonder.-L.prOdigium,
L. proba, a proof. - L. probiire, to test; see I' a token, portent, .prop?etic sign: /J. Per-
above. haps for *priJdapum, 1. e. a saY10g before-
probity. (F. -L.) F . P,:o!ilt,honesty . . hand, .fromprOt! (pro), ~fore, and *ap'um,
- L probltatem, acc. ofprobttas,honesty. - ' a saYIng, as 10 ad-apum; see Adage.
L. prohw, hone.t, excellent. Brugm. i. § 759.
•u
 PRODUCE PROLOCUTOR
Produce, vb. (L.) L. pr6dUi:tre, to offspring.-L.pro-, forth; genrlS, kin. See
bring forward. - L. pro, forward; ditCtre, Genua.
to lead. See Duke. Der·. producl.;ve, Progn08tic,apreslige. (F. -L. -Gk.)
-;0,. ( from the pp. below). M .F.pro~sliqfUi Cot.-L.prognosticon.
product, sb. (L.) L . priJductus, pro- - Gk. fffHYY"QJ(JTIIC611, a token of the future.
duced i pp. of producere (above). - Gk. ffp6, before i "'(J'OHTT."or, good at
Proem. ( F.-L. -Gk. ) M. F.prM·me , knowing. See Gnostio.
'a proem, preface i ' Cot. - L. pr()(1!miu11l. - Programme, Program. (F. - L.-
Gk. "'poO/p.IO", an introduction. - Gk. ffp6 , Gk.) Now spelt as if from F.program11le i
before; OTfIOr, a way, path, from VEl, formerly programma (1706), from L. pro-
to go. gramma. - Gk. ffpCrypaflfl/l, a public notice
Pro:f'll.ne, impious. (F. -L.) F.profane. in writing. - Gk. wpo, beforehand; ",(pO,flp.a,
- L. jmifii1l1ts, unholy; lit. before (i. e. a writing, from "'(pO.tpfl", to write.
outside of) the temple. - L. pro, before; Progress, advancement. (F. - L.)
/tinu"" a temple. M.F.progrez(F.progres). - L.progresSUIJI,
Profess. (F.-L. ) We find M . E.pro- acc. of progrtsSllS, an advance.-L. pro·
fessed, pp., Englished from O. F. profes, gressus, pp. of progredi, to go forward.-
m.ase. , professe, fern., professed. - L. pro· L.pro, forward; and gradi, to walk. See
feuus, pj>. of profitiri, to avow. - L. pri5, Grade.
forth; Jati'ri, to speak; see Confess. Prohibit, to check. (L.) From L.
Pro1f'er. (F.-L.) M. F. proferer, to prohibitus, pp. of prohibere, to hold before
produce, adduce. - L. prO/eYre, to bring one, put in one's way, prohibit. -L. pro,
forward. - L. pri5. forward; ferre, to bring, before; habln, to have, keep. See
cognate with E .•bear. See Bear ( I). Habit.
Proficient. (L.) L. prOjicient. , stem Project, sb., a plan. (F. - L .) M. F.
of pres. pt. of prOjicere, to make progress, project (F. prqjet), a project , purpose. - L.
advance. - L. pri5,forward ifactre, to make. prmeetum, neut . of prnieclus, pp. of pro·
See Fact. icer/! (proiicere), to .~illg forth; hen ce (in
Proftle. (ltal. -L.) Ital. profilo , a Late L.) to purpose, plan. - L. pro, forth;
sketch of a picture, outline (Florio). - L. iacere, to cast. See Jet ( I ).
pro, before, in front ; f ilum, a thread (Ita!. Prolate, extended in the direction of
ji/o, thread, line). ~ The mod. F. p"ofit the polar axis. (L. ) L.pri5liilus, extended.
is also from Ital. p rofilo. - L. pro, forward; !titus, carried, pp. of
Profit. ( F.-L.) M.E .profit.-F. pro- tollere, to lift, bear. See Tolerate.
jit. -L. prOjeclum, neut. of prOjectttS, pp. Prolepsis, anticipation. (L. -Gk.) L.
of prifjicere, to make progress, be profit· prolepsis. - Gk. ",pOA'II/t.r, lit. a taking be-
able. See Profioient. forehand. - Gk. ffp6, before ; 'Aijl/t.r, a seiz·
Profliga.te. (L.) L. priJjligatus, cast ing, from A~I/t-ofl(U, fut. of hafl/Ja."ftll. to
down, abandoned, dissolute; pp. of priJjli- seize. See Catalepsy.
gare, to dash down. - L pri5, forward; Proleta.ria.D, a citizen of the lowest
jligere, to strike, dash. See Amiot. class, \J6eful only by producing children .
Prof011D.d, deep. (F. - L ) F. projo1l{i. (L. ) From L. prollta,.;us, one who served
- L. prolundum, acc. of profundus, deep. the slate oy help of his children only.
- L. pro, forward, hence downward; fund- - L. proles. offspring (below ).
us, bottom, allied to Bottom. Der. pro- proliflc. (F. - L .) F.prolifique, fruit-
fut/d·ity. M. F. prof01Witl ful. - L. proli-, decl. stem of proles, off-
Profuse, lavish. (L. ) L. profusus, pp. spring i jicus, from faure, to make.
ofprofundere, to pour forth. - L . p,-o, forth i Perhaps L. proles = pro·oles, from pro,
finwere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ) . before, and ·ollre, to grow, whence
Progenitor. (F. - L. ) Formerly pro· ad-o/eucre, to grow up; cf. sub-oles,
gmitour. - M. F.progeniteur. - L.progeni- ind-oles. See Adult.
tiire1ll, nce. of pri5genitor, an ancestor. - Prolix. ', F. - L. ) F. prolixe. - L. pro-
L. pro, before; genitor, a parent, from the lixus, extended. Lit.' that which has
base of gig1tere, to beget. (""GEN.) See Rowed forth' or beyond bounds i from
Genus. pro, forth , !iqulre, lifui, to flow. Cf.
progeny. (F.-L.) O. F.progmie .- , l -lixus,soaked. SeeLiquid.
L. pro.f{eniem, ncc. of progenies. lineage, Prolocutor, the chairman of a con -
'*,3
 PROLOGUE PROPER
ference. (L.) L. pr6!ociifor, an advocate. prmgue in Levins (r 570) . The M. E.
- L. prol«iitus, pp. of pr%qui, to speak pro~, a pang, sharp pain, is the same
in public. -l.. j>1"#, publicly; loqui, to word. Cf. M". E. prange/en, to constrain
s~ak. See Loquacious. (H:lvelok ). Also Du. prangen, to pinch,
Prologue, a preface. (F. - L. - Gk.) oppress; M. Du. prangm, to oppress,
F.prnlogue.- L.pr6/ogum, ace. ofpr%gus. shackle, constrain; prange, a muzzle,
- Gk. "po"o-ros, a fore-speech. - Gk. 7rpO, shackle, collar; Low G. pra"gen, to press,
before; >"0-,01, a speech. See Logic. posh hard; prange, a stake; G. pranp,
Prolong, to cootinue. (F.-1..) M. E. apiUory; Goth.a"a-pra~an ~ =-prangan),
pr%n,l{en. - F. pro/lmger. - L . pr%ngart, to press. All from a Teut. base *prang,
to prolong. - L. pro·, forward ; longus, to press, nip, posh.
long. See Long. Doublet, purloin. Pron01lD.. (F.-L) Coined from 1..
Promenacie,llwalk. (F. -L. ) Formed pro, for; and E. noun; suggested by F.
with O. F. suffix -ade « L. -iita) from O. ~" . pronom. L. pr6nomen, a pronoun. See
prome"er, to walk. - Late L. promin,lre, Noun.
to drive forwards . - 1..pro, forwarrls; Late Pron01lD.Ce. (F. - L.) F.pr!mlmeer.
L. minare, to drive, lead; from L. minari, - L. prtJnuntidre, to pronounce, lit. tell
to threaten. See Menace. forth. - L. pro, forth; nuntidre, to tell.
Prominent, projecting, forward . (L.) See Nuncio. .Der. pronunciat-ilm, from
L. prominent-, stem of pres. pt. of pro- L. pp. pro"unti,lt-us, with suffix -ion-.
minn-e, to project forward.-L. pro, for- Proof, a test, evidence. (F. -L.) For-
ward; -minere, to project. See Me- merly pro/e (1551); altered from M. E.
nace. pretf, pretnJe. - F. preuve, a trial; Cot. -
Promi8cuou8, mixed, confused. (L.) Late L. proM, a proof. - L. probilre, to test.
For L .promisCflus, mixed. - L. pro, forward See Prove, Probable.
(here of slight force); misclre, to mix. PrOp. (E.) M. E. proppe. [ Also Irish
See Miscellaneous. profJa, Gael. prop, a prop, support; bor-
Promise, an agreement to do II thing. rowed from E.] Cf. Do. prop, a stopple;
(F.- L.) Formerly prome!. - F. promesse, M. Do. prop, proppe, 'a prop, a stopple,'
'a promise;' Cot. - L. prUmissa, fern. of Hexham; prOPf>e1Z, , to prop, stay, or bear
promissus, pp. of promittere, to seod or up,' Hexham; Low G. propp, a plug, G.
put fonh, to promise. - L. pr6, forward; pfropf, a cork, also a graft. All from -a
,"itlere, to send. See Mwile. Der. Teut. base *prup, to stop up, to sopport.
pro11liss·o-ry. ~ In the sense of ' graft,' the G. pfropf
Promontory, a headland. (L.) L. is due to L. propdgo; see Propagate.
promo1Zturium, a ridge, headland. Prob. Propaga.te. (L.) From the pp. of
from prominere, to jut out; see Promi- L. propttg,ire \ or p ro· ), to peg down, pro-
n 9nt, and cf. Mount. pagate by layers; alli ed topropttgls,propago
Promote, to advance, further. IL.) (or pro-) , a layer, and from the same source
F rom L. promii/·tts, pp. of promoul re, to as compages, a fastening together.- L. pro,
move forward . - L. prif, forwa rrl; moulre, for th; pag-, base of pangere, to fasten , set
to move. See Move. (hence, to peg down). Der. propagandist,
Prompt. (F. -L.) F . prompt. - L. acoinedword; from the name of the society
promplulIl, ace. of prompttls, promtus, entitled Clmgregatjo de propaganda fide.
brought to light, at haud, ready, pp. of constituted at Rome , A. D. 16~2. And
promere, to bring forward; for *prOd-imere see Prune (1).
- L. prod, forward; emere, to take, bring. Propel, to urge forward. (L. r L. pro-
Cf. Exempt. pellere, to drive forward. - L. pro, forward ;
Promulga.te. (L.) From pp. of 1.. pellere, to drive; see Pulse (I ). Der.
promulgare to publish. (Of unknown propuls-io", from pp. propulsus.
origin.) Propenaity, an inclination. (L.)
Prone. ( F. - L.) M. F. prone. - L. pro- Coined from L. priipcnsus, hanging down,
num, ace. of prOntiS, inclined towards. inclining towards ; pp. of propendlrt, to
Pronus is prob. allied to Gk. ""p~"';'s, hang down or forward. - L. pro, forward,
headlong; cf. SkI. prava1Ja, inclinerl to, pendlre, to ha n~. See Pendant.
prone. Proper, one s own, peculiar, suitable.
Prong, spike of a fork. (E.) Spe\t I (F. - C ) M. E. propre. - F. propre. - 1..
<4 1 4
 PROPERTY PROSTHETIC
proprium, ace. of ~us, one's own. Proscenium, the front part of a stage.
Prob. akin to prope, near. (L.-Gk. ) L. prosclniullZ. - Gk. frPO-
pro~. (F.-L.) M.E.prcjJerlu. 17,",",OV, the place before the stage (or
-0. F. properll, property (Littre ), also scene). - Gk. frpO, before; I7KrJvT" a scene.
propriety, fitness. - L. prtJjJrietatem, acc. of See Scene.
prcprietds, property, ownership ; also pro- Proscribe. (L.) L. proseribere, lit.
priety of terms.-L.proprius, one's own. to write pu blicly; pp. proseriptus l whence
Prophecy. (F. -L.- Gk .) M. E.pro- proS(nption). - L. pro, pu Llicly ; sen-bere,
plucie, sb. - O. F. propnede, variant of pro- to write. See Scribe.
pnetie, a prophecy. - L. propMtta . - Gk. Prose. (F. - L. ) F. prose. - L. prosa,
"fHXIn7Tfia, a prediction. - G k. "f'o<pf/"r'7<, a for proysa oralio, direct speech; hence,
prophet (below) . Der. propnesy, vb. unimbellished speech; fem. of prorsus,
prophet. (F.-L.-Gk.) O. F.pro- forward, short for prouerst!s, lit. turned
pnete. - L. proi'hlta. - Gk. "pO</>r,T'7<, one fo rward. - L. pro, forward; uersus, pp. of
who declares, an expounder, a prophet. - uerter~, to turn. See Verse.
Gk. "po, publicly, lit. before ; </>'7-1'1, I Prosecute. (L.) From L. promutus,
speak; with suffix -TTJ< of the agent. (<I pp. of prosequi, to pursue. - L. pro, for-
·BHA.) Allied to Fame. ward; sequi, to foHow, See Sequence.
Propinquitl. nearness. (F . - L.) Doublet, pursue.
O. F. propinqutti. - L. propinquitatem, Proselyte, a convert. (F.-L.-Gk.)
acc. of propilzquittis, nearness. - L. pro. O. F. prose/ite. - L. proselytum, acc. of
pinquus, near. - L. propc, adv., near. prosilytus. - Gk. frPOI7r,)..VTO<, one who has
Propitious, favourable. (L.) For L. come to a place, a stranger, a convert
prtJjJittus, favourable. Prob. a term in to Judaism ; Acts ii. 10. - Gk. "POUfP-
augury, with the sense' tlying forwards.' - )(opa., 1 approach, 2 aor. frpol7fi)..90V
L. pro-, forwarrl; petere, to seek, orig . to ( = "'pour,)..v90v) . - Gk. frpO<, to; fpX 0fL0.4 , I
fly. See Petition. Der. propitiate, from come. I Gk. f pX0p.a. and ~ ).. v90v nre from
p£: of L . prOjitiiire, to render propitious. different roots; the latter goes with ~)..ov­
ProportIon. l F. - L.) F. proportion . UOPal , I will come; from <lLEUl>H.]
- L. acc. proportionem, from proporlio, Prosody. (F . -L.-Gk.) F.prosodie.
comparative relation. - L. pro, t..efore, in - L. prosMia. - Gk. frpOl7'P~ia, a song ~ung
relation to; portio, a portion; see Por- to an instrument, a tone, accent, prosody,
tion. (or laws of verse). - Gk. "pia, to, accom-
Propose. (F . -L. and Gk.) F. pro· panying; ylm), an ode. See Ode.
poser, lit. to place before. - L. pro, before; Prosopopaeia, personification. (L. -
F. poser, to place, from Gk. See Pose. Gk.) L. prosopojxEia. - Gk. "pouOJ1rofro';a
Proposition. (F. - L. ) F. proposition. personification. - Gk.1TpOU01frOfrOtfi'v, to per-
- L. acc. propositionem, a statement. - L. sonify. - Gk. frpOI701."O-V, a face, a person;
propositus , pp. of proponere, to put forth. 'lto ..'v , to make. npUU011TOII is from "pO',
- L. pro, forth ; ponere, to put. towards, and W1T-, stem of C!nfi, face, appear-
propound. ( L. ) The d is excre~cent; ance. See ProB' , Optic, and Poem.
form erly propoulle, propone. -L. proponere Prospect. (L.) L. prospectus, a view.
(above). - L. prospectus, pp. of prospicere, to look
Propriety. (F.-L.) M.F.propriett,a forward. - L . pro, forward; spuere, to look.
property, also' a comely assortment,' Cot. See Speoies. Der. prospectus = L. pro.
- L. acc. prtJjJriettitem, from p"opn'cUs, .rpee/us, a view.
property; also, propriety. - L. proprius, Prosperous. (L. ) L. prosper, adj .,
one s own. Doublet, property. prosperous; with suffix -ow. Cf. L. pro-
Prorogue. (F. -L. ) O. ~' . prorogue,'. sp~rttS , by-fonn of prosper. Lit.' according
- L. prorogtire, to propose an extension of to one's hope.' - L. pro, for, according to;
office, lit. to ask publicly ; hence, to defer. sper-, weak grade of sp~r- for spes, hope.
- L. pro, publicly; rogiire, .to ask. See Der. prosper, vb.; O. r. prospercr, L. pro-
Rogation. spertire, to prosper; from prosper, adj.
Pro.... towards. (Gk.) Gk. 'ltpOr, to· Prosthetic, prefixed. (Gk.) Modem;
wards ; fuller fonn 'ltperri, extended from as if for Gk. * 'ltpou90T"'O', lit. disposed to
'ltpO, before. + Skt. prati, townrds, from add ; due to Gk . ."p6<r90T-Of, added, put
/Ira, before. See Pro-. to. - Gk. 'It"o., to ; 90-TO., placed, put,
 PROSTITUTE PROW
verbal adj. from the base 9.-, to place. See thrust forth. - L. pro, forth; /nidere (pp.
Theala. tnisus), to thrust. Der. protrus-ion (from
Pro.titute. (L.) L.frostituta, C. pp. the pp.) . Cf. Intrude.
of fr0stituere, to expose openly, prostitute. Protuberant. (L.) From stem of
- L. fro, forth; statuere, to place, causal of pres. pt. of fr0tuberare, to bulge out.-
st4re, to stand. See State. L . fro, forward ; tuber, a swelling. See
Prostrate. (L) L.frostrdtus, pp. of Tuber.
fr0s/e~re, to throw forward on the Proud. (F.-L. T) M. E . prud, later
ground. - L. pro, forward; s/ernn-e, to froud; older form prut. A . S. prut,
s!>,"ead. See Stratum. Der. pror/rat-ion. proud; whence the Icel. friilJr, proud, is
botean. (L.-Gk.) FromL.Pro/eus supposed to have been borrowed; cf. Dan.
(misdivided as Pro/e-us), a sea-god who prud, stately. fJ. A late word in A. S.;
often changed his form. - Gk. nporr.us, and prob. merely borrowed from O. French.
a sea-god; cf. 'llpOrros, first , chief. -0. F. prod, prud, fern. frode, prude,
Protect. (L.) From L. pro/ee/us, pp. valiant, notable (taken in a bad sense).
oC pro/egere, to protect; lit. cover in front. See fnrther under Prowess. Der.pride.
- L. fro, in front; legere, to cover. See Prove, to test, demonstrnte. (L.) The
Tegument. usual old sense is to test or try. - A. S.
Protest. (F. - L.) F. protester. - L. prOjian. [Cf. O. F.prover, later prouver,
pro/estari, to protest, bear public witness. 'to prove, try, essay, verifie;' Cot.]-L.
- L. fro, forth, in public; /es/iiri, to frobiire, to test, try the goodness of. - L.
witness, from testis, a witness. See Teata- probus, excellent. See Probable.
ment. Provender. (F. - L.) The final r is
Prothalamium. (L.-Gk.) Late L. an O. F. addition. - O. F. provmdre
*fro/kalamill"'. - Gk. *'IIp08aJl.lij.tlov, a song (Godefroy), usually frovend'e, 'provender,
written before a marriage; a coined word. also, a prebendary;' Cot. - Late L. pra-
- Gk. 'llpO, before; 9it.Aaj.tos, a bedroom, benda, an allowance of provisions, also
bride-chamber. Coined to accompany a j>rebend; see Prebend.
epithalamium, q. v. boverb. (F .-L.) F.prover6e.-L.
Protocol, the first draught of a docu- fr0uerbiuf1Z, a common saying. -L. pro,
ment. (F.- L.- Gk.) M. F.protocole,' the publicly; uerb-um , a word, cognate with
first draught or copy of a deed.' - Late L. E. Word.
frotocollum . - Late Gk. 1fpoJTOKOA"OV, ex- Provide. (L.) L. frouitiere (pp. pro·
plained by Scheler to mean orig. a first u.ism), to forf!;ee, act with foresight. - L.
leaf, glued on to MSS., in order to register fro, before; I4UUre, to see. See Viaion.
by whom the MS. was written, &c. By a Der. provitient, provis-ion.
decree of Justinian, certain MSS. were to Province. (F.-L. ) F.provime. -L.
be thus accompanied by a fly-leaf. It prouincia, 1\ territory brought under
means ' first .glued on,' i. e. fastened on at Roman ~ovemment. (Of doubtful origin.)
the beginning. - Gk. lIpGrro-S, first; ItOA"ijV, ProVlBion. (F .-L.) F. provision.-
to glue, from ltoMa, glue. npGrror is a L. ace. prouisi6nem, foresight, Core-
super!. form from lIpO, before; see Pro-. thought, purveyance. - L. frifuis-tlS, pp.
protoma.rtn. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F . of prifuidere, to provide for. See Provide.
protomartyre. - Late t. protomar/yr. - Gk. Provoke. (F.-L.) F.frovoquer; Cot.
'llporrOp.aPTUp, lit. ' first martyr.' - Gk. 1fpW' - L. Prouociire, to call forth . - L. fro,
TO'S, first (above) ; f'apTVp, a martyr; see forth; uociirl, to call. See Vooal.
Martyr. Provost, a prefect. (L.) A. F.frovost;
prototype. (F. -L. -Gk.) F. proto- [cf. M. F. frevost, ' the provost or president
type. - L. acc. fr0totypum. - Gk. 1fporro- of II college;' Cot.] A. S. prii/ost. - L.
TII1I"OV, a prototype, neut. of lIporrOTV1fOS, praposi/us, a prefect, one set over.-L.
according to the first form. - Gk. 1fpWTO-S, praponere, to set over. - L. pra, before;
first (above) ; nI..or, a type; see Type. panere, to put. See Position.
Protract. (L.) From L. fr0trae/us, Prow, front part of a ship. (F .- L.-
pp. of fr0trakere, to draw forward, also Gk.) O. F. prOIU (F. proue), prow. [CC.
to extend, prolong. - L. fro, forth; trakere, ltal. froda.]-L. frora, a prow; the lnd
to draw. See Trace (1), Portray, r disappearing to avoid the double trill (as
botrud.. (L.) L. frotriiilere , to also in Provo Span. Port. proa, Genoese
.p6
 PROWESS PSYCHICAL
prna).-Gk. "'fIi>pa, the prow.-Gk. "'pO-, priiuidens, foreseeing, pres. pt. of prQui-
before, in front. See Pro-. dire, to foresee. - L. pro, before; uidire, to
Prowess, bravery. (F.-L.) M. E. see. See Vision.
prowes,pruesse.-O. F.prouesse, prowess; Prune ( I), to trim trees. (F. ?-L.?)
formed with suffix -esse « L -ilia ) from Very difficult. M. E. jJroinen,prunen, to
O. F. prOIl (F. preux), valiant. (3. Etym. dress oneself up smartfy, trim; Gascoigne
disputed; we also find O. F. prod, pruti, has proync, to prune off shoots. Prob.
proz , prous, pru; Provo proz, Ita!. prode, from a provincial form of F. provigner
valiant, notable (whence Ita!. PJ'odeZ2ll, (also spelt prougner, proignier, Godefroy,
prowess) . Also O. F. prou, sb., advantage preugner, propzer, Littre), • to plant or set
(whence M. E.prow,advantage). Although a stocke, staulke, slip, or sucker,' Cot.;
O. F. prod was used to translate L . probus, hence the sense, to clear off or to trim off
the spelling with d shows there is no con- suckers, stalks, &c. This verb is from
nexion between these forms. y. Scheler F. provin, O. F. provain, a sucker. - L.
explains it from L. prod-, as occurring in propalJinem, ace. of propogTJ, a layer, a
prOd-esse, to benefit; so that prOd was sucker. See Propagate.
taken to mean ' for the benefit of'; and Prune (2), a plum. (F. -L.-Gk.)
we even find F. prou used as an adverb, as F . prune. - L. prunum. - Gk. 'lfPOVJlOJl,
in prou, • much, greatly, enough;' Cot. shorter form of "'povJl"OJl, a plum.
PrOd is the old form of prJ, before. prunella, prunello, a strong
ProWl. (0. Low G.) M. E. prollen, woollen stuff, orig. of a dark colour.
to search after continually. 'Iprol/e, I go (F. -L.-Gk.) F. prunelle, a sloe (with
here and th ere to seke a thyng;' Pals- ref. to the colqur) ; whence prUnella is a
grave. 'Prollyn, scrutor. ProllJ'nge, or Latinised form. Dimin. of F. prune
sekynge, perscrutacioj' Prompt. Parv. It (above).
also meant to rob, plunder. Like the Prurient. (L) L. prurient-, stem of
word tlunder, it prob. meant 'to filch pres. pt. of priirire, to itch, orig. to bum.
trifles, or' to sneak after trifles'; from Allied to E. Freeze. Brugm. i. § 562.
Low G. prull, prulle, a trifle, thing of PrY, to peer into, search inquisitively.
small varue (Bremen). Cf. Du.pru/, 'a (F.-'L.) M. E. prim.-O.F.prier,preir,
bawble' (Sewel), prullen, 'lumber, lug- to pillage [to search for plunder].-Late
gage, pelf, trumpery, toys' (id.) j prullen- L. pridare, to plunder, also to investigate;
Hooper, a ragman (CaJisch); E. Fries. Duc. -Lpraoda,prey; see Prey.
prulle, prlJl, a trifle. Root unknown. Psalm. (L. -Gk. ) M. E.psalm, for·
Pro~~. (F. -L.) F. pro~i",:ite. merly salm. A. S. ualm. -L. psalm us. -
-L. prOXtmJliUem, ace. of proXtlmtiis, Gk. rfaAp./Jr, a touching, twitching the
nearness. - L. proximus, very near; a strings of a harp; also a song, psalm.-
super!. form from prope, near. See Pro- Gk. !faAAEIII, to touch, twitch, twang a
pinquity. harp. Der. psaI1llod-y, F. psalmotiie, L.
Pro-q. (Late L.-L.) Palsgrave has psal1llOdia, Gk. rfaA~~[a, a singing to the
prockesy; short for procuracy. - Late L. harp, from tPB~, a song; see Ode.
prociiralia, used for L.prilcuratio, manage- psaltery, a stringed instrument.
ment.-L. prOetlrare, to manage, to pro- (F. - L. - Gt.) O. F. psalterie (12th
cure. See Procure. cent.).-L psallirium.-Gk . .paArI]p<OJI, a
Prude, a woman of affected modesty. kind of harp.-Gk. rfaAT~P. a harper.-
(F. -L.) F. prude, M. F. preude, orig. in Gk. !fa.A-AE"', to twang a harp j with
a good sense, chaste; used (but not suffix -Tl7P of the agent. Der. psalter,
originally) as the fern. of F. preux, O. F. O. F. psaltier, a book of psalms, L.
preN, excellent, which at first had but one psaltin'um, (I) a psaltery, (2) a psalter.
form for the masc. and fem. (Godefroy). Pseudonym. (F.-Gk.) F. pstmfo.
Perhaps the forms preudomme, preutie- nyme ( I~) . - Gk. 'i'wa&wvpo., adj., called
femme arose from misunderstanding the by a ialse name. - Gk. !fEvB.or, falsehood
O. F. phrases preN d'o1llnu and preN de (!f£IJ~q., false), from !fE"BEIII, to lie j &'v,""
femme (Tobler). O. F. preu is a variant a name.
of O. F. prod, prou; see Prowess. Pshaw, interjection. (E.) An imita-
Pruclent. (F. -L.) F. prltdent. -L. tive word; cf. pull,pooh.
prl/den/em, acc. of prUdens, contr. form of PlI)"Chical, pertaining to the soul. (L.
'P7
 PSYCHOLOGY PUKE
- GIr.) From L . p-!1cnu-us. - Gk. ""'X..6s, puddig, thick, stumpy; Westphal. puddek,
belonging to the soul or life. - Gk. ",1Ix17, a lump, a pudding. Apparently from
soul. life, orig. breath. - Gk. "'fiXE"', to a Teut. base ./JUd, to swell out, similar to
blow. ·put; cf. A. S. pud-uc, a wen (Toller) ;
ptl70holol7. (Gk.) Gk. "",XG-, for and see Poodle and Pout. Ii. Cf. also
I/tllXit, soul, life; ->"0')',.., from M'YOf, a dis- Irish putog, a pudding, Gael putag; W.
coune, from >"''YElI', to speak. poten, a paunch, a pudding i Com. pot,
Pta.rmiJa.n, a bird. (Gael.) For- a bag, pudding; also W. pwtyn, a snort
merry termzgant. - Gael. tarmachan; ~rish round body, Gael. PUt, a buoy, inflated
tarmochan. ~ The p was probably due to skin; all borrowed words. See Pout.
a notion of a Greek origin ; bnt Gk. ,",ap- Puddle ( I), a small dirty poo!. (E.)
pi,", means ' milfoil 'I M. E. podel. Dimin., with E. suffix -el,
Puberty. (F. - L.) F . pubertt. youth. of A. S. pudd, a ditch, a furrow (Toller).
-L. pubertdtem, acc. of pubertas, age of puddle ( 2), to make thick or muddy.
maturity. - L. pubis, the signs of manhood, (E. ) From the sb. above.
hair. Allied topuj>us,pu-er, a boy. Der. Puerile. (F.-L.) M .F.pueril (15th
pubescence, sb. due to pubescent-, stem of cent.). - L. pueri/is, boyish. - L. puer, a
pres. pt. of piibescere, to arrive at puberty. boy.
Publio. (F . - L.) F . public, masc., puerperal, relating to child-birth.
publique, fem.; Cot.-L. publicus, belong- (L. ) From L . ptterpera,fem. adj., bearing
ing to the people; also poublicos, poplicos a child. - L. puer, a boy; and par-ere, to
(in inscriptions).-L. populus, the people. bear; see Parent.
publioan. (L.) M. E. publican. - L. Pd, to blow. (E.) M. E. puffin; of
pubiicilnus, a tax-gatherer, Lnke iii. 12; imitative origin.+G. puffin, to puff, pop,
orig. an adj., belonging to the public Dan. PUffi, to pop, Swed. puffa, to crack,
revenue. - L. publicus (above) . push; W. pwff, a puff (from E.).
publioation. (F. -L.) F.publication. pu1lln, a bird. (E.) From its puffed
- L. acc.publicdtionem. - L.publz'ctitus, pp. out appearance, or from its swelling beak.
of publicare, to make public.-L.publicus, Pug, a monkey, a kind of dog. (E.)
public. Orig. an imp, or little demon (Ben Jonson);
publish., (F. - L.) M. E. publishen. see Nares, s. v. puck. A later form of
An analogical formation; founded on F. ptlck. Cf. Dan. dial. puge, a • puck,' sprite;
publier, to publish.-L.publicare (above) . and (perhaps) Dan. dial. pugge, a toad.
Puce, the name of a colour. (F. -L. ) • A pug-dog is a dog with a short monkey·
Lit. 'flea-colour.' - F.puce, a flea; couleur like face;' Wedgwood.
puce, puce; O. F . pulce. - L. pu!icem, acc. Puggry, PugJery', a scarfround the
of pulex, a flea. ~ Said to be the same as hat. (Hind. ) Rwd. pagri, a turban;
puke, which was also the name of a dark- Yule.
brown colour, but the form puke is difficult Pugilism. (L.) From L. pup/, a
to explain. The Picard and Walloon form boxer. Allied to L. pugnus, Gk. rvy-pt"
of puce was puche. the fist.
Puck. (E.) M. E. pouke. A. S. puca pugnacioUS. (L.) Coined from L.
(Napier) ; whence Irish puca, an elf, sprite; pugnaci-, declo stem of pugmu, combative.
W. ptuca, pwci. + Icel. puki, an imp. -L. pugnare, to fight.-L. pugnus, the
Pucker, to gather into folds. (Scand.) fist .
Particularly used of the folds in the top of Puisne, Puny. (F.-L. ) Puny is for
a poke or bag, when gathered together by puisne. a law-term, implying inferior in
drawing the string tight. So also M. Ita!' rank. - A. F. and M. F. puiml, ' puny,
saccolare, to pucker, from sacco, a sack; younger,bomafter;' Cot.-L.postnlUus,
and E. purse, as ' to purse up the browl.' born after. See NataL
Cf. Norman F. pouque, for F. poche, a Puissant, mighty. (F.-L.) F.puis-
pouch, bag. See Poke (I). sant, powerful. Cf. Ita!. possente, powerful.
Pudding an intestine filled with meat, From ·p?ssient- for ·possent-, stem of a
a sausage; hence, a sort of light food, barbarons L. ·possens, substituted for L.
made of flour, eggs, &c. (E. ) M. E. potens, powerful.
pudding, poding. Cf. Low G. pudding, a Puke, to vomit. (E. 1) Prob. of imita-
pudding; ptdde.wurst, a black-pudding; tive origin, partly suggested by spew. Ct:
-4 18
 PULE PUN
G . spuektn, to spit; O. F. eseoupir, to is for *pel·no; d. Gk. ""A-J'QJUlI, 'I draw
s}>it, sput, esput, a spitting. near quickly;' Brugm. ii. § 61l.
:Pule, to chirp, to whimper. (F.-L.) F . pulse ( I), a throb. (F.-L.) F·IDuls,
piaulcr, ' to cheep as a young bird, to pule ' tlie pulse;' Cot. - L. pulsum, acc. of
or howle;' Cot. In Gascon, pioula. Cf. pul1lls, the beating of the pulse. - L.pulsus,
Ital. pigo/are, to chirp, moan. Imitative pp. of pellere (above) .
words ; allied to L. fijilare, pipilre, to Pulse (l ) , grain or seed of beans, peas,
chirp ; see Pipe. &c. (L ) M.E.puls.-L. puis, a thick
Pull. (E.) M. E.pttlltn; A. S.pullia1', pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, &c.
to pull, pluck.+Low G. p"len, to pick, (hence applied to the pulse itself).+Gk.
pinch, pull, pluck, tear; Dan. dial. pulle. lTOATOr, porridge. Der. po"ltice, q. v.
Cf. also Low G. pullm, to drink in gulps Pnlverise. (F.-L.) M.F.pll/verizer;
(cf. E. to take a pull). Cot. - Latc L. pu/verlzare, to reduce 10
Pullet. (F. - L.) M. E. polete. -0. F. dust; L. puluertire, the same. -L.puluer-
IDlele, later poulelte, fern. of F. poI/let, (for *plllues- ), stem of puluis, dust. Allied
a chicken, dimin. of F . jollie, a hen. - Latc to pollis, pol/tn, line meal, palea, chaff.;
L. pulla, fern. of pull!IS, a chicken. See Gk. IT'').'I. meal, dnst.
Pool (2) . :Puma, a quadruped. (Peruvian.) Peruv.
Pulley. (F. - L. - Gk.?) From :1'. puma.
poulie, ' a pully ;' Cot. Cf.Ital.puleggia; Pumice. (F.-L.) [A.S. pumie-stan,
Late L. poledia, a crane; Duc. Perhaps pumice-stone.] M. E. pomiee. - M. F.
from Late L. *polidia, orig. pI. of ·poli- pumice. - L. pumie-, stem of pumex,
dium<Gk. *1fWA'~'O", a little coit, dimin. pumice. Froman Idg. base ·poim-,whence
of lTw).or, a colt. Cf. O. F. poulier, a also A. S./am, foam; from its foam -like
pulley, answering to Late Gk. "w).apwv , appearance. See Foam.
a little colt. fJ. The M. E. forms are Pummel, the same as Pommel.
poliue ( = polive, riming with d1'ive) , Ch.; Pump (I ), a machine for raising water.
also poleyne, Prompt. Parv. The latter (F. - Teut.) M. E. pumpe.-F. pompe.-
form is from F. poulain, 'a fole, a colt, G. pumpe, also plumpe, which is Iike-
also the rope wherewith wine is let down wise an imitative form. Cf. provo G.
into a seller [cellar], a pulley-rope;' Cot. plumpen, to pump. fJ. The G. pltlmjen
- Late L. pullanus, a colt. - L. pullus, also means to plump, fall plump, move
a young animal; see Pullet. So also E. suddenly and violently, from the plunging
plll/ey answers to mod. F . poulie. y. The action of the piston. It is therefore allied
transference of sense causes no difficulty; to E. Plump (l ) , of imitative origin. "(.
thusM.F.polltre,a filly,also means a beam, We even lind provo E. plump, to pump,
and F. ehevre, a goat, also means a kind Com. p lumf)', to pump; also Du.pomp,
of crane; the names of animals are applied Swed. pump, Dan. pompe, Russ. pompa,
to contrivances for exerting force. Cf. also a pump, all borrowed words; and (the
Late L. poUnus, a pulley or pulley-rope, imItative forms) Span. and Port. bomba,
also a kind of sledge. ~ Diez derives E. a jlump, a bomb.
pulley from F. ptn~lie, and then. con- Pump ( 2) , a thin-soled shoe. (F . -L.-
versely, F. poulie from E. pull. This is Gk.) SO called because used for pomp or
very unlikely. G. Paris (Romania, July, ornament; cf. F . Ii pied de plomb el de
'98, p. 486) suggests Gk. *lTO)"I&OJ', dimin. pompe, ' with a slow and stately gate,' i. e.
of ,,6).or, a pivot, axis; see Pole (2 ) . gait; Cot. See Pomp.
:Pulmonary, affecting the lungs. (L.) Pumpion, Pumpkin, a kind of
pulmOnarius, affecting the lungs. - L. gourd. (F. - L. -Gk. ) The old forms are
pulmi51,· , stem of pulmo, a lung.+Gk. pumpion andpompon. - M. F. pompon, 'a
..).nJfVJJV , a lung. See Pneumatio. pumpion or melon;' Cot.; cf. Ital.popone
Pulp. (F. -L.) F. pulpe.- L. pulpa, (Florio) ; -L.pepOnem, acc. ofpepo, a large
pulp oT fruit, pith. melon. - Gk. ",,'Wl', a kind of melon, eaten
:Pulpit. (F. - L.) O. F. pulpite. - L. quite ripe. _ Gk• ..."wv, mellow, from ".,,-
pulpitum, a scaffold, stage for actors. TE'J', to ripen; see Cook.
Pulsate, to throb. (L.) From pp. of Pun. (E.) Orig. to pound; hence to
L. pulsiire, to throb, beat; frequent. form pound words, beat them into new senses,
of pellere (pp. PUlsus), to drive. L. pel.lo hammer at forced similes. Shako has pttn
41 9
 PUNCH PUPA
= to pound, Troil. ii. Y. 42. - A. S.jmnian, print, or seale' upon it, which \Tas made
t~jlound; see Pound (3). with a jmn~heon or stamp. See Pun·
Punch (y), to perforate. (F.-L.) M .E. oheon ( I). ~ So also M. Ital. punzone
punchen , to prick; which seems to have means both puncheon or bodkin, nnd
been coined from the sb.punchioJJ,plmrhon, puncheon or wine-vessel.
ptmsomt , a dagger. awl. See Punoheon ( I ). Punchinello; see Punoh (4).
Punch (2), to beat, bruise. (F.- L.) Punctate, dotted. (L.) Coined from
Short for punish; M. E. punchell and L. punct,wll. a point; with suffix -ate
punise/zelt are equivalent (Prompt. Parv.). (L. -alw). - L. Plllu tus, pp. ofpungen, to
See Punish. prick; see Pungent.
Punch (3) , a beverage. (Hind. -SkI. ) punctilio. (Span.-L.) Span. plm-
So called from con isting ofjive ingred ients, lil/o, a nice point of honour; dimin. of
spirit, water, lemon-juice, sugar, spice ; in- p unto, a poin t. - L. pultctt~m, a point; see
trod uced from India, by way of Goa; men· Punctate, Point.
ti oned A.D. 1669. - Hind . panch, five. - punctual. ( F. - L.) M.F . po1ZctU~!,
Skt. pancha , five. See Five. ~ The ' punctu all ;' Cot. - Late L. punctualis. -
H ind. short a is pronounced like E . 11 in pUllclt/- m , a point ; see Point.
1Il1ld; it occurs again in PlltWit, punkah. punctuate. (L.) From pp. of Late
Punch (4). a short, hump-backed fellow L. p tlnrtwire, to determine, define. - L.
in a puppet-show. (Ital. -L.) A contrac - PUI/ctu-m, a point (above).
tion for PuJtchiltello, which occurs A. D. 1666 puncture. (L.) L.pllnctura, a prick.
( Nares). This is a corruption ofItal. put. - L. PUtze/us, pp. of puttgere, to prick.
cinello (by the change of I to It, the Ital. ri Pundit, a learned man. (Skt.) Skt.
being sounded as E . cht)' Pulcimllo is t ile pa~z4ita. (with cerebral 1Zd), adj., leamed,
droll clown in Neapolitan comedy ; we sb., a wise man, scholar. - SkI. pat}t/,
al so find ltal.pult<,htella, 'punch, bnffoon, ' to heap up or together. See note to
Meadows. A dimin. form of Ital. pu!cillo, Punch (3).
a young chicken; cf. p u!cella, a young Pungent. (L.) L. pungent·, stem of
girl ; from L. pullus, the young of any pres. pt. of p zmgere, to prick, pt. t. pu-
animal , allied to puer, a ooy. See Pullet. pug -i, pp. punctus. (Base PUG.)
The lit. senseofpulcinello is little chicken; Punish. (F.-L. -Gk.) M. E. pu.
thence, a little boy, a puppet. ~ Confused nischen. - F. pulZiss-, stem of prei. pt. of
with provo E. punclt, short, fat, which is pu1zir, to punish. - L. punire, to punish.-
(perhaps) allied to Bunch. J udy is for L. poma, penalty. - Gk. "'OtY~, penalty.
ludith , once a common name. See Pain.
Puncheon (1), a punch or awl. (F. - Punkah, a large fan. (Hind. - Skt.)
L .) M. E. punchon, punsoun. - Gascon Hind. pankha, a fan; allied to pankha,
poufZrhoun, M. F. poinson ( F. poinfon), a wing, feather, paksha, a wing. Allied
' a bodkin, also a puncheon, a stamp,' &c. ; to Skt. paksna-, a wing. Cf. Pers. patzktllt,
Cot. Cf. Span. pumon, a punch, Ital. a sieve, a fan. See note to Punoh ( ~) .
plmzoJZC, a ponch, bodkin, also a wine· Punt ( I),aflat·bottomedboat. (L.-C.)
barrel.-L. punctiff1,em, ace. of PU1Zctio, A.S. punt. - L. POlitO, a pnnt (also II
II pricking, puncture. The gender of this pontoon) ; a word of Gaulish origin.
word was changed from fern. to tnasc., From Celtic type *qollto- ; cf. L. contus
whilst at the same time the sense was < Gk. ltoVT6~, a punting-pole, whence provo
changed from' pricking' to 'pricker.' - L. E. qUOfZt, quant , a punting.pole.
puncttlS, pp. of pungere, to prick; see Punt (2) , to play at a game at cards
Pungent. See also Puncheon ( 3). called hasset. (F.-Span.-L.) F.ponte,
Puncheon (2),acask. (F . -L.?) From a punt, II punter, a red ace, ponter, to
Gascon pounchoun, a punch or awl; punt. - Span. punto, a point, also a pip at
M. F. poinson (F. poinfon), 'a bodkin, cards. - L. p,mctum, a point. See Point.
also a pu ncheon [stcel tool], also a stamp, ~ Or immediately from Spanish.
mark, print, or seale; also, a wine·vessell ;' Puny; see Puisne.
Cot. This is a difficult word ; but I con· Pupa a chrysalis. (L.) L. pltpa, a
elude that the O. F. poinson (F. poinfon) girl, doil, puppet (hence, undeveloped
remain. the same word in all its senses. and insect) . Fern. of PUPilS, a boy; allied to
that th~ cask was named from the' mark, I putus, pt«r, a boy. (,y PEU.)
430
 PUPIL PURPLE
pupil (I), a scholar, ward. (F.-L) designate one who aimed at greatpurily
O. F. pupi/~, F. pupille (masc.). - L. pu- of life; see below.
pillulll, acc. of pupillus, an orphan-boy, purity. (F. -L.) M . E.pur~/~e.-F.
ward ; dimin. of pt.pus, a boy (abO\·e). pur~lt, 'purity:' Cot. _ L. ace. ptiritiiie1ll,
pupil (2), the central spot of the eye. pureness.-L.purus, pure.
(F.-L. ) F.pupill~ (fem .). -L.pupi/la, a Purl ( I ), to Ilow with a murmuring
little girl, also pupil (name due to the sound. (E.) Cf. M. E. prille, pirie, a
small images seen in the pupil) . Fem. of whirly-gig (toy). So also Swed . poria, to
pupil/us (above). purl, bubble as a stream; a frequent. form
puppet. (F.-I..) M . E.popet.-M.F. from a base pur-, imitative of the sound.
poup~"e, 'a little baby, puppet;' Cot. See Purr, Purl (4).
Diruin.ofL.p1ipa; see Pupa (above). Purl (2 \ spiced beer. (F.-L.) In
puppy, (l ) awhelp; (2 ) adaudy. (F. Phillips, ed. 1706. But it should be
-L.) 1. F.pouple, 'a baby,apuppet;' pearl. It was a term in cookery; thus
Cot Here ' baby' really means 'doll,' sucre perle is sugar boiled twice, bouill01'
but it is clear that, in E., the term was perle, jelly-broth. Cf. G. perlm, to pearl,
applied to the young of an animal, esp. of rise in small bubbles like pearls. See
a dog. The F. poupte (as if<L. ·pupiiia) P eer!.
is a derivative of L. pupa; see Pupa Purl (3), to form an edging on lace, in-
(above). 2. In the sense of ' dandy,' ptlPPY vert stitches in knitting. (F . -L.) Fre-
represents M. F.poupin,popin, spruce, trim quently misspelt pead. Contraction of
(as if<L.·piiPint~s ) ; from the same source. putjle. - M. F. pou1ftler, to purlle, em-
Der. pup, short for puppy. broider on an edge. - F. pour (L.prif; , con-
Pur-,prefix. (F.-L.) O.F.pur-,F. fused (as often) with F. par (L. per),
p01lr-, pour, (Span. p or), for; a curious th roughout; fil, a thread , from L. filum,
variation of L p ro, for. Thus pur- and a thread. See File (I ), Profile.
pro- are equivalent; and pur·vey,pro-vide Purl (4), to upset. ( E.) Better pirl;
are doublets. from M. E. pirie, a whirligig, formed by
Purblind. (F.-L.andE.) Orig.pure- the frequent. suffix .: from the imitative
blind, i. e. wholly blind. M. E. pur blind, word pi", to whirl. See Purr, Pirouette.
Rob. of Glouc. p. 376. See Pure and So also Ital. pirlare, • to twirle rouna;'
Blind. It afterwards came to mean Florio. See Purl (I).
partly blind, prob. through confusion with Purlieu, th e border of a forest, &c.
the verb 10 pore, as Sir T. Elyot writes (F . -L.) }'ormerly pourallee, altered to
pore-bli1Id. (Similarly parboil, to boil purlieu by confusion with F . lieu, a place;
thoroughly, came to mean to boil partially.) also spelt purley. The O. F. pouralee,
Pure = wholly, Tw. Nt., v. 86. poralee is a sort of translation of Late L.
Purchase, vb. (F.-L.) M. E.pur- perombulatio,whichmeant'allthatground
chault, pllrchacen. - O. F. pure/lacer, to near any forest, which, being made forest
pursue eagerly, acquire, get. -0. F. pur by H enry II. , Rich. I., or king J ohn, were
(F. pour), from L. pro; and O. F. chacer; (sic) by p eralllOulalio1lS granted by Henry
see Chase (I ). Ill., severed again from the same' ; Man-
Pure. (F.-L.) F. pur, masc., pure, wood's Forest Laws. The et ymology is
fem., pure. - L. plirlls, pure. Cf. Skt. Pli, from O. F. pur (F . pour) < L. prQ, and
to purify. (""P EV ). O. F. alee, a go ing , for which see Alley.
purge. (F. -L. ) F.purger.-L.pur- Purloin,tosteal. (F.-L.) O.F.pur-
gi'ire, to purify. L. pt~rgare = ·p1ir-igtire 10igllier,porloignier.to prolong, relard, de-
(Plautus has expurigatio). - L. piir-us, lay (hence to keep back, detain, filch ).-
pure; ogere, to make. L. prolongare, to prolon g. - L. pro, for-
purify. (1<'. - L.) F. purifier. - L. ward; longus, long. See Long. Doublet,
punjiciire, to make pure. - L. pliri-. for prolong.
PZlruS, pure;facere, to make. Der.puri- Purple. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E.purpre
fic· at·ioll. (with 1'). - O. F . porpre, later pourpre,
Purim, an annual Jewish festival; the purple. - L. purpura, the purple-fish.-
feast of lots. (Heb.) Heb. p1'ri1ll, lots; Gk. frop</>6pa, the purple-fish; cf. Gk.
pI. of pur, a lot. See Esther ix. 26. 7rOP</>VPEOS, purple, orig. an epithet of the
Pluitan. (L. ) A coined word, to surging sea. - Gk. flOP</>VPEII', reduplicated
~1I
 PURPORT PUTRID
form of </>vPltV, to mix up, stir violently, porttt!i~ll, (purveien, porveie,.), to provide.
allied to SkI. root blzur, to be active. - A. F. purveie1', pUl'Veer (0. F. porooir,
Purport, to imply. (F.-L.) O. F. F. pourvoir), toprovide.-L prOuidire, to
purpor/er, pourporler, to declare, inform provide. See Provide.
(hence, imply) ; we also find purport, sb., purview, a proviso. (F.-L.) Now
tenor (Roquefort). - O. F. pur, F. pour, applied to the enacting part of a statute;
from L . pro, according to; porter, to carry, so called because it orig. began with purveu
bring, fro m L. portlire. For the sense, cf. est, it is provided. - O. F. porveu, pp. of
il!!f>ort. See Port ( I). O. F. porvoir (F. pourvoir), to provide. -
Furpose (I) , to intend. (F.-L. and L. prouidirt, to provide (above).
Gk.) 0 , F.purposer, a variant ofproposer, Pus, white matter from a sore. (L.) L.
to propose, intend. - L. pro, before; and piis (gen. puris), pus.+Gk. ".ilov, matter;
F. poser, to place; see Pose ( 1) . Skt. puya·, pus, from puy, to stink.
Purp08e (2), intention. (F.-L) M.E. Allied to Foul. (.y'PEU.) Brogm.i. §1I3.
purpos. -0. F.pourpos, a vsriantofpropos, Push. (F.-L. ) M. E.possell,pussen.
a purpose.-L. propositum , a thing pro- - O. F . pousser,poulrer, to push, throst.-
posed, neut. of pp. ofproponere, to propose. L. pulson, to beat, throst, frequent. of
-L. pro, before; ponere, to place. See pdlere, to drive. See Pulsate.
Position. Pulri.llanimo1UJ. (L.) L pusillani-
Purr, Pur. (E.) An imitative word for m-is, mean-spirited; with suffix -ous.-L.
various sounds, chiefly of the murmuring of pusil/-us, mean, small; animus,' courage.
a cat. Cf. Scotch pirr, a gentle wind; E. Pusil/us is related to pUsus, small; cf.
6tUJ; Irish 6ururus, a gurgling sound. putus, a boy. (.y'PEU.)
See Purl ( I ) , Purl (4), and Pirouette. Pu••, a cat, hare. (E.) Prob. an imita-
Purse. (L.-Gk.) M.E. purs; also tive word, from the spitting of the cat.
pors. A. S. purs, Eng. Studien, xi. 65. We find also Du.poes, Low G. PUUS,ptIUS-
[Also 6urs.-O. F . /Jorse, later kurse, a kal/e, Swed. dial. pus, Norw . puse, puus;
purse.] - Late 1.. 6ursa, a purse. - Gk. Irish and Gael. pus (from E.). And even
fjvPU1J, a hide, skin; of which purses were S. Tamil pusei, a cat; pus!za in the Cash-
made. Der.purse, vb., to wrinkle up, like gur dialect of Afghan.; Lith. pui, a word
a "purse _dr~wn together. to call a cat.
~ Punlane, a herb. (F.- P1UItule. (F.-L.) F. pustule.-L.
L.) M. E. purslane, porse/eynt. - M. }o' . pus/uta, another form of pUsuIa, a blister,
poretlaine, pouretlaint, purslane ; Cot. pimple. Perhaps allied to Gk . .pl1(1aAtf,
FormedfromLporciltlea,purslain (Pliny) ; a bladder, </>Ut1tUu, I blow.
usually spelt porlu/4ca. Put. (E.) M. E. pu"en; A. S. potian,
Pursue. (F. -L ) O. F. porsuir, pur- to push, thrust; rwhence. also Gael. put,
suir,poursuir; mod. Norman F . porsuir, to push, thrust ; W. pwtlO, Corn. poot, to
mod. F . poursuivre, to pursue. - O. F.por, push, kickJ. +Du.poten, to plant, set,poot,
jur< L. pro; and suir<Late L. sequere, a twig, M. D u. pote, a SCiOD, plant (see
for L. seqll f, to foll ow. Der. pt.rsu-ant, Franck) ; N . Fries. putje, Dan. pulle, to
from the pres. pt. of O. F. pursuir; pur- put, place; Swed. dial. pulla, to push.
suiv-a1tt, from the pres. pt. of poursuivre ; Putative, reputed. (F . - L.) F . pula-
pursuit, from F . poursuile, fem. sb. answer- t if. - L. putatfuus , presumptive. - L. puta-
ing to L. prOUC1tta , fern. of the pp. of L. Ius , pp. of puttire, to think, suppose. The
prosequi, to pursue. orig. sense was to make clean, then to
Pursy, short-winded. (F.-L.) M. E. make clear, to come to a clear result. -L.
pun y, also pureyf (Palsgrave). - M. F. p u/us, clean. (.y'PEU.)
pou1'cif (Palsgrnve) , variant of poulsif, Putref,y. (F.-L.) M. F. putrefier;
'pursie,short-winded,'Cot.-M.F. poulser, as if from L. *putrijielire ; but the true
F. pousser, to push, also to pant; see Push. L. forms are putrifacere, to make putrid,
Purtenance. (F.-L.) ShortforM.E. putrefied, to become putrid. -L.put";-s,
apurtenance ; see Appurtenance. pu trid (below) ; facere, to make-
Purulent. (F.-L.) F.pttrulent.-L. putrid. (F.-L.) M. F.putritk. -L.
piirulentus, full of matter. -L. pi,r-, stem p,.trit!us, stinking. -L. putri-, decl. stem
of pttS, matter; see Pus. of puter, putris, rotten; cf. putrlre, to be
Purvey. (F.-L.\ M. E. pttrtleien, rotten,ptitire, to stink. See Pus.
4 23
 PUTTO"CK QUADROON
Puttock, a kite, hawk. (E. 7) M. E. G. quakm, Ice!. kvaka, Dan. tjfJlZkke, to
pottok, pul/ok. Of unknown origin. It croak, quack. Cf. L. coaxlire, to croak,
seems to have been used in a contemptuous Gk. ICOO(, a croaking.
sense. A . S. Puttoc occurs as a name or quack (2), to cry up a nostrum. (Du.)
nickname. Due to the older word qutUksnlver; hence,
Putty. (F.-LowG.) M . F.polle,cal· to act as a quack·salver or a quack. -
clned tin, also putty; orig. a potful (of Du. kwakzalver, a quacksalver. - Du .
bits of broken metal ) ; cf. M. F. pot/ein, kwakzalven, vb., to apply salves in a
bits of broken metal, pol/in , solder. All trifling way. Cf. Du. kwakken, to croak ,
from F. pol, a pot, of Germanic origin. See which came to mean 'to trifl e, linger'
Pot. (Franck); and Du. zalj, a salve ; see
Puzzle, a difficult question. (F.-L. Salve.
and Gk.) Orig. a sb., and short for op· ~e.ima, forty days of Lent.
posal, spelt both opposayle and apposayle in (J..:. ) L. quadrngesima, lit. fortieth; fern.
Lydgate, with the sense of question. These of quadragesimus; older form quadrii-
are from the verb oppose, like deni-al from gensufllus, fortieth. _ I .. quadrligintii, forty,
deny, &c. See Pose ( 2). - L. quadrti-, related to quat/tt01', four;
Pygmy. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.pygmt, -gin/a , allied to Gk. -ICOVTa (for *~f"ovTa) ,
adj. , awarf-like; Cot. - L. pygmt1!us, adj., and to L. dea m, ten. See quadrate.
dwarf-like; from pI. Pygmt1!i, the race of quadrangle. (F. - L.) F. quad·
Pygmies. - Gk. ntryl'a'''I, pygmies, fabulous rangle. - L. quadrangulufll, sb., neut. of
dwarfs of the length of a Trtryl'~, i.e. about quadrangulus, four· corn ered. - L. quadr-,
13t in. (from the elbow to the knuckles). related to quaftuor, four ; angulus, angle.
- Gk. trV"II'1J, a fist; see Pugilist. See Angle ( I ).
Pylorus. (L. - Gk.) L. pylortls. - Gk. quadrant. (L.l M.E.quadrant.-L.
Trvl\OJp6s, the lower orifice oCthe stomach, quadrant-, stem of quadrans, sb., a fourth
entrance to the intestines; orig. a gate- part. Extended from L. quadr· (above) .
keeper. - Gk. *fIVl\a-Fop6s (Prellwitz); quadrate. (L.) L. quadrtf/tu , pp. of
from Tr6l\a-mll\-'7, agate; F6pos (cf. o~pos) , quadrare, to make square.-L. quadr-,
a keeper, watcher, allied to Wary. allied to quattuor,four; see Four. Brugm.
Pyramid. (L. - Gk.) Formerly py. ii. § 168.
ramis. - L. pyramis (stem pyramid· ). - quadrennial. (L.) For qundrim-
Gk. Trvpaj.tls (stem 1fvpaj.tl~.) , n p'yramid. nial, adj . - L. quadrienni-flfll, a space of
Prob. of Egyptian origin. four years; with suffix -al. - L. quadri-,
Pyre. (L.-Gk.) L.pyra. -Gk. "';pa, belonging to four; annus, a year; see
a funeral pile. - Gk . .rop, fire; allied to E. Annals.
Fire. qua.c1rilateral. (L.) L.quadrilater.
pyrite•. (L.-Gk.) L.pyriles. -Gk. us four-sided; with suffix ·al. - L . quad,i·
""PiT']f, a flint, pyrites; orig. an adj ., (above); later-, for *Iatu-, stem of latus,
belonging to fire. - Gk. ,",p, fire. a side. See Lateral.
pyrotechnic, belonging to fireworks. quadrille. (F. -Span.-L.) Formerly
a game at cards for four.-F . quadrille,
(G1c. ) Coined from Gk. trVpo-, for Trlip,
fire; TfXV1,,6s. artistic, from TfX",], an art ;
(I ) fern., a troop of horses; ( 2) masc. ,
see Technical. but orig. fem., a game at cards. The
Python, a large snake. (L. - Gk.) former answers to Ital. quadriglia, M.
L. py//lon, a serpent slain by Apollo near
Ital. sq14adnglia, a troop; but the latter
Delphi. _ Gk. n6s"", (the same). - Gk. to Span. cuadrilla, a meeting of four
nvsw, a former name of Delphi. persons. - Span. cuadra, a square. - Late
Py:z. (L.-Gk.) Shortened from L. L. quadra, fem. of quadrus, square.
pyxis, a box. _ Gk. 1fvtis, a box. - Gk. quadrillion, a million raised to the
""tos, box-wood. Allied to Box (I), founh power. (L. ) Coined by prefixing
Box (2). L. quadr· i. e. four, to -iliUm, which is
m-illion without the m.
Q. quadroon. (Span.-L. ; For quarl-
Quack ( I ) to make a noise as a duck. roon. _Span .cuarleron, the child ofacreole
(E;.) M. E. queke, as a duck's cry; an and a Spaniard; one who is, in a fourth
imitative word.+Dn. kwaJlm, Inuakkm, . part, a black; also a fourth part. - Span.
42 3
 QUADRUPED QUARRY
cuarlo, a fourth part. -L. quar/um, ace. of qua/it!. -L. quii/itiilem, acc. of quii/ittiJ,
qua~ourth; see quartern. sort, kind. - L. quiili-s, of what sort.
q uped. (L.) L. quadrupedus, Allied to E. Which.
four-footed; quadruped-, stem of quadru- qua.lify. (F.-L.) F. qualijier.-Late
Pb, quadripes, four-footed. - L. quat/ru-, L. qUii/ijiciire, to endue with a quality.-
four times; Pis, a foot; see quadrant. L. qlliilt-s, of what sort; facere, to make.
quadruple. (F.-L. ) F.quadruple. Qualm. (E.) M. E. qualm, usually 'a
- L quat/ruplum, acc. of quadruplus, pestilence.' A. S. cWl!alm, pestilence. +
four-fold. -L. fuadru- (above); -plus, O. Sax. qualm, destruction, death; O.H.G.
Si~'fYing 'fold ; see Double. qualm, destruction. [Perhaps not the
afr, to drink ill large draughts. (C. same word as Du. kwalm, thick vapour.]
- . - Gk.) Here ff stands for guttural Teut. type *kwalmoz, mase.; from "'/.."Wal,
cn, as in quack, i. e. to drink out of a 2nd grade of *k-we/-an-, to die. See
pack or cup, usually called quaick, t]U«n, Quail (I).
peff in Lowland Scotch, quaff in Hum- Quandary, a perplexity. (L. - Gk.)
phrey Clinker (Supp. to Jam.).-Irish and Ong. a m0l1)ld state of mind; Knt. of
Gael. cuack, a cup, bowl.-L. caucus, a Burning Pestle, i. I, It probably arose
cu~- Gk. _il_, a cup. from' condarye, for hypo-condarye, a morbid
ga. a quadruped. (Kaflir.) A state of mind. 'I, seeing him so troubled,
Xosa- word.-Kaffir iqW(lra (W. J. asked him what newes •.• had put him
Davis); where the r is guttural. See N. in so great a hypo-contlarye;' Blackhall,
and Q. 9 S. v. 3. Brief Narration, abo 1640 (Spalding Club),
~. (E.) Spelt quake-mire in p. 175. See Hypochondria. (H. B.)
Stanihurst; i. e. CJ.uaking bog. Quantity. (F. -L.) M. E. quantitee.
Q1uUgh, Quaich, a cup. See under -l<. quantit!.-L. quantitiilem, ace. of
Qu.a.ll'. qua,uiliis, quantity. - L. quanti-, for quan-
Qa.a.i1 (I ), to cower. (E.) M. E. que/en, fus, how much. Related to quam; and
to die. A. S. cwe/an (pt. t. cwee!) , to die; to quis, who. Brugm. i. § 413.
whence ticuJeian, to die utterly. + Du. ~tine. (F.-L.) O. F. quaran-
kwelen, O. H. G. quelan, to pine. Teut. fine (Roquefort), usually quara1uaim, a
type *kwel-a,... Cf. A. S. cwafu, de..truc- space of fortydays.-F. quarantt, forty.-
tion, Du. kwaal, lcel. kviil, Dan. Swed. 1.. quadriigintti, forty; see Quadra-
qvaf, G. fjual, agony. Also allied to gesima..
Lith. gelti, to rain; geia, pain. From Qa.arre1(I),adispute. (F.-L.) M.E.
Idg. root *g(w)e. Brugm. i. § 656• • Dis- quere!e. -0. F. quere/e, later quere/le.-
tinct from provo E. quail, to coagulate, L. querzta, a complaint. - L. queri, to
from O. F. coailler (1". cailler), from L. complain. See Querulous.
coagulare. Der. qualm. Quarrel (2), a square-headed cross-bow
Quail (2), a bird. (F. -Low L. -Low bolt. (F.-L.) M.E.quare!. -O.F.quarrel,
G. ) M. E. quail/e. - O. F. quail/e, F. M. F. fjuarreau, II. diamond, square tile,
cail/e. - Low L. fjUOquila, a quail. - M.Du. cross-bow bolt. - Late L. quadreI/us , a
fjualkel, Du. kwakkel, a quail.-M. Du. quarrel.-L. fjuadrus, square; see Quad-
fjuackm, Du. kwakm, to quack. From rate.
the noise which the bird makes. See qua.rr,r (I) , a place where sto.::es are
Quack. dug. (F. -L. ) Formerly qtJarrer; M. E.
~t, neat, odd, whimsical. (F. - L.) quarrere, a place where stones are squared.
M. E. queinl, also fj1lOint, eoitu, commonly -O.F. fjuarn'ere, a quarry; F. can-i~re.­
~th the sense of 'famous.' - O. 1'\ and Late L. quadriiniz, a quarry for squared
M. F. coint, 'quaint, compt, neat, fine;' stones. _ L. fjUOdriire, to square. - L. quad-
Cot. - L. cognilus, well-known, pp. of rus, square. • The sense was suggested
eognoscere, to know; see Cognisance. by L. quadriiliin'us, a stone-squarer, also
Der. aC-fjuaini. II. stone-cutter (merely).
Q!lake. (E.) M. E. quaken, cwakim. Qu~ (2 ), a heap of slaughtered
A. S. cwacian, to quake; cC. cweccan, to game. (1'. -L.) M.l'_ quen-e. - O. F.
wag; E. Fries. kwakl.:elen, to be unsteady. curu, cuiree (F. mr!,;), intestines of a
Der. Quak-er (A. D. 16;50) ; see Haydn. slain animal, the part given to hounds;
Quality. (F. -L.) M. E. qualilee.-F. so called becan:;e wrapped in the skill.-F.
424
 QUART QUERN
euir, a skin, hide. - L. "orittlJl, hide. Set: Quay, a wharf. (F.-C.) Formerly
Cuiraas. kay, key; M . E. key, keye. -M .F. quay
~a.rt, the fourth of a gallon. (F . - L.) (F . q"at),' the key of n haven; , Cot. - BreI.
M. E. quar/e.- F. quar/e. - L. quarta (i. e. kae, an enclosure, n quay; W. eae, an
pars) ,a fourth part; fern. of quar/us, fourth. enclosure, hedge. Celt. type *kagi-; allied
Related to L . quattuor, four. Brugm. i. to Haw , Hedge.
• 279· ~ean a woman; used slightingly .
quartan. (F. - L. ) F. quartaiM, re- +
(E. ) A. S. ewene. O. H. G. quma, a
curring on the fourth day (said of a fever ). wife; Goth. kwino. Teut. type *kwmon-.
-L. quartana (febris ) , a quartan fever; Also Irish ben, W . bu", a woman; Russ.
fern . ofquar/iinus, belonging to the fourth . jma, wife; Idg. type *g(w )enii. Cf. Gk.
_L. quar/us, fourth (above). 'Y""", Pers. zan. See Queen. Bmgm. i.
quarter. (F.-L. ) M. E.quar/er.- § 67 0 •
O. }'. quarter, quartier. -L. quar/an'lts , Queasy. (Scand.) M.E.quaysy,quey'!Y,
fourth part. - L. quartus, fourth. . causing or feeling nausea. - N orweg. kveis,
quartem, fourth of a pint. (F. -L.) sickness after a debauch; Ice!. i6ra·kveisa,
Short for quar/eron. M. E. quarlerollll.- colic. Cf. Ice!. kveisa, a whitlow, boil;
0 : F. qllarleron, a quartem. - Late L. Low G. q" ese, a blister; quesen-kopp, a
quar/eromm, acc. of quar/ero, a fourth brain-disease in sheep; E. Fries. k1uiise,
part. - Late L. quarterus, from L. quartus, a blister, boil, worm causing giddiness in
fourth. sheep.
quartet, quartette. (Ital. - L.) Queen. (E.) Differing in gradation
Itar. quartetlo (quartette is a F. spelling) ; from qluan, which spelling is. restricted to
dimin. of quarto, fourth. - L. quartus, the use of the word in a lower sense. A. S.
fourth. C1ubl, a woman; O. Mere. kwOUI.+lce1.
quarto, having the sheet folded into kviin, wife; Gotb. kwlns, woman. Teut.
four leaves. (L. ) From L. phr. in quarto, type *kw/miz, fern.; Idg. type *g(W)hli-,
in a fourth part; where quarto is abJ. of cf. ~kt. -jiini-, wife. Brugm. i. § 677.
quartus, fourth. ( ~GwEN. )
Quarts, a mineral. (G.) G. quarz, Queer. (Low G.) Acantword.-Low
rock-crystal; M. H . G. quare. G. queer, across; cf. qi,ere, obliquity. III
Qlaash. (F. - L.) M. E. quascl,en.- AwdeJay's }<'raternity of Vagabonds, p. 4,
O. F. quasser, later easser, to break, quash. , a quire fellow' is one who bas just come
- L. quassare, to shatter; frequent. of out of prison; d. Low G. in der q"en
quatere (supine quassu", ), to shake. liggen, to lie across, lie queerly. So also
~.ia, a South-American tree. (Per- G. quer, transverse; querkop/. a queer
sonal name.) Named by Linnreus (like fellow. G. quer answers to O. H. G.
dakl-ia from Dall!) from Quassi, a negro iwer, transverse, Ice!. }verr (whence E.
of Surinam, who pointed out the use of Illwart ). See Thwart.
the bark as a tonic in 1730. Quassi is a Quell, to subdue. (E.) M. E. qtlellm,
common negro name. tokill. A. S. ewe/Ian, to kill; causal of
Ouatema.r;y, consisting of fours. (F. ewe/an, to die.+Du. kwellen, Ice!. kvelja,
-1..) F. quaternaire.-L. quaterniirius. Swed. qviilfa, Dan. qVlZle, to torment,
- L. qualerni, pl., four at a time. - L. choke; all causal forms. Teut. type
qllat/uor, four. *kwalj{Z1l- ; from *kwal, 2nd stem of
quaternion. (L.) L. quaterniUn-, *kwel-an-, to die. See Quail (1 ).
stem of quat(Y1tio, a band of four men ; Quench. (E.) M . E. quencnm. A. S.
Acts xii. 4. - L. quaterni, p!.; see above. C1tJencan, to extinguish; causal of A. S.
quatrain. (F. -L.) F. quatrain, a ewincan (pt. t. &'wane), to go out, be ex-
stanza of four lines. - F . quatre, four. - L. tinguished. Cf. O. Fries. kwinka, to be
quattuor, four. extinguished.
~ver, vo. (E. ) Frequent. of quave, Querimonioua, fretful. (L.) horn
M. E. quaum (u = v), to quake. Allied L. queri11liHlia, a complaint. - L. queri, to
to M. E. quappm, to throb, palpitate. complain; with ldg. suffixes -mo,t;},i-.
Compare Quake. Der. quaver, sb. , a Quem, Kern, a handmill for l,oTInding .
note in music, orig. a trill, shake. And grai n. (E.) M. E. quem<:. A. S. eweorn,
see quiver ( I ). .'wym ; orig .• that which grinds.' + Du.
 QUERULOUS QUINSY
Itweern, Icd. Irvem, Dan. quIZ,.", Swed. and of Teut. origin.+Low G. kiil. a goose-
~'" Goth. IrdJai,."us. Tent. type quill (Berghaus); Westphalian Itwille
lnDernu.. Cf. also RU5S.jernove, a mill- (Woeste); G. he/, M. H . G. kil or kil.
stone ; Lith. girn", stone in a hand-mill. Quill (2), to pleat a ruff. (F. -L.)
Brugm. i. § 6 iO. From O. F. cui"ir (F. ruei"ir), to gather,
Que1'1llou, fretful. (L.) L. querulus, pluck; also used in the sense of to pleat;
fun of complainu. -L. ql4eri, to complain. lee Rom. Rose, 11I9. and Chaucer's
+ Skt. fTlas, to sigh. Brugm. i. § 355. translation. - Folk-L. *co/ligire. for L. col-
Que1')', an enquiry. (L.) For quare, ligere. to cull, collect. See Oull Allied
i. e. enquire thou. - L. quare, imp. sing. to th;: Guernsey word enquiller, to pleat
2 pers. of quarere, to seek; for *q14IZS-ere, (Metivier).
as in L. .fjUIZso, I beg. Brugm. ii. § 662. ~et, a sly trick in argument. (L.)
quest, a search. (F. -L. ) O. F. Sliort for L. quidlibet, anything you choose.
qut!ste ; F. quite. - L. qUlZsita (rls), a thing - L. f.uid, anything; libet,it pleases (you).
sought; fern . of pp. ofqlllerere, to seek. Q:uilt, a bed-cover, &c. (F . -L.) M.E.
question. (F.-L.) F. question. -I- qui/teo -A. F. and O. }<' . cuilte, a quilt
acc. qUlZstiOnem, an enquiry. -I- quIZS-, (!lth cent.). - L. rulcita, a cushion, mat-
base of qUlZrere, to seek; with suffix ·Iio,,.. tress, pillow, q nilt.
Queue, a tail. (F.-L.) F. queue, a Quin;ar.v, consisting of fives. (L.) L.
tari. -L. cauda, a tail; see Oaudal. qUituirlus, arranged by fives. -L. 'lui""
Quibble. (L.) Dimin. of quib, a sar- five at a time. For *quinc·nF, from quill-
casm (Ash); whkh is a weakened form of que, five. Cf. bini, two at a time. See
quip. See Quip. Fivd.
Quick, livin.g.lively. (E) M. E. q~ik. Quince. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
A. S. CWU . , ..lIcu.+Du. kwik. Ice!. Irvlk,', qutnce, quyns. (Cf. M. F. coignasse,' the
Dan. lJVik. Swed. lJVuk, O. H. G. quec. greatest kind of quince,' Cot.) Merely the
Teut. type *kwikuz or *kwikwoz, allied to pI. form of M. E. '1uyne, coitle, or coitl,
the shorter Teut. type *kwiwos, as in Goth. a quince. - O. F. com, F. coing, a quince.
kwius, living ; cf. Irish beo. W. byw. L. [The same as Provo ctXioing; cf. Ital.
141UUS, Lith.gywas. Russ.jivoi, alive; Gk. cotogna . a quince.] - L. *cotiinium, for
/3ios, life i Skt.jiv, to live. Brugm. i. §§ 85, *cydiJniufn; (the Ital. cologna being from
318, 677. Der. quick·silver; A. S. cwic- L.cyti01Iia. a quince). -Gk. KU/lQwIOI' p.qA.OI',
seoljor. a quince, lit. a Cydonian apple. - Gk.
quickeD: (E.) M. E. .quik.nen, orig. K\I~CII~[a, KIIIIQJllis, Cydonia, one of the chief
to 6~come ahve. -A. S. cwu, alive. cities of Crete.
Quid, a mouthful of tobacco. (E.) QuinC1UUl:, an arrangement by fives.
Merely another form of cud; M. E. '1uide. (L.) Applied to trees arranged like
cud. See Cud. the spots on the side of a die marked
Quiddity, a nicety. cavil. (L.) Late 5; L.quincunx.-L.quinque.five; uncia.
L. qJ4idditas, the nature of a thing.-L. an ounce, small mark. such as a spot on
quid, what; i. e. what is it 1 Neut. of 'luis, a die; see Unoial.
who; see Who. • Quinine, extract of Pemvian bark. (F.
Quiet,adj. (L.) L. quillus, quiet; orig. -l>eruv.) F . quinine, formed with suffix
pp. of *'1uiffe, only used in the inceptive line (L. -ina), from F. quina, Peruvian
form qUlescere, to be still. Cf. quiis, rest. bark.-Peruvian kina, or kina-kina, said
Allied to O. Pers. sltiyiili·, a place of to mean • bark,' esp. that which we call
delight, home; Pers. sltiid, pleased; and Peruvian bark.
to E. While. Brugm. i. H 130, 675; Quinqa.agellima. (L.) L. quitzquii-
Horn. § 767 . Der. quiet, sb. and vb.; glsima eiiies), fiftieth (day); fem. Of'l14i,,-
quietlu, sb. ; quieSCttlt, from stem of pres. quagisimus.fiftieth. -L.quinqua-,forquin-
p!;,. o~!l.uiescere. que, five, allied to E. Five; -glsilllus, for
~l (I ) , a feather, pen. (E.?) M. E. ·-gensimus, allied to duem, ten; see
'lUll/e. 'Quylle, a stalk, Calamus;' Quadraaeaima. • So also quinquatt-
Prompt. Pan. Quill also meant the faucet gular, having five angles ; quinqui-mnia/,
of a barrel, or a reed to wind yarn on. lasting five years.
This is a difficult and doubtful word, not ~s7. (F. - Gk.) Formerly also
found at an early date. Apparently E., squina,uy. _ O. F. oU;lUz,"ie (Supp. to
4 26
 QUINTAIN QUOTE
Godefroy, s. v. aqui,lallee) ; also sqllill- L. eiira; see Cure. Cf. E. Fries. kiire,
aneie (16th cent.); squinance, ' the squin- kiirke, a whim.
aucy or squinzie;' Cot. Formed (some- Quit, freed, free. (F.-L.) Orig. an
times with prefixed s - O. F. es-, L. ex, very) adj., as in ' quit claim.' M. E. qllyl, quit,
from Gk. KVVo.'YItTJ, lit. a dog-throttling, also quy te, free; adj.-O. F. quite, dis-
aI?plied to a bad ~ind of sore th~oat. - Gk. charged, released, free. - Late L. "uitus,
KIII' - , stem of KII<IW, a dog; an-f'I', to quilt"s, altered forms of Late L. quilfus,
choke. at res!, hence , free. Cf. Late L. quiita
Quintain. (F. - L ) M. F. quintaine, damantia, A. F. quite claime, E. qllil
a post with arms, for beginners to tilt at. claim; quiltum clt/lllli,-e, qui/wI, d alliare,
The form of the word is such that it must to quit a claim; quielan , quitare ,quiltare,
be allied to L. quillttllla, a street in the to free from debt. See Quiet. Der. quil,
camp, which separated the filth maniple vb-, F. quilter, O. F. qlli/er, flOm the
from the sixth; where was the market and adj. ; hence quitt-anee, O. F. quitanee,
business-place of the camp. Doubtless Late L. qui/antia, quietanlia; acquit.
this public place was also the scene of Cf. Coy.
martial exercises and trials of skill; the quite. (F . -L.) M. E. 'l.uite; an ad-
Late L_ quill/ana means ( I ) a quintain, veroial use of the M. E . adj. quite, free,
also (l) a part of a street (space) where now spelt quit; see above.
carriages could pass. - L. quintan us, from Clu:iver (I), to shiver. (E.) Allied to
quilltus, fifth. For *qui,ze-fus, from quin- Obsolete adj. quiver, full of motion , brisk;
que, five. See Five. A. S. cwifer, in the compo adv. cwifer-lice,
Quintal, a hundred-weight. (F. - eagerly. Cf. M. Du. kuyven, kuyverm, to
Span.-Arab.-L.) F. ljui,ltal(Cot.).- quiver (Kilian ) ; E. Fries. kwifir, lively,
Span. quintal.-Arab. qZ1ltar, a weight of kwifern, to be lively.
100 Ibs. Not a true Arab. word; but ~ver (l), a case for arrows. (F.-
formed from L. centum, a hundred. O. H. G. ) o. F. cuivre, cuevre, coivre,
~te ••eDce,pureessence. (F.-L.) a quiver.-O. Sax. cokar; cf. O. H . G.
Lit. 'fifth essence. - L quinta essentia, kohhar (G. IWcller), a quiver; A. S. cocer,
fifth essence (in addition to the four a quiver. Teut. type *kuku,'o-, whence
elements). See below; and Eaaenoe. Med. L. c",urum, a quiver.
Quintuple, five-fold. (F.-L.) F. Quixotic. (Span.) Named from DOll
qllintuple.-L. ·quilltupius, a coined word. Quixole or Quijole, a novel by Cervantes.
-I.. quillttl-s, fifth, for *qui,zetus; from Quoif; the same lUI Coif.
<jui1tt{ue,five ; -pius.i.e.-fold; see Double. Quoin, a wedge. (F.-L.) The same
Quip, a taunt , cavil. (L.) Formerly a& .1'. coill; see Coin.
qllippy; Drant'. Horace, bk. ii. sat. 1.- Quoit, Coit, a ring ofiron for throwing
L. quippe, forsooth (ironical). For *quid- at a mark. (F.-L.?) M. E. coile, coyte;
pe; Brugm. i. § 585. Der. quibble. cf. Low!. Sc. coit, to push about, justle.
~ (I ), a collection of sheets of Prob. from o. F. coilier, quoitier, to press,
paper. (F . - L.) Spelt cwaerin the Aneren push, hasten, incite, urge on (which prob.
Riwle. -0. F. quaier (13th cent. ), later also had the sense' to hurl ' ). Of unknown
quayer, cayer; mod. F . canier. - Late L. origin. Cf. Provo coitar, to hasten, urge.
quatenmlll, a collection of four leaves (we Quorum. (L.) It was usual to nomi-
find Late L. quaternus, glossed by A. F. nate members of a committee, of whom
quaer in Wright's Voc. i. 116); whence (quorum) a certain number must be present
also Ital. quadertto, a quire. Allied to L. to form a meeting. - L. quorum, of whom ;
qllattuor, four. [The suffix ottum is lost gen. pI. of qUi, who. Allied to Who.
as in F. e/~rfromL. ittftrnum.] ~ Not ~ota,ashare. (Ital.-L.) Ital. quota,
from L. qtl4terllio, which could not thus a share. -L. quota (pa,.s) , how great a
sl1ffer loss of the ace. termination -niOnem. part; fem. of quotus, how great. - L. quot,
Quire (l), a band of singers; see how many; allied to qui, who; see
Choir. Who.
Q1a.irk, a cavil. (M. Du. - F. - L.) qUote. (F.-L) Formerlyalsocote. -
M. Du. kuerkell , ' a cunning trick,' Hex- 0 . 1<'. quollr, coter, to quote. - Late L. ,/110-
ham. Dimin. of M. Du. hire , Du. kuur, lare, to mark off into chapters and verses,
a whim, also a cure. _ F . cure , a cure. - for references; hence, to give a reference.
-4 2 7
 QUOTH RACK
_ L. quotus, how many, how much, with B.ace (I ) , a swifl course. (Scand.)
allusion to chapters, &c.; see above. M. E. ras (North) ; [rees (South), from
~oth, he said. (E.) Properly a pI. t. A. S. r,rs]. - Ice\. rds, a running, race.
101: E. quoth, quod. - A. S. cwa(J, pt. t. of Teut. base -rtZs-. Hence it is nol for
cweiJan, to say.+lcel. kva4, pt. t. of kveiJa, -ram, i. e. a running (as in Noreen ).
to say; Goth. kwath, pt. t. of kwi/hall, to Bace (l ), a family. (F. -Ital.) F.rau.
say. Der. quotha, for quoth he. - Ital. raua, raza, also M. Ital. raCl{ia,
Quotidian, .d~i ly. (F.:-L.) F. quo~i­ 'a race, broode,' Florio. Of doubtful
dzen.-L. qllotzdziinw, daily.-L. quott-, or igin; but answering to L. type -radia,
for quotus, how many; dils, a day. Thus allied to raditire, to radiate. ( Korting,
quotiditinus = on however many a day, on § 6611 .)
any day , daily. Bace (3), a root. (F. -L.) 'A nue of
quotient. (F.-L.; orL.) F.rl"0tient, ginger;' Wint. Tn. iv. 3. 50. - O. F . :a!'s,
the part which falls to each man s share; rai'z, a root. - L. ratiicefft, acc. of radIX,
Cot.-L. -qllotient-, the imaginary stem a root. See Radix, Radish.
of L. quotiens, how many times; which is BaCeme,acluster. (F. -L.) F. raceme.
really indeclinable.-L. quot, how many. -L. ,'aCelllUlll, acc. of race11lus, a cluster.
See Quote. Back ( I ) , a grating above a manger, an
instmment oftortl1re. (E.) In some senses
B. the word is doubtless English; cr. M . E.
rekke, a rack for hay. In the particular
Rabbet, to cut the edges of boards so sense ' to torture.' it may hnve been bor·
that they overlap and can be joined. (F. rowed from M. Du. rll"ke11, to rack, to
- L. alttl G. ) F. roboter, to plane, level, torture. The radical sense of rack is to
or lay even; cf. rabot, a joiner's plane, a extend, stretch out; hence, as sb., 1'ack is
plasterer's beater. Of doubtful orig in. a straight bar (cf. G. rack, a rail, bar) ;
Perhaps from F. re- (L. re- ), again; F. a hence, a frame-work, such as the bars in
(L. ad ), to; and M. F. buter, 'to joine a grating above a manger, a frame-work
unto by the ende,' Cot., from F. but, end. used for torture, a bar with teeth in which
See. Abut, and Butt ( I). a cog-wheel can work. On the rack = in
Babbi,Babbin, sir. (L. - Gk.-Heb.) great anxiety; a rack-rent is a rent stretched
L. rabbi, Johl1 i. 38. - Gk. pal3l3i. - Heb. to its full value, or nearly so. Allied words
rabbi, literally 'my master.' - Heb. rab, are Ice!. rakln', straight, rekkja, to strain,
great; as sb., master; and i, my. _ Heb. M. Du. racke11, to stretch , reach out, to
root rtibah, to be great. (The fo rm rabbin rack; Swed. rak, straight , G. 1'ack, a rack,
is French.) rail, recken, to stretch; esp. Low G. rakk,
Rabbit. (0 . Low G.?) M. E. rabet. a shelf, as in E. plate· rack. Cf. Goth.
Dimin. of an older form only found in uj-rakjan, to stretch out. ~ Rack is used
M. Du. robbe, dimin. robbeken, a rabbit in many senses; see racl< ( 2) , rack (3), &c.
(Kilian ). ~ The true E. name is cony. Back (2 ) , light vapoury clouds, mist.
Rabble. (M. Du.) From the noise (Scand.) See Hamlet, ii. 2. 506; Antony,
made by a crowd . - M . Du. rabbelen, to iv. 14. 10. ~{. E. rak. - Ice!. rek, drift,
chatter; Low G. rabbeln, to chatter, motion, a thing drifted; cf. skyrek, the rack
babble. The suffix -Ie gives a frequentative or drifting clouds. - Ice!. reka, to drive,
force; rabble = that which keeps on making thrust, toss; cognate with A. S. wreCa1Z,
a noise. Cf. Rap; and. see Rapparee. to drive. See Wreak. Cf. Swed. skeppet
Babid, mad. (L.) L. rahidus, mad.- vraker = the ship drifts.
L. ral>ere, to rage, rave. Cf. Rage. Back (3), to pour off liquor, to clear it
Baca. (C haldee.) Matt. v. 22. Chaldee from d regs or lees. (F. -L.?) Minsheu
rlka, worthless; hence, foolish. ( 1627) speaks of 'rackt wines.' - M. F.
Baccoon, Bacoon. (N. American raqui; whence vin raqul, ' small, or corse
I ndian. ) Spelt ,-ackoon in Bailey ( 1735). wine, squeezed from the dregs of the
The native W. Indian name. 'Arathko1te, grapes, already drained of all their best
a beast like a fox;' glossary of Indian moisture;' Cot. Cf. L'lnguedoc raqua,
Words subjoined to A Historie of Travaile to glean grapes; raquo , skin of grapes
into Virginia, by W. Strachey (pub. by the (D'Hombres) ; Span. rascon, sour; rascar.
Hakluyt Soc. in 1849). to scrape. Prob. of L. origin; see Raaoal.
4 28
 RACK RAIN
Back (4), the same as wrark ; in the ' riif, rajr, a roof, cognate with O.H.G. 1'11/0,
phr. • to go to rack and ruin'; see a spar, rafter. Allied to Gk.l5poq,os, a roof,
Wrack. 'po"""" to cover. (.vREPH.) ~ Not
Back (5) ; see Arrack. all ied to A. S. hrOj, a roof.
Rack (6), aneckofmutton. (E.) A.S. rafter, a beam to support a roof. (E.)
hracca, the back of the head (occiput) ; A. S. rajter. An extension of the word
see Somner, and Vocab. 463. 21. ~ We above.
also find rack ( 7), for reck, to care ; rack Bag. (Scand.) M. E. ragge. We only
(8), to relate, from A . S. raeu, an account ; find A. S. raggie, for *raggige, rollgh,
rack (9), a pace of a borse, i. e. a rocking shaggy; as if formed from a sb. *ragg-. -
pace; see Rock ( 2). Also rack ( 10) , a Norw. ragg, rough hair, whence ragged,
track, cart-rut, from A. S. ram, a track. shaggy ( E. ragged) ; Swed. ragg, rough
Backet ( I), Baquet, a bat with a hair, whence raggig, shaggy ; Icel. rogg,
net-work blade. ( F . - Span. -Arab. ) M.E. shagginess, raggalJr, shaggy. Orig. sense
raket; borrowed from O. F . ; cf. M. F . • shagginess,' whence the notion of untidi-
raquette. - Span. raque/a, a racket, battle- ness. ~ The resemblance to Gk. plutos,
dore. - Arab. rahat, the palm of the hand a shred of cloth, is accidental. Der. rag-
(hence the game of fives, which preceded stone, i. e. rugged stone ; rag.wor/, i. e.
rackets). To this day, tennis is called in ragged plant.
F. pau1IIe, i. e. palm of the hand, though Ba.ge. (F. - L.) F . rage. - L. rabian,
now played with bats. acc. of rabifs, rage. - L. rabere, to rage.
Racket ( 2), anoise. (E. ) Of imitati ve And see Rave.
origin; cf. rattle, rap. So also Gael. racaid, Ba.gout. (F. - L.) F . ragotit, a sea-
a noise; Irish racan, noise; Gael. rae, to soned dish. - F. ragot2ler, to coax a sick
make a noise like geese or ducks. man's appetite. - F. reo, again ; a, to;
Racoon; see Raccoon. goa/er, to taste. - L re-; ad; g'ltStare, to
Racy, of strong Ra vour, spirited. ( F . - taste. See Gust ( 2).
Ital.; with E. suffix.) Rae-y = indica- Baid. (North E. ) A Northern form
t ive of its race, due to its breed . See of E. road. Cf. Jcel. rei6, a ·riding, a
Ra.ce ( 2). road . See Road.
Bac'Hant. (L. ) From stem of pres. Bail ( I ) , a bar. (F.-L.) M. E. rail.
pt. of L. radiare, to shine. -L. radius, a Not found in A . S. -0. F . reille, a rail,
ray. bar; Norman dial. raile.- L. regula , a
Badical; see Radix. bar. See Rule . Cf. L ow G. regel, a rail,
Badiah. ( F. - Provo - L .) F. radis cross-bar; Swed. regel, a bar, holt; G.
(not a true F. word , but borrowed from riegel, O. H. G. rigil, a bar, bolt ; all
Proven~ a l) . - Provo raditz, a root. - L. from L.
radium; see Radix. ~ Or the F. radis Bail (2 ) , to brawl, scold. (F. ) F.
is from Ital. radice. railler, to deride; O. F . raille, sb.,
Badius, a ray . (L.) L. radius, a ray. mockery. Origin unknown. Der. rail/-
Doublet, ray ( I) . er·y, F. rail/erie, banter.
Badiz, a root. (L.) L. radix (stem Bail (3), a bird. (F. - Teut.) O. F .
rtidie- ), a root.+Gk. p6.lJt[, a branch, rod; raalle; M. F . rasle, 'a rayle,' Cot. ; F.
po.oop.vos, a tw ig. See Root and Wor t. nile. (From its cry.)
Der. radie-al , L. rtidrea/is. Bail (4) , part of a woman's night-d ress.
Ba1lle.. a kind of lottery. (F. - G .) \E. ) See H alliwell and Palsgrave. M.E.
M . E. rajle , a game at dice. - M. F. raJle, re)el. - A. S. hragl, hregl, a dress, robe,
raJlle, a game at three dice; O. F . rajle, swaddling.clothes. + O . Fries. lIreil, reil;
a gust of wind; F . rajler, to snatch up. - O. H. G. hregil, a garment. Tent. type
G. raffe/n, to snatch up; frequent. of *hragilom, neut.
raffell, to snatch away, carry off hastily. Baiment. ( F. - L. alld Scand . ; wilh
See Rap (2). F. su.ifix.l Short for armi-men!; see
Batt. (Scand.) M. E. rajt, a spar, Arra.y .
beam; orig. sense 'rafter.' -Icel. raptr &in. ( E.) M.E .reilt. A.S.regn, also
(raftr), a rafter, beam (where the final l' is rin ( by contraction). +Du. regen, Jcel.
merely the sign of the nom. case) ; Dan. Dan. Swed. regn , G. regen, Goth. rign,
"aft, a rafter, a beam. Allied to lee!. rain. Cf. L. rig-tire, to moisten.
42 9
 RAINDEER RANCH
Baiudeer; see Reindeer. ramm. Cf. Icel. ramr, strong. Der. ram,
Baise. (Scand.) M. E. rrisen . - Icel. vb., to butt, push, thrust; ram·rtxi.
rriia, to make to rise, causal of rrsa (pt. B.a.madan, a great Mohammedan fast.
t. "cis', to rise ; so also Dan. reiu, Swed. (Arab. ) So called because kept in the ninth
resa , to raise. See Rise , Real' ( I). month,namedRamadan.-Arab.ramaqan,
BaisiD.. (F. -L .) M. E. reist'n. -0. F. pronounced ramazlin in Turkish and Per-
raisin , a grape; also a bunch . -Folk- sian. Asitisintheninthmonthofthelunar
L. racimum, for L. radmum, acc. of racl- year, it may take place in any season; but
mus, a c1nster. it is supposed to have been originally held
B~ah, prince. (Skt.) Skt. rajii, the in the hot season. The word implies' con-
nom. case from the stem ra/an, a king. suming fire'; from Arab. root rameq, it
Cognate with L. rex; see Regal. was hot. (Devic, Richardson.)
~poot,a prince. (Hind. - Skt.) Hind. Bamble. (E. ) Frequentative of M. E.
ra/piil, a prince; lit. 'son of a rajah.' - ramien (?) , provo E. rame. to rove, to gad
Skt. rii/-a. a king; putra, son. about (Yks.) ; ce. E. Fries. ramen, ramen,
Bake ( I), an implement. (E.) A. S. to rove, ramble. The b is excrescent, and
raea, a rake.+Du. rakel, a rake. Dan. ramble is for provo E. rammle, to ramble
rage, a poker, Swed. raka, an oven-rake (Whitby Glossary ).
(with base mk-) ; also Ice!. reka, a shovel, Bamif,y. ( F. - L. ) F . ra11lijier, to put
G. rec"en, a rake (with base rek -). All ied forth branches (hence, to branch off). - L.
to Goth. rikan (Tent. type *rek-an-, pt. t. ram;-, for raml/s, a branch, bough; ji,are,
rak), to collect, heap up. Cf. Ice!. raka, for faure, to make. With L. ramus. cf.
vb. , to rake. Del'. rake, vb. Gk. pr.~ap-"o ., a twig. Bmgm. i. § 5l9.
Bake (1) , a dissolute man. (Scand.) Bamp, Bomp, to bound, leap ; pro-
M. E. rakel, rash ; oddly corrupted to rake- perly to climb, scramble, rear; also to
"ell (Trench, Nares) ; finally shortened to sport boisterously. (F.- Teut.) M. E.
rake. -Swed. dial. rakkel,a vagabond, from rampen , to rage; cf. ramp-alit (F. ramp-
raka, to run hastily, M. Swed. racka, to run a1"), rearing, said of a lion. - F. ramper,
about. Cf. A. S . racian, to run. ' to creep, run, crawle, climb; , Cot. Orig.
Bake (3), the projection of the extremi- sense ' to clamber' ; cf. M.lta!. rampare,
ties of a ship beyond the keel, the inclina- to clutch. rampo, a hook. According
tion of a mast from the perpendicular. to Diez, the Ita1. rampare (Prov. mpar)
(Scand.) ' In sea-language, the rake of a is a nas~lised form from Low G. rappm,
ship is so much of her hull or main body, to snatch hastily, Dan. rappe, to hasten ;
as hangs over both the ends of her keel;' cf. G. rajfen, to snatch; see Rape (I ).
Phi1lips (1706). Evidently from rake, vb., But Korting derives Ita\. rampa, a grip,
to reach, extend ( Halliwell).-Swed. dial. from Low G. ramp (Lubben), Bavar.
raka , to reach, "aka fram, to reach over, ramp/, a cramp, seizure; which is allied
project; Dan. ragefrem, to project,jut out. to ramp/, lnd grade of O. H. G. ri1llpfan,
Cf. Icel. rakr, Swed. rak, straight. Allied to cram p. Cf. Ripple (1).
to Rack ( I ). Bampart. (F.-L.) Also spelt ram-
Bakehell, a vngabond; see Rake ( 2). pire, rampier, rampar. - M. F. 1'empart,
B'Ilrl, arrack. (Turk. - Arab ) Turk. ,'empar, a ram part of a fort. - M. F, rem-
riiqi. arrack . - Arab. 'araq , arrack; see parer, to put again into a state of defence.
Arnck. - L. re·, again; im- (in), in ; pariire, to
Ba1lY ( I), to re-assemble. (F . -L.) F . get ready. See Pare.
ral/ier. - F . reo, again; allier, to ally ; see BamSODS, broad-leaved garlic. (E.)
Ally. Cf. provo F . railer, to rally, grow A double plural; for rams-enos. Here
convalescent; dial. de la Meuse (Labonr· ramsen = A. S. nraIIlsan , ramsons; a pl.
asse). form , from a sing. hramsa.+Swed. rams ·
Bally (1 ) , to banter. (F.) We also 10k (lok=leek) ; Dan. rams; Lithuan .
find the sb. rallery, ' pleasant drolling,' kermusse, wild garlic ; Irish cream", W.
Phillips, ed. 1706. This is, of course, cra/, garlic; Gk. "pOP-I/O", an onion (Stokes-
another spelling of raillery; and rally is Fick, p . 98).
merely another form of rail (2) , from F. B&DCh, B.a.ncho, a rude hut. (Span.
rail/e,·, to deride. See Ran ( 2). - Teut. ) Common In Mexico. - SP:IU:
Bam. (E.) A. S. ,·am.+Du. ram, G . mnrho, a mess, set of persons who cat
0430
 RANCID RAPE
and drink together; fonnerly, 'a ranke,' Dan. rr.nsagt. - Icel. rann, a hoose, abode:
Minsheu. Prob. borrowed from Provo sak-, related to stZkja, to seek. The Icel.
rene, a rank; O. F. r~j see Rank, ra.m stands for ·razn, and is the same as
Range. A. S. arn, a cot, Goth. ra~n, a hoose ; see
Bancid. :;L.) L. rnneidus, rancid. Cf. barn. Cf. A. S. ram, a plank, beam j
L. raneens, stinking, as if from an infin. and see Seek. ~ Cf. Norman dial. ran-
*ranclre, to stink. s~ Gael. rannsa~ck, from Scand.
rancour. (F.-L.) M.E. rancour.- Bom,redemptton. (F.-L.) M.E.
A.F. ralICOllr. - L. ranconm, acc. of rancor, "ansoun (with final n). - O. F. ramson ,
s~:rig. ranciclness. See above. later rant0n, a ransom . - L. rcdemptio.U!m,
dom, said or done at hazard. (F.- acc. of I'edemptio, a buying back.-L.
Teot.) M. E. randon; esp. in phr. in redcmptus, pp. of redimere, to redeem; see
randun, in great haste. - O. F . rantiun, the Redeem. Doublet, redemption.
force and swiftness of a great stream; Bant. (Du. ) M. Du. randlen, to dote,
whence phr. Ii ra.uion, in great haste, with be enraged; also spelt randen ; see Kilian.
impetuosity; from O. F. randir, to run Cf. Westphal. rantffn, to prate.
swiftly. So also Span. de rwdon, de rondon, Bantipole, a romping child. (Low G.)
rashly, impetuously. - G. rOlld, a brim, Cf. M. Du. 1tJmntigk, E. Fries. wranttrig,
edge, verge, margin; wheuce Ital. a randa, Low G. wra1ltig, reevish, quarrelsome j
with difficulty, exactly (lit. near the ,·erge). and Poll. See Frampo1d.
Cf. G. cis a.m rande voll, full to the brim. Banunculus. (L. ) L. ranunmltts, a
The sense of O. F. randir has reference to little frog; also, a plant. Double dimin.
the course of a full or brimming river. + of d ina, a frog.
A. S. rand, Ice!. rond, Dan. rand, rim, Rap (1\ to strike smartly; a smart
verge; Swed. rand, a stripe. See Rind. stroke. (Scand .) Dan . rap, a rap, tap;
Bange. (F.-O. H . G.) The sense' to Swed. rapp, a blow; Swed. rappa, to beat;
rove' arose from the trooping about of cf. G. rappeln, to rattle. Of imitative
ranks of armed men. - F. ratlger (0. F. origin; allied to &tt1e, Racket ( 2).
renger), to range, rank, order, array, lit. Rap ( 2), to snatch, seize hastily. (E. )
, to put into a rank.' - F. rang (0. F . reng), M. E. rapm , to hasten, act hastily. Cf.
a rank (below). M. Du. rapen, 'to rap up, gather,' Hex-
rank ( I). a row, line of soldiers, class. ham ; Du. rap, quick; Ice!. krata, to
(F.-O. H. G. ) M. E. reng, renk.-O. F. fall , tumble, hasten, hllTry; Swed. "al'pa,
rmg (F . rang), a rank, row, list, range. - to seize, snatch, Dan. rappe, to make
O. H. G. hrine, a ring, ring of men, hence haste; Swed. rapp , Dan. rap, quick,
a row or rank of men. See Ring. brisk; G. mffen, to snatch. From Teut.
Bank ( l ) , coarse in growth, very fertile; base *hrap-. ~ Chiefly in the phrase to
also rancid. (E.) The sense' rancid' is rap and rmd. And see Rapt, Rape (I).
due to confusion with O. F. rance, ' musty,' Rapacious. (L.) Coined from L.
Cot., which is from L. rancidlls. But M.E. rapiiri-, for "apax, grasping. - L. rapen,
rank means ~trong, forward; from A. S. to grasp. Brugm. i. § 4i7.
rane, strong, proud, forward.+Du. rank, Rape (I ), a seizing by force. (F. - L.)
lank, slender (like things of quick growth ); A. F. and Norm. dial. 1'ap~, rap; cf. Late
Ice!. rakkr (for ·rankr), straight, slender, L. rappus, ra/us (for L. raptlls), O. F.
Swed. ranR, long and thin, Dan. rank, erect. rajt. - L. raPtt~m, acc. of raptlls, a rape.
Rankle, to fester. ·, F. - L. - Gk. ' -L. raptttS, pp. of rape.·e, to ~ eize.
A. F. rankler, to fester ; O. F . d,-aonc/er, Cf. O. F. raper. Gascon rapa, to seize.
monder, ,-allder (so that it once began fl But , apparently, confused with M E.
with d; see Godefroy) . -0. F. drnonde, rape, haste, hurry, a common word; see
rnone/e, rande, an eruption of the ski n. - Chaucer's lines to Adam Scrivener. - Icel.
Late L. dracunculus, dranculus, ( I) a hrap, ruin, falling down , hrnpa6r, a hurry,
little dragon; ( 2) a kind of ulcer (as hrapa, to hasten; Swed . rapp, Dan. mp,
dragons were supposed to he ,·enomoos) . quick; see Rap ( 2). Der. raje, vb.
- Late L. draco, a dragon. See Dragon.. Bape ( 2), a plant. (L.) M. E. rap~.­
(Phil. Soc. Trans. 1891. ) L. riipa, rapm, a turnip, a rape.+Gk.
BaJula.ck. (Scand.) Ice\. rannsaka, to F' ffVf, a turnip, """,ads , a radish; Russ.
se:lrch n house, ransack j Swed. ransaka, riepa, a turnip; G. riib~.
43 1
 RAPE RAT
Bape (3), a division of a conoty, in form from rasum, snpine of riJdere, to
Sussex. (Scand.) Icel. hreppr, a district; scrape; see ltase (below); and Bash (1).
prob. orig. a share. - Ice!. hreppa, to catch ; Base, Base, to scrape, efface. (1".-
cf. A. S. hreppan, to tonch, lay hold of. L.) M. E. rasen, to scrape. - F. raser._
Allied to B'l.p ( 1). Late L. rasor" to graze, to demolish.
Bapid. (F.-L.) F. rapide -L. rapi- -L. rasum, supine of radere, to scrape.
dus, quick, lit. snatching away. - L. AlJied to Bodent.
rapere, to snatch. See Bapacious. Bash (I), headstrong. (E.) M. E.
Bapier, a light narrow sword. (F. - rash, rasch, E. Fries. rask; cf. A. S.
Span.-O.H.G.) M. F. rapiere , rappiere, rlZscan to flash.+Du. rasch, G . rasch;
also raspiere (Littrt!); it was considered Dan. Swed. rask. quick, rash; Icel.
as Spanish. 'Rapiere, Spanische sworde;' roskr, vigorous; N. Fries. radsk, quick.
Palsgrave, p. go8. Perhaps raspiere was 11" Brugm. i. § 795. connects this word
a name given in contempt, meaning 'a with O. H. G. rod, a wheel; see Bobry.
rasper' or poker; hence it was called Bash (1), a slight eruption on the body.
'a proking-spit of Spaine'; Nares.' Cf. (F . - L. ) O . F. rasche, rasque, rache.
Span. raspatiera, a raker.-Span. raspar, The same as Provo rasca, the itch. So
to rasp, scratch. - O. H. G. raspiin, to rasp. calJed from the wish to scratch it; d. Provo
See Basp. 11" So Diez; Littre rejects this rascar, to scratch, equivalent to a Late L.
probable solution. *rasiciJre. - L . rasum, supine of r4dere,
Bapine. (F.-L.) F.·rapine,' rapine, to scrape. See BasoaL
ravine; 'Cot. - L.rapina, robbery, plunder. Bash (3), to pull, tear violently. (F.-
- L. rapere, to seize. See Bapacious. L.) ' Rashing off helmes;' F. Q . v. 3. 8.
Bapparee, an Irish robber. (Irish.) M.E.aracen, afterwards shortened to racen.
Irish rapaire, a noisy fellow , sloven, - O. F. esrachier (F. arracher), to root up,
robber, thief; cf. rapal, noise, rapach, pulJ away violently. -L.exriJdicore, to root
noisy. Cf. Gael. rapair, a noisy fellow. out. - L. ex, ont; riidicore, to root, from
AIJ perhaps fmm E. ralJble (Macbain). riJdjc-, stem of radix, a root. See
Bappee, a kind of snuff. (F. -0. H .G.) Badix.
F. rdpl, lit. ra<;ped, reduced to powder; Bash (4), a kind of serge. (F. -Ital.)
Pi>.- of rdper, to rasp; see Rasp. M. F. ras, serge. - Ital. rascia, ' silk rash ; '.
Bapt, carried away. (L.) From L. florio . From Rascia, a district in the S.
raptus, pp. of rapere, to !;Cize; see Milton, of Bosnia.
P. L. iii. 521. 11" But in 'What thus raps Basher, a thin slice of broiled bacon.
you,' Cymh. i. 6.51 , the word may be E. (E.) 'Rasher on the coales, quasi rashly
S ~e Bap (1) . or hastily roasted,' Minsheu. This is
raptorial. (L.) Used of birds of prey. right; cf. 'Rashed, bornt in cooking, by
_ L. raptor·i-. from raptt»", one who seizes; being too hastily dressed;' Halliwell.
with snffix -al _ L. rapere, to seize. See Ba.sh (I) .
rapture. (L. ) Coined, as if from L. Basoria!. (L.) L.riJsnr·i·, from rasor,
*raptura, from L. raptus, pp. of rapere. one who scrapes; with suffix ·al.-L.
Bare. (f . -L.) F . rare. -L. rarnf1t, ras.u11l, supine ofrntiere, to scrape.
acc. of rams, rare. Basp, vb. (F . - O. H. G. ) M. E.
Bascal,a knave, villain. (F . -L.) M.E. raspen -O.F. ra.sper (F. rdper). -O.H .G.
raskaille, the common herd. [It was a raspon, whence G. raspeln to rasp. Cf.
term of the chase; certain animals, not O. H. G . hrespan , to pluck, to rake
worth hunting, were so called. The hart, together. Cf. Rap (l).
till be was six years old, was acconnted rasp-berry, a kind of fruit. (F. -
rascayie.] A. F. raskayle , a rabble; also O .H .G.; and E: ) Formerly called raspis.
·rascaille, whence mod. F. racail/e, 'the raspes, but this is merely a pI. form used as
rascality or base or rascal! sort, the a singular. Named from its uneven sur-
scumme, dregs, offals, outcasts of any face. So also M. Ital. raspo, a rasp, also
company,' Cot. D ue to an O. F. word a raspberry.
cognate with Provo Span. Port. rascor, Bat. (E. ) M. E. ,.at. A. S. rlZt. +M. Du.
to scrape: the orig sense being' scrap- ratte, Du. rat, D an. rot/e. Swed. ratta , G.
ings'; cf. M. F. rasque, 'scnrfe'; Cot. ratte, ratr;; Low L. ratus, rato (whence F.
All from a Late L. ·rnsicare, a frequent rat) ; Irish and Gael. roda", Beet. rtlJ.
43 2
 RATAFIA RAVEL
Der. rat, vb. , to desert one's party, as Also speJt rata11 (Johnson). - Malayrotall,
rats are said to leave a falling house. the rattan-cane _
And see R a.tten. Batten, to take away a workman's
Batafi., a liquor. (F. - Arab. and tools for offending the trades' union.
Malay.) F . ralafia; cf. tajia, rum-arrack. (F.-LowL. - Teut. ) Ratten is the Hal-
- Malay araqltijia, the spirit called lajia; lamshire (Sheffield) word for a rat; hence
where araq is borrowed from Arab. 'oraq, applied to working secret mischief, which
arrack. is attributed to rats. 'I have been rat-
Batch, a rack or bar with teeth. (E.) lened; I had just put a new cat-gllt band
A palatalised forql of 1"tlck (I) above, in upon my lathe, and last night the rats have
the sense of 'bar with teeth'; hence it carried it off;' N. and Q. 3 S. xii. 192.
came to mean a kind of a toothed wheel. M . E. raton, a rat - F. ralon , dimin . of
Der. ralek-el, in watch-work, 'the small F . rat; see Ra.t.
teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel Ba.ttle, to clatter. (E.) M. E. ratden .
that stop it in winding up ;' Phillips. A. S. *hrtl!telan, only preserved in A. S.
Bate ( I), a proportion, stanc ard, tax. kralele, kralelwyrl, rattle-wort, a plant
(F.-L.) A. F. rate, price, value.-L. which derives its name from the rattling
rala, fem. of ra/us, determined, fixed, of the seeds in the capsules.+Dn. ratden,
settled, pp. of reor, I think, judge, deem . G . l'asseln, to rattle; allied to Gk. Itpa6-
Brogm. i. § lOO. allff"" to shake. Cf. also Gk. 1t?6TaAO~,
Bate (l), to scold, chide. (F. -L.) a rattle.
M. K raten, Ch. C. T. 3463; araten, to Baught, pt. t . of Reach, q . v.
reprove. Also spelt rellen, arelten. -O.F. Bav.,e, sb., plunder. (F. -L.) F .
l'eler, rateir, areler, aratler, to accuse, to ravage, ' ravage;' Cot. - F . ravir, to bear
impute; Norman dial. reter, reller, to awaysuddenly.- Folk-L rapire, L. rapert,
blame. - L. ad, to; and reputare, to count. to seize. See Rapid . Der. ravage, vb.,
See Repute. ~ Not from rale ( I). F. ravager.
Bath, early; Ba.ther, sooner. (E.) B&ve. (F. -L.) M. E. raven.-O. F.
Ratker is the compar. of ratk, early, soon. raver, cited by Diez, s. v. rever, as a Lor-
A. S. kratJe, adv., quickly, k rtZtJ, adj., raine word; hence the derivative ravasser,
quick, swift; hence k ratJQr, sooner. +~ce l. 'to rave, talk idly;' Cot. Godefroy has
kratJr, SWift; M. H . G. rad, krad, qUIck; O . F . ,'esver, raver, rever, to stroll about,
Du. rad, swift. Cf. O. Ir. erolkim, I shake. also to rave ; cf. F . rliver, dial. de la Meuse
Batif,y. (F.-L.) F.ral¢e,.. -LateL. (Labourasse). Allied to Spau. rabiar, to
ral¢aire, to confirm. - L. rati-,for ra/us, rave, a verb formed from the sb. rabia,
settled; -jietire, for /acere, to make. See rage, allied to L rabies, rage. - L. l'abert,
Rate (I). to rage; see Rabid. ~ This is the
r.tio. (L.) L. ralio, calculation. - L. solution given by Diez; but see K6rting,
ralus, pp. of reor, I think, deem. § 659 8 .
r.tion, rate or allowance of provisions. BAvel, to untwist, unweave, entangle.
(F . -L.) F. ration.-L. rah"thum, acc. of (M. Du. ) Th{' orig. sense has reference to
ratio (above). Doublet, reason. the untwisting of a string or woven texture,
BatlineB, Ba.tlins, Battlings, the ends of threads of which become after-
the small transverse ropes crossing the wards entangled. To unralle/ is to disen -
shroudsofaship. (E.;andF.-L.) Now tangle; to ravel oul is to unweave. - M.
turned into ral-lines, as if affording ladders Du. rave/en, to ravel; mod. Du. raft/en,
for rats to get up by. But the old term E . Fries. rafeln, to fray out, unweave;
was raddeli1U!s, or radddyng 0/ Ihe Low G. reffiln , to fray out. Cf. Du.
sk rowdes, Naval Accounts ( J 485-97), ed. ra/eI, E. Fries. raftl, raft/, a frayed edge.
Oppenheim, pp. 185, 207. Prob. the Also Norman dial. raviler, to ravel;
same as provo E . raddlings. long pieces of Pomeran . rabbeln, uprabbeln , to ravel out.
underwood twisted between upright stakes Of unknown origin; bnt cf. A . S. tirafian ~ or
(hence, £Toss-lines of the shrouds) ; cf. Du. ariifian ?), to unravel, Gregory's P astoral
'U,eeflijnen (weave-lines), ratlines. Cf. provo Care, ed. Sweet, p. l45. 1. 22 . ~ The
E. raddle, a hurdle; perhaps allied to rod. M. Du. rave/en, to dote (from O . F . rdver,
Palsgrave has • rady/I of a carte.' see Rave), is a different word . Der. un -
BAttan, a Malacca cane. (Malay.) ravel.
 RAVELIN REAM
Bavelin, a detached work in fortifica- Be-, Bed-, prefix, again. (F. - L.; Dr
tion, with two embankments raised before I..) L. re-, red-; commonly re-, except
the connterscarp. (F. - Ita!.) F . rave/in. in red-eem, red-olent, red-dition, red-ound,
- M. Ital. rave/litUJ, revel/itUJ (Ita!. rive/- red-undo,tt. ~ Hence a large number of
litUJ), a ravel in. Origin unknown; thought compounds, such as re-address, re-arrange,
to be from L. re-, back, ua/lum, a ram- which cause no difficulty.
part; which is unlikely. Beach ( I) , to attain. ( E.) M . E.
Baven ( I), a bird. ( E.) M. E. ravm . reehtll, pI. t . rnghte, rauglzte, pp. raught.
A. S. hrrzjn, hriftt. +Du. raaf, Icc!. hraj1t, - A. S. rliean, rr'leea", pt. t. ,'?ilzte.+Du.
Dan. ravtt, G. rabe. Teut. type *hrabnoz, reiken, O. Friesic reka; G. reiehm. The
m. Perhaps allied to Gk. IeOp-ai, a raven, A. S. raean is closely allied to the sb.
L . cor-utts. ge-rae, opportunity; giving as the orig.
Raven (2), to plunder, to devour. (F .- sense • to seize an opportu nity.' Teut.
L.) Better spelt ravin. From M. E. ravine, type *raikjan-. (Distinct from A. S. rerea",
sb. , plunder. -0. F. ravine, rapidity, in~ ­ to stretch.) Der. reach, sb., which also
petuosity (ol' lest sense' plnnder,' as in L .) . means' a stretch in a river.'
- L. rapbta, plunder; see Rapine. Beach ( 2) , to try to vomit; see Retch.
ravme, a hollow gorge. (F. -L.) F. Bead. (E.) M. E. reden. A.S. r~da1t
ravim, a hollow worn by Roods, also a (strong verb), to counsel, consult, inter-
great Rood; O. F. ravine (above). pret, read; with the remarkable pt. t.
ravish, to seize with violence. (F.- reord. [Also as a weak vb., pI. t . r~dde;
L. ) M. E. rallisehm. - F. raviss-, stem prob. by confusion with r~dan, to dispose
of pres. pt. of ravir, to ravish. - Folk-L. of, to govern.) Allied to Goth. garida",
,'apire, for L. rapere, to seize. to provide, IceL ratJa (pt. t. relf), to advise,
Baw. (E.) M. E. "nw. A. S. hrlaw, G. ralhm (pt. t. rie/h ), to advise. Teut.
hr.ew.+ Du. raauw; Iee l. hrilr, Dan. rna, type * r~datt-. Perhaps allied to L. re-ri,
Swed. ra; O. H. G. rlio, G. roh. Teut. to think. Der. riddle ( I) , q. v.
types */trnwoz, *hr/h/Joz. Allied to L. Beady, (E.) M. E. redi ; with change
criidus, taW, Skt. kriira-, sore, cruel, hard; of suffix from A. S. r?ide, ready; orig.
also to Gk. leplar (for *KpfFar ), raw Resh, • equipped for riding,' or 'prepared for a
Sk t . kravya·, raw Resh; Lat. eruor, blood ; raid'; [ready =' fully dressed,' is common
Russ. k,'ove, Lith. kraujas, Irish crii, W. in Tudor E. ) ; tlsual form ge-rt'ide. - A. S.
crau, blood. Brugm. i. § 49l. (-v'KREU. ) ".ad, 2nd stem of 1',-dan, to ride. So also
Bay ( I). ( F.-L. ) O.F.raye;F . raie. G . be'reit, ready, from reit-w, to ride;
- L. radium, acc. of raditts, a ray. See Goth. garaids , I cel. g-reil1r, ready; cf.
Radius. Goth. raid;im, to order, appoint. And
Bay ( 2) , a fish. (F.-I..) O. F. raye , cf. G. jertig, ready, from jaht'm, to go.
F. "aie. - L. rilia, a ray. See Ride.
Ba.y (3), a danc\!. (Du.) M. Do. rey, Beal ( I) , actual. ( F. - L.; 01' L.) Either
a dance; Du. rd, a chorus. from O. F. reel ( F. reel). or directly from
Bayah, a person, oot a Mohammedan , Late L. reillis, belonging to the thing itself.
who pays the capitation-tax, a word in use - L. res , a thing. Der. real-isl.
in Turkey. ( Arab.) It may be explained Beal ( 2) , a small Spanish coin. (Span.
as ' subject,' though the orig. sense is ' a - L.) Span. real, lit. a' royal' coin. - L.
fiock,' or pastured cattIe.- Arab. ra'iyah , riglilis, royal ; see Regal.
ra'iya(/ ), a Rock, subject, peasant; from Bealgar, red ar~enic. (F. -Span.-
ra'y , pasturing, tending flocks. Cf. Ryot. Arab.) F. rialgar. - Span. re}algar, red
Balle, the same as Rase (above). sulphuret of arsenic. - Arab. rah} ai-ghar,
razor. (F.-L.) F. rasoir, a razor, powder of the mine, mineral powder.-
Ii t. a shaver. - F. raser, to shave; see Arab. rah}, powder; aI, the; ghar, a
Rase. cavern, mine.
Ballllia, a sudden raid. ( F.- Algiers.) Bealm. (F. - L. ) M. E. "oialme,
F. razzia, razia; borrowed from the Alger- realme. - A. F. rea/me (F. royalt/lIe\ a
ine raaia, which is a peculiar pronunciation kingd om; answering to a Late L. *riglili-
of Arab. ghazia, a raid, expedition against 111m. - L. regillis, royal; see Regal.
infidels (Devic ). _ Arab. ghllzi, a hero, a Beam. IF . - Span. - Arab.) M. E.
le:l<ler of an expedition. ,·ume. -O. F . rai1lle ( F. "ame\ a ream or
 REAP RECEPTACLE
bondle of paper. - Span. resma, a ream.- Rebel. (F. - L.) The verb is from the
Arab. risma{t), pI. riZllm, a bondle. sb., and the sb. was orig. an adj. M. E.
Beap. (E. ) M. E. repen (pt. t. rep , pp. rebel, adj., rebellious. - F.rebe/le, rebellious.
ropen ). O. Merc. reopan, A. S. npan, -L. rebellem, acc. of rebel/is, renewing
pt. t. mp. pt. t. pI. rtlp"'. [ Rot a com- war. - L. reo, again; bellum, war = O. L.
moner form is A. S. rlpm (pt. t. rap , pp. drullllm, war; see Duel. Der. rebel, sb.
ripen ) ; whence A. S. rip, E. ripe ; see and vb,; rebel/-ion, -ious.
Ripe. The co-existence of tht'Se two Rebound; see Bound ( r).
strong verbs is remarkable. ] The A. S. Be bu:ff, a repulse. (Ita!. ) In Milton,
repan is from a Teot. base *rep-, whence P. L. ii. 936. - Ita!. rebuiJo, ribuffo, a
Do. repel, a flax-comb (see Ripple (I )), check. - Ita!. ribu/fare, 'to check, chide;'
and Swed. "epa, to rip up (see Rip). The Florio.-Ita!' ri- (L reo), back; buiJare, a
A. S. ripan is from a Teot. base >treij>-, word of imitative origin, like E. PlliJ; see
whence Ripe and Rope. Pu1f.
Rear ( r \ to raise. (E.) M. E. rerm. Bebuke, to reprove. (F. -L.) M. E.
A. S. riiran, to rear; the exact eqoivalent rebuRen; A. F. rebuker. - O. F. (Picard)
ofIceI. reisa, to raise. Teut. type *raizjdn. rebouquer, also reboucher, to blunt a
(cf. Goth. ur-raisjan, to mise op) ; whence weapon; metaphorically, to put aside a
A. S. rreran, by Verner's law. See Raise. request ; cf. Picard U rebuker, to revolt.-
Causal form of risan, to rise (pt. t. riis = F . reo, back; bOt/lJuer, Picard form of
Goth. rais). Doublet, raise. bOtlCher, to obstruct, shut up, also to hood-
Rear ( 2) , the back part. (F. - L.) M. E. wink, nip with cold (hence to blunt);
rere, chiefly in adv. arere, arrere, in the formed from bOlllJue, Picard form of F.
rear.-O. F. riere, backward; whence bouche, the mouth. - L. reo, back ; bucca,
ariere (F . arri~re ), behind, backward.- the puffed cheek (later , the mouth). Thus
L. retro, backward; whence ad rdro>F. to rebuke is to stop one's mouth, ob-
arriere. See Retro-. stmct; cf. Gascon rebouca, 'refluer, en
Bear (3), insufficiently cooked. (E.) parlant d'eao.'
M. E. rere. A. S. hrer, half-cooked. Rebus, a representation of a word by
Rearmouse; see Reremouse. pictures. (L.) Thus Bolton was repre-
Bearward, the rear-guard. (F.-L. sented by pictures of a bolt and a tun. - L.
and t;.) Th e old spelling is rereward, rebus, by things, i. e. by means of thi ngs;
M. E. r erewarde, i. e. guard in the rear. abl. p!. of res, a thing. Sec Real (I).
See Rear (2 ) and Ward. Rebut. (F. -L. and M. H . G.) O. F .
Reason. (F.-L. ) M. E. resOttn, rebouter,torepulse. -L. reo, again; M.H.G.
n£slJn. - A.F. and O. F. reison (F. raison). Mzen, to beat; see Beat.
- L. rationem, acc. of ratio, calcnlation, Recall. (L . and ScancI.) From L.
reason. See Ratio. reo, back; and call, of Scand. origin.
Reave, to rob. (E.) M. E. reum Recant. (L. ) L. recantare, to sing
(= revm); pt. t. ra./fe, reftt, pp. raft, rift. back, echo; also, to recant. recall. - L. reo,
A. S. riajian, to despoil, lit. to strip ; cC. back ; can/lire, to sing. See Cant (I ).
A. S. rea/. clothing, a robe, spoil, plonder. Becede. (L.) L . reci'dere, to go hack.
- A. S. riaf 2nd grade of strong verb - L. ,'e-, back ; cedere, to go; see Cede.
.'eo.fan, to break.+ Ice!. ratifa, to reave, Receive. (F.-L. ) A. F . receiv-, a
1'Quj. spoil, from rauf, 2nd grade of r:ju./a, stem of receivre, O. F. reroivre.-L. reri-
to break up, violate; G. rauben, to rob, pere, to take back. - L. reo, back; caperc,
rallb, plunder. The strong verb is of the to take. See Capacious.
Teut. type *rw"an- (pt. t. *raub ). Cf. L. B.ecent. (F. -L.) M. F . recent (F.
rumpere, to break. Brugm. i. § 701. rlant). - L. recent-, stem of recens, fresh,
Rebate, to blunt a sword's edge. (F.- new, orig.' beginning anew.'- L. re-, again;
L.) O. F . •'ebatre, to beat back again.- -cent-, a stem allied to Russ. po-chin-ate, to
F, re- (L, reo ), back; O.F. batre, F. battre, begin, O. Irish cll-. first; and to Gk. Ka.v6s,
to beat; see Batter (I). new (Prellwitz) .
Rebeck, a three-stringed fiddle. (F .- B.eceptacle. (F. - L .) F. r!ceplac/e.
Arab.) O . F. rebec, also spelt rebebe; - L. recl!ptiiculum, a place to store away.
M. Ita!. ribecra, also ribebba, a rebeck.- - L. reapt-tlS, pp. of rtcipe; see Re-
Arab. raMb, rabiiba(t ), a rebeck (Devic). ceive.
 RECEPTION RECOUP
reception. (F . -L.) F.rlaptioll.- Recluse. (F . - L.) M.E. recluse,
L. ac~. receptiollem, a taking back. - L. orig. fe rn . - O. F. recluse , fern. of reclus,
rueplus ; as a bove. pp. of rec/orre, t? shut up. - L. rtc/udere,
Recess. (L.) L. "easSllS, a retreat. - to tmclose; but In late La!. to shut up.-
L. recessus, pp. of re-cedere, to recede. L. reo, back; clauden , to shut. See
See R eced e. Clause.
Recheat, a signal of recall, in hunti ng. Recognise. ( F . - L. ) F ormed from
~F. - L. ) From A .F. rechet, variant of O . F. the sb. rerogllisance (C haucer, C. T. J 3260).
reat, a pl ace of refuge, a retreat (Gode- - O. F. "uognisa'ta, an acknowledgmen t.
!roy). - L. ruepltml, ace. of recep/tIS, a - 0. F. retognis-ant, pres. part. of recog-
rdreating, retreat. - L. receptu s, pp. of noistre ( F. rcc01Z1taftre). - L. re-cognoscere,
"cripen , to receil'e; see Receive . to kn ow again. See Cognisan ce. D er .
recipe. (L. ) L. recipe, take thc>u ; rccog71it· ioll (from L. pp. recognit.w ).
im p. of reclpere, to receive (above). Recoil, vb. (F. -L. ) M. E. recoi/en.
recipient. (L.) L. recipient-, stem - A. F. recui/ler ; F . ,-u u/er, ' to recoyle,
"f pres. pt. of ,-eeipere, to receive. ret ire; ' Cot. Lit. to go backwards_- F.
Reciprocal. lL.) From L. recipro· reo, back; w/, the hinder part. - L. reo,
w s, returnin g, alternating. Lit. ' directed back; CIlium, ace. of ciillts, the hinder
backwards and forwards;' from L. ore-coo , part. I
backwards (from re · , back) ; and *pro-co-. I Recollect, to remember. ( F. - L.)
forward s, whence proml. a far off. Brngm . . L it. ' to gather again ;' from I-e· , again ,
i i. ~ 86 . I and col/ect; see Collect.
Recite. (F. - L. ) M . F. recifer. - L. , Recommend, to commend to another.
recita" e, to recite. - L. reo, again ; citare , to (I<'. - L. ) From R e- and Commend ;
quote; see Cit e. I imitated from F. recommander, ' to recom-
Reck, to regard . (E.) M. E. rekkm; I mend;' Cot.
often recchen . A. S. reccall , recceall (for , Recompense, to rewa rd. ( F . - L .)
*rak-jrm) ; but th e pt. t. in use is roh-te, M. F. recompenser, ' to recompence ;' Cot.
from an infin. recan (for *rok.:Jan ), from - L . reo, again; compensiire, to com pen-
the strong grade *rok- . + Icel. rOlkja ; sate; see Compensate.
O. Sax. rokjan, to reck, heed. Formed Reconcile. ( F. - L.) O. F. recoll-
from a sb. with base rae·, strong grade cilier. - L. reo, again ; conciliare, to con·
roc-, care, which exists in the cognate ciliate; see Conciliate.
M . H . G. ruoch, O. H. G. m oh o care, heed Recondite, secret. (L.) L. ,'ecol/ditus ,
(whence the M. H. G. m ochen, O. H . G. put away, hidden, secret; pp. of 1'econliere,
moldljall, to reck ). /3. The Tellt. stem *rok- to pnt back again. - L. reo, back ; (ondere,
is the strong grade of *rak. , as seen in to put together. /3. The L. cOlwen (pt . t .
Icel. rok , a reason, A. S. racu. account. c01w idi) is from COil· (CUill ), with, and the
reckoninJ{, O. Sax. raka, a business, weak grade of .y'DHE, to place, put.
affair, O. H. G. rahha . Der. reck-less, Brugm. i. § 573.
A .S. rice·li as; cf. Du . roeke/oos, G' Reconnoitre, to survey. (F . -L. )
rllch/os. I O . F . recolloisfre, M. F. recognoisfre , ' to
reckon. (E .) M. E. rekmm. A. s. 1recognise, to take a precise view of;' Cot.
ge·recenian , to explain; allied to ge-reccall , I - L . re ·coglloscere, to know again . See
reccan , to rule, order, direct , explain, ordain, I R ecognise.
teU.+Du. rekenen ; (whence Icel . n ik1za. ' Record. ( F.-L.) M. E. l-erordm. -
to reckon , Dan. rtgne, Swed . riikna, ore O. 1<. recorder. -1.. r~cordare , rerordari, to
borrowed) ; G. recllnelz,O . H . G. rehhalton, i recall to mind. - L. reo, again ; rord- . stem
to compute, reckon. fl. All second ary of cor, heart. See Heart.
verbs; allied to the sb. seen in A. S. ram , I Recount. ( F. - L.) F . rarollto', to
an account, Icel. rok , nent. pI. , a reasoD, I teil, relate. - F . '-e- (L. re· ) , again ; acol1ter,
grou nd, origin, O. H . G. rahha, a thing, to account ; from a ( L. ad), to, and c01lfer,
subject. See Reck . I to count . See Count ( 2) . Recolmt-
Reclaim; from Re- and Claim. , 1·/!-ac,cOtmt.
Recline. (L.) L. reclintil-e, to lean I Recoup, to diminish a loss. (F.- L .
back, lie down. -L. reo, back; *cliniire. and Gk.) Lit. to secnre a piece or shred.
to lean. See Lean ( I) and Incline. - F. reroupe, a shred. - F. recoup, to cut
43 6
 RECOURSE REDOUND
again.-L. reo, again; and F. couper, to B.ecuperative. tending to recover.
cut j see Coppioe. (L. ) 1.. recuperiUiuus, (properly) recover-
Becourse. (F . -L.) F. recours.-L. able. -L. r~cuperare, to recover. See
recursum , acc. of recursus, a running back ; Reoover.
from pp. of recurrere, to run back. - L. Becur. (L.) L. recurrer~, to run back,
reo, back j curren, to run; see Current. recllr. - L. reo, back; currere, to run; see
B.ecover. (F.-L.) O.F. recovrer,re- Current.
cuvrer (F. recouvrer). _ L. recuperare, to BecU8a.nt, opposing an opinion. (F . -
recover , also to recruit oneself. A difficult L. ) F. recusant, ' rejecting,' Cot. j pres.
word j perhaps orig. ' to make good again,' pt. of dcuser. - L. reciisare, to reject,
from Sabine cuprus, good, of which the oppose a cause or opinion. - L. re·, back ;
orig. sense may have been ' desirable,' from caussa, a cause. See Cause.
L. cupere, to desire. Brugm. ii. § 74. Bed. (E.) M. E. reed (with long vowel ).
Becrea.nt. ( F.-L.) O. F. recreant, A . S. read.+Du. rood, Icel. rau(Jr, Dan.
faint-hearted ; pres. pt. of recroire, to be- Swed. rO'd, G. roth, Goth. rauds. Teut.
lieve again, also to give up , give back type *raudoz. Further allied to Gk.
(hence, to give in). - Late L. recridere, to fpufJp6r , Irish and Gael. ruath , W. rhudd,
believe again , recant, give in. - L. re·, L. ruber( fo r *r'" d;'ro-), red ; cf. Russ. ruda,
again; crldere, to believe j see Creed. Skt. rudltira-, blood. Note also th e Ice!.
B.ecreation. (F .-L. ) M . F. recrea- strong verb rjo{Ja (pt. t. rau(J), to redden;
tion. - L . recreatio11em, ace. of recreatio, A . S. reo(j'an, to redden; Teul. type * reu-
orig. recovery from illness (hence, amuse· dan·, pt. t *1'aud. (-v'REUDH.)
ment). -L. recreatus, pp. of recreare, to Beddition, a restoring. (F . - L.) F.
revive, refresh. - L. reo, again j creare, to ,·eddition . - L. "eddilionem, acc. of 1'edditio,
make. See Create. a restoring. -L. "et/den, to give back. -L.
Becriminate. (L.) From L. reo , red., back j dare, to give. See Date ( I ).
again; and criminatus, pp. of criminari, Bedeem, to atone fo r. (L. ) Formerly
to accllse of crime, from crimi11-, for redeme. Coined from L. red·, back, and
crimen, a crime. See Crime. emere , to buy. [Cf. M. F. redimer, 'to
Becruit. (F. -L.) F. recrtlter, to levy red",emj' Cot. - L. redilllere, to buy back.]
troops (Littre). An ill-formed word , Der. redemlt-ion (from the pp. redemptus).
from recrule, mistaken form of recn/(, Bedgum, a disease of infants. (E.)
fern. of recrll , pp. of recroftre, to grow M. E. reed gou1zde, lit. 'red matter' (of a
again. F. recnte, sb., means ' a levy of sore) ; Prompt. Parv. }o'rom A. S. rlad,
troops,' lit. • new-grown.' - L. recresCl!re, red j gt!nd, matter of a sore.
to grow again. - L. reo, again; crescere, Bedintegration, renovation. (L. )
to grow; see CreBoent. From L. redintegratio, restoration. - L.
Bectangle, a four-sided right-angled redo, again j jflleger, whole, entire. See
figure. (F . -L.) F. rectmlg/e, adj. , right Integer.
angled (Cot.). -L rectangu/us. having a Bedolent, fragrant. (F.-L.) M. F.
right angle. - L. reel-us, right; a11gu/US , redo/mt. - L. redo/ent-, stem of pres. pI. of
an ang-Ie. Reelus was orig. the pp. of regere, "edo/ere, to emit odour. - L. redo , again;
to rule . See Regent and Angle ( I). olere, for *odere, to be odorous; see
rectify. (F.-L.) F.rectijie" .-Late Odour.
L. reclijicare, to make right. - L. 1'ecli- , Bedoubt, an intrenched place of retreat.
for rectus, right (above) ; -ficare, for/acere, (F. - Ita!. _. L. ) 111 speJt j through con-
to make. fll sion with redoubtable. F. redoute. -lta1.
rectilinelU'. (L.) From L. rt1cliline- n 'dollo, a place of retreat. - It.~ l. ridotlo,
us, formed by straight lines. - L. recti-, ridullo, pp. of ridurre, to bring home. -
for rectus, right-, straight j linea, a line, L. 1'ediicere, t o bring back. - L. reo, back ;
rectitude. ( F. -L.) :F. rectitude. - di<cere, to lead. See Duke.
L. rectiliido, uprightness. - L. recti- Bedoubtable. (F. -L.) M. F . re-
(above) j with suffix -Iudo. doublable, terrible. - O. F. redouter, M . F.
Becumbent. (L.) L. remmbmt-, stem redoubler, to fear. See Re- and Doubt.
of pres. pt. of reCltfllbere, to recline; where Bedound. (F. - L.) F. ret/onder. _ L .
<'Umbere is a nasalised forDl allied to <'llbtln , I'edwldare , to overflow. -L. redo, again ,
to lie down. See Inoumbent IIDd Covey. back; unda, a wave. See Undula~.
+37
 REDRESS REFRESH
Bedress. (F.-L.) F. redresser, to A.S.gerifa, an officer; orig.senseperhaps
]>lll.traight again. - F. reo, again; dres>er, 'numuerer,' registrar (of soldiers ) ; for
to erect, dress; see Dress. *ge-riifja. From -1'0/, a host (as in seeg-
Redstart, a bird with a red tail. ( IL) -1'0/, a host of mell); cf. O. H. G. ruuva,
Fl"Ilm Red; and starl, a tail (A. S. sleorl ). a number. ~ N ot allied to G .graf. Der.
Reduce. (L.) Orig. to bring back. - borough-reeve; port-reeve; sheriff, q. v.
L. ret/iieere, to bring back. - L. reo, back ; Refection, refreshment. ( F. - L. )
diieere, to lead. See Duke. Der.redudioJt M. F. refectiOIl, a repast. - L . acc. rifee-
(from the pp. reduct-us). liiilum, lit. a remaking. - L. rifectus, pp. of
Bedunda.nt. (L.) From stem of pres. nJieerc, to remake, restore. - L. reo, again;
pt. of L. redundare, to redound. See jacere, to make. See Fa.ot.
Redound. Befel. (L. ) L. rifellere, to refute,
Beechy, dirty_ ( E.) Lit.' smoky;' shew to be false. - L. reo, back; jallere,
palatalised form of reeky; cf. Low. Sc. to deceive; see Fallible.
rukie, smoky. See Reek. Befer,toassign. (F.-L.) O. F. riferer
Beed. ( E.) M. E . reed. A. S. hreod, ( F. riferer). - L. rifene, to bear back, re-
a reed.+Du. riel; G. riel, ried. Tent. lale, refer.-L. reo, back;jerre, to bear;
type *"rcudolll, nent. see Fertile.
Beef ( I ), a ridge of rocks. ( Du: ) For- Refine. (F. -L.) Coined fromre- and
merly riif - Du. rij, a reef. + I cel. rif, a Jine (1), but imitaled from F. rajJiner, to
reef, allied to rifa, a fissure, rift; Dan. rev, refine, compo of L. reo, again , L. aj- = ad,
a sand-bank (revle, a shoal, revne, to split) ; to , and F.Jin, fine. Der. rdim-metll; cf.
Swed. refva, ref, a sand-bank, a cleft, gap. F. rajJinement.
Cf. L. r(pa, a bank; Gk. OP1ffV1J, a broken BeB.ect. (L. ) L. rejleetere, lit. to bend
cliff, scaur, 'PElffElV, to tear down. The back, hc:nce to return rays, &c. - L. reo,
orig. sense seems to have been 'broken back; fleetere, to bend; see Flexible.
edge.' Cf. Rive. Reform. (F. -L.) F. riformer, to
Beef ( 2) , a portion of a sail. (Du.) shape anew.-L. reo, again; jormare, to
M. E. riff. - Du. reef, • a riff in a sail,' form; see Form.
Sewel; M. Du. rif, rift, a reef.+Icel. rif, Refract, to bend back rays of light.
a reef in a sail; Dan. reh, Swed. ref, reef; (L.) L. refractus, pp. of refrillgere, to
Low G. reff, riff, a small sail; Pomeran. bend back. - L. reo, back; jrillJ!Jere, to
rli/!, a little extra sail, bonnet. break; see Fragile. Der. rifract-or-y,
Beak, vapou r. (E.) M.E. reke. O.Merc. a mistaken form for rifractary, from L. re-
ric, vapour; O. Fries. rek.+lcel. reykr, jractarittS, stubborn, obstinate. Also re-
Swed. rok, Dan. rog; Du. ,'ook, G. ,'aue/,; fra1lgihle, a mistaken form for rejrillgible.
Tellt. base *rauk-. From *rauk, 2nd grade Refrain ( I ), to restrain, forbear. (F.-
of Tellt. *reukan-, to smoke; as in A. S. L.) M. E. rifrei1U1'. -0. F. refrmer, to
reoealt, Icel. r/tika, O. H . G. riohha1l, G. repress; Cot. - L. rifrb,iire, to bridle,
riee/'ett. Brugm. i. § 21 i. hold in with a bit. - L. reo, back; jrenum,
Beel ( 1), a small spindle for winding a bit, curb. The orilf. sense ofjrinim, is
yarn . (E.) M. E. rele; A. S. kreol, a reel. 'holder' or 'keeper, from -v'DHER, to
+ E. Fries. rei; N. Fries. reel. Kluge support, maintain; cf. Skt. dhr , to sup-
derives A. S. kreol from a form *hroeltil, port, dhara1za-, restraining. ~ Prob.
but this would give A. S. hrel; see Eng. sometimes confused with M. F. refi-ei1ldre,
Stud. xi. 512. Der. reel, vb., to wind, 'to bridle,' Cot.; tbis is from L . rifri1lgere,
tl1m rouud, stagger. to break back (below ).
Beel ( 2), a Highland dance. (GaeL) Refra.in (2), the burden of a song.
Gael. righil, ruidhil, ruilltil, a reel. (F . - L.) F. rejrai1l; so also Provo
Beest, the wood on which a plough- refra1lhs, a refrain, rifranker, refrm/,er, to
coulterisfixed. (E. ) Alsowreest(wrongly ), repeat. So called from frequent repetition;
resl. A. S. reost. the O. F . '-ifreindre, to pull back, is the
Beeve (I), to pass a rope through a same word as Provo refrtmker, to repeat;
ring. (Du.) Du. revm, to reeve.- Du. both are from L. rejri1lgere, to break back
reef, a reef in a sail; because a reeved rope (refract, hence, to repeat). - L . reo, back;
is used for reefing; see Reef (2). jra1lgere, to break; see Fra.gile.
Beeve ( z), an officer, steward. (E.) Refresh. (F. -L. ami G.) M. E. re-
43 8
 REFRIGERATE REGRET
Ir(J~"m.-O.F.refr.esc"i:; C.ot.-L.re-, F. regarder, to look, look at, view.-L.
agam; O. H. G. Insc (G. fnscll ) , fresh. reo, back; F. garder, to gunrd, observe;
See Frellh. of O. H . G. origin; see Guard.
Befrigerate. (L.) From pp. ofL. re- Begatta. ( Ital.) Orig. a strife, con-
Irfgerare, to make cool again. - L. "e-, telltion, hence a race, rowing-match.-
again; {rigeriire, to cool, from frigus, Ita!. resatta, rigatta, 'a strife for the
cold. See Frigid. maistrie;' Florio. - M. Ita\. ngattare, to
Beft, pp. of reave; see Reave. contend for the mastery, to wrangle, to
Befuge. (F. -L.) M. E. refuge.-F. haggle as a huckster docs. So also Span.
refuge. - L. refugium, an es~ap c . - L. regatear, to haggle, retail provisions, to
rifugere, to flee back. - L. reo, back; rival in sailing. Of unknown origin.
fugere, to flee; see Fugitive. Begenerate. (L.) From pp. of ~'e-
refugee. (F. -L.) M. F. refugii, pp. gemra,'e, to produce anew. -L.,·e-, agam;
of se rejugier, to take refuge. - F. refuge gmeriire, to produce, from gener-, for
(above ). *genu" stem of getzllS, kindred. See
Befu.lgent. (L.) From L. refulgent-, Genus.
stem of pies. pt. of refu~in, to flash back . . Begent. (F. - L.) M . F. "egent, a
- L. re·, back; lu/gin, to shine. See regent, vice,gerent. - L. rtgellt-, stem of
Fulgent. pres. pt. of ,'esere, to rule. Allied to Gk.
Befund, to repay. (L. ) L. refundere, 0P''YfW, to stretch, Goth. uf-rakja1l, to
to ponr back, also to restore, give back stretch out, Skt. rj, to stretch, ,'iij, to
(see below) . govern . (-Vl{EG .) See Right. Hrugm.
refuse, to deny a request. (F. -L.) i. § 474.
M. E. refusm.-O. F. refttser (the same as regicide, slayer ofa king; slaying of
Port. refttsar, Ita!' refttsare, to reject) . It a king. (F. - L. ) M. F . r egicide (Min-
answers to a Late L. type *rifttsare, formed sheu). -L. rigi" for re.x, king, allied to
as a frequentative of refttndere, to pour regere, to rule; -cida, a slayer, from
back, also to restore, give back (whence credere, to slay. Also : from L. ,'egi- (as
to reject). - L. reo. back; fundere, to pour; before ), -cidittlll. a slaying, from ctEden.
see Fuse (1). /3. We may also note E. regimen. (L. ) L. regimetl, guidance.
refuse, sb., O. F. refus, refuse; cf. O. F. -L. regen, to rule, direct.
meltre til refus,laire ,'efus Ii, to abandon, regiment. (F.-L. ) M.F. regimmt,
reject (Godefroy). ' a regiment of souldiers,' Cot.; also, a
refute, to oppose, disprove. (F . - L.j government. - L.,'egimenfum,rule,govern-
M.F. refuter. -L. reftttii,'e. to repel, rebut. ment. - L. ,'egere, to rule.
The orig. sense was prob. 'to pour back;' region. (F. - L. ) M. F . region. - L.
sec Confute. regione1Jl, acc. of regio, territory. - L.
Begain. (F. - L. and O. H. G.) F . regere, to rule, govern.
regagller.-L. reo, back; and F. gagner, Begister. (F. -L.) M. F. registre,
to gain. See Gain ( I) . 'a record;' Cot. - Late L. registrttm, more
Begal. (F. -L.) M.F .regal,royal; Cot. correctly regestum, a book in which things
- L. ,';galis, adj., from rig-, stem of rex, are recorded (L. regenmturj. - L. reges-
a king. Allied to L. regere, to rule. Cf. tum , neut. of pp. of regerere, to bring back,
Skt. rajan-, a king; O. Irish rio Brugm. record . - L. reo, back; gerere, to carry.
i. §§ 135, 549 C. Der. regal-ia, insignia See Gerund. Cf. L regesta, pl., a register.
of a king; neut. pI. of rigalis. Begnant, reigning. (L.) L . replant-,
Begale, to entertain. (F.-Ital.?) M.:F. stem. of pres. pt. of regniire, to reign.-L.
regaler, to entertain. Not allied to regal, regnu11l, kingdom. - L. regere, to rule.
as Cotgrave suggests; but the same as See Regent.
Span. regalar. to make much of, pamper; BegreS8, return_ (L.) L. regressus,
orig. to melt (Diez). 1. Diez derives it sb. - L. regresJus, pp. of regredi, to go
from L. rege/are, to melt, thaw; from L. back. - L. reo, back; gradi, to ~o. See
reo, back, gelare. to freeze (see Gelid). Grade.
2. Hatz ~eld derives F. rigaler (ultimately) Begret, sorrow. (F. -L. alld Scand.)
from Ita!. regalare, to give presents to; F. regret, grief; regret/er, to lament (Col.) .
from Ita!. ea/a, mi~_ See Gala. The oldest form of the verb is regrater.
Begarel, vb. (1'. - L . alld O. H. G.) Of disputed origin; see Scheler. The
439
 REGULAR RELIC
most likely solution is that which derives ex, much, very, and gaudire, to rejoice.
O. F. regrater from L. reo, again, and the See Gaud.
verb which appears in Icel. grata, Swed. Bejoin. (F. -L.) Lit. to join again;
grata, Dan. grfZde, A. S. grlZtan, Lowl. Sc. in legal language, to answer to a reply._
greif, to weep, bewail. See Greet (l l. F. rejoign-, a stem of rejoindre, to rejoin.
Cf. 'I mone as a chylde dothe for the -L. reiungere, to join again.-L. reo,
wantyng of bis nourse or motber, je again; iungere, to join. See Join. Der.
rwete ;' Palsgrave. rejoinder, whicb is the F. inlin. mood used
Begular. (L. ) L. rigularis, according as a sb., as in the case of attainder.
to rule. - L. rlgula, a rule; regere,.to rule. BUapse, to slide back into a former
See Regent. state. (L.l From L. relapsus, pp. of re-
Behearse. (F. - L.) M. E. rehersen. labi, to slide back. - L. reo, back; labi, to
- O. F. reherser, rehercer, to harrow over slide; see Lapse.
again; hence, to go over the same ground. Belate, to describe, tell. (F.-L.) F.
- L. reo, again; O. F. hercer, to barrow, relater,' to relate;' Cot. -Late L. reliUiire,
from herce, sb., a harrow. See Hearse. to relate. - L. reliUus, used as pp. of reftrre,
Beign, sb. (F . -L.) M. E. regne. - to relate (but from a different root). - L.
M. f. regne. - L. regnum, kingdom. -L. reo, again; latus, for tliitus, borne, pp. of
rtffere. to rule. See Regent. tollere, to bear. See Tolerate.
Beimburse, to refund. (F. -L. and Belax. (L. ) L. relaxiire, to relax.-L.
Gk.) Adapted from F. rembourser by reo, again; laxiire, to slacken; see Lax.
substituting L. re-im- for F. rem- (with D'oublet, release.
the same force).-L. reo, again; im- rela7 ( I), a set of fresh dogs or horses,
(for in), in; F. bourse, a purse. See a fresh supply. (F.-L.) Orig. used of
Purse. dogs and horses.-F. re!ais, a relay;
Bein. (F. -L.) M. E. reim.-O. F. chiem derelais , chevaux de relais, dogs or
rei,le, rein of a bridle (The same as Ital. horse. kept in reserve; Cot. The orig.
redi1Za, Span. rie,uia, transposed form of sense is 'a rest,' and chiem de relais are
a
redina. ) - Late L. *reti,ta, not found, but dogs kept at rest; cf. relais ' at rest, that
a short form allied to L. retinticulum, a is not used,' Cot.; and see rdais in
rein. - L. rt!tinire, to hold back. - L. reo, Godefroy. - O. F. relaissier, to relinquish.
back; tenb'e, to hold. See Retain. -L. relaxare, to loosen, let loose, allow
Beindeer, ~deer, a kind of deer. to rest; see Lax. Cf. Italian ca,zi di
(Scand.) M. E. raynedere. Formed by rilasso, dogs kept in reserve (late edition
adding deer , see Deer) to Icel. hrlinn, of Florio by Torriano, 1688). .
a reindeer; cf. also O. Swed . ren, a rein- Bela7 (2), to lay again. (L. and E.)
deer, A. S. hrtin. [We also find Dan. From re- and lay. See Lay ( I).
rensdyr, Du. rendier, G. rennthier.] Teut. Beleaae. (F.-L.) M. E. relessen, re-
type ·"rainoz; a true Teut. word, as the lesm. -O. F . relessier (M. F. relaisser), to
forms shew. /3. Diez refers us to Lapp relax. - L. re!axiire, to relax; see Relax.
raing-o, but this is merely a bad spelling B.elegate, to consign to exile. (L. )
of Swed. renko, i. e. rein~ow . The true From pp. of L. rdigiire, to send away,
Lapp word is plztso, a reindeer; nor can remove. -L. reo, again, back; lig-are, to
the Ice!. word have been suggested by send, appoint; see Legate.
Lapp nino, a pasturage for rein-deer; Belent. (F.- L.) Altered from F. ra-
lhre, Lexicon Lapponicum, p. 374. lentir. to slacken, to relent (cf. L. relen-
Beins, the lower part of the back. (F . tescere, to slacken). - F. ra-, for re-a- (L.
-L.) 0.1<'. reins. -L. rinls, pl., kidneys, re ..ad) ; L. len/w, slack, slow, alli~ to
rein,;. lenis, gentle, and to E. lithe. See Lenient
Bejeet. (F. - L .) M. F . rqeder (16th ano Lithe.
cent.; 1<'. rqeter; oldest spelling reg-eter). Belevant. (F. -L.) The orig. sense
- O. F. reo, back ; geter, getter, to throw, is' belpful ' ; hence, of use for the matter
from L. iadiire; see Jet ( I ). in band.-F. relroant, pres. part. of reiever,
Bejoiee. ( F. -L. i M. E. reioism . - to raioe up, assist , belp. -L. releul/re, to
O. F. resjois .. , stem of pres. pt. of resjoi'r raise again. - L. re·, again; lemire, to ra:se,
mod. F. rtjouir·. , to gladden , rejoice. -L. from 'euis, light. See Levity.
re again; O. F. esjoi'r, to rejoice, from L. Belie, a memorial. (F . -L.) Chiefly
440
 RELICT REMUNERATE
in the pI.; M. E. rdikes. - F. reliques, s. word. - L. re·, back; mantiare, to send;
pl., 'reliques;' Cot. - L. reliquias, ace. of see Mandate.
retiquitz, pI., remains. - L. relinqllere, to Remark, to take notice of. (F. - L.
leave behind. -L. re-, back; linquere, to and Teu!. ) F. ra!larquer, to mark,
leave. See Relinquish, Licence. note, heed. - L. re-, again; marquer, to
relict, a widow. (L. ) L. relieta, fem . mark, from ma"que, sb., a mark; see
of relietus, pp. of rdinquere, to leave Mark ( 1).
behind (above). Remedy. ( F. -L. ) M.E. rC1ludie. -
Relieve. (F.-L. ) M.E. releuC1t ( = A. F . remedie, O. F. re11lede, mod. F.
releven). - F. relever, to raise up. relieve. - relllede. -L. remedium, a remedy ; that
L. re/mare, to raise again; see Relevant. which heals again. -L. re-, again; lIledm,
Der. relief, M. E. relef, O. F. relief (F. to heal. See Medicine.
relief), a sb. due to the verb re/ever. Remember. (F. - L.) O . F. ,'emem-
Religion. (F.-L.) F . religion; Cot. brer. -L. re11lemorarf, to remember. -L.
-L. ace. religiOnem, from religio, piety; re-, agaiJl; memorare, to make mention of,
allied to rdigens, fearing the gods, pious. from me1llor, mindful. See Memory.
Ne-ligem is the opposite of neg-ligens, Remind, to bring to mind again. (L.
negligent; see Neglect. Allied also to a" d K ) From Re- and Mind.
"i-Iigent, and to Gk. OAE'YElV, to reverence. Reminiscence. (F. -L.) M. F . re-
Relinquish. (F. - L.) O. F . relC1t- mi1liseenee. - L. reminiscmtia, remem-
'1uis-, pro pt. stem of relenquir, to leave brance. - L. re11li,ziscenl-. stem of pres. pt.
(Godefroy). -L. relinquere, to leave be- of ,-eminisei, to remember. -L. reo, again;
hind; see Relic. and base of me-min-i, I remember. Allied
reliquary, a casket forrelics.(F. - L. ) to Gk. POE-POOl'-<J, I yearn, Skt. mall, to
I'. reliquaire, ' a casket wherein reliques be think. (.y'MEN.)
kept;' Cot.-LateL. reliquiiiriu11I (same Remit, to abate. (L. l L. "emittere
sense). - L. reliquia-, orig. stem of reli- (pp. remisstls), to send back, slacken, abate.
quia, relics; see Relio (above). -L. reo, baek; mitten, to send; see
relique; the same as Relic. Missile. Der. remiss, adj., from pp.
Relish, orig. an after-taste. (F. -L.) re11lissus. remiss-ion.
M. Eo reles, an after-taste, Sir Cleges, Remnant. (F.-L. ) M. E. "eman-
208.-0. F. reies, relais, that which is left aUllt. -U. F. remananl.-L. reman.ent-,
behind; also a relay ; see Relay ( 1). stem of pres. pt. of remanere, to remain ;
B.elucta.nt. (L.) From stem of pres. see Remain.
pt. of re/uetare, reluetari, to struggle Remonstrate. (L.) From pp. of
against. - L. Ye -, back; luetart. to struggle, Late L. remonstrare, to expose, to produce
from lueta, a wrestling. Allied to Gk. arguments against. - L. reo, again; mon-
AI1"Y-iCEtV, to bend, writhe in wrestling; stnire, to show, from monstrum, a portent;
Lith. lugnas, flexible, Skt. ruj, to bend, see MOllster.
break. (.y'LEUG.) Remorse. (F.-L.) M. F. remors;
B.ely, to repose on trustfully. (F.-L.) Cot. -Late L. remorsus, remorse.-L
We lind ' to relye their fait he upon'; remorsus, pp. of remordlre, to bite again,
where relye = fasten. -F. relier, to bind to vex.-L. ,'e-, again; mordn-e, to bite';
up, or together. - L. rdigare, to fasten. L. see Morda.city.
reo, back; lig,Fre, to bind; see Ligament. Remote, distant. (L.) L. rmzolus,
~ But much influenced by E. lie, vb., to pp. of remoun-e, to remove; see Remove.
repose, though this would have required Or from M. F. remote, f. • remove, re-
a pp. retain. Der. reli-allee. moved,' Cot. ; from L. pp. f. remota.
Remain. (F.-L.) O. F. pres. s. Ue) Remount, to mount agaiJl. (F.-L.)
remain; cf. M. F. impers. vb. il remain-I, F. re1ll01llel'. - F. reo, again j monter, to
it remains. [The inlin. 1'e1llailldrc is mount; see Mount ( 2).
preserved in E. remainder, used as a Remove. (F. -L.) M. F . remouvoir,
sb.J -L. remalt-eo, I remain j reman-et, Co t. See Re- and Move.
it remains; remanere, to remain. -L. reo, Remunerate, to recompense. (L. )
behind; manere, to stay. See Mansion. From pp. of remunerare, rmzunerari,
Remand, to send back . (F. -L.) M.I!'. to reward.-L. reo, again; mienerare, to
relllalzder. - L. relllantitire , to send back bestow a gift, from "lttner- (for *mulles- ),
«I
 RENAISSANCE REPEAT
stem of munus, a gift, also, an office. See Der. renuncial-ion, F. renunciation, from
Municipal. L. pp. renuntiatltS.
Benaissa.nce, revival of learning. Benovate. (L.) From L. renouatus,
(F.-L.) M . F . renaissance, 'a new birth,' pp. of ,'e'lOUare, to renew. - L. reo, again;
Cot. - L. re-, again; nascentia, birth, from nouare, to make new, from nouus, new.
nascent-, stem of pres. pt. of nasci, to be See Novel.
born . See Natal. Renown, fame. (F. - L. ) M. E.
Ben.t. (F. - L.) M. F. renal. - L renou1Z. - A. F. renoun, renun; O. F.
rlnalis, adj. ; from rlnls, s. pI., reins. See "mon (12th cent.). [Cf. Port. renome,
R eins. Span. renombre, renown.] - O. F. renomer,
Benard; see Reynard. to make famous. - L. reo, again; ,l6mi-
Bencounter, Bencontre. ( F.- nlire, to name, from nomen, a name; see
L. ) F. renCOtltre, a meeting. - F. rencon- Noun.
trer, to meet.-F. reo , again; ellcontrer, Rent ( I ), a tear; see Rend.
to meet , encounter ; see Encounter. Rent (2), annual payment. (F.-L.)
Bend. (K) M. K rendm. A. S. M. E. rente. - F. rente. [Cf. Ita!' rendita,
rendan, [0 cut or tear. +0. Fries. renda, rent.] - Late L. rendi/a, nasalised form of
to tear ; N orth Fr. renne, ,'a,me, to tear L. reddi/a, fern. of pp. of reddere, to render;
apalt. Der. rent, sb., from pp. rent. see Render.
Render. (F.-L. ) M. E. rmdren. - F. Renunciation. (F. -L.) M. F. re-
rendre. - L. "eddere, to give back. - L. 'lonciatio", • renunciation;' Cot. - L. acc.
redo, back; da re, to give; see Date (I ). renttntia/iOnem, prop. an announ cement.
rendezvous. (F . .-L. ) F.rendezvous, - L. re1llmtiiit-us, pp. of renuntiare, orig.
• a rendevous, place appointed for the to announce; see Renounce.
assemblie of souldiers; Cot. - F'. rmdez Repair (I ), to restore, amend. (F. -L.)
vous < L. reddite 1I0S, render yourselves; M. F . reparer. - L. "eparare, to recover,
imperative pI. of reddere (above). repaoir, make ready anew. - L. reo , again;
Renegade, Renegado. (Span. - L. ) parare, to get ready ; see Pare. Der.
Span. renegado, an apostate, one who has repar-able, M. F. reparable, L. reparabilis;
denied the faith; orig. pp. of renegar, to repar-at-ion, M. F. reparation.
forsake the faith . - L. reo, again; 1Iegare, Repair ( 2), to resort to. (F . -L.) M.F .
to deny. See Negation. repairer, to haunt; Cot. Older form re-
Renew. (L. and E.) F'rom L. reo, pairier (Burguy) .-L. repatriare, to repair
again; and E . new. toone's own country. -L. reo , back; patria,
Bennet ( I ), the prepared inner mem - native country, from patri-, for pater, a
brane of a calf's stomach, used to make father.
milk coagulate. (E. ) M. K renet; from Repartee, a witty reply. (F.-L.) F.
M. K rennen, to run; provo K run, to repar/ie, • a reply;' Cot. Orig. fern. of
congeal, coagulate. See Run. Hence reparli, pp. of M . F. repartir, to re-divide,
rennet is also called runnet (Pegge's Ken- to answer thrust with thrust, to reply. - F.
ticisms) ; also eming (Derbyshire), from reo, again; par#r, to part, also to rush,
A. S . irnan, to run. So also M. Du. rinsel, dart off, burst out laughing. - L. reo,
runsel, renninge, ' curds, or milk-runnet,' again; partire, to share, from parli-, for
from rinnen., ' to presse, curdle;' Hexham. pars, a part. See Part.
Cf. G. rJ'nnen, to run, curdle, coagulate. Repast, a meal. ( F.-L.) O.F. repast,
Rennet (2), a sweet kind of apple. (F. later repas. - L. reo, again; pastum, acc.
-L. ) Formerly spelt rmate, from an odd of pastus, food, from pasare, to feed. See
notion that it was derived from L. renatlls, Pastor.
born again 1- F. reinette, rainelle, a rennet; Repay. (F. -L.) O . F. repaier.-O. F.
the same as rainette, a little frog; from re- (L. re- ), back; paier, to pay; see
the speckled skin. Dimin. of F. raine, a Pay .
frog.- L. rana, a frog. Cf. RanunCulU8. .B.epeaJ. (F -L.) Altered from O. F.
Benounce. (F. -L.) F. retltmClff'. - rapder, F. rappder, to repeal.-O. F. re-
L. renuntiare, to bri~ back a report, also (L. re-); apeler, later appeler, to appeal.
to disclaim, teBounce. - L . reo, back, See Appeal. Repeal=re-apje1zl.
again: 1ffI1Uiare, to tell, bring news, from Repeat. (F.-L.) Formerlyrepe/e.-
nuntius, a messenger. See Nuncio. M. F. repeter, Cot. - L. repe/ere, to attack
 REPEL REPTILE
agnin, reseek,repeat. - L. re-, again jpelere, lay up, store. -L. reo, again j p6nere, to
to aUack j see Petition. Der. repel-it- place j see Position.
ion. Beprehend, to reprove. (L. ) L.re-
:&epel. (L.) L. repellere, to drive back. frelundere, to hold back , check, blame. -
- L. reo, back j pel/ere, to drive j see L. re-, back j freltendere , to seize, to hold.
Pulse. Der. repulse, from pp. repulsus. See Prehensile.
Bepent,tome. ( F . -L.) F.repentir, Bepresent. (F. -L.) O.F. refre-
to repent. _ L. reo, again j panilb'e, to smler. - L. reprtesenlare, to bring before
cause to repent; see Penitent. again, exhibit. - L. reo, again; fr(1!senUre,
B.epercussion. (L.) From Re- and to present; see Present (2) .
Percu88ion. Bepress. (F.- L. ) From F . re·,
B.epertory, a treasury. (F. - L. ) M. F. again, and fresser, to press; but used with
repertoire. _ L. "eperlorium, an inventory. sense of L. reprimere (pp. repressus) to
- L. reperlor, a finder, discoverer. _ L. press back, check. - L. reo, back; fremere,
reperire, to find out. - L. reo, again; parire to press ; see Pre88.
(Ennius), usually parere, to produce; see Beprieve, vb. (F . -L.) [A doublet
Parent. of reprove.] M. E . refrrom, to reprove,
Bepine. (L.) Compounded of L. reo, reject, disallow; to reprieve a sentence is
a~in; and pine, to fret; see Pine (2) . to disallow it. -0. F. repreuve, 3rd pres.
~lace. (F. - L. and Gk.) From re- sing. iudic. of refrove,' (1'. rtprouver), to
( F. reo, L. reo ), again; and Place. reprove; see Reprove. Cf. Schwan, §
Beplenish. (F. - L.) O. F. rep/miss-, 34R(4) .
stem of pres. pt. of replmir, to fill up Beprimand. (F.-L.) F. rtprimam{e,
again; now obsolete. -L. reo, again; Late formerly reprimende, 'a reproof;' Cot.-
L. ·plmire, to fill, from L. plmus, full. L. reprimeruia, a thing that ought to be
replete, full. (F.-L.) M. F. replet, repressed; hence, a check. Fem. of the
rnasc. ; replete, fem., full. - L. repU/us, gerundive' of reprimere, to .repress j see
filled up; pp. of re-pure, to fill again. - L . Repre88.
re-, again; plire, to fill; see Plenary. Be~risal. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. F. "e-
Beplevy, to get back detained goods presadle, a taking or seizing- on, a reprisal.
on a pledge to try the right in a suit. (F. [The change of vowel is due to obs. verb
- Teut.) F. re- (L. reo), again; O. F. reprise, to seize in return; from F. repris,
p/roir, to be surety. See Pledge. pp. of reprmdre < L. refrehmdere, (here)
Beply. (F. - L.) M. E. replim. - to seize again.J-ltal.npresaglia, booty.-
O. F. replier, the old form afterwa rds re- M. Ital. rifresa, a taking again; fem. of ri-
placed by the' learned' form rtplique,', to freso, pp. of riprettdere, to reprehend, also
reply. -L. replieare, lit. to fold back; as a to retake. - L. repreltetuiere, to seize again,
law term, to reply. - L. reo, hack; plieare, al so, to reprehend j see Reprehend.
to fold. Der. "epliea, a repetition; from Reproach. (1'. -L.) F. "eproeher, to
Ital. rep lica, a sb. due to L. replieare, to reproach. Cf. Span. refroehar, Provo re-
repeat, reply. fropchar, to reproach; answering to Late
Beport. (F. -L.) M. E. reporten. - F. 1.. "repropiare, to bring near to, impute
reporter, to carry back. - L. reportan, to, reproach. - L. re-, again j fropi.us,
to carry back.-L. reo, back j partare, to nearer, compo of prope, near. See Pro-
carry j see Port ( I). The E. sense' to pinquity. ~ A translation of L. obieere
relate ' is dne to F. rapporter, O. F . (objieere), to bring near or cast before one,
raporter; with prefix ra- < L. rt-ad. to reproa ch.
Repose. (F. -1.. a"d Gk. ) F.reposer, Beprobate. (L.) L . rep"obatus, re-
to rest , panse ; Late L. repausare, to pause, proved , rejected; pp. of refr0bii,'e, to reject
rest. - 1.. re-, again ; pausare, to pause, upon trial. - L. reo , back ; frobtfre, to test.
from pausa, sb., due to G k. 1r(l U<TI S, a pause. See Probable.
~ Important; this is the verb which seems reprove. (F . - L.) M. E. reprovm,
to have given rise to poser and its com- also refreven.-O. F. reprover (F . rtfrau ·
p onnds. See P08e. ver), to reprove, condemn .-L. reprobiire,
Bepository, a storehouse. ( F.-L.) to reject, reprove (above).
M. F. repositoire, a storehouse. - L. repasi- Beptile, crawliug; usually, as a sb.
torium -L. repositus, pp. of reponere, to (1'.-1.) F. reptile , ' crawling; ' Cot.-L.
443
 REPUBLIC RESIST
reptilem, ace. of replilis, creeping. - L. schwer, to cancel; Cot. - L. resci,uiere, to
reptus, pp. of repere, to creep.+Lithuan. eu t off, annul. - L. reo, back; scindere. to
reploti, to creep. cut. Allied to Schism. (VSKHEID.)
:&epublic. (F. -L.) M. F. republique, :&escript. (F. - L.) M. F. rescript, a
• the commonwealth ;' Cot. - L. respublica, reply in writing. - L. reseriptum, neut. of
a republic.-L. ris, a matter, state; pub- pp. of rescribere, to write back . - L. reo,
lica, fern. of publicus, public. See Real. back; scribere, to write; see Scribe.
Repudiate. ( L. ) From pp. of L. re- :&escue,vb. (F.-L.) M.E. rescoum.
pudiare, to reject. - L. repudium, a casting -0. F. rescou"e, to rescue, save. [The
off, divorce. Perhaps from L. reo, away; same word as Ital. riscuotere.]-Late L.
pud-, base of pudere, to feel shame; cf. rescutere (A . D. J 308) ; for re-excutere, to
pudor, shame, pro-pudium, a shameful drive away again. - L. reo, again; ex,
action. away; quatere, to shake; see Quash.
Repugnant. (F.-L.) M. F. repugll- ~ The M. E. sb. was rescous, from O. }<'.
ani, pres. pt. of repugner, • to repugne, rescousse < Late L. pp. fem. rescussa.
thwart;' Cot. - L. re-pugnare, to fight Research. (F. - L.) Compounded of
against. - L. reo, back; pugniire, to fight; Re-, again, and Search. Cf. Norman
see Pugilism. dial. rearche, research.
Repulse. (L.) From L. repulsa, sb., Resemble. (F. -L.) O. F. resembler.
a refusal; or repulsare, vb. - L. repuls-us, - O. F. reo, again; sembler. to seem, be
pp. of repellere; see Repel. Cf. Norman like. - L. re-, again; simu/are, to make
dial. repulser, to repulse. like; see Simulate.
Repute. ( F.-L.) M.F . reputer.-L. Resent. (F.-L.) M.F. se resmtir (or
reputare, to repute (lit. reconsider). - L. rust1,tir), to have a deep sense of.-L. reo,
reo, again; putare, to think; see Pu- again; smlire, to feel. See Sense. Der.
tative. reSelltment.
Request. (F. -L.) O. F. requeste. - Reserve. (F.-L.) O.F.reserver.-L.
L. requisita, a thing a.ked, fern . of pp. reseruare, to keep back.-L. reo, back;
of requirere, to ask back. - L. reo, back; seruiire, to keep; see Serve.
and queerere, to seek. See Quest. reservoir. (F.-L. ) F.reservoir.-
require. (F.-L.) M.E. requeren, Late L. reseruiitorium, a store-house ,
but also requirm.-M. F. requeri,.; O. F. formed from reserlliire, to reserve. Cf.
requerre, with I pro S. requier. - L . Late L. senzatoritl1Jl, a store-house
requirere (above). Der. requis·ite, from (Lewis).
pp. requisi/us. Reside. (F. -L.) M. F. resider, to re-
Requiem. (L. ) The Mass for the side, stay. -L. residlre, to sit or remain
Dead was called requiem, because it began behind. -L. reo, back; sedere, to sit; see
, Requiem reternam dona eis.' - L. requiem, Sedentary. Der. resid-ence.
acc. of requies, repose. - L. re-; quiis, residue. (F. - L.) O. F. resitizt. - L.
rest. See Quiet. residuum, a remainder, neut. of residztus,
:&equite. (1'. - L.) Also spelt requit, remaining . - L. "esidire (above).
Temp. iii. 3. 71. From re- and qu;t; see Resign, to yield up. (F.-L.) M. F.
Quit. resigner.-L. resignare, to unseal, annul,
Reredos, a screen at the back of a resign. - L. reo, back; signare, to sign.
thing, esp. of an altar. (F.-L.) From from sigllum, a sign, mark. See Sign.
M. E. rere, rear; and F. dos, back, from L. Resilient. (L.) L. resil£mt-, stem of
dorsum, back. See Rear (2) and Dorsal. pres. part. of resi/ire, to leap back. - L.
Reremouse, Rearmouse, a bat. reo. ba ck; sali"re, to leap. See Salient.
(K) A. S. hreremus, a bat; from the Resin, Rosin. (F. - L. - Gk.) M . E.
/lapping of its wings. -A. S. hriran, to recy", reci1Ze. -M.F. resi"e,' rosin;' Cot.
agitate, allied to /'1'01', adj., stirring, quick; Norman dial. rosine.-L. resi1Za, Jer. Ii. 8
mus, a mouse. Cf. provo E .Jl;tter-mouse. ( Vulgate). - Gk. P'IT1v'l, resin , gum from
a /lutter-mouse or bat. And cf. Uproar. trees. See Prellwitz.
~ Perhaps a popular etymology; cf. early Resist. (F.-L.) O . F. resister.-L.
A. S. hrealha-mus, a bat; Epinal Gl. 978. resistere, to stand back, withstand. - L. reo,
B.ereward; sec Rearward. back; sistere, to stand, from stare, to
Rescind, to repeal. (F. - L.) F. re- stant!; see State.
Hi
 RESOLUTE RESUSCITATE
Besolute. (L.) L. resolU/us, pp. of halting-place,' which (like O. H. G . rasta)
resoluere (below). is from Teut. root *1'QS, to dwell, as seen
resolve. (L .) L. resoluere, to loosen , in Goth. ralZ-n, a house. See Ran8ack.
melt; hence to separate in to parts (also, Brugm. i. § 903 c.
to decid e, resolve). - L . re-, back ; so/uere, Best ( 2), to remain , be left over. (F . -
to loosen; see Solve. D er. reso/ut·ion L.) F. rester, to remain. - L. restare, to
(from pp. resoliitus). stop behind, remain. - L. re-. back ; skire,
Resonant. (L.) From resonant·, stem to stand; see State. ~ Distinct from
of pres. pt. of L. resonare, to sound back, rest (I ), repose.
ech o, resound . - L. rt-, back; sonare, to Restaurant. (F. - L.) Mod. F . re-
sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3) . staural.t, lit. ' restoring;' pres. pI. of
Resort, to betake oneself to. (F. -L. ) restaurer, to restore, refresh; see Re-
M. F . resortir, ressortir, 'to issue, goe store.
forth againe, resort;' Cot. Orij!. a hw Restharrow, a plant. ( F. and E.)
term; to appeal. - Late L. resortin, to For arrest-harrow, because its tough roots
resort to a tribunal ; cf. resortiri, to re - stop the harrow. Cf. the F . name arr!te-
turn to anyone. - L. re-, again; sortiri, to breu/, lit. 'stop-ox::
obtain; so that re-so,·t iri is to re-obtain, Restitution. (F.-L.) F. restitut£on .
gain by appeal. - L. re-, again; sorti-, for - L. restilutionem, ace. of restitutio, a
sors, a lot; see Sort. restoring. - L . restitfttus, pp. of restiluere,
Resound. (F. - L.) O. F . resoner to restore . - L. re-, again; statuere, to
( 12th cent. ). - L. resomjre; see Re- set up, place, caulial of stiire, to stand; see
sonant. State.
Resource. (F. - L.) M . F. resource, Restive. (F. - L. ) Con fused with res/-
later ressource, ' a new source ;' Cot. - F. less, but it really means stubborn, refusing
re-, agaill; source, source; see Source. to move. - M. F . restif,' restie, stubborn ,
Bespect, sb. (F. - L.) F . respect , drawing backward ; ' Cot. - F. rester, to
'respect, regard;' Cot. - L. respectum, acc. remain; see Re8t ( 2) . ~ Hence E. rusty
of respectus, a looking at.-L. respectus, in the phr. to turn rusty = to be stubborn.
pp. of respicere, to look at, look back Restore. (F.-L.) O. F. restorer, also
upon. - L. re- , back; speeere, to see; see ,·estaurer. - L. restauriire, to restore. - L.
Species. Der. respect, vb. ; respect-able, re-, again; *staurnre, to set up; see
rlSpeet-ive; also dis -respect. Store . Brugm. i. § 198.
respite, delay, reprieve. (F. - L.) Restrain. (F.-L.) O. F . restraign-,
O. F . resp;t, a respite. Orig. sense regard, as in restraign-ant, pres. pt. of restraindre
respect had to a suit on the part of a (F. restreind,'e) , to restrain . - L. reslring-
judge. - L. acc. respectum, respect (above). ere, to draw back tightly, bind back.-L.
Bespire, to breathe, take rest. (F. - L.) re-, back; stringere, to bind; see Strin-
F . respirer. - L. respiriire , to breathe gent. Der. restraint, from O. F. re'
again or back. - L. re-, back; spirare, to strainte, fern. of pp. of restraindre.
brent he ; see Spirit. restrict. (L.) From L. restrictus, pp.
Besplendent. (L.) From L. re- of restringere, to bind back (above).
splmdenl-, stem of pres. pt. of resplen- Result, vb. (F.-L.) M. F. resulter,
dire, to glitter. - L. re-, again ; splendire, , to rebound or leap back ; also to rise of,
to shine; see Splendour. come out of;' Cot. - L. resultare, to re-
Bespond. (F. - L.) O. F. respondre.- bound; frequent of resilire, to leap back;
L. respotulire (pp. resjJonsus), to answer. see Re8ilient. D er. result-ant.
-L. reo, back; sjxmdire , to promise; see Resume, to take up again. (F.-L.)
SpollBor. Der. response, from O. F. re- M. F. resumer. - L. resumere. - L. re-,
spons, an IUIswer, from L . responsum, neut. again; sumere, to take; see As8ume.
of pr. responsus. Der. resumpt-ion (from pp. resumpt-us).
Best ( I ) , repose. (E.) A. S. rest, rtEst, Rellllrrection. ( F. - L .) O . F. resur-
rest. Cf. Du. rust, Dan. Swed. rast, Ice!. rection. _ L. ncc. resurrectiOnem. - L.
,-iist (the distance between two resting- resun'eetus, pp. of resurgere, to rise again.
places) , G oth. rasla (a stage), O. H . G. - L. rc-, again; surgere, to rise; see
,-asta, G. rast, rest. The A. S. rest, fern., Surge.
answers to Teut. type *rastjii, orig. ' a BeB1UlCitate, to revive . (L ) L. ,.esus-
445
 RET RETROSPECT
citalus, pp. of resuscilare, to revive. - L. retmu, pp. of retm ir, to retain; see Ra-
re·, agai n, sus-, up, and citare, to rouse; tain.
see Cite. Retire. (F. - Teut.) M. F. retirer, • to
Ret, to steep fla L (M. Du. ) M. Du. retire, withdraw;' Cot. - F . reo, back;
re!t1~ , reden; to steep flax; Du. rden. tirer, to pull; see Tier, Tirade.
Cf. Pomeran. roten, Swed. riJ~a, Norw. Retort, a censure returned; tube for
rOyta, to ret; also D u. rete, ret~te , Low distilling. (F.-L.) M. F. retort, pp.
G. rate, E. Fries. rotte, a retting-pit. Lit. 'twisted , violently returned,' retorte, , a
' to make rotten;' formed by mutation lymbeck,' Cot. ; lit. a thing twisted back.
from Teut. *rat~t; for which see Rotten . - M. F. retorl, pp. of retordre, to twist
Cf. Du. rooten, to ret. back. - L. retorquere, to twist back. -
Retail, sb. (F. - L. ) To sell by retail L. reo, back ; torquere, to twist; see
is to sell by small pieces.-O. F . retail , a Torture.
shred , paring, smallpiece. -O. F. retailler, Retract. (F.-L.) M . F. retracter,
to shred , cut small. - O. F . re- ( = L. re- ) , ' to revoke ;' Cot. - L. retractare, frequent.
again ; tailler , to cut ; see Tailor. of retrahere, to draw back. - L. re-, back;
Retain. (F. -L. ) F. retenir .-L. re- trahere, to draw; see Tract (I).
tinere, to hold back; pp. relmtus. - L. retreat, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. retrete.-
reo, back ; tenere , to hold; see Tenable. O. F. retrete, later retraite, a retreat, fern.
Der. retent-io1t (from the pp.). of retret , pp. of retraire, to withdraw. - L.
RetaJiate, to repay. (L.) From pp. rdrahere, to draw back (above).
of L. retaliare, to requite; allied to talio, Retrench. (F. -L.?) M. F . retren-
retaliation in kind, as in lex talionis, the cher, ' to cnrtall, diminish; • Cot. - L. reo,
law of retaliation. - L. tali-, decl. stem of back ; and O. F . trencher, to cut; " see
flitis, such, of such a kind. Cf. Gk. TlI· Trench.
>"II<Or, of such an age. From the Idg. base Retribution. (F . - L.) M. F. retri-
tao, allied to Gk . T~, E. tha-t. See That. bution. - L. acc. retributionem, requita\.-
Retard, to delay. (F. - L.) F. retarder, L. retribtttus, pp. of retribuere, to pay
to hinder. - L. retardare, to delay. - L. reo, back . - L. re-, back; tn"buere, to pay; see
agaiu; taniiire, to make slow, from tardus , Tribute.
slow. See Tardy. Retrieve, to recover. (F.-L. and
Retch, Reach, to try to vomit. (E. ) Gk.) F ormerly ,·e!reve. - O. F . retreuve,
A. S. hriican, to clear the throat , hawk , 3rd pers. sing. indic. of rdrover, later
spit. - A. S. lmica, spittle ; cf. hriicgebrcec, retrouver, to find again. - L. reo, again;
hoarseness.+lcel. hrcekja, to spit ; from O. F. trover, to fi nd; see Trover .
hraki, spittle. Prob. of imitative origin. Retro-, backwards. (L.) L. retro,
Retention. (F. -L.) M. F. retmtion , backwards ; a case of a comparative fo rm
' retention; ' Cot. - L. acc. retentionem, a fro m re- or redo, back. The suffix -tro
holding back. - L. retent-us, held back, (-tra), in ci-tro, ci-tril, answers to Goth.
pp. of retinlre ; see Retain. -}ro in }a-}ro, thence ; see Brugm. ii. § 75.
Reticent, silent. (L.) From stem of See R ear (2).
pres. pt. of L. reticere, to be very silent. - Retrocession. (F. - L. ) F. rt tro-
L. reo, back, very ; and taclre, to be silent. cession. - Late L . retrocessio1tem, acc. of
See T acit. retrocessio, a going back. - L. retrecess-us,
Beticule. (F. - L.) F. rttieule, a net pp. of relrffcMere, 10 go further back. - L.
for the hair, a reticule. _ L. reticulum, retro, backwards; elden, to go ; see Cede .
a little net; double dim in. of rete, a net. RetrolP'ade. going backward. (F . -
~ F ormerly also ridicule (both in F . and L.) O. F. relrograde. - L. retrogradus,
E.), by confusion with Ridicule (Littn!). retrograde (used of a planet). -L. retro-
C£. provo F . rMieule, a reticule, dial. of g rad., to go backwards. - L . retro, back-
Verdun (Fertiault). wards ; g rad. , to go ; see Grade.
retina, the innermost coating of the retrogression. (L.) Coined from
eye. (L. ) Neo-Lat. retina; so called pp. of L. relro-grad. (above).
because resembling network. Coined from Retrospect. (L.) From L. retro-
riti-, for rete, a net. spectw, (unused ) pp. of retrospict
Retinue. (F. - L.) M. E. retenue. - look back. - L. retro, back; spece.
O. F. retume, a body of retainers; fern. of i look.
446
 RETURN RHAPSODY
Beturn. vb. (F.-L.) F. relqu,.,,~r revert. (F.-L.) M. F. rerJerlir, ' to
(Cot.). - F. re- ( = L. re-), back; lourner, revert, returne; , Cot. - L. reuerlere
to turn; see Turn. (above).
Bevea.l. (F. - L.) M. F . reveler, ' to Review. (F. -L.) From Be- and
reveale ; , Cot. - L. reul/are, to draw back View.
a.vei!. - L. reo, back; ul/um, veil; see Veil. Bevile. (F. - L.) M. E. reuilen (=
Reveille. an alarum at break of day. revilen ); A. F . reviler (Gowerl. - F . reo,
(F. - L.) rCf. F. rhlei/, a reveille, M. F. again; and F. vi! (L. uilis ), cheap; see
resvdl, ' a bunt 'sou p, or morning-song for Vile. Lit.' to cheapen.'
a new married wife, the day after the mar- Bevise. ( F.-L.) O.F.reviser. -L.
riage ;' Cot.] The E. reveilll was a tri- reulsere, to look back upon, revisit. - L.
syllable, and represented F. rlveillez, wake reo, again; ulsere, to survey, from ulsus,
ye, im per. plmal of r!veiller, to awaken; pp. of "idl re, to see; see Vision.
O. F. resveiller. - O. F . re- (L. reo, again) ; B.evisit. ( F . -L. ) From Re- and
and esveiller, to awaken, from L. ex, out, Visit.
and uigilare, to watch (from uigil, awake) . Revive. (F.-L.) F. revivre.-L. ,-e-
See Vigil. ~ The E. word is also spelt uluere, to li ve again, revive. - L. reo,
reveillet; Brand , Pop. Antiq., ed . Ellis, ii. again ; ttluere, to live ; see Vivid.
176. T he F. rtveillez is used as a sb. (in Revoke. ( F.-L. ) O. F . revocq"er ( F.
the E . sense) in the dialect of F orez, near rhloquer). - L. reuocare, to recall. - L. ,'e-,
Lyons (Graz) . back ; uoClire, to call; see Vocal.
Bevel, a noisy feast. (F.-L.) M. E. Revolt, a rebellion. ( F . -Ital.-L. )
,-euel (revel), sb. - O. F. revel, pride, re- M. F. revolte, ' a revolt;' Cot. - M. Ita!.
bellion, sport, jest, disturbance, disorder revolta ( Ita!. rivolta ), a revolt; fern . of
(Roquefort). - O. F . reveler, to rebel, hence, revolto, turned, overthrown, pp. of "roo!-
to riot. -L. rebel/are, to rebel; see Rebel. vere, to tum, roll back, overturn. - L. ,'e-
Der. revell-er; whence revel-r-y. uo/uere, to roll back ( below).
Bevenge. (F.-L.) O. F. revmgi~r, revolve. (L. ) L. reuoluere, to turn
also reve'tcher, to avenge oneself (F. re- again, revolve. - L. reo, again; uoluere, to
vancher). -F. re- (= L. reo ), again : O . F. tum; see Voluble. Der. revolut-ioll, from
vmgier, venger, from L. uincbcare, to pp. reuoliitus.
vindicate; see Vindicate. Bevulsion. (F. -L. ) M.F. revll/siolZ,
Bevenue, income. (F. -L.) M . F. re- • a plucking away; also the drawing of
venu, m., and revenul, f. 'revenue, rent; , humours from one part of the body into
Cot. From revenu, pp. of revenir, to an other;' Cot. - L. reuu/siimem, acc. of
come back. - F. reo, back; venir, to come. reuulsio, a plucking back. -L. reuulsus,
- 1;. reo, back; uenire, to come ; see pp. of reuellere, to pull back. -L. ,-eo,
Venture. back; uellere, to pull, pluck. Cf. Con-
Beverberate. (L.) From pp. of L. vulse.
reuerberare, to beat back (hence, to re- Beward, vb. (F.-L. alZdO. H . G.)
echo). - L. reo, back; uerberare, to beat, A. F. rewarder; O. F. regarder, to look
from uerber, a scourge. back upon, regard (with favour ) ; see
Revere. (F.-L.) M. F. reverer (F. Regard. Doublet, regard.
rlvirer), to reverence. - L. reuern-i, to Reynard, Benard, a fox. (F . -
revere, stand in awe of. - L. reo, again; Teut.) O.F. rmard,regnard ( F. rmard).
tterlri, to fear, feel awe, allied to E. - Low G. (M. Flemish) Reinaerl, the
Wary. Der. reverence, O. F . rev"ence, name given to the fox in the celebrated
L. reuerentia; also rever-end. M. Flemish epic so called. Cognate with
Beverie, Beve1'7. (F. - L.) F. O. H. G. Reginizarl, lit. 'strong iu coun-
rlverie, a raving, a vain fancy, a revery.- sel ;' from O. H. G. regin-, ragin-, an-
F. river, formerly resver, rliver, to rave. swering to Goth. ragin, judgment, counsel,
See Rave. and hart (E. hard), strong.
B.everse. (F. - L.) M. E. reuers B.ha.psocl:v. (.F . ...:-L.-Gk,) M.F.rat-
(revers).-O. F. revers.-L. reuersus, lit. sodu, Cot. - L. rizajsiJdia. - Gk, /JalII9'~a,
turned backwards; pp. of reuertere, to tum the reciting of epic poetry, part of 'an epic
backward. - L. reo, back; wrlere, to turn; poem, &~thapsody, tirade. - Gk. p~"'9'36.,
see Vel'H. one who strings (lit. stitches) songs to-
 RHETORIC RICKETS
gether, areciter of epic poetry. -Gk. ~-, Perhaps allied to G. rebe, a tendril; from
stem of fut. of paffTflJl, to stitch together, the idea of clasping (Kluge).
fasten together; .p~, an ode; see Ode. Ribald. CF. - T eut. ) M. E. ribald,
Bhetoric. (F. - L. -Gk.) O. F. rhe- ribaud. - O. F. ribald (F.ribaud) . _ LowL.
torique; Cot. - L . rlUtorica, i. e. rhltorica ribaldtts, a ruffian ; cf. Low L. ribalda, a
ars, the art of rhetoric; fern. of rhetoricus, prostitute. Of Teut. origin. - O. H . G.
adj. - Gk. fnlTOpt"OS, rhetorical; adj. from hrfpa, M. H . G. ribe, a prostitute ; CC. O. F.
PflTOJP, an orator, speaker. For f pfJ-TOJp, riber, to be wanton. The suffix -aid
related by gradation to .tp.lJI, to speak is due to O. H. G. walt, power. Cf.
(for *FfP-YflJl). Allied to Verb. Korting, § 4019.
Bheum. ( F. -L.-Gk.) M.F. rheu,m . BiblUld, Ribbon. (F.) M. E. riban,
- L. rheuma.- Gk. jlflipa (stem pwpaT-). reban. [Also Irish ribin, a ribbon; Gael.
allow, lIux, rheum. -Gk.pn'- uopat , fut.of ribean, a ribbon, fillet; from E. J-O.F.
PEflJl, to 1I0w ; (for *upEf-•• v).+Skt. sru, riban (F. ruban), a ribbon (Littn!); Gas-
to 1I0w. Allied to Strea.m. ( -v'SREU.) con and Languedoc n 'ba1l; Norman dial.
Der.rheumat-ic. riban . Low L. rubtinus (A. D. 1367 ).
Bhinoceros. (L. - Gk. ) L. rhinoceros. Origin unknown; cf. Dan. vride-baand, a
- Gk. ",JlO"fpM, lit. ' nose· homed.' - Gk. twisted band.
"'vo-, for ",s, nose; "EpaS, a horn, allied Rice. (F.- Ital.-L.-Gk.-O. PeTS.)
to Horn. O. F. ris, rice ; F. riz. -Ital. n ·so. -L.
Bhizome, a rootlike stem. (F . - Gk.) orjiza. - Gk. i5pv(a,i5pv(oJl, rice, grain. From
F. rhizome. - Gk. ",(OJI-'a, root. - Gk . an O. Pers. form, preserved in the Pushto
p.(oliv, to cause to take root.-Gk. ",(a, (Afghan) w rijzey, wnjey, rice; wrijza'h,
root. See Root. a grain of rice (Raverty) . Hence also
Bhododendron. (L . -Gk. ) L. rhodo- Arab. UrttZZ, ruzz, whence Span. arroz,
dendron. - Gk. pofJ06fVtJpoV, the rose- bay, rice. Allied forms are Pers. birinj, Armen.
oleander. - Gk. />060- , for />030v , rose ; bri"j, rice; SkI. vrihi-, rice. (Horn, § l08;
3Evapov, tree. Gk. ~o60v is of Armenian Yule.)
origin; see Rose. Bich. (E.) M. E. ric1ze. -A. S. rice,
Bhodomontade; see Rodomon- powerful, rich. [ We also find O.F. riche,
ta.de. from O. Sax. riki, allied to O. H . G. rihhi,
Bhomb, Bhombus. (L.-Gk.) L. M. H . G. riche (G. reich), powerfu1. ] +
rlzombtts (F . rlzombe). - Gk./>Op80s,athing Du. rijk, Ice!. rfkr, Swed. rik, Dan. rig,
twirled round, whirling spi ndle, a thing in Goth. reiks. Teut. type *rikiz, powerful,
the shape of a whirling spindle, a four- from the base rik- as seen in Goth. reik-s,
sided figure with equal sides but unequal a ruler; cognate with the Celtic base rig- ,
an~les. -Gk . plp8flJl, to revolve. Allied as in GauUsh rfx, a king (cf. O. Irish ri,
to Wrinkle (Prellwitz). See also gen. rfg, a king, W. rhi, a chief); unless
Rumb. the Teut. base rik- is merely borrowed
Bhubarb. (F. - Late L. - Gk.) O. F . from the Celtic rig-. Cf. L. rex, gen. reg-is,
reubarbe; F. rh ubarbe. - Late L . rheu- a king. AlI from -v'REG, to rule (L. reg-
barbarum (= rheum barbarum ). - Gk. ere) . See Regent. Brugm. i. H 135,549 c.
p'?Jov 8ap8apo., rhubarb; lit. ' Rhenm from riches. (F . -O. H. G.) M. E. richesse,
the barbarian country.' Gk. P'?Jov is an a sing. sb. ; the pI. being richesses. - F.
adj. from pa, the rha-plant, rhubarb, which n 'chesse, wealth. _ O . H. G. rfhhi, M. H . G.
was also called RM. Ponljcum. Rhii rfche (G. reich), rich (above) . T he suffix
took its name from the river Rha, i. e. the is F. ·esse, I ~ -ilia.
V()lga. And see Barbarou8. Bick. (E .) Rick is from A. S. hrycce,
Bhumb; see Rumb. as in corn-hrycce, com· rick. We also find
Bh~e; see Rime (I). M. E. reek, A. S. hreac, a heap, a rick.+
Bhy-thm.(F.-L. -Gk.) M.F. rithme, Icel. hraukr, a rick; Du. rook. Cf. O.
Cot.-L.rhylhmus. -Gk./>v8I'os, measured Irish cruach , a rick; and see Ruck (2).
motion, time, measure. - Gk. pfflV, to flow. Ricj[ets, a disease of children, ac-
See Rheum. companied by softness of the bones and
Bib. (E.) M. E. ribbe. A. S. ribb.+ great weakness. (E.) A provo E. word
Du. n 'h, Ice!. rif, Swed. ref-been (rib-bone), first noticed about A. D. 16l0; whence the
Dan. n'b-IJeen; G. n'ppe; Russ. rehro. medical term rachitis was coined about
#8
 RICOCHET RIG
1650, with allusion to Gk. />4xlS, the spine. (North-riding- = Norllz-thriding-). - Icel.
Cf. provo E. rickety, i. e. tottery, weak, )rit1jungr, the third part of a thing, third
unstable. Formed from M. E. wrikken, part of a shire. - Icel. )riM, third; cognate
to twist, wrest, still in use in the phrase with A. S. )ridda, third. See Third,
• to wrick one's ankle.' Allied to A. S. Three. So also Norw. Iridjung-, a third
wrin.f{an, to twist ; see Wring and part.
Wry. Cf. Du. wrikken, Swed. ricka, Rife. (Scand.) M . E. rtf, late A. S.
to be rickety; Swed. rickug-, rickety. rif. - Icel. rilr, munificent, abundant; M.
Bicochet, the rebound of a cannon-ball. Swed. rij, rife ; Norw. ,·iv.+ M. Du. ri;/.
(F.) F. ricochet, 'the sport of skimming a abundant; Low G. rive, abundant, munifi-
thinne stone on the water, called a Duck cent, extravagant. Cf. Icel. retfr, glad;
and a Drake;' Cot. Origin unknown . reija, to bestow.
Bid (I), to free. ( E.) M.E. ridden, Bi1f-ra1f, refuse. (F. -Teut.) M. E.ril
redden. A. S. IIreddan, to snatch away, and raj, things of sm all value, hence every
deJiver.+O. Fries. lzredda, Du. redden, bit. - M. F. nf el raj, every bit; also
Dan. ruide, Swed. riidde; G. rellen. Tent. njle el raJle. ' II ne luy lairra nf ny raj,
tyj>l! *hradjan-. Cf. Skt. tralh, to untie. he will strip him of all;' Cot. Here nf
Bid (2), to clear, esp. land. (Scand.) or riJle is a thing of small value, from
Provo E. nil. M. E. ruden (pp. rid). - riJler, to rifle, ransack ; and raJle is from
Ice!. ry~a (orig. hry~a) , to clear, clear M. F. ra.ffler , to rifle, ravage. :Both are
out; Dan. rydde, to clear, grub up land. words of Teut. origin, drawn together by
Teut. type *hrudjan-, from *hrud-, weak their sound, though of different origin. F.
grade of *hrtuth.an- (Icel. lz~ii5t1a), to riJler is from Icel. hn1a (see RUle (I» ;
strip. If Confused with rid (I) . M. F. ra.ffler is from G. raffen, to seize.
Biddle (1), an enigma. (E.) Properly B.i1le (I), to spoil, plunder. (F . - Teut.)
riddles; and the pI. should be riddles-es. M. F. riJler, ' to rifle, spoile;' Cot. Norm.
M. E. redels. - A. S. radels, radelse, a dial. riJler (D nmeril). Formed, with
riddle, ambiguity, something requiring frequentative .1-, from Icel. hrifa, rila,
explanation. - A. S. radon, to discern , ex- to catch, grapple, grasp; allied to Icel.
plain; see Read.+Du. roadsel, for *raad- lzrijsa, plunder.
is-Io-, the A. S. -els being for -isl; G. B.i1le ( 2), a kind of musket. (F.-
riithsel, a riddle. If We still say to read Teut.) Short for riJled gun, from the verb
a riddle, i. e. to explain it. njle, to groove. - O. F. riJlcr, to scratch,
Biddle (2 ), a large sieve. (E.) M. E.
ridi!. A. S. hrit/der, a vessel for winnowing
graze (Godefroy). - Low G'if;'
furrow, chamfer; E. Fries. ri eln (the
eln, to
com; older form lzrJder (Sweet); the same), riffil, a groove; Dan. n' e, to rille,
suffixed -cr and ·il (-Ie) being equiYfllent. groove, riJle, a groove; Swed. rejJla, to
+0. Ii. G. rUera; Irish creatlzair, Gael. rille. So also G. riele, a furrow; n 't/en,
criatlzar; L. cribrum. Lit. sense' sepa.- rieftln, to rifle (from Low G.) • . All allied
rater.' All from Idg. root *bet', to to Rivel, and to Rive.
separate; cf. Gk. ICpi-vflv. See Critic. rift. (Scand.) Dan. and Norw. rift,
Bide. (E.) M. E. riden, pt. t. rood, pp. rift, rent.-Norw. n'va, Dan. rive, to tear.
riden. A. S. ridan, pt. t. rati, pp. riden. Cf. Icel. ript, a breach of contract. See
+Du. njiien, Icel. riiJa, Dan. ride, Swed. Rive.
rida; G. reiten. Also O. Irish riad-aim, Big (I), to fit up a ship. (Scand.) Spelt
I drive, ride. (-v'REIDH.) Bnlgm. i. rygge in Palsgrave.-Norw. n'gga, to bind
§ llO. Der. road, read-yo up, wrap round, also to rig a ship; n'gg,
Ridge. (E.) M.E. rigg-e, rugge. A.S. sb., rig~g. Cf. Swed. dial. rigga pa, to
hryc![, the back of a man or beast.+Du. harness a horse. Also Westphal. n'ggen,
rug-, back, ridge, Dan. ryg, Swed. rygg, Du. rijgen, G. reilzen, to stitch together,
Ice!. lzryggr; G. rUcken, O. Ii . G. lzrucki. orig. to put in a row ; cf. E. Fries. rig-e,
Cf. O. Irish croccenn, ( 1) hide, (2) the back. rig-e, a row. See Row ( I).
Bidiculous. (L. ) L.riduul.us,laugh- Big (2), a frolic, prank. (E. ?) We also
able; with suffix ·nus. - L. ritiffe, to find ng, to be wanton; riggislz, wanton.
laugh. For wng, and allied to wn'ggle; see
Biding, one of the three divisions of the Wriggle. Cf. N orw. rigga, to rock; E.
counly 01 York. (Scand. ) For thn'ding- Fries. wriggen, to wriggle; Du. wn'kkm,
+49
 RIG RIP
to stir to and (ro, wriggelm, to wriggle; which is a different word (rom M. H. G.
and see Rickets. rim, O. H. G. rim (A. S. rim ), in the
BUr (3), a ridge. (E.) M. E. rig, sense o( • number.' From F. rime came
Northern (orm of rigge, rugge, a ridge. also Ital. Span. Port. rima ; also Du.
See Ridge . ri~;,!cel. rima, G. reim.
Bight. (E.) M. E. riglzt. A. S. riM, . e (2 ) , hoarfrost. (F.) For Izrime.
ryht; O. Merc. relzt.+Dn. regt, recht, A. S. hrim, hoarfrost. + Du. rijm, Ice!.
Icel. rlttr (for *rlhtr), Dan. ret, Swed. hrim, Dan. riim, Swed. n·m. Allied to
rat, G. recht, O. H. G. reht, Goth. ,·aihts. Du. njp, G. rei/, hoar· frost.
Teut. type *rehtoz ; Idg. type *rektos, as Bimer, a tool for en larging holes in
in L. rectus . Cf. W. rhaith, sb., right, metal. (E. ) From A. S. ryman, to en·
O. Ir. recht; Pers. riist. See Regent. large. - A. S. rum, wide. See Room.
t.v REG .)
righteous. (E .) Corruption ofM. E.
Bimple, to rippl e, as the surface of
water. (K ) To n 'mple is to shew
right7(Jis; A. S. rihtwis, i. e. wise as to wrinkles. - A. S. hrympel, a wrinkle.-
what is right. - A. S. riM, right; u'is, A. S. h"ump-, rump·, weak grade of
wise. hri1llpa,z or rimpan, to wrinkle. + Du.
Rigid. (L. ) L. rigilillts, stiff. - L, ng-lre, "impel, a wrinkle, rimpden, to wrinkle;
to be stiff. Hrugm. i. § 875. O. H. G. hrim/an, M. H. G. rimpjew(cf.
Bigmarole. (Scand . ; and F. -L.) G. riimp/m ), t o crook, bend, wrinkle. (See
Well known to be a corruption of ragman- :Franck. ) !;ee Rumple.
roll, orig. a deed with man y signatures, a Bind. (E. ) M. E. rirtd, rinde. A. S.
long list of names; hence, a long stupid ritzde, bark of a tree, crust (of bread). +
story. Lit.' coward's roll.' - lcel. raglllmni, M . Du. and G. rinde, bark. Allied to
a coward, from ragr, a coward, al,d matJr Rim.
( = lIla'l11r), a man; with the addition of Bing (1), a circle. (E.) M. E. ring .
roll, for which see Roll. The Ieel. ragr A. S./zring. +Du. ring, Low G . ring, rink,
seems to be allied to Icel. argr, a coward, Icel. lzringr, Swed. Dan. G. n'ng, O. H. G.
A. S. earg. h,·i~zc. Teut. typ<: *hrengoz; Idg. type
Rigol, a circlet. (ltal. -0. H . G.) In *krmghos; also *kronghos, as in O . Bulg.
Shako -Hal. rigolo, a little wheel (Tor. kr~gt" Russ. krug(e), a circle. See Rank
riano) ; cr. riga, a line, a stripe. - O. H . G. and Harangue.
riga, riga, a line, the circumference of a Bing ( 2), to sound a bell. (EJ) M. E.
circle (G. reihe). See Row ( I ) . ringen. A. S. lln'ngan, to clash, ring; a
Bile; see Roil. weak verb, as in Scand.; but English has
Rill, a streamlet. (Low G.) Cf. Low G. pt . t. rang, by analogy with sang from
rille, K Friesic and Dan. dial. n'lle, a +
sittg. Ice!. hringja, Dan. ringe, Swed.
streamlet. Apparently for *rithele; cf. ringa . Cf. Icel. hrang, a din; L. clatzgere,
A. S. ri6e, a stream; Low G. n'de, a to clang.
stream; G. ·reide (in place.names). See Bink, a conrse for the game of curling,
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888, p. 166. ~ Norm. &". (E. ) A peculiar form of ,ing, in the
dial. risle, rille, the name of a river, sense of pn·u·ring, &c. Cf. Low G. rink,
written Ridula, Risila, Risla in old a ring.
charters (Robin, p. 432). Binse. (F.) M. F. n'mer, ' to reinse
Rim. (K ) M. E. rim. A. S. rima, a linllen clothes;' Cot . F. rinee,'; from
verge, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, rhimyn, O. F. raj'ncer (Littre). Cf. O. F. reincier,
a rim, edge.+Icel. rimi, a strip of land. to rinse (Godefroy). Of unknown origin.
Perhaps allied to G. rand, a rim, and to Riot. (F.-O. H. G.?) O. F. riote, a
Rind ( Kluge). Brugm. i. § 421. brawling. The same as Provo n 'ota, 1tal.
Rime (1), verse, poetry, &c. (F.-L. riolla, dispute, strife. Of unknown origin;
-Gk.) Usually spelt rhyme, by confusion see Korting.
with rhythm, but not before A. D. 1550. Rip. (Scand.; or F.-Scand .) M. E.
M. E. rime. - F. rime, ' rime, or meeter; , ripen, to grope, search into; rypen vp, to
Cot. Cf. M. F. rithme, ' rime, or meeter; , seek out (cf. E. np up). Cf. O. F. riper,
id. Prob. from L. rhythmus, rhythm ; to scratch (Godefroy). -Norweg. n:pa, to
of Gk. origin; see Rhythm . ~ Hence scratch, Swe(l. dial. ,.,pa, to scratch, pluck
also M. 1-1 . G. rim . in the sense of' verse,' asunder (like E. np opm ) ; Dan. oprtppe,
45 0
 RIPE ROAD
to rip up; Swed. repa upp, to rip up, repa, lLite. (L.) L. ril,lS, a custom.+ Skt.
to scratch. Allied to D u. rltpd, (;. riffel, rili·, a going, way, usage; from t'i, to go,
a flax·comb; see R ipple (I). The Teut. flow. Cf. Brugm. ii. § 498. D er. diu· aI,
ba, e takes a double fonn ; see Rea.p; cf. from L. rilu-, decl. stem of rflus.
Ripe (below) and Rope. lLival. (F. - L.) F. rival. - L riun/is,
lLipe. ( E.) M . E. 1'1pe. A. S. ripe, fit sb_, one who uses the same brook as another,
for reaping; cf. rip, harvest. - A. S, rij>an, a near neighbour, a rival. - L. riuus, :l
to reap. + Du. 1'1jp, G. rei/, ripe. See stream . Cf. Skt. ri, to go, flow .
Rip, Reap. Rive, to tear. (Scand.) M. E. ritlm
lLipple ( I ), to pluck the seeds from (u= v ). - Icel. rifa, pt. t. rei/, pp.djimt
flax-stalks. (E. ) M. E. npplm, npelm, ( > E. riven ), to rive; Dan. n've, Swed,
to ripple; from the sh. dPp/e, a flax·comb rifva. Cf. Gk. fp.I,TfIP, to dash down;
(Jamieson). Formed, with suffix -Ie, of L. ripa, a bank (shore) . See R eef.
the agent, from the weak grad e, · r ip., of lLivel, to wrinkle. (E. ) M. E. riue!m
A. S. ripa", to reap, cut; see Reap. Cf. (u = v ). A. S. rife/i'd, wrinkled (Eng.
Swed. npa, to ripple flax,orig. to scratch, Stud. xi. 66) ; cf. ge·njliatt, to wrinkle; a
rip; see Rip (above). + Du. t-epelm, to frequent. form from the weak grade of
ripple, from repel, a ripple, from M. Du. Teut. ·rei/a1t., as seen in Icel. ri/a , to
repe", to beat flax; G. riffe/n, to ripple, rive; see R ive (above). Cf. A . S. gerifod,
from dffil, a ripple. wrinkled; .lE1f. Hom. i. 614.
lLipple (2), to cause or shew wrinkles River. (F . -L.) M.E.ritltr (tl =v).
on the surface, said of water. (Scand.) A - i\ . F . rivere, O. F. ,·ivitre. (F. n ·vitre.)
late word; the same as R ipple (3) bel ow. The same as Span. n'bera, a shore, strand,
The older word was R imple , q. v. sea-coast, Ital. t7vie"a, shore, bank, :llso
lLipple (3), to graze slightly. (Scand.) a river; Late L. "ipan'a, (I ) shore, ban k,
, R'pp7e, rescindere ; ' Levins ( 1570). Fre· (2) river. - Late L. riplirius, belonging
quentative of Rip (above). to a shore. - L. rijJa, shore, bank. Allied
lLise, (E.) M. E. risen. A. S. rism, , to R ive.
pt. t. ras, pp. n·sen.+ Du. rijzm, orig. to Rivet. (F. - Scan d.) F . n'vel, 'the
move, also in M. Du. to fall (contrary to welt of a shoe,' Cot.; also a rivet (Littre).
the E. sense); Icc!. risa; O. H. G. rimll, - F. n 'ver, to rivet, clench, fasten back. -
to move up or down, to rise, to fall; Goth. Icel. ri/a , to tack, sew loosely together;
ur·reisatt, to arise. Tent. type -reis-att., ri/a samatt, to stitch together. cr. Shet.
to slip away. D er . raise, rem-, vb. land riv, to sew coarsely, Aberdeen riv,
Risible. (F. - r.,) F. dsible. - L. risi· to ri vet.
bilis, laughable. _ L . risus, pp. of ridere, Rivulet. (L. ) Dimin. from L.rilltl/tls,
to laugh. See Ridioulous . a small stream; dimin. of riuus, a stream;
R isk. (F.-Ita!.-L.) F . dsque, peril; lit. 'flowing.' Cf. I tal. n'vo/ello (Torriano ).
Cot. Orig. a maritime word. - Ital. n'seo, See Rival.
peril; Florio; the same word (probably) Rix-dollar, a coin. (Du . - G.) Du .
as Span. dseo, a steep abrupt rock; whence djks.daa/der, a rix-dollar. - G. ,'tiehs.
the sense of ' peril,' as shewn by Span. ar· thaler, a dollar of the empire. - G . reiells,
desgm', O. Span. a,.,':isear, to venture into gen. case of reich, empire, allied to G.
danger (lit. to go against a rock). The reiclt, rieh ; and Ihaler, a dollar; see R ich
orig. sense of n'sro is cut off, sheer, like a anel Dollar.
sharp rock. - L. ,'eseclire, to cnt back, cut Roach, a fish. (F. - Teut.) M. E. t·odle.
off short (curiously verified by the use of - 0. N orth . F. anel Walloon roche, O. F.
the Como word "ese.Ra, a saw, also risk; roee (rosse in Cot. \. - M . Du . roeh, a skate;
Diez) ; and cf. Port. duo, ( I) rock, ( 2) cf. Dan . rokke, Swed . •-orka , a ray; Low
danger. - L. re·, back; seeare, to cut: see G. roche, whence G. roche, a ronch, ray.
S eotion. (See further in Diez and Kort· Origin unknown. There is a remarkabl e
ing.) confusion between roach, ~kate, ray , anel
lLisBole, a minced·meat fritter. (F.- thomback. Cf. A. S. rtohhe, a fish .
L.) F. n 'ssole; O. F. roisso/e, rOllsso/e. - Road. ( E. ) M. E. rood, rode (both for
L:lte L. type *1"1lSseola; from L. nusms, ships and horses). - A. S. ,'lid, a road, also
redd ish, or mther brownish ; from the a raid. - A . S. rlid, 2nd stem of rMan , to
COlOUT. - L. "/ISNIS, reel . See Russet , ride. See R id e. Doublet, .-aid.
451
 ROAM RODOMONTADE
Boam. (F. - L.) M. E. romen. O. H . G. Ruodpt rlzt (G. Ruprecht, i. e.
Coined from O. F. romier, a pilgrim to Rupert) . Lit . ' fame-bright, ' illustrious
Rome; cf. O. F . romel, a pilgrim, romeree, in fame.- O . H . G. ruod-, allied to I cel.
a pilgrimage; Span . romero, a pilgrim; hrlftJr. fame ; O. H. G. perM = E. brig"'.
M. E. R ome-,·tlmere, a runner to Rome, See Hob gobli n .
pilgrim; also Late L. romros, Ita!' Romeo, Robnst. (F. - L.) F. rohw/e. - L.
one who goes to Rome, a pilgrim. All robustus, strong. - O . L. robtlS ( L. robur),
from L. Roma, R ome. strength; orig. a tough tree, oak.
Roan. (F.) M . Jf. roll~·Il; 'chroaI- rouell , Roc, a huge bird. \ F. -Pers.) F. rock
a roane horse;' Cot . Mod. F . r01lall , (Littre). - Pers. rI,kh, the nam e of a huge
Span . roano, Ita!' rovallO, "oano ( Florio). bird; al so a hero.
Origin unknown. ~ Someti mes derived Rochet, a fine white li nen robe, like a
from the town of Roue.t, with which surplice, worn by bishops . (l'-.- M. H. G .)
Ita\. rovano can have not hi ng to do. F . rochet, 'a frock; a prelate's rochet; '
Roan-tree, Rowa.n-tree, the moun- Cot. - M. H . G. roe (G. rock ), a fr ock , coat .
tail) ash. (Scand.) Spelt roun-tree, roan · + ])u. ,'ok, O. F ries. rokk, A . S. rO(C, I cel.
tree, rowan-tree in J amieson. - Swed. ~omt, rokkr, the same; T eu t. type *r1lkkoz.
M . Swed. rmm, ,'onn , roan-tree ; Dan. Rock ( I ), a large mass of stone. ( F .)
ron . I ce\. rey"ir. T he I cel. reY1lir is for O . F. roke ( 13th cent. ), also roque, rocqlle;
*ny111t'r< *rnu'nir, a derivative of rau(Jr, commonly rOc/Ie, a rock. The same as
red; from the colou r of the berries (No- \ Valloon roc, Languedoc ,'oquo, f.. P rovo
reen). See Red. roea, Span. roea, Port. roca, ror/I.Il , Ital.
Roar. ( E.) M . E. roren. A.S. riirian , rocca, roccia , a rock. Cf. Low L. rorca
to bellow.+ M. H . G. rerm ; cf. Lith. (Ducange ). We also find Ir. and Gael.
refll, I scold, Brugm. ii. §§ 465, 741. roe (prob. from E.), and Bret. rod, (prob.
Perhaps of imitative origin. from F. ). Also A . S. slan-rocc ( I!th c.) .
Roast. ( F .- G.?) M . E. roslen . - O. F. Origin tmknown.
rostir , 'to rost; ' Cot. (F. rOtir.) - O.H .G. Rock ( 2), to shake, totter. (E .) M . E.
rosti n , to roast . - O. H . G . rost, a grate , rokken. A. S. roccian (C. Hall) ; N. I' ries.
gridiron.+ D u. ,'oosten, to roast; roosler, rocke. + Dan. rokke, to rock, shake,
a gridiron. C f. also Irish rost, roast meat, Swed. dia!' l'Ukka. to wag. Allied to
Gael. rost, roist, W. ,'hostio, from E . ; Dan. rykke , to pull , ryk, a pull; Ice!.
Bret. rosta , from F. rykkr, a hasty pull ; G. ruck, a pull, jolt;
Bob ( I ). ( F.-O. H . G.) M. E. robhen. Du. rttk, a jerk. T eut. types *rukkojan-,
- 0 . F . robber, more commonl y rober, to *rukkjall- . to jolt, jerk (Franck ). The
disrobe, spoil, strip off clothing, plunder. base *rttkk- may be related to *renkan- ,
- F. robe, a robe; see Robe . to shake, as seen in Swed. dial. rinka, to
Bob ( l ), a conserve offruit. (F.-Span. shake (pt. t. rank, supine runkit) ; Swed.
-Arab. ) F. rob, 'the juice of black rIlnka, to shake. See Rietz.
whortleherries preserved; ' Cot. - Span. Rock ( 3), a distaff. (Scand .) Ice\. "okkr,
rob, thickened juice of fruit with honey. - Swed. rock, Dan. rok, a distaff. + G. rorkm;
Arab. ruM , ' a decoction of the juice of Du. rok, rokken. .
citrons and other fruits, inspissated juice , rocket ( I). a kind of fire-work . (Ita\.
rob;' Richardson. -G. ) M. lta\. rocchetto, ' a bohbin towinde
Robbins, Robins, ropes for fastening silke upon; a squib of wilde fier ;' Flori o.
sails. ( E.) Low!. Sc. ra-balld, rai-balld. So named from its shape, resembling that
E. Fries. ra-band; where rn =yard of a ofa bobbin or a rlistaff. -M. H. G. rocke,
ship. Cf. Ice!. 1'0, Dan. raa, Swed. ra , G. G. rocken , a distaff ( above).
rahe. yard; and BlI.nd. Rocket ( 2),a plant. ( I". - Ita\. - L. ) F .
Robe. (F.- O.H . G. ) F . robe. for- roquet/e. _ Ita\. ruchetla, dimin . of rttca,
merly also robbe. - M. H. G . roub, O. H . G . garden -rocket. - L. eriira, a sort of cole-
raul (G . .-nub), booty, spoil ; hence, a wort; whence :llso G. rauke, rocket.
garment taken from the slain , cl othing. + Rod, a wand . (E.) See Rood.
A. S. ria/. Icel. rau/. ~b .; ~ee nnderReBve. Rodent, gnawing. ( L.) From 1'0 -
Der. dis-robe. den/-,stem of pres. p:lrt. of rOden, to gnaw.
Robin. (F. - O. H. G.) F. Robin, Allied to Raae.
proper nnme ; pet name for Robert. - Rodomontade, vain boasting . ( F.-
453
 ROE ROOT
ltal.) F. rodolllolliade. -Ital. rodolllolliala, Bonde&u. ( F.-L.) F. rondeau, &
a boast. Due to the boastful character of kind of poem, O. F. ronde!; see ·Roundel.
Rodomo"Ie, in the Orlando Furioso of Bood, the cross; a measure of land. (E.)
Ariosto, b. xiv. The same word as rod, which is shOitened
Boe ( I), a female deer. (E.) M. E. roo from M. E. rood (also rod) , a rood, a rod.
A. S. ra, early form raha.+IceI. ra, Dan. Hoth rood and rod are used as measures,
raa, Swed. rii, Du. ree, G. rei.. Der. roe- though the former is restricted to square
buck. measure, and the latter to linear; both
Boe ( 2) , spawn. (Scand.) For rom,; senses are due to the use of a rod for
the final 11 was dropped, being mistaken measurement. A . S. rod, a gallows, cross,
for the pI. suffix, as iu SllOOIl for shoes, properly a rod or pole.+O. Fries. riJefe,
eym for eyes. M. E. rowne. -lceI. hrogn, gallows; O. Sax. rikia, cross, gallows; Du.
Dan. rop', Swed. rom, roe. +G. rogen, roe roede, rod, perch , wand; G . ruthe, a rod
(whence F. rogue, roe ). of land; O. H . G. ruola, a rod, pole. .
Bog&tion. (F.-L.) F. rogalion.-L. Teut. type *rOdlf, fem ., a rod , pole. ~ The
acc. rogtitionem, a supplication. - L. roga- short 0 in rod is due to the final d; cf. red,
tus, pp. of rogare, to ask. head, dead. M. E. rod(de) is not older
Bogue. ( F. -C.) F. rogue, 'arrogant, than the 13th cent. Cf. Ratlin8L
proua, presumptuous, rude. surly;' Cot. Boof. (E. ) M. E. rij. A. S. hrOf.+
Cf. E. rogll-ish, saucy. The orig. sense Du. roe/. a cabin, Ice!. hrOf, a shed. Cf.
was a surly fellow; hence a vagabond.- also Ir. ero, a hovel; W. craw, a pig-sty;
Hret. rok, rog, arrogant, proud, haughty,
brusque. Cf. Irishrucas, pride. (Doubtful;
see Scheler. )
tyr
Hret. crou, a stable. Teut. type ·"r% - ;
I~. *kriipo-.
Boo (I ), a kind of crow. (E.) M. E.
Boil, Bile, to vex. (F.?) The old rook. A. S. hr«. +IeeI. hrokr, Dan. raage,
word roil meant ( I ) to disturb, (2) to vex. Swed. roka, M. H. C. ruoeh, O. H. G.
See Davies, Supp. Gloss. Of doubtful hruoh, a jackdaw. Teut. type ·"rokoJl,
origin; prob. French. Cf. O. F. roeillier, masc.; cf. Ck. ""w(ftV (for *"p&ry-yfW ), to
roillier, to roll, to give one a beating; caw. Of imitative origin; cf. Goth.
M. F. rouiller, to pummel. hriikja1l, to crow.
Boistering, turbulent. ( F. - L. ) Book (2 ), a castle, at chess. (F. - Span.
From the sb. roister, a bully, turbulent - Pers. ) M. E. rook. - F. ' ·oc. - Span.
fellow . - F. ruslre, • a ruffin, royster,sawcie roque (cf. Ita\. rocco).- Pers. rokh, a rook.
fellow;' Cot. By-form of O. F. ruste, a Said to have meant' warrior' (Devic).
rustic, the r being epenthetic; d. O. F. Boom, space, a chamber. (E. ) The old
ruislre, ruiste, ruste, adj., strong, vigorous, meaning is space, place. M. E . roum.
rude, violent (Godefroy). _ L. rusticum, A. S. rUm; 'nrefdon rUm' = they had no
ace. of ruslicus, rustic. See Rustic. room, Luke ii. 7. We also find adj. rUm,
Boll, vb. (F. - L.) M. E. rollen.- spacious. + Du. ruim, adj. , spacious,
O. F. roler, F. rouler. - Late L . rotulare, rttim, sb., room; Icel. rumr, spacious,
to revolve, roll. - L. rotula, a little wheel ; rUIll, space ; Dan. and Swed. rUlli, adj. and
dimin. of rota, a wheel. See Rotary . sb.; Goth. rums, adj. and sb., G. raum,
Der. roll, sb., a scroll, O. F. role, L. sb. Teut. type *rulIloz, adj., whence the
rolulus. sb. forms are derived. Allied to L . rus,
Bom&nce. (F .-L.) O. F. rOlilanz, open country; see Rural. Der. roomy,
roma1ts, a romance. The form is due to adj ., used for M. E . rOUlll, adj.
late L. adv. romiinicl, as iu the phr. ro- Boost, sb. (E.) M. E. roosl, a perch
miinice 10qlli=O. F . parler rOmat1z, to for fowls . A. S. I,rost, the same.+M. Du.
speak Romance, i. e. the vulgar Latin roest, a hen-roost; O. Sax. hrosl, the
dialect of every-day life, as distinguished woodwork of a roof. Cf. Low!. Sc. roosl,
from book-Latin. Roma1ticl, i. e. Roman- the inside of a roof; the orig. roost was on
like, is from L. ROlllanus, Roman.- L. the rafters iniide a roof. Der. roosl, vb.
Roma, Rome. Boot ( 1),Iowest part ofa plant. (Scand.)
rOm&unt. (F. - L.) O. F. romant, M. E. role. - lcel. 1'01, Swed. rot, Dan. rod,
oblique case of O. F. romanz, a romance; a root. For *wrol, cognate with L. rlidix,
see above. Der. romanl·ic. and allied to Goth. waurts, a root, A. S.
Boap; see Ramp. wyrl, a wort, a root; the initial w heini
..53
 ROOT ROULETTE
dropped, as is usual in Icelandic in the and Irish rotll, W. ·"'lOd, Lithuan. ratas ; G.
combination WY (later VY). See- below. rae/, a wheel. Also Skt. mtka·, a chariot,
And see Radix and Wort. car. All from Idg. root RET, as in
Boot ( 1), Bout, vb., to grub up, as O. Irish rell,-im, I rllO ; Lith. r itt·u, I roll,
a hog. (E.) A. S. WYoiall, to grub up turn round. Brugm. i. § 159. Der. r otate,
(strong vb.) ; whence provo E. WYout, the from pp. of L. rotare, to turn round.
same. Cf. A. S. WYot, sb., a swine's snout; Bote e1), routine, repet it ion. (F. - L.)
G. russel, a snout.+M . Du. wroelen, the M. E. bi rote, with repetition, by heart;
same; Ice!. rota, to grub up, Dan. rode, lit. in a beaten track.-O.F. rote (F. route),
Low G. wroielZ, O. H. G. ruoz zall. a way, a beaten track. See Route.
Bope. (E. ) M. E. roop. A. S. rap, a Bote (2) , an old musical instrument. ( F.
cord, rope. +Du. reep, Ice!. reip, Swed. rep, -G. - C.) O. F. rote, a kind of fiddle;
Dan. r~b ; Goth. skauda -raip, shoe-latchet; answering to O. H. G. Ilrota, rota, a rote;
G. reif, circle, hoop, ring, sometimes a Low L. d,rotta. Of Celtic origin . - \\'.
rope. All from Teut. base *raip-, with crwtll, a violin; Gael. cruit, a harp; O.
the sense of' strip,' hence 'string.' Per- Irish crot, a harp. (Stokes.Fick, p. 99 ')
haps from the 2nd grade of Teut. *reip- See Crowd (2) .
a1l -, to cnt; see Reap (Franck). And Bother, an ox. (E.) M. E. ru(Jer.
cf. Ripe, Rip. Der. rop-)" stringy, glutin- Late A. S. hru6eru, pI.; orig. nrj6er,
ous; stir-rup. hrifJer; and (in comp.) hrifJ·. UriiJ- <
Boquela.ure, a short cloak. (F.) krin(J·,cognatewith G. ri,zd. Cf. also Du.
Namea after the duke of Roque/allre (ab. rund. See Kluge and Franck.
17' 5).- Todd. Botten, putrid. (Scand.) M. E. roten.
Bose. (L.-Gk.-Armenian.) A.S.rou. - Icel. roti,m, Swed. rull~n, Dan. raaclen,
-L. rosa; borrowed from Gk. p:'6uv, a rotten. The Ice!. rotiml is the pp. of a
rose (whence a form * p031<" > rosa ) ; lost strong verb *rjo/a, to decay, orig. to
}Eolic 13"030,, (for *F,,06ov). - Armen. soak, wet, allied to A. S. riotan, O. H. G.
ward, a rose; whence also Pers. gul. riuzan, to weep, shed tears; cr. Lith.
See Julep. Der. rkododendron (Gk. t>iv- 1'audJti, Skt. rud, to weep. (.vREUD.)
3pov, a tree). See Rot. Brugm. i. § 59'*.
B08ema.ry. (F.-L.) M.E.rosmayin. Botundity. (F.-L.) F.roto,zditt.-
- O. F. rosmarin (Cot.). - L. rosmar;IZus, L. ro/t"zditiitem, acc. of rotu,zditas, round·
rosmari"ulll, rosemary, lit. sea-dew; called ness. - L. rotulUlus, round j see Round.
1'OS maris in Ovid. - L. ros, dew; mari"us, Bouble, Buble, a Russian coin.
marine. Named from some fancied con- ( Russ. ) Russ. ruble, a rouble, 100 co·
flexion with sea-spray; altered to rosemary pecks. Perhaps from Pers. njpi)'a, a ru'
(as if for rose of Mary). pee (Miklosich). See Rupee.
Bosin; see Rssin. BoutS. (F.-L.) F. row!, lit. broken
Boster, a military register. ( Du.) on th e wheel; hence a profligate, supposed
From Du. rooster, a grate, gridiron ; hence, to merit that punishment. Pp. of rouer, to
a list in parallel lines; lit.' roaster.' - Du. tum round (L. rotan). - F. roue, a wheel.
rooste", to roast; see Roast. -L. rota, a whee!. See Rotary.
Bostrum. (L. ) L. rostrum, a beak; Bouge, red paint. (F. - L.) F . rouge,
pI. rostra, a pulpit for speakers in the red. - L. acc. rubetml , red; (whence F. rouge,
forum, adorned with beaks of ships taken like F. rage from L rabiem). Allied to
fro m the Antiates. F or *rOd·trum. -L. L. ruber, red. See Red.
rOdere . to gnaw, to peck. See Rodent. Bough. (E.) M. E. rough, rugh, row,
eCf. claus·trulII < *claud·trulll. ) ruk, &c. A. S. roll, rough, hairy j also
Bot, vb. (E .) A weak verb; the rug.+DtI . ruig, M. Du . rll, Dan. ru, Low
proper pp. is rotted, but rotten is com- G. ruug, O. H . G. roll, G. rauh. Cf.
moner, which is a Scand. form (see below). Lithuan. raukas, a fold, rt'tkti, to wrinkle.
M. E. rolen, pp. roled. A. S. rotintl, pp. ~ Distinct from raw.
rotocl.+ Du. roltel<, to rot ; O. H . G. rozln Boulea.u. (F. -L.) F. rouleau, a roll
(also rozlll), to rot. See further under of paper; hence, coins in a roll of paper.
Rotten. Dimin. of O. F. role, M. F. rou/e, a roll;
Bota.rv, turning like a wheel. (L.) see Roll.
Formed lrom L. rota, a wheel. + Gael. roulette, a game of chance. (F. - L.)
'*5'*
 ROUN RUBBLE
F. rOIl/~lIe, a game in which a ball rolls on hedge-row. Teut. type *raivr)wa, fern.,
a turning table; dimin. of rouel/e, a little from a root·verb " reihwall · (pt. t. "raihw) ;
wheel; see Rowel whence also G. reih-e, a row, Du. rij, M.
Boun, Bound, to whisper. (E.) Du. rij-e, a row, O. H. G. riga, a line.
Shako has ro/md, with excrescent d . M. E. Idg. root *reikh, whence Skt. riMa, a
roune1l. A. S. 1'11ni01:, to whisper. - A. S. line.
run, a whisper. +G. raunen, to whisper; Bow ( 2), to propel with oars. (E. )
from O. H . G . rtln, a secret; see Rune. M. E. rowen. - A . S. rOwatl, to row.+Du.
Bound. (F .- L.) O. F. roiind, F. roeijen , Ice!. roo, Swed. ro, Dan. roe,
rond.- L. rotU1ldus, round. - L. rota, a M. H. G. ritejen. Allied to O. Ir. nim,
whee!. See Rotary. L remus, an oar, SkI. aritra- . a paddle,
roundel, a kind of ballad. (F. -L.) rudder, Lithuan. irti, to ro\\' ; Gk. fP ET,w.,
O. F . r01ldel, later rondeau, a poem a paddle, oar. Der. rudder.
containiug a line which recurs or comes Row (3), an uproar. (Scand.) For
round again. - F. rond, round (above). rouse; for loss of final :, cr. pea, chffry,
roundela.y. (F. -L.) M. F. rondelet, slurry, shay (chaise). See Rouse ( 2).
dimin. of O. F . ronde! above. ~ Prob. Rowa.n-tree j see Roan-tree.
coufused, iu spelling, with E. lay, a song. Rowel. (F. -L. ) M.F.rouelle,a little
Rouse ( I) , to excite, to wake up. wheel (on a bit or a spur). - Late L.
(Scand.) 'Exciter, to stir up, rowse;' rolel/a, dimin. of "ola, a wheel. See
Cot. - Swed. rusa, to rush, rusa upp, to Rotary.
start up; Dan. ruse, to rush. Cf. A. S. Rowlock, Rollock, Rullock, the
!lreOSatl , to rush, to fall down quickly ; pbce of support for an oar. (E.) Spelt
from Teut. base "!,reus-. orlok in the Liber Albus, pp. 235, 237.
Rouse (2), a drinking-bout. (Scand.) A corntption of oar-lock. - A. S. arloc, a
In Shako - Dan. ruus, intoxication; Dan. rowlock. - A. S. ar , oar; loc, cognate with
sove rllsen ud = to sleep out a rouse, to G . loci., a hole. The orig. rowlocks were
sleep oneself sober ; Swed. r llS , drunken- actual holes, and were called also oar·
ness. + Du. roes , drunkenness. Prob. allied holes.
to East Friesic rUse, noise, uproar, ' row; , Royal. (F. - L.) M. E. real, roial.-
rllsen, to make a noise. [G. rauscll, a O. F . real, roial (F. royal). - L. regalis,
dn1llken fit, is borrowed from some other royal; see Regal. Doublet, regal.
Teut. dialect.] ~ Really a Danis!1 word; Rub. (E.) M . E.,·ubben. Not in A. S.
such a bout being called 'the Danish + Dan. rubbe, Norw. rubba, E. F ries.
rowza.' Cf. Row (3). rubbetl, to ntb , scrub; Norw. rubbe1l,rough,
Bout (1) a defeat, (2 ) a troop or crowd. uneven; E . Fries. rllbberig, rough; Du.
(F. - L.) F . route, 'a rowt, defeature; robbelig, ' rugged,' Sewel; also (from E.)
also a rowt, heard , flock , troope; also a Gael. rub, to rub, Irish rubadh, a rubbing,
rutt , way, path;' Cot. - L. rupia, pp. of W. rhwbio, to rub. Further allied to
ruP/us, broken ; from rumpere. This L. Ice!. riijimz, rough, Lith. rupas, rough.
rupia came to mean (1) a defeat, fiying ~ N ot allied to G. reibm; rather to 1...
mass of broken troops; ( 2) a fragment of rumpere and E. Reave .
an army, a troop ; (3) a way broken or cut Rubbish, broken stones, waste matter,
through a forest, a way , route. refuse. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. robows,
route, a way, course. (F.-L.) F. robeux, Prompt. Parv.; pI. of an old form
route, a way, route; see the word above. ·robel, clearly represented by mod. E.
routine, a beaten track. (F.-L.) F. rubble ; see below. ~ Rubbish is, in fact,
routine, usual course; lit. small path. a corrupt form of the old plural of rubble.
Dimin . of F. route (above). rubble, broken stones, rubbish. (F. -
Bover, a pirate. (Du.) M . E. rover. - O. H. G. ) 'Rubble, or rubbish of old
Du. roover, a robber, pirate, thief. - Du. houses;' Baret (1580). M. E. robel/,Pal-
roovm, to rob. - Du. roof, spoil. +A. S. lad ius, p . 13,1. 340. This answers exactly
reaf, Ice!. rauf, G. raub, spoil; see to an old form "robel. O. F . "robel. only
Reave. Der. rove, vb., to wander; found in the pI. robeux. 'A grete loode
evolved from the sb. of robeux;' cited by Way in Prompt.
Bow (1), aline, rank. (E.) M. E. rowe. Parv. A. F. robous (for *robeus), rubbish,
- A. S. raw, raw, a row; hegeraw, a Liber Albus, p. 579' Obviously the dimin.
455
 RUBICUND RUGGED
of F. robe in the sense of ' trash,' so well from ruJ1le, verbal sb. from ruJ1le, vb.
preserved in the cognate Hal. roba, 'a which was in early use. See Ruffie ( 1). '
gowne, a robe, wealth, goods, geare, trash, Rd ( 2), the name of a bird. (E.?)
pelfe,' Florio. Cf. Hal. ro/laccia, old Said to be named from the male having a
goods, rubbish; robiccia, trifles, rubbish; ruffround its neck in the breeding season.
from roba. See Robe. But the female is called a reev~, which
Rubicund, ruddy. (F. -L.) F. rubi- points to formation by vowel-change from
c01~d. - L. ruoicundus, very I'ed_ - L. some different source.
rubere, to be red . See Red_ Rd (3), a fish. (E.?) M. E. ru.lfe.
rubric, a direction printed in red. ( F . Origin unknown.
- L.) F. ru briq~. - L. rubrica, red Rd (4), a game at cards. (F.) A
earth; also a title written in red. - L. modi fication of O . F. rf!fJle, roujle, ronfl~.
ruber, red (above). M. F. ronjle, 'hand-ruffe, at cards,' Cot-
ruby, a red gem. (F. -L.) O. F. rubi, grave ;}OUff Ii la ronjl~, • to play at hand-
rubis; F . rubis (where s is the old. sign ruffe,also to snore,' id. Cf. Ital. ron/a, ruff;
of the nom. case). Cf. Span. rubi, rubi1t, ron/are, to snort, to trump at cards. From
Port.rt~bim,lta!. rt~bino. -LateL. rubinus, Tuscan ronfiare (F. ronjlff), to snore,
a ruby; from its colour. - L rubeus, red; snort; supposed to be from L. re-in-jlnre,
rubir~, to be red. Allied to Red. to re-inflate (Korting). See In1late. But
Ruck ( 1) , a fold, crease. (Scand.) Ice!. it may be of imitative origin.
Itrukka, a wrinkle; cf. ltrokkin, curled, R1UIlan, a bully. (F. -Ital.-Teut. )
pp. of hrokkva, to recoil, give way, curl; Walloon roujJian, ¥. F. ruJien, ruiJim,
Norw. rukka, a wrinkle. Cf. Swed. rynka, 'a bawd, pandar ; ' Cot. - Ital. ruffiatto,
Dan. ryn~, a wrinkle. From Teut. base roJliano, • a Pll!lder, ruffian, swaggrer;'
*ltrmk - (Noreen) . Florio. For "ruJ1lanus, formed with 1,-.
Ruck ( 2), a heap, smal1 pile. (Scand.) suffix -iinus from Low G . ru.lfeln, to act
N orw. and M. Swed. ruka, a heap; cf. Ice!. as pandar. See Ruffie (2).
Iwaukr, a rick, heap; see Rick. Rde ( 1), to disorder a dress. (Eo)
Rudder. (E.) M . E. roder, rotlter. M. E. ru.lfelen, to entangle, run into knots;
A . S. roiJer, a paddle. Here ro..lYer = towing also (apparently) to rumple, Cursor Mundi,
implement; from row-an, to row. (Paddles 26391. Allied to Ru1f ( 1) above.+M. Du:
preceded rudders.) +Du. roer (for roeder ), ruy.lfelen, to ruffle, wrinkle, ruyffel, a
an oar, rudder; Swed. roder, 1'01'; Dan. wrinkle, a crumple; E. Fries. ru.lfelm,
1'01'; G. ruder. See R:>w (l). ruffeln, to pleat. From *ruf, weak grade
Ruddock, a red-breast. (E.) A.S.rud- of T eut. *reujatl-, to break, tear; see
duc. Hence W . rltuddog, Com. ruddoc, Reave. Cf. Lithuan. ruple, rough bark
a red-breast. See below. on old trees. Der. rtiflle, ab.
rllddy. (E. ) M. E. rody, A. S. rudig, ' Rde (2), to bluster, be turbulent.
ruddy. From A. S. *rud-, weak grade of (M. Du.) Obsolete. RU.f1lffS were cheat-
reolia1t, to redden, a strong verb, whence ing bullies, highwaymen, lawless or violent
also A. S. read, red; see Red . men (Nares). - M. Dn. ro.ffelett, ro.ffetl, to
B.ude. (F . -L.) F. rude. -L. rudem, pandar (Oudemans) ; Low G. ru.lfeltt, to
acc. of rudis, rough, raw, rude. pandar, ru.lfeler, a pimp, intriguant; Dan.
rudiment. ( F . -L.) F. rudiment.- ruffer, a pandar. A ru.f1lff and a ruiJialt
L. rudimentuflt, a thing in the first rongh are much the same. See Ruffian.
state, a first attempt.-L. rudi-s , rude. Rug. (Scand.) Swed. rugg, rough en-
Rue ( I), to be sorry for. (E.) M . E. tangled hair, cf. M. Swed. ruggig, rough,
rewm. A. S. ltreowan (pt. t. Itreaw).+ hairy; Ice!. rog-g, shagginess. Also Low
O. Sax. ltrewan, O . H. G. ltriuwan, G. G. ruug, rough, rugen, to be rough (like
reUlm. Cf. Ice!. Ilryggr, grieved, krygtl, flock s of hair) ; E. Fries. rUg, rough, ruge,
ruth. Teut. type *krewwan-, to pity. a roughness, a rough side of a skin; ruger,
Rue ( 2), a plant. ( F.-L.-Gk. ) F. arough-hidedorfurryanimal (e.g.acat).
rue. - L. rttta. - Gk. plrr"', rue; whence See Rough.
also G. raute. Cf. A. S. n«ie, r ue. rugged. (Scand.) M. E. rugged; also
Rd ( I ), a kind of frill. ( E.) 'Ru.lfe n~ggy , Ch. C. T., A 2883. The latter is
of a shirt; , Levins ( I Sio ). So ca\1ed from from M. Swed. ru,t:g'ig , rough, hairy. -
iti \lneven surface ; apparently shortened Swed. rugg, rough entangled hair (above).
-fS 6
 RUGOSE RUNAGATE
Bugose, full of wrinkle;;. (L. ) L. ~i'­ BumiDate. (L. ) From pp. of L. ru-
~osus, adj., from rUga, a wnngle. Cf. LIth. miniire, to chew the cud, ruminate. - L.
raukas, a wrinkle, run/uI, I grow wrinkled. rUmin-, for rumen, the thtoat , gullet.
Hrugm. ii. § 628. Allied to L. ri'-glre, to roar, bray, Gk.
BuiD.. (F. - L. ) F. ruine. - L. ruina, w-PV-'ri, a roaring . W-pu-oJAa" I roar; Skt.
an overthrow. -L. ruen, to rush, fall rtt, to hum, bray, roar. <"",REU.) See
down. Hrugm. ii. § 529. Rumour.
Bule, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. reule, riwle. Bummage, to search thoroughly.
-A. F . reule, O. F. riule, reule (F. regIe). (E.; with F. suffix. ) Dne to the sb.
_ L. rlgula, a rule. - L. regere, to rule. roomage, i. e. stowage; whence roomage,
See Regent. romage, vb., to find room for close pack-
Bum (I ), a spirituous liquor. (Prov. K) ing of things in a ship, also rummage, vb.,
Called rumbo in Smollett, "Per. Pickle, c. ii to clear a ship's hold , to search narrowly
and c. ix; this is short for the sailor's (Phillips).
word rumbowling, grog. Orig. called Bummer, a sort of drinking-glass.
Rumbullum in Barbadoes, A. D. 165 I ; (Du.) Used for Rhenish wine. '}{henish
from Devonsh. rumbullion, uproar, rum- rummers ;' Dryden. - Du. roemer, romer,
pus, which is prob. allied to Rumble . a wine-glass; Low G. romer, a large
Bum (2), strange, ~ueer. (Hindi.) 'Rum, wine-glass; hence G. riifner, a remmer.
gallant, acant word; Bailey (1737).' RUfll Du. roemer is prob. from Du. roem,
really means' Gypsy'; hence' good' from boasting, praise; as if 'a glass to drink
a Gypsy point of view, but 'suspicious' in praise of a toast '; Franck. Cf. G.
from an outsider's point of view. Hence ruhm, praise; O. Sax. hrlim; also Ice!.
rome bouze, rum booze, good wine. Rom hrutlr, praise. ~ Also M. Du. roomer
means 'a husband, a Gypsy'; ,-omman;, (Hexhaln) ; which some explain as a
adj., Gypsy. This Gypsy word rom :mswers , Romish glass.'
to Hindi 40m (with initial cerebral d, re- Bumour. (F.-L.) M.E. ru_r. -
sembling 1'), a man of low caste; Skt. F . rumeur. - L. acc. rUmiJrem, from rU-
4omba-, 'a man of low caste, who gains mor , a noise, murmur. Cf. L. rUmitiire, to
his livelihood by singing and dancing;' spread reports. - 'V'REU, to make a hum-
Benfey. ming noise. See Rumble, Ruminate.
Bumb, B.humb, a line for directing Bump. (E.) M. E. rumpe. Ice!. +
a ship's course on a chart ; a point of the rump, -Swed . rumjJa, Dan . rumpe; M.
compass. (F. - Span. - L. - Gk.) See Du. rompe, 'the buIke of a body or corps,
Rumb in Phillips. - F. rumb, 'a roomb, or or a bodie without a head,' Hexbam; Du.
point of the com passe, a line drawn directly romp; Low G. rump, trunk (of the body);
from wind to wind in a com passe, travers- G. rumpf.
boord, or sea-card;' Cot. - Span. (and Bumple. (E.) The M. K form is
Port.) rumbo, a ship's conrse (represented rimplen, to rimple. Rimple and rumple
by spiral lines on a globe). - L. rhombum, are from the same verb, viz. A. S. hrimpan
acc. of rhombus, a magician's circle, a (pp. gehrumpen), to wrinkle; see Rimple.
rhombus. - Gk. POJlo{3os, a top, a magic +M. Du. rompelen, rompen, to wrinkle;
wheel, whirling motion; also a rhombus. rompel, rimpel, a wrinkle ; cf. G. rUmp/en,
See Bhomb. Rhomb meant revolution of to wrinkle; O. H. G . hrimjan, str. vb.
the sphere, Milton, P. L. viii. 134; hence BUD. (E.) M . E. rinnen, pt. t. ran,
whirling or spiral lines, &c. ~ No con- pp. runnen, ronnen; A. S. rinnan, pt. t .
nexion with Du. ruim, which merely means rann, pp. gerunnen; also found in the
room or space, or sometimes the hold of a transposed form irnan, pt. t. am. + Du.
ship, i. e. its room or capacity. rennen, Ice!. renna, Dan. n'mie, Swed.
Bumble, to make a low, heavy sound. rinna, Goth. n'nnan, G. nn~en. See
(E.) Provo K rOfllmle, rummle; M. K Brugm. i. § 67; ii. § 654.
romblen (with excrescent b). Frequent. Bunagate, a vagabond. ( F. - L.) A
fonn , meaning' to repeat the sound rum ' ; corruption of M . E. renegat , an apostate,
cf. L. riimor, a rumour; Skt. ru, to hum. villain; Ch. C. T. 5353. [The corruption
See Rumour. + Du. rommelen, Low G. was due to a popular etymology from
and Pomeran. rummein, Dan. rumle, to runne a gate, run on the road , hence, to
rumble, buzz. be a vagabond.]-O. F. renegat, ' a rene:
457
 RUNDLET RUTH
gadoe;' Cot. -Late L. renegiUus, pp. of water), to rustle. Cf. M. Sweel. ruska, to
""lUgare, to deny again, forsake the faith. rush; M . Swed. rusa, N. Fries. ruse, to
- L. reo again; negare, to deny; see rush. See Bouse (I ).
Negation. Bush ( 2) , a plant. (E. or L.) M . E.
BUD.cUet, Bunlet, a small barrel. ruseke, riseke, resdze. A. S. risee, resee,
(F.-L. ) Formerly rQUndlet; dimin. of a rush; oldest form rise. + Du. rusch,
O. F. rtmdelle, a little barrel, named from rush, reed; E. Fries. ruske; Low G.
its roundness. - F . rond, round.- L. rotun- rusk; N . Fries. rusken. pl., rushes. Per-
dus, round. - L. rota, a wheel; see haps borrowed from L . ruseum , butcher's
Bound. broom; the Teut. word was Goth. raus
Bune, one of the old characters used (cf. F. ros-eau ), Du. roer, G. rokr (Teut.
for incised inscriptions. (E.) A learned type *rauzum, neut.); with which ntsC/lS
term. A. S. run, a rune, mystery, may have been confused. ~ But this does
secret conference, whisper. Orig. sense not account for A. S. rise. Der. bul-rusk
• whisper' or murmur, hence a mystery, (prob. for bole-rusk, round-stemmed rush) ;
lastly an incised character, because writing cf. bull-weed, i. e. bole-weed, knapweed.
was a secret known to few_+Goth . rUna, Busk. (Spau.) Span. rosea de mar,
O. H. G. rUna, a secret, counsel; O. Irish sea-rusks, a kind of biscuit; rosea, a roll
rt~n , W. rkin, a secret. Idg. type *rlina, (twist) of bread, also a screw. Cf. Port.
fern. Cf. Gk. Ip.v.aQl, I search out, rosea, the winding of a snake. Origin
fpfv.a, fem ., an enquiry. unknown.
Bung, a round of a ladder. (E. ) M. E. Bus set. (F. -L.) M. E. russet. - M. F.
rOllge, a stake. A. S. lzrung, a stake of a rousset, ' russet, ruddy;' Cot. Dimin. of
cart, beam or spar.+M. Du. ronge, a beam F . roux \fem . rQUsse), reddish. - L. ruSSftS,
of a plough; G. runge, a pin, a bolt; reddisb. Allied to Gk. f-pv9-"os, red;
Goth. lzrugga ( ~lzrunga) , a staff. Cf. see Red. Cf. Brugm. i. § 759.
also Icel. rong, rib iu a ship. Perhaps rust. (E.) Provo E . rowst. A . S.
allied to Bing. The sense seems to be rust , rust; orig. redness. Allied to A. S.
'rounded stick.' rudu, ruddiness, and read, red.+Du. roesl,
BUDD.el, a stream. (E.) A. S. rynel: Dan. rust, Swed. G. rost. Teut. type
cf. ryne, a course, allied to runn- , weak ·rusto-, from Idg. *reudh-to-; see Buddy.
grade of rimz;en, to run ; see Bun. Cf. Lith. rudis, rust; L. robigo, rUbigo:
Bunt, a bullock, heifer. (Du. ) From Polish rdza, rust. Brugm. i. § 759.
Du. rund (Hexham). And see Bother. Batio. ( F. - L.) F. rustique. - L.
Bupee, an Indian coin. (Hind. -Skt.) rustieus, belonging to the country. -L.
Hindustani ru/,yalz,a rupee. - Skt. ru/ya-, rus, the country. Cf. Russ. raviina, a
handsome , also (as sb. ) wrought silver. - plain, Zend ravan, O. Irish roe, a plain;
Skt. ru/a-, beauty. , ee Boom.
Bupture. (F.- L.) F. rupture. - L. Bustle. (E.) Cf. A. S. ge-lzruxl, a
ruptura, a brcakage.-L. I'll/I-US, pp. of noise, tumult. Frequent. of Bush (I ) ,
rum/ere, to break (pt. t. rupi). Allied to q. V. Cf. M. Du. ruyselen, 'to rustle ,'
Reave. (.vREUP.) Brugm. i. § 466. Hexham: LowG.andPomer.russe!,z; M.
Bural, belonging to the country. F . - Swed. ruska, to shake, rush: G. rausehen,
L.) F. rural.-L. ruralis, adj.-L. rUr-, ntsehen, to rustle, to rush.
stem of rus, country. See Rustio. But ( I), a track left by a wheel. (F.-
Buaa, a kind of deer. (Malay.) Malay L. ) F. route, 'a rutt, way;' Cot. See
rt~sa, a deer. See Babiruaa. Bout. Doubleta, rout, route.
Bus8, a trick. (F.-L. ) F. ruse, a But (2), to copulate, as deer. (F.-L.)
trick. - F. ruser, to beguile; contr. from M. E. rulien, to rut; from rut, sb. - M. F .
O. F . reuser, to refuse, recoil, escape, rut, ruil, 'the rut of deer or boars.' - L.
dodge. - L. reeusare , to refuse, to oppose rUgitum, acc. of riigitus, the roaring of
a cause. - L. re-, back: eaussa, a cause. lions: hence, the noise made by deer in
See Reousant. rut-time_ - L. rUgire. to roar (whence
Bush ( I ) , to move swiftly forward. M. F. ruir). See Bumour.
(E. ) M. E. ruseken . + M. H . G. rUselzen Buth, pity. (E.) M.E. reutke. Formed
(G. rausclzen), to rush, rustle, roar (as from A. S. "rZow, S . f., pity (cf. G. rcue ),
waler); Du. ruisc"en, to murmur (as by adding -I"; suggested by Ice!. lzry~,
45 8
 RYE SAO
hryg lJ, ruth, sorrow. From A. S. hrl()Wan, wine. (F.-L. ) F ormerly also seek , mean -
to rue; see Rue (I) . ing a 'dry' wine. - F. sec, dry; vin sec,
Bye. (E.) M. E. reye. A. S. ryge, rye. sack. Cf. Span . seeo, dry. - L. siccu1ll, acc.
+ Du. "ogge, Icel. rugr, Dan. ru~, Swed. of siccus, dry. S hems sack ~ Span. seco
r cig, G. roggen; O. H. G. rocco. Cf. Russ. de Xtres; see Sherry.
roj(e) , rye ; Lithuan. rugg-ei, pI. sb., rye. Sackbut, a kina of wind-instrument.
Byot; the same as Rayah, q. v. (F.-L.-Gk.-Chaldee.) F. saquebule, a
sackbut. Su bstituted, by some perversion,
for L. sa1llbiica, Dan . iii. 5 (Vulg.), which
S. was a kind of harp. - Gk. uOflfj';"T/ . -
Chald. sabb(e)khti,' a kind of harp. ~ Cf.
Sabaoth, hosts. ( Heb.) Heb.lsevtl'6Ih, Span. sacabuche, a tube used as a pump;
armies ; pI. of Isava', an army. - Heb. also , a sackbut, trombone. Explained ,
Isavii', to go forth as a soldier. by popular etym ology, as 'that which
Sabbath. (I,. - G k. - Heb.) M. E. exhausts the chest,' from the exertion
sabal . -L. sabbatU1Il. - Gk. ua{3{JaToII.- used ; as if from Span. sacar, to draw out,
Heb. sllabbiilh, rest, sabbath, sabbath-day. exhaust, the same as M. F . sacquer, to draw
- Heb. shabath, to rest. out bastily, lit. to draw out of a sack, from
Sable, an animal. CF. -Slavonic.) O.F. lIeb. saq, a sack; buche, maw, stomach,
sable. - Russ. sobole, the sable; also a fur- chest.
tippet; Polish sobol. ~ As black sable Sacrament. (L.) L. sac,·tilllenlu1II ,
was best liked, the word sable (in E. and an engagement, military oath, vow; in
}'.) also means 'black.' late L., a sacrament. -L. sacrare, to
Sabre, Saber. ( F.-G.-Gk.1) F. render sacred . - L. sacr-, for sacer, sacred
sahre. - G. stioe! (older form also sabel), (below).
a falchion. Said to be from Mid. Gk. sacred. (F.-L.) Sacred is the pp.
(0{J6s, crooked (Diez) . We also find Russ. of M. E. sacren, to consecrate, render holy;
sablia , Pol. szabla, Hungar. szablJla, Serv. a verb now obsolete. - F . saerer, to CODlle-
sab(ja, Wallach. sab,~; all supposed to be crate. - L. sacriire, to consecrate. - L. sacr-,
borrowed words. for sac", holy. From base sac- of L.
Saccharine. (F. - L. - Gk. - Skt. ) sanel"e, to make holy. Brngru. ii. § 7044.
}'. sacehari", adj.; from L. saccl,anm, (v SAK .)
sugar. - Gk. u/ucXaPOII. - Skt. (arkara , sa.cri1lce. (F.-L.) F.sacryzce.-L.
gravel, candied sugar; see Sugar. sacrijicium, lit. a rendering sacred; cf.
Sacerdotal. (F. -L.) F . sacerdolal. sacriji",re, to sacrifice. - L. sam-, for
-L. sacerdoltilis, belonging to a priest.- saar, sacred; -ficare, for /ac"e, to make.
L. sacerdot-, stem of sacerdos, a priest, lit. sacrilege. (F . -L.) M. F. sacrilege.
'presenter of offerings or sacred gifts' - L. sacrilegitml, the stealing of sacred
(Corssen). - L. sacer, sacred; dare, to give. things . - L. sacri- , for sacer, sacred; lege"e,
Cf. dos (stem dOI-) , a dowry, from dare. to gather, steal; see Legend.
Sack ( I) , a bag. (L .-Gk. -Heb.- sacristan, sexton. (F.-L.) Sa-
Egyptinn 1) M. E. sak. A. S. sacco - L. crisla'l is rare; it is commonly seXIOll ,
saccus. - Gk. u/uc"os. - Heb. saq, sack- M. E. sex ttilt, orig. a keeper of the sacred
cloth, a sack of com. Prob. of Egyptian vestments, afterwards a grave-digger. -
origJ.n ; cf. Coptic sok, sack·cloth (Peyron ). A. F. secrultill, M. F. sacrislaill, ' a sexton
From L. saccus are borrowed Du. zak, G. or vestry-keeper;' Cot. -Late L.sacl·ist-a,
sack, &c. Der. sack-clolh. a sacristan ; with suffix -ames. - L . sacr-,
sack ( 2), to plunder. (F . .:..L., &c. ) for sacer (above) ; with suffix -ista.
From the sb. sack, pillage. _ F . sac, ruin, Sad. (E.) The orig. sense was sated ;
spoil. From the use of a sack in removing hence tired, grieved. A. S. sad, sated ,
plunder; Cot. has Ii sac, a sac, 'the word satiated. +0. Sax. sad, Ice!. saiJr, Goth.
whereby a commander authorizeth his saths, G. salt , sated , full. Teut. type
souldiers to sack a place.' Cf. Late L. sac- ·sa·doa, sated; a pp. form. Allied to O.
care, to put into a bag; Late L. saccus, a Ir. sa-ith, satiety, sa-theeh, sated; L. sa·lur,
garment, a purse, L. StlCCUS, a sack; see full; Lith. so-tus, full, so-las, satie!y; Gk.
above. ii-uo" a-fl'"01, to satiate. ( vSA, SA.)
Sack (3), the name of an old Spanish Brngm. i. § 196. Allied to SaM, Satiate.
• 59
 SADDLE SALle
lladdle. (E.' M. E. sadel. A. S. sadol. Ix-tv I';;as, to urge on ships, Od. ix. 279.
+Du. zadd, Icel. soiJull, Swed. Dan. See Scheme.
sadd, G. sattel, O. H . G. sattti. Teut. Saint. (F.-L.) M. E. slittt, saint._
type · saduloz; possibly borrowed from a A. F. stint; F. sa;'''. - L. sallctllm, acc.
derivative of Idg. ·sed, to sit, in some of sanetus, holy.- L. sat,ettts, pp. of sandre,
other Idg. language. Cf. O. Slav. sedlo , to render sacred; see Sacred.
Russ. siedlo, L. sdla (for ·sedla, from sedere, sainfoiD.. (F.-L ) F. sainfoin, M.F.
to sit) ; but none of these exhibits the sai1letfoin (Cot.); as if 'holy hay.' -1..
grade ·sad. sanetutll famutll , holy hay. ~ But thought
Sadducee. (L. - Gk. - Heb.) L. pI. to represent saitz foitt, i. e. 'wholesome
SaddtlCtzi. - Gk. pI. ::EaMouKa''o.. - Heb. pI. hlly.' - 1.. snttulll fa,zulll; see Sane.
tsediiqilll; pI. of tslit/oq, just, righteous. - Sake. (E.) M. E. sake, purpose, cause.
H eb. tsndaq, to be just. Some derive it A . S. sam, strife, dispute, crim ~, law-suit ;
from Tsndoq (Zadok ), the founder of the orig. ' contention.' + Dn . wak, matter,
sect, whose name meant' the just.' affair, business; Icel. sok, a charge, crime ;
Safe. (F.-L.) M.E. saul-F. sau/, Dan. sag, Swed. sak, G. sacke. Teut.
safe. -L. saluum, acc. of saluus, safe. See lype ·saka, fern ., strife. From Teut.
S ·~lvation. Cf. O. Norman dial. saj, ·sakatl-, to contend, as in Goth. sakan,
safe. A. S. sacatz, O. H. G. sakkat', str. vb. See
Sa.1frOD, a plant. (F. - Arab.) A. F . Soke.
saffran , !'. safran. - Arab. za'jarnt', Saker, a kind of falcon; a small piece
saffron. of artillery. (F.-Span.-Arab.) (The
SaE', to droop. (E.) M. E. saggm. gun was called after the falcon; cf. musket. )
Not III A. S. Low G. saUen, to settle (as - M. F. saere, 'a saker ; the hawk, and the
dregs); E. Fries. sakkett, Du. zaUen, to artillery so called; , Cot. - Span. sacre, a
sink; Swed. sacka , to settle, sink down; saker (in both senses). - Arab. saqr, a
cf. Dan. sakke, to have stem-way. Hardly hawk; Rich. Diet., p. 938. Engelmann
allied to sink. has shewn that the word is Ilot of Lat.
Saga, a tale. (Scand.) Ice!. saga, a origin, as said by Diez. (De vic ; and
tale; cf. Icel. ugja, to say. See Say (I ) , Korting, § 16.p.)
Saw (2). Sa.la.a.m, Salam. (Arab.) Arab.
Sagacious. (L.) From L. sagnci- , salam, saluting, wishing peace; a saluta-
declo stem. of sagax, of quick perception; lion. - Arab. sallll, saluting. + Heb. skalOm,
with snffix -ous. - L. sngire, to perceive by peace , from sknlam, to be safe.
thesenses.+Goth. sokjan, A .S. slca,!, to Salad. (F.-Ital.-L.) F. salade. -
seek. S ~e Sesk. Brugm. i. § 187. M. Ital. salata, a salad of herbs; lit.
Sage ( I), wise. (F.-L.) F . sage.- 'salted; ' fem. of salata, salted, pickled,
Late L . *sabius, for L. -sapius, whence pp. of salare , to salt. -Ital. sale, salt.-
Ilesapius, unwise (Petronius) ; see Schwan. L. sal, saIto See Salt.
-L. sapere, to be wise. See Sapid. Salamander, a reptile. (F. - L.-
Sage (2) , a plant. (F. - L. ) M.E. Gk. ) F . salamattdre.-L. salamatldra.
sauge. - O. F. sauge. - L. saluia, sage; - Gk. CTaAa}lCiv~a, a kind of lizard. Of
from its snpposed healing virtues. - L. Eastern origin; cC. PeTS. sa11lat"lar, a
sa/mjn, to heal; saltms, safe, hale, sonnd. salamander.
See Salvation. Salary, stipend. (F.-L.) F. salaire.
SagittariUS. (L.) L. sagittarius, an -1.. saltiriu1ll, orig. salt-money, given to
archer. - L. sagitta, an arrow. soldiers to buy salt. - L. sal, salt. See
Sago, a starch. (Malay.) Malay siigu, Salt.
sii.l[t~, sago, pith of a tree named 1'1ttllhiya. Sale. (E.) M. E. sale. A. S. sala.+
Sahib, sir, master; a titlt'. ( H indo - Icel. sala. fern ., sal, neut., a sale, bargain;
Arab.) Hind. saki". _ Arab. sahib, lord, Swed. salu; O. H. G. sala. Orig. sense
master; orig. 'companion.' Rich. Diet., 'deli-'ery,' or 'a handing over'; as in
p. 924. O. H. G. sala. Der. sell, lta1tdsel.
Sail, sb. (E.) M. E. seil. A. S. segel, Salic, Salique. (F . -0. H. G.) F .
segl, a sai1.+Du. uil. Icel. segl. Dan. seil, SaliqlU , belonging to the Salic tribe. This
Swed. G. segel. Teut. type ·seglom, nent. was a Frankish tribe, prob. named from
Sense unknown; perhaps' driver'; cf. Gk. the river Sala (now Yssel ).
460
 SALIENT SALVE
Salient. (L.) From pres. pt. of L. · salloz ; cf. W. hal/I, adj. salt, and L.
sa/ire, to leap, spring forwa rd. + Gk. CiAAO' salsm, salted. The sb. forms appear in
fW.< , I leap. (.y'SAL. ) Brugm. i. § 514 L. slil, Gk. CiA., R uss. sole ; also in Goth.
( ~ \. salt, G. salz, Du. %Out; also in O. Irish
Saline. (F. - L.) F. salin , fern. saline, sa/ann, W. halm, halflll. (See Kluge and
adj. _ L. salinllS, as in sali1lt1!, sal t-pits. - Prellwitz.) Brugm . i.
L. slil, sa lt. See Sa.lt. Saltation, dancing. (L.) Rare; from
Saliva.. (L. ) L. saltten, spittle; whence L. sal/atio, a dancing. - L. salialtlS , pp. of
also O. Ir. saile, W. ha/iw, saliva. Der. saltare, to dance, freqnent. of salire, to
saliv-nle. leap. See Sa.lient.
Sa.ilet, a kind of helmet. (F. -Ita\. - Salt-cella.r. (E.; atld F.-L. ) For
L. ) Also salade. - "fo.L F. salade, a sallet, sal/-sellar or salt-stlar, where stlar is an
head-piece. - ItaL celala (or Span. alada), old word for I !iRlt-holder '; so thal the
a helm et. - L . calala (cassis), an orna- prefix sail is superAnous.-A. F. saler;
mented helmet. - L. (aliil"s, pp. of ({eUre, M. F. saliere, 'a salt-seller;' Cot. - L.
to engrave, orn ament (steel). - L. ((elum, saliinum, salt-cellar (in late L. ) ; from L.
a chisel, graver. Allied to cadere, to cut. saltirim, anj., belonging to salt. - L. slil,
Brugm. i. § 944. See Ctesura.. salt. See Sa.lary_
Sallow ( I ) , Sa.lly, a kind of willow. Saltire,in heraldry, a St. Andrew'scross.
(E. ) M.E.salwe. - O. Merc. salh (A. S. (F. - L.) Across in this position (x ). -
sealh), a willow; pI. salas, later salgas, O. F. sallmr, a saltire \ Godefroy); M. I'.
+Ieel. selja , Swed. siik. siilj, Dan . se(ie, saulloir, St. Andrew's cross (Cot.). Also
G. salt/-weide, O. H. G. sa/aha (whence M. F. sauloir, orig. a stirrup of a triangular
F. smile ) ; also L. salix, Gael. seileach , shape ~ , also, a saltire (the cross being
Irish sail, saileach, W . helyg ( pl. ) , Gk. named from the position of the stirrup 's
fA,,''1 , a willow. sides). - Late L. salliilorium, a stirrup. -
Sallow ( l ), pale, wan. (E.) M. E. L. salliilorills. belonging to leaping or
sal011J. A. S. salt~, sallow. + D u. zaluw, springing; suitable for mounting a horse.
Ice!. solr, O. H. G. salo, tawny (whence - L. sallalor , a leaper. - L. sa/lJfre, fre-
F. sale, dirty). T eut. type ·salwo%. quent. of salire, to leap. See Sa.lient.
Rmgm. i. 375 (9). Salt-petre, nitre. lE. ; andI'. - L.. and
SaJ1y. (F. -L. ) M. E. salim. - F. Gk .) }o or M. F . sa ~eslre, sa lt- petre (Col. ' .
saillir, to issue forth; also to leap. - L. - Late L. sa~elra; L. sal peIrce, salt of
saltre, to leap. See Sa.lient. Der. sally, the rock. - L. siil, salt ; Gk . ."fTpa, a rock;
sh., from F . saillie, a sally, from the fern. see Sa.lt and Petrify.
of pp. sailli. Salubrious. (L .) From L. saliibn'-,
S&1ma.gundi, a seasoned hodge-podge. healthful. For ·salul-bris, i. e. healthful.
(F. -Ital.-L.) F . sal11ligrmtiis, speltsal- -L. salut-, stem of saliis, health; ·bn·s,
lIlagondin in Cotgrave, who describes the adj. suffix (Brugm. ii. § 77 ). The L. saliis
dish. Orig.' seasoned salt-meats.' - ltal. is allied to saluus, safe, whole; see Salva.-
salami, p\. of salame, salt-meat, from L. tion.
sal, salt; c01zdili, pI. of ctmdito, seasoned, salutary. (F. -L.) F . snlltlaire. - L.
jiBvoury, from L. cOlzdilus, pp. of condire, salutans, healthful.-L. salii/-, stem of
to pickle, season. saltis, health; allied to saluus, hale.
S&1mon. (F. - L.) M. E. salmon, sau- salute. (L.) L. saltitare, to wish
1II01l. - O. F. satlmOIl ; A. F . salmon. - L. health to, to greet. - L. saltil- (above).
sa/m01U11l, acc. of salmo, a salmon. Per- Salvage. (F. - L.) O. F . salvage, lit.
h~ps ' a leaper.' _ L. salire, to leap. < a saving.' - O. F. salver, F. sau vcr, to
Saloon. (F. - O. H. G.) F. salOil, large save. - L. salun-re, to save. - L. sa/utlS
room. - F. salle, room . _ O. H. G. sal (G. (below).
saal), an abode, hall , room . +Du. zaal, l salvation. (F . -L.) O.F. sa/vali01l.
Ice\. salr, A. S. sal, sele, sa/or, hall. Orig. - L. acc. snluiitione11l, acc. of salt~a./io , a
, an abode;' cf. Goth. saljan, to dwell. saving. - L. salutilus, pp. of sa./uore, to
-Salt. (E. ) M. E . salt. O. Merc. salt, save. - L. sa/u us, safe. Brugm. I. § 860 c.
A. S. sealt, both adj. and sb. So also Salve, ointment. (E. ) M. E. saltle
O. Fries. salt, Icel. sallr, Dnn. Swed. saIl, (= salve). A. S. sealf; O. Merc. salb,
D11. % 0111, al\ arljectives, from a Teut. type I salf.+ Du. zalj, G. sa/he; cf. Goth. salbii",
.¢I
 SALVER SANHEDRIM
vb., to anoint. Teut. type *salbii, fern. Sanatory. (L.) From L. sanator, a
Alliec! to Gk. IA1ror, oil, fat (Hesychius); healer. -L. stiniire, to heal.-L. Sa1ZU!,
Skt. sarpis, clarified butter. Brugm. i. whole, sane; see Sane.
, _5 61 . Sanctify. (F.-L.) F.sanctifier.-L.
Salver, a plate on which anything is san/ificare, to make holy. - L. sancti-,
presented. (Span. - L. ) In place of Span. for sane/us, holy; -jicare, for faure, to
salva, a salver, a plate on which :mything make. See Saint.
is presented; it also means the previous sanctimony. (F.-L.) M.F. sancti-
tasting of viands before they are served up. 1Ilollie. - L. sallctimo1tia, holiness. - L.
-Span. salvar, to save, free from risk, to sallcfus, holy; see Saint.
taste the food or drink of nobles to save sanction. (F.-L.) F. sanction. -L.
them from poison. - L. saluti,-e, to save sa1lctionem, acc. of sallc/io, a rendering
(below). ~ A salver (salva) is properly sacred. - L. sanc/us, pp. 01 saneire, to render
a plate or tray on which drink was pre- sacred. See Sacred.
sented to the taster, and then to the drinker sanctity. (L. ) From L. sancti/as,
of a health ; cf. Span. hacer la sa/va, to holiness; cf. F. sain/ell. - L. sa1lctus,
drink one's health, also, to make the holy; see Saint.
essay. sanctuary'. (F.-L. ) M. E. sein-
Sa.mbo, the offspring of a negro and tuar ie, a shnne. - O. F. saintuan'c (F.
mulatto. (Span.-L.-Gk.) Span. zambo, sa1Zc/uaire). - L. sat:ctuan'ulll, a shrine.-
formerly (ambo (Pineda), bandy-legged; L. sane/us, holy (above).
also as sb., a sambo (in contempt). - Late Sand. ( Eo) A. S. sand. + Du. wnd;
L. scambus. -Gk. <1Kap./lor, crooked, said Ice!. sandr; Swed. Dan. G. sand; Bava-
of the legs. rian sa11l(b)d. Teut. types *sam(a)doz, m.,
Sa.me. ( E.) M. E. same. A.S. same, *sam(a)dom, n.; Idg. type *samadhos.
only as adv., as in swli same swa men, the Cf. Gk. aJlll8or, sand.
same as men, just like men. The adj . use Sandal, shoe. (F. - L. - Gk.-Pers.)
is Scanc!.; from Ice!. samr, Dan. Swed. F. sandale, f. - L. sat:dalia, pI. of sanda-
samme, the same,+O. H. G. sam, adj., lium . - Gk. <1alf&1AwIf, dimin. of <1cilfOOAOlf,
sama, adv.; Goth. sama, the same (cf. a wooden sole bound on to the feet with
samana, together), Gk. ol'6r, Skt. sanza-, straps. Of Pers. origin; cf. Pers. sandal,
same; cf. Russ. samuii, same. Allied to a sandal.
Skt. Sillll, with, Gk. aJ1.a, together, L. simul , Sandal-wood. (F . - L. - Gk. - PeTS.
together, similis, like. - Skt.) F. sandal, sat:lal. - Late L. san-
Sa.mite,a rich silk stuff. (F. -L. -Gk.) talum. - G k. <1cilf,aAolf. - Pers. sandal,
O. 1'. samit. - Late L. examitum. - Late chandal, chandan. - Skt. chm:da,za-,
Gk. Ifcil"TOlf, a stuff woven with six kinds sandal, the tree.
of thread. - Gk. If , six; jdTor, a thread of Sandblind, half-blind. (E. ) In Shake-
the woof. See Dimity. speare; a corruption of sam-Mind, half
Samovar, a tea·urn. (Russ.) Russ. blind. The prefix ~ A. S. stim-, half, cog-
salllovar'. nate with L. semi·, Gk. '41"-; see Semi·,
Sampan, a small boat. (Malay - Chin. ) Hemi-.
Malay sampan. - Chin. sa,:pan ( Yule) . Sandwich. (E. ) Named from John
Samphire, a herb. ( F. -L. and Gk. ) Montague, 4th Earl of Sandwidt. died
Spelt sampier in Baret (1580). - 1'. saint J 792, who used to have sandwiches brou ght
Pierre, St. Peter; whence herbe de saint to him at the gaming-table. - A. S. Sand-
Pierre, samphire. - L. sanctum, acc. of wi'c, Sandwich, a town in Kent.
sanctus, holy; Petrum, acc. of Petrus, Sane. (L.) L. sanus , of sound mind,
Peter; see Petrel. whole, safe. Prob. allied to Ice\. son, G.
Sa.mple. (F.-L.) M. E. sample,- siinne, atonement (Kluge).
O. F. essample, exemple. -1.. exemplum, Sanguine. (F. - L.) F . sanguin,
an example, sample; see Example. bloody, of a sanguine complexion. - L.
sampler. (F.-L. ) O. F. examplaire san.f{Uineus, adj.; from sangui1t· (for *snn-
(XIV cent. ), the same as exemplaire, a gllen.), stem of sanguis, blood.
pattem.- L. exemplari1l11l , late form of Sanhedrim. ( H"b. -Gk.) Late Heb.
exemplar, a copy. - L. exempltiris, serving sanhedrin, borrowed from Gk. <1wl3!"oJl,
as a copy. - L. exempl1t1ll (above). a council; lit. a sitting together. - Gk.
 SANS SASSAFRAS
trW, together; t3pa, a seat. from tCop.al, Sarcenet, Sarsnet, a thin silk. (F.
I sit; see Sit. -L. - Gk. - Arab.) O. F. sarfwet, a sit If
SanS. (F.--L.) F . sans, without; O.F. made by the Saracens. - Low L. saracini-
sens. - L. sine, without. - L. si ne, if not, cum, sarcenet. - L. Saraclnu s, Saracen; see
except. Saracen.
Sanskrit. (Skt.) SkI. samskrta, lit. Sarcophagus. (L . -Gk .) L . sarco-
'symmetrically formed.' - Skt. sam, to- phagus, a stolle tomb; made of a lime-
gether; krta, made, from kr, to make; stone which was supposed to consume the
cf. L. cruire, to make. See Create. corpse (Pliny). - Gk. trap"expO.-yos, tlesh-
Sap ( I), juice of plants. ( E. ) A. S. consuming; hence lime-stone. - Gk. trap"o-,
StEp.+ Du. sap; Low G. sapp; O . H. G. for trap(, Besh; </>a-y'Ut, to eat. See
saJ, cf. G. saft; I cel. safi. ~ Not allied Sarcasm.
to Gk . Inros; but perhaps borrowed from Sardine ( I) , a small fish. (F . - L.-
L. sapa. Gk.) F. sardine. - L. sardina, sa,-cla. -
Sap (2), to undermine. ( F. - Late L. ) Gk. trap~ iv1J, trapoo, a kind of fish.
O. F. sapper, F . saper. - O. F. sappe ( F. Sardine (2) ,agem. (L.-Gk .) L. sar-
sape), a kind of hoe. (Cf. Span. zapa, dinus. - Gk . (1ap~tv os; Rev. iv. 3. Named
Ital. zappa, mattock.) - Late L. sappa, sapa, from Sardis, in Asia Minor ( Pliny).
a hoe. Origin unknown; Diez suggested sardius, a gem. (L . -Gk.) Rev . xxi.
Gk. trICQ1fa,,'1, a hoe; from trICa1fTfW, to 20. - L. sardi.u (Vulgate). - Gk. (Jap3IOs,
dig. trap61Ov, a gem of Sardis (above).
Sapid,savoury. (L. ) Rare. L. sapidus, Sardonic. used of grim laoghter. (F.
savoury. - L. sapen, to taste; also to be -L.- Gk.) F. sardollique, formerly sar-
wise. Cf. O. H. G. int- sef!en, to taste, donie.t, in phrase ris sardol1ien, ' a forced
mark. Bmgm. ii. § 718. Der. in-sipid. or carelesse milth;' Cot. - L. Sardol1iCtls,
sapience. (F.-L.) F. sapience. -L. usually Sardollius. - Gk. (JapU1V< o<, also
sapimtia, wisdom. - L. sapient-, stem of trapMvlO s, said to be derived from uap-
pres. pI. of sapert, to be wise. MVIOV , a plant of Sardinia (:£ap&i), said to
Saponaceous, soapy. (L. - Teut.) screw up the face of the eater; see Vergil,
Coined, as if from L. *siiponauus, from Eel. vii. 41.
L. siiponem, acc. of sapo, soap (Pliny). Sardonyx, a gem. (L. - Gk.) L. sar-
See Soap. donyx. - Gk. uapMvv(, i. e. Sardian onyx.
Sapphic, a kind of metre. (L. - Gk. ) - Gk. trap3-, for :£ap~m, Sardis, in Lydia;
L. sapphicus, belonging to Sappho. - avv(, onyx. See Onyx.
Gk. "Ll1f~, Sappho of Lesbos, died about Sarsaparilla. (Span.) Span. za.·w-
592 B. c. parilla, a plant. (Span.) Za"za means
Sa~phire. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. • bramble,' perhaps from Basque sa,.t£ia,
saph,r. - L. sapph.rus: - Gk. (Ja1fCP.lpOS, a bramble; parilla is generally referred to
a sapphire. - Heb. sapp.r (with initial PariI/o, the name of a physician who pre-
samech ), a sapphire. Cf. Pels. sa.f!ir, scribed the use of sarsaparilla.
saJ>phire. Sarsnet; see Sa.roenet.
Saraband. ( F.-Span.-Pers.) F. Sash (I ), a case or frame for panes of
sarabande, a Spanish dance. -Span. uzra- glass. (F.-L.) Adapted from F.ckdssis,
banda, a dance of Moorish origin. - Pers. 'a frame of wood for a . window,' Cot.; or
sarband, lit. ' a fillet for fastening a lady's from O . F. chasse (F. chdsse), a case, shrine.
head-dress.' - Pers. sal', head ; band, band. - L. capsa, a case. See Chase (3) and
Saracen. (L. - Gk. - Arab.) L. sara- Case ( 2).
cinus, lit. one of the Eastern people.- Sash (2), a scarf, girdle. (Pers.) For-
Late Gk . "Llpa"TJv,k -Arab. shar"'n, pI. merly shask. - Pers. shast, of which on~
of sltarqiy, eastern. -Arab. sha"q, east, meaning is 'a girdle worn by the fire-
rising sun. - Arab. roflt sharaqa, it rose. worshippers'; also spelt shest.
Sa.rcasm, a sneer. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. Sassafras, a kind of laurel. (F. -
sarfasme. - L . sarcasmus. - Gk. trQPICQtrP.OS, Span. - L. ) F. sassafras. - Span. sasa/ras,
a sneer. - Gk. (JaPICa{«V, to tear flesh, to from O. Span. sassafragia, the herb saxi-
bite the lips in rage, to sneer. - Gk. trapIC- ,frage; sassafras was so named from being
stem of trap[ , flesh . Der. sarcastic, Gk. supposed to possess the like virtue. - L.
trQPICQ(1TI ..6s, sneering. saxifraga; see Saxifrage.
46 3
 SATAN SAVORY
Satan. (Heb.) Heb. sti/an, an enemy. satyr"s. - Gk. ao.TlJpos, a satyr, a sylvan
- Heb. root sii/an, to persecute. god.
Satchel, a small bag. (F.-L., &c.) Sauce. (F.-L.) F. sauce.-L. salsn,
0.1". sachel, a little bag.-L. sQf;eellu11l, a thing salted; fern. of salsus, salted.
ace. of saccellus, dimin. of saccus, a sack; See Salt, Der. saue-er, orig. a vessel for
see Sack. sauce; saue-y, full of sauce, pungent.
Sate, Satiate. (L.) Sate is from Sa.unders, a corrupt form of Sandal-
sated, used as a short form of saliale in wood.
sense of' satisfied.' (Suggested by L. sat Saunter. (F. - L.) From A. F.
for snlis; satur, full.) - L. satilitus, pp. of SfI/lntrer, to adventure oneself. I find
satilire, to sate, fill full. - L, sat, satis, mention of a man' qe saunlre en ewe:
sufficient; satllr, full. Allied to Sad. who ventures on the water, who goes to
Brugm. i. § 196. Der. satiely, M. F. sea; Yea.r -book of I I Edw. III. p. 619.
satieN. from L. ace. satietti/em, fullness. - A. F. S-, for es-, out (L. ex) ; and
Satellite. (F. - L.) F. satellite, • a aunlrer, for aventttrer, to adventure or
sergeant. catchpole;' Cot. - L. satellitem, venture, from aVe1tture, an adventure. See
ace. of satelles,. an attendant. Adventure.
Satin. ( F. - L.) F. salin. (Ital. selina, Saurian, one of the lizard tribe. (Gk.)
Port. selim. ) -Late L. satinus, sltin1ts, From Gk. aavpa, aaiipos , a lizard.
satin. - Late L. slla, silk; L. seta, soela, Sausage. (F. - L.) Formerly sausige
a bristle, a hair. Brugm. i. § 2og. (for *sausiee); cf. Guernsey saucz"ehe. F.
Satire. (F.- L.) F. salire. - L. salira, saueisse. - Late L. salsicia, fern. of salsidus,
satura, a species of poetry; orig. 'a adj. (Georges), made of salted or seasoned
medley.' Derived from salura lanx, a full meat. - L. salsus, salted. -L. sal, salt. See
dish, dish foil of mixed ingredients; where Salt.
sa/ura is fern. of satur, full. Cf. Sate. Sauterne,a wine. (F.) FromSautente
satisfy:. (F. - L. ) O. F. satisfier in France, deJ:lartment of Gironde.
I\uter salis/nire). Formed as if from Late Sa.vage. (F.- L.) M. E. sauage.-
L. *satisfielire, substituted for L. satis· A. F. savage; O. F. savaige, salvage (F.
facere, lit. • to make enough.' - L. sntis, sauvage). - L. siluOlieus, belongint,: to a
tnough; facere, to make. Der. salis/ac/- ~ood, wild. - L. silun, a wood. See
;Olt, from pp. satisfactus. Silvan.
Satrap, a Persian viceroy. (F. - L. - Savanna, a meadow-plain. (Span.-
Gk. -Pers. ) F. satrape.-L. satrapam, L.-Gk.) Span. sabana (with b pron. as
ace. of satrapes. - Gk. oaTpO.IT1Jf.-O. Pers. bi-Iabial v ), a sheet for a bed, large cloth,
khsalra-pava, guardian of a province; large plain (from the appearance of a
from khsalra, province, and pa, to protect plain covered with snow). - L. saba1ta,
(Spiegel). Cf. Zend shoitkra-pall, pro- pL of sabanu11l, a linen eloth; used as a
tector of a region (Fick, i. 305), from Zend fern. sing. - Gk. aal3aYoII, a linen cloth,
skOithra, a region, pdn, protector; Skt. towel.
kslletra-, a field, region, from ksM, to Save. (F. - L.) M. E. sauum (=
dwell, and pa, to protect. SattVe1I). - A. F. saver, sauver; F. sauveI'.
Saturate. (L.) From pp. of L. satur- - L. salutire, to save. - L. saluus, safe.
are, to fill full. - L. sa/ur, full. Cf. Sate. See Salvation.
Saturnine. (F. -L.) O. F. salurnin Saveloy, Cervelas, a kind of
(usually Saluntit1Z ), under the influence sausage. (F. - Ital. - L. ) Formerly eer-
ofthe malign planet Saturn ; hence, mel an- velas (Phillips). - F. eervelas, M.F . arvetnl.
choly. - L. Stiturll1ts, Saturn; said to -Ital. eeroel/nto (Torriano), a saveloy;
mean • the sower'; as if from satum, from its containing brains. - Ital. eeroetlo,
supine of sacre, to sow ( Festus); which \ brain. - L. cerebellum, dimin. of urebrtllll,
is improbable. brain. See Cerebral.
saturday. (L. a1ld E .) A. S. Saler· Savin, Savine, Sabine, a shrub.
dtzg, alsn Salem·dtzg, Salemu dtz.i{, i. e. , (L.) A. S. sajine. - L. sabina; orig. SaP,"n
I
Saturn's day; a translation of L. .'iii/ttr,,' herba , a Sabine herb. The Sabines were
di~s; cf. Du. Zaterdag. - L. Sa/llrmtS, a people Of central Italy.
Saturn; A. S. dtzg, a day. : Savory, a plant. (F. - L.) M. F.
SatJr. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. salyrt.-L. · savor/e, a popular perversion of O. F •
..6..
 SAVOUR SCALE
sarr£e (whence F. sarriel/e). -L. salureia, scauberk , scaberk, a scabbard; answering
savory. to O. F. escauberc, only found in the
Savour. (F.-L.) O. F. saV01,r, later pI. esrallbers (Godefroy). The F. word is
saveur. - L. sapOrem, acc. of sapor, laste. made up of O. F. escate, a scale, husk, case;
- L. sapere, to taste. See Sapid. and -berc, a protection (as in O. F. hnu-
Savoy, a kind of cabbage. (F.) berc, hal·berc, a hauberk ). - O. H. G. s(ala,
Brought from Savoy. a scale, husk, case; bergOlz,- to hide, pro-
Saw (1), a cutting instrument. (E. ) tect. Thus scnbbnrd = scnuberk = scale-
M. E. sawe. A. S. sag", lit. a cutter; from be1'k, with the reduplicated sense of 'cover-
lnd grade of Teut. root SEG < VSEK, to cover,' or protecting case. See Scale ( I)
cut.+Du. zang, Icel. sog, Dan. sav, Swed . and Hauberk.
sllg, G. sage. See Seoant. Der. see·saw, Scabious. (F. - L.) M. F. scabieuse, f.
a reduplicated form; cf. scythe, sedge. - L. scab£osa (herba), a plant supposed to
Saw (2 ) , a saying. (E.) M. E. sawe. be good for skin.eruptions. - L . scabies, an
A. S. sagu, a saying; cf. A. S. secgan, to itch. See Scab.
say. Allied to Lith. pa·saka, a saying. Scaifold. (F. - L. and Gk. ?) M. E.
Doublet, saga. See Say. scafold. - O. F. *escafalt, only found as
Sa.zhorn, a kind of hom. Named escafaut, eschafaut (also chn/aut), mod. F.
after the inventor, Adolphe Sax, a French- echnfaud, a scaffold. Short for tscadafalt
man; ab. 1840. (Burguy), where es- represents L. ex, prep. ;
S&lrifra.ge, a plant. (F. - L.) F. cf. Span. and Ital. calnfn Ico, a funeral
saxifrage. - L. saxifraga, spleen-wort; so canopy, also a stage, scaffold (whence F.
named because it was supposed to break and E. catafalque). ~ . The former part
stones in the bladder. - L. saxi-. for saXU1ll, of catafnlco may be allied to Span. calar,
a stone; frag-, base of frangere, to break. in the sense • to view.' The latter part
Cf. Sassafras. is perhaps due to L. /ala, a kind of
SUon, a Tellt. race. (L. - Teut.) Late scaffold. (Doubtful.)
L. Saxones, pI., Saxons. - A. S. Seaxa1z, Scald (I ), to bum. ( F.-L.) M. E.
Saxons; because armed with a short scalde1z. - O. F. *escalder, later tschauder,
sword. - A. S. seax, a knife, lit. ' cutter;' to scald (F. echallder) . - L. excaldiire, to
O. Fries. sax; cf. L. saxum, a stone wash in hot water.-L. ex, out, very; and
implement. Brugm. i. § 549 c. caldus = cnlidus, hot. See Caldron.
Say (I), to speak. (E.) M. E. seggm, Scald ( 2) , scabby. (Scand. ) For
pro s. Sly.elh, sei-tlz. A. S. secgan, North. scalled, i. e. afflicted with the scali; see
pro S. seg-etl, pt. t. sO!gde, pp. gesO!gd.+Du. Seall.
zeggen, Icel. seg/a, Dan. sige, Swed. siiga , Scald (3) , a poet. (Scand.) Icel. skald,
G. sagm, O. H. G. sagln. Cf. Lithuan. a poet, older form sluild (Noreen).
sakyti, to say; Gk. (""Urf (for *."-I1..,r'f) , Scale ( I), a shell, a flake. (1'. -
O. L. £n-sec-e, imp. s., tell, say. See O. H. G.) M. E. senle.-O . F. escale (F.
Sweet, N. E. Gr. § 1293. tca/e). -O. H. G. scala (G. schale). + A. S.
Say (2) , a kind of serge. (F . - L . - Gk.) scealt~, scalu, a shell, husk, scale; Dan . and
O. F. sa£e, say. (Cf. Span. saya, sayo, a Swed. !kal, a shell, pod. From Teut. base
tunic; sayete, a thin stuff.) So called *skal, 2nd grade of str. vb. *skel-an-, to
because used for making a kind of coat cleave, divide; cf. Lith. ske/-tt", to cleave;
called in Latin saga, sagum, or sagus; Gk. <TK<l.Uft",to stir up, to hoe. (V SKEL. )
Late L. sagum, (I ) a mantle, (2) a kind of See Shale, Shell, and Skill.
cloth. - Gk. 11<l-Yos, a soldier's mantle; scale ( 2), a bowl or dish of a balanc.e.
allied to l1a-yfJ, harness, 11<l-YI'lJ, a pack- (F.- Tent. ) [Formerly also scole; cf. Icel.
saddle; see Sumpter. skii/, a scale of a balance.] M. E. scale. -
Say (3), to essay; short for assay or O. F . escale, a cup (Godefroy). - Icel. skal,
essay ; see Essay. Dan. skaal, Swed. skal, bowl; Du. schaal,
Scab. (Scand.) Dan. Swed. skab. + scale, bowl. Allied to Scale (I ) ; being
G. schabe; A. S. sceab, scfl'b, scab, itch. from Teut. base skt!/-, 3rd grade of*lktlan •.
Lit. 'something that is scratched; ' cf. L. Scale (3), a ladder, gradation. (L. ) L.
senbere, to scratch, scab£ls, itch. See sea/a, a ladder. L. sca-la< *sCn1I(t )-slfi,
Shave and Shabby. i. e. *scan(d)-sla; from sca1ldere, to climb.
Scabbard. (F.-Teut.) M . E.seal/ber/ , i See Scan. Brugm. i. § <414.
46 5
 \CALENE SCARF
Scalene. (L.-Gk.) L . scallnus, adj. as in skant, a dole, skanta, to measnre
-Git. ultaA'I,,6s, scalene, uneven. closely. Cf. O. H . G. skam, short. Der.
Scall, scab on the skin. (Scand.) From scant·y.
Ice\. skalli, a bald head; orig. a peeled Scantling, a cnt piece of timber, a
head. Cf. Swed. skatlig, bald, from skala, pattern. (.Ii. - Teut. ; with L. p¢x.)
to pee\. Allied to Swed. skal, a husk; From O. North F. ucantillon, for O. F .
see 80ale ( I ). Der. scald (2) =scall~d, esehantil/on, ' a small cantle, scantling,
afflicted with scali. sample;' Cot. - O. F. es-, prefix, from L.
ScaJlion, a plant allied to garlic. (F . ex; cantel, a cantle; see Cantle.
- L. - Gk. - Phoenician.) O. F. escalocne, Sca.pegoa.t. Here seape is short for
a scallion; see further under Shallot. ucape ; see Escape.
Scallop, Scollop, a kind of shell-fish. Sca.pula.r, belonging to the sh ouhler-
(1". - Tent.) M. E. slalop. - O. F. escalope, blades. (L.) Late L. seapu Mr;s, adj ., from
a shell. - M. Du. schelpe (Du. schelp), a seapttlfl!, pI. shoulder-blades. D er. scaptl-
shell, especially a scallop-shell. Allied to lar-y, a kind of scarf (worn over the
Scale ( I ) and ShelL Der. scal/op, vb., sholliders), F . scapttlaire, Late L.seapttlOre.
to cnt an edge into scallop-like curves. Sca.r ( I), mark of a wound. (F. - L.-
8Ca.lp. (Scand.) M.E. scalp (Northern). Gk.) M. F . escare. - L. eschara, a sca r,
- lcel. skiilpr, M. Swed. skalp, a sheath; esp. of a burn. - Gk . EuXapa, a -hearth, fire-
Dan. dial. skalp, husk, shell of a pea; also place, scar of a hum.
M. Ita\. scalpo, the scalp, a word borrowed SCa.r (2 ) , Sca.ur, arock. (Scand.) M.E .
from Teutonic. Cf. M. Dn. sehelpe, a scarre. - Icel. sker, a skerry, isolated rock;
shell (hence, sknll). See Scallop. Dan. skifl!r, Swed. skiir. So called because
Sca.lpel, a small sharp knife. (L.) L. cut off from the main land ; see Shear.
scalpellttm, dimin. of scalprum, a knife. - Sca.ra.mouch, a buffoon. (F. - Ita\. -
L. scalpere, to cut. O. H. Go) From Scara11loche, a fam ous
Sca.mmony, a cathartic gum - resin. Italian zany who acted in England in 1673
(I'. - L. - Gk.) M. F . scammonie. - L. ( Blount). Also calledScaramottehe,which
scammimia. - G. uKap.f'OJvia , CTKap.OJvia, was the F. spelling; bnt his real name was
scammony, a kind of bind-weed. Scaramuccia, of which th e lit. sense is ' a
Sca.mp. (F. -L.) Formerly a vaga- skirmish,' being the same word as the
bond, or fugitive . - O. North F. u camper, O. F . escarmouehe, a skirmish. See Skir-
s'tscamper, to fl ee; O. F. eschamper, to mish.
deca mp. -L. ex , out; and camj>t~s, battle- Sca.rce. (F. -L.) M. E. scan -O. F.
field. Der. scamp·er, to run or flee u ears, eschars, scarce, scanty, niggard (F.
away. Ichars). - Late L. searpms, short form of
SCa.n. (L .) Short for scand; the d was excarpsus, used as a substitute for L . ex .
prob. mistaken for the pp. suffix -ed.-L. cerplus, pp. of excerytre, to select; see
scandere, to climb; also, to scan a verse. Excerpt. Thui the sense was' picked out,'
+Skt. skand, to spring up. Brugm. i. select, scarce.
§ 63~. Sca.re. (Scand.) M.E.skerren, toseare;
Sca.ndaJ. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sftlndale. fromskerre,.adj ., timid,sby. -Icel.skjarr,
_ L. scandalum. - Gk. uItQ,,3a~ov, a snare; timid, shy; allied to skirrask, to shun, lit.
also a scandal, offence, stumbling-block. to sheer off; see Sheer ( 2) .
Orig. the spring of a trap, the stick which Sca.rf (I), a light sash or band. (F.-
sprang up when the trap was shnt, and on O. Low G.) Confused, as to sound, with
which the bait was placed; usually called 8carf (2) . The particular sense is due to
O'KavM.\"Bpov. -.vSKAND, to spring np. O. North F. escarpe, O. F. and M. F. es-
See Scan. Doublet, slander. charpe, a scarf; Cot. - M. Du. seltarpe,
Scansion. (L.) From L. scansio, a a scrip (Oudemans) ; Low G . schrap. Cf.
scanning. - L. scansus, pp. of scandere, to E. Fries. scherpe, a scarf, which, like G.
scan; see Scan. schiirpe, is prob. from F. See below.
Scast, adj. (Scand.) M. E. skant, in- Sca.rf (2 ), to join timber together.
sufficient. _ Ice\. skamt, nent. of skammr, (Scand.) From Swed. skar/, a scarf, seam ,
short, brief; whence ska11lta, to dole out joint.+Bavarian seharben. to cut a notch
(hence to scant or stint) ; Ice\. ska"'tr, a in timber, G. scharben, O. H. G. scaro,J1t,
dole. In Norwegian, nt appears for 111/, to cnt small. From Teut. *skarll, 2nrl
..66
 SCARIFY SCIATIC
grade of *sktrb-an-, to cnt, as in A. S. inqnmng; pI. O'l<flrT"<O[, tbe Sceptics, fol-
s(eor/an, pt. t. saar./. to scrape. lowers of Pyrrbo (3rd century, B. c.). - Gk.
Sca.rify. (F.-L.-Gk. ) F.scariJier. tI"'1rTOJlQ', I consider; see Species.
-L. scarijicare, to scarify, scratch open; Sceptre. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . sctp/re.-
from scarifare, to scarify. - Gk.O'l<ap'<P<i0l'ru, L. scipHum. - Gk. tltrfpr'TP0l', a s18ft to lean
I scratch. - Gk. O'l<ap,cpor, a sharp p6inted on, a sceptre. - Gk. tI""lI'1'.'I', to prop; also
instrument. Allied to L. sCrioere, to write, to hurl. Cf. L. scapus, a sbaft, stem.
and to E. Scribe. Schedule. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly
Scarlet. (F.-Pers.) O. F. escariale, cedule.-M.F. schedule. adule, 'a schcd-
scarlet. (Span. escarlala, Ita!. scarlallo.) nle, scrowle,' Cot. ; F. ddule. - L. schedula,
- Pers. saqalO/, siqalOI, SllqlOl, scarlet a small leaf of paper; dimin. of scheda (or
cloth. Orig. the name of a stuff, which scida), a strip of papyrus-bark. Late Gk.
was often of a scarlet colour; cf.• scarlet tlx'liT], a tablet, is borrowed from L. ; h(nce
reed.' Ch. Prol. 456. ~ Hence Pers. tbe L. word must be from the kindred Gk.
stz.]laliin, scarlet cloth, whence M. E. O'X[lIT], a cleft piece of wood, from O'X[(."',
ciclalolm (Chaucer). The Turkish iskerlat, to cleave. See Schism.
scarlet, is merely borrowed from Ital. Scheme. (L.-Gk.) Formerly schema.
scor/aiIo (Zenker). See Sueltil in Yule. - L. schema. - Gk. O'x'il'a, form, appear-
scarlatina, scarlet fever. (Ital. - aIlce, also used as a term in rbetoric. - Gk.
Pers.) ltnl. scarlaititUl. - ltal. scarlallo, O'XT]-, as in O'xTT-O'OJ, fut. of ;X-flI', to hold,
scarlet cloth (above). have (base O'fX-)- Cf_ Skt. san, to bear.
SCarp. (F.-Ital.-Teut.) F _ escarpe. (-v'SEGH.)
- Ital. scarpa, 'a curtein of a wall;' so Schism. (F. -L. -Gk.) F. schisme.
c.'\1led because cut sharP, i. e. steep. - Du. - L. sckisma. - Gk. tlX'O'l'a, a rent, split,
scherp; M. H. G. sc,~ar./. scharpf, sbarp; schism. - Gk. O'X'(f.I' (base O'X.3- ), to
see Sharp. +
cleave. L. scindere, SkI. chkid, to cut.
Scathe, to harm. (Scand). From Icel. Brugm. i. §§ 586, 599.
skatJa, Swed. skada, Dan. skade. + A. S. schist, slate-rock. (Gk.) Ck. O'X'O'-
sceaIJan (pt. t. scud); G. Du. schadetl; 'Tor, easily cleft. - Ck. O'X'(.'''. (above).
Goth.ga-skalhjan (pt.t.ga-skOlh). Cf.Gk. School (I). (l<'. -L. -Gk. ) M.E. scale.
a-tll<1J8T]r, unharmed. Der. scathe, sb., Icel. A. F . and O. F. escole, school. - L. scholo.
skaIJi. - Ck. O'X0J..fJ, rest, leisure, employment of
Scatter. (E.) M. E. scaleren. North- leiliure time, also a school. Orig. • a.
ern fOrIll of Shatter, q. v. + Gk. 0'".3- pause;' from O'XO-, a grade of the Lase of
6,I'I'v,..., I sprinkle, O'".li-aO',r, a scattering; IX."', to hold; see Scheme. (.vSEGH. )
Skt. skhad, to cut. Cf. Squander. Der. s(hol-ar, A. F. escoler; scholi-ast,
Scavenger. (F. - Teut.) Formerly from Ck. O'xoJ...aO'rfJr, a commentator.
scavagtr; the n is intrusive. The sense School (2), a shoal of fish. (Du.) Du.
bas much changed; a scavager was an school visschetl, • a shole of fishes,' Sewel.
officer who acted as inspector of goods Doublet of shoal. See Shoal (I ).
for sale, and subsequently had to attend Schooner. (Scand. ) Properly scootur,
to cleansing of streets. Scavage, i. e. in- but spelt as if derived from Dutch, which
spection, is an A. F. word, with F. suffix is not tbe case, the Du. schooner being of
-age «L. -iilicum) ; from O. F. escauw-er, E. origin. First called a s(ooner in 1713,
to examine, inspect.-O. Sax. skowOn, to when the first schooner was so named in
behold; cognate with A. S. sceawiotl, to Gloucester, Massachusetts,from the remark
look at. See Show. that' she scoons,' i. e. glides swiftly. This
Scene. (L. - Gk.) L. scrna, sctPnQ verb is the Clydesdale scon or scoon, to
(whence also F . sdne ). - Gk. O'I<1JI'fJ, a glide swiftly, applied to stones with which
sheltered place, tent, stage, scene. Der. one makes' ducks and drakes' in the water.
pro-scmimn. - Icel. skunda, to speed. See Shun.
Scent, vb. (F . -L.) A false spelling Schorl, black tourmaline. (Swed.)
for sm/, as in Hamlet, i. 5. 58 (ed. 16l3). Swed. skiirl (with sk as E. sh). Perhaps
- F. smlir, 'to feel, sent;' Cot. - L. sen- su_ggested by Swed. sMr, brittle.
/it'e, to feel, perceive. See Sense. Sciatic, pertaining to tbe bip-joint. (F.
Sceptic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sceptique. -L.-Gk.) F. sdalique,adj.-L.scial;CIIs,
- L. s(ejficus. _ Gk. 0'Irfrr.,,6r, thoughtful, corruption of L. isckiadicus, subject to gout
46 7
 SCIENCE SCORE
in the hips. - Gk. lITXlall", ~~, subject to of Teut. *skelda1Z" to scold, blame, as seen
pains in the loins. - Gk. lITXlalJ-, stem of in O. Fries. ske/da, Du. sehelden (pt. t.
lITXI<i" pain in thl! loins. - Gk. llTxiov , the sehold), G. sche/lm (pt. t. sellall), to scold;
socket in which th e thigh-bone turns. Der. cf. Dan. skie/de, wk. vb., to scold. If the
sciatic-a, fem. of L. adj. sciaticus . orig. sense was ' to push,' it is allied to O.
Science. (F . - L.) F. science. - L. Sax. skalda1Z, to push off (a boat).
scimlia , knowledge. - L. scimt·, stem of Scollop; see Scallop.
pres. pt. of scire, to know, orig. to discern . Sconce ( 1), a small fort, bulwark. ( F.
Allied to Skill. Der. con-, pre-science. - L.) Also applied to a helmet, and even
Scimetar, Cimetar. (F. or Ita\. - to the head. - O. F. eseome, a hiding-place,
Pers. ?) F. cime/erre, ' a scymitar;' Co t. sconce ; orig. fern. o f pp. ueolls. - L. ab-
Cf. Ital. scimitarra, 'a simitar,' Florio. SCOllsa, fern. of absco1ZsUS, used (as well as
Prob. from Pers. shimskir, skamskir, 'a abscollditm ) as pp. of abseolldere, to hide ;
ci meter,' Rich . Dict., p. 909. Lit. lion's see Abscond.
claw. - Pers. sham, nail, claw; shir, sconce (2) , a cand le-stick . ( F.-L.)
li on. M. E. seOllce , scons, a covered light, lan-
Scintillation. ( F . - L.) F . scilllilla- tern. - 0. F. cscotlSe, a dark lantern ( Roque-
liott. - L. acc. sci1Zlilltitio1Zem, a sparkl ing. fort) . _ Late L. abseonsa , a dark lantern;
- L. scilltil/'/re, to sparkle. - L. sei,ztilla, from L. abscomlls, hidden.
a spark . SCOOp. ( F. -Scand.) M. E. scope, sb.
Sciolist. (L. ) Formed, with su ffix -ist, - 0 . F . escope (F. leope), a scoop ( Hat z-
frum L. selol-w, a smatterer.-L. scius, feld ).-Swed . skopa, a scoop. + M. Du.
kn owing. - L. sr:f-re, to know. See sclloepe, M. H. G. sclmoft, a scoop; cf. G.
Science. schiip/elt, to draw water, to scoop. From
Scion. ( F. -L. ) M. E. si01ln.-0. F . Teut. *skop, 2nd grade of Tellt. *skap-, as
elOII, M. F. sion, F. sdon, ' a scion, shoot;' in O. Sax. skeppiall (for *skapjan h Du.
Cot. Orig. ' a cutting.' - O. F. sier, F. sckeppC1l, O. H. G. scllep/an (pt. t. Sctto/),
seier, to cut. - L. secare, to cut. See to draw up water.
Secant. Scope. ( Ital. - Gk.) Ital. scopa, a mark
Scirrhous, pertaining to a hard swell- to shoot at, scope; Florio. - Gk. ITI<OffU~, a
ing. ( L. - Gk. ) From Late L. seirrkus, mark, a watcher; allied to Gk. ITI<i-rrTop.tU,
sb., a form used for L. scirros, a hard swell- I see, spy, which is cognate with L.
ing. - Gk. ITl<ippos, ITl<ipo~, ITl<ipPQJp.a, a hard speeere; see Species.
swelling. - Gk. ITI<Ip6s, hard. Scorbutic, affiicted with scurvy. (Low
Scissors. I, F. - L.) [Ill spelt, and L. ) From Low L. scorbiitus, scurvy; said
not from seindere, to cut.] M. E. sisoures, to be Latinised from M. Du. sc!leur-uI, to
dsoures. - O. F. cisoires, shears; used brenk, tear, and bot, a bone ( Weigand);
instead of eiseaux, 'sizars,' Cot. The which is doubtful. From L. scorbiitus
latter is the pI. of O. F. eisel, chisel; see were formed Low G. scharbock, sckii,'-
ChiBel. Both words are due to L. eadere, buuk, scurvy; M. Du. sckeurbuyck (Du.
to cut; see ClIl8ura. ~ No doubt the word .·ckeurbuik), scurvy. These forms are due
was confused with L. scissor, which pro- to popular etymology, as the lit. sense of
perly means 'a cutter,' hence, a tailor; M. Du. sckeurbuyck is 'rupture of the
from I,. seindere, to cut. belly,' from sc!ltUren, to tear, and bttyck
Scojf. (Scand.) M. E. skof. Swed. dial. ( mod. Du. buik), the belly. See Scurvy.
skoff-, as in skoffs-ord, n. pl., words of Scorch. (F.- L.) Orig. to flay; Knt.
abuse, skoff-sera, to abuse; O. Fries. de la Tour, p. 6. -0. F. escorcker, lit. to
sekoj. a scoff; Icel. skaup, skop, mockery. Aay (Ital. scor/icare). - L. ex, off; eortic-,
Cf. M. Du. sckoppm, sckobben, to scoff, stem of coria;, bark , rind, husk. Confused
Icel. skopa, to scoff; also Dan. skuffe, to with M. E. seorklen, to burn, scorktletl, to
deceive; see Scuftle. The orig. sense parch; cf. Norw. skrokkna, to shrivel,
was "prob. ' a rub' or ' a shove': cf. Swed. skrokken, shrunken; allied to Shrink.
slm.ll, a push, G. sckup/etI, to push; see Score. (Scand.) M. E. score, properly
Shove. a cut ; hence tweuty, denoted by a long
Scold. ( Perhaps Frisian.) M. E. cut on a cut stick. - Icel. sktJr, a score, cut ;
!Colden; also skalde, scoMe, sb., a scold. also twenty; cf. Swed. skara, Dan. skaa,-,
The lb. il formed from *skald, lnd grade score, cut. From Teut. *skor-, Icel. skor-,
..68
 SCORIA SCRAPE
weak grade of sku"-a, to cut, shear; see scon'a/a answers to 1.. ,xroriala , lit. tlayed
Shear. off, hence a strip of leather for a whip, a
Scoria, slag. (L. - Gk. ) L. scoria. - thong; pp. of excoriiire, to flay off, in
Gk. (fKOJpia , dross, scum. - Gk. (fKWP, dung, Late L., to whip; see Excoriate.
ordure.+ A. S. scearn , dung. Scout ( I ) , a spy. (F . - L. ) M. E .
Scorn. ( F. - L.) M.E.scorn. - O . F. scollte. -O.l'. escoute, a ~py .- O .l' .
escorlle, scorn; COI. -O. F. escorner, to euoliler, to listen. - Folk-L. *ascol/tire,
humiliate, mock at; orig. ' to deprive of for L auscultare, to listen ; see AU8culta-
horns; ' from L. ex, ou t, con.u, a horn. tion.
~ But much influenced by 1\1. E. seamen, Scout ( 2), t o ridicule an idea. (Sca"d.)
to scorn, from O. F. esean.ir, eschar,,;r, Allied to Low!. Scotch scout, to pour OIlt
to deride; from O. H. G. scemon, (0 a liquid forcibly, to shoot it out. - IceJ.
deride, a vb. due to the sb. seen., deri,ion. skuta, sku/i, a tannt; cf. skot-yrfJi, scoffs.
Scorpion. ( F.-L. -Gk. ) F.scorpion. -Icel. sku/· , a weak grade of the base of
- L. scorpioltem, acc. of scorpio, the same skjo/a, to shoot. Cf. Swed. skjula, ( 1) to
a s scorpills. - Gk. (fKOp,,[or , a scorpion, also shoot, (2) to shove; skjula skulden p3, to
a prickly sea·fi sh. (.vSKERP.) cast the blame on; Dan. skyde, to shoot,
Scotch, to cut with narrow incisions. cast (blame on) , repel. See Shoot.
(Scand.) T o scolch is to cut slightly; short Scowl. (Scand. ) M. E . seoulm. N o(
for scor.ch, an extension of score; see Score. in A. S. - Dan. skule, to scowl , cast down
• With knyfe scorlche not the Boorde ;' the eyes; allied to E. Fries. and Low G.
Babees Book, p. 80. Confused with schlllm, Du. schuilm, to hide oneself, provo
M. E. scorchm, to flay, which suggested G. schulen, to hide the eyes, look sli ly,
its form. peep. From (he sb. seen in E. Fries.
Scot-free, free from payment . (F. - schUl, Du. se/wi!, Dan. skiul, shelter, I cel.
T eut. ) A. F. and O. F . escol (F. leol), skjo!, shelter, cover. See Sheal.
payment, esp. a contribution to a comm on Scrabble, to scrawl. (Scand. ) Lit. ' to
fund, into which it is shol. -Icel. ,-ko/, a scratch or scrape;' for provo E . scrapple,
shot, a contribution.+Du. schol, G. schoss, frequent. of sCl·ape. Cf. Du. schrabbm , to
a sh ot, a scot. From *skttl- , weak grade scratch; E. Fries. schrabbet., schraplell,
of T eut. *skettl-all-, to shoot. See Shoo t . srhrapen, to scratch. See Scrape .
Scoundrel. (Scand .) Lit. 'a loathsome Scraggy, lean,rough. (Scand .) Allied
fellow.' Aberdeensh. scoottrel; for *sclln- ( 0 M. E. srroggy, covered with thin strag-
tler-e!, where ·eI is an agential suffix. gling bushes. From provo E. scrag,
From Low!. Scotch SCUntler, scottner, to a forked branch, lean person; cf. scrog, a
loathe, also (formerly) to shrink through stunted bush. - Swed. dial. skragga, a weak
fear, act as a coward; so that a scoo1trel old man; cf. Icel. skroggsligr, scraggy ;
is one who shrinks, a coward. See North Fries. sk"og, a lean man; Dan. skrog,
Barbour, Bruce, xvii. 651. The verb Scttn- a carcase. See Shrug, Shrink.
fUr is the frequentative of the North. form Scramble. (Scand. ) Nasalised form of
of A. S. sCUlt-ia1t, to shun; see Shun. provo E. scrabbl~, to scramble, allied (0
Cf. Swed. dial. skunna sig, I ce!. skmula, scra.f!le, to scramble, scrapple, to grub
to hasten. about; frequentatives of scrape, provo E.
Scour (I ), to cleanse. (F. -L.) O. F. sCl-ap, to scrape.
esctenr, to scour. Cf. Span. euurar, Scrannel, thin, weakly, wretched.
M. Ital. scurare , to scour, rub up. - L. (Scand. ) In Milton, Lycidas, 124. Provo
exciirtire, to take great care of. - L. ex, E. scratmy, thin, lean; scratmel, a lean
very; ciirtir~, to take care, from cura, care. person (Lincolnshire). - Swed. dial. skratl ,
(Korting.) weak; Norweg. skratl, thin, lean, dry;
Scour ( 2), to run along. (F. - L.) 'Ca- Dan. sl:ranlm, sickly, weakly. Cf. Swed.
miIla scours the plain ;' Pope. _ O. l'. dial. and Norw. skrinn, thin, lean, weak,
escorre, escourre, to run out (as a spy). - dry.
L. excttrrere. _ L. ex, out; currere, to run. Scrap. (Scand.) Ice!. skrap, scraps.
Scourge. (F . - L.) A. F. escorge; cf. trifles, Tit. 'scrapings.' -Ice!. skrapa, to
O. F. escorgiee (1'". t!courgte), a scourge. scrape.
Cf. Ital. smriada , M. Ital. scoriata, a scrape. (Scand. ) Orig . to scratch
scourge , scort"are, to whip. The M. Ita!. with something sharp. - Ice!. skrapa, Swed.
4~
 SCRATCH SCRUB
skrapa, Dan. skrabe, to scrape. + Du. ScrilllDlage; see Skirmish.
sc!traptm. From Tent. *skrap-, 2nd grade Scrip ( I ), a small bag. (Scaud.) A. F.
of Teut. *sknpan-, to scrape; as in A. S. escrepe, a scarf. - leel. sknppa, Swed.
scnp-an, pt. t. scrap. Cf. Russ. skrebok', skriippa, a scrip. Orig. sense 'scrap,'
a scraper. because made of a scrap of stuff; cf. N.
Scra.tch. (Scand.) Due to the con- Fries. skrap, a scrip.
fusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with Scrip (2), a piece of writing; the 5ame
M. E. craccken , to scratch. /3. M. E. word as script (below).
skratten standi for s-kratten, where the scri,t. (F.-L. ) M. F. escript, 'a
s· (due to F . es-, L. ex-) is intensive, and writing. - L. scriptum, neut. of pp. of
krat/en is from Swed. kratta (below). y. scribere, to write.
M. E. craccken stands for *kratsm. - Swed. scripture. (F. -L.) M. E. scripttlre,
kratsa, to scrape, krats, a scraper. - Swed. a writing. - M.F. escripture. - L. scriptiira,
kratta, to rake, scrape; cf. Icel. krota, to a writing. - L. scriptus, pp. of scribere, to
kllgrave. From Teut. *kret-an-, to cut write.
(pt. t. *krat, pp. *krot-anoz). 50 also Du. scrivener. (F. - L.) Formerly a
crasun (for *kratsen\, G . kratzen, O. H.G. scriven; the suffix -cr, of the agent, is an
skrazzi5lt, to scratch. And see Grate (2 ). E. addition. M . E. scrirlein (=scriveilt) .
Scrawl. (Scand.) A contraction of -0. F. escrivain. -Late L. scribiinum,
scrabble, to write carelessly. ~ Confused acc. of scribiinus, a notary.-L. scribere,
with M.E. scratllen, to crawl, a form of to write.
crawl with prefix s (=0. F. es-< L. ex) Scrofula. (L.) L scrOfula, a little
IIsed with an intensive force. pig; whence the pI. scrOfula:, used in the
Screa.m. (Scand.) M. E. scremen.- sense of scrofu lous swellings; perhaps
Ice!. skrtJ!ma, Swed. skriima, Dan. skramme, from the swollen appearance of the glands.
to scare; orig. to cry aloud. Cf. Swed. Dimin. of scrOfa, a breeding sow, lit. a
skriin, a scream; Dan. skraale, to roar. dig~er; from the habit of swine; cf. L.
Screech. (Scand.) Cf. M. E. scriken; scrobis, a ditch.
Lowl. Sc. scraile. - Icel. skrakja, to shriek; Scroll, a roll of paper. (F. - Teut.)
cf. 5wed.skrika, to shriek, Dan. sknge.+ Dimin. (with suffix -I) of M. E. scrowe, a
Gael. sgrellck , to shriek. cr. Shriek. scroll. - M. F. escroue, , a scrowle; , Cot.-
Screen. (F. -Teut.) M. E. scren.- M. Dn. sckroodt, a shred, strip, slip of
O. F. escren (Littre); escran, 'a skreen,' paper; O. H. G. scrot (the same). Allied
Cot. ( Mod. F. /cran.) · Also found as to Shred.
asO.F.escranne (Godefroy). - G. sckranne, Scrolles, rascals. (F.-L.) In K.
a railing, grate. /3. In tlie sense of' coarse John, 11. I. 373. -0. F. escroelles, later
sieve,' it is the same word ; so called be- escrouelles, lit. 'the king's evil,' i. e.
cause it screens (or wards off) the coarser scrofnla; Cot. - Late L. ·scrobella (only
particlei, and prevents them from coming found as scrod/a), scrofula, dimin . of
through. *scrobula, for scrofula; see Scrofula.
Screw ( I). (F. - Teut.) Formerly Transferred, as a term of abnse, from the
scrlle. - M. F. tScroue, 'a scrue;' Cot.; disease to the person said to be afflicted
O . F. escroe (Godefroy). J:'. (crou. Per· with it. (See Kiirting.)
hap; from Low G. sckruve; cf. M. Du. Scrub ( I), brush-wood. (Scand.) Dan.
!c!troeve, Du. sckroif, G . sckraube, a screw. dial. skrub, brush-wood; Norw. skrubba,
~ The Icel. skriiFz, Swed. skruj, Dan. the dwarf cornel-tree. See Shrub. Der.
skrllc, are from Low G.; and it is doubtful scrubb-y, mean, orig. shrubby, stunted.
whether the Dn. and G. words are reaJly Scrub ( 2), to rub hard. (Scand.) M. E.
T eutonic. scrobben, to scrub. - Swed. skmbba, Dan.
Screw ( 2), a vicious horse. (E.) The +
skrubbe, to scrub. Low G. sckrubbm;
North E. form of skrew, q. v. Dn. schrobbm; N. Fries. skrobbe, E. Fries.
Scribble. (L.; witkE.SIt/fix.) Formed sckrubbm. According to Franck, it is
from scribe with frequent. suffix -Ie; the allied by gradation to Du. and E. Fries.
suffix giving it a verbal force. sckrabbelt, to scratch; see Scrabble,
. scribe. (L.) L. scriba, a writer. - L. Scrape. /3. It is also, perhaps, related to
scribere, to write, orig. to scratch or cut skrttb. Cf. E. broom, from the shrub so
slightly. called; Lowl. Scotch scrubber, ' a handful
-+7 0
 SCRUFF SCUTIFORM
of heath tied tightly together for clean- &c. (I'. -L.) The suffix -y (~}<'. -ie) is
iug culinary utensils;' Jamieson. the same as in but/tr-y,ptmlr-y. The orig.
Scruif; see Scutt. sense was that of' keeping the dishes.'-
Scruple_ (F. -L.) F . scrupule, • a O. F. escuelerie, esculene, the office of
little sharp stone .. in a mans shooe,' Cot.; keeping the dishes (Godefroy). - O. F . es-
hence a hindrance, perplexity, doubt, also cuellt (F. Icue/Ie), a dish.-L. scule/Ia, a
11 small weight. _ L. sCrUpulum, acc. of dish; dimin. of scutra, a flat tray.
SCrtlpt./US, a sharp stone, dimin. of scrUpus Scullion, a kitchen menial. (F.-L. )
(the same). Not allied to scullery. The true sense is
Scrutiny. (L. ) L.scruliniwll, a care- a dish-clout, a name transferred to the
ful enquiry. - L. scrUliiri, to search into maid who used it; just as mawkin meant
carefully, as if among broken pieces. - L. both' maid' and • dish -clout.' - M. F. es-
scr,.Ia, s. pl., broken pieces. couillon, • a dish-clout, a maukin;' Cot.
Scud, to run quickly. (Scand.) Cf. The same word as Span. escobillon, a
Dan. skyde, to shoot; skyde over Slev1Z, lit. sponge for cannon , formed from escobiila,
• to shoot over the stem,' to scud along; dimin. of escoba (0. F. escouve), a brush,
skudstee1Z, a stone quoit, called in Scotch a broom. - L. scopa, a twig ; pI. scOla, a
scudding-stam. Cf. Swed. dial. skudda, to broom or brush made of sOlall twigs.
shoot the bolt of a door. See Scuttle (3), Sculpture. (F . -L.) F.uulplure.-L.
Scout ( 2), and Shoot. sculptura, sculpture, lit. a cutting. - L.
Scu1lle. (Scand.) The frequentative sculptus, pp. of sculpere, to cut, carve;
of Swed . skuffa, to push, shove, jog. allied to scalpere, to cut.
C£. M. Du. schujfelm, to drive on, also Scum. (Scand.) Dan. SkUIll, froth;
to run or shuffle off, from Du. schuivm, Swed. skum, froth; E. Fries. Sclltllll_+Du .
to shove_ See Shuftle, Shove. schuifll; G. sdlaum (as in lIleer-schaum)_
Scuft, Sed, Scruif, the nape of (.vSKEU, to cover.) Der. skim.
the neck. (Scand.) O. lcel. skopt (pron. Scupper. (E.) ' Scuppers, the holes
skofl). hair of the head, mod. lcel. skott, through which the waterruas off the deck ; •
a fox's tail; N. Fries. skujt, the nape of Coles (1684). Phillips has scoper-Itoles.
a horse's neck.+G. schopf, a tuft of hair; For scoop-er, i. e. lader out of water ; from
O. H. G . . scujt, hair; Goth. skuJt, hair of scoop, vb., to lade out water. (The Du.
the head. Allied to Sheaf; cf. lcel. name is spiegat, lit. • spit-hole.') See
skauf, a fox's brush. Scoop.
Sculk, Slmlk. (Scand.) M. E. Scurf. (Scand.) From Swed. skoif,
skulkm. - Dan. skulke. to sculk, slink; Dan. sku1"V, scurf; lcel. skuifur, pl.
Swed. skolka, to play the truant. A + A. S. scud", scor/; Du. schuift, G.
derivative of Dan. skule, to scowl; see schorf From *skor/-, weak grade of
Soowl. Allied to Ice!. skolla, to sculk, *skeifa1Z-, as in A. S. sceor/all, to scarify,
keep aloof. gnaw. Der. SCU1"V-y.
Scull(I),Skull,thecranium. (Scand.) Scurrile, buffoon-like. (L.) L. scur-
M. E. skulle, scolle. Named from its shell· ri/is, adj., from scurra. a buffoon.
like shape.-Swed. dial. skulle, variant of Scurvy, scabby, shabby. (Scand.)
skOl/t, scull; Norw. skolt, scull. From An adj. formed hom scuif(above). Heuce
T eut. *skol, weak grade of *skelall- (pt. t. scurvy disease, the scurvy, much confused
*skal) , to cleave, divide. From the form with F. scorbut, the scurvy (Littn!).
*skal we have Swed. hufvud-skalle, the ScutILge, a tax on a knight's fee. (M.
scull (also hufvud-sMl) , and Dan. hje1"ne- Lat.) From Med. L. sciUtigium. - L. scu-
skal , scull; see IIcale (l). lum , a knight's shield, orig. a shield. See
Scull (2), a small light oar. (Scand. ?) Esquire.
Perhaps named hom the slightly hollowed Scutch, to beat flax. (F. -Scand. )
blades. See Scull (I ). Cf. M. Swed. From O. I'. escouche, escuche, a scutch or
skolla, sklz.lla, a thin plate; Swed. hu/vud- swingle. - N orw. skoka, skuku, a scutch
skal, scull (of the head ) ; vag-skat, scale for beating flax.
telY ... balance); s~alig, concave. Der. Scutcheon; see Esoutcheon.
scul/, vb., to use scull$. Scutiform. (F . - L.) M. F. scuti-
Scull (3), a shoal offish; see Sohool (l). forme, shaped like a shield. -L. s,uti-, for
Scullery, a place for swilling dishes, sczllulll, shield; /onlla, form.
471
 SCUTTLE SECULAR
Scuttle ( I), a shallow basket or vessel. Allied to Russ. suxoi, dry ; Lith. satlsas,
(L. ) A Northern form. I cel. sktttill; dry ; Gk. aliai (for *aavaoi ), dry; cf. Skt.
A. S. smtd, a vessel. - L. scutella, allied ,"Sll, for *sush, to dry up. Idg. type
to scutttla, a small tray; cf. sctttra, a tray. *sausos. See Austere. Brugm. i. § 214 .
See Scullery. Search, to expl ore. ( F . -L.) M. E.
Scuttle (2), an opening in a hatchway sen hen, ce,.chen. - O. F. ce,.che,. (F . che,.-
of a ship. ( F. - Span. - Teut.) O. F. clter) ; provo F. se,.che,., dial. of Verd un
escottlille, scuttle. -Span. escotilla, the hole (Fertiault). - L. ci,.ca,.e, to go round ;
in the hatch of a ship. - Span. escota,., to hence, to explore. - L. circus, a ring; see
cut, hollow out, or slope out a garment Circus. Der. ,.e·sea,.ch; cf. sha,.k.
to fit the neck or bosom. - Span. escote, the Season. (F.-L.) M.E.seson. -O.F.
sloping of a jacket, &c. - Du. scltoot, lap, SesOll, seison , saison . [Cf. Span. sazon,
bosom; Low G . schoot; Ice!. skaut; see O. Provo sadons, sasos, Bartsch. ] -Late L .
Sheet. ~ So Diez ; but Span. escotilla sationem, acc. of salio, sowing.time, i. e.
is rather a dimin. from Low G. schott, spring, regarded as the chief season for pre-
a trap·door. Cf. E. shtttte,.. Der. scuttle, paring crops. - L . satus, pp. of sere,.e, to
vb. , to sink a ship by making holes in it. sow. ~ The Span. word is estacion, Ita!'
Scuttle (3) , to hurry along. (Scand.) stagione ; from acc. of L. statio, a station,
Cf. Swed. dial. skutta, to take a long hen ce a stage (period).
jump; also provo E. scuddle (Bailey), fre· Seat, sb. (Scaud.) Ice!. seeti, a seat;
quent. of scud; see Scud and Shoot. Swed. siite; Dan. seede. - Ice!. sat- , 3rd
Scythe. (E.) M. E. sithe. A. S. sr~e , grade ofsitja, to sit; see Sit. Der. seat, vb.
old form si~e. L it.' cutter;' from .vSEK. Secant, a line that cuts another , or that
+ Ice!. si~,., Low G. segd, segri ; cf. cuts a circle. (L .) From secallt·, stem of
O. H. G . segama, G. sense. See Secant. pres. pt. of seciire, to cut.+Russ. siech', to
Se-, away, apart. (L.) L. se·, prefix; hew. Brugm. i. § 635. (.vSEK. ) See
full form sed, without. Saw, Scythe, Sickle.
Sea. (E.) M. E. see. A. S. sii, sea, Secede. (L.) L. seclde,.e, to go apart,
lake.+Du. zee; Icel. S<2,.; Dan. sii; Swed. withdraw. -L. se·, sed, apart; clde,.e, to
sjii ; G . see; Goth. saiws. Teut. type go. See Cede. Der. secess·ion (from the
*saiw iz. pp. secess-us ).
Seal ( I), a stamp. (F . -L.) M. E. see!. Seclude. (L.) L. secliidere, to shut
-0. F. seel, a signet ( F. sceau).-L. off. - L. se (for sed), apart; claudere, to
sigillttlll, a seal, mark; dimin. form allied shut. See Se- and Clause. Der. secltls-
to sig llum, a mark. See Sign. Der. ion, from the pp. sic/us· us.
seal, vb. Second. (F.-L ) O.F. secolld.-L.
Seal (2), a sea-calf. (E. ) M. E. se!e. secundus, second, next following. - L.
A. S. seolh.+Icel. sel,.; Dan. seel; Swed. sUJur, to follow. See Sequence.
sjal; O. H. G. selah. Secret. (F. - L.) M. E. secn, secr.e.
Seam (I ). (E.) A. S. seam. Ice!. + - O. F. sec,.et, ' secret;' Cot. - L. seaBus,
saulllr; G. saulll; Du. zoom; Dan. Swed. secret, set apart; pp. of sicernere, to sepa·
sijm. Teut. type *saumoz, m.; from root rate. - L. se, apart; cente ,.e, to separate.
*seu-, *siw. (.vSIW.) Cf. Skt. su·t,.a-, See Se- and Concern. Der. secrete, vb.,
a thread . See Sew (I). from L. secretus; secret-ion.
Seam ( 2), a horse-load. (Late L.-Gk.) secretary. (F.-L.) O. F.secretaire.
M. E. seem , A. S. seam. Borrowed (like -Late L. secretan 'um, acc. of sicretarius,
G. sattm) from Late L. sauma, late form a confidential officer. - L. secret· us, secret
of sag-mao a horse-load, pack . - Gk. aa-rfUl, (above).
a pack-saddle. See Sumpter. Sect. (F. - L.) F. secte, ' a sect or
Seamstress, Sempstress. (E.; faction;' Cot. -Late L. secta, a set of
witlt F . sujJix. ) A. S. seamest,.e, a seam· people, a suit of clothes, a suit at law. - L.
stress ; with suffix ·ess « F. ·esse < Gk. sec- (as in sec-undus ), base of sequ i , to
-,aaa). - A. S. seam, a seam (see Seam) ; follow, sue. ~ Not from seC/ire, to cut.
with suffix ·estre; see Spinster. Section. (F. - L.) F. section . - L.
Sear, Sere, withered. (E. ) M. E . sectiiintm, acc. of sectio, a cutting. - L .
sere, A. S. sea,., dry; sean 'an, to dry up. sect-tts, pp. of seCtire, to cut. See Secant.
+M. Du. S01"t, Du. ZOO1", Low G. soor. Secular. (F.-L.) M. Eo seculere.-
 SECURE SEIZE
M. F. seculicr , ' se.:ular, temporall ;' Cot. Seek. (E. ) M. E. sekm. A. S. secan,
_ L. seClikiris, secular, worldly. - L. sew- pt. t. soh-te, to seek , strive after.+Du.
IUIII , SIZCUtUI1l, a generation , an age , the zoeken; Ice! . slZkja, sCl!kja; Dan. siige;
world. Swed. siika; Goth. sokjll1t; G. suchm.
Secure. (L.) L. securus, free from Teut. type ·sokja1l - ; from ·sok- = Idg.
anxiety. - L. se-, apart from; (lira , anxiety. · sag-, as in L. sag/re, t o perceive, Gk.
Doublets, sicker, sure. ~-y, o}la" I consider; cf. O. Ir. sagilll,
Sedan-chair. (F.) Named from I seek for. Der. be-seech.
Sedan, a town in France. Cf. F . sedan, Seel, t o close up the eyes. (F . -L.)
cl oth made at Sedan (Littre). M. F. siller, 'to seal up the eie-lids ;' Cot.
Sedate, quiet. (L. ) L. sedatus, pp. of Also spelt ciller.-O. F . cit, eye-lid . -L.
sedart, to settle or make calm, causal of cilill m, eye-lid; which is probably allied
sedere, to sit. See below. to Gk. Ta KVAa, the parts under the eyes.
sedent&17. (F. - L.) F. stdmtaire. See Supercilious.
-L. sedmtiirzus, ever s:tting. -L. sedent·, Seem. ( E. ) M. E. semm. A . S. sema.t ,
pres. pt. of sedlre, to sit. See Sit. (.vSED.) to satisfy, conciliate (hence, to suit, a sense
Brugm. i. § 574. due to the adj. seemly; see below). For
Sedge. (E.) M.E.segge. -A. S.secgt, · som-ian, where ·som- is the strong grade
g., d. , and acc. of secg, C., sedge; lit. of sam-, as in E. same.+lcel. SlZma, to
e cutter,' i. e. sword-grass; from the shape; honour, bear with, conform to , allied to
cf. recg, m. a sword. The A. S. secg, f. = SlZmr, fit, soma, to befit, and to samr, same.
Teut. type "sag ja; from ·saX-, lnd grade See Same.
of Teut. root ·sex-, to cut.+Low G. segge, seemll, fit. (Scand.) M. E. semliclt. -
coarse grass. Cf. Irish seisg, sedge. Icel. slZmtligr, seemly. _ Icel . sO!mr, fit;
<.vSEK, to cut.) See Secant. with suffix -ligr, like (- Iy) ; where SIZIIl-
Sediment. (F.-L.) M. F . sedimmt. is the mu tated form of ·som- (as in I cel.
- L. sedimmtum, a settling ( of dregs).- som-a, to befit ), strong grade of *sam-,
L. sedlre, to sit, settle. See Sit. as in lcel. sama, to beseem, cognate with
Sedition. (F. -L.) O. F. sedition.-L. Goth. samja1t, to please, lit. 'to be the
acc. seditionelll, a going apart, dissension , same,' agree with. - leel. samr, same;
mutiny. - L. sed-, apart ; it-um, supine of see Same.
ire, to go. (.vEl. ) Seer j see S ee .
Seduce, to lead astray. (L.) L. sidfuere, Seesaw. (E.) A reduplicated form;
to lead aside. -L. se (for sed), apart; dii- from the verb to saw. From the motion
cere, to lead. See Se- and Duke. Der. of a sawyer. See Saw ( I ).
seduct-ion (from the pp. seduct-us). Seethe, to boil. (E.) Pt. t. sod; pp. sod-
Sedulous, diligent. (L. ) L. sidulus, den. M. E. setlzen, pt . t. seeth (pI. sodm ),
diligent. Cf. sedu/o, adv. busily; from pp. soden. A. S. seotJalt, pt. t. sia(), pp.
se, apart from, dolO, abl. of dolus, guile. soden.+lcel. sjo~a, pt. t. sautJ; Dan. syde ;
Brngm. i. § 244. Swed. sjuda; G. siedm. T eut. t ype·stuth-
See ( I), to perceive by the eye. (E.) an-, pt. t. ·sauth, pp. ·sud-attoz. Allied
M. E . seen, sm. A. S. se01t; pt . t. seah, to Goth. sau/hs, a burnt-offering.
pp. gesewen. + Du. zim; Ice!. sja; Dan. Segment. (L. ) L segmenfum, n piece
see; Swed . se; G . sellen; Goth. saihwalt, cut off ; for ·sec-menttlm. -L. seca.-e, to
pt. t. sahw. Teut. type ·sehwan-. Brugm. cut. See Secant.
i. § 665. D er. seer, i. e. see-er. Segregate, to separate from others.
Sae (2), seat of a bishop. (Y. -L.) (L.) From p p. of srgregare, to set apart
M.E. se. - O.F. sed, se,seat. - L. sldem, from a flock. - L. se-, apart ; grego, stem
acc. of sides, a seat. - L. sid-, as in sed· i, of grex, a flock. See Se- and Gre-
pt. t. of sedere, to sit. See Sit. garious.
Seed. (E.) A. S. slid, seed. From Seignior. ( F.-L. ) O. F. seig.tol",
A. S. sowan, to sow. + Du. zaad, Ice!. slZtJi, seig1tCUr, lord . - L. seniorem, acc. of senior,
sati, Dan. slXd, Swed. siid, G. saat. Cf. older, hence, greater ; see Senior.
Goth. mana,sllhs, the worl d, lit. 'man- Seine, a large fishing-net. (F. - L. -
seed;' Lat. se-mell, seed. The A. S. slEd Gk.) F. seim.- L. saglna. - Gk. O'a'Y'l"'1,
answers to T eut. type ·sa-dom, neut. See a large fishing-net.
Sow. Brugm. i. § 132. Seize, to grasp. (F.-Late L.) M. E .
473
 SELAH SENESCHAL
seyse", saism, a law term , to put one in se~. (L.) L. semi,Uiriu1Il, a
seisin or po;session rX a thing, also, to take seed-garden, seed-plot (hence a place of
possession; hence, to seize, take. -O.F. education).-L. semi,z- (above).
saisir, seisir, to put in possession of, to Semolina. (Ital. - L. ) Ital. semo-
take possession. - Late L. sacire, to put, lino, m., small seed, paste for soups;
place. ~ It is usual to refer this verb to dimin. of sem()/a, bran. _ L. simila, fine
O. H . G. *sazjan, to set, put, place, but wheaten flower. See Simnel.
this is an impossible form (it was really Sempiternal, everlasting. (L. ) F.
uzun) ; or else to Goth. satja,z, to set, scmpiteme!. - L. sempitenz-tts, everlasting.
which would have given *satiir, *sair. See - L. sempi-, for stmper, always; with
Set. Der. sds-in. O. F . seisine, saisine, suffix -ter-tzus. 13. L. semper was perhaps
from the verb saisir. formerly *sem-perti, where *sun- probably
Selah, a pause. (Heb.) Supposed to meant ' one,' as in L. sem-e!, once, sim-
mean • a pause.' plex, one-fold. Brugm. i. § 1023 ( 12) ; ii.
Seldom. (E.) A. S. seldan, s~/d1tm, § 160 ( I ).
seldon, seldom, lit. rarely; cf. se/d-lie, Sempster. (E.) Later forms Seam-
strange, seld-sime, rarely seen, strange.+ stress, Sempstress; witk F. suffix.
Du. ulden, Ice!. sja/dan, Dan. sidden, A. S. seamestre, a sempster; with suffix
Swed. sal/an, G . se/tm, adv., seldom. -ess ( = F. -esse < Gk. -I(yO'a ) . - A. S. seam ,
Allied to Goth. sildaleiks, wonderful. a seam (see Seam) ; with suffix -estre;
Select, choice. (L.) L. se/ectus, Pl'. see Spinster.
ofsel,gere, tochoose. - L.se-, apart; legere, Senary, belonging to six. (L. ) L.
to pick, choose. See Se- and Legend. sbuirt'tts, adj., from seni, six apiece; fo r
Der. select, vb. *sex-lli. - L. sex, six; see Six.
Self. (E. ) A. S. self, also se()lj, silj, Senate, a council of elders. ( F. - L.)
self. +Du . sel/; Icel. .yill/r; Dan. selv; O.F. smat. - L. smalum, ace. of smatus,
Swed. sjel/; Goth. silba; G. se/b, se/b-sl. council of elders. - L. sm-, as in Sell-ex,
Sell (1), to deliver for money. (E.) old, sm-ium, old age. Cf. O. Gk. 'vas,
A. S. sellan, sillan, syllan, (0 hand over, old, Goth. sineigs, O. Ir. sen, W. ken, O.
deli ver; a secondary verb, from the sb. Skt. sana-, old. Brugm. i. § 117.
Sale. + Icel. selja, Dan. s(J!lge, Swed. salja, Send. (E. ) A. S. smdalt. + Du. u1,de1t;
O. H . G. and Goth. sal/an, to hand over, Icel. smda; Dan. smde ; Swed. siillda;
offer. T eut. type *saljan-. Goth. samijat' ; {; . smden. T eut. type
Sell (2), a saddle. (F.-L.) O. F . selle , *sand/rl1l-, for *santkjall-. by Verner's law,
seat, saddle. - L. sella, seat; for *sed-Ia. from "'sanlll, 2nd grade of *sentlzan-, to go.
- L. sedere, to sit. Brngm. i. § 475. See Hence send is a causal verb, meaning' to
Saddle. make to go.' The Teut. *smtllan- (pt. t.
Selvage. (Du. ) Also selvedge. Lit. *santk) is a lost strong verb, of which the
' self-edge.' - M. Du. seljegge, selvage. - prime grade appears in Goth. sifttll-s,
M. Du. self, self; egge, ed~; [mod. Du. A. S. siiJ (for *sinlJ), a journey, way, Teut.
:el/kant, selvage; from zelf, self, kant, t ype *senlll()z, m., Id g. type · sentos, as
edge]; Low G . St4lj-egge, self-edge, seen in O. Irish slt ( for *sent), W. llynt,
selvage. Hret. henl (for *sent), a way. Cf. G.
Semblance, appearance. (F . - L.) gesincie, foll owers; Goth. gasilltltja, a
semb/a1ue, appearance. -F. sembler, to travelling companion.
seem. - L. similtire, simulare, to make Sendal, Cendal, a rich thin silken
like. _ L. simi/is, like. See Simulate. stuff. (F. -Late L. -Skt.) O. F . sendal,
Semi-, half. ( L.) L. semi-, half.+Gk. emdal ; Late L. cencialum, cindadtls, ci,,-
"'p..-, half; A. S. sam ,half; Skt. sami, half, datus, &c. So called because brought
prob. related to Skt. samya-, equality, from India. - Skt. sindhu-, the Ind us, also
from sama, even, same (Benfey). Allied Scinde. - Skt. syand, to flow: see Indigo.
to Same. Der. semi-breve, &c. Cf. Gk. O'&v&iJv, fine Indian linen.
Seminal, relating to seed. (F. -L.) Seneschal, a steward. (F. - Teut.)
M. F. semina!. -L seminalis, relating to O. F. seneschal. Orig. sense • old servant.'
seed. - L. simin-, for simen, seed. - L. se- - Goth. si,,-, old (only preserved in super!.
as in seoUl, pt. t. of serere, to sow; with sill-ista, eldest,and in sin-tigs,old) ; skalks,
suffix -men. See Sow (1). I a servant. Cf. Senate and Marshal.
47~
 SENILE SERAGLIO
senile, old. (L. ) L. smi/is, old; cf. Gk.) L. sepza. - Gk. UTJ,da, cuttle·fish.
St1l-eX, old. Se~ Sena.te. sepia.
senior. (L.) L. senior, older; compo Sepoy. (Pers.) Pers. sipaki (pro-
of sellex, old. nounced nearly as sepoy) . a horseman,
Senna.. (Ita!. - Arab.) Ital. sma soldier. - Pers. sipalt, sllpalt, an army
( Florio). - Arab. sana, senna. ( Hom, § 699).
Sennet, a signal-call on a trumpet. (F. Sept. a clan. (F .-L.) Used in the
-L. ) See Nares; and Wright's note to 16th cent. as synonymous with sect, of
K. Lear, i. I. 23. Also speltsimt.-O. F. which it is an arbitrary variant. Ducange
Silzet, seltel, segnet, presumably' a signal ' ; has Late L. septa for Ital. selta « L.
dimin. of F. Slglze, a sign, mark, note.-L. secta ) ; and Wedgwood cites Provo cepte, a
sIgnum, a signal ; see Sign, Tocsin. sect. See Sect.
Sennight; short for sevm IdgM, a September" (L ) L. September, the
week. seventh month of the Roman year. - L.
Sense. (F. - L.) F. sms, 'sence;' scptem, seven. See Seven.
Cot. - L. sellSttm, acc. of sensus, feeling. septenary. (L ) L. septmarius.
- L. senslts, pp. of sentire, to feel, per- consisting of seven. - L. scptfni, pl., seven
ceive. apiece. - L. settem, seven.
sensual. (L.) Late L. sensualis, en- septeDDlal. (L.) From L. septm-
dowed with feeling. - L. seIlSU-S, feeling.- Iliulll, a period of seven years. - L. septetl-
L. smslts, pp. of sentire, to feel. nis, adj., of seven years. - L. sept-em, seven;
sentence. (F.-L.) F.smtence.-L. annus, year.
senlelltia, a way of thinking; for ·senti- septuagesima. (L.) Lit. 'seventieth'
attia. - L. smtient-, stem of pres_ pt. of (day).-L. septuagesima (dils) seventieth
scll/ire, to feel, think. (day), fern. of septuagesimus, seventieth. -
sentiment. (F. -L.) M. E. sente- L. uptuligillta, seventy. - L. septem, seven;
ment. -0. F. settlement; as if from a -gillta, related to Gk. -KOVTa, for ·~EKoVTa.
Late L. *sentilllen/ulil. _ L. sentire (above). from 3EKa, ten.
Sentinel. (F.-Ital.-L?) M.F.sm- Sepulchre. (F.-L.) O. F_ seplllcre.
tilzelle. - Ital. sentinel/a, 'a watch, a sen- - L. scptt!crlml, ill-spelt septtlcllnml, a
tinen;' Florio. Cf. M . F. smtinelle, a tomh. - L . sepul-tus, pp. of sepelire, to
watch-tower (Godefroy) . Etym. uncertain; bury. Der. septtlt-ure, from the pp. se-
apparently ultimately from L . seltlire, to p"llw.
perceive. See Korting, §§ 7.~65, 7377. SequeL (l".-L.) M. F. sequde, ' a
Sentry. (F.-Ital.-L.?) Confused sequell;' Cot.-L. seqll11a, a result.-L.
with smtinel, but apparently of different sequi, to follow. See below.
origin. Spelt sentrie in Minsheu (1627), sequence. (F. - L.) O. F. sequen{e, a
sm/ery ill Milton, P. L. ii. ,p2. Prob. sequence. - L. sequetttza, sb., a following;
from O. F . sen/eret, a path, track, with from sequent-, stem of sequells, pres. pt. of
reference to the sentinel's beat; double +
sequi, to follow. Lith. sekti, to follow;
dimin. of O . F. sente, a path. - L. sbnita, G k. boJUl" Irish seiclt-illl, I follow; Skt.
a path. saclt, to follow. (.vSEQ.) Brugm. i.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx of § 118.
a fl ower. (F. - L.) F. stpale, a sepal. sequester. (F. -L.) M.F .sequestnr,
Coined to pair off with F. pltale, a petal, to sequester or lay aside. - L. seqttestrare,
by taking part of the Lat. adj. sep-ar, to surrender, lay aside. - L. sequester, a
separate, and adding the same suffix -ale mediator, tru stee, agent. Prob. orig. 'a
(Littre). Thus sep-al is, as it were, short fo llower.' - L. seqtti, to follow.
for separ-al, where separ- was regarded as Sequin, a gold coin . (F. - Ita!. -Arab. )
being allied to L. separare, to separate. F. sequin; Cot. -Ita!. zeccltiltO, a Venetian
See Separate. coin. - Ital. zecca, a mint ; Florio. - Arab.
Sepa.ra.te, to keep apart. (L.) L. sikka(t ), pron. sikkall, a die fo r coins.
slparatus, pp. of separiire, to sever. - L . Seraglio. (Ital. - L.) Misused in E. ;
se, apart ; parare, to get ready, set. Der. the true sense is mere! y 'enclosure'; but
separate, adj., kept apart (not so old as it was confused with Pers. saray or strai,
the verb in K ). Doublet, sever. a palace, king's court, seraglio. Really
Sepia, ink from the cuttlefish. (L. - from Ita!. serraglio, an enclosure; fonned
475
 SERA) SETTLE
with suffix -agliD « L. -aculum ) from Late Serous; see Serum.
I .. serare, to bar, to bolt, shut in. - L . sera, Serpent. (F. -L.) F: urpent. -L. ser-
a bar, bolt. - L. serere , to join together; pmtem, acc. of serpens, a serpent; orig.
see Series. And see below. pres. pt. of serpere, to creep.+Gk. 'PJrfUl ,
Berai, a palace. (Pers.) Pers. serM, to creep; Skt. srP, to creep, sarpa-, a
a palace ( H orn, § 727). snake. Brugm. i. § 477. ( v'SERP. )
Seraph. (Heb. ) Coined from the pI. Serrated, notched like a saw. (L.) L.
form seraphim. - H eb. seraphim, s. pI., serYlitus, no tched like a saw. - L. serra, a
seraphs, lit. exalteo ones (Gesenius). saw.
Seraskier, a Turkish general. ( 1".- Serried, crowded together. (F.-L.)
Turk. -Pers. all" Arab: , F. straskier, F . serrer, to com pact, press close, lock.-
strasquier. - Turk, ser'asker, chief of the Folk-L . serriire, for L. seriire, to bolt. -
army, with a light sound of i after the k. L. sera, a bolt. - L. serere, to join. Cf.
- Pers. sal', head (with ini tial si,, ) ; and S eraglio .
Arab. 'askar, an army ( Devic) . The Pers, Serum, whey. (L.) 1.. serum, whey,
sari s cogn ate with Skt. (iras , head; cf. serum. + Gk. 6pJf, whey; Skt. sara(s), adj .,
Gk. I<apa, head. And see Birdar. fl owing, sb., whey. C "I/ SEl{, to fl ow.)
Sere; see Sear. But cf. Brugm. i. § 466. D er. ser-Dm, adj.
Serecloth; see Cerecloth. Serve. (F.- I..) F.servir.-L. seruire,
Serene. (L. ) L. serhzus, bright, clear. to serve.-L. seruus, a slave; cf. seruiire,
Brugm. i. § Q2 0 (4). to keep , protect. Der. serv-ant, from
serenade. (F. - Ital. - L.) M. 1". pres. pt. of F . servir; serv-ice, F . service,
serenade. - Ital. serenata, music beneath a 1. seruitium; serv-ile, L serutlis ; serv-
lady's window; orig.fem. of pp. of sermare, itude , F. u1'Vitude, 1.. acc. seruttUtiinem;
to make clear or to cheer, to be merry. - al so serf, sergeant.
L. serilllts, bright. Service-tree, a kind of wild pear-tree.
Serf. (F . -L.) F. SCI/, aservant. -L. (L. a1ld E. ) Service is a corruption of
sentltllt, ace. of seI'U1<S, a slave. serv-;;s (dissyllabic), the M. E. plural of
See
Serve. uif or serve, the name of the fruit. A . S.
Serge. (F .- L.-Gk.- Chinese? ) F. sytj-, the fruit of the service-tree ; syrf-
serge, a silken stuff. - L. serim, fern. of tre011J, a service-tree (correctly, sirf-tree).
sericus, si lken, the same as Serims , belong- - L. sorbus, the tree; sDrbulIl, its fruit.
ing to the Seres. - Gk . ::;;~PH, pI., Chinese ; Session . . (F. - L.) F. seSS':DIt. - L.
cf. u.ryp, a silkworm. The name Seres is sessio1le"" ace. of sessio, a sittin g. - L . ses-
from the Chinese se , sei, silk. sus, pp. of sedi're, to sit. See Sit.
Sergeant, Serjeant. (F.- L. ) M .E. Set (1). (E. ) A . S. scttml, to set, make
sergeant, sergnnt. - O. F. serga1lt, serjattt, to sit; causal of sittan, to sit (derived
an officer. - Late L. Serl/telltem, aCe. of from the 2nd grade *sat). Ice!. setja j+
serl/icw, an officer; orig. pres. pt. of Dan . sa/te ; Swed. satta; G. se/zm; Du .
serulre, to serve. See Serve. zelle1l ; Goth. satjan ; all cau5.1.1 forms.
Series, a row. (L. ) L. scries, a row. T eut. type ·satjan-. See Sit.
- L. sere-re, to join or bind together (pp. Set (2). W hen we speak of a set of
sertus\. + Gk. f'PflV (fo r *UlpYfW); cr. things, this is a varian t of sect. The Late
Lith. seris, a thread; Icel. sorvi, a neck- Latin word is secta , com mon ill olll \Vilis;
lace. for which we also fi nd sella.
Serif, the short cross-line at the end of Seton, a n arti ficial irritation under the
a stroke of a letter. ( Du .) Adapted ( with sk in. (F. - L.) F . SltDIl, ill nse in the
ser- for Du . schr-) from Du. schreef, M. Du. 16th century; the orig. sense is ' a thread.'
schreve, a dash, short line. Allied to Formed (as if from Late L. ·seto) from
O. H . G. serevon, to scratch, incise. L. seta, a bristle, stiff hair. See Satin.
Serious. (1".-L.) O. F. serieux.- Settee, a seat with a long back; appa-
Late L. seriosus , seriolls. - L. sen'us, rently an arbitrary variation of settle, sb.,
grave, earnest. Cf. G. schwer, heavy; which see below.
Lith. swarUs, heavy. See Sore ( 2). settle (1) , a long bench with a high
Sermon. (F. -L.) F. urmDn. - L. Lack.. (E.) A. S. sell, a seat.+Goth. sitls ;
sermUtu11l, ace. of sermD, a speech, dis- G. sesse!; L sella (for · sed-/a). See
course. Sell (l), Sit.
476
 SETTLE SHADE
settle (2), to fix, adjnst. (E.) M. E. of serus, sex; also secm , D . Was it orig.
Ulltn. A. S. utlan, to fix; aiso, to take , di vision;' from ser-are, to cut! See S ~g­
a seat, settle down as in a seat, from A. S. ment, Secant. Der. sex.u-a/, L. sexuiilis.
setl, a seat ; see above. ~ Perhaps it may Sexagenary. (L. ) L. sexagmarius,
have been aff~cted by M. E. salztltn , to belonging to sixty. - L. sexagbli, sixty
reconcile, A . S. sakl/ia", stzlztlian, to recon- each; distribute form of sexagi1tla, sixty.
cile. - A. S. uht, saht, reconciliation; - L. sex, six; and -gillta, related to
borrowed /i'om Icel. satt, stztt. reconcili- Gk . -t<QVTa , for *a't<ovTa, from a't<a, ten.
ation, peace; which Noreen ( § 73 ) con- See Six and Ten.
nects with L. sa"ctus , holy. sexagesima. (L.) L. sexiigesima
Seven. (E.) A.S. uojo" , siblm. + Dn. (dies). i. e. sixtieth (day) ; fern . of sex a/{es i-
UVtn; Icel. sjate, sjo ; D an. syv; Swe,t. mus, sixtieth, ordinal form of sexiig illta,
sjlt; G, siebm; Goth. sibU1l ; L. seP/em ; sixty.
Gk. <no; W. sai/It ; Irish seacM; 1{uss. sexennial. (L. ). From L. sex(1t-
smu; Lith. stPly"i ; Skt. sapIa. Id /!'. nium, a period of six years. - L. sex, six;
type *septam. D er . sevm-teen, A. S. antlttS , a yea r.
uojo"lym; seven-ty, A. S. hund-seojolltig sextant, the sixth part of a circle.
(hund being dropped) ; sevC1l-th. (L.) L. sexta1Xt-, stem of sextans , a sixth
Sever, to separate, ( F. - L.) O. F. part. - L. sext-us, sixth, from sex, six;
sevnr. - L. siparan, to separate. See with suffix -am, like that of a pres. pt. of
S eparate. Der. dissever. a verb in -are.
several, adj. (F,-L. ) O.F. several, Sexton; see Sacristan.
- Late 1.. separale, a thing set apart. - L. Sextuple, sixfold. (L .) Coined from
slpa rare, to separate (above). sextu-s, sixth; with suffix -pIe (as in quad-
Severe. (r. - L.) O. F. severe. - L. rtt-ple), an swering to 1.. -jlic-, stem of
seulr-us, severe, serious, grave, Der. -plex, as seen in d,,-pJex, com-plex.
sever-ity, M. F. severiN.
Sew ( I ), to fasten with thread, (E.)
M . E. s01ven, sewen. A.S. siwian, to sew, SE.
+Icel. sJia; Dan. sye; Swed. sy; O.H.G.
siuwan; Goth. siujan; L. Steere; Lith. Shabby, mean. (E. ) Also shaMed;
suti; Rnss. shite; Skt. siv, to sew. Cf. shabby and shabbed are the native E.
Gk. t<afT-fTu"v, to sew together; and see equivalents of the Scand. scabby and
Hymen. ("1/ SIW. ) scabbed. See Scab. For the sense, cf.
Sew (2), to follow; the same as Sue; scurvy ( = scurfy ) ; E. Fries. schabbig,
see S equence. scabby, also miserable, mean.
Sewer (I ) , a large drain. (F.-L. ) Shackle. (E.) A. S. sceacul, bond,
Frequently spelt shore. From O. F.sewiere, fetter; orig. a loose bond; from its shak-
seuwiere, a sluice, channel for draining a ing about.+lcel. skiikull, pole of a car-
pond . - Late L. type *exaquan'a, short riage, from skaka, to shake; Swed. skakel,
for Late L. exaqutit~ium, a channel for loose shaft of a carriage; Dan. skagle, the
draining.-L. ex, out; aqua , water, (The same. Cf. Swed. dial. skak, a chain. See
derivation of E. ewer from L. aquiina is Shake.
parallel.) Shad, a fish . (K ) A. S. sceadd.+Prov.
Sewer ( 2), the officer who formerly set G. schade, a shad; d. Irish sgadan, O. Irish
and tasted dishes, &c. (E. ) 'Seware, al scala .. , a herring; W . ysgadan, pl., her-
mete , Depositor, dapifer, sepulator; ' rings.
P rompt. Parv. l Hence M. E. sewm, to Shaddock, a large species of orange.
set meat, bring in dishes, &c.] The M. E. (E.) Named Irom Captain Shaddock, who
seware, sewere is short for assewer, asseour first introdnced it into the West Indies from
(N. E. D .) . - 0. F. asseour, one who sets China, early in the eighteenth century.
the table. -O. F. asseoir, to set, place; Shade,Shadow. (E. ) M.E.shade ,
orig. to sit beside. - L. assidire, to sit by. shadwe. A. S. sceadu, shadow, fern . sb.
-L. as-, for ad, near; sedire, to sit. See The M. K shade is from the A . S. nom.
Stt ann Assess. ~ Perhaps confused with sceadte; the M . K shadtve (mod. E.
M.E. sew,pottage,from A.S.seaw, juice. shad01V\ is from the dat. case sceadwe.
Sex. ( F.-L.) ~sexe.-L. sexttm,acc. + Du. sr!lad,l1v, Goth . skadtls, ~hadow;
477
 SHAFT SHANK
G. schaUen, O. Irish SCluh, Corn. seod, shallot; fern . of Asealom'us, belonging to
shade; Gk. UI(6TO~, UICOTta, gloom. Ascalon. - Gk .• AUK.u.",V, Ascalon; a chief
Shaft. (E. ) A. S. seeaft, shaft of a city of the Philistines. - Heb. Ashqtlon.
spear. +lcel. skapt, skaft, Dan. Sw. skaft ; Shallow. ( E. ) M. E. sehalowe; cf.
G. schaft, Du. sehackt (for schaft). Further also schold, seha/d. Barbour, Bruce, ix. 354 ;
allied to L. scapus, a shaft, stem, stalk; for which see Shoal. An E. word; but
Gk. I1KTI1rTPOl', Doric UK(i-nov, a staff, of doubtful origin. However, M.E. sehal-
sceptre. All apparently from Idg. root o'lIJe is allied to M. E. scha/·d, shallow, as
·shap, to su pport. 2. Or else skaf-t = they have a common base seha/·. And
tbnt which is shaven or cut smootli ; from perhaps allied to Low G. schaal, scha/ig,
Shave, q. v. G. schal, insipid, stale (as liquids when
Shag, rough hair. (E. ) A. S. sceacga, little is left in the vessel) ; cf. Du. 'ZI~"­
hair. + Icel. skegg, Swed. skiigg, a beard, sehalen, to grow stale or fl at.
Dan. skilZg. beard, awn, wattle; cf. I ce!. Shalm.; see Shawm.
skaga, to jut out. The orig. sense is 'rough- Sham. (E.) A London slang term, due
ness.' See Shaw. Der. s/zagg·y , adj. to Northern E. sham, a shame, disgrace
Shag tobacco is rough tobacco. (hence, trick). 'Wheea's sham is it' =
Shagreen, a rough-grained leather. whose fault is it? Whitby Glossary. See
(F. - Turkish.) F. chagrin. It was (\rig. Shame.
made of ths skin of the back of the horse Shamble, to walk awkwardly. (E.)
or mule. - Turk. siighri. saghri, back of a Low!. Sc. shammei, shamble, to rack the
horse, shagreen. limbs with long strides; also, to di stort;
Shah, king of Persia. (Pers.) Pers. shamme/ shallks, crooked legs. Cf. E.
shah, a king. O. Pers. khshayathiya. a Fries. schamel, shamefaced, modest, also
king ; allied to Skt. kshalra(m ), dominion , poor, miserable; O. Fries. skalllel, poor;
from kshi, to rule; cf. Gk. KTQ.OP.OJ, I Du. schamel. If this connexion be right ,
possess. Lit. sense' ruler ' ; H orn, § 77 2; the adj. is formed from the sb. shame; see
Brugm. i. § 920. See Check. Der. pa·sha. Shame.
Shake. (E. ) A.S. sceacan, scaean, pt. t. Shambles. (L.) Orig. stalls on which
scoe, pp. scacen. +Icel. skaka, Sw. skaka, butchers expose meat for sale; pI. of
Dan. skage. Teut. type *skakan·. shamble, a bench, butcher's bench or stall.
Shako, a military cap. (F. -Hung.) A. S. seamel, a stool.- L. seamellum, n
F. shako. - Hungarian csako, a cap, shako; stool, little bench ; allied to seamllum,
spelt tSiikoinDankovsky's Magyar Lexicon, step, bench, seabellum, foot· stool. L. seam-
p. 900. 1tUm is for · seab'1I1mt , *seap-1'tt11t, allied
Shale, a slaty rock. (G. ) G. schale, a to scapus, a stem. Brugm. i. § 241.
shell, peel, scale; whence sehal·gebirge, a Shame. (E.) A. S. scealllU, seam" .+
mountain formed of th in strata. Hence I ce!. skOlIllll; Dan. Sw. skalll ; G. seha1ll.
also O. F. escale and E. scale (I). See Allied to Goth . skalZda, shame, G. sehande.
Scale ( I ). shamefaced, modest. (E.) Corrup.
Shall. (E.) A. S. Setal, I . hall, I must ; tion of M. E. shame/ast, modest. - A. S.
pt. t. seeolde, I should, ought. The orig. scamjtzst, lit. firm in shame, i. e. in modesty.
sense was ' to owe,' to be liable for; cf. - A. S. seam1' , shame, modesty; jast, fast ,
Lith. skilti, to owe, be liable.+Icel. skal , firm ; see Fast.
pt. t. skyldi; Sw. skall; Dan. skal; Du. Shammy, Shamoy, a kind ofleather.
:a/ ; G. soil; Goth. skal, inlin. skulatt. Cf. (F. - G.) Orig.chamois1eather; see Blount
G. schuld, debt, guilt; Lith . skeleti, to be and Philli ps. See Cha.mois.
liable. Brugm. l. § 795. Shampoo. (H ind.) Hindustani chiimp·
Shalloon, a light woollen stuff. (F.) n a, to join, to stuff, press, thrust in, sham·
From Chatom, in France, E. of Paris. poo ; from the kneading or pressure used
Shallop, a light boat. (F. - Du.) F . in the operation. Perhaps directly from
chaloupe Lwhence Span. chalupa, 'a fl at- the imperative champo of the same verb;
bottomed boat,' Minsheu ( 1623) ; Port. Yule.
chalupa]. - Du. sloep, a sloop. See Sloop. Shamrock. (C.) Irish seamrog, trefoil,
ShalIot, Shalot, a kind of onion. (F. dimin. of seamar, trefoil ; Gael. Si!amrag .
-L. - Gk.-Heb.) O.F. escha/ote, variant Shank,lower part of the leg. (E.)
of esealogne, a shallot. - L. asealiinia, a A. S. seeanca, sca"ea, bone of the leg.
47 8
 SHANTY SHEAR
+Du. schO'nk, Dan. SI.-a111.-. Swed. sl.:anl.-. s!.:al>an, G. schabm; Lith . s!.:apoti, to shave,
Further related to G. sehenkd, shank; G. cut, Russ. skO'p ite, to castrate, Gk. O'Ka'IITflV,
schinken , ham. Der. skink. to dig. CL also L. seabere, to scrape.
Shanty, a hut. (Irish.) Said to be (.vSQAB, SQAP.) Brugm. i. H 56 9,
from Irish sean, old; tigh, a house. 7or .
Shape, vb. CE.) M. E.scllapen; anew Shaw,thicket. (E.) A . S . scaga .+Tcel.
formation from the sb. schap, A. S. ge- skOgr, a shaw, wood ; Swed. SRO'g, D an.
saap ; or from the pp., on the analogy of skov, N orth F ries. skog. All ied to Jcd.
scearan, pp. sceacen. The A. S. vb. is skagi, a ness (Noreen) ; N . Fries. skage,
seeppan , scieppan , with a weak infin . ; pt. a nook of land ; cf. Icel. skaga, to jut Ollt.
t. scop , pp. scapen. + Icel. skapa, Swed. Allied to Shag.
skapa, lJan. skabe, Goth. ga-skapja1z, G . Shawl. (Pers.) Pers .shal (pron. shawl,
scl,affen; Du . seheppm (weak ). All from a shawl, mantle.
T eut. type *skapa1z" *skapj an-, pt. t. ShaWnl, Shalm, a musical instrument.
*skifp. Cf. Lith. skabeti, to cut, hew. ( F. -L.- Gk.) O. F. c1la/emie, a reed
Brugm. i. § 7or. pipe ; allied to cllflll;IIC, a straw; cf.
Shard, Sherd, fragment. (E. ) A . S. M. H. G . scha/mft . - L. calamus, a reed.
seem'd, a fragment; li t. ' cut thing.' Fro m - G k. Ka"a!-'o<, a reed. See HaulIn.
*ska1', 2nd grad e of *sker·mz-, to shear. She. (E.) M . E. SelIC, scho; also sece,
See Shear. Cf. I ce!. skar6, a notch. A. S. Chron. 1140. In the Northumbrian
Der. p O't-sherd. dialect, we fi nd schO' used as a dem. pro-
share ( I ) , a portion. (E. ) A. S. scean t, noun, though the A. S. seo is the fern . of the
a share, part. F rom *skar (above). def. article. The A. S. seo would have
share (2) , a plough-share. (E.) A. S. become see, bu t this form never occurs ;
saar , plough-share. From the same. rather, it became seo (Lind . sio, J ohn iv.
Shark, a voracious fi sh. (F. -L. ) The 23) ; whence (perhaps influen ced by th e
name of the fis h is from the Tudor verb Icel. m. and f. demonstr. pron sjn., that) ,
to shark, to prowl ; to sltark for a dinner, came N orthumb. ScllO or SIlO ; and thi s
to try to get one ; /0' shark for a living; seems to have suggested the Midland sche,
see Cent. Dict. Prob. from N orth F . sIte, sl e; the tru e South. form being lieD,
(Pica rd) eherquier, equivalent to O. F . he (wh ich caused confusion with the mase.
archer ( E . sem 'cll ), later altered to mod. lu). LWe also fin d snch forms as hyO',
F. elw'cller. Cf. archer Ie brotHt, 'to ltio, ho, litO', 10, m od. Lane. hDO, all from
hunt after feasts ;' Cot. G odefroy has two heo.] The A. S. se~ is the fern. of u, orig.
examples of the spelling clterquier. Cf. 'that;' cognate with Goth. sa, that.+ Du.
Ital. a rcare del pane, 'to shift fo r how to zij, G . sic; Ice!. sit, fern . of sa, that;
live ; , T orriano. - L. ci/'ciire, to go round. Goth. so, fern . of sa, that; Gk . Ti, fern . of
- L. circus, a ring. See Search. Hthis <I; Skt. sii, she, fern. of sa, sas, he. For
be right, to shark is a variant of to search, lcel. sjc; see N oreen, § 39Y. See Sweet,
but was much used (formerly) in the sense E. Gr. § 1068.
of to prowl about for a living. Hence Sheaf. (E. ) M. E. sd u ej A. S. sclaj,
shark, sb. ( I ) , a greedy fel low (Johnson ) ; a sheaf, pile of com shoved together.-
( 2) a greedy fish. A. S. scea/, 2nd grade of sCli/an, to shove.
Sharp. ( E.) A. S. saarp. +Du. scherp, + Du. schoof, Icel. skau/, .Bavar. scllatlb,
lcel. skarpr, Swed. Dan. skarp, G. scharf. sheaf; from Teut. *skaub, - 2nd grade of
T ent. type *skarpoz. Prob. allied to *skiiban-, to shove; see Shove.
Scrape. Der. sea/'I, escarpment. She&l, a temporary snmmer hut. (Scand.)
Shatter. (E.) M. E. sehateren, to Also spelt shiel, shidili, sheelin. - lcel.
scatter, to dash as a falling stream; hence skjol, a shelter, cover, Dan. Swed. skjul,
to break in pieces. A. S. sea/erian, to a shed; Ice!. skyli, a shed . Cf. Skt. sku,
scatter, A. S. Chron . 1137. Cf. E. Fries. to cover.
scllattern, Dn. sda/eren, to resonnd; M. Shear. (E.) A. S. seeran, pt. t. sctZr,
Du. schetteren, to rattle. . See Scatter, pp. scoren.+Du. schcrel', Icel.skera, Swed.
which is a doublet; cf. Milton, Lyc. 5. skiira, Dan. skare, G. scnerm, to shear.
Shave. ( Eo ) A. S. scea/an, sca/all, pt. Teut. type *sk~ran-, pt. t. *skar, pp. *skor-
t . sr!'if, pro sca/en. + Du. sehaven; Icel. anoz. Allied to O. Ir. scar-aim, I separate,
ska/a; Swed. ska/va, Dan. skave, Goth. Gael. sgar, to sever; W. y sgar, to part ;
-.79
 SHEATH SHELTER
Gk. ".ip'"' (for *(cr )"'py.IV ), to cut; Lith. d raw, go away; scheerje van hier, sheer
ltirwis, an axe. (-VSQER.) Drugm. i. off ! (Sewel ). Cf. Low G . sclltre hen, get
§§ ~15, 631. out I See Shea.r.
Shea.th. (E.) A. S. seeiiIJ, sciM, a Sheet. (E.) M . E. sehele. Anglian
sheath, orig. that which separates, hence scile, A . S. seie/e, seYle, a sheet; also (with-
a husk, shell , pod. + Du. scheede, Dan. out mu,ation ) scial , sceata, a corner, nook,
skede, Swed . skida, G . scheide, a sheath; fold of a garment , comer of a sail, hence a
I cel. skeiiJir, fern. pl., a sheath (lit. thi ngs shed or rope fastened to a corner of a sail,
that separate or open). AU from the called in A . S. sciat-line (sheet -line).
Teut. base *skaith; for which see S hed Cf. A. S. seial, 2nd grade of sceolan, to
(I ). Der. sheathe , vb. shoot, hence to jut out. The orig. sense
Shebeen, a liquor-shop. (Irish -E. ) of sheel was' projection,' hence' corner,'
A pparently a dimin. (with suffix -In) of &c. + Icel. skaut, corner, sheet of a sail;
Irish seapa, a shop. - E. shop; see Shop. Swed. skdle, the lap; Du. schOOl , shoot ,
Shed ( I ), to part, pour, spill. (E.) O rig. sprig, sheet; Goth. skauts, hem of a gar-
' to separate.' A. S. scendan, seddan, pt. t. ment ; G . schooss, flap of a coat, lap,
seiad, seed, pp. seelilien . to shed; whence bosom. All from T eut. *skaut, 2nd grade
M . E. schMm, weak verb (with long e, but of *skeutatz-, to shoot; s ~e Shoot.
the e has been shortened, the pt. t . being Sheet-anchor, an anchor to be ' shot '
shadde or slmide). + Goth. skaidan, G . out in emergency. (E.) From provo E.
scluidm, to part; O. Sax. skdJan, O. Fries. sheet, M. E. schllen, A. S. sceolan, t o shoot.
ske6a, skeda. From Teut. base *skeitll, See Shoot.
varying to *skeid, to split (see Shide ); or Sheik, a chief. (Arab.) Arab. sheikh,
from the 2nd grade *skailh, *skaid. The an elder, chief; orig. sense' old.'
Idg. root would, regularly, be *skheil, but Shekel, a Jewish weight and coin.
we only find -VSKREI D; cf. Gk . .crXi(fIV, (Reb. ) Reh. sheqe!, a shekel (weight). -
for *crXiayuv, to cleave; L. scindere, to Reb. shnqal, to weigh.
cut; Lith . skUziu, I separate. All from Shekina.h. (Reb.) It sigpifies the
an older -VSKREI. Drngm. i. §§ 201 ,599. visible presence of God; lit.' dwelling.'-
Shed (2 ), a slight shelter, hut . ( E.) O. Heb. shekanlih , dwelling . - R eb. shakan ,
Kentish shed (written ssed ) , shade; a to dwell.
dialectal form; Ayenbite of Inwyt. See Sheldrake. (E.) For she!d-drake, i.e.
Shade. variegated or spotted d rake. Cf. Orkney
Sheen, fairness, splendour. ( E.) M . E. sluld -fowl, a sheldrake (Cent. Dict.).
schene, adj ., fair. A. S. seine , seiene, scjne, 'She/d, fleck ed, party-coloured; ' Coles
fair, • showy; , allied to sciawian, to show, ( 1684) . M. E. sheld is a sh ield; and the
see. + O. Sax. scum', adj.; Du. schoon, allusion is to the patch round the breast.
adj.; G. Se/IOn, adj.; cf. Goth . ibna-skau1lS , C f. A. S . sci/d, a shield, used also of part
of like appearance. T eut. t ype *skau- of a bird's pl umage (G rein )_ So also Ice!.
niz, ' showy;' see Show. ~ Not allied skjdld,mgr, a sheldrake, skjdlduttr, dappled,
to shine. from skjdldr, a shield. See Shield.
Sheep. (E.) A. S. seenp, sClp; pI. un- Shelf. (E.) M. E . sehelfe, shelfe. A. S.
changed. + O. Sax. skap; Du. schaap; scilfe, story (of a building), shelf. Orig.
G . schaf. Teut. type *skapolll, neut. a thin p iece, flake; allied to shell and
Sheer ( I ), bright, pure, perpendicular. skill. + Low G. sci/elf, a board , shelf; cf.
(Scand.) A sheer descent is a clear (un - sehelfern, to flake off; also E. F ries.
broken) one. M. E. shere, bright. -Icel. schalfer, schilfer, a chip, splinter; Du.
skaff, Dan. sitar, sheer, bright; Teut. type sehilfer, a scale. Extended forms, from
*skairiz . Cf. Icel. skirr, A. S. sefr, bright; the root of Skill and Sca.le.
G. schier, Goth. skeirs (Teut. t ype *skeiroz); Shell. ( E .) M. E. shelle, sb. A. S.
from the base (·skei- ) of the verb 10 s/zi"e; +
see/I, scyll. Du. sehel ; Icel. ske!; Goth .
see Shine (Noreen) . ~ The sh (for sk ) ska/ja , a tile. T eu t. type *.rkaljii , fern .
is due to A. S. srir. D er. S heer- Thurs- The sense is ' thin flake'; cC. Sweet. skala,
day, the day before Good Frirlny; cf. Icel. to peel. See Sca.le. Skill. Der. shell,
skira, to cleanse, baptize. verb.
Sheer ( 1), to deviate from one's course. Shelter. (E.) A curious development
(DlI. ) DlI. seherm, to shear, cut, with- of M. E . .rheld/none, n body of guards or
480
 SHELVE SHINGLES
troops, a squadron; freouently spelt sitd- wheel of a pulley, Du . schiff. G. sc/uibe,
Iron , shtl/nm; It came to mean a guard a slice, disc. See Shiver ( l ).
or protection of a ny kiud (P. Plowm., Shillelagh, an oaken stick used ali a
Halliwell). - A. S. scildlruma , lit. 'shield· cudge!. (Irish. ) Named from Shilldagh,
troop,' 0. guard. - A. S. scild, shiehl; a barony in Wick low famou s for oaks. It
Iruma, a band of men, allied to Irum , means' descendants of Elach '; from Irish
firm . See Shield and Trim. siol, seed , descendants.
Shelve, to slope down . (E. ) A deri· Shilling. ( E.) A. S. scillittg. + Du.
vo.ti ve of shelf, but the connexion is not schellillg; Ice!. skillingr; Dan. Swed.
clear. A sheif came to mean a slab of skilling; Goth. skilliggs (for *skillil1gs) ;
stratified rocks, also a sand-bank; and G. schilling. /3. The suffix -illg is a
the sense of ' slope' prob. refers to the diminutive which occurs also in E./arlh-
sloping edges of the latter. Torriano ing, and in A. S. pe/t-ing, a penny. The
translates M. Ital. slralare by 'to shelve base is either *skef-, to resound , ring; or
or go aside, aslope, awry'; a sense per- *skil-, to divide; see Skill. Reason for
haps suggested by M. Du. scheel, awry, the name uncertain; but of. Swed. skil-
G. schel, scheel. jemynl, Dan. skillelllynl, small change,
Shepherd. (E.) A. S. sciaphyrde, a small money.
keeper of sheep ; see Herd (2). Der. Shillyshally. (E.) F ormerly shill
sll(pherd-ess. I, shall I; a reduplicated form of shall I .
Sherbet, a drink. (Arab.) Arab. Shimmer, to glimm er. (E.) A. S.
sllarbat, a drink. draught, sherbet, syrup. scimrimt, frequent. form of scimatt, scimian,
- Arab. root shariba, he drank. Der. to shine, allied to sdna", to shine; see
shrub (l ) , syrup. Shine.+Du. sc!wlterm; Swed. skimra;
Sherd; see Shard. G. schimme17t. Cf. O. H. G. selmo, a
Shere-Thursda.y; see Sheer (I). bright light, Ice!. skimi, a gleam, Irish
SherUf. (E. ) F or shire-I-eeve. A. S. sgeimll, sg£amll, beauty.
sdr-geri/a, a shire-reeve; see Shire and Shin. (E.) A. S. sciltu; also srin-
Reeve. Der. sheriff-al-ty, usually spelt ban, shin-bone. + Du. schten; G. schime,
shrievalty. also a splint ; Swed. sken-belt, Dan. skilme-
Sherry. (Span. - L.) Formerly sher- bem, shin-bone. Orig. sense perhaps
ris ; sh being an old pron. of Span. x. 'thinly covered bone,' and allied to Skin
- Span. Xens, a town in Spain, near (Franck; doubtful) . Cf. A. S. scia, shin.
Cadiz. - L. Cruaris, gen. case of C~sar, Shine. (E.) A. S. sci/tan, pt. t. saln,
proper name (Dozy). pp. seinen. + Du. schijnm, Ice!. skilta ;
Shew; see Show. Dan. skinne ; Swed. skina; Go th. skeinan;
Shibboleth, a test-word of pronun- G . scheinen. (Base SKEI.) Cf. Sheer (I ),
ciation. (Heb.) Heb. shibbOlelh, an ear Shimmer.
of corn, also a river; see Judges xii. 6. Shingle ( I ), a wooden tile. (L.) M.E.
Shide, a thin piece of board. (E.) A. S. shiltgle, corruption of shindle (Minsheu),
seid, a billet of wood ; from the base as shewn by the corresponding G. schindel,
(.skcit/) of the verb 10 shed. +Ice!. skitJ, a shingle, splint, thin piece of wow. -
G. schtit, a billet; O. Irish sclalh, a shield. L. scindula, a shingle, as if frolD L. sein-
See Shed, Sheath. dere, to cleave; but really for srandu/a,
Shield. (E.) A. S. scild, sceM.+Du. a shingle.
schild, Ice!. skjOldr, Dan. skiO/d, Swed. Shingle (2), coarse round gravel on the
skold, Goth. ski/d,u, G. schild. Teut. sea-shore. (Scand.) Corruption of Norweg.
type *skelduz, m. P erhaps ' thin board'; singl or singling, coarse gravel, shingle,
cf. Lith. ske/-li, to split. named from the crunching or ringing noise
Shieling j see Shea.l. made by walking on it. - N orweg. singla,
Shift. (E.) M. E . schiften, to divide, to ring, tinkle, Swed. dial. siltgla (the
change, shift, remove; orig. 'to divide.' same) ; frequent. form ofSwed. dial singa,
A. S. scijian, to divide. + Ice!. skipta the same word as E. sing; see Sing . Cf.
(for skifta), to divide, parI, sh ift, change; Low!. Sc. chingle, shingle, allied to chink.
Swed. skifta, Dan. skifte, the same. Allied Shingles. (F. - L.) A variant of
to Icel. ski/a, to cut into slices, ski/a, a smg/es, pI. of the old word sengle. a girth;
,lice, provo E. shive, a slice, slleave, a the disease encircli n~ the body like a belt.
~81 k
 SHIP SHORE
_ 0 . North. F. ,hengle, 0. F. angle, Orig. an adj. , meaning' shallow,' formerly
sa,tgle, ' a girth , a sengle;' Cot. - L. shole; M.E. sltold or shaM; see Shallow.
cingula, a belt. - L. cingen, to surround; A. S. steald, shallow; found in place-
see Cinoture. names. Cf. Pomeran. schol" shallow
+
Ship. (E.) A. S. scip. Du. schip, water; and note E. old, provo E. ole, from
Ice\. slip, Dan. skib, Swed. skepp, Goth. 0 . Mere. aId, A. S. eald.
skip, G. schiff. Teut. type ·skipom, neut. Shoar, a prop; see Shore ( 2).
Hence skiff, skipper, equip. Shock ( 1) , a violent jolt. (E.) M. E.
Shire. ( E.) A.S. scir, a shire, province; schokkm , to shock, jolt. E . Fries. schok-
orig. ' employment, government.' Cf. A. S. ktn. + Du. schok, sb., schokkm , vb.; Low
scirian, to appoint, allot; 0. H . G. scira, G. schokkm, sch ukkm, vb.; 0 . H . G.
business. ~ Not allied to Shear. scoc, sb. (whence F. clIOC, sb., choquer, vh. \.
Shirk. (F.- L .?) The ver b to sltirk Cf. G. schaukel, a swing. See Shog.
seems to be a variant of sherk or shark, to Shock ( 2) , a pile of sheaves of corn.
prowl abont; hence, to act in a paltry (K) M. E. schokke.+M. Du. schockc, a
way, to keep out of danger. See Sha.rk. shock, cock, heap; so called from be ing
Shirt. (E. ) M. E. shirtc, sburte. A.S. tossed together; from M . Du. schockm, to
scyrte. - A. S. scort, short; see Short.+ jolt, shock, cock, heap up; see Shook ( 1)
Ice!. skyrta , a shirt, kind of kirtle; Swect. above. Cf. Swed. skock, a heap, tJock ;
skjorta, Dan . skiorte. So ' called because Dan. dial. skok, N. F ries. skock, a heap of
short. Doublet, skirt . six sheaves.
Shitta.h - tree, Shittim - wood. Shock ( 3), a rough-coated dog. ( E.)
(Heb.) Shittim is a pI. form. - Heb. Shock-I,catled is rough·headed, wi th shaggy
sltittiih, pI. sltillim, a kind of acacia (the t hair. Perhaps from Shock ( 2), a heap.
is teth). Of Egypt. origin (Gesenius). Shoddy, a material obtained from tcar-
Shive, Shea.ve; see Shiver (2). ing into fibres old woollen goods. ( E.)
Shiver ( I ), to tremble. (E.) For- Etym. uncertain; but cf. D evon shod, shed,
merly shever, in Baret ( 1580); M. E . spilt, M. E. schodm, schedm, to separate ;
, hillerelt, cI,ellcren (cldverelt, c"everen ), see Shed.
where , h stands fo r earlier c(k ), as if from Shoe. (E.) M. E. schoo A. S. seeo, scoh;
an A. S. ·cifer, which I suppose to be a pI. sceos, scos. + Du. schom; I ce1. skor ;
variant of cwifer. See Quiver ( I). ~ The Swed. and Dan. sko; Goth . sM I,s; G .
spelling with sl, was due to confusion with schul, . Teut. type *skiihoz, masc.
the word below. Shog, to jog on. (E.) M . E. schoggm,
Shiver (2), a splinter, small piece of to jog; variant of sc/,okkm, to jolt. See
wood . (E.) A shiver is a small piece; Shock ( I ) ; and cr. Jog.
hence to sltiver, to break in pieces. Again, Shoot. (E.) A. S. sceota1z, later form
shiver is the dimin. of shive, a thin slice, of sceota", str. vb. [with eo for eo as in
the same as provo E. sheave, a thin disc of choose1 ; pt. t. sceat, pp. scotw, of which
wood , wheel of a pulley. E. Fries. s, hife, only the pp. shoftm is preserved , in the
sehive, sehif' , N. Fries. skiv, skeev. + D u. phrase shotlen he1'ri1lg = a herring th at has
schi; l; I cel. ski/a, Dan. skive, Swed. lost its roe).+ Du. sdu.'etm; Ice!. s~iota;
skt/va; G. sclLeibe, a slice. Teut. base D an. skyde; Sw. skjuta ; G . sc/,iesst1l.
*skeib, Idg. root *skeip; whence Gk. Teut. type *skeutall-, pt. t. · skatlf, pp.
lTI<olrror, a potter's disc ( Hesychius) . See ·skuta1loz. Brugm. i. § 623.
Shift. Shop. (E.) A. S. sceoppa, a stall, booth.
Shoal (1), a multitude of fish es, a troop, Allied to scypen, a pen for cattle. + Low
crowd. (E.) Spelt shole in Spenser ; M. E . G. schupp, a shed; G. schoppm, a shed,
sco/e, a troop, throng, crowd. A. S. scolu, covert lwhence 0 . F. eSihoppe, a shop) .
a troop. +O. Sax. skola, a troop, band ; Shore ( 1) , strand of a lake or sea. (E. )
Du. scllool, a shoal. Teut. type *slm/ii, M. E. schore. A. S. score (Somner) ; cf.
fern.; from ·skul-, weak grade of ·ske/., to A . S. scorm eli/. a shorn cliff, precipice.
separate, set apart. See Skill. ~ The C f. A. S. scor-, weak grade of scera,t, to
sailor's phrase 'a school of fish' exhibits shear. See Shear.
the Du. form of the same word; it also Shore ( 2), Shoar, a prop. (E.) M. E .
nppears as scu ll, Troil. V. 5. 22 . schon. Not in A. S. E. Fries. schor,
Shoal ( 2 ~ . a !ihallow, a sandbank. (E. ), schon (also schar, schare) , a prop. Cf.
...S,
 SHORE SHRINK
A. S. sceoriall , to project, jut ·OUt. + Du. ' skllr; Goth. skiirn, a storm; G. schaut.. ,
sehoor. n prop; M.Du.sehoorm, to under- O.I-/. G. sci;r. Brugm. i. § 627 .
prop; Norweg. skora, prop. Cf. also Shred. (E. ) M. E. shrlde, sb. A. S.
Ice!. skor(Ja, a prop, stay, esp. \mder a serlade. + M.Du . schroode, a shred (Kilian) ;
boat ; skortJa , vb., to und er-prop, shore up. Pomeran. sen rood. F rom Teut. ·skraud,
Shore (3) , a sewer; see Sewer. lnd grade of · skreud-; for which see
Short. (E. ) A. S. seeor/, short. Cf. Shroud.
Du. schorttll, to lack (fall short) , Icel. Shrew, a scold. (E. ) M. E. shrewe,
skorlr, short ness, O. H. G. seurz, short. adj., applied to both sexes, wicked, bad.
T he Teut. base would appear to be *skert-, A. S. screa1va, a shrew-mouse, fabled to
to cut; as if extended from ·sker-, to cut; have a very venomous bite. Der. shr.:'UI,
see Shear. Cf. also Ice! . skartJr, dimin- to curse, talk like a shrew; be-shrew.
ished, cut down. ~ But as the G. kurz shrewd, malicious, cunning. (E.) The
is irom L. curlus, short, it is usual to old sense is 'malicious.' M. E. sehrewed,
explain all these words as borrowed from accursed, depraved, hence malicious ; pp.
a L. type ·of-curlus; which is improbable. of schre1ven, tv curse, from the adj. se/lrewe,
Shot. (E. ) M. E. sehot. A. S. scot, a malicious, bad (above).
shot, .f e-seeo/, implements for shooting; cf. shrew-mouse, an animal like a
A. S. seot-, weak grade of seeotan, to shoot. mouse. lE.) A. S. screawa ; see Shrew
+Icel. skot, Du. Se/lOt, a shot, shooting; (above).
G. schuss, a shot. See Shoot. Shriek. (E. ) A nati ve form of
Shoulder. (E.) A. S. swlder ,smidor. screech; from M. E. schriken, to shriek.
+Du. sehouder, Swed. skuldra, Dan. skul- See Screech. Imitative; see Shrike.
der, G. schuller . Perhaps allied to O. H . Shrievalty; see Sheriff.
G. skerti, the shoulder ; cf. also O. H. G. Shrift, confession. (L.) A. S. senft,
harti, the shoulder· blade. confession, prescribed penance. Cf. A. S.
Shout. (E. ) M. E. sholtlm; Chaucer, scrif-, weak grade of serif-alt, to shrive, to
Troil. ii. 614. Cf. Ice!. skii/a, skiiti, a impose a penance; ult. of L. origin; see
taunt ; see Scout (2 ). Shrive_+lcel. skripl, Swed. skrifl, Dan.
Shove. (E.) M. E. shouven. A. S. skrifte; Du. and G. Sl"hrift, writing. See
Scii/all, pt . t. scea/. pp. seofen, to shove. + Shrive.
Icel. skU/a; Du. schuiveJl, G. sehiebm Shrike, the butcher-bird . (E. ) Cf.
(pt. t. sehob) ; Goth. skittban. Teut. type Westphalian sehrik, a shrike; Ice!. skrrkja,
·skmbalt- or ·skiiban-, pt. t. · skaub, pp. a shrike, lit. 'shrieker,' from Icel. skrikja ,
·skttballoz. CI. Lith. skubits, quick, hasty, to titter, orig. to slariek, and allied to Ice!.
industrious; SkI. ksuM, to become agitated, skrakja, to screech. See Shriek and
kshobha-, agitation. Brugm. i. § 992. Screech.
shovel. (E.) A. S. seojl, a shovel, for S~. (E .) M. E. skn'!; cf. Lowl.
lifting and shoving; cf. A. S. seo/- , weaker Scotch skid, a shrill cry, skid, to cry
grarle of seiifan (above) .+Du. sckoffe/; G. aloud. Cf. E . Fries. sehrd, L ow G. sehrell,
sehatifel, O. H. G. skiivala; a form which G. schrill, shrill; A. S. serallelan , to cry
makes a connexion with shove doubtful. a loud; Norweg. skryla , skrala, to cry
Der. skove!-er, a kind of duck. shrilly. From Teut. root ' skrel (2nd grade
Show, Shew. (E.) M. E. sekewm, vb. · skral ), to cry aloud.
A. S. sceawian, to see, behold; later, to Shrimp. (E.) M. E. shrimp; cf. Lowl.
make to see, point out, show.+Du. sckoft- Scotch scrimp, to straiten, sen'lIlpit, dwarf-
wm, Dan. skue, G. sehauen, to behold. ish. A parallel (orm to s/:rink; cf. A. S.
Cf. Goth. us-skaws, cautious, wakeful. serimlllan , to shrink; Dan. dial. skrimpe,
Teut. base *skaw, Idg. root .skat~; cf. Gk. a lean cow. See the traces of O. Swed.
9vo-uI(60r, an inspector of an offering; also skrimpa, strong verb, to contract, in mod.
L. cau~re, to heed, eau-Ius, watchful; Swed. dialects ( Rietz) ; and cf. M. H . G.
Gk. 1(0(0), I observe; Skt. kav-i-, wise. sehrimpfen, to shrink, G. schrumpfm,
From the same root we have cautious. Dan. skrttmpen, shrivelled; Du. sehromje,
Brugm. i. H 163, 639. Der. sheen, a wrinkle. See Shrink.
scavenger. Shrine. (L.) A. S. serfll, a box. - L.
Shower. (E.) M. Eo sehOt~r. A. S. serinittm, chest, box.
mir. + Du. sehoer; Jcel. Sk,il'; Swed. ShriDk. (E.) A. S. se1";nean , pt. t.
-4 8 3
 SHRIVE SICCA
scraJU, pp. scY/ma ll . to contract, shrivel . sc!niltel" , to shake, frequent. of O. H. G.
up.+M. Du. scl,ri1tkm, to shrink, grow ' skuttall.
smaller; Swe<i . skrynka, a wrinkle. Allied I Shu1lle. (E.) Frequentative of sllove.
to Shrimp, Shrug. E . Fries. sc1mffeln, tn shuffie along, from
Shrive; see Shrove-tide. sc1tttfm , to shove, push. C f. scuJlle, whi ch
Shrivel. (E. ) In Shako An E. word . is the frequentative ofSwed. sku.i!a, to push,
+ Swed. dial. skryvla, to shrivel up , to shove. See Scuffle.
wrinkle; skryvla, a wrinkle. Perhaps Shun. (E.) M. E. shlmim, shonim.
allied to Swed. skroJlig, rough, and to G. A. S. scultian. to shun, avoid; orig. sense
schroff, ru~ged . (perhaps) to hurry away, hasten. Cf. I cel.
Shroud. ( E.) A. S. scru.i, garment, sklmtia, skYltda, Swed. skynda sig , Dan.
c1 othing. + I cel. skru(J, orn ament, shrouds SkylUle , to hasten, hurry, speed. Der.
of a shi p; Dan. and Swed. skrud, dress, sco1mdrel, scltooller.
attire. Orig. a ' shred' of stuff, a piece cut Shunt. (E.) Provo E. SIIUltt , to tum
or torn off ; cf. A. S. scri ade ( = mod. E. aside; M. E. shuntm, to start aside, avoid.
shred). The Teut. base is *skreud, to cut; Perhaps allied to Shun (ahove ).
the 2nd grade *skraud appears ill Shred, Shut. ( E.) M. E. shuttm, shitten.
q. V . C f. L. scriita, broken bits? Der. A. S. scyttan, to shut; to fasten a door
scroll. with a bolt (called a shuttle). W e st ill
Shrove-tide, Shrove-Tuesday. say 'to shoot a bolt.' The A.S. scyttan
(L. alld E. ) The time for shrift or con- is a weak verb; cf. scut-, weak grade of
fess ion. The sb. shrove is formed from sciotan, to shoot.+Du. schllttm , G. schut-
shrove, 2nrl grade of shrive ( M. E. schrittm, zett (from the same grade). See Shoot.
pt . t. schroof ). - A . S. scri/an, to shrive, shuttle. (E.) So called from be ing
impose a pen ance, pt. t. scraf, pp. scrif-m shot ncross the threads in weaving. M. Eo
(whence scrif-t, shrift).+O Fries. skriva s('hitel, also a bolt of a door; A. S. scyttel,
(pt. t. skrif) ; O. Sax. skritJatt, to write; a bolt. Formed,withsuffix-eloftheagent,
Du. schrijvm (pt. t. schreif ) ; Dan. skrive from Teut. *skut = A. S. scut-, weak grade
(pt. t . skrev) ; Swed. skrifva (pt. t. skref ) ; of sciotalt, to shoot. +Dall. skytte, skyttel,
G. schreiben (pt. t. schrieb). Teut. type a shuttle ; cf. Du. schiet-spoel, a shuttle,
*skreibalt-, pt. t. *skraib, pp. *skribaltOz. lit.' shoot-Ipool.' Der. Sh1tttie-cock ; from
Conjugated as a genuine Teut. verb. but its being shot backwards and forwards
probahly an early borrowing from Lat. like a shuttle, and because furnished with
scribere, to write. See Soribe. feathers. ~ Not for shuttle-cork.
Shrub ( I ),alowclwarf tree. (E.) M. E. Shuttle-cock; see above.
schrob. A. S. *scrob, a shrub; whence Shy. (E.) M. E. shey, scheouh, said of
scrybb, underwood. Cf. provo E. shrujf, a shy horse. - A. S. sceoh, timid; cf. E .
light rubbish wood, scrojf, refuse of wood; Fries. schOi.+Dan . sky, shy; Swed. sl.y g,£:"
Norw. skrubba, the dwarf cornel "; E. skittish, shy, coy; Du. scltuw, shy; G .
dial. scrub, underwood; Dan. dial. skrub, scheu. timid. shy, M. H . G. schied,. Teut.
brushwood. type *skeuhoz. See Eschew.
Shrub (l ), a drink, chiefly made with
rum. (Arab.) Ara.b. slzirb, shurb, a drink.
- Arab. root shariba, he drank. See Si-S.....
Sherbet. "
Shrwr. ( E.) M. E. shruggm, to shiver. Siamang, a large ape. ( Malay.)
The old sense was to shrink, shrink lip. Malay siama1tg.
Cf. Dan. skruKlJe, skrukke, to stoop; Swed. Sib, related. CE.) A. S. siM, akin to;
dial. skrukka, skruggn, to huddle oneself see Gossip. Cf. M. Sweu. sif, akin to.
together, allied. to skrinka, to shrink, Sibilant, hissing. (L.) L. sibilartl-,
Norw. skrukken, shrunken. See Shrink. stem of pres. part. of sibiltire, to hiss. - L.
Shudder. ( E. ) M. E. schoderen, slbilus, hissing. Imitative.
schutleren. Low G. schuddem; Dan. dial. Sibyl. ( L - Gk.) L. Sibylla. - Gk.
skttddre, to shudder. A frequentative ~lflv"Aa , a Sibyl or prophetess.
verb. Cf. E . Fries. schudden. to shake; Sicca, in phr. st'cca ntpee, newly coined
O. Sa x. sktddia1t, to shake; M. Du. rupee. ( Hind. - PeTS. - Arah.) Hind.
sdwddm, to shake, tremble. Also G . sikka, a die for co iuing. -Pers. siNNa (h ), the
~8f
 SICK SILLABUB
same. -Arab. sikka(k ), saU, the same. I A. S. s[(a1l, to sigh, pt. t. sac (in olt·slic),
Rich. Diet., pp. 839, 837. Cf. S equin . pp. sicm. Cf. Swed. sucka, Dan. mkke,
Sick. ( E.) M . E. sik, slk. A . S. sioc. to sigh, groan. Of imitative origin.
+Du. auk; Icel. sjiikr; Dan. syg; Swed. Sight. (E.) M. E. sigltt. A.S. ·siM,
''luk; G . sieck; Goth. Sillks, which is guiM, commonly ges;/,(J. Verbal sb. allied
,elated to Goth. siuka1l, to be ill (pt. t. to A. S. Siotl, to see. + Du. gezigt ; Dan.
sallk). Teut. type *sellkoz. sigte: Swed. sigt; G. sick!. See See.
Sicker, Siker, certain, secure. (L.) Sign. (F.-L. ) O.F.sig1lt. - L.sig1l1l1ll,
M. E. siker. Borrowed from Late 1.. a mark. Der. sipt, vb. ; s;p,.at·ure, from
s/curus, for L. SlCltYUS, secure; whence also the pp . of the L. verb s;g1llire, to sign.
O. Fries. siker, sikur, Du. uker, G . sicker, HI u~m. i. § 762 (3). Der. semle!.
O. H. G. sick"r, Swed. saker, Dan. sikker, sIgnal. (F . -L.) F. stgnal. - Late L.
W. sicr. See S ecure. signiJle, sb., neut. of L. signalis, belonging
Sickle. (L.) A. S. sicol. - L. sewla, to a sign. - L. sig1tufll, a sign.
a sickle, cutter. - L. sec-tire, to cut. See signet. (}o' . -L.) F. signet; dimin.
S ecant. Cf. Soythe, Saw ( 1). of F. signe; see Sign (above ).
Side. (K) M.E.side. A.S.side,side; signify. (F.-1.. ) F . ngn!fier, to be·
allied to A . S. si(l, long, wide. + Du. zljae; token. - L. sipl!ficare, to shew Ly signs. -
Ice\. si(Ja (allied to I ce\. si(Jr, long, hang- L . signi., for sip,um, a sign; jicare, for
iug down); Dan. side; Swed. sida; G. facet'e, to make.
seite. Signor. (Ital. - L.) Ital. signore, sir.
Sidereal, starry. (L. ) For sideral, - L. acc. smiOrem; see Seigni or.
from L. sidertilis, relating to the stars. - L. Silence. (F . - L.) F . si/ma. - L.
sider., for *sides·, stem of sidllS, a star. silett/ill"', silence. - L. silent·, stem of pres.
Cf. con-sider. pt. of silin, to be silent. Cf. Goth. atla·
Sidesmen. (E.) O fficers chosen to silatl, to be silent. D er. silmt, from L.
assist a churchwarden; also called side· silent·, stem of silms, pres. pt. of silire.
mm, i.e. men at one's side. Cf. L. assessor, Silex, flint. (L.) L. silex (stem silic. ),
one who sits beside another. flint. D er. silic·a. Brugm. i. § 980.
Siege. (F. - L. ) The orig. sense was Silhouette. (F.) This meagre form
'seat,' or ' a sitting down,' esp. in order to of portrait, made by tracing the outl ine of
besiege a town. - O . F. siege, a seat, throne; a shadow, was named (in derision) after
F. siege. Not immediately from L. sedes, E tienne de Silkouette, French minister of
but from a verb answering to a Lat. type finance in 1759.
*sediciire; cf. Late L. assediulIl, a siege , Silk. (Chinese?) A.S. seole, seolltc (cf.
for L. obsidill Ht, a siege; both words milk, A. S. meolc) ; I cel. silki ; Ch . Slav.
being due to L. seder-e, to sit ; see Se· sktlku(Russ.s/ltlk' ). Perhaps from Chinese
dentary. Der. be·siege, with E. prefix. se, sei, silk; cf. L. SiriwlIl, silk, nent.
Sienna, a pigment. (Ital.) Made from of Siricus, adj., belonging to the Sires;
earth of Siemta, a place in Tuscany. from Gk. :If/PH, pl., Chinese. See Serge.
Sierra, a chain of hills. (Span. -L.) Sill, base of a door. (E.) A.S. syll,
Span . sierra, a saw, an outline of hills. - a base, support.+lcel. syll, roi", a sill ;
L. serra, a saw. Swed. syll, Swed. dial. roill; Dan . syld;
Siesta, Olig. a noon.day nap. (Span. G. sc/t1tJelle, sill, threshold. Cf. Goth. ga-
- L. ) Span. siesta, the hottest part of the suljan, to lay a foundation. The Teut.
day, the time for a nap, gen. from one to base appears to be *swd, to fmmd, to form
three o'clock. But orig. the si~t h hour, or as a base ; 2nd grade *swal. whence G.
noon. - L. sex!a (kora ), sixth hour, noon; schwelle ; the weak grade 'swul, *stll gives
fern. of sextw, sixth. - L. sex, six. Goth. go-silljan and A. S. syll, f. (Tent.
Sieve. (c.) M. E. sive. A. S. sift; type *ml·j a) . Der. gromld.sill, spelt
oldest spelling sibi (8th cent.).+ Du. zee/; grllnsel in Milton, P. L. i. 460.
G. sieb. Teut. types *sil>iz, *siboz, neut.; Sillabub, a mixture of wine with milk,
cf. Lith. niote, to sift. &c. (E. ) Formerly sillibouk, or merri-
sift. (E.) A . S. siftatl, to sift ; allied bOllk. 'Laic! aigre, a sillihub or merri·
to A. S. nfe, a sieve. + Du. ziften, to sift, bowke;' Cot. Apparently from E. silly
oifl, a si eve; ~eef, a sieve. ( me rry) and M. E. bOllk, A . S. b,(r, the
Sigh, vb . ( E. ) M. E. sigken, also sykm. belly. A jocose name.
485
 SILLY SIN
Sill;y. (E.) Orig.' timely;' then happy, - Heb. Slzim'oll, Simeon: lit. 'hearkening.'
lucky. blessed, innocent: lastly, simple, - Heb. root shama', to hear.
foolish. M. E. seli, sili: thus syly maft in Simoom. (Arab.) Arab. samllm , a
Seven Sages, ed. Wright, 1361 = seli malt suItry pestilential wind ; from its poisonous
in Seven Sages, ed. Weber, 1473. A. S. nature. - Arab. root sam111a, he poisoned
s~lig, gw1lig, timely; from s,zl, time, (Devic).
season, happiness.+Du. :talig-, G. selig, Simper, to smirk. (Scand .) From
blest. happy; cf. also Ice!. sall,Swed. sii/I, Scand.; cf. Norw. Slmper, fine, smart;
Goth. slls, good. Dan. dial. semper, simper, affected , cov,
SUO, a pit for storing grain or fodder. prudish; M. Swed. semper, one who
(Span.-L.-Gk.) Span. silo.-L. sirum, affectedly refrains from eating: cf. Bavar.
ace. of sirus. - Gk. uipar. Der. en·sil- zimpern, to be affectedly coy (from Low
age. G.). Formed from M. Swed. sipp, simp,
SUt. (Scand.) 1. Either formed, with an affected woman, Swed. siPP, adj.,
participial suffix -I, from sile (M. E. s(/m), finical, prim. All from the notion of sip.
to drain. - Swed. sila, to drain, strain, pitzg, or taking only a little at a time;
filter: sil, a filter. 2. Or from M. Swed. hence, prudish, affected, coy, &c. Cf. Low
sylla, mud; allied to A. S. syl-u, a miry G. siPP, prim, dm Mum! sipp Irekkm, to
place. See Sully. make a smalI mouth; and M. Du. sippelt,
SUvan, Sylvan. (L.) The spelling to sip. See note to Sip.
withy is bad.-L siltuf1lus, belongin~ to Simple. (F.-L.) I' . simple.-L. sim-
a wood. - L . silua, a wood. Cf. Gk. I1A'I, pljam, acc. of simplex, lit. 'one-fold.'-
a wood (connexion with silua doubtful; L. sim- (appearing also in sin-guli, one by
Bcugm. i. § 102). one, scm-d, once, sim-ul, together); and
SUver. (E.) O. Merc. sylfur (Matt. plic-, from pliciire, to fold; see Simulate
x. 9); A.S. seolfor; earlier siolifr.+Du. and Ply. Der. simplicity, F. simpliciU,
silver; Icel. silfr; Dan. solv: Swed. silfoer; from L. acc. simplicitiitem; simplify, to
G. silber; Goth. si/ubl'; Russ. serebro; make simple.
Lith. siddbl·as. simpleton. (F.-L.) I.e .simple-t-oll,
Similar. (F.-L.) F.similaire; as if with double suffix; fonned with F. suffix
from L. *similiiris, extended from simi/is, -01t from Picard and M. F. simplet, a simple
like. Cf. O. Ir. samail, Jr. sall/hail, W. person, fern. simplelte, ' a simple wench;'
kalal, like. Allied to simI/I, together, and Cot. - F. ' simple, simple; with suffixed
to E. Same. Brugm. i. H 438, 442. -I. (So also mtlsk-et-oOlt.) Cf. Span.
simile. (L. ) L. simile, a comparison, sim/lolt, a simpleton.
a like thing; neut. of similis, like. Sunulate. (L.) From pp. of L. simte·
similitude. (F. -L.) F. simililttde. liire, also simi/are, to make like. - L.
- L. acc. similiUidimm. likeness. - L. similis, like; simul, together, lit. ' at once.'
similis, like. From Idg. *sem-, one; cf. Goth. sim-!l,
Simious, monkey-like. (L ) From L.. once; Gk. Ell, neut., one, "ua, f. (for
sil1tia, an ape. - L. Sl11lUS (Gk. ulpas), flat- *up-Ia) ; Skt . sa·krt, once; Gk. ii-"a[,
nosed. once; Brugm . ii. § 165.
Simmer. (E.) A frequentative form, simultaneous. (L.) Late L. sillml-
from the base sim, to express the sound of tiil/eus; coined from L. simult-im, at the
gentle boiling. Cf. Dan. sumllle, G. sum- same time. - L. simul, together.
111m, Swed . dial. SUIIl1/ta, to hum, buzz. Sin. (E.) A. S. symt (simI, smn).+Du.
Simnel, a kind of rich cake. (F. -L. ) zOlwe; Ice!. syl1d, sylttY; Dan. Swed. sYl1d ;
(). F. si11tC1lel; Late L. si11l11lellus, simil1- G. stint/e, O. H. G. stll1lea. Thus the A. S.
tllus, bread of fine flour; also called sim- sy1l1t represents a Teut. type *sundja , fern.,
ella in Late L.-L. simila, wheat-flour of or rather an Idg. type *smtjii ; where *smt
the finest quality; whence si11linellus, for is the weak grade of smt : SOltt. Allied
*similelltls. Allied to Gk. Uf"uOO)\IS, fine to L. som (stem SOIlI- ) , guilty, si nful, orig.
flour. Cf. Semolina. ' real.' [' Language regards the guilty man
Simon;y, traffic in ecclesiastical prefer- as the man who it was; ' Cllrtills.] Cf.
ment. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F. simOltie ; Ion. Gk. ' -O~T-, stem of (.:w (for *'u-OJII),
Late L. sililiinia. Named from Simo" being, pres. pt. of fi,..l, I am. See Sooth.
Magus Acts viii. IS). -Gk. IipQJII, Simon. Der. sin, vb.
4f!6
 SINCE SIRRAH
Since. (E.) 'Written for sim, which is intrans., pt. t. satJC, pp. Stll/CW .+ Du.
~hort for M. E. sithens, since. This is zinken; Icel. sokkva (for siltkva ", ; Dan.
formed, with adverbial suffix -s, from M. E. sYllkc; Swed. ~jtl11ka; G. sillkm ; Gotb.
sithm, since, a modification of A. S. sitJ~all, sigkwalt (for · singl,:wa1I). 13. F or the trans.
for si~ tJatl, after that. 13. The A. S. siiJ form, cf. A. S. smca", to cause to sink, G.
was orig'. an adj., meaning ' late,' but here senkelt. Der. sink, orig. a place into which
repre euts th e compar. adv., later, after; filth sa11k or was collected; Cor. i. I. 126.
cf. Goth. uitizlls, late, seithu, adv., late, Bntgm. i. §§ 421 (3), 679.
-seiths, adv., later. The A. S. tJatzis the Sinople, green. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.sillo-
inst rumental of the definite article or de- p Ie, ' green;' Cot. - Late L. si1JoPis,
monst. pronoun. The G. scitdem, since, green ish, also reddish; L. siMpis, red
is similarly formed. See Sievers, §§ 323, ochre. - Gk . •1Ivonrls, UIVOJ1WCfr, a red earth
3:17. found in Cappadoeia, and imported-from
Sincere. (F. -L ) O. F. si1lcere. -L. Sitlope, on the Black Sea.
sillcenls, pure, sincere. Der. sincerity, Sinus, a bend, fold, &c. (L.) L. si1Jus,
from M. F. si,uen"t(, from L. ace. sinceri- a bosom, bend, bay, fold. Now only used
tiitem. in anatomy, and , in the form sine, in
Sinciput. (L.) The fore part of the mathematics. Der. sin1lous, L. sinllosus,
head; lit. ' half head.' - L. sinciput, half full of curves.
the head. -L. semi-, half; and caput; see Sip vb. (E.) M.E. sippen. It answers
Semi- and Capital. Brugm. i. § 121. S.
to A.. sypia1I, to absorb moisture, a causal
Sinder, the true spelling of Cinder, form allied to A. S. siipan, to sup. See
q. V. Sup. ~ In the E. Fries. sippe", to sip,
Sine. (L.) :From L. si1l1ls, a bosom, M. Du. sippm, to sip, Norw. sip/a, to sip,
a fold, a curve; peculiarly used. See the i suggests a connexion with Low G.
Sinus. sipen, to drip; but cf. E. Fries. siipken ,
Sinecure. (L.) F or sine curti, without I to sip, Swed. dial. syppa, to drink. Der.
cure of souls; hence, an office without sip, sb.
work. I Siphon. (F.-L. -Gk.) F .sipizon.-L.
Sinew. (E.) M. E. si1lewe. A. S. simI siplziinem, ace. of sij>/zO, a siphon, bent pipe
(dat. si1lwe), seoml.+Du. Ztlltt7CJ; Dan. forurawing off liquids. - Gk. altpOJV, a small
sene ; Swed. sma; G. seizne; also Icel. si1l. pipe or reed.
Perhaps allied to Skt. Sltiiva(s), a tendon. Sippet, a little sop. (E.) Dimin. of sop,
Sing. (E. ) A. S. singa1l, orig. to sing, with vowel-change ( from Teut. tt to y>,) .
resound ; pt. t. Sa1tg, pp. slmgen. See See Sop.
Song; and see singe. + DIl. zi1lgm; Sir, Sire. (F.-L.) S ir is short for
lee!. sYl1gja ; Dan. sytlge; Swed. sjultga; sire. - F. sire, sir. - L. senior, older, elder;
Goth. siggwa1l (for ·si"gwan); G. singen. (the word seignior being from the acc.
singe, to scorch. (E.) For senge; smiort!lIl). Sire is a variant of O. F . senre
M. E. smgm. A. S. set/gan, to singe; lit. <L. senior (see Schwan).
, to make to sing,' from the hissing of a Sirclar, a commander. (Pers.) Pers.
burning log, &c. Causal of singall, to sardar, a chief. - Pers. sar, head (cf. Gk.
+
sing (above). Du. u llgen, G. smgm, l<1ipa) ; -dar, possessing, holding.
causal verbs, similarly formed. Siren. (L. - Gk.) L .sirbl. - Gk.UflP'7",
Sin~le. (L.) L. singulus, single, sepa- n nymph who enticed seamen to destruc-
rate, In Plautus and in late Latin; in tion by her magic song.
classical Latin, we have only singuli, pl., Sirloin, Surloin. (F . -L.) M.E.mr-
one by one. Allied to Simple , q. v. loy,,; XV cent. - O. F. surlonge (14th
Bru~m. i. § 441. ~ M.E. and O. F . sengk. cent.), the surloin. - F . mr, upon, above
sIngular. (F. -L.) M.E.singuler.- (from L. super) ; 100tgC, loin; see Loin.
F . si1tg7~/ier. - L. si1Jguli1ris, single. - L. ~ The story about turning the 10i1l into
singuli, pl., one by one (above). sir-loin by knighting it is mere trash.
Sinister. (L.) L. Si1tister, on the left Sirname, for Surna.me, q. v.
hand , inauspicious. Sirocco, a hot wind. (Ita!. - Arab.)
Sink. (E.) Properly intransitive [the Ital.sirocco, south-east wind. -Arab. sltarfj,
transitive form should rather end in -ch; cf. east (Devic). See Saracen.
drmc4 from drink]. - A. S. sincan, I Sirrah. (F.-L.) Sirra (Minsheu~ ;
-487
 SIR-REVERENCE SKERRY
.rerrha (Levins) . A contemptuous exten· Size ( 1) , nn allowance of food; al so
sion of sire, perhaps by addition of ah! or magnitude. (1'. -L. ) Short for assi:e;
Ila! (so Minsheu ).-O. F. sire, Provo sim, see Assize ( I).
sir. _ L. sl!nior ; see Sir. Size (2), weak glue. ( Ital.-L.) Ital.
Sir-reverence. (L.) Short for save- sisa , ' syse or glew;' Florio. Short for
"evere1tce , a translation of L. sa/ua reuer- a.rsisa, size. So called from making colours
mliii, i. e. reverence to you being preserved, lie flat. - M. ItaJ. assisare, 'to sute I suit ]
or, by your leave. - L. sa/ua, abl. fern. well;' Florio. - Ital. ass iso, pp. of aSj idere,
of sa/ults , safe; and reuere1ttia, abl. of to sit; also, to situate. - L. assidere, lit.
rl!/ll!re,ttia. to sit near. - L. as- (for ad), near; sedln,
Sirup; see Syrup. to sit. See Sit.
Siskin, a song-bird. (Low G . -Sla- Skain, Skene, Skean, Skein, :l
vonic.) Low G. zieskl!, ziseke, a siskin; dagger, knife. (Irish.) Irish and (iael.
Du. sijsje, where the dim in. suffix -je sgia'l, a knife; O. Irish scian; W. y sgim,
answers to an older suffix -ken, so that a cutting instrument. Cf. W. )lsgi, a
sijsje implies an older form *sijsken. Cf. cutting off; Gk. o"Xaflv, to slit.
Van. sisgen, a siskin; Swed. siska. Of Skate (I), a large flat fish. (Scand.)
Slavonic origin . - Polish czyiik, dimin. M. E. scatl!. -lcel. skala; Norw. skala.
form of czyz, a siskin; Sloven. chizhtk ; Cf. L. sqtuitttS, a skate (Pliny) ; also Irish
Russ. chil'. See Miklosich, p . 36. sgat, II. skate (from E.)
Sister. (E.) A. S. sweostor, S1IJt,ster; Skate (2 ), Scate, a frame with :l
!vI. K suster; affected by Ice! . .rystir.+Du. steel blade, for sliding on ice. (Du.- F. -
:;uster; Icel. systir, Swed. syster, Dan. Low G.) Properly skates; the s being-
soster, Goth.swistar; G.schwester. Further dropped because skates looked like a pI.
allied to L. soror (for *swesor) ; O. lr. sUlr, form. [Cf. scatcllts (another form of
W. cI,waer, Lith. sesu; Skt. svasar-. skateses, pl., but usually meaning' stilts '). ]
Brugm. ii. § 112. Der. {(msi,t, q. v. - Du. schaatsen, skates, a pI. form , from a
Sit. (E.) A. S. sit/a't, pt. t. sat, pp. sing. schaats, whence schaatsryd~r, a skate-
sete1t.+Du. zitten; lcel. sitja; Dan. sidde; rider, skater (Sewel) ; M. Du. skaetsm, pI.
Swed. silta ; G. sitzm. Teut. type *setjan·, -0. North. F.escache, Picard form ofO.F.
pt. t. *sat, pp. *setmtoz. Further allied to eschace, a stilt (12th cent.); whence I' .
Goth. sitan ; W. seddt,; L. sedere; Gk. !chasse. [So also M. Du. kaetsen, lit. ' to
((Opal, I sit; Skt. sad. See Sedentary. catch; ' from Picard caeller, for O. F.
\.vSED.) Der. set. chacer.] - Low G. scllake, a shank, leg.
Site. (F. -L.) F. site; M. F. sit. -L. Thus scatches or skales arc' shanks,' contI i·
situlIl, ace. of situs, a site, place. - L. situs, vances for lengthening the stride; cf. F.
pp. of sinere, to let, suffer, permit; the orig. (e/,asse, a stilt, as above.
sense seems to have been to place. Hence Skein, Skain, a knot (or quantity) of
Position, q. v. But see Brugm. i. § 920. thread or silk. (F . -C.?) M. K skeyne,
Sith, since. (E.) Short for M. E. sithen; a quantity of yarn. -M .F. escaiglle , 'a
see Since. skain;' Cot.; F. (rogne . Perhaps of Celtic
Situate. (L.) Late L. situntus, pp. of origin; cf. Gael. sgeinnidh, flax, thread
sitwire, to place. - L. situ-, for situs, a (unless this is from K ) . Der. (probably)
place. See Site. skainsmales, companions (Shak. ), as if as-
Six. (E.) A. S. six. + Icel. , Dan., and sociated in w inding yarn; but cf. Skain.
Swed. SI!X; G. seehs; Goth. sailzs; Russ. Skeleton. (Gk .) Gk. dKfl\eruv, a
shesle; W. chwec/l; Gael. and Irish se; dried body; neut. of dKfAfTO" dried. - Gk.
L. sex; Gk. it; Lith. szeszi ; Pers. shaslt; dKfl\AflV, to dry, parch.
Skt. shash. See Brugm. ii. § 170. Der. Skellum, a cheat. (Du.) See Nares.
six·th, M. E. sixte, A. S. six-ta; six -ty, Du. sckelm, a rogue, villain; the Du. sch
A. S. sixtig. See Sexagenarian. being rende red (as in /m,dscaje ) by sk =sc.
Sizar, a student admitted at lower fees, + G. schelm; O. H. G. sce/mo, a pestilence,
at Cambridge, than a pensioner. (F. - L.) carrion, worth less rogue.
Named f~om size, formerly a farthing's- Skeptic; see Sceptic.
worth of bread or drink ( Blount). Size is Skerry, a rock surrounded by sea.
short for assize, an allowance of provisions; (Scand.) From lcel. sker, a skerry; see
see Assize ( I). !:-iec below. Scar ( 2) .
488
 SKETCH SKITTISH
Sketch. (Du. -Ital.-L.- Gk.) Du. a thin film on milk; E. Fries. sd/limClt, to
schels, n d raught, sketch. -Ital. sclti:~, a skim.
first rough draught. - L. sc!ltdittlll, a th ing Skin. (Scand.) Icel. s!.-illIJ. ,Swed. skimz,
made hastily; from schedius, adj ., hastily Dan . sA'ind, skin. Cf. G. sehil/den , to skin ,
made. _ G k. "X'~LOS, sudden; allied to flay; also"' . em, skin , ) Isgm, dandriff.
UXE OUV, near; from the base UXE- , to hold. Sldnk, to serve out wine. (Scand.)
Allied to Scheme. M. E. sken!.-C/l; [also seltmken, from A. S.
Skew. (0. Low G.) M. E. skewm , scencalt , to pour out; orig. to draw off
verb, to tum aside.. - M. Du . sclmwclt, through a pipe; from A.S. SCalte, a shank,
scl/ouwelt , to avoid, ShUll; L ow G. shank-bone, holl ow bone (hencc, a pipe)].
Sc!III1iJCIt, schollell, to avoid.+ O. H. G. - l cel. sA'e1lk)a, Dan. skimke. + Du.
sc'iultell , G. s,ItC1Iell, to avoid; from scheu , seltel/ken, G. schel/~'ell, to skink. Teut.
adj., shy. Thus 10 skew is to tum aside, type · skallk)all-; from *SkOl1k-, a shank,
li ke a shying horse, and is derived from pipe of bone. See Nunchion _
the adj. appearing in E. shy. See Shy. I Skip. (Scnnd.) M. E. skippm; also
Der. askew, i. e. 011 the skew. skeppm (Cursor Mundi). C f. ~wed. dial.
Skewbald, piebald. (0. LolV G. and skopa, to skip, leap (as animals), to dance;
C.) Marked in a skew or irregular man - M. Swed. skllppa, skoppa, Rietz; Icel.
ller; see Bald. Cf. pie-bald. ~ We find , skoppa, to spin like a top. And cf. M. H . G.
however, M. E. skewed, pie·bald ; perhaps sOljlett, to gallop. (The E. i is for y,
from M. E. skewes (blotches ?), used as the mutation of te .) Cf. Dan . dial. skippe sig,
pI. of sky, a cloud. If so, there is no COll- to move aside.
nexion with Skew (above) . Slripper. (Du.) Du. schipper, a ma-
Skewer. (Doubtful.) Formerly sktter riner. -'Du. schip, a ship; cognate with E.
(A. D. 141 I ) . Etym. unknown. ~ Provo sMp; see Ship.
E. skiver, a skewer, is th e Scand. form Slrirmish. (F. -0. H. G .) Also spelt
answering to E. slth'el', a small piece; cf. sa·imlllage. M. E. scar1llishe, sb., from
Dan. dial. skivrt, small sticks for fuel. scar1llishClt, vb. - O. F. eskermiss-, a stem
See Shiver ( 2) . of eskermir, to fence, fight. [Cf. M. F. es-
Slrid. (Scand.) Orig. a thin slip of carmouche, 'a skirmish, bick ering ;' Cot.]
wood, to put under a wheel. - Norw. skidn, - O. H. G. si.-emzalz , to defend, fight , also
a thin plank j cf. Ice!. skUJ, a billet of scirmall. - O. H. G . scirm (G. schirm ),
wood; see Shide. a shield, screen, shelter, guard, defence.
Slti.1r. (I·'.-M. H. G.) M. F. esqulf,' a To skinllish is, properly. to fight behind
skiffe, little boat;' Cot. - M. H. G. skif, cover, hence to advance, under shelter, to
G . scltiff, a ship; see Ship. fight. 13. Note also O. F . eskermisor, es-
SkiU, discernment, tact. (Scand.) M.E. cremisseor, a fencer; escremissemcllt,
skil, often in the sense of ' reason.' - Ice!. fencing.
skil, a distinction; cf. skil)a, to part, sepa- SJrirr, Scur, to scour a country. (F.
rate, distinguish; Dan. skiel , Swe(1. skal, - L.) "ariants of Scour (2) . Ct. M. E.
reason; Dan. skille, Swcd. skil)a, to sepa- seurrOttr, a scout.
rate. Allied to Lith. skelti, to cleave; Swed. Skirret, the water-parsnip. (Scand.)
skala, to peel. From Teut. root ·skel; sce M. E. skirwil; old er form skil-Whit. A s if
Scale ( I). Der. skill, vb., as in phr. 'it 'sheer white,' from the colour of the root ;
skills not,' i. e. makes no difference; from from Ice!. skirr, sheer, bright; hv/tr, white.
Ice!. skil)a, often used impersonally, with Prob. a popular form, and pen-erted from
the sense 'it differs.' O. F. eschervis (M. F . clterVl) , a skirret.-
Slrillet, a small pot. ( F. - L.) For- Span. chirivia. - Arab. karaw/ii, kanu/~ ;
merly skellet. -0. F. eSCl/ellette, ' a little whence also Carraway.
dish;' Cot. Dimin. of O. F. mueJ/e, a Slrirt. (Scand. ) M. E. skyrl. - Ice!.
dish. -L. scule/ia, a dish; dimin. of scutra , skyrta, a shirt, kind of kirtle; see Shirt.
a trar. See Scuttle. A doublet of shirt, but restricted to tbe
Slrim, to take off scum. (Scand.) Dan. lower part of a garment.
sA.'u mme, Swed. skumma, to skim; from Slrittish. (Scand. ) From Low!. Scotch
skum, scum. The E. verb preserves an skit, to floun ce, caper about . This is a
old vowel-change from It to y , later i; cf. secondary verb, of Scand. origin, from tbe
jill from/,tll. And cf. Dan. dial. skimlllel, verb to shoot. - Swed. dia!' sklllta, skoffa,
489 It 3
 SKITTLES SLAP
to leap about; cr. ·sku!, weak grade of lap up. Of imitative origiu; cf. slo664r,
Swed. skjuta, to shoot. 2. Note Swed. slubber. See Slaver.
skytl, Ice!. skyti, a marksmnn; whence Slack. (E. ) M. E . slak. A. S. situ,
the verb to skit in the sense to aim at or sleae, slack, slow. + Ice\. slak,-; Swed. Dan.
reflect upon a person, and the sb. skit, slak; provo G. sehlak, slack, loose. Teut.
an oblique taunt. See Shoot. type ·slakoz. Orig. sense 'fluid' ; see
skittles, a game. (Scand. ) Formerly below. Allied to Lax ; Brugm. i. § 193·
skittle-pins; so called because shot at by slaa:, dross, scoria. (Swed .) Swed.
a skittle or projectile. _ Dan. skyttll, a slag, (fross of metal; so called from flow-
shuttle; Ice\. skulill, a projectile, harpoon , ing over when fused ; Norw. slagga, to
bolt of a door. Cf. Ice1. skut·, weak grade flow over. Cf. Ice!. slagna , to flow over,
of skjola, to shoot; see Shoot. slag, slagi, wet, damp, water penetrating
Skua, a gull, bird. (Scand.) Ice1. sku!r, walls. It is a variant of slack, as seen
shlmr, the skua, or brown gull. Prob. by G. schlacke,' dross, slacks, sediment,'
from the colour. Cf. Icel. sk/lm;, dusk; FHigel; schlackem, to trickle, schlack,
Swed. nnd Norweg. skum. dusky, dull (of slack, drossy, sloppy; Low G. slakke,
the weather), dusky (in colour); cf. Sky. slag.
Skulk; see SouTh. slake, to slacken, quench, wet. (E.)
Skull; see SouIL A. S. slacian, to grow slack; cf. provo E.
Skunk, a quadruped. (N. American sleek, to quench, A. S. sleccan, to grow
Indian.) Said to be from the Abenaki slack (hence, to make slack, slacken). -
uganku, a skunk ; this is a dialect of A. S.sleac, slack; see Slack. +Jcel. slokva
Al/ionquin (Lower Canada). (pp. slokinn), to slake; Swed. sliicka, to
Sky. (Scand.) M. E. skye, a cloud.- quench , allay, slnke, from slak, adj.
Icel. sky, a cloud ; Dan. Swed. sky, a cloud. Slade, a valley. (E.) M. E. slad(e'.
Allied to A. S. scio, O. Sax. SetO, a cloud; A. S. sla,{. + Westphal. slade, a ravine;
A. S. sCtla, shade; Skt. sku, to cover. Dan. di al. slade, a flat piece of land.
('V'SKEU.) Slag, Slake; see Slack.
Slab (I), a thin slip of timber or stone. SIam.. (Scand.) Norweg. slemha, slem-
(F. - Teut. ) M. E. slab, slabbe. Ap- ma, to smack, bang, slam a door; Swed.
parently a weakened form of provo E. slap, dial. sliimma, to push hastily; Icel. slamra,
a slab (Halliwell ). - 0. F. esclaft" • eclat; to slam. Cf. Swed. slammer, a noise.
de menues eselapes de bois, i. e. thin Allied to Slap. Of imitative origiu.
slabs of wood; Godefroy. Prob. of Teut. Sla.Ilder, scandal. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. E.
origin . (Wedgwood cites • Languedoc sclandre, sclatmdrt. -0. F . tsclandre, scan·
tsc/apa, to split wood , bos eselapa, split dal. The oldest O. F . form was ucand/t,
logs, esc/apo, a slab of wood or stone.') whenceescandre, and finally ese/andre, with
Cf. Ital. sehiappare, to split. Perhaps from inserted I. It is merely another form of
the prefix ts- (L. ex) , and Low G. klappen, Scandal, q. v.
to clap, make an explosive sound. ( Kor- Slang, vulgar lAnguage. (Scand.) Nor-
ting, § 5453.) weg. slmg, a slinging, a device, a burthen
Slab ( 2), slimy.. (E. ) The same as of a song, slengja , to sling, slengja kjeftm,
provo K slabby, sloppy, dirty ; from provo to slang, abuse (lit . • to sling the jaw'J,
E. slab, a puddle; cc. Norw. slabb, filth; slengjenanltZ , a slang-name, slengjeord, a
Irish slab, slaib, Gael. slaib, mire, mud. slang word, insulting word. All from
Also M. E. slabben, to wallow; E. Fries. slengja, to sling, causal form from the 2nd
slabbm, Du. slabben, to lap up; Swed. grade of the Icel. slyngva, to sling. See
dial. slabba, to splash, to soil. And see Sling.
Slabber below. Slant, to slope. (Scand .) M. E. slentttl ,
Slabber, to slaver. (E.) M. E. slaberen , to slope, glide. - Swed. dial. slenta, sliinta,
frequent. of M. E. slaMm , to wallow causal of slinta (pt. t. slant ), to slide. ~lip
(above).+E. Fries. slabbern, to lap, sup, with the foot; S"ed. slinta, to slip, glance
or lick up; Low G. slabbern, slubbern, aside. The K adj. slant, sloping, an-
to slabber, lap, sip, frequent. of slabbm, swers to Swed. dinl. slant, slippery. Der.
to lap ; G. seh/abbe rn, sc/,labben, to lap, to a-slant, i. e. on tlte slant.
slabber. Cf. provo E. slap, to lick lip food , Slap. (E.) M. E. slappe. a smart blow;
cat quickly; Dan. dial. slabbe, sllOppt, to an imitative word; allied to S1am.+Low
490
 SLASH SLEEP
G. slap/', sound of a blo\\', a slap; G. slabbenl, to ~labber. See Slabber. Der.
s(h/app, interj., slap! seltlappe, sb., a slaver, sb., from Icel. slafr, sieja, sla.er.
slap, seltlappen, to slap. Der. slap-battg, Slay ( I), to kill. (E.) The form slay is
violently; slap-dash, off hand . due to the pp. slai-,.; else, the inlin. would
Slash. ( F. - Teut. ) [Lowl. Sc. slash, to have been slee. OriC'. to smite. M. E.
work in wet, is from Swed . slaska, Dan. slutz. - A. S. sUan (contracted fOI m of
slaske, to dabble in water.] The sense' to *slahan), to smite, p. t. sli5h, pp. slegm
cut' appears in' slish and slas/l,' i. e. much (whence M. E. slein, E. slain ).+Du. slaall;
cutting; Tam. Shrew, i\'. 3. 90. - O. F. Icel. slii; Dan. slaae; Swed. sIB; Goth.
eSe/aellier, to break in pieces. - O. F. es- slaltan; G. seh/agm . Teot. type *sla/l-
(L. ex), very; and Teot. type *klakja,., an-; cf. O. lriEh slig-im, I strike.
M. H. G. kleekm, to break with a clack; slay (2 ), aley, a weaver's reed. ( E. )
cf. F. claque, a clack, M. H. G. klac. A. S. slahte; see sleahe in A. S. Dict. ;
, Korting, § 4~'P. ) orig. form *sltege, gen. *slagan; Camb.
Slat,a thin bar of wood. (F.-O. H . G. ) Phil. Trans. 1899, p. 139 (2 31 ). So calkd
M. E. slat, a slate: see below. ~ Hardly from slrikittg the web togelher. - A. S.
from Gael. and Irish sial, a rod, twig; slitl1Z « *slahan), to strike; see Slay
though these are related to lath. ( I ).
Slate ( I), aflakeofstone. ( F.-O.H .G.) Sleave, Sleave-ailk, soft floss silk.
1\I. E. sial, sclat. -0. F. esclal, a splinter, (Scand.? ) 'Ravelled sleave,' i. e. tangled
slice of wood, &c. (hence, a thin slice of loose silk. Cf. Dan. dial. slave, a knot,
slate). - O. F. esdaler, to split, burst, twist, tangle (in thread). Perhaps the
shiver. This answen to a I~'\te L . type orig. sense was' loose'; cf. Ice1. sltefa, to
*exdapiltire, to break with a clap; from slacken.
L. ex, and Low G. klapp, a clap, loud Sled, a sledge. (Du.) M. E. slede.-
noise. ( Korting, § 4543.) ~ The a in M. Do. sledde (Du. slede). + led. s/~i,
slate was orig. short. Dan. sltede, Swcd. slede, a sledge; G.
Slate ( 2 ), to bait, ridicule, criticise sehlittm, a sledge. From the weak grade
sharply, abuse. (E.) M. E . sletm; A.S. of the verb to slide; see Slide.
sl;;tall, to bait, set dogs on (an animal ) ; alecisre. (Du.) This is a cornlpt form;
causal vb. from slitall, to slit, tear, rend; apj>arenlly due to sleds, pI. of sled.
see Slit. Sledge-hammer. (E. ) A redupli-
Slattel'D, an untidy woman. (Scand.) cated form; a sledge meanli 'a hammer.'-
From provo E. slaller, to waste , to be un- A. S. sleeg, dat. sleege, a heavy hammer,
tidy, to throw about; frequent. of slat, to smiter. For Teot. type *slag/n, fem.;
dash or throw about. - Icel. slctla , (0 slap, from *slag, for *slah, base of A.~. sllan,
dab, dash liquids about; Norweg. slet/a, to to smite.+ Du. slegge, sId, Swed. slaiza,
fling about, jerk; Ice\. sldta, sb., a dab, Tce!. sll'ggja, a sledge or heavy hammer.
spot of ink. Allied to which are Dan. ~ee Blay (I).
slat, a slop; slat, slattm , slattel, loose, Sleek, Slick, smooth, glossy. (E.)
flabby; slat/es, to become slack; slatle, M. E. slike. + Ice!. sIU.,., sleek, smooth.
a slattern; Low G. slatje, a slattern. Allied to Du. slijk, North Fries. slirk, E.
~ Slut is quite distinct. Fries. slik, slime; G. sell/iek, grease; CC.
Slaughter, sb. (Scand.) M . E. slaght". the Low G. strong verb slikm (pt. t. sleek,
- I cel. slatr, slaughter, whence sldtra, til pp. sleken ) = G. seh/eichm (pt. t. seh/ieh ), to
slaughter cattle; cf. Noreen, § 22 4. The slink, crawl, move as if through mire; see
A. S. word is ·slealtt, whence M. E. slaught. SUnk. The Tellt. type of the verb is
+ Du. Swed. sla.r;t, G. sch/acltt (Teut. type *skikan-, pt. t. *slaik, pp. ·slikmwz. Orig.
*slah.ta ). All from *slalt, the base of sense' greasy,' like soft mud .
Slay, tj. v. Sleep, vb. (E. ) A . ~. slffpatt, slepall,
Slave. (F. - L - Gk. - Slavonic.) F . pt. t. sup.+Du. slapen; Goth. sllpa'l; G.
esdave. - Late L. sr/avm, a Slavonian seh/afen, to sleep. The sb. is A. S. sl(£p,
captive. a slave.- Late Gk. ' E<T/ClI.apr,vo<, Du. slaap, Goth. sllps, G. sch/af, O. H. G .
the same. The origin of Slavon-iall is slli/, (lrig. ' drowsiness;' allied to Low G.
unknown; Miklosich, p. ~08. slap!, G. seh/a./f, lax, loose, flabby, unbent,
Slaver, to slabber. (Scand.) lee\. relaxed ( as in sleep). T eut. type *sllEpan-,
>-{afra, to slayer; cognate with Low G. redup!' vb. Allied to L. lflbi, to glide j
49 1
 SLEEPER SLIT
l{uss. slahl/ii, weak, slack. Cf. E . sleepy, O. I-I. G. sWan, to slide, G. ulilillm, a
i. e. inactive. sled~e. Also Lith. slidu.s, slippery.
sleeper, a block of wood under rails; Slight, adj. (0. Low G.) M. E . slight,
from the vb. above. (E.) Cf. F. dO:'lIIal/l, a orig. sense even or flat; then plain , smooth,
sleeper ; from dorllli,., to sleep. simple, trivial, &c. - M. Du. slieht, even,
Sleet. (E. ) M. E. sleel. From O. plain, sluht, slight, simple, vile; cf.
Mere. *sllle, A. S. *slj!e, not found . Cf. E. sHehten,' to slight, to make even or plaine,'
Fries. slaite, hail; Low G. slolm , pI. hail- Hexham; O. Low G. sligltt, even, simple,
stones ( Lubben) ; G. selilosse, hailstone. bad.+lcel. s/eltl', flat, smooth, t rivial ;
From Teut. type *slauti- ; orig. sense un- Dan. slet, level, bad; Swed . sid!, smooth,
kn own. Cf. al so D an. slud, sleet. tU Norw. worthless, slight; Goth. slaihls, smooth;
sletta, sleet, seems to be unrelated. G. sckleeht, bad , scMicht, smooth, plain,
Sleeve. (E.) O. Mere. slg, a sleeve; homely; O. H. G. sleht, smooth. Teut.
A. S. sljf + M. Du. sIeve, a sleeve; N . t ype *sle/doz, smooth . Root unknown.
Fries. slief; cf. M. D u. sloove, a veil, cover; Slim. (Du.) Orig. sense ' oblique';
Du. sloof, an apron; Low G. sltt1ue, a husk, thence weak , poor, thin, bad, slight; provo
shell. From Teut. root *slmb; variant form E. slim, crafty. - M. Du. slim, awry, crafty.
of "sImp, whence M. H . G. slou/e, a cover, + G. srklillltll , bad, cunning; M. H. G.
all ied to M. H . G. slou/eII, to let slip, cover. slimp, oblique, slanting, awry; Dan. Swed .
Cf. Goth. sliupalt (pt. t. slaup, pp. slu- slem, worthless; Icel . sl(fmr, vile.
pam ), to slip, creep into. It is thus allied Slime. (E.) A . S. slim.+Du. sli/m;
to slip, fro III the slippillg of the sleeve on Icel. slim; Swed. slem; Dan. sliim; G.
and off, in dressing and undressing. See sekleilll. Cf. L. limitS, mud.
Slip, and Slop (2) . Sling, vb. (Scand.) F rom Icel. slyngva,
Sleigh. (Du. ) An ill-spelt word; slihtgva, to sling, throw, pp. slu1lgitm;
there is no final guttural. - Du. slee, short Swed. slittga, to twist; cf. O. H . G. sclt/ilt-
for slede, a sledge; cf. Du. sleekoets, for galt, to wind, t wist, sling, Du. slil/geren,
sledekoets , lit. 'a sledge-coach.' Cf. Norw. to toss, sling. Teut. type *slettg1ualt-;
slee, for dde, a sledge; see Sled. pt. t. ·slattg. ~ A . S. slillgmt (rare), to
Sleight, dexterity. (Scand.) I' or creep, seems to be a variant of slittealt.
sle(lilttli; 1\1. E . sleiglithe. - Icel. sla~, sly- See below. Der. slittg, sb. ; slmlg, q. V.
ness, cunning. - Icel. slagI', sly. So also Slink. (E.) A. S. slillCflIl, to creep;
Swed. slOjd, dexterity, from slOg, dexterous. nasalised form of A. S. *slteall (not found ),
See Sly, Sloid. which is cognate with Low G. sltkm, to
Slender,thin, feeble. (F. -O. LowG.) creep (pt. t. sleek, pp. sleken) , and G.
M. E. sc/mdre, slet/dre. - O. F. esc/mdre, schleiehm, to creep (pt. t. seMiclt ).+Swed.
'sklendre;' Palsgrave, p. 323. - 1\1 . Du . dial. slittka ( pt. t. slallk); cf. L ith. slinkti, to
stillder, slender, thin; as sb., a water- creep. Allied to Sleek; also to Sling.
snake, named from its gliding or trailing. Slip. (E.) A weak verb; due to the
- M. Du. slillderm, also slidderell, to drag, weak grade of A. S. *slipall; cf. A. S. slip-
train along, trail; Low G. sli1ldem, to 01', slipig, slippery. + Du. slippen, Swed.
slide on the ice (whence Low G. slmd,,', slippa, O. H. G. slip/all, to slip, weak
a tra iling gown). Nasalised form s from verbs; allied to Du. slijpm, G. scMeijm ,
the verb to slide. Cf. O. H. G. slilltatl in to grind smooth, whet, polish. We also
Schade. fin d A. S. slJ-'pall, pt. t. steap, pp. slopm;
Sleuth - hound, a slot-hound ; see cf. Goth. slit/pOll, pt. t. slaup, pp. sit/paIlS,
Slot ( 2) . to slip or creep into. Teut. types *sleipall-
Slice, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E. sl£ce, and · sltupall-. The latter is all ied to L.
selice. - O. F. esdice, a splinter, shiver, liibricus, slippery; see Lubrica.te. Cf.
piece of split wood. - O. F. esC/iei,., to slit Brugm. i. § § 5:;3, 563. Der. slipp-er, a
(whence E. slice, vb.). - O. H. G. · slitjall, looie shoe easily slipped on; slippcr.)"
slizzm, related to sclizalt, sltzalt, to slit, from A . S. slipor, slippery, with added -,y.
shiver (whence O. F. esclier, to shiver), And see sleeve, sloop.
cognate with E. slit; see Slit. Slit. (E.) M. E. slitten, weak verb;
Blick; see Sleek . from the weak grade of slilm, strong verb.
Slide, vb. (E.) A . S. slidall, pI. t. sltld, - A. S. Slitatl, to slit, rend; pt. t. sltft, pp.
pp. slidm. Cf. also A. S. slidor, slippery ; sli!eIl. +Icel. sltta, Swed. slila, Dan. slide,
41J 3
 SLIVER SLOW
to rend; Du. sliflm, to wear out; O. H . G. O. Fries. and Du. slot, a lock, fastening.-
slizan , G. Sc"hleissen, to slit, whence sch lit- Du. slot- (Teut. · slut-), weak grade of
u n, to slice. T cu t. type ·sleilalt- , pt. t. sluitelt, to shut ; so also Low G. slot, a
·s/'Iit. Der. slire. bar, from sluletl, to sh ut; G. sch/oss,
Sliver, a sp li nter, twig. (E .) M. E. a lock, a castle. We find also Swed. s/1IIa,
siiver, dimin . of provo E.. slive, a slice, G. sch/iessuz, O. H. G. sliozan, to shut;
chip; from M. E. sli1lCll (slivell), to cleave. allied to O. Fries. siiila, also sk/tila, to
I
- A. S. -sli/alz, to cleave, pt. t. -sIal ; in shut; and hen ce to L. clalidere, to shut;
to-sl,la1z. A parallel form to A. S. sWan, see Cla.use. ('V SKLEUD.) ~ Slol , a
pt. t. sial ; see Slit. narrow depression or ape rture, is prob. the
Slobber, Slubber, to do carelessly, same word; it is shaped like a bar.
to sully. (Scand.) Dan. sillbbre, to Slot (2) , track of a decr. (0. F . -
slabber; Swed . dia\. slubbra, to slubber, Scand.) O. F. esc/ol, track, trace. - Ice!.
slobLer, be disorderly, frequent. of Swed. sliJ(J, a track, trail (whence, immediately,
dial. slllbba, to mix liquids carelessl y, to M. E . sioth, slmlh, a track, E. sltulll.
be careless. cr. also Du. slobberen, to h01l1ld); Swed. dial. s/o, a track.
sup up; Low G. slubbenl, to lap, sip. Sloth. (E. ) Lit. ' slowness.' For
All ied ·to Sla.bber. ·slow-Ik, directly from the adj. slow. See
Sloe. (E.) M. E. slo. A. S. sta, skih , Slow. ~ The M. E. word was slewtll,
p\. skitz. - Du. slee, M. Du. sleett; Dan. from A. S. s/r"lw(J, sloth ; Teut. type
slnaett; Swed. sl/lIt; G. schlehe, pI. sdzle- *slaiwi}lf. Der. slotll , an animal (trans-
hm; O. H. G. sl.Ma. lating Span. perezoso , slothful, a sloth) ;
Slogan, war-cry. (Gael.) Gael. sluagk. slollt/ul.
gkairm, the ,ignal for battle, lit. 'cry of Slouch, to have a clownish look or
the host.' - Gael. (and Irish ) sluagl" host, gait. (F. ) cr. slollch, sb., a great tub·
army (W . Ilu ) ; gainll, outcry, gnirm, to berly fell ow (PhilIips).-O. F. esloucker,
cry out; cf. Irish gairm , W. garm, outcry, eslochier, to be loose in the joint, to waver.
O. Irish gait", \"'·.gat/',·, outcry, L. garrire, - O. F. is- (L. t'x), out, away; 10c/liet·
to prate. Cf. Slughorn. (F. locker), to shak e, to be loose, prob. from
Sloid, manual dexterity. (Swed.) Eng- M. H. G. lucke, G. locker, loose. Perhaps
Ii shed from Swe(\. sliijd; see Sleight. affected by Norw. sloka, to go slowly and
Sloop, a ship. (Du. - Low G.) Du. heavily, Swed. slol:a, to droop.
sloep, M. Du. sloepe, a sloo p.-Low G. Slough ( I), a muddy pool , mire. (E.)
sluup, slupe, a sloop; whence (apparently) M. E. slOg", slough . A. S. slOl, (stem slog- ),
the o. F . chaloupe, a shallop; see Sha.llop. a slough. Hardly alJied to Irish slugpkoll,
Perhaps from Low G. slupm, to glide, a whirlpool; slugailll, I swallow up; Gael.
orig. to slip. See Slip. slugan, a gulf, from slujg, to swallow up.
Slop ( I), a puddle. (E.) M. E. sloppe, Rather, to E. sing.
a pooT. -A. S. -sloppe, -slyppe, the sloppy Slough ( 2), the cast skin of a snake,
droppings of a cow, as in cit-sloppe (cow- &c.; the dead part which separatell from
slip); also A. S. slyppe, a viscid substance. a sore. (E.) Pronounced slllf. M. E.
Orig. sense' something slippery'; cf. Ice!. slouk, slughe, SIMtje, sk in of a snake.
sliip, sli.ny offal of fish. See further below. The corresponding word appears in Swed.
slop ( 2), a loose garment. (E.) M. E. dialect s as slug (Rietz) , which is prob.
sloNe. A. s. -slop, -slype, in compo ofer- allied to G. s,'hlauch, M. H. G. sltick, a
slop, ojer-slypI, an upper garment. F rom skin, bag.
A. S. slop- (Teut. ·slltp-), weaker grade of Sloven. (Du.) M. E. sloveytz. - M. D u.
Sltipall, to slip; because the outer garment slof, sloe/, a sloven; with M. E. suffix -el1z
is easily slipped on. So also Du. slop, a ( "" F. -aitt, L. -tIIIt1S). Cf. Du. slo/, care-
gap in a hedge to slip through ; provo E. less; slo/, sb., neglect, an old slipper;
sloppy, 100se.+lceI. sloppr, a slop, long slol/m , to neglect, to go slipshod. So also
loose gown. Compnre Sleeve. Low G. sluf, slovenly; sluffin, to be carc-
slope, an incl inc. (E. ) M. E. slope; . less ; E. Fries. sluf, sluffi, a sloven;
a-slope, on the slope, ready to sl ip. From ' sill/Jm , to be careless.
the weak grade (slop- ) of A. S. sMpatl, ' Slow. (E.) A. S. s!.iw, slow. + Du.
to slip. See above. , sle~w, Icel. slrer, sljiir; Dan. slO11, Swed.
Slot ( I) , a bolt of a door, bar. (Du.) slo, blunt, dull; O. Sax. sl.rtl; O. H .G. slio.
193
 SLOW-WORM SMALL
Teut. type *slaiwoz; allied to L. laeuus, schlump. Of imitative origin; cf. Norw.
Russ. lievuii, Gk. Aalos, left (of the hand). and LowL & . slump, the noise made by
Slow-worm. (E.) In popular ety· an object falling into water. Cf. plump,
mology, it is • a slow worm,' but the true dump.
sense is • slay-worm,' the snake that strikes. Slur, to contaminate, pass over lightly
A. S. slli-wpm; where slti seems to be with slight notice. (M. Du.) The Olig.
borrowed from Icel. slii, to strike. This sense is to trail in mud, draggle; hence,
is clearer from Swed. sla or ormslll, a to pass Over s;lightingly. - M. Du . sleurm,
slow-worm, where or m = E. worm, and slooren. to drag. trail; cf. stoorigh, ' filthie.·
sill is 'striker,' from sla, to strike; so also Hexha m, and M. E. slor. mud; Du. slet.,.e",
Norw. ormslo, a slow· worm, also called to traiL AI,o Low G. slureJl, sliirell, to
slo, from slaa, to strike. draggle, Swed. diaL s/Ora, to be negligent;
Slubber j see Slobber. Norw. sidra. to be negligent, sully, sldda,
Sludge, soft, greasy mud. (E.) M. E. sloa, to draggle. sIuda, slue, a trail; E.
sluc1u, sliche. North Fries. slick, E. Fries. Fries. sluren, slurnt, to go about carelessly
sIlk, slime.+Du. slijk, provo G. scMick, and noisily.
grease; see Sleek. ~ The u is due to Slut. (Scand.) M. E. slut/e. Cf. Ice!.
confusion with E. dial. slud, wet mud; cf. slullr, a heavy, loglike fellow; Swed. dia!'
Du. sloe/der, a sloven. slata. a slut, slater, an idler; Dan. diaL
Slug, to be inactive. (Scand.) M . E. slQter, a slovenly person; Norw. slott, an
siugg~1t, vb., slugge, a sluggard. - Dan. idler. Also Icel. slota, to droop, Norw.
slug, weakened form of sluk, appearing in stuta, to droop; allied to Dan. slat, slattm,
slug:>ret, slukoret. having drooping ears; loose. flabby. Cf. slot-, weak grade of
Swed. dial. slogga, to be sluggish; cf. Norw. sletla (strong verb), to dangle,
Norw. sloka. to slouch, Swed. sloka. to drift, idle about (Aasen). fJ. From the
droop. Note also Low G. slul..hrll, slak- 2nd grade slat(t) we have Dan. slalte, a
kerll, to be loose, Slllkk, melancholy, slut, and slat, loose; see Slattern. Note
downcast; Du. slllik, slender, thin. Der. also Bavarian seltlotzen, scltlutzt1t, a slut;
slllgg·ard. with F. suffix ·ard ( = 0. H. G. s,hloloe1l. (0 be careless.
-hart, cognate with E. han/). Sly, cunning. (Scand.) M. E. sligh,
Slug-horn, a battle-cry. (C. ) Igno· sleill. slih. - Icel. slfl'gr, sly, cunning ';
rantly used by Chatterton and Browning Swed. slog, handy, dexterous; prob. allied
to mean a sort of 1101"11; but really Mid. to Slay. ~ Distinct from Swed. slug;
Sc. slogo1"lu, a corruption of slogan, a Dan. slug, slu; Du. sluw; G. st'lliau.
war-cry. See Slogan. Der. sle~l{lit.
Sluice, a flood-gate. (F. - L.) O. F. Smack (I), taste. (E.) M. E. slllak,
esc/use• • a sluce. floudgate;' Cot. - L'Ite smach. A. S. SlIItU, taste, flavour; cf.
L. exc/tISa, a fl ood-gate ; lit. shut off smtZccan, to taste. + M. Du. smauk,
(water) ; pp. of ex -elftdere, to shut out.- Du. slIIaak; Dan. smag, Swed. smak;
L. ex, out; clam/ere, to shut. (;. gescll1llack, taste. Der. smack, vb., to
Slum j pI. slums, dirty back streets. taste.
(I<:.) Cf. provo E. slt.",p, wet mire; Low Smack (2 ), a sounding blow. (Scand.)
G. slam, mire (Liibben) ; Dan. and Swed. Confused with the word above, but per-
slam , G. sc1zlamm, mire. haps distinct; prob. of imitative origin.
Slumber, verb. ( E. ) The b is ex· -Swed. smacka, to smack, Swed. dial.
crescent. M. E. slumeren, frequent. of smakka, to throw down noisily; S1Illikka,
M. E . sliimell; to slumber; from sl1lllle to hit smartly; Dan. s1lltZkke. to rap; E.
(also sloumbe), sb., slumber. A . S. s/iima, Fries. smakkm, to smack the lips. Cf.
sh., slumber. + Du. sl1limerell; Dan. Dan. slllak, a smack, rap; Du. smak, a
s!umre, frequent. of slm,plIle, to slumber; loud noise.
Swed. slumra, vb.; G. sch~ummern, vb. Smack (3) , a fishing-boat. (Du.) M.
The sb. sliillla is from Teut. root *slett·, Du. smacke, Du. smak, a smack, hoy;
tn be silent; 2nd grade *slatt, whence whence also Dan. slllakke. Generally
Goth. sla1l.)"", to be silent (Kluge). thought to stand for snack; cf. A. S. mace,
Slump, a sudden fall or failure. (E.) a small vessel; Icel. mekkja, a swift vessel,
Provo E .. Cf. Swed. Dan. slump, a chanc!!, Dan. sllekke, Swed. slliicka.
accident; Low G. slulllp (Danneil); G. Small. (E.) A. S. smal.+Du . Dan.
 SMALLAGE SMITH
Swed. sma/, narrow, thin; Goth. sma/s, are causal forms; cf. \\'estphal. snit/lei',
small; G. schmal, narrow. Allied to Ice!. O. H. G. slllelIum, str. vb., to melt. From
sma/i, small cattle, sheep; Gk. !-,ij}-.ol', a the Teut. verb "sllldla1l-, to melt, pt. t.
sheep; Russ. ma/uii, small. ~ Icel. snuir, "small (whence E. small), pp. ·smu/to110Z.
Dan. smaa, Swed. smd, small, are allied And cf. Gk. !-,EJ... /jf'V, to melt, render fluid.
to O. H . G . smaM, small. Brugm. i. § 475 .
smallage, celery. (E.; and F. -L.) Smelt (2),a fish. (E.) A.S. sm~/I,smy/I.
For small aCM; from F. ache, parsley < +Dan. smelt, Norw. sme/ta. The provo
L . apium, parsley. E. smotl means a young salmon, when it
SmaJ.t, blue enamel. (Ital. -0. H. G.) first assumes its silvery scales; and provo
Ital. sma/to, enamel. From the 2nd grade E. smo/t means' smooth and shining.'
of O. H. G. sme/zan, str. vb .. to become Smew, a small diving-bird. (E.) Also
liquid, whence also O. H. G. smeizen, called smee, smut/;. Cognate with E.
G. schme/zen, weak vb., to smelt ; from the Fries. smint, Du. smiellt, smew. The Du.
method of preparation; see Smelt ( 1). smient is explained as 'small d uck '; from
See also Enamel. O. Du. ·smilli anud, small duck; where
Sma.r804fdus. (L. -Gk. ) L.smaragdus. *s1ll1hi is cognate with O. H. G. smalli,
- Gk. o!-,ap'l'y/jof, an emerald. Cf. Skt. Icel. sma-r, Swed . sma, small ; and ·amld
marakala(m ), marakta(m ), an emerald. (·anid) is Du. emd, A. S. C1lcd, G. mte,
See Emerald. duck. Cf. G . sch mal-mle, small wild duck .
Smart, to feel pain. (E.) M. E. Smile, vb. (Scand.) Swed. smila, t o
smerten. A. S. smeortan.+Du. smartelt, smile, smirk; Dan. smile. Allied to L.
Dan. smerte, Swed . smiirta, G . schmerr.en. mirari, to wonder at; Russ. smiekh', a
Also allied to L. mordin, to bite; Skt. laugh; Gk. !-,fI/jaOJ, I smile; Skt. smi, to
mrd, to rub, grind , crush; Gk. o!-,fp6aAfof, smile. (.vSM EL)
terrible. (.vSMERD_) Der. smart, sb.; Smirch, to besmear. (E. ) Extended
smart, adj ., painful, also pungent, brisk, from M. E. siller·en, to smear; sec
lively, A. S. smeart. Smear.
Smash. (E.) A late word. Apparently Smirk. (E.) A.S. smerdall, smearcian,
formed from E. mash, to mix up, by pre- to smile. Cf. O. Northnmb. wlerdolt,
fixing s- (from O. F. es-, L. ex), an ill- 'deridebant,' Mat ix. 24.
tem.ive prefix. Smite. (E. ) A. S. smitall, pt. t. smlll.
Smatterintr, sb. (E.) M.E. smateren, pp. smiten.+Du. smijtm; Dan. smide, tu
to make a nOise; hence, to prate, talk fling; G. schmeissm , to smite, flillg, cast;
ignorantly. Cf. Swed. smattra, to clatter; O. H . G. smizall , to throw, stroke, smear.
G. schmettern, to smash, to resound. cr. Goth. bislllcitfl1t, to beilmear. /3. The
From a repetition of smat, an imitative orig. sense was to ' smear' or rub over, as
sound; see Smack (2). Cf. M. H. G. in Gothic; cf. M. Swed. smita, to smite,
smetzen, to prattle. [Parallel to prat-Ile, smeta, to smear. . To rub over' seems to
rllat-ter; cf. Swed. maUra, to chatter.) have been a sarcastic expression for' to
Smea.r. ( E.) A. S. smirian, to smear. beat'; we find well anop,Ied = well beaten,
- A. S. smeru, smeor", fat, grease. So Romance of Partenay, I. 5653.
also Icel. smyrja, Dan. smore, Swed. Smith. (E.) A. S. smi6, a worker
sll/olja, G. schmieren, to smear; and Du. with the hammer.+Du. smid; Icel.smi6r;
SImer, Dan. Swed. smor, G. schmeer, fat, Dan. Swed. s1lled; G . schmied; Goth.
grease, O. H. G. s1llero; Goth. smairthr, -smitha. Cf. Icel. smi~', smith's work;
fatness. Cf. O. Irish smir, marrow; \\'. Du. smijdig, G. geschmeiJig, malleable
m1r, marrow; Lith. smarsas, fat; Gk. (with i) . The forms "smith, ·smUII,
!-,vpov, unguent. Der. s1ltir-ch. point to a lost strong verb ·smeith-all -, to
Smell, odour. ( E.) M. E. smel, smul. forge, pt. t. ·smaith, pp. ·smitholloz, to
Allied to Du. slltwlen, Low G. sme/en, forge. actually preserved in Swed. dial.
E. Fries. smiilen, to smoulder. Cf. smida, to forge, pt. t. S1Iud, pp. s1lliJm
Smoulder. Der. smell, vb. (Rietz) . Hence, as weak verbs, Dan.
Smelt ( I), to fu se ore. (Scand.) Dan. smeie, Swed. smida, to forge. Cf. O. H.G.
smt/le, to smelt; Swed. smiilta, to smelt. smidtt, metal, Gk. o!-,l-AT}, a graver', tool.
(Properly a Sweet word .) +M . Du.smiltm, Brugm. i. § 849. Der. slllil/J-y, A . S_
smeltm, C. schmei:m, to smelt. These smi/J(Je (Icel. smi~/a ).
495
 SMOCK SNARE
Smock, a woman's shirt. (E.) M. E. G. schmuck, trim, spruce; cf. scnmiickm,
smok. A. S. smoc. For SIllOCC; Teut. to adorn, M. H. G. sllluckell, t o clothe,
type *sllmgJlOZ, Idg. type * smuq1Zos ; adorn, derived from the weak grade of
Brngm. i. § 899. The Teut. *s1llug · is re- the M. H. G. strong verb smiegm, to creep
presented by A. S. smog- , weaker grade of into, cognate with A. S. sllliigan, to creep.
smiigan, to creep in to. So called because 13. Thus smug meant' dressed' or 'trim ;
'crept into,' or put over the head. Cf. allied to smock, attire. See Smock.
Shetland smook. to draw on a glove or smuggle, to import or export
stocking. + Icel. smokkr, a smock; from secretly. (Scand.) Dan. slllug /e, to
smog-, weak grade of slll/uga, to creep smuggle; cf. i smug, secretly, smug -
through a hole, to put on a garment over hattde!, contraband t rade; Swed. J1Ituga,
the head. Cf. M. Swed. smog, a round a lurking-hole, Icel. Slllll,tra, a hole to
hole for the head. creep through. - Icel. Slllug' , weak grade
Smoke, sb. (E. ) A. S. Hlloen. Cf. of sm/,'ga, to creep, creep through a hole;
A. S. smoc-, weak grade of the strong verb cognate with A. S. slllitgmt, to creep; see
sllleoenn (pt. t. ~meac), to smoke, reek.+ Smock.
Du. smook, sb. , G. schlllau.!l, sb. Per· Smut, a spot of dirt or soot. (E .) For
haps Irish lIIiicn , smoke, 'vV. mwg, smoke, the base Slllllt., cf. M. E. smotten, bi-smo-
are from E. Cf. Lith. smallg -iu, I choke i teren, to smut; G. schmutz, dirt. 13. We
Gk. I1!-'VXftV (2 aor. ll1!-'V-y'lv), to smoulder. also find smutch, for - smuts; from Swed.
Der. smoke, vb., from A. S. smocian, weak S11luts, smut, dirt; whence Swed. smutm.
verb. Brugm. i. § 849. to soil i see Smudge.
Smooth, adj. (E. ) M. E. smoothe; Snack; see Snatch.
also stllethe. A. S. smebe, Northumb. Sna.ftle. (Du. ) For sna.ffle-pieCl, i.e.
slllii~Je; sometimes smiiJ, smooth. The nose-piece. - Du. S11ave/, a horse's muzzle;
form -"nNJe represents *smiitll-/oz (with M. Du. mavel, mabel, bil!, snout; cf.
mutation of ii to e) ; and furthe r, the base O. Fries. snavel, mouth; G. srlmabel, bill.
*smiith-represents a Teut. b"se*sman!n -, so Dimin. of M. Du. snabbe, snebbe, Du.
that ·smotlt/oz is for *slllanthjoz, 'creamy.' meb, bill, lit. 'snapper i ' from ·snab/1l1t,
The base appears in Bohem. small! , cream parallel form to M. Du . S1Iappen, to snap
(Russ. smetana ) ; whence the G. selw.a,.t, up; see Snap. Cf. Du. mebbig, snap-
cream, is borrowed. Cf. Bavar. sel.mand, pish; Lith. mapas, bill.
cream. Der. smootlte, vb. Snag, a short branch, knot on a stick,
Smother, sb. (E. ) Formerly slllor!her ; abrupt projection. (Scand.) Prob. of
M. E. smortner, a suffocating smoke, lit. Scand. origin; cf. Norw. snage, a project-
'that which stilles;' formed (with suffix ing tongue of land; Icel. magi, a clothes-
-titer of the agent) from A. S. smor-iall, to peg. Hence, perhaps, provo E. mag, to
stille , smother.+Du. and E. Fries. smorm, trim, cut small branches from a tree; Gael.
to stille, smother. maign, to hew, cut down, trim trees; Irish
Smoulder, vb. (E.) M.E. smolderm, maiglt, a hewing, cutting.
vb.; from M. E. smolder, sb., a stifling Snail. (E.) M.E.snayle. A.S.slllzgl,
smoke. Smo/-der < ·smol-ther. Cf. Low snegei, a snail. +Icel. snigill, Dan. meg/;
G. smeletl, smolen, to smoulder; smoln, Swed. snigel, a slug. Teut. types *S1Iagi/oz,
to give out fumes (Danneil) i Du. smeu/m. ·snegi/oz, mase. Allied to A. S. S1Iaca.
Allied to Smell. a snake (Noreen, § 252 ) . See below; and
Smudge. (Scand. ) M. E. smogen cf. Low G. migge, G. s<'lzlIecke, a snail.
(Hall. ) ; weakened form of smutch. - Dan. snake. (E.) A. S. snaca , a snake
smuds, smut, dirt i smudse, to soil. Cf. +Icel. snakr, sll()kr; Dan. mog ; Swed.
M. E. smod, dirt i E. Fries. and Low G. mok. From Teut. verb -mak-all-, to creep,
smuddm, to soil; Du. smotidig, dirty. See pt. t. ·mok, as seen in O. H. G. maM/a'l,
Smut. pt. t. muol•.
Smug, neat, spruce. (Scand.-G.) For- Snap, vb. (Du .) Du . mappm, to snap,
merly sIIIOOg, smug; weakened form of snatch. + Dan. snappe, Swed. mappa,
·sml/k. _ Dan. smuk, pretty, fine, fair; G. sc!mappm; M. H . G. S1/aben. Base
(South Dan. S11mgg, N . Fries. smock, .snap, similar to *mak. See Sname,
sclt11ll/ck, Outzen) i M. Swed. S1Il1Ick, Snatch.
elegant, fair. _ Low G. S1Ilt/k, neat, trim ; Snare, n noose. (E. ) A. S. smart, cord,
-496
 SNARL SNORT
string, noose. +Du. snaar, a string; Icel. clip; allied to snappm, to snap, intercept;
suara; Dan. mare; Swed. mara; O.H . G. see Snap.+E. Fries. mippm; Low G.
" ·:·;rngt"qnfia, a noose. 13. The O. H . G. snippeln, to cut small; G. scnmppm, to
s/larahluz shew. an orig. final guttnral; snap, allied to scnnappm . Cf. E. Fries .
the sb. is from a strong verb, seen in smp, sharp ; snip, mippe, a small piece of
O. H . G. sntrhan, to twist tightly; from land . 4U Prob. confused with Nip. Der.
a base SNERH = Idg . .vSNERK, whence smp, sb.; smpp·et, a small piece.
Gk. vap"'1 , cramp; see Narcisllus. Cf. Snipe, a bird. (Scand.) M. E. mype. -
.vSNER, to t w~ t , wind; see Nerve. Ice!. mipa, a snipe; Dan. meppe, a snipe;
y. All from .vSNE, to wind, spin; whence Swed. miippa, a sand·piper.+Du. w iP,
L. tlere, to spin, G. schnur, a string. snep, M. Du. mippe, meppe; G. schnepfe.
Sna.rl, vb. (E. ) Frequentative form of It refers to the long bill; lit. ' snipper.'
snar, to shew one's teeth like a dog, spelt See Snip, Snap.
marn! in Palsgrave. Not found in A. S. ; Snite ( I ), to wipe tbe nose. (E.) A. S.
but cf. M. Du. marren, 'to brawl, to scould , *sttjlan, whence Sllylittg, sU., a sneezing;
or to snarle,' H exham. + G. sch1tarrell, to E. Fries. miilelt , to snite. + Du. stm ile1l ,
growl, snarl; M. H. G. mar, a growling. from muil, snout, nose; Ice!. myla, Swed.
And see Sneer, Snort. sny/a, Dan. myde, to snite; from Swed.
Sna.tch. (E.) M. E. snacchen, as if snut, Dan. smtde, snout; see Snout.
from *mak-; cf. Lowland Sc. snak, a Snite (2) , a snipe. (E.) M. E. mile.
snap of the jaWs.+D'l. makken, to gasp. A. S. mite, a snite or snipe. Cf. Snipe.
Base *snak, parallel to *map. See Snivel, to slluffle, to whimper. (E.)
Snap. Dar. m ack, sb. , a portion, lit. • a M . E. snuvelell , S1teuelm (meve/en ) ; as if
bit snatched up,' a hasty meal, a share; to from A. S. *myjlialZ . From 1\. S. mojl,
go S1Iarks=to go shares. Also provo E. mucus. Cf. Swed. miiJIa, Dan. m ovie, to
meek, snap or latch of a door. snuffle ; Low G. m uff, muff, a nose, snout.
Sneak. (E. ) Variant of M. E. snikm, See Snu1f.
A. S. mican, to creep, Teut. type *sneikan-; Snob. (Scand.) Provo E. mob, a vulgar
pt. t. *snaik, pp. *snikanoz. The A. S. person, aiso, a journeyman shoemaker,
pt. t. snac would give a deriv. *snacatt, map, a lad, servant, usually in a ludicrous
representing E. meal... Cf. Guernsey mi- sense; Lowl. Sc. mab, a cobbler's boy.-
quer, to rob slily.+Ice!. snik-inn, hanker- Dan. dial. mopp, mupp, bashful, silly;
ing after, from a lost strong verb; Swed. Ice!. snap, a dolt, with the notion of
dial. snika (pt. t. snek), to hanker after; impostor, a boaster, used as a by-word;
Dan. sniga sir , to sneak, srnk; Gael. Swed. dial. m opp, a boy, anything stumpy;
and Irish snaig, maign , to creep (from E.) . cf. Swed. dial. S1l0Ppa, to cut off, make
Snea.p, to pinch, check; see Snub. stumpy; and see Snub. Cf. Swed. snopen,
Sneer, to scoff. (E.) M. E. sneren. ashamed.
Cf. E. Fries. miren, to frizzle, to cause Snood, a fillet , ribbon. (E.) A. S. mOd,
a hissing noise, to sneer at; Dan. stftZrre, a fillet; ong.• a twist,' wreath. Cf. Ice!.
to grin like a dog, shew one's teett. at a snUb"" a twist; Swed. modd, a string;
person: allied to Snarl. also W. ysnoden, a fillet; Irish sna/he, a
Sneeze, vb. (E.) M.E. m esen; Chaucer thread. All from Idg. root *mi, *ma, to
has fnuen (Cant. Tales, H. 62 ), of which spin, to twist; whence G. schllu-r, a string ;
m eun, occurring in the Camb. MS., is cf. Ice!. snua, Dan. snoe, Swed. mo, to
a modification. A. S. ftteOSa1', to sneeze. twist , twine.
+ Du. fitiezm; Swed. ft,ysa; Dan. ft,yse. Snore, vb. (E.) M. E. morm; for
Cf. Gk. llviQJ, I breathe; see Pneumatic. *fnoren; cf. A. S. f"ora, sb., a snoring,
Base *fneus-, parallel form to *nttezes-; see snore. F rom A. S.filor . « fims- ), weak
Neese. grade of fn eosa1', to sneeze; see Sneeze.
SnUf, to scent. (Scand.) M. E. meuim Influenced by Snort.
(mevim).- Icel. *mifja , to sniff, a lost Snort, vb. (E.) M. E . mortm, to snore.
verb, whence ma/(Jr, sharp-scented, s1lejill, Low G. S1ltwte1l, slla1'lett , to make an
a slight scent; Dan. mive, to sniff. explosive noise. From *SIlur-; as in Low
Similar to Ice!. mitta, to snifT; and cf. G. Slnn'nll , to hum , M. Du. S1101'retl, to
slIoppa, a snout. murmu r. Variant forms are Dan . snorke,
Snip, vh. (Du .) Du . miPlen, to snip, to snort; Swed. snorlia, to threaten (orig. to
-497
 SNOT SOBRIQUET
fume, be angry); Du. morgen ; G. ulmar- candle; Dan. S1lubbe, to nip otT. See Snub.
(nm. And see Snarl. Der. muff, sb.
Snot, mucus from the nose. (E.) M. E. Snug. (Scand.) Cf. provo E. mug, tidy,
SIIol/e. A. S. ge-mot; O. Fries- molle; trimmed uJ?; mog, the same. - Icel. m ijggr,
Du. Dan. SIIOt. Allied to Snite ( I ) and smooth, saId of wool or hair ; M. Swe(1.
snout. mygg, short-haired, trimmed, Swed . m)'g;£;.
snout. (Eo) M. E. moute, E. Fries. cleanly, neat, genteel; Dan. ,lial. m iig,
+
JllIIte. D u. Sllltit: Swed. S1Iut, snout, neat, smart. Cf. E. Fries. miiggc, slll:ege,
muzzle; Dan. mude; G. scnnattu. Cf. smooth, neat. Orig. • trimmed;' hen,e
D!ll1 . .illite, to sniff, Low G. sualt, provo neat, smart, tidy, comfortable . Cf. Snag.
(; . st/matt, snout, beak. From a base SO. ( 1':. ) M. E . so. A . S. swa. +Du.
*snelt: whence Teut. vb. *slllitan- , pt. t. UJO, Icel. roa, roo, so; Dan. saa, Swed. stf,
*sllaut, pp. *SllItlalloz. From the 1St grade G. so, GOlh. swa; Teut. types *S7"{~, *swo,
we have Swed. SllIIt, Du. SlIttit , E. snout; *swa . Cf. Gk. <lis. 13. From a case of lng.
from the 2nd, G. s(nmwu; and from the ·swos, one's own; cf. L. StillS, Skt. sva,
3rd, E. SIIOt. one's own. Lit.' in one's OWII way.' See
Snow. ( E. \ A. S. SIlI7U1 .+Du. meeu1i', Prellwitz; Brllgm . i. § 362.
Icel. SIl<l!r, Dan . mee, Swed. mii, Goth . SOU. (E. ) It also means to suck up,
slIaiws, G. s(nuee; also Lith. m egas, R uss. imbibe. M. E. sokm, ( I) to suck , (2 ) to
sllieg' , L. llix (gen. nillis), Gk. ace. ~'",a , soak. A. S. soeiall, to soak; from A. S.
Tri;h meaclid, W. ny/ (.vSNEIGH. ) Cf. soe- (T eut. Sltk- ) , weak grane of siim", to
Lith. migti, to snow, 1.. lIiugit, Gk. vO'''''', suck. See Suck. Cf. W. swga, soaked,
it sn ows. Brugm. i. § 394. sugno, to suck .
Snub, to check, reprimand. (Scand. ) Soap. ( E. ) M.E.sope . A.S. stipe. +
Also SIleb, mib. M. E . mibbm. - Dan . Du . zeep; [cf. Icel. snpa, Swed. sllpa, from
wibbe, to reptimand; Swed. sll1tbba, Icel. A. S.]; G. stife. Teut. type *saipi;n,
slI1tb/Ja, N ..Fries. sllubbe, to snub, chide. fern.; from *saip, 2nd grade of *seitan-,
Orig. to ' snip off' the end of a thing; cf. to trickle eM. H. G. sift,,) ; hence a\,o
led. ml/bbiJlr, snubbed, nipped, with the A. S. sat, re sin, pomade, allied to Stipe.
tip cn t off; Swed. dial. S1lubba, to snip or ~ 1.. sapo (whence F. savo1" &c.) was
clip off; E. Fries. mubbelll, to snap or borrowed from Teutonic; the true 1..
snatch away. 13. Allied to obs. E. meap, (cognate) word seems to be se/mlll, tallow,
to pinch, nip, answering to Icel. meypa, to grease.
castrate, also to disgrace, snub; Swed. Soar. (F'. - 1..) M. E. sorm. - F.cs;-o1-er,
m iip a, to castrate. Cf. also Dan. dial. to expose to air; in M. F., ' to sore up,' Cot.
Slllve, to dock, to sn ub, to nip. Der. - Late L. *exaura1'e, to expose to air.-
SIII/f. .nosed, i. e. with a short or stumpy L. ex, out; aura, breeze, air. Perhaps
nose, as if with the end cut off. 1.. aura was borrowed from Gk. aupa, a
snub-nosed; see above. breeze; formed, apparently, with suffi x -1'a
Snd ( I ), to sniff, smell. ( Du. ) From from .vAW, variant of WE, to blow. See
M. Du. muffm; cf. mttyvm (Du . s1Ittivm), Air.
, to snuffe out the filth out of ones nose,' Sob, vb. (E.) M. E. sobbm, related to
Hexham; Du. smif, smelling, scent; E. A. S. siojian, to lament. + G. sett/un,
Fries. smt/m, Sllllven, to snuff up.+Swed. to sigh, O. H. G. stiflon, to sob, O. H. C .
snujva, a catarrh, suufve1l, a sniff, scent; suft, a sigh, sob; all from O. H. G. sufall,
cf. G. sclmaubetl, se/maltfetl, scn1lieben, to to sup, sup up . Allied to Sup. Der.
snuff, snort (from a Teut. base *meub) ; sob, sb.
G. selimtpft1l, a catarrh , se/mupfen, to take Sober. (1'. - 1..) M. E. soore.-l'.soll1'e.
SHuff. Der. SIluff, powdered tobacco; 1.. sobn'u1ll, acc. of soo1'ius, sober.-1.. so·
also s1lt1fle, provo G. sclmttffil1l, sennu/- = si-, apart, hence, not; -brills, drunk, as
fdll. in i·brim. See Ebriety . (Doubtful. )
Snuif ( 2), to snip off the top of a candle- Der. sobriety, M. F . sob1'ieN, 1.. acc.
wick. ( E.) M. E. SItt1ffill, to snuff out soll1'ietnte1ll.
a candle: cf. snoffi, sb.. the snuff of a Sobriquet, Soubriquet, a nick-
candle. Parallel to *mlllptII ; d . provo E. name. (l'. ) F . soin'iqlle/, . surname, nick-
SIIOp, to eat off, as cattle do young shoots; name, a jenst broken 011 amlin;' Cot.
Swed. dial. motta, to snip off, snuff :t He !llso spells it sotbriqlut, sOllllit/"rt.
~g8
 soc SOIREE
From O. F. soubzbrt"quet, a chuck under ibid. (Similarly O. F. sou/de, glasswOIt,
the chin ( 14th cent. ) ; h~nce, a quip, an answe rs to L. solida ; prob. from the hard-
affront, a nickname. Hese O. F. soubz, F. ness of the products obtained from glass-
SOlIS, is from L. subtllS, below; briquet has wort.) - L. so/idtlS, solid. hard. ~ee Solid .
been conjectured to stand for bequet, dimin. Der. sod- i/lm , a coined word.
of bee, beak. mouth; cf. Ital. sollo-beao, a Sodden; see Seethe.
chuck under the chin. 'Percussit super Soder, Solder, a firm cement from
menton em faciendo dictum Ie soubriquet ; ' fu si ble metals. ( F. - L.) l' ormerl)' "oder,
A. D. 1335. See Korting, and Liltl e. sowcUr, sometimes soulder; now pi 0-
Soc l Socage; see Soke. nounced (sod ·dr). - F. soud'4re, M. F .
Soclable. (F. - L.) F. sociable. - L. souldw'e, ' a ~ouldeJing, and particularly
sociiibilis, companionable. - L. sociii-re, to the knot of soulder which fastens the led
accompany.-L. socitlS, companion, fol- [lead) ofa glasse window;' Cot.-O. F.
lower; allied to L. seqt.i, to follow. See sOlider, soulder, to consolidate, make firm.
Sequence. Der. as-sociale, dis-sociate. - L. solt"diire, to make firm. - L. solidus,
social. (L. ) L. socialis, adj., from firm. See Solid.
socius (above). Sodomy. (F.-L.-Gk.-Heb.) F.
society. (F. -L.) M. F. societl.-L. sodomi-, a sin imputed to the inhabitants
ace. societatem, from nom. societiis, fellow- of Sodom. - F. Sodollle, Sod om. - L.
ship. - L. socius, a companion; see So- Sodoma. - Gk. :Iu05oJUl. - Heb . •~ edo1Jl .
ciable. Sofa. (Arab.) Arab. suffat, stlffall, 'a
Sock. (L.) A . S. socc. - I.. soccus, a sopha;' Rich. Diet. p. 936. - Arab. root
light shoe, slipper, sock, bu skin of a saffa , to draw up in line, to put a seat to a
comedian. saddle; ibid.
Socket. (F.-L.?) Cf.F.dial.soquette, Soft. (E.) A.S.sijte,adv.; so/t,also
a stump of dead wood, patois de la Meuse sifle adj. (with i-mutatiou). + O. Sax.
(Labourasse); Walloon sokelt, a stump. slfjlo, adv., softly; G . sal1j1, soft; O.H_G.
Godefroy has socquet, (apparently) a cup- sallljlo, adv., gently; Du. tacM, for zajl
hoard. Prob. an A. F . (limin. of O. F. SOc, (whence G. sacM ). Der. soft-en.
a wooden clog (A.n. 1473). Cotg. has Soil ( I ), ground , country . (F. - , L.)
'socque, a sock or sole of durt , cleaving to M. E. SOlie. - A. F. soil; (cf. F. semi,
the foot in a doggy way.' Cf. Port. socco, thrcshold of a door < 1.. soliulII ). -Late
wooden shoe or clog, mod. F. socque, a L. solea, soil , ground. Allied to 1.. solu1ll,
clog. fl All from L. socrus, sock, shoe, ground; whencc F . sol, soil, ground (from
hence , a wooden shoe or clog. I conclude which, however, the K word cannot be
that socket is a dimin. of sock, notwith- directly derived). Cf. Gk . ElJ-aq>o<, found a-
standing the change in sense; cf. E. shoe, tion , ground. See Sole ( I) .
a kind of ~ocket, as a term in machinery Soil ( 2), to defile. (F.-L.) M. E.
(W ebster). ~ O. F. soht, a small plough- soilm . [Not allied to M. E. slllm. E.
share, is from a Celtic source, being allied suIQI. ] - O. F. soilHer, F. sou iller, to soil;
to O. Irish sore, a ploughshare. se souil/e,-, to wallow as a sow. - O. F .
Sod. (E. ) So called from the use of soil, sou ii, 'the soile of a wild boar, the
turf as fuel (?) ; or from its frequent mire wherein he hnth wallowed;' Cot.
wetness (?). The connexion with the - Late L. suil/us, a pig; 1.. stlil/us,
verb 10 seethe appears clearly in Du . zode, adj., belonging to sw ine. -L. s,is, a sow.
sod, green turf, M. Du_ zode, seething, also See Sow. Der. soil, sb., a stain; quite
sod; G. sode, sod ,sod, bubbling up of boiling distinct from soil, ground.
water; Low (; . sood. a well, sode, a tllrf, sod; Soil (3), to feed cattle with green grass,
E. Fries. sOd, a well; sode, a cut turf, also, to fatten with feeding. (F . - L.) O. F.
boiling, cooking; Dan. dial. sod,l, saadd, *soeler, saoler, M. F. sQottler, to glut ,
a sod . (See Franck.) Cf. also A. S. sialJ, sat iate (F. sof1ler) ; cf. O . F. soele1llml ,
a well, pit, sialJ, pt. t. of slovan, to seethe; satiety (Godefroy).-O.F. saolJull, cloyed.
O. Fries. slilha, sod, slfth, a well; A. S. - L. acc. satul/um, filled with food. - L.
ge-sod, a cooking_ See Seethe . satur, filiI. See Sstiate.
Soda. (Ital -1. ) Ital. soda , ' a kind of Soiree, Qn evening party. (F.-L: , F.
fearne ashes whereof they make glasses;' soin!e, e\'ening; hence, an evening party.
Florio. Fem. "fItal. s~do , . solicle, tough;' I Cf. Ita!' scrata, e\·ening. - L. sir·tIS: late in
-499
 SOJOURN SOLITARY
the day (whence Ital. sera, F . soir, even- Sole (3), alone. (F.-L.) O. F. sol (F .
ing) ; with suffix -ala (>F. -te l . seul). - L. solum, acc. of solw, alone.
Sojourn, to dwell. (F.-L. ) O. F. Solecism, impropriety in speaking or
sojorlter, sojollY1ur. -L. sub, under; dillr- writing. {F. - L. - Gk.) M. F. soloeciJlIle;
",ire, to stay, from dillrnu! , daily; which Cot. -L. sO/(1'cismlls. _Gk. tTO}o.,O.ItHIp.O<, a
is from dies, a day. See Diary. solecism. - Gk. tTo}o.,o.lti(ftv , to speak incor-
Soke, SOC, a franchise , land held by rectly.-Gk.tT6}o.,0t.tco<, speaking incorrectly,
~ocage. (E.) The A. S. sacu meant 'a like an inhabitant of ~6Jo..o. (Soloi) in
contention " a 'law-suit'; whence the L'lw Cilicia, where the Gk. dialect was cor-
term sac, the power of hearing suits and rnptly spoken.• Der. solecist" sb.
admiuistering justice within a certain pre- SoleDUl. (I' . -L.) M. E. solemptte.-
cinct. The A.S. SOClt meant • investigation,' O. F. solem/me. - L. solem1lCm , acc. of
or 'a seeking into '; whence the Law solei/mis, older forms sii/emu's, sollemzis,
term soke, the right of hearing disputes annual, occurring yearly like a religious
and enquiring into complaints, also, the rite, religi ous, solemn. - L. SOIlIlS, entire,
precinct within which snch right was com plete; amms, a year. Hence solemn
exercised; see Blount, Spelman, Ellis, = returning at the end of a complete year.
Thorpe, Schmid. p. Etymologically, sac The O . Lat. sol/ItS is cognate with W. holl,
(A.S. sac,, ) is the same word as Sake, whole, entire. Brugm. i. § ,.17. Der.
q. v. Soke ( A. S. soc-) is the exercise of solmm·ily, -iu.
judicial power; and sokm (A. S. SOcIt, Sol-fa, to sing the notes of the gamnt.
sOce1l ) is an enquiry; both allied to E. suk, (L ) It means to sing the notes by the
and derived from A. S. sOc, strong grade names si, la, sol,/a, mi, re, ul (where, for
of J(U.'att, to contend; see Seek. Der. ul, do is now used ). These names are of
soc·age, a barbarous law term made by L. origin; see Gamut. Der. sol/eggio,
adding F . -age (L. -atimlll ) to A. S. sOc- . from Ita\. solftggio, the singing of the
(The 0 is long.) gamut; cf. sol-mi-salion, coined from sol
Solace, a relief. (F. -L.) M. E. solas. and mi.
-0. F. solaz (where z ~ ts) . - L. soliili1lm, Solicit. (F. -L.) M. F. solidler.-L.
a comfort. - L. soliitus, pp. of solari, to solliciliire, to agitate, aronse, urge, solicit.
console. Allied to L . so/lus, Gk. o}o.,o<, - L. sol/ieilus, lit. wholly agitated.-L.
whole (Prellwitz). Der. solace, vb. solli-, for sollus, whole; cilus, aronsed, pp.
Solan-goose, a bird. ,Scand. and K ) of ciere, to shake, excite. See Solemn
The E. goose is an addition. - Ice!. stUall , and Cite. Der. solicitous, for L. so/licilus;
lit. 'the gannet,' where -tt stands for the solicit-tide, M.F. solicilllde, from L. sollici-
definite article; def. form of Ice!. -sMa, liido, anxiety.
in haf-siUa, i. e. sea-gannet, solan goose; Solid. ,F. - L.) F. solide. -L. solidum,
Norweg. sula, the same. ace. of solidus, firm. Der. solidar·£-ty,
Solar, belonging to the sun. (L .) L . ' a word which we owe to the F. com-
siiltin's, solar. - L. siil, sun. + Ice!. sol, munists, and which signifies a fellow-
Goth. sauil, Lith. sattle, W. haul, Irish ship in gain and loss, a being, so to speak.
IIi/, Gk. ~}o.,to< (see Prellwitz); Skt. s;;,'a- , all in the same hottom;' Trench. Also
sun, splendour. Bmgm. i. § 48 [. solid-i-fy, from F. solidijier, to render solid.
Solder; see Soder. Soliloquy. (L .) Late L. so/i/oquiulll,
Soldier. (F. - L.) M. F.. sodiour, a speaking to oneself(Augllstine) . - L. soli-,
sOlutiou,., sOIl/dier. - O. F. soldier, sot/doier, for so/ItS, alone; /oqt/i, to speak. See
SOtlldoye1', one who fights for pay ; Late Loquacious.
L. soltiaritls. - Late L. so/dttm, pay. - Late Soliped, an animal with llncloven
L. solidus, a piece of money (whence O. F. hoof. (L. ) Short for solidiped. - L.
sol. F. sou) ; orig. ' a solid piece.' - L. I solidiped-, stem of solidiprs, solid-hoofed
solidus, solid; cf. E. • hard cash.' See Solid . . (Pliny). - L. so/iai-, for solidus, solid; t,'s,
Sole \ 1) , nnder side of foot or shoe. a foot; see Foot.
(L.) A. S. so/e. _ Late L. sola, for L. solea, Solita.r;r. (F. - L.) M. E. solilarit. -
sole of the foot, or of a shoe. - L. .<0/1111/, A. F. so/itarie; cf. F . solitaire. - L. soli-
the ground. See Soil. ttin'tIS, solitary. Short for ·solitatiirills,
Sole ( zl, n fish. (F.-L.) M. E. .«J/e.- from solitlit-, stem of sl;fi/tis, loneline... -
F. so/e; Cot.- L. solta, the sole·fish. , L soltiS , alone.
500
 SOLITUDE SOOTH
solitude. (F.-L. ) F . So/ilttdc.-L . Somntl>D1bulist, onc who walks in
so/ittido. - L. so/i-, for SO/liS, alone; and his sleep. ( L.) Coined (with suffi x .isl =
suffix -liido . L. -isla ~ Gk. -HTTT}S, as in bapl-isl) from
solo. (Ital. - L.) }<' rom Ital. solo, L. SmJt1l-tlS , sleep, and olllbul-iire, to walk.
alone. - L. so/us, alone. See below, and sec Amble.
Solmisation: see Sol-fa. somniferous, callsing sleep. (L. ) L.
Solstice. (F.-L. ) F . solslice. -L. so1lt"ifer, sleep-bringing ; with suffix -ous.
so/stitiwlt, the solstice; lit. a point (in the -L. som,,;-, for SOII11/tlS, sleep; -1~r,
ecliptic) at which the sun seems to stand bringing, from f ern, to bring. /3. The
still. - L. sol, the sun; -stit-ttm , for slatltm, L. som1lUS is for *s-dJepllos, allied to
supine of sist~re, 10 make to stand still, SkI. svap'ta-, Irish slia1Z, \V. hmt, sleep.
from slare, to stand. See State. ('V'SWEP.) See Soporiferous.
Soluble. ( F. - L.) F. so/uble. - L. somnolence. (F. -L.) F.so/JI1lQ/e'llcc.
soMbi/is, dissolvable. - L. so/ii-, base of - L. sO/Jl1lo/c1tlia, sleepiness. - L. S01J11/0-
SO/t/·tIlS, pp. of so/ttere, to loosen; with lenltls, sleepy. - L. S01111/0- (for S01ll1llt5),
suffix -bilt·s. See solve. sleep (above) ; with suffix -Imlus.
solution. (F . - L. \ }<-. soitttion.- Son. (E. ) M. E. S01lt!_ A. S. suml. +
L. sO/iitiomm, acc. of solUlio, a loosing.- Du. zoon; Ice!. SUlIr, Dan. sihl, Sweel. S01',
L. so/iii-us, pp. of so/ttere, to loosen, G. solm, Goth. sunus. Teut. type *SU1tuz.
solve. Cf. Lith. siinus, Russ_ sui,,'; Skt. siillu-,
solve. (L.) Late L. so/ve1'e ; I.. soltten, from SkI. SI4, su, to beget; Gk. v/us, vius
to loosen, relax, explain; pp. soliiltts. - L. (for ·UI!rU5); O. Irish sulk, birth. ('V'SU.)
so- (for se-), apart; /ttere, to loosen, allied llrugm. i. §§ 104, 292.
to Gk. AU-OW, to set free, and to E. Lose. Sonata. (ltal. - L.) Ital. sOllala, a
llrugm. i. § 12 I. Der. so/ve1zt, from the sounding, a sonata. From the fern . of pp.
stem of the pres. pt.; and see above. of Ital. SOl/are, to sound. - L. sOllnre, to
Sombre, gloomy. (F.-L. ) F.somwe, sound, from sonus, sound. See Sound (3 ).
!;Ioomy. Cf. Port. and Span. soml'no, Song. (E .) M. E. S01lg. A. S. sang. -
gloomy, from Port. and Span. sombra, A. S. smtg, 2nd grade of singall, to sing +
shade. Diez refers these to L. umbrll , Du. :Aug; Ice!. sOngr; Swed_ S01tg; Dan.
shade, with prefixsllb; c( Prov .solz-ombrar, and G. sang; Goth. j'aggws (for sa1/gws ) ;
to shade. (See K urling.) Littre refers cf. Gk. 01'#1 , voice. See Sing.
them to L. umbra, shade, with prefix ex songster. (E. ) A.S. sa1lgyslrc, sal/g-
(intensive). Either solution seems pos- estre, a singer. - A. S. sang, 2nd grade of
sible; the latter is the simpler. See Si1tgalt, to sing; with double suffix -es-tre
Umbrage. of the agent. Der. s01tgslr-us, with F.
sombrero, a broad-brimmed hat. suffix, from Gk . -, uua.
(Span. - L.) Span. sombrero. - Span. som- Sonnet. (F . -Ital.-L.) F . S01l1tlt. -
bra (above ). Ita!. s01letto, a sonnet, eaJlzonet ; dimin. of
Some. (E. ) A. S. sum, some one, a sono, a sound, tune. - L. S01/U1lt, ace. of
certain one, one; pI. sume, some. +lcel. SOltUS, a sound. Der. s01tnel.eer, Ital. S()1ul-
Sttmr, Goth. sums, O. H. G. sum, some li~re, a sonnet-writer. See Sound (3).
one; Dan. somme, pI.; cf. Swed. so1lt/ige, pl., sonorous. (L.) For L. S01tOrus , loud-
some. Allied to Same. Der. some-body, sounding. - L. sonor-, stem of SOllor, sound,
-Ilziug, -time, -limes (where -s is an ad- noise.-L. sOllare, to sound.-L. sonus,
verbial suffix). sound.
-some, suffix. (E.) A. S. -SlIm, as in Soon. (E.) M. E. sOt/e. A.S. sOna.+
?iJ)'u-sum = E. uJin-some. Cf. G. lang-sam, O. Sax. Sa1ta, saIl(); O. Fries., O. Sax,
slow. From the weak grade of Teut. M. H. G. san; cf. Goth. suns-aiw, suns,
*sallto-, same; see Bame. immediately.
Somersault, Somerset. (F. -Ital. Soot. (K ) A. S. sol.+Icel. sol, Swed.
-L.) M.F. soubresau/t, 'a sobresault or sol, Dan. sod; cf. Lith. sMis, soot. Per-
summersault, an active trick in tumbling ; ' haps from the 0- grade of Idg. root SED
Cot. -Ital. soprasa/lo. - Ital. sopra, above, (Teut. SET), to sit, rest upon. See Bit.
over; sailo, a leap. - L. supra, above, (Noreen, § 146; Streitberg, • 95.) Cf.
over; sailu1n , acc. of saltus, a leap, from also Gael. suilk, soot.
pp. of L. salire, to leap; lee Salient. Booth. true. (E.) A. S. s66, true;
501
 SOOTHE SORTIE
whence sJiJ, neut. sb. , tbe truth. [The A. S. supreme; highcst Y{licc in music. - Late L.
sJJ stands for ·solllh ., Teut. *sanlh - ; the Stt/'et'tlIIW , chief; see Sovereign.
los; of 11 follow in,:: the leng thening of 0.] Sorcery. (F. - 1..) O. F . sor{el'ie,
+ Icel. saw,r ( for ·sallll,r) , Swed . sam" casting of lots, magic. - O. F. sorrier, n
Ilan. sail'!; from Teut. base ·sailihoz , sorcerer. - Lllte L . sortiiirius. n teller of
l dg-. ·SOlltOS, short for *es-ollt·, lit. being, fortnnes l,y lots, sorcerer. -L: sorti-, from
that which is, from -v'ES, to be. Allied sort-, stem of sors, a lot.
to L. -SOlS, being, as in ab·sem (stem abo Sordid, dirty, vile. (F. - 1,.) F. Sal"
Jwt -), prl~ ·!eJlS ', stem pra-sellt-) ; Skt. dide .-L. sordidus, dirty. - L. sordi-, for
Jal-ya ·, true. See Suttee and Essence. sordes, dirt. Cf. Russ. sal", filth . Rrngm . i.
D ar. for-sootll, i. e. for a trnth; sooth-say, p. 1091.
to say truth. Sore, adj. (E.) M. E. SOl'. A. S. sl;r ,
Boothe. (E.) The orig. sense was to painful. + Du. zeer, Ice!. siirr, Swed. snr,
assent to as being true , hence to say yes to, O. H . G. ser, wounded, painful; cf. G.
humour, fiatter , approve of. 'Is 't good se/lr, sorely, very, versehrell , to wound.
to soothe him in these contraries? ' Com. Teut. type ·sai1·oz, adj. Cf. O. Irish Saet/l,
Errors, iv. 4. 82. M. E. soMen, to con- soelh, tribulation; but hardly L. StEIIIIS,
firm, verify. A. S . lre-soiJiaJl, to confirm, dire. Der. sore, sb., A.S. SIll' (Goth . sair) ;
prove to be true . - A. S. sob, true; see and sore, adv., very; see Sorry.
Sooth. Sorrel ( I), a plant. (F.-M. H. G.)
soothsa.y. (E.) To say sooth, i. e. O. F. sorel ( F. surelle). - M. H. G. Sur (G.
tell trutli, predict. satter\, sour; from its taste. So also A. S.
SOp, sb. ( E.) M. E. soppe. It answers siire, sorrel, from siir, sour. See Sour.
to an A,S. *soppe, a sop (whence soppia", Sorrel (2) , of a reddish · brown colour.
to sop up) ; regularly formed from sop- (F. - Tent.) O. F. sorel; dimin. from
(Tent. *mp·) weaker grade of supa", to O.F. SOl', }<'. SaUl', sorrel of colour. - Low
.up. Cf. Icel. soppa, a sop, from the G. soor, sear, dried up, withered; cognate
weaker grade of siipa, to sup; also Du. with E. sear. See Sear.
sop, M. Du. zoppe, M. Swed. soppa, Low Sorrow, grief. (E.) M. E. sor-we,
G. soppe, G. suppe. See Sup. sorJe. A. S. sorge, gen . dat. and acc. of
Sophist, a captious reasoner. (F.-L. sorh, sorg, sorrow, anxiety. + Du . 'AJrg,
- (;k. ) Ustlally sop/listet· in old authors, Dan. Swed. sorg, G. sorge, G oth. sallrga,
but the final I' is unoriginal. - O. F. care, grief. Teut. type *sor.r:n., f. Cf.
sopMsle. - Late L. sophis/a. - Gk. O<X/'<OT~S, O. Irish serg, sickness, Lith. sirgli, to be
a skilful man, also a Sophist, teacher of ill, suffer. ~ Not allied to son or sorry,
arts for money (see Liddell) . - Gk. oO<pi,.w, though the present sense of sorry shews
to instruct. - Gk. oo pos, wise. Der. sophist- confusion with it. See below.
roy, sophist-ie (Gk. t1O<pIOTlItOS) ; sophis-m Sorry, sore in mind, aggrieved. (E.)
(Gk. ou.pIt1p.a, a device). M. E. sory. A. S. sang, adj., sorry, sad,
Sophy, a shah of Persia, A. D. 1505 - sore in mind; from siir , sore. +Du. zetrig,
1 7~o. (Pers. - Arab. ) In Shako Merch. Swed. sarig, sore, full of seres, woros
Yen. ii. I. 26. Pers. Safi, a title. - Arab. which preserve the orig. sense. ~ Spelt
safiy, pure. ~ Distinct from Sufi, a with two r's owing to the shortening of
Moslem mystic; from Arab. si'fiy, intel· M. E. 0 in smy, due to the addition of the
ligent. suffix -y ( A. S. -ig\ ; but not orig. allied t o
Soporiferous, inducing sleep. (L.) sorrow.
F rom L. soporiftr, sleep - bringing; by Sort, a kind . (F . - L.) F. sorle, fem.,
adding-OilS. - L. sopon-, from sopor- ,stem of sort , kind; O. F . sorle, fern ., a company;
iopar, sleep; fir, bringing, from ferre, to allied to F. sorl, masc. , luck·, fate. - L.
!'Iring. The L. sopor is allied to Skt. svap· sortem, acc. of SOl'S, lot. Perhaps allied to
Illr-, sleep (from svap, to sleep), Gk. iJIWOS , Series. Brugm. i. § 516 (I).
sleep, A. S. s7tJejm, a dream. (-v'SWEP.) Sortie. ( 1:'.- L.) F. sortie, a going
Rrngm. i. § 551. See Somniferous. forth; fern . of sarti, pp. of sorlir, to sally
BOp.riflC, causing sleep. (L. ) L forth . Cf. Span. surtida, a sortie, from
sopori- ~ qbove) ; and :jie- , for fa ren, to I O. Span. surtir, to rise. 13. F. sorlir,
make, cau:oe. Span. surfir, answer to a Folk-L. form
I'"
Sopra.no. (Ital. - L.) Ita!. soprallo, sortire, to rise up, from *sortum, for L.
502
 SOT sow
surrec/u"" supine of surgen, to rise up; sounding-lead. Diez derives F. s/1"der
see Surge. The contraction of surn c/um from n supposed L. ·SIIb:'IIu1are , to go
to sor/um is proved to be correct by Ital. under the water; from L. sub, under, And
sorto. occurring as pp. of sorgere, to rise ; tmda, A wave; cf. ah,ou1ld, red-ottnd, and
and by ~pan . surto, pp. of surgir. sombre. ~ Yet we find A. S . SIllld·gyrd,
Sot, a stupid fellow, drunkard. (Late a sounding-rod; sUlId·/i"e, sImi- rap, a
l ~ ) M. E. sot ( Ancren Riwle). A. S. sol , sounding-line or rope ; which point to It
sott. La te L. so/tus (Ducange) ; abo A.D. derivation from Sound ( 2) .
800. Prob. of Teut. origin ; cf. M. Du. Soup. (F.- Teut. ) F'. soupe. - F.
zot; M. H. G. sole, a sot. ~ Distinct from sOl/per, to sup. - Low G. supm, to drink,
Span. zole, n blockhead; Ital : ut;co (Florio quaff. See Sup, and Sop.
has %olt;co ). The Ital. zotico has been re- Sour. (E. ) A. S. Stw. + Du. ;ullr,
ferred to L. idioticus, idiotic, iu which case Icel. siirr, Dan.suur, Swed. sur, G. sauer;
Span. :.Dte may represent L. idiotes, of Gk. W. sur, sour, Lith. mrllS, salt; Russ.
origin; see Idiot. Duc:mge basjotticus, surovuii, raw, coarse, harsh , rough.
a foolish game; cf. M . E.jottes, unlearned Brugm. i. § 114.
people. Source. (F. - L.) M. E. sou,·s. - O. F .
Sou. (F. - L.) F. sou, O. F. sol, a sorse, sttrse (F. sour(e), a source. Here
coin. - Late L. so/wus, solid, also a coin ; soru is fern . of soys, old pp. of O. F. sord,-e
cf. I. s. d., i. e. libra, solidi, denan·i. See (F. som-dYe), to rise. - L. sttrgere, to rise;
Bolid. see BurKe.
Soubriquet; see Bobriquet. Souse (I) . pickle. ( F. - 1..) lIIerely
Souchong, a kind of tea. ( Chin~se.) another spelling of Sauce; cL M. E.
Can tonesesiu-cntmg, for sino-chtmg,'little sowur, a saucer; Vocab. 661. 17. Hence
sort;' Yule, p. 691. souse, vb., to soak in brine.
Sough, a sighing sound. ( E.) M . E. Souse ( 2). Sowse, to swoop down
swogh, swough, from A. S. swogan, to upon. (F . -L.) From M. E. sours, the
resound. Cf. IceL anl-sf'gr , tbe rush- upward spring or tbe swoop of a bird of
ing sound of an eagle's wings; and see prey; Ch. - O. F. sorse, a rise, also ;l
Surf. source; see Source. Phil. ~oc. Tral1 ~ .
Soul. (E.) A. S. siiwel, stiwl. Du. + 1888, p. 18.
ziti, IceL sii/a, sal, Dan. silel, ~wed. sjal, South. (E.) A. S. sii{J. + Du. wid;
G. seele, Goth . saiwala. Brugm. i. i 200. Icel. sii{Jr, also Stlmlr, south (cf. su{Jreyj01-,
Sound ( I ), adj., healthy. (Eo) M. E. lit. southern islands, ~odor , the Hebrides) ;
soulld. A. S. slllld. +Du. gezolld; Swed. Dan. Swed. syd, Swed . sumlml, the south;
Dan. stUlll; G. gemnd. Perhaps allied to O. H. G. sund, G. siid. 13. The Tent.
salle. base is *sunth-, south; perhaps allied to
Sound (2), strait of the sea. (E.) M. E . Sun, q. V. Connexion with Gk. v,s,.os ,
sou,ld. A. S. sund, (I ) a swimming, ( 2) south wind (Brugmann), is doubtful; sec
power to swim, (3) a strait of the sea, that Prellwitz. Der. south-em; cf. O. H . G.
could be swum across.+IceL Dan. Swed. sundroni, southern, Icel. sutJrre1m.
G. mIld. Probably derived from ·swum Souvenir. (F. - L. ) F. souvenir, sb.,
(A. S. swum- I, weak grade of swim mall, a remembrance; merely the verb sQtlz'ellir,
to swim ; with SUffilC -doz for Idg. pp. to remember, used as a sb. - L. subtlellire,
SUffilC -Ms . Brugm. i. § 377 ( 2). ~ee to occur to one's mind. - L. sub, uuci er,
Swim. Der. sound, swimming-bladder near; tunire, to come. See Venture.
of n fish, another use of the same word; Sovereign. ( F. - L. ) M. E. sot/era itt
Shetland soolld, IceL sttnd-magi. (stnJerai,,). - A. F . stnJereill; O. F. sotlve-
Sound (3), a noise. (F. -L.) The raill. -Late L.mperallus, chief.-L. super,
final d is added. M. E. soun. - F. son. above. See Super-.
- L. SOllum, ace. of sonm (for ·swenos), a Sow ( I ), to scatter seed. (E.) A. S.
sound. + Skt. svalla-, sound; A. S. swin, sawan, pt. t. si'ow, pp. siiwell. +
Du .
melody. (-V SWEN.) Brugm. ii. § 519. zaaijen, Ice!. sii, Dan. saoe, Swed. sd,
Sound (4) , to measure depth of water. O. H . G. si'i1lletl, G. siim , Gotb . saiml.
(F. - L.) In PalsgTave. - F. sonder, to Also W . hau, Lith. sUi, Russ. sieiate, l~
sound the depth of. Cf. Span. Port. so,ular, seren (pt. t. si-u;, pp. sa-tum ), to sow; G~ .
to souod; Span. Port. sontia, }<' . sonde, a ''1'" (for .(1,-(1'1-"'), I send, throw. (VSE,
50 3
 sow SPARABLE
to cast.) Brugm. i. §§ 132, 310. Der. tween the outer mouldings of an arch and
seed; cf. seaNn. a horizontal line above it. As if from
Sow ( 2), a female pig. ( E.) Also O. F. *espallderel, from O. F. espalldeur,
applied to oblong pieces of melted metal, that which spreads. - O. F. espandre, to
whence smaller pieces branch out, called spread, expand. See Expand, Spawn.
pigs. M. E. sowe. A. S. sugu, also sI7.+ Spangle. ( E.) M. E. spallgd, dimin. of
Du. zog, Ice!. sjr, Dan. so , Swed. so, spa"g, a metal fast en ing (hence, small
sugga, G. salt; W. hWe/I, Irish mig, L. shining ornament). A. S. stange, a Inttal
sus, Gk. ~f, a sow; Zend 1m, a boar. clasp.+E. Fries. and M . Du. spallge, a thin
Perhaps' producer,' Jrom the prolific nature plate of metal; Ice!. spiing; G. spallge,
of the sow. (v'SU, to produce.) Der. brooch, clasp, buckle.
swi'le. Spaniel. (F. - Span. - L.) M. E.
Soy, a sauce. (Japanese.) Also sooja, spat/iel, spanejeo!e. - O. F. espag-lIett!, a
, which has been corrupted into soy;' Eng. spaniel, Spanish dog. - Span. E spaJ1o!,
Cyc!. Japanese shoyu, soy, sauce; though Spanish. - Span. E spalla, Spain. - L. His-
the name is now gil'en to the bean (Do- pa1lia, Spain.
lie/,os s()ja) whence soy is made. But the Spank, to slap, move quickly. (E.) We
Jap. name for the bean is daidzu. also have spanker, a large active man or
Spa, a place where is a spring of mineral animal; spa1lki1lg, large, lnsty. An E.
water. ( Belgium. ) Named after Spa, S. W. word.+Low G. spakkern, spmkerll, to
of Liege, in Belgium. run and spring about quickly; E. Fries.
Space. (F. - L.) F. espace. -L. spatium, spmkelen, spmkem, to burst, Ry about;
a spacc . Allied to Span. Brugm. i. § 193. Dan. spa1lke, to strut about. From a base
Der. sp ac-i-ous. *spak, significant of quick action; cf. E.
Spade ( I) . (E.) A. S. spadu, spada, Fries. spaktn, to split, burst with heat.
a spade. + Du. spade, Ice!. spa/fi, Dan. Der. spank-er, an after-sail in a barque.
Swed. spade, G. spalm; Gk. u'I'a(!'1, Span-new, quite new. (Scand.) The
broad blade, sword-blade, spathe of a a has been shortened by the stress upon it.
Rower (whence L. spa/ha , F . Ipte). From M. E . spa1l-newc. -Icel. spannjr, spa1ljr,
its Rat surface. (v'SPA, to draw out.) span-new, lit. 'new as a chip.' - Ice!.
Der. spat/die, a paddle. spa,,,,, a chip, shaving, spoon; nyr, new.
spade ( 2), at cards. (Span. -L. -Gk.) See Spoon.
A substitution for the Span. espada, mean- Spar (1), a beam, bar. (E.) M. E.
ing ( I ) a sword, (2) a spade at cards. sparre. The A. S. sb. is vouched for by
Der. spad·ille, ace of spades, F . spadille, the derived verb spar,.-ia1l, to fasten a door
Span. espadilla, small sword, ace of spades, with a bar. +Du. spar, Icel. sparri, Dan.
dimin . of Span. spada, a spade « L. Swed. sparre; O. H. G. sparro, G. sparrm,
spatha < Gk. u ..a9f1). See Spade (I). spar, bar. [Irish and Gael. sparr, beam,
S~alpeen, a mean fellow. (Irish.) Irish are from E.) Dar. spar, vb., to fasten a
spallpin, a common labourer, a mean door.
fellow, Gael. spailpeml. From Ir. spailp, Spar (2), a mineral. (E.) A. S. sjxcr-
a beau; orig. pride. stan, a spar-stone. Cf. G. sparka!k,
Span, to measure , grasp. (E. ) M. E. plaster. ~ Distinct from G. sPaJ, spath ,
spantletl. A. S. Sp(l1Inatl, to bind, pt. t. spar.
sp,nll; gespam,a", to bind, connect. + Spar (3), to box, wrangle. (F. - Teu!.)
O. H. G. spam/a", to extend, connect; Used of fighting-cocks. - M. F. esparer, ' to
Du. SpatUle1l. to span, stretch, put horses fling or yerk out with the heels;' Cot.-
to, Dan. spf1'nde, Swed. spanna, to stretch, Low G. spat-re, sb., a struggling, striving;
span, buckle; Ice!. Spentla, to clasp. G. sich spernn, to struggle against, resist,
All;ed to Space and Spin. (v'SPA.) oppose. Allied to Skt. sphur, to throb,
Der. spa", sb., stretch of the hand, 9 inches struggle; Gk. umJip*tIf, uU1TalP*IJI, to strug-
in space. gle convulsively; Russ. spori!e , to quarrel,
Spancel. (North E.) 'A rope to tye wrangle. ("",SPER.) And see Spur,
a cows hinder legs;' Ray. From span, Spurn. Brugrn. i. § S09 (3).
to tie, and Ice!. scil ( A . S. StU), a rope. Sparable, a small nail used for boots.
+Du. spa" uel ; G. spantzsei!. (E. ) Formerly sparrow-bill; from the
Spandrel. (F.-L.) The space be- shape.
 SPARE SPECIE
Spare, frugal, lean. (E .) A. S. spar, quentative of sf'at-, with the sense to
spare; whence sparimt , vb., to spare. + throw, to splash. E. Fries. spallen , 10
lee!. spa,..,., Dan. spar-solll, Swed. spar-sam, burst, fly out, spirt.+Du. spatten , to
U. spar-sam, spiir-lich, thrifty. Der. spar- throw, spatter, splash. Der_ spatte,'-
illg, spare-rib; spare, vb., from A. S. daskes, gaiters, to protect against spatter-
.<pan·an (above) ; so also Du. and G. ings and dashes_ See Spats.
spnren, Ice!. and Swed_ spara, Don. spare. Spatula, a broad-bladed knife for
Spark ( I ) , a small particle of fire. (E.) spreading plaisters. (L. -Gk.) L. spatula ,
O. Merc. sj>terca (Sweet) ; A.S. spearca. + dimin. of spatka. - Gk . .,.,,&/1,/, a broad
1\1. Du. sparcke; Low G. sparke. Perhaps blade. See Spade ( I).
so called from the crackling of a fire-brand, Spavin, a swelling near the joints of
which throws out sparks; cf. Ice!. spraka, horses, producing lameness. (Y. - Teut. )
to crackle, Lith. sprageti, to crackle like M. E. spaveyne.-O. F. esfarvi,t ( 13th c.,
burning fire-wood, Gk. I1<f>O.fHl-Y0S, a crack- in Hatzfeld) ; M. F. tspa,-vain,' n spavin
ling. Brug. i. § 531. in the leg of a horse;' Cot. The same as
Spark (2), a gay yonng fellow. (Scand.) Span. esparavan, ( I) a sparrow-hawk, ( 2)
The same as WHtsh. sprack, lively. - Ice!. spavin; answering to a Low I... adj. *spar-
sparkr, sprightly, also sp,'akr; Swed. dial. vonus, belonging to a sparrow, parallel to
spraker, sprak,sprng, talkative. Cf. Spark Late L. sparvarills, a sparrow-hawk, lit.
~ I) . Der. sprag, i. e. sprack, nsed by Sir belonging to sparrows; cf. G. sperber, a
Hugh, Merry Wives, iv. I. 84' sparrow-hawk. Perhaps the lit. sense is
Sparkle, vb., to throw out sparks, to ' sparrow-like,' from the hopping or spar-
glitter. (E.) Cf. Du. sparke/en, to sparkle. row-like motion of a horse afflicted with
The form spark-Ie is frequentative. See spavin. Derived from O. H. G. spa,-we, a
Spark (I ). sparrow, cognate with E. Sparrow, CJ. v.
Sparrow. (E.) A. S. spearwa.+lcel. IIU Generally explained as 'sparrow-hawk-
spij,..,·, Dan. spurv, Swed. spa,/, Goth. like,' contrary to grammar and sense.
spa"wa; O. H . G. spa,'o, G. sper·ling. . However, the result is, in anycase, dolthtfnl.
Lit. 'fllttterer;' from -VSPER, to quiver. Spa..., the same as Spa, q. v.
See Spar (3). Der. sparrow-kawk; and Spawn, the eggs of fish or frog;;. (F.
see sparable, spovill. -L.) From M. E. spawnm, Spa'U'I, to
Sparse, thinly scattered. (I...) L. spar- spawn, as fishes; l 'rompt. Parv. F'or
stlS, pp. of spargere, to scatter, sprinkle. spound, with loss of d. See Wright's Voc.
Allied to Gk. ",,.'pEW; see Sperm. i. 164; N. & Q. 6 S. v. 465.-M. F. e.<pan-
Spasm. (F. -L. - Gk.) F. spasme, the dre,' to shed, spill, ponr out, scatter abroad
cramp. - I... spasmum, ace. of spasmus. - in great abundance;' Cot. - I... expande,'e,
Gk. I1"al11-'6<, a spasm. -Gk. .,.1ra",I1rra ..", to to spread out, shed abroad; see Expand.
draw, pluck. (v'SPA.) Der. spasm-od-ic, Speak. (E. ) M. E. spckm , also (before
from Gk . .,."al1"";'o,/<, convulsive. A. D. 1200) spreken; th~ word has lost an
Spat (I ), a blow, a slap. (E.) Of r. Late A. S. specall, A. S. spreean, pt. t.
imitative origin; cf. slap, slam, pat. sprac, pp. spyecen. + Du. sprekm; G.
Spat (2), young of shell-fish. (Eo) spyecken, pt. t. sprock. All perhaps from
From spat-, to eject, the base of spatter. "feltt. base SPREK, to make a noise; cf.
Cf. Du. spat, a speckle, spot; and see Ice!. spraka, to crackle; see Spark ( I),
Spatter. and Prellwitz, s. v. I1<f>O.pa-yo<. .
Spate, a rivcr-flood. (F. - Teut. ) Cf. Spear. (E.) M. E. and A. S. spert.+
Irish sp~id, a great river-flood; borrowed Du. speer, Ice!. spior, Dan. spar, G. speer ;
from E. spate. The same as North E. cf. L. sparus, a small missile-weapon, dart.
spait, a torrent of rain; also spelt speat. Perhaps allied to spar; a beam, bar (hence,
G. Douglas has spait. a torrent; cf. Verg-. a pole).
Aen. ii. 496. - A. F. *espeit=O. F. tspoit, Special. (F. -I... ) Short for especial;
a spouting out (God efroy). - E. Frie<. see Especial.
speitm, speuten, spoiten, W. Flem. spee/en, Specie, money in gold or silver. (L)
] )u. spuitnt, to spout; see Spout. Evolved as a sb. from the old word species,
Spats, gaiters. (E.) Short for spatter- 'money paid by tale,' Phillips; prob. by
dashes. confusion with 1_ ah!. specil, as if paitl in
Spatter, to besprinkle. (E.) A fre- specie-paid in visible coin.
50 5
 SPECIES SPENCER
species, a kind. (L ) L sped!s, look, Speir, to ask. (E.) Northern E. A.S.
appearance, kind, sort. - L spectre, to spyriall, to ask, track out. -A. S. spor, a
look, see.+O. H. G. spehiilZ, G. spiihm , foot-track i allied to spora, a spur; see
to spy; Skt. par, spar, to spy. (.ySPEK, Spur. + Du. spmren,. Icel. spyrja, G.
to see. ) Brugm. i. § 551 . spurm; Low G. spiiiiretl, to track, from
sJJecify. , F. -L.) O. F. specifier, to spaor, a spoor, trail (Danneil).
partIcularise. - L speci/icare. - L. sped- Spelicans, thin slips of wood. ( Du.)
ficus, specific, particular. - 1.. sped-is, M.1)u. spellekm, a small pin; dim in. of
kind; -fico, for Jaure, to make. M . Du. spelle (Du. speU), a splinter. Sec
specimen. (L. ) L. specimen, an ex- Spell (4). ~ Distinct from Du. spalk,
ample, something shown. - L sped-, for A. S. spe/e, a splint.
specere, to see; with suffix -mm. Spell ( I ) , an incan tation. (E.) M. E.
specious, showy. ( F.-L.) M. F . spe- spel. A. S. spel, spell, a saying, story, nar-
cieux, fair. - L speci15ws, fair to see. - L. rative ; hence a form of words, spell. + Ice!.
sped·ls, appearance; with suffix -15slts. spjall, a saying; O. H. G. spe!, narrative ;
Speck, a small spot. (E.) A. S. speaa, Goth. spill, fable. Der.go-spel.
a spot, mark. Allied to Low G. spakig, spell ( 2) , to tell the names of letters
spotted with wet, spaken, to spot with wet; in a word. (F. - T eut.) M. E. spellm, of
M. Du. spickdm, to speckle, frequentative spell; also, to tell. - O. F. espder, I to
of M. Du. spicken, to spit; Du. spikkel, a spell;' Cot. - Du. spetlen, to spell ; or
speckle, spot. Der. speck-Ie, a little speck; from O. H . G. spelloll, to tell , relate.+
speck-Ie, vb. A. S. spef/iall, to tell, recount, from A. S.
Spectacle. (F. -L.) F. spectad e, a spell, a story (above) ; Goth. spillon, to
sight. - L. spectamltlm, a show. - L. spec- narrate. ~ M . E. .rpellm, in the sense
ltTre, to behold, frequentative of specere, to , to relate,' is from A. S. spelliml. We also
see. find speldrm, to spell, in the Ormulum ,
spectator. (L.) L. spectator, a be- from spe/der, a splinter ; see Spell (4) ;
holner. - L. speclii-re, to see; with suffix bnt this is a different word.
-tor. - L. speet-mll, supine of specere, to Spell (3) , a tum of work. (E.) Cf.
see. A. S. SPe/iOll, to supply another's room , to
spectre. (F. - L.) F . spectre, 'an act or be proxy for; allied to D u. spelm,
image, ghost;' Cot. - L. spectrulII, a vision. Ice!. spi/a, G. spidell, to act a part, playa
- L. spec-ere, to see. game ; from the sb. appearing as Du. Swed.
specular. (L ) L.spemlaris, belong- spel, Ice!. Dan. st.i/, G. spiel, a game.
ing to a mirror. - L. speclllulIl, a mirror. Spell (4; , Spill, a thin sl ip of wood,
- L. spec-ere, to see. ~ Hut Milton uses slip of paper. (E. ) Formerly speld. M.E.
it with reference to L. spewla, a watch- speld, a splinter. A. S. speld, a torch, spill
tower; also from spec-ere; see below. to light a candle. Orig. a splinter; from
speculate. (L.) From pp. of L Teut. *spaldan- (G. spaltm), to cleave;
specuUrr, to behold. - L. spemla, a watch- a reduplicating verb, like O. H . G. spallOll.
tower. - L . spec-ere, to see. Der. speculat- + Du. speld, a pin, splinter; Icel. speld, a
iOIl, ·ive. square tablet, orig. thin piece of board,
Speech. (E.) M. E. speche. Late A.S. spilda., a slice; Goth. spilda, a tablet;
spfcce, dat. of sp&c, earlier form sprac, M. H. G. spdle, a splinter. Cf. Shetland
speech. - A. S. sprtEc-, 3rd grade of sprecall,speld, to split.
to speak. +Du. sp/'aak, G. sprache, speech. Spelt, a kind of com. (L.) A . S. spelt,
See Speak. com. Cf. Du. spdl , G. spelz. Apparent ly
Speed, success, velocity. (E.) A. S. borrowed from Late L. spella, spelt; whence
spia, haste, success. For *spodiz, with the also Ital. spella, spelda, F. tpeaulre, spelt.
usual change from 0 to i. - A. S. spOw-ml, Spelter, pewter, zinc. , Low G.) In
to succeed; with suffix -diz (Idg. -tis). Blount (1674) . P erhaps from Low G.
+ Du. spoed, speed; O. H. G. sp"oI, spialte,', pewter; cf. D u. spialller, M. Du.
spot, success, from Sj>'UO/l, to succeed. speauter, O. F. espeautre. ~ This seems
Allied to Skt. spMli-, increase , prosperity, to be the original of Pewter, q. v. The
from spllay , to enlarge. Brugm. i. § 156. history of these words is very obscure.
Der. speed, vb., A . S. spidan; from spM, Spencer, a ShOlt over-jacket. (F. - L.)
lb. Named after Earl Spmcer, died 1845. The
506
 SPEND SPINE
name is from M. E. spm ser, also despmse,·. Leechdoms, iii .•p. Formed from the verL
- O. F. dl!Spmciet" a spender, a caterer, 10 spill; cf. provo E . spinner, a spider. +
clerk of a kitchen; Cot. - O. F. despellSer, Du. Spill, Dan. spinder, Swed. spindel, G.
to spend ; frequent. of despmdre. - L. dis· spimte, spider or spinner. And cf. Spindle.
pmtiere, to weigh out, pay. -L. dis· , apart; Spigot. (F . -L.) M.E. spigot, spikkd,
pendere , to weigh. See Pendant. a peg for a cask. Cf. Irish and Gael.
spend. (L.) A.S. spendan, to spend. spiocaid, a spigot (from E.).-O. F. *espigot,
Shortened from L. dispmderc, to spend, (not found ) ; but cf. O. F . espig"ot, a
waste , consume. We find Late 1.. spendittlll bad ear of corn, a dimin. frolll L. spJca , an
for dispmdiu"" spema for dispmsa; also ear of corn (Godefroy) ; Walloon .rpigot,
spettdibilis ",01ula, money for expenses the peak of a shoe. Also Port. cspicho,
(A. D. 9n). So aho Ital. spmdere, to a spigot, from L. spiculwn.-L. spica, a
spend, spmdio « L. dispmdium ), ex- point; sec below.
pense.-L. dis-, away, part; pendere, to Spike ( I ), a sharp point, a nail.
weigh out, pay. ~ Or (as usually said) (Scand.) From Icel. spik, Sweel. spik;
from L. expendere, which does not suit cf. Dan. spiger, Du. spijker, a nail. Appa·
the F. forms; see above. Jt makes no rently distinct from L. spica; and allied
great difference. by gradation to Spoke.
Sperm, spawn, spermaceti. (F . -L.- Spike ( 2), an ear of com. (L.) L.
Gk.) M. E. sperme. - F. spe'''1ne, '_perm, spica, an ear of com, a point.
seed;' Cot.-L. sjenlla.-Gk. "TrlpJACI.- 8pikenard. (F.-L. and Gk.-Pers.
Gk. UTr';p.'v (for *"'Ir'P-YflV), to sow; - Skt.) O. F. spique1Iard. - L. spica
orig:. to scatter with a jerk of the hand. nardi, spike of nard; also 'lardus spicalus,
(.v'SPER.) Der.sperm.al·ic(Gk."'Ir,pl'aT.- i. e. nard furnished with spikes, in allusion
"us); spemlaceti, L. sperma-ceti, i. e. sperm to the mode of growth. And see Nard.
of the whale ; see Cetaceons. Spill ( I), a slip of paper for lighting
Spew, Spue. (E.) A. S. spiwall, candles; see Spell (4).
pt. t. spaw, pp. spiwm, to vomit.+Dn. Spill (2), to destroy, shed. (Scand.)
.rptl1t1Ven, Icel. spyja, Dan. sfJ),e, Swed. sp)', (Not allied to spoil.) M. E. spi/lm, to
G. spdm, Goth. speiwan; L spuere, Lith. destroy, mar; also, to perish.- Ice1.spilla,
.rpJauti; Gk. trTV"V (for *"trl1l"V), to spit. to destroy; Swed . spi/la, Dan. spilde, to
(.vSP1W .) Allied to puke (1), spil (2). spil1.+A. S. spild01l, to destroy; O. ~ax.
Brugm. i. § 567. spildia1l. Tellt. type *spellh-jan-; all ied
Sphere, a globe, ball. (F.-L.-Gk.) to G. spalten, to split.
!If. E . spere. -0. F. espere, M. F. sphere. - Spin, to draw Ollt threads. (E.) A. S.
L. spha11'a. _ Gk. "tpa'ipa, a ball. spillnall, pt. t. spa,m , pp. spuwten.+ Du.
S,Phinx. (L.-Gk.) L . sphillx. -Gk. spi1mm, lee!. Swed. spi1tna, Dan. spil1de,
"'I""r£ (gen. "cp,,,,{,,(os), lit. 'the strangler,' G. spimtm, Goth. spimlan. Allied to
because the Sphinx strangled travellers Lith. pill'li, to weave. See Span.
who cOllld not solve her riddles.-Gk. Spinach, Spinage, a vegetable.
ucplrrflv, to throttle. ~ The story suggests (F. - Span. - Arab. -Pers.) Spi1lage is a
that this is a • popular' etymology; and 'voiced' form of spillach. 0 : F . espinache,
that the word is foreign to Greek. esp/llage, espillace. - Span. espitlaca. -
Spice. (F. - L. ) M. E. spice, formerly Arab. aspalltikll, is/tina} ; of Pers. origin
usea also in the sense of species or kind. _ (Devic.) . ~ The Ita!' spillace and Span.
O. F. espice, spice. - L. speciem, acc. of espinaca are re fe rred, by popular etymo-
species, a kind, which in Late L. meant logy, to L. sp Jua, a thorn; some say the
also a spice, drug. See Species. frui t is prickly, some say the leaves are so.
Spick a.nd Span-new, wholly new. See Spine.
(Scand.) Lit. ' spike and spoon-n ew,' Spindle. (E.) The d is excrescent
where spike is a nail, and sPOO,t is a after 1l. M. E. spinel, also spindele. A. S.
splinter. See Spike and Spoon. Cf. spittl, i.e.' spinner ,' from spimum, to spin.
Sweel. dial. spik spa1tga1uie tt)' in Ri etz + M. Du. spille (for *spi1tle ) ; G. spi1ldel,
(with many variants), and Jcel. spall-njr, O. H. G . spimli/a. Der. spiltd/·)', thin
lit. spoon·new, splinter-new. like a spindle; spindle-tree (Euonymus)
Spider. (E.) M. E. spithe,', spion. form erly used for spindle, ami skewers.
A. S. spider or *spi6er (for *spilt(Jer' , Spine, a prickle. (F.-L.) O.F. espim,
50 7
 SPINET SPLINT
a thorn. - L. sprna, a thorn , prickle; al!!O Spit (2), to eject from the mouth. (E.)
the bnck·bone. ~ Observe that in the M. l:. spil/m, A. S. spit/all ; cf. spa tan.
sense of • back-bone' the word is Latin pt. t. sp'-il/e, to spit. Hut we also find Dan.
only, not F. spytte, Swed. spotta, provoG. sputU!1I (cf. G.
apinet, a kind of musical instrument. spuckm) ; from Tent. ·~put·; see Spout.
(F.-ltal.-L.) So called because struck l'erhaps ·spit-, *sput- are both from *sp~- ,
by a spine or pointed quill. 0.1'. espinette. the root of Spew. Cf. 1:Irngm. i. §§ 279
- It-'ll. spilletta, a spinet, also a prickle; (1),567. Der. spillle, formerly also speltle,
dimin. of spi,uz, a thorn. - L. spilla. spatil, spotil, A. S. sPlitl, spiitl.
S~ink, a finch. (Scand.) M. K spink. Spite. (F. - L.) M . E. spyt, spite.
- ~wed. dial. spink, a sparrow; gull-spink, Merely short for despite, by loss of the
a gold-finch; Norw. spikke ( for *spinke), first syllable (as in/met forde:fence ). See
Dan. dial. spinke, small bird. + Gk. Despite. Der. spite-fi,I.
tn"rrM, a finch, i. e. 'chirper;' from CTII'- Spittle ( I) , saliva; see Spit (2).
'.IV, to chirp. Cf. CT""a, a finch, ""'vos,
a small bird. Doublet,finck. .
Spittle ( 1), a hospital. (F. - L.) M . E.
spite!. _ O. F. ospital, kospital; see Hos-
S~y, a thicket. (F. - L.) O. F. pital.
tspme;; M. F. tspinoye, 'a thicket, grove, S;pluh, to dash water about. (E.)
a thorny plot,' Cot.; F. tpinaie. - L. COined, by prefixing s- (= O. F . es-, L. ex)
spinltum, a thicket of thorns. -L. spina, nsed for emphasis, to plask, used in the
a thorn. See Spine. same sense ( White Kennett). See Plash
SpiDater, orig. a woman who spins. (I) ; and cf. Du. plassm, to plash; E.
(E. ) M. E. spimzestere. From A. S. Fries. plassen, plasken , platskm, Dan.
"pinnalt, to spin; with A. S. suffix -estre pladske, to splash, dabble.
(E. oster). fl This suffix is a compound Spla.y, to slope, in architecture; to dis.
one (-ts-tre). It was used in A. S. (as in locate a bone. (F.-L.) In both senses,
Du.) solely with reference to the feminine it can be proved to be a contraction for
gender , but this restricted usage was soon Display. Der. splayfooted.
set aside in a great many M. E. word s. Spleen. (L. - Gk. ) M. E. splm.-
Cf. Dn. spimter, a spinster. zangster, a 1.. splbl. - Gk. CT1rAi]V , tbe spleen. Cf. SkI.
female singer; also E. seamstress (i. e. plihmt-; L. lim. 1:Irugm. i. § 549 (c).
seam-ster·ess).sOllgsf1·ess (i.e. song·ster-us), Der. splelt-etic.
where the F. fern. suffix ·ess is supcraclded. Splendour. (F. -L.) F . splendeur.-
Spiracle. (F.-L.) F . spiracle. ' a 1.. splend6rem, acc . of splettdor, brightness.
breathing-hole ; ' Cot. - L. spirticulum, - L. splewil re, to shine. Der. re-splmdent.
air·h ole. - L. spiriire, to breathe. Spleuchan, a tobacco-pouch. (Gael.)
Spire (I ), a tapering stem, sprout, Gael. spliuckan, Irish spliuchan, a poncho
steeple. ( E.) A. S. spir, spike, stalk. + Splice. , On.) M. Du. splisse1l, to in-
Icel. spira, spar, stilt, Dan. spire, germ, terweave rope-ends; so named from split-
sprout, Swed. spira, a pistil, G. spiere, a ting the rope-ends beforehand; ·from Du.
spar. ~ Distinct from Spire ( 2). splitsm, to splice (really an older form ).
Spire ( l ), a coil, wreath. (F. - L. - Gk .) Formed from split-, weak grad e of Du,
F . spire. - L. spira, a coil. twist, wreath . splijtm, to split. + Dan . split/se, to splice
- Gk. CT'IIf'pa (for *CT'llfp-ya) , a coil; allied \for *splitse), allied to splille, to split;
to CT'IIap1'Ov, a rope, CTIIVpiS. n basket. Swed. splism; G. splissm, to splice. See
('Y'SPER.) Der. spir·al, F. spiral, L. Split. Der. splice, sb.
spiralis. apliDt, .plent, a thin piece of split
St»irit. (F. -L.) M . E. spi1'it. -A. F. wood. (Scana.) Formerly splent; from
esplrit; F. esprit. - L. ace. spirilu1l1, from O. F. esplente, a thin steel plate. - Swed.
spiritus. breath. - L. spiriire, to breathe. splint, a kind of spike, a forelock (flat
Doublet, sprite. iron peg) ; Dan. splint, a splinter; cf. Low
Spirt; see Spurt. G. splinte, an iron pin; E. Fries. splinte.
Spit (I ), a skewer, iron prong for roast- splittt, the same. CE. Swed. splitttd, to
ing meat. (E.) M. E. spite. A . S. spitu, splinter, ultimately allied to Dan. splille,
a spit.+Du. spit, Dan. spid, Swed. spell; Swed. dial. splilla, to split; see Split.
M. H. (;. spiz, G. spitss, a spit; cf. s/,itze, Der. splirzter; cf. Du. and E. I-ries.
a point, top. ,,/,l;'uer.
:;08
 SPLIT SPRAIN
Split. (Du.?) Apparently borrowed Spook, a ghost. (Du.) Du. spook;
from M. Du. split/w, to split; cf. Dan. Low G. spook, Swed. sfoke, a ghost; cf.
splitte, to split, Swed. dial. split/a, to dis- Du. spoken, Low G. sfoken, Swed. sfo'ka ,
entangle or separate yam. From the weak to haunt.
grade split- of the Teut. strong verb ·splei· Spool, a reel for winding yam on. ( M.
la,,-, as seen in O. Fries. splila, Du. spli.f- Du. ) M. E. spole. - M. Du. spoele, Du.
1m, E. Fries. splilen, Low G. spliten, G. spoel, a spool , quill; Low G. spale.+Swed.
spleissen, to split, cleave. Hence also spole, Dan. spole, G. spule, spool, bobbin.
Dan . split , D u. spleel, a spht, rent, G. Cf. Ice!. sfolr (base spal-), a bar.
spleisse, a splinter. Spoom, to run before the wind. (L. )
Splutter, to speak hastily and con- Lit .• to throw up spume or foam.' - L.
fusedly. (E. ) Of imitative origin; a spFmla , foam.
variant of sputter, which is a frequentative Spoon, an instrument for supping liquids.
of spout; see Spout, Spurt. It means (E. ) M. E. spon. A. S. span, a chip,
• to ke"p on spoutitzg out'; spout being splinter of wood ( which was the orig.
formerly used (as now) in the sense' to spoon).+Du. spaan, Ice!. spann, spolln,
talk .' • Pray, spout some French;' Beaum . Dan. spaan, Swed. splm, G. spahtz, a chip.
and Fletcher, Coxcomb, iv. 4. Cf. Low Spoor, a trail. (Du. ) Du. spoor ; see
G. sprutten, to spout, spurt. Spur. Cf. A. S. spor, a foot-track; see
Spoil, to plunder. ~ F. -L.) M. E . Speir.
spoilen. - O. F. espoillier; F . spolier, • to Sporadic, scattered here and there.
spoile ;' Cot. - L. spoliare, to strip off (GIC.) Gk. (nrOp4~II'OS , scattered . - Gk.
spoil.-L. spolium, spoil, booty; orig. skin (11ropa~., stem of CT.oplu, scattered.-Gk.
stri pped off, dress of a slain warrior. Der. ""'1''''' (for ·CT.OP-),O"'), to scatter.
spoil, sb.; spoliatio1l, from L. pp. spoliatus. spore. (Gk.) Gk. CT"Op"I, seed-time;
Spoke, a bar of a wheel. (E.) A. S. also a seed. - Gk. U"lIp'''', to sow.
spnea, a spoke.+Du . speek, a spoke, G. Sporran. (Gael.- L. - Gk. ) Gael.
speiehe, proVo G. spruhe, a spoke. Teut. sporan , a purse, pouch worn with the
types · spaiko,,- . · spaikOn-. Allied by kilt; Irish sparan, sburan, the same. F or
gradati on to Spike ( I ). ·s-burrall<.s·burs-an. -L. bursa, a purse.
Spokesman. CE.) In Shako Two - Gk. 6,jPCT4, a hide. See Purse.
Gent. ii. I. 151. Formed from spoke, Sport, mirth. ( F. - L.) Short for dis-
pt. t. of speak, instead of from the inlin. pori, desport; (so also splay for display).
speak ; for the s, cf. hllnt-s-man, sport-f- The verb is M. E. disporten, to amuse; see
man. Disport.
Spoliation; see Spoil. Spot, a blot, mark made by wet. piece
Spondee. , L. -Gk.) Themetricalfoot of ground. (E.) M. E. spot. C( Norw.
mailced (- - ). - L. spomllus. - Gk. CTTrO"- Spoil, m., a spot , a small piece of ground
~oi'os, a spondee, used for solemn me!odit:s (distinct from Spoil, f., mockery) ; led.
at treaties or truces.- Gk. u"ov~al, a solemn spo"i, spo"r , a small piece; E. Fries. spot,
treaty, truce; pI. of CTTrOVfnJ , R drink-offer- a spot; cf. M. Du. spot/en , to spot, stain.
ing, libati on to the gods. - Gk. CT"'V~fCV, F rom Teut. ·sput·, weaker grade of ·spii-
to pour out. Prob. allied to Sponsor. lan- ; see Spout.
Brugm. i. § 143, ii. § 8 0 2 . Der. sponda-ic. Spouse. (Y. -L.) From O. F . es/,tmSe,
Sponge. (F. - L. - Gk.) O. F. esponge a spouse. - L. sponsa, a betrothed woman;
CF. lponge ).- L. spoltgia.- Gk . CT.O')''Yta, fern. pro of sporn/ire, to promise; see
a sponge; also UTru'Y'Y0s (Attic CTtpO'Y'YOf. Sponsor.
+ L. fu ngus, a fungus (trom its spongy Spout, to squirt out. rush out as a liquid
nature). out of It pipe. (E.) M. E. spoutm. Cf.
Sponsor. (L .) L. Spolzsor, a surety. - Swed. sputa, occasionally used for spruta ,
I.. s/'01lSttS, pp. of spondere, to promise. to sqnirt,spont, spurt, spatter ; Du spuilm,
Pron. allied to Gk. UTrovool, a truce, and to to spout, spuit , a squirt; D an. spyle, to
Sponde e . Brugm. i. § 143. spit , sputter. From Tent. · SPU/01I-, to spit
Spontaneous. ( I..) L.spontiine-tts, out, with weaker grade ·s/'ttt- (Franck).
wilTing; with ~uffix ·ous. - L. spont- , as Sprack, Sprag; see Spark ( 2\
seen in abl. spoute, of one's own accord , Sprain, vb. ( F.- L. ) Formed from
from a lost nom. *sPOlls. J O. F. espreign- , a stem of O. F. espnilldrt ,

50 9
 SPRAT SPRUCE-BEER
'to press, wring,' Cot.; (cf. strahl from that a cricket· bat is sprtmg : or to spring
O. F. estreilllb·~) . Mod. F. Ipreilldre. - (i. e. burst) a mine. Teut. type *sprmgall- .
L. expl'imere, to press out (whence espreilt- Perhaps allied to Gk. (T1ripx"" , to drive
dre, by analogy with F . forms from verbs in on (P rellwitz) ; but this is doubtful. D er.
·illgere). - L. ex, out; prell/ere, to press. spn'ltg , sb., a leap, also a bursting out of
See Press. Der. sprai1l, sl>. water, also the budding time of year, also
S:l,)rat, a small fish. ( E. ) M. E . sprot. a crack in a mast ; springe, a snare made
A.:S. sp roll. Cf. A. S. sprot, a sprout. + with a flexib le (springing) rod, likeO.H. G .
Du. sprot, a sprat; al so (in M. Du.) a spri1lga.
spront of a tree. ' Sprat, a small fish, Sprinkle. (Du. 1) F ormerly sprenkle;
con.idered as the fry of the herring;' peroaps borrowed from Du. sprmkelm. to
Wedgwood. From A. S. sprot- (T eut. sprinkle. Cf. G. spre1tkchl , to sprinkle,
*sprllt. ), weaker grade of spriitall-, to from M. H . G. spl'mkel, a spot, allied to
spront; with thc sense of' fry,' or young Ice!. sprekla, Swed. spriikla , a little spot.
one. See Sprout. See Kluge (s. v. sprmkel ).
Sprawl, to toss abont the limbs. (E. ) Sprint; see Spurt (2).
M. 'E. spraulm. A. S. spreawliall, to Sprit, a spar extending a fore-and-aft
move convulsively, to sprawl. + Norw. sail. ( E. ) M.E. spret, a pole. A.S.sP,·lot ,
sprala, Dan. sprtZlIa, sprtZlde, Swed. dial. a pole; orig. a sprout, shoot, branch of a
sprala, spralla, N. Fries. sprawle. tree. Alli ed to A. S. spriitml , to sprout;
Spray (I ), foam tossed with the wind. see Sprout.+K Fries. spril ; Du. spnet;
(Low G. ) A late word , given in Bailey's M. Swed. sprote.
Diet. (1735). From Low G. sprei, a slight Sprite, a spiril (F. - L.) The false
drizzle (Schambach ) ; in Coburg, sprtZ ; cf. speTliug sprigltt is common, and is retained
Bavar. sprtZe1l, to drizzle (Schmeller) ; G. in the adj. sprightly. M. K sprit, sprite.
spriihe1t; M. H. G . sprtZJim, sprtZwm; Du. - F. esprit, the spirit; hence, a spirit. -
sproeien (see Franck). L. spin'tum , ace. of spiritus ; see Spirit.
Spray ( 2) , sprig ofatree. (E. ) M. E . Sprout, to germinate. (E. ) M. E.
spray; answering to A . S . *sprtZg, allied sp1"lttm. A. S. *spnUall (found in the pp.
to A . S. sprac, a shoot, spray; cf. Dan. n-sprotm) ; O. Fries. spriita , strong verb,
sprag , a spray (Molbech) , Swed. dia!' pp. sprutm, to sprout.+Low G. sprlllm ,
spraggl!, a green branch , Icel. sprek, a to spront; Du. spruilelt, G . spn'ess£11 (pt. t .
stick. Cf. a lso Lith. sproga, a spray of spross) ; Swed. sprllta, D an. sprttde, to
a tree; also a rift, from sprog.ti, to crackle , squirt , spurt , spout. Tent. type *spriita1t-,
split, sprout , bud. (Difficult and doubtfu1.) pt. t. *sprattt, pp. *sprnlalloz. Compare
Spread. (E. ) A. S. spra.da1l, to extend. Spout.
+Du. spreidm, Low G . spredm, G. sprei- Spruce, fine, smart. (F.-G.) Hall's
1m; cf. Swed. sprida, Dan. sprede, to Chron icle tells us that a particular kind
spread . T eut. type *,praidja1t-; from a of fashionable dress was that in which men
Teut. root *spreid. 'were appareyled after the manner of
Spree, a frolic. (Seand. ?) Cf. Irish P ru ssia or Spruce '; see Richardson's Diet.
spn, a spark , flash , animation , spirit; M. K spruce, Prussia, P . Plowman, C. vii.
Lowl. Sc. spree, a frolic , also spelt spray 279, H. xiii. 393; also written (more
(Scott) ; cf. Swed. dial. sprag, lively con- usually) pruce. - O. F. Pruce (F. Prusse) ,
versation. Perhaps allied to Spry. Prussia. - G . Preussm , Prussia. See
Sprig. (E.) M . E. sprigg-e. Allied to Spruce-beer.
A. S. sp rtZc, a twig. + lcel. sprek, a stick; Spruce-beer, a kind of beer. (G.;
Low G. sprikk, K Fries. spr ikke, spr£k, confused with F. mid K ) The E. name
~tick , twig. Allied to Spra.y (2). for German sprossm-bio', i. e.• sprouts-
Sprightly, Spritely. (F . -L; witl, beer,' obtained from the young sprouts of
E. suffix. ) Sprigntly is a false spell ing ; the black spruce fi r. - G. sprossm, pI. of
sprifl!ly is from Sprite, q . v. spross, a sprout (from spriessen, to spront) ;
Spring, vh. (E. ) A. S. spri1tgall, and bier, cognate with E. beer; see Sprout
pI. t . spraltg, pp. spnmgm . + Du. G. and Beer. Il Englished as Spruce·beer,
spril1gm, Swed. spri" ga, Dan. sprillge ; i. e. Prussian beer, where Spruce meant
lcel. s/,rillga, to burst, split. IJ. Orig. Plussia; see Spruce above. So also
sense to 'split or crack,' as when we say spntcc jir ' s\lh~tituted for sprosSI!njirh/l!)
5 10
 SPRY SQUANDER
meant Prussian fir ; and spma {ealflu' spout. Ice!. sprtl/a is for ·sprm/a, *sprin·
meant Prussian leather. ta (Noreen). See Sprint.
SprJ' active. (E. ?) Cf. Swed. dial. Sputter. ( E.) The frequentative of
sprygg, ' very active, skittish; allied to spout. It means 'to keep on spouting
Swed. dial. sprag, sprak, spirited, mettle- out '; hence to speak rapidly and in dis-
some. See Spark (l ) . tinctly. Cf. Du. dial. (Groningen) spot-
Spue; see Spew. lern, to sputter; Low G . sjmlleNt , Norw.
Spume, foam. (L.) L. sprmla, foam; sjm/ra, to spout. ~ Distinct from bat
for ·spoima; Brugm. i. § 791. Cf. Skt. allied to spatter nnd spot.
PfUlza-, A. S./am, foam . SpY', to see. (F . -O. H. G. ) Short for
Sp1U1k, tinder; a match, spark, spirit, espy; see Espy. Der. spy, sb.
mettle. (C. - L. - Gk .) Orig.' tinder.' - Squab, ( I) to fall plump; (l ) a sofa, a
Gael. sP01tg, Irish Spo'tC, sponge, spongy young bird. (Scand.) See squab, squob in
wood, tinder. - L. spongia, a sponge; see Halliwell. And see squab, to fall plump,
Sponge. Cf. W. )'s/ncmg, a sponge, from squab, with a sudden fall, in Johnson.
Latin. L From Swed. dial. slroapp, a word imita-
Spur. (E.) M. E. spure. A. S. spura, tive of a splash; cf. G . schwapp, a slap,
spora, a spur. + Du. spoor, a spur (allied E. swap, to strike. 2. From Swed. dial.
to spoor, a track) ; Icel. spori, Dan. spore, slroabb, loose or fat flesh, skvabba, a fat
Swed. sporre, O. H. G. sporo, spur. From woman, slroabbig, flabby; allied to Norw.
the weak grade of Teut. ·sler-an-, to kick. slroapa, to tremble, shake, and cf. 1\1 . E.
Brugm. i. § 793 (2) . ("",SPER.) Sce quappm, to throb, and E. quavel- ; see
Spar (3) . The orig. sense is ' kicker' ; Qua.ver. Cf. l ee!. Iroap, jelly, jelly- like
from its use on the heel; cf. Lith . spil'·li, things.
to kick. Der. SPU1', vb. See Spoor, squa.bble, towrangle. (Scand.) Swed.
Spurn. dial. s/.'Vabbel, a dispute. - Swed. dial.
Spurge, a plant. ( F. -L.) N amed s/.'Vappa, to chide, lit. make a splashing,
from its corrod ing (and so cleansing from the sb. s/.'Vapp, sqvapp, a splash. Cf.
away) warts. - O. F . spurge, espurge. - Provo E. swabble, to squabble, allied to
O. F. espurgel', to purge away. - L. ex - swab, to splash over, swap, to strike.
purgare, to cleanse away. - L. ex , away ; Squa.d, asmalltroop. (F . -Ital.-L.)
purgare, to cleanse. See Purge. 1\1 . F. esquadre, e!Cadre. -ItaL sqlladra, a
Spurious. (L.) L. spurious, false; squadron ; sec Square.
with suffiX -ous. squa.dron. (F . - ItaL - L.) M. F.
' S~urn. (E.) M. E. spumm, to kick esquadron. -ItaLsquadl·011t'; augmentative
agamst, hence to reject. A. S. SPUr1la1t, of squad,'a (above).
to kick against (pt. t . speartl, pp. spornm). Squalid. (L.) L. sqttalidtls, rough,
Allied to Spur. + Ice!. spema (pt. t. dirty. - L. sqtlalire, to be rough , parched,
sporn) ; Swed. spjiirna; L. spn-lIere, to dirty . D er . squal-or, sb.
despise, a cognate form. (Base *spern; Squa.ll, to .:rj" out. ( Sc~ n d . ) Swed.
"",SPER. ) See Spar (3). Brugm. i. § sqvala, to gush out violelltly, sqval, a rush
565. of water, sqval-regn, a violent shower of
Spur1'J', a. plant. (F. -G. -Late L.) rain (E . squall, sb., a burst ofrain) ; Dan.
M. F. spurrie, 'spurry or frank, a Dutch sqvaldre, to clamour, sqvalder, clamour,
[German ] herb;' Cot. Of Teut. origin.; noisy talk; Swed. dial. sl.'Vala, to gush
cf. G. spargel, spergd, spark, spnrry.- out, cry ont, chatter. + Gael. sgal, a loud
Late L spergula, A. D. 148 l (Weigand). cry, sound of high wind; allied to G.
Spurt (I) , Spirt, to spout onto (E.) sckal/en, Ice!. skjalla (pt. t. skall), to re-
The older sense is to germinate. Spurt sound , and W . chwaftt, to babble.
itands for sprut; M. E. sprulten, to sprout ~uander, to dissipate. (E.) Orig.
or shoot. A. S. spryttan, to produce as a to dIsperse, scatter abroad; Dryden, Annus
sprout or shoot; causal form from A. S. Mirabilis, st. 67. Na5alised form allied to
sj>rii.tan , to spront. See Sprout. Low!. Sc. squatter, to splaah about, scatter,
Spurt (l ), a violent exertion. ' (Scand.) squander, provo E. swatter, to throw water
Formerly spirt. - Icel. sp'ettr, a spurt, abont; Swed. dial. slroiittra, to squander.
spring, bound, run. - I cel. spretta (pt. t. These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte,
spratt) , to start, spring; also to sprout, to to splash, spurt, also to squander ; Swed.
511
 SQUARE SQUIRT
sqviitta, to squirt, lee!. skvelta (for sweymolls, Prompt.Parv.; alsosquaimous,
*s/nvmla, perhaps allied to G. CT"'''&''', to skoymus, disdainful. - A. F. escoymolls,
pour out; see Nor~en ) , to squirt out water. delicate, nice as to food (Rozon). Perhaps
The d appears in M . Du. swodderen, to suggested by M. H . G. schemig, ashamed ,
dabble in water; Swed. dial. skvadra, to from O. H. G. scam, shame ; cf. Swed.
gush out of a hole (as water). Cf. scalier skti'mma, to disgrace. If so, it is related
and squirl. to Shame.
S~uare. (F. - L. ) M. E . square. - Squeeze, to cmsh, press tightly. (E. )
O. 1'. a quarr! , squared; tSquarre , a square, The prefixed s is due to O. F. es- ( = L. -ex),
squareness. Cf. Ital. squodrare, to square ; very; queeze = late M. E. queisell, to
squadra, a square, also a squad ron of men squeeze. This M. E. queise1t p robably
(orig. a square) . All from Late L. *ex- represents O. M erc. *cwesan, answering to
qllodrtire, inten sive ( with prefix ex) of L. A. S. CWiCSatl, cwjsa1l , to crush, chiefly in
quadrare, to square. - L. quadrus, four- the compo to-cwilsan.
cornered; see Qu '\drate. Sq,uib, ( I) a paper tube, with com-
Squash, to crush . ( F. -L. ) a.. The bustlbles; (2) a lampoon. (Scand . ) 1.
moo. E. sq1#zsh a ppears to be due to quash, Squibs were sometimes fastened slightly to
with the prefix s- = O. F. es- < L. ex-, a rope, so as to run along it like a rocket;
used as an intensive. - O. F. esquasser , whence the name. From M. E. squippm,
to break in piece., from O. F. es-, and swippen, to move swiftly , fly , sweep, dash.
'luasser, casser, to break; see Quash. -lcel. svipa, to flash , dart, svipr, a swift
11. But it commonly keeps the sense of moveme),t; Norw. svipa . to run swiftly.
M. E. squllchm, to crush . - O. F. csqua- 2. A squih also means a political lampoon,
chier, to crush, also spelt cscacher, 'to but was formerly applied , not to the lam-
,;quash; , Cot. (Mo', 1. F. !cacher ). The poon itself, but to the w riter of it; see
F. cacher answers to a Late L. type *coac- Tatler, no. 88, Nov. I, I i09. A squib
ticare, due to L. co-aclare, to constrain , thus meant a firework, a flashy fellow,
force, press. The prefix es- = L. ex, ex- making a noise, but doing no harm. Squib
tremely; L. coaclarc is formed from coact-us, also means child's squirt, from its shooting
pp. of cogerc ( = coigere), to drive together. out water instead of fire, Cf. G. scllweif-
See Ex- and Cogent; also Con- and stern, a comet.
Agent. Der. squash, sb., an unripe Squill. (F. -L. -Gk.) M. F. squi//e,
peascod (nearly flat). 'squill, sea-onion;' Cot. - L. squil/a,
squat, to cower. (F. -L.) Lit. to lie scil/a. - Gk. "I<,""a, a squill.
Rat, as if pressed down; the old sen_c is to lilquina.ncy, old spelling of quinsy.
press down, squash. M. E. squatten, to Sciuint, to look askew. (E.) The same
crush flat. - O. F. esquatir, to Ratten, as prov. E. (Suffolk) squill k, to wink. Of
crush. - O. F. a- ( = L. ex), extremely; obscure origin. Cf. M. Du. schuyn, 'cross,
quatir, to beat down. Diez; shows that obl ique, byas-wise,' Hexham; E. Fries.
O. F. qltatir ( Late L. type *coaclire) is scnii1l, oblique, awry; Du. schuin, oblique;
a derivative of L. coactus, pp. of cogere, schuinen, to slant; scnuinte, a slope, obli-
to press, compel; see above. Cf. M. ltal. quity.
quattare, 'to squat , lie close.' Squire ( I), the same as Esquire.
Squaw, a female. ( W. Indian. ) Massa- Sciuire ( 2) , II. square, carpenter's rule.
chusetts sqlla,eshqua, Narragansett squaws, (F. - L.) M. E. squire. - O. F. esquire,
a female (Webster); Cree ishvew. esquierre; mod. F. tqUt1TC. A variant
Squea.k, to cry out shrilly. (Scand.) or o. F . esquarre ; see Square.
M. Swed. shvrzka, to squeak; Swed. SquirreL (F.-L.-Gk. ) M.E.squirel,
sqvdka, to croak; Norw. skvaka. to cackle; scurel. - O. F. escure! (F. tcurmil ). -
Ice!. skvakka, to sound like water shaken Late L. scUrel/us, a squirrel; for *sciurel-
in a bottle. Allied to Quack. Ius , dimin. of sciurus, a squirrel. - Gk.
Squeal. (Scand.) M. Swec.1. sqwa/a, CTI<iovpos, a squirrel; lit. 'a shadow-tail,'
Swed. dial. sqvd/a, N orw. skve/la, to squeal. from his bushy tail. - Gk. CTI<I-<I, shadow;
Used as a frequentative of squeak, and ap- ovptl , tail. ~The explanation of the Gk.
plied to a continuous cry. See Squall. word may be due to popular etymology.
Squeamish, over-nice. (F. - Teut. 1) Squirt, vb. (E. ) Provo E. sw':rt. Cf.
Squamish, Baret ( 1580). M. E, skeymous, Low G. swirljm, to squirt; from swirm.
 STAB STALE
orig. to whir, like G. sc/,wirrm; see Stagna.te, to cease to flow. (L.) From
Swirl So also E. Fries. kwirljen, to L. stagniitus, pp. of stagmirt, to be atill,
squirt out, to dart about, from kwirt, cease to flow. - L. stagllum, a still pool,
turning quickly about. a stank; see Stank. Der. stagnant, from
Sta.b, vb. (Scand.) Cf. Irish stob-aim, stem of pres. pt. of stagnare.
I stab; Gael. stob, to fix a stake in the Staid, grave. (F. -M . Du.) Formerly
ground, from stob, a stake, pointed iron or stayd, pp. of stay, vb. , to support, make
stick, stub. Apparently from Swed. dia!' steady. See Stay ( I ).
stabbe, a thick stick or stump; Ice!. stabbi, Stain, vb. (F. - L.) Short for Distain.
a stub, stump, allied to stafr, a staff; I I stayne a thynge, I e destaytls;' Pals-
Dan. dial. stabb, a short peg. Allied to grave. The orig. sense was to dim the
Stub, Statf, q. v. Der. stab, sb. colour of a thing. Der. stain, sb.
Stable ( I), a stall for h orses. (F . -L.) Stair, a step up. (E.) M. E. steir, steyer.
O. F. estahle, a stable. -L. stabulum, a A. S. !tiiger, a stair, step; lit. a step to
stall. - L. stare, to stand still. Brugm. ii. climb by. Formed (with mutation to a)
B 62, 77. See Stall. from stag, 2nd grade of Sligo,. , to climb.
stable ( 2), firm . (F.-L. ) O.F.estahle. +Du . steiger, a stair; cf. lee!. stegi, step,
- L. stabilis, firm. - L. stare (above). Swed. Siege, ladder, Dan. slige, ladder, G.
stablish. (F. - L.) Short for Es- sleg, a path; respectively from Du. sli/get.,
tablish. Ice!. stiga, Swed. sliga, Dan. slige, G.
Stack, a large pile of wood, &c. (. Scand.) steigen, to mount, climb; Teut. verb
M. E. stak. - Ice!. slakkr, a stack of hay ; *sleigan-, pt. t. *staig, pp. *stiganot.
stakka, a stump (as in our chimney-stack); Allied to Skt. stigk, to ascend, Gr. un!-
Swed. Slack, a rick, heap, stack; Dan. slak. xftll. (.vSTEIGH. )
Teut. type *staknoz (Noreen). The sense Staithe, a landing-place. (E. ) A. S.
is C a pile.' Cf. Russ. stog', a heap, hay- sltEtJ, bank, shore. + Ice!. stoD, halbour,
rick. Allied to Stake. roadstead j M.Du. stade, 'a haven.' Allied
Sta.1f. (E.) A. S. SltEf; pI. slafas, staves. to Stead.
+ Du. staf, Ice1. stafr, Dan. slab, slav, Stake, a post, strong stick. (E.) M. E.
Swed. staf, Goth. staft or Slabs, G. stab. stake. A. S. slaea, a stake. + Du. staak,
Allied to O. H. G. stabbe, to be stiff, E. Swed. Slake, Dan. stage. From the Teut.
Fries. slaf, unmoved; cf. Skt. slamM, to base *stak, 2nd grade of*stek-an-, to pierce,
make firm. appearing in G. stack, pt. t. of steeken, to
Stag, a male deer. (Scand.) Also ap· stick, pierce j see Stick (I ).
plied (. in dialects) to a male animal gene- Stalactite, a kind of crystal hanging
rally. Late A. S. stagga (from Norse). - from the roof of some caverns. (Gk.)
Ice!. steggr, steggi, a he-bird, drake, tom- Formed, with suffix ·ile (Gk. -'T'1S), from
cat; Norw. stegg, a cock.. lee!. steggr is UTaAal<T-OS, trickling. - Gk. uTaAaC• ..,
said to be for *slig-joz, lit. C mounter; , ( = UTaAtl'Y-Yf'V) , to drip; a.llied to UTa-
from slig-, weak grade of stigo, to mount; Acill, to drip.
see Stair. (Noreen, § 140; but doubtful.) sta.la.gmite, a cone of carbonate of
Stage. (F. - L.) A. F. and M. I' . lime on tile floor of some caverns. (Gk. )
eslage , I a story, stage, loft, also a dwell- Gk. uTclAa'YfI-a, a drop j with suffix -itt
ing - house;' Cot. (Hence it meant a (Gk. -cT'1<).-Gk. uraAaC..v (above).
stopping-place on a Journey, or the dis- Stale ( I) , too long kept, vapid, trite.
tance between stopping-places.] Cf. Provo (E.; or F. - Teut.) 1. Stale, as a sb.,
estalge, a dwelling-place; answering to a means urine of cattle or horses. Cf. E .
Late L. form *staticutll, a dwelling-place. Fries. and Low G. stallett, SweU. stalla, to
-L. stat-UIIl , supine of stare, to stand. put into a stall, also to stale (as cattl e) ;
Stagger, to reel , vacillate. (Scand.) Dan. stalde, to staB-feed, stalle, to stale (as
A weakened (voiced) form of stacker, horses) . From stall, sb. 2. Stale, adj.,
M . E . slakeren. -lee!. slakra, to push, to is that which stands too long, from M . F.
stagger; frequentative of staka, to punt, eslaler, to display wares on a stall, from
push, also to stagger; Norw. stakra, estal, a stall. Cf. M. Du. stet, stale, Du.
staka, to stagger; Swed. dial. slagra ; stet, a stall, place; G. stelle, a place,
Dan. dial. staggt, slag/e. Allied to Ice!. stellen, to place, from G. stall, a stall.
sljaki, a punt-pole; and to Stake. See Stall.
s
 STALE STANCHION
~ (a), a decoy, bait; Shako (F. - Stamen, male organ of a flower. (L.)
Teut.) - A. F. ulau, a decoy-bird (Bozon). Lit .• a thread.' - L. stamen, a thread, the
Perhaps adapted from A. S. slal-, as in warp standing up in an upright loom. - L.
slal-lmIn, a decoy reindeer, allied to M. E. stare, to stand. Der. sta1ll;"a, orig. pI.
stale, theft, A.S.stalu, theft; allied to Steal. of stamen, lit. threads in a warp, a firm
Stale (3), Steal, the handle of any- texture.
thing. (E.) M. E. stale, stele. The latter stamm, a kind of stuff. (F. - .L .)
answers to A. S. slela, sleola, a stalk, stem. M. E. stamin.-M. F. estamine, 'the stuffe
+ Du. sllel, stalk, stem, handle; G. stief, tamine ;' Cot. - L. sttimineus, consisting
stalk, handle. Cf. Gk. trTfAfOJl, a handle. of threads. - L. stam;n-, stem of stamen,
Allied to still and stall; the stale being a thread (above ). Also spelt sta1llmel,
that by which the tool is held firm and tamine, tammy.
unmoved. And see Stalk (I). Stammer. to stutter. (E). M. E. stam-
Stalk (I), a stem. (E.) M. E. stalke, eren, vb. ; A. S. stomrian {Shrine, p .•p ) ;
of which one sense is the side-piece (stem) from A. S. stamer, stamor, adj., stammer-
of a ladder. A dimin. form, with suffix -k, ing; where the suffix -er, -or is adjectival.
from M. E. stale, variant of stele; see From a base *stam, extended from .vSTA,
Stale (3) above.+Icel. stilkr, Swed. stjelk, to stand, remain fixed; cf. provo E . stam,
Dan. sli!ll, stalk; cf. Gk. trTIAfXO., stem to amaze, confound ; related by gradation
of a tree, allied to trTfAfOJl, a handle. to G. stumm, dumb. + Du. stameren,
Stalk (3), to stride. (E. ) M. E . stalkm. stamelen , G. stammern, stamme/n ; Icel.
A. S. stealcian, to walk warily; allied stamma, Dan. stamme, Swed. stamma , to
to stealc, steep. + Dan. stalke, to stalk. stammer; Icel. stamr, O. H . G. stam, Goth.
The notion is that of walking cautiously. stamms, adj ., stammering. See Stem (1).
Cf. perhaps A. S. stellan, styl/an, to leap. Stamp, to tread heavily, to pound. (E.)
Der. stalk-ing.horse, a horse for stalking M. E. stampen. A . S. stempan (for *slam-
game ; see Halliwell. pian).+Du. stampen, Icel. stappa, Swed.
Stall, a standing-place for cattle, &c. stampa, Dan. stampe, G. stampfen; also
(E.) M. E. stal. A. S. steal!, station, Gk. ITTip.l1ft", to stamp.
stall. + Du. stal, Ice!. stallr, Dan. staid, stampede, a panic. (Span.- Teut.)
Swed. stall, G. stall. Teut. type *stalloz, Stampede is a sudden panic, causing cattle
perhaps for *stad!oz; cf. A. S. staMan, to to take to /light and run for many miles;
stand, E. stead; Gk. trTa8-p.6s, a stall; L. any sudden /light due to panic. - Span.
stab - u fum (for ·st3dh -10m). Allied to (and Port.) estampido, a crash, sudden
Stead. Brugm. i. 593 (4). Der. stalled sound of anything bursting or falling.
ox, a fatt ed ox; cf. Swed. dial. slalla, to Formed as if from a verb *estampir, akin
fatten , stalloxe, fatted ox (MaUer). to estampar, to stamp. The reference
stallion, an entire horse. (F.- appears to be to the noise made by the
O. H . G.) M. E. stalon. - O. F. estalon blows of a pestle upon a mortar. Of Teut.
(F. (talon), a stallion; so called because origin; see Stamp above.
kept in a stall and not made to work.- Sta.D.ch. Staunch, to stop a /low of
O. H . G. sial (G. stall ), a stall, stable; blood . (F . - L.) O. F. Istancher, to
see Stall. stanch; Walloon sta"chi (Remacle). -
Stalwart. sturdy. (E.) For slalworth. Late L. stancare, to stanch, a variant of
M. E. sta/worth, sttlewuriJe, stea!ewuriJe, Late L . type *stagnicare, to cause to stag-
stalewur6e; A. S. stalwyriJe, pl., service- nate, from L. stagnare, to cease to /low;
able (said of ships); A. S. Chron. an. 896. see Stagnate. ~ It is probable that the
fJ. We find A. S. gest?ilan used as short sense was influenced by G. stangl, a pole,
for gesta6t1ian. Hence Sievers explains a bar (Korting, § 7733). Der. stanch,
the form sta!- or stiil- as being contracted adj., firm , sound, not leaky; cf. F . {tanche,
from sttd}ol, a foundation [or from a water-tight.
parallel form *sta}!]. Thus stal-W)lriJe Sta.D.chion, a support, beam, bar. (F.
is for *staIJol- wyriJe, lit. 'foundation- -L.) O. North F. estanchon, Norm. dial.
worthy,' i. e. firmly fixed , firm, constant; ,tanchon; M. F.eslanfon , eslanson, 'a prop,
cf. A. S. sttd}ol-/asl, steadfast. The A. S stay;' Cot. Not derived from the O. F.
stalJel, sta601 is allied to Stead. Cf. estancher, to prop (allied to E. slanch),
stead-rut. but a diminutive of 0.1". estaNe, a situation,
51 4
 STAND STARE
condition, also a stanchion (Scheler). - Staple (I) , a loop of iron. (E.) A. S.
Late L. sla1llia, a chamber, a house, lit. slapol, a post, pillar; also, a step. Orig.
• that which stands firm.' - L. sla1l1·, stem sense a prop, something that holds firlll .
of pres. pt. of slare, to stand. See State. - A. S. stap-, base of sltXppan, strong
~ But the word may have been confused verb, to step, tread firmly; cf. slamp. +
with O. F . esla1lcher, to prop (as above), Du. stapel, staple, stocks, a pile; Dan.
which is the same word as estancher, to stabel, Swed. stapel; G. staffil, a step,
staunch j ior which see Stanch. The stapel, a staple (below).
ultimate root is the same either way. staple (l), a chief commodity of a
(-v'STA.) place. (F . - Low G.) The sense has
Stand. (E.) A. S. slandan, pt. t. sliXi, changed j it formerly meant a chief market,
pp. standm.+Jce!. standa, Goth. standan; with reference to the place where things
d . Du. staan (pt. t. st(md) ; Swed. sta were most sold. - O. F. estaple, M . F .
(pt. t. stod ) ; G. slehm (pt. t. stand). estape, •a staple, a mart or general market,
Teut. type *stan.1an- , pt. t. *stoth; base a publique storehouse;' Cot. (F. Itape.) -
.stalh, *stad, the n being orig. characteristic Low G. stapel, a heap; hence a heap laid
of the pres. tense. Allied to L. stare, Gk. in order, store, store-house; the same
1(f'T1jv, I stood!.. Russ. stoiate, Skt. stha, to word as Staple (I). The Du. stapel means
atand. (-v'STA.) See State. Der. statzd, ( I) a staple, (l) the stocks, (3) a pile or
sb.; standish , short for stand-dish, a stand- heap. All from the notion of fixity or
ing dish (or pen and ink. firmness.
Standard. (F.-L.) A. F. estandard, Star. (E.) M. E. slerre. A. S. ste01·1'O.
a standard or ensign. O. F. estel1dard, a + Du. ster; O. H. G. sterro. Cf. lee!.
standard measure. The flag was a large stjanza , Dan . stiertze, Swed . stjema, Goth.
one, on a fixed (standing) pole j and hence sfai1'1zo, G. stent; also L. stella (for *sler-
was modified by the influence of the verb la ), Gk . Q(fT.qp, Corn. stenn, Bret. sle1'e1l1t,
10 stat/d. The O. F. estendar.1, Ita!. stm- W . se1-e1z, Skt. tarii. Orig. sense uncertain.
dardo, are unmodified (orms j from L. Cf. Brugm. i. § 473 (2 ).
extend-ere, to extend; with suffix -ar.1 Star-board, the right side of a ship.
(=0. H . G. -hart, suffix, orig. the same (E.) M. E. slerebourde. A. S. stlorbord,
as hart, hard). See Extend. i. e. steer-board, the side on which thel
Stang, a pole, stake. (Scand.) M. E. steersman stood; in the first instance. he
sta1tge. - Ice!. stihtg (gen. stangar), a pole, used a paddle, not a helm. Cf. Ice1.
stake; Dan. stang, Swed. st/mg, Du. stang, Ii stjurn, at the helm, or on the starboard
G . staltge; A. S. steng. From the lnd side. - A. S. steor, a rudder or paddle to
grade of the verb to sting. Cf. Stake. steer with; bord, board, border, edge or
Staniel, a kind of hawk. (E .) A. S. side; see Steer (2) and Board. The
stangella; lit. • rock-yeller.' - A. S. stem, O. H. G. stit/ra (G. sleue?' ) means a prop,
rock (see Stone) j and gellan, to yell (see staff, paddle, rudder, allied to Icel. stau'-r,
Yell ). a post, stake, Gk. (fTQVpOS, an upright pole
Stank, a pool, tank. (F.- L.) An old or stake. (-v'STEU, allied to -v'STA.)
word ; once common. - Walloon sta1tk, + Du. stuurbo01-d, Icel. stjumbor6i, Dan.
O. F. eslang, a pond. (Th e same as Provo Swed. slyrbord; all similarly compounded .
estQ1tc, Span. estalzque, Port. tanque, a Starch. (E.) Starch is stuff that
pond , pool.) - L. stagnum, a pool of stag- stiffens; from the adj. Stark, stiff, strong.
nant or standing water. See Stagnate, Cf. G . sta1-ke, (I) strength, (2) starch;
Stanch, Tank. from slark, adj. , strong.
Stannary, relating to tin-mines. (L.) Stare ( I ) , to gaze fixedly. (E.) A . S.
Late L. stannaria, a tin-mine. - L. slmt- starian; from a Teut. adj. ·slaroz, fixed,
nun., tin. appearing in G. stan-, fixed ; cf. SkI. sth ira· ,
Stanza. (Ita!.-L. ) Ita!' stanza, M. fixed, allied to sthii, to stand ; and Gk.
Ita!. stantin, 'a lodging, chamber, dwell- (fTfPf6s, firm . (-v' STA.) + Du. staren;
ing, also stance or staffe of verses j , Florio. I cel. slara, stira, to stare; Swed. stirra,
So called from the stop or pause at the Dan. stirre, to stare; O.H.G. slarm.
end of it. - Late L. stantia, an abode. _ 4U Hence • staring hair' is 'stiff-standing
L. slant-, stem of pres. pt. of Stiire, to hair.' Brugm. i. § lOO.
stand· see Stanohion, State. .tare (2) , to glitter. (E.) M. E.
 STARK STEAD
starm; whence staring colours = bright sta!ionlm , ace. of statio, n standing still.-
colourll. The Slime word as stare (I); L. stattmz,lupine of sta,·e. Der. statitm-e,',
from the glittering of staring eyes. orig. a bookseller who had a station or
Stark, stiff, rigid, entire_ (E.) A. S. stall in a market-place; hence statim-er-y,
stearc, stiff, strong.+Du. sterk, Ice!. sterkr, things sold by a statiMur. Also statitm-
Dan. stlZrk, Swed. and G. stark. From ary, adj. See State.
Teut. verb *sterkan-, to stiffen; of which statist, a statesman, politician_ (F.-
the weak grade appears in Goth. ga-staurk- L.; with Gk. suJlix.) Coined from slate
nan, to become dry, Ice!. stork inn, pp. by add ing -ist (L. -ista, Gk. -lC1T'Ir).
coagulated. Further allied to Lith. stregti, statue. (F . - L.) O. F. statui (tri-
to become rigid , P eTS. mttlrg, big, strong. syllabic). - L. statflO, a standing image.-
Root STERG, extension of .vSTER; see L. statu- , for status, a position, standing.-
Stare (I). Der. stark, adv., as in stark L. statum, supine of stare, to stand.
mad. stature, height. (F. - L.) F . stature.
Stark-naked, quite naked. (E.) A - L. statura, an upright posture, height.
substitution for M. E. start-naked, lit. _ L. statum, supine of stare, to stand.
'tail·naked,' i. e. with the hinder parts status, condition. (L.) L. status; see
exposed, but used in the sense of wholly State.
naked. From A.S. steort , a tail; as in statute. (F.-L.) F. slalul. -L.
"ed-slart, i. e. red-tail, a bird.+Du. slaart, statulum, a statute; neut. of statutus, pp.
Ice!. stertr, Dan. stierl, Swed. stjert, G. of statuere, to place, set, causal of stiire,
ster~ , a tail; cf. Gk. t1TOpS'I, a spike. to stand.
Starling. (E.) M. E. stedi1tg, double Staunch; see Stanch.
dimin. oq M. Eo stare, a starling. - A. S. Stave, piece of a cask, part of:t piece
sltEr, a starling. + Ice!. slat-ri, stari, Dan. of music. (E. ) Merely another form of
sltEr, Swed. stare, G. staar, L. StUr1ZUS. staff, due to M. E. dat, sing. staue (stave)
Cf. A. S. slearn, a tern. and pI. staues (staves ). Cf. Ice!. stair, a
Start, to move suddenly. (E.) M. E. staff, a stave; Dan. slav, staff, stave, stave.
sterlm; pt. t. stirle (Have!ok, 873), sturle, See Staff.
storie (Layamon, 23951) . Allied to Du. Stavesacre, the seeds of a larkspur;
stortm, to precipitate, fall, rush, G. sHin- Delphi1tiu11l staphisagria. (L. - Gk.)
en. Also, perhaps, to M. Du. steerten, to Lat. form of Gk. t1Tacplr o.,,(f"a; where
flee, ruu away. Some even connect it with o.,,(pta , wild, is from u."(pOr, a field (E.
A.S. stem, a tail. See Stark-naked. acre).
Der. stat·t-le; A. S. steartlian, to stumble. Stay ( I) , to prop, delay, remain. (F.-
Starve. (E.) M. E. steruen (slervm), M. Du.) M. F. estayer, 'to prop, stay;'
to die (without reference to the means of Cot. - M. F. Istaye, sb. fern. ' a prop, stay;'
death). A. S. steoifan, pt. t. steal/, pp. id. -M. Du. stade, :tlso statye, 'a prop,
stoifen, to die; whence -stieifan, to kill stay,' Hexham; O. Flem. story, a prop;
(weak verb). + Du. slerven , G . sterben. allied to E. Stead. [The loss of dbetween
Tent. type *sterban·, pt. t. *starb. Der. two vowels is usul\l in Dutch, as in b"oer,
starve-l-ing, dou ble dimin., expressive of brother, teer (for teder), tender. ] See
contempt ; starv·atiOIl, a hybrid word, Stay ( 2) .
introduced from the North about 1775. Stay ( 2), a rope supporting a mast. (E.)
State, a standing, position, condition, A. S. sltEg, a stay (whence F . ltai, a ship's
&c. (F.-L.) O.F.estat.-L.stat1lm,acc. stay ; Hatzfeld).+Du . stag . Icel. Dan.
of status, condition. - L. statum, supine Swed. G. stag. Der. stay-sail. ~ It is
of stare, to stand.+Gk. lt1T1]v , I stood; difficult to decide whether E. stay ( 2) is a
Skt. slha, to stand; cognate with E. stand. survival of A. S. sttEg, 'a rope for a mast,'
(.vST A.) OT is from O. F. estaye, a prop, for which
Statics, the science treating of bodies see Stay ( I) .
at rest. (Gk.) From Gk. t1TaTtKOr, at a Stays, a bodice. (F.- M. Du.) Merely
standstill; 7) t1TaTtKlf , statics.- Gk. t1TaT-Or, a pI. 01 stay, a support. (So also bodice =
placed, standing; verbal adj. from t1Ta-, bodies.) See Stay ( I ).
allied !o -fTT'I- in rt1T1]f" , I place, stand. Stead. (E.) M. E. sted!!. A. S. stede,
(-v'STA.) a place.+Du. stede, slee, a place; cf. Du.
ltation. (F. -I_) F. slation . - I.. . stad, a town, Ice\. slath', sla6a,l\ place;
!\16
 STEADFAST STEER
Dan. ~wed. slad, town, Dan. sled, place; sistance. Hrugm. ii. § 76. Der. sleel,
G. sladt, .slatt, town, place, Goth. slatns vb., A. S. stj/all (Icel. sta/a).
(gen. sladis), a place. Allied toL.slatio, Steelyard (I ). (Low G.) Said to be
a station; Gk. t1TGt11r, Skt. slniti-, a the yard in London where steel was sold
standing. (VSTA.) Der. nofM- stead, by German merchants (Stow); but really
bed-slead. for Low G. staal-nor, ' sample-yard,' from
steadfast. (E. ) A. S. stedifa st, firm staal, a sample o( "goods; see Bremen
in its place. - A. S. stetie, place; f ast, Wort. Low G. staal is from O. F. uta/e,
firm; see FAst. + M. Du. stuievast, Ice!. a sample. - O. F. uta/er; see Stale (I).
st~fastr, Dan. stadfast. Steelyard (2), a kind of balance,
steady, firm . (E.) Spelt stedye in with unequal arms. (F. -L.?) Now
Palsgrave. (The sole example of sted; generally misunderstood as meaning a yard
in Stratmann bas another form and sense.) or bar of stee!; but spelt stel/eere by
A new formation from stead, sb., with Cotgrave, s. v. Crocket. Perhaps from
suffix -)I; suggested by steadfast. O. F. aste/ier, a spit-cratch, in which
Steak, a slice of meat for cooking. spits lay horizontally (Roquefort) ; cf.
(Scand.) M. E. steike. - Ice!. slrik, a Span. astil/ero, the same, and asti/, the
steak; so called from being stuck on a beam of a balance. From L. luuta, a
wooden peg, and roasted before the fire; lance.
cf. Ice!. steikja, to roast on a spit or peg. Steenbok, a S. African antelope.
Allied to Ice!. stika, a stick; and to Stick (Du.) Du. stembok, lit. • rock-goat.' - Du.
( I ). + Swed. stek, roast meat, steka, to steen, stone, rock; bok, he-goat; see
roast; allied to stick, a prick, sticka, to Buck (I).
stick, stab; Dan. steg, a roast, at vende Steep (I ), precipitous. (E.) M. E. steep.
steg, to tum the spit. Cf. G. amteckm, to A. S. sUap, steep, high. + Ice!. steyp6r,
put on a spit, anstecnen, to pierce. steep, lofty. Allied to stoop, whence the
Steal. (E. ) A.~. stdan , pt. t. stat, pp. notion of sloping down, or tilted up; cf.
siolen.+Du. stelen, Ice!. stela, Dan. stia/e, Swed. stupande, sloping; Norweg. stupa,
Swed. stjala, G. steh/en, Goth. sti/an. to fall, stup, a steep cliff. See Stoop.
Teut. type ·stelan-, pt. t. ·sta/, pp. ·stu/- steep ( l ), to soak in a liquid. (Scand.)
anoz. M. E. stepm, Ice! . steypa, to make to
Stea.m, sb. ( E.) M. E. steem. A. S. stoop, overturn, pour out liquids, cast
steam, vapour, smell, smoke.+Du. stoolll. metals (hence to pour water over grain or
Der. steam, vb. steep it); causal of stupa, to stoop; see
Stearine, one of the proximate prinei- Stoop. So also Swed. stopa, to cnst
pies of animal fat. (F.-Gk.) F. sltarinc; metals, steep com; Dan. stObe, the same.
formed, with suffix -inc, from Gk. t1Tfap, steeple. (E.) O. Mere. stljJel, A. S.
tallow, hardened fat. Allied to Gk. t1T7;val, stype/, a lofty tower; so called from its
to stand; Brugm. ii. § 82. See StatiCll. height. - A. S. sliap, steep, high (with
steatite, a soft magnesian rock with a regular change from ia to y). + Icel.
soapy fee!. (F. -Gk.) Formedwithsuflix stopull; Low G. stipe/. '
-ite, from Gk. (IT/aT- as in t1TE4T-OS, gen. Steer (I), a young oX. (E.) A. S. stlor.
of t1T'ap, tallow, fat. See above. +Du. and G. stier, a bull, Ice!. stjOrr,
Steed. (E.) M. E. stede. A. S. stida, Goth. stiur; Teut. type ·sleuro:, m.
a stud-horse, stallion, war-horse; Teut. [Also *tneuroz, for Idg. *teuros; as in
type ·stOd1·on-. - A. S. stM, a stud (with the Ice!. )jorr, Swed. tjur, Dan. tyr, a steer.
usual change from () to i ). Cf. G. stute, Cf. also L. taurus, Gk. Talipor, Russ.
a stud-mare; Ice!. stoMestr, stud-horse, tur'.] 13. The sense is 'full-grown' or
st56merr, stud-mare. See Stud (I). 'large,' as in Skt. stnula- (for stnura-),
Steel. (E.) M. E. sted. O. Mere. great, large, powerful, stnura~ , a man,
stili; A. S. slYle, whieh is a late Wessex stnuri, a pack-horse; cf. Zend staora-,
spelling.+Du. staal, Ice!. stal, Dan. staal, Pers. sutur, a beast of burden. Der. stir-k,
Swed. st(1/, G. staM, O. H . G. stanal. The a bullock, A. S. stjr-ic (with vowel-change
O. H . G . stanal answers to O. Pruss. stak- from io to Y) ; Low G. starR.
10-, as in panu-stakla-, steel for kindling Steer (2), to guide. (E.) M. E. stere".
fire; ef. also Sk.t. stak, to resist, Zend A. S. stioron, stjron, to stecr.+Du. sture",
staxra-, strong. Named from its firm re- lceL stYra, Dan. styre, Sowed. slJra, G.
51 7
 STELLAR STEVEDORE
steue1"1t, to steer; Goth. stiUlialt, to con- stap, G. staPle, a footstep; Russ. stopa,
firm. Il Weak verb; from the sb. appear- a step. Allied to Stamp.
ing in M. E . stere, Du. stltur, Ice!. stjri, Stepchild. (E. ) A. S. sllopcild; where
G. steuer, a rndder, still retained in star. cild = E . cMld ; see Child. We also find
board; see Star.board. The O. H. G. A . S. sllophearn, step-bairn , stepchild.
stiura meant ( r ) a prop, staff, support, ( 2) sleop/reder, stepfather, sllopmOdor, step-
a rndder; and is allied to Icel. stallrr, a mother, &c. 1$. The sense of sllop is 'or·
stake. Noreen, § r43; Brugm. i. § 198. phalled,' and sllopcild is the oldest com-
Stellar. (L.) L. stelliins, starry. -L. pound; we find A. S. astlaple, pl., made
stella, star; for *ster-Ia, a dimin. form orphans, also O. H. G. stitt/an, to deprive
allied to E . Star. Brngm. i. § 473. of parents.+Dn. stit/ kind, stepchild; Icel.
Stem ( r ), trunk of a tree. (E.) M. E. stjzlpbarn, step-bairn; Swed. sty/bam; G.
st~m. A. S. stei n. Stet/lIl, (I) stem of a stie/ki.ui.
tree; (2) stem, prow of a vessel, for which Steppe, a large plain. (Russ.) Russ.
steftza (streftta) is also used. Apparentl y stepe, a waste, heath, steppe.
allied to Stafl'; but the primitive forms Stereoscope, an optical instrnment for
are uncertain. + Du. slam, trunk, steven , giving an appearance of solidity. (Gk.)
prow; Icel. sla/n, stamlt , stem of a vessel, From Gk. I1T~/,.6-f, solid, stiff; I1KOII'-I"', to
stofn, trunk; Dan. slamme, trnnk, slrevlt, behold.
prow; Swed. stam, trunk, sta/, prow,jram- stereotype, a solid plate for printing.
stam , fore.stem, bak-stam , back-stem, (Gk. ) Gk. I1TfpI6-r, hard, solid; and type,
stem; G. stamm , trunk, vorder steven, q. v.
prow-post, stem, hinter steven, stem -post. Sterile. (F. - L .) O. F . sterile. - L.
Some compare O. Irish lamon (Ir.famlza.z ), stenlem, acc. of sterilis, barren. Cf. Gk.
the stem of a tree. I1TfIpa (for *I1TfP-ya), a barren cow; Goth.
stem (2 ), prow of a vessel. (E.) See stairo, a barren woman. Brngm. i. i 838.
above. Sterling. (E.) M. E. sterling, a ster-
Stem (3), to check, stop. (E.) E. ling coin; A. F. esterling. Said to be
Fries. stemmm, to check, stop, hinder. named from the Esterlings (i. e. easter·
So Icel. stemma. Dan. stemme, to dam up; lings, men of the east) ; this was a name
G. stemmen , to dam up water, check, for the Hanse merchants in London, temp.
resist. From Teut. *stam, to stop; see Henry III. - M. E. est, east. See East;
Stammer. and see Easterling in N . E. D.
Stench, sb. (E. ) A. S. stme, a strong Stern ( I ), severe, austere. (E.) M. E.
smell, often in the sense of fragrance. - stC1"1le, stume. A. S. styrne, stem. Allied
A. S. stane, 2nd grade of sti.zcan, to stink, to G. storrig, morose, stubborn; Goth.
also to smell Bweetly.+G. ge-stank. See and-stnttrrall, to murmur against.
Stink. Stern ( 2), hind part ofa vessel. (Scand.)
Stencil, to paint in figures by help Icel. stjom, a steering, steerage, helm;
of a pierced plate. (F.-L.) From O. F. hence a name for the hind part of a vessel.
es(eneel~r, to sparkle, also to cover with Cf. Icel. stf or-i, a steerer, allied to E .
stars, to adorn with bright colours (Gode- steer ( 2).
froy). - O. F . esfmce/e, a spark. - L. type Sternuta.tion, sneezing. (L.) L . ster-
*sfi.zcilla, mistaken form of L. scintilla,:J. nutdtio, :J. sneezing. - L. sternittiitlls, pp.
spark. See Scintillation. of ste"lliitiire, to sneeze, frequelltative of
Steno~a.ph:v, shorthand wntl!lg. stemuere, to sneeze. Allied to Gk. "'Tap-
(Gk.) from Gk. I1TIVO-r, narrow, close ; vlJI19at , to sneeze.
,,(pO.<{>-ft V, to write. Stertorous, snoring. (L.) Coinedfrom
Stentoria.n, extremely loud. (Gk .) L . stertere, to snore.
From Gk. :E.TlvTQ)p, Stentor, a Greek at Stethoscope, the tube used in aus-
Troy, with a loud voice (Homer). - Gk. cultation, as applied to the chest. (Gk.)
I1T'V-ftv, to groan ; with suffix -TOJp. (v Lit.' chest-examiner.' - Gk. I1Tij90-r , chest;
STEN.) See Stun. I1KOft-I"' , to consider.
Step, a pace, degree, foot-print. (E.) Stevedore, one who stows a cargo.
M. E. steppe. From A. S. steppan , strep- (Span. - L .) Span. estivador, a wool-
pall (for *stapjan). a str. verb with a weak packer; hence :J. stower of wool for
present ; pt. t. stop, pp. stapen. Cf. Du . exportation, and generally, ,.>De who stOWIi
5 18
 STEW STILL
a cargo. -Span. estivar, to compress wool, a stick. E. Fries. stikke, stik; Du. stu;
to stow a cargo.- L. stipare, to press G. stecken.
together. Allied to Stiff. Cf. Span. stickleback, a small fish. (E. ) So
esliva, O. F. estive, stowage; ltal. stiva, called from the stickles or small rrickles on
ballast its back. Stick-Ie is a dimin. 0 stick ( 2);
Stew, to boil slowly. (F. - Teut.) M. E. cf. E. Fries. stikel, a thorn.
stuwen, orig. to bathe; formed from the Stickler, one who Pllrts combatants, or
old sb. stew in the sense of bath or hot- settles disputes between two who are fi ght-
house (as it was called) ; the pI. stews ing. (E.) Now only used of one who in-
generally meant brothels. An Anglicised sists on etiquette or persists in an opinion.
form of 0_ F. estuve. a stew, stove, hot- Corruption of a sb. formed from M . E.
house (F. efuve).-O. H. G. slupa. a hot slightlen, stightlim, to dispose, order,
room for a bath (mod. G. stube, a cham- arrange, govern, subdue; commonly used
ber). Allied to Stove, q. v. ~ The of a steward who arranged matters, acting
history of O . F. estuve and of O. H. G. as a master of ceremonies. See Will. of
stupa is much disputed. Paleme, 1199. 2899, 3281, 38,P, 5379;
Steward. (E.) A .S.stiweard,stiward, Destruction of Troy, 117, 1997, 3193,
a steward. Lit. < a sty-ward ;' from A. S. 13282, &c. This M. E . stightlen is a
stigu, a farmyard, weard; a ward. The frequentative of A. S. stihtan, stihtian, to
orig. sense was one who looked after the control. Cognate with M. Du. stichten.
domestic animals, and gave them theirfood; to build, impose II law ; Dan. stifle, to
hence, one who provides for his master's in stitute, Swed . stifta, stikta, G . stiflen,
table, or who superintends household to found , institute. Cf. also leel. stitt (for
affairs. We also find stiwita, stigwita, a *sti"hti-), a foundation, base.
steward, where the former element is the Sti1f. (E. ) M . E. stif. A. S. stif, stiff.
same. See- Sty (1) and Ward. + Low G. rtif (Danneil) ; Du. sti;f, Dan.
stick ( I), to stab, pierce, thrust in, ad- sliv, Swed . styf. Allied to Lith. stiprus,
here. (E.) The orig. sense was to sting, strong, stip-ti , to be stiff, L. stipes, a stem,
pierce, stab, fasten into a thing; hence, to stipare, to pack tight, stipulw, firm.
be thrust into a thing, to adhere. Two verbs sti1le. (Scand.) X VI. cent. From
are confused in mod. E., viz. (I ) stick, to I cel. stijla, to dam up, choke;.. N orweg.
pierce; (2) stick, to be fixed in. a.. We find stivla, to stop, hem in , lit. to stiffen;
( I) M. E. steken, strong verb, to pierce, stivrn, to stiffen; frequentatives of Norw.
pt. t. stak, pp. steken, stiken; answering to stiva, Dan. stive, to stiffen . All from the
an A. S. *stecan, pt. t. *sttU, pp. *stecen adj. above. ~ The provo E. slive, to stuff,
(not found); cognate with O . Fries. steka, from O. F. estiver, to pack tight, is ult.
O. Sax. stekan. (pt. t. stak), E. Fries. from the same root; see Stevedore.
steken, Low G. steken (pt. t. stak , pp. Stigmatise. (F.-Gk.) F.stigmatiser,
sIcken) ; G . stechen (pt. t. stadt, pp. ge- to brand with a hot iron, defame. - Gk.
stochen). Teut. type *steka1z- (pt. t. *stak) ; ur<-Y}Ulrl(flv, to mark, brand. - Gk. (frl-y-
transferred to the e-series from an older p.ar-, base of UTI-Y}Ul, a prick, mark , brand.
type *sleikan- (weak grade stik) ; cf. Goth. - Gk. I1rl(flll (= *uri-Y-Yflv), to prick.
slaks, a mark, stiks, a point. Further Allied to Stick (I). (""STEIG.)
allied to Gk. I1Ti("flV ( = url-y-Yftv ). to Stile ( I), a set of steps for climbing
prick, L. instfgare, to prick, Skt. til, to be over. (E.) M. E. stile. A. S . stigel, a stile.
sharp; and to E. Sting. (V STEIG.) - A. S. stig-, weak grade of sligan, to
~ . We also find (2) A. S. stician , pt. t. stic- climb; with suffix -e!. See Sta.ir. + M.
ode, weak ver)1; allied to Ice!. stika, to Du. and O.H.G . stichel.
drive piles, Swed. sticka, Dan. stikke, to Stile (2), the correct spelling of Style
stab, sting, G. sleeken, to stick, set. also ( ! ), q. v.
to stick fast, remain. stiletto, a small dagger. (Ital.-L.)
stick (2), a small branch of a tree. Ital. stiletto, a dagger; dim in. of M. ltal.
(E. ) M. E. stikke. A . S. sticca, a stick, stilo, a dagger.-L. stilum, ace. of stilus,
peg, nail. So called from its piercing or an iron pin; see Style (I ).
sticking into anything; the orig. sense Still ( 1), motionless. (E. ) M. E. stille.
being 'peg,' also a small bit of a tree. A. S. stille, still; cf. stillan, vb., to re-
Allied to Stick (I ) above.+Icel. stika, main in a place or stall. For ·stel:fl1z ;
5 19
 STILL STOCK
allied to A. S. stellan, to place, from A. S. dots. (Du.) Do. stippelm, to speckle, dot
sttZl, a place; cf. steal!; see Stall. + over. - Du. stippl, a speckle; dimin. of
Du. stil, still, stillen, to be still, stellm, stip, a point. Allied to Low G . stippelen,
to place, from stal, a stall; Dan. stille, to drip as raindrops (Danneil) , stipp", to
Swed. stt"lIa, G. still, still; Dan. stille, to speckl~; G. steppen, to stitch, stift, a tack,
still, also to place, Swed. stilla, to quiet; peg, pm.
G. sti/len, to still, stetlen, to place; Dan. ~tip~&tion, a contrac~. (F ..-L.) F.
stald, Swed. G. stall, a stall. Der. still, sltpulalzon. - L. acc. sttpuliittonem, a
adv., A . S. stille, continually, ever. covenant. - L. stiputatus, pp. of stipulari,
Still ( 2), to distil, trickle down. (L.; to settle an agreement. - 0 .. Lat. slipulus,
ar F.-L. ) In some cases, it represents firm, fast; allied to stipes, a post. ~ Not
L. sti1l4re, to fall in drops; more often, it from stipula, a straw, though this is an
is short for Distil, q. v. allied word.
still (3), sb., an apparatus for distilling. Stir. (E.) M. E. stirm, st1~ren. A. S.
(L.) Short for M. E. stitlatorie, a still, styrian, to move, stir. Allied to Icel.
from stiltat-us, pp. of stillare (above). styrr, a stir; Du. staren, Swed. stijra, G.
Stilt. (Scand.) M. E. stilte. -Swed. storm, to disturb, O. H. G. stOre", to
sty/ta, Dan. stylte, a stilt; Dan. stylte, to scatter, destroy, disturb. Teut. types
walk on stilts.+ Du. stelt; G. stelze, a *sturjan-, *stau,:jan- (Franck). Prob. allied
stilt; O . H. G. stelza, prop, crutch. Per- to Storm.
haps allied to Stalk (1); cf. E. Fries. Stirkj see Steer (1).
stilte, a stem, stalk. Stirrup. (E.) For sty-"ope, i. e. a rope
Stimula.te. (L.) From pp. of L. to mount oy ; the orig. stirrup was a looped
stimulare, to prick forward. - L. stimulus, rope for mounting into the saddle. M. E.
a goad . stirop. A. S. sti-rap, stig-riip. - A. S.
Sting. (E.) A. S. stingan, pt. t. stang, stig-, weak grade of stigan , to mount; "ap,
pp. stungm.+lcel. stinga, Swed. stinga, a rope; see Stair aud Rope.+Icel. stig-
Dan. stinge_ Teut. type *stengan-. Der. reip, Du. steg·reep, G. steg·reif.
stang. Stitch, a paiu in the side, a passing
stingy, mean. (E.) The same as through stuff of a needle and thread. (E.)
Norfolk stingy, pronounced (stin·ji), nip- M. E. stiche. A. S. stice, a pricking sensa-
ping, unkindly, ill·humoured. Merely the tion. - A. S. stician, to prick, pierce. See
adj. from sting, sb., which is pronounced Stick (I).
(stinj) in Wiltshire. So also Swed. sticken, Stith, an anvil. (Scand.) M. E. stith.
pettish, fretful, from sticka, to sting. - Icel. steM, an anvil; allied to stafj,', a
Stink. (E.) A. S. stincan, pt. t. sta,u, fixed place; named from its firmness; see
pp. stuncen. + Dn. stinken, Dan. stinke, Stead. + Swed. stiid, an anvil; M. Du.
Swed. stinka, G. stinken. Cf. Gk . .,.a1'y6r, stiet. Der. stith·y, properly a smithy, but
rancid. also an anvil, like M. E. stethi.
Stint, to limit, restrain , cut short. (E.) Stiver, a Dutch penny. (Du.) Du.
Orig.• to shorten.' M . E. stinten (also stuiver, a small coin. Perhaps mig.• bit'
stentan). A. S. slyntan, in for-stynla1l, or small piece. Franck connects it with
properly • to make dull'; formed from Low G . stUtif, stumpy, Ice!. stufr, a stump,
A. S. stunt, stupid, by vowel-change from Ice!. stjfa, to cut off.
u to y . The peculiar sense is Scand.+ StO&t, an animal. (Scand.) A late
Ice!. stytta (for *stynta), to shorten, from word ; stote, Phillips, J706; Levins, 15io.
stuttr, short, stunted; Swed. dial. stynta, M. E. slot, a stoat, also a bull, stallion.
to take short steps, from stunl, short; See Stot.
Dan. dial. stynte, to crop. See Stunted. Stocc&do, StOCC&t&, a thrust in
Stipend, salary. (L.) L. stipendiunt, fencing. (Ital. - T cut. l Sioccado is an
a tax, tribute; for "'stip-pmdium, a pay- accommodated form, as if it were Spanish.
ment in money. _ L. slip-, stem of stips, - Ital. stoccata, , a foyne, thrust,' Florio. -
small coin; pendere, to weigh ont, pay; Ita\. stocco, • a short sword, a tuck,' Florio;
see Pendant. /3. Stips is supposed to with pp. suffix -ata. - G. stock, a stick,
mean • pile of money'; cf. stiptire, to heap staff, trunk, stump; cognate with E.
together. stock.
Stipple, to engrave by means of small stock, a post, &c. (E. ) The old sense
520
 STOCKADE STO-r
was a stump; hence a post, trunk, stem, stol, Goth. stols, seat, chair; G. stuM, chair,
a fixed store, fund, capital,' cat\l~, stalk, pillar. _ Lit. 'that which stands firm.'
butt-endofagun,&c. A.S. stocc, _stock, <-\I"STA.) Brugm.i. § 191.
stump. + G. stock, O. H. G. stoch ; ·Du.: . S:toop (I ), to lean forward. (E. ) Provo
stok, lee!. stokkr, Dan . stok, Swed. stock. E : stowp; M. E. stoupm . A . S. stupian.
Allied to A. S. stykke, G. stuck, a bit, +M. Du:s!uypm , O. lcel. stupa, to stoop;
fragment . Swed. stupa, to .tilt, fall. Allied to Steep
Stockade, a breastwork formed of (I ) . . .. . :- .- .
stakes. (Span. -Teut.) Coined as if Stoop ( 2), a beaker.; see-Stoup.
from E . stock (above) ; but adapted from Stop. (L. ) Of L: origiJ?'" . M. E. stop-
Span. estacada, a palisade, fence. - Span. pm , A. S. -stoppia1Z, to stop up'; 'sa also Du.
estaca, a stake, pale. - M. Du. stake, Du. stoppm, to stop, stuff, cram, Swed. stOJ!P.Il)·
staak, a stake; see Stake. Dau. sloppe, G . stopfin; Ita!. stoppare,'
StoclriDg. (E.) Stocki,zg" is a dimin . to stop up with tow, Late L. slt4ppiire, to
form of stocli, used as short for mther-slock . stop up with tow, cram, stop. All from
, Un bas des chausses, a slocking", or nether- L. stupa, stuppa, coarse part of flax, hards,
slock ;' Cot. The clothing of the lower oakum, tow. Cf. Gk. (IT","", ITT"","" the
part of the body consisted of a single same. Der. slopp-Ie, i. e. stopper; also
garment, called hose, in F. chausses. It estop, A. F. ,stoper, from Late L. stuppdre.
was afterwards cut in two at the knees, and Storax, a resinous gum. (L. - Gk.) L.
divided iuto tIpper-stocks, and nether-stocks storax, styrax. - Gk. ITTVpa.[.
or stocking-s. In this case, stock means a Store, sb. (F. -L.) M. E. stor, sloor,
piece or stump, a piece cut off; see Stock. provisions.-O. F. estor, store, provisions
Stoic. (L. -Gk.) L. Stoicus . - Gk. (Godefroy) ; Late L. staurum, the same
::ETQI,,yor, a Stoic; lit. 'belonging to a as instaurum, store. _ L. instaurare, to
colonnade,' because Zeno taught under a construct, build ,restore; Late L .instaurare,
colonnade at Athens. - Gk.ITTOO, ITTo"i (for to provide necessaries. - L. in, in; .stau-
*ITToF-y6.), a colonnade, row of pillars; cf. rare, to set up, place, also found in re"
ITTi/-Aor, a pillar. ("""STEU.) staurdre, to restore. From an adj .
Stoker, one who tends a fire. (Du.) ·staurus - Skt. sthdvara-, fixed; cf. Gk.
Orig. used to mean one who looked after a lTT<lvpOr, an upright pole. ("""STA. ) Der.
fire in a brew-house (Phi1!ips).- Du. stoker, store, vb., O. F. estorer, from Late L.
'a kindler, or setter on fire,' Hexham. - staurare = instaurare.
Du. stoken, to kindle a fire, stir a fire. Stork, bird. (K) A. S. storc. +Du.
Allied to Du. stok, a stock, stick (hence, a stork, Icel. storkr, Dan. and Swed . stork;
poker for a fire); cognate with Stock. Cf. G. storch. Cf. Gk. TOnor, a large bird
Westphal. stoken, to poke a fire. (vulture, swan). Prob. allied to Stark.
Stole, long robe, scarf. (L. -Gk.) L. Storm. (K ) A. S. slorm, storm.+lcel.
stoIa. - Gk. ITTOA~, equipment, robe, stole. stormr, Du. Swed. Dan. slorm , G. stumz.
-Gk. ITTfAAfW, to equip. Teut. type ·slur-moz. From the same
Stolid, stupid. (L.) L. stolidus, firm, root as E. Stir.
stock-like, stupid. Story (1 ). (F. -L.-Gk.) M. E. slone.
Stomach. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.E.stomak. - A . F . storie (Bartsch), O. F. estoire,
-0. F. eslomac.-L. acc. slomachum .- a history, tale.-L. historia. -Gk. IITTopia,
Gk. ITTOl-'aXOr, mouth , gullet, stomach; information; see History.
dimin. oftTTo/Ul, mouth. Brugm. i. § .pI. Story (2),setofroomsonalevelor flat.
I Stone, (E.) M.E.sloon. A.S.stan.+ (F.-L.) Orig. merely 'a building' or
Du. steen, Ice!. steinn, Dan. Swed. stm, 'thing built.' - O. F. esloree, a thing
G. slein, Goth. stains. Cf. Gk. ITTla , a built; fern . of pp. of estorer, to build.-
stone ; O. Bulgarian sib,,!, Russ. stit,ta, Late L. staurare, for L. instaurare,
a wall. Der. stan-iel. to construct, build, &c. See Store. Der.
Stook, a shock of corn. (E.) It clere-story, i. e. clear-story, story lighted
answers to A. S. ·stoe, from ·stok-, strong with windows, as distinct from blind-story.
grade of ·stal-, as in E. Sta.ck.+Low G . Stot, stallion, bullock. (E.) M. E.
stuke, a stook; Swed. dial. sluke. slot. Cf. Icel. stilty, a bull, Swed. stut,
Stool. (E.) M. E. stool. A. S. stOl, Dan. stud, a bull; allied to Swed. stota, to
seat.+Du. stoel, Ice!. stoll, Dan. Swed. push, G . stossen.
5al S 3
 STOUP STRAW
Stoup, 8toop, /lagon. (M. Du.) M.E. Strait, adj. (F. - L .) M. E. streit. -
stope. - M. Du. stoop, a large cup (Kilian) ; A. F. estreit (F. ttroit), narrow, strict.-
Du. stoop, a gallon; cf. Ice!. staup, a L. strictum, ace. of strictus; see Strict..
knobby lump, also a stoup; Low G. sloop, Strand ( I), shore. (E. ) A. S. strand. +
a stoup (wheuce Swed. slop, three pints; Ice!. strond (gen. strandar), margin, edge;
Dan. dial. stob, a stoup). + A. S. steap, Dan. Swed. G . strand.
a cup; G. stauf, a cup. Allied to A. S. Strand ( a), thread of a rope. (Du.)
stlap, steep; perhaps as being high and The final d is added. - Du. streen, a skein,
upright; see Steep (I ), and Stoop. hank of thread. + G. strahm, a skein,
Stout. (F.-O.LowG.) M.E.stoul.- hank, O. H. G. strmo. Cf. Du. striem,
O. F. estout, stout, bold. - M. Du. stolt, a stripe.
stout, stout, bold; Low G. stolt, A. S. slo/t, Strange, foreign , odd. (F. -L.) O. F.
the same. + G. stots, proud. Perhaps all estrange. _ L. extraneum, acc. of extrii-
from L. stu/tus, foolish, foolhardy. Der. ,zeus, foreign, on the outside. - L. extra,
stout, sb., a strong beer. without. See Extra and Estrange.
Stove. (E.) A. S. stifa.+M. Du. stove, Strangle, to choke. (F.-L.-Gk.)
'a stewe, hot-house, or a baine: Hex- O. F. estrangler. - L. strallguliire. - Gk.
ham; Low G. stove ; cc. Icel. stifa, stu/a, UTparraAUfiJI. UTpayya}..ICflJI, to strangle.
a bath-room with a stove; G. stube, - Gk. UTpa..,-ytiA'I, a halter. - Gk. UTparrOS,
O.H.G. stupa, a room (whence Ital. stu/a, twisted. Allied to String and Strict.
F. {tuve). See Stew. strangury. (L. -Gk.) L.strangiln·a.
Stover, food for cattle. (F.-L. 1) In -Gk. uTparrovpla,retention of urine, when
Shak.; M. E. stouer (stover), necessaries. it falls by drops. - Gk. UTpa,,(,,(-, base of
- O. F. estover, estovoir, necessaries; orig. UTpO.,,(C , a drop, that which oozes out (allied
the inlin. mood of a verb which was used to UTparrOS, twisted); otJp-OJl, urine.
im"personallywith the sense 'it is necessary.' Strap. (L.) Provo E. strop; A. S.
Perhaps from L. est opus (Tobler). stropp. -L. struppus (also stroppus ), a
Stow, to pack away. (E.) M.E.stoweIl, strap, thong, fillet . ( Hence F . {trope. )
lit. to put in a place. - A. S. stiiwigan Strappado. (Ital. - Tent.) A modified
(Sweet); from stiJw, a place.+lcel.eld·stu, form olstrappala (just as stomldo was used
fire-place. Also Lith. stowa , place where for stoccala). - Ita!. strappata, a pulling, a
a thing stands. from stuti, to stand. wringing, the stmppado. - Ital. strappare,
(¥ST}..) to pull, wring. - H. G. (Swiss) strap/en,
Straddle. (E.) Formerly stn'ddle to pull tight, allied to G. straff, tight,
(Levins) ; frequentative of Stride. borrowed from Low G. or Du. - Dn. straf-
Straggle. (E. ) Formerly stragle. /m, to punish, from straf, severe; c '. E.
For strac7de; cf. provo E. strackle-brained, F ries. strabben, to be stiff.
thoughtless. Apparently the frequentative Stratagem. (F. - L. - Gk.) M. F.
of M. E. straken, to roam, wander; P. stralageme. - L. stralegema. - Gk. (JTpaTf)-
Plowman's Crede, 8a; with a shortened "('If'll , the device of a genera!. - Gk. UTpa-
before k-l. Allied t o Strike. Perhaps T'I",(OS, general, leader. - Gk. UTpaT-OS, army,
Swed. dial. strakla, to stagger, totter, is camp; d"'(-ftJl, to lead. T he Gk. UTpGTOS
related. is allied to UTOPJlUfll, I spread. See
Straight. (E.) M. E. strei)t, orig. pp. Stratum.
of M . E. strecc/un, to stretch; A. S. streht, strategy. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.straligie.
pp. of streccan, to stretch; see Stretch. - L. strategia. - Gk. uTpaTT/",(la, general-
Der. straight, adv., M. E. strei)t; straight- ship. - Gk. UTpann6s (above).
way; straight-en. Strath, a /lat valley. (C.) Gael. sralk,
Stram ( I), vb. (F. -L.) From estraign-, a valley with a river, low-lying country be-
a stem ofM. F. estraindre,' to wring hard;' side a river; Irish sralh , sralha, the bottom
Cot. - L . stringere, to draw tight. See ofa valley, fields beside a river; W.ystrad,
Stringent. a /lat vale. Allied to Stratum (below) .
Stra.iJ1. (2) , descent, lineage, birth. (E. ) Stratum. (L.) L. stratum, a layer,
Strahl in Shak.; strene in Spenser. M. E. that whidl ~spread /lat; neut. of straus,
slreen, Chaucer, C.T., CI. Tale, '57. A. S. pp. of sternere, to spread. + Gk. UTOPJlVI",
strlon, gain, product, lineage, progeny; I spread out. ( ¥STER .)
whence strynan, to beget. StraW, sb. (E. ) A. S. slreaw (slr_).
 STRAW-BERRY STRIKE
+Du. stroo. Ice!. stni, Dan. stma. Swed. striicka; G. streckm, from strack, adj.,
strli, G. stroh. Teut. type *strawoJll, tig-ht. Perhaps allied to Strong.
n. Allied to L. stnimell, straw, ster"'lre, to Strew, Straw, vb. ~ E.) M. E.
strew; see Strew, Stratum. strewel'. A. S. streowiall, to .trew, scatter.
straw-berry. (E.) A.S. streaw- Closely allied to A. S. streaw, straw. +Du.
benge, straw-berry; perhaps from its pro- strooijul, to strew, allied to stroo, straw;
pagation by runners; cf. strew. G . streuen, to strew, allied to stroh, straw;
Stray, to wander. ( F. - L.) O. F. Goth. straujall (pt. t. strawida), to strew.
estraier, to wander; orig. to rove about From a derivative of the root STER, as
the streets or ways. Cf. Provo estradier, a in L. ster-Iure (pt. t. straUlJ. to strew;
wanderer in the streets, one who strays, cf. Gk. q.,6p""p.l. I spread; Skt. str, to
from Provo t strada ( = o. F. estree) , a spread. See Stratum. Brugm. i. § 570.
street; M. Ita!. stradiotto. a wanderer, from Der. be-strew.
strada, street. - L. strata, a street; see Stricken j see Strike.
Street. Der. stray, estray, sb. Strict. (L.) L. strictus, pp. of stri/~ -
Strea.k, a line or long mark. (E. ) gere. to tighten, draw together, &c. See
M. E. streke, more commonly strike. A. S. Stringent. DOUblet, strait.
strica, from ·stric- , weak grade of stricall, Stride, vb. (£..) M. E. stnlien, pt. t.
to stroke, rub. Cf. E. Fries. streke, striike, strad. strood. A. S. stridan, to stride, pt.
a stroke, streak; Du. streek; Swed. streck, t. straa (rare; but cf. bestrad, 1E1f. Hom.
a dash, streak, line; Dan. streg, the same. ii. 136). So also Low G. stnaell (pt. t.
Also Goth. striks, a stroke with the pen; streed), to strive, to stride; Du. strljdm ,
G. strich, from Teut. ·strik, weak grade of G. streitetl, Dan. striik, strong verbs, to
·streikan--; see Strike. Cf. alsoL.stnga, strive, contend; Ice!. stntJa, Swed. Jtn·da,
a swath, furrow. weak verbs, to strive. I). Teut. type
Stream. (E. ) A. S. stream. + Du. *streitian-, pt. t. *straid, pp. *stridatlOZ;
str001ll, lee!. straumr, Swed. Dan. strom, whence also Ice!. strib, woe, strife; strifJr,
G. slr011l. Teut. type ·strau1IIoz, m. hard, stubborn. Cf. Skt. sn·eIk, to assail ;
Allied to Russ. struia, Irish sruaim , a also, an enemy. The orig. sense was' to
stream. All from ""SREU, to flow. which contend,' hence to take long steps (as if
in Teut. and Russ. became STREU; cf. in contention with another). Der. be-
Skt. sru, Gk. Pff'" (for *upfF-f'''), to flow. striik, strid, straddle, stnft, strive.
Cf. Rheum. strife. (F.-Scand.) O.F. estnf,strife.
Street. (L.) A. S. strati O. Mere. Apparently modified from lcel.strib,strife,
strlt; a very early loan-word; cf. Du. contention. Cf. O. Sax. and O. Fries. strid,
straat, G. strasse.-L. striita, i. e. slrlita strife; Du. stri.Jd; G. streit. From the
ttia , a paved way; strata being fem. of pp. verb Stride (above). lIT The connexioll
of stenzere, to strew, pave. with G. streben, Du. strevttl, is obscure.
Stren~h. (E.) A.S. strengfJu; (for Der. strive, vb., q. V.
·strang-I-tAu). - A. S. strang, strong. See Strike, to hit. (E.) M. E. slrikm, orig.
Strong. to proceed, advance, to flow ; hence used
Strenuous. (L. ) L. strenu-us, vigor- of smooth swift motion, to strike with a
ous, active; with suffix -oUS. +Gk. (T.,p..",r,., rod or sword. The verb is 'str9ng; pt. t.
strong, allied to UT"fpEO', firm. strak, pp. striken; the phrase' stricken in
Stress, strain. (F. - L.) Sometimes years' meant 'advanced in years.' A. S.
short for distress ; see Distre88. Other- strican, to go, proceed, advance swiftly and
wise, from O. }<' . estrecier, estressier, to smoothly; pt. t. strlfc, pp. stn·cen.+Du .
straiten , pinch, contract. This answers to stn/ken, to smooth, rub, stroke, spread,
a Folk-L. type ·strectilire, regularly formed strike; G. streichm, the same. [Cf. Ice!.
from L. stn Ctus, tightened; see Strict. strjuka, to stroke, rub, wipe, strike; !:iwed.
Stretch. (E. ) M. E. strecchen. - A. S. stryka, Dan. stryge, the same.] Allied to
streccan, pt. t. strehle, pp. strehl. Formen L. stringere, to graze, touch lightly with a
as a causal verb from A. S. strt1!C, hard , swift motion; stnga" a row of mown hay.
rigid, violent, strong. Thus streich = to Der. strike, sb., the name of a measure,
make stiff or hard, as in straining a conI. orig. an instrument with a straight edge
+ Du. strekkm, to stretch, from strak, for levelling (striking off) a measure of
stretched, tight, rigid; Dan. strtZkke, Swed. grain. Also streak, stroke.
533
 STRING STRYCHNINE
Itring. (E.) A. S. strenge, cord; from Strong. (E.) A. S. strang, strong.+
its being tightly twisted. - A. S. strmtg, Du. strmg, Ice!. strallgr, Dan. streng;
strong, violent. Cf. Gk. uTpa-y-yaA,/, a Swed. strang; G. streng; strict. Cf. Gk.
halter; from UTpa-y-yOS, tightly twisted.+ UTpayyOS, tightly twisted.
Du. stre1tg, string, allied to streng, severe; Strop, a piece of leather, for sharpening
so also Ice!. strengr, Dan. strang, Swed. razors. (L.) A.S. slt·opp, a strap, from
strilltg, G. strang, cord, string. See L. ; see Strap. Cf. Westphal. strop.
Strong. Strophe, part of a poem or dance.
Stringent. (L.) L. stringent-, stem of (Gk. ) Gk. UTPcxpr" a turning; the turning
pres. pt. of stringere, to draw tight, com- of the chorus, dancing to one side of the
press, urge, also to graze, stroke; pp. orchestra, or the strain sung during this
strictus. Perhaps allied to Strike. evolution; the strophe, to which the anti-
Strip. (E. ) M. E . stripen. A. S. strie- strophl! answers. - Gk. UTpf</>fIV, to turn .
pan, strjpan. to plunder, strip; in compo Strow; see Strew.
be.strjipan.+Du. stroopen, to plunder; E. Structure. (F.-L) F.strttclltt'e. -L.
Fries. stropm, strope,,; G. streijen, from strueft~ra, a structure. - L. structus, pp. of
M. H . G. stroufm. Teut. type *straupjan- ; strmre, to build, orig. to heap together.
from the lnd grade of the strong verb Struggle, vb. (F. - M. Du. 1) M.E.
*streupan-, for which cf. Norw. strUpa. to stroge/m, strugelen; apparently from A.F.
grip, to throttle, pt. t. straup. Der. strip, es- (L. ex) prefixed to M. Du. truggelm
sb., a piece stripped off; see below. ( Du. tt'ogge/en), Low G. truggeln, to beg
Stripe. ( Du.) Orig. a streak; M. E. persistently, which prob. also had the
stripe; not an old word; prob. a weaver's same sense as E. Fries. troggeln, to struggle
term. - M. Du. strifpe, a stripe in cloth, against, as when a horse jibs or refuses to
variant of strepe (Kilian) ; Du. stt'eep; move forward, also to beg persistently.
Low G. stripe, a stripe. + Norw. stripa. All from Teut. base *thnig-, as in Icel.
Dan. stribe, a stripe, streak; G. streijm, )ri'iga, Dan. true, to press, ultimately
M. H. G. streif. From a Teut. base ·streip, related to A. S. )ryccan, G. driicken, to
allied to ·streik; see Strike. Cf. O. Irish press. (Doubtful. )
srlab, a stripe. ~ Low G. stripe, a stripe, Strum, to thmm on a piano. (E.)
also means a strip of cloth; although strip An imitative word. Made by prefixing an
belon~ strictly to the verb above. intensive s- (=0. F. es·=L. ex), very, to
Stripling. (E.) A double dimin. from the imitative word t1'1t111 (also thro1ll ), as
strip, variant of stripe; hence a lad as thin seen in Low G. tntlllTltelt, Du. trommen,
as a sl1-;P, a growing lad not yet filled out. to drum; see Drum and Thrum.
Strive. ( F.-Scand.) M. E. str;lten Strumpet. (F. - Teut. 1) M. E. strom-
(striven ), properly a weak verb.-O. F. pet. The form answers to O. F. *estrolll -
estnver, to strive; Walloon striveI'. - O. :1<'. pette (not found ), as if from M.Du. strompe,
estrif, strife; see Strife. a stocking. Or (if the 1Il be an insertion)
Stroke (I ), a blow. (E.) M. E. strook. it is from O. F. strupe, Late L. strttplwt,
From strile, 2nd grade of A. S. stricalt, to dishonour, violation; from L. stuprlmt.
strike. Cf. G. streich, a stroke. (Unexplained.)
stroke (l ), to rub gently. (E.) M. E. Strut (I), to walk about pompously.
stroken. A. S. strikian, to stroke; a causal (Scand.) M. E. strouten, to spread or swell
verb; from striic, lnd gmde of striean, to out. - Swed. dial. stml/a, to walk with
strike. Cf. G. streiche/n, to stroke, from a jolting step; Dan. strut/e, strude, to
streiehen, to stroke; see Strike. strut; cf. Norw. stntt, a spout that sticks
Stroll, to wander. ( F.- Teut.) For- out, a nozzle. The orig. sense seems to
merly strOltle. stroyle. Formed by prefixing be 'to stick out stiffly'; cf. Ice!. strutr, a
s- (0. F. /!S-, L . ex) to troll, used (in P. PI.) hood sticking out like a horn; Low G.
with the sense 'to range'; see Troll. strutt, rigid. + G. 51rotze", to strut, be
Cf. Guernsey Itret4/ai' [= estreull], adj., puffed up; cf. strallss, a tuft, bunch.
idle, vagabond (Metivier; who notes that, .trut (l) , a support for a rafter.
at Valognes. dep. Manche, the equivalent (Scand.) Orig. a stiff piece of wood ; from
term i. trtulier, i. e . 'troller '); cf. Norm. strut, to stick out or up. Cf. Ice!. stnU,.,
dial. treuler, to rove (Moiay), dial. of Low G. strut! (above).
Verdun t,.IIe,., t,.aultr. 8tr7ohDine. (Gk.) From Gk. O'TpclX-
 STUB STUPEFY
I'O~, nightshade, poison i with F. suffix word being Germanised before it passed
-i"e. into French (Diez). Cf. G. stoff, stuff,
Stub, stump of a tree. (E.) A. S. stybb, materials. tJ. The sense of the L. word is
a stub ; E . Fries. stubbe. +Du. stobbe, Icel. better preserved in the verb to stuff, i. e . to
slubOi, D a n. stub, Swed. stubbe. Allied cram, to stop up, M . F. estoujfe.'·, to stifle
to Icel. slu]r, a stump (Noreen) ; and see (Col. ), G. stopfen, to fill, stuff, quilt, from
Sta.b. Also to Gk. U";"O~, a stump, Skt. Late L. stupptire, to stop up i whence also
stupa-, a heap. Allied to Stump. E. Stop. q. v.
Stubble. ( F . -LateJ".) M. E. stobil, stu1l'y, close, stifling. (F.-L.) From
stobIe. - A. F . estub/e, O. F. estoub/e. -Late O. F. estouffer, to ch oke (F. "ouffer) ; the
L. stupula, stup/a, stubble; a variant of same as O. F . estoffer, to stuff or cram
L . stipula, stubble, due to the influence of up. Cf. Walloon stoft, stifled (Remacle). -
L ow G . stoppel, stubble (Liibben ), Du. and O. F. estoffe, stuff (above ). ~ So Scheler,
E. Fries. stoppel, cognate with M . H. G . disputing the suggestion ofDiez, who need-
stup/eI, O. H. G. stupfi/a , stubble. lessly goes to the Gk. TVCPO~, smoke, mist,
Stubborn. (E.) M. E. stobum, sti- in order to explain estojJe.
born; also stibomesse, stybomesse, stub- Stultifv. (L.) Coined, with suffix-jy
bomness, for which Palsgrave has stubble- (F . -jier, L. -jicti1'e), from L. stttlti-, for
1ltIse. The final 1l is prob. due to mis- stu/tus, foolish.
understanding stibom csse as stibom-1usse ; Stumble, vb. (E.) The b is ex-
in an y case, it has been added; cf. bitter-tl, crescent. M. E. stomblctl, stome/en, slum-
s/atter - n. *Stubor, *slibor represent an lell; also slomeren. E. Fries. stummeln, to
A. S. form *styb·or; -or being a common go stumbling along; cf. Dan. dial. stum/e,
adj. suffix , as in bit-or, bitter. From A. S. to stumble; Icel. stumra, Norw. slum-
stybb, a stub. Thus stubborn = stock-like, ra, to stumble; Swed. dial. stambla,
not easily moved, like an old stub or stomla, stammra, to stumble, falter. From
stump. See Stub. the base *stum. Practically a doublet of
StuCCO. (Ita!.-O. H. G.) Ita!' stucco, stammer, with reference to hesitation of
hardened, encrusted; stucco. - O. H . G. the step instead of the speech; see Stam-
stucchi, a crnst; G. stuck, a piece, patch; mer. Cf. O.Sax. and O. H . G. stum, mute.
cognate with A. S. stycce, a piece, bit. Stump. (E.) M . E. stumpe ; E. Fries.
Allied to Stock. stump.+lcel. stumpr, Swed . Dan. stump,
Stud (I), a collection of breeding-horses stump, end, bit ; Du. stomp; G . stumpf.
and mares. (E.) M. E. stood. A. S. stM, Allied to G. stumpf, blunt, stumpy; Du.
a stud; orig. an establishment or herd in slomp, blunt, dull. Also to Lith. slam-
a stal1.+Icel. stotJ, Dan. stod, M. H . G. bms, stalk of grass, &c. lIrugm. i. § 424.
stuet ( whence G . gestut). Cf. Russ. stat/Q, Stun, to make a loud din, to amaze,
a herd or drove, Lith. stodas, a drove of esp. with a blow. (E.) M. E. sto1lim.
horses. (.vSTA.) Der. stud-korse, steed. A. S. sttmian, to make a din ; ge-stU1l,
Stud (2) , a rivet, large-headed nail, a din. Cf. Icel . stynja, to groan, stynr, a
&c. ( E.) Alsoastoutpost,proPi hence groan; Du.stenen,G.stelmen , to groan,
a projection , boss, support. _ A. S. studu , Russ. sten-ate, Lith. slm-eli, Gk. UTE' -UI',
stuju, a post.+lcel. st~, Swed. sted, a to groan; Skt. stan, to sound, to thunder.
post; Dan. sted, stub, stump; G. stu/lte, (.vSTEN.) Brngrn. i. § 818 (2 ). And
a prop. Cf. Gk. UTV-).O~, a pillar. see Thunder.
(.vSTEU, allied to .vSTA.) St1U1ted, hindered in growth. (E.)
Student. (L. l F rom L. student-, stem From A. S. sttmt, adj., dull, obtuse,
of pres. pt. of .tudere, to be busy about, to stu pid , orig. 'sh ort ;' hence , metapho-
study. rically, short of wit; also not well grown;
study, sb. (F.-L. ) M. E. studie. - but the peculiar sense is Scand. + Ice!.
A. F. estud£e ( F. et ude). _ L. studium, sttlllr (for *stuntr), ahort, stunted (No-
zeal , study. Der. studio, Ital. studio, a reen) ; M. Swed .sttmt,cutsbort. Cf.Stint.
school, from L . studium. StUpefy. (F. - L.) F . stupijier; due
Stuft', materials. ( F.-L.) O. F . estoffe, to L. stupifacere, to stupefy; ce.
F . Sttlpt-
' stuffe;' Cot. ; Walloon stoff (Remac1e). fa it, pp., directly from L. stupe/actus,
- L. stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax, made stupid. - L. stupe-re, to be stupid;
hards, tow; the pronunciation of this L. faure, to make.
52 5
 STUPENDOUS SUBJECT
atllpeJLdo118. (L) For L. stupmd- stile, as it is not Gk. M. E. stile.-M. F.
us, amazing, to be wondered at, gemn- stile, style, ' a stile, manner of indicting :'
dive of slupire, to be amazed; with snffix Cot. -L stilus, an iron pin for writing:
-ous. a way of writing. Der. stiletto.
stupid. (F. - L) F. slupide. - L. Style (l ), the middle part of the pistil of
slupidus, senseless. - L. stupere, to be a /lower: gnomon of a dial. (Gk.) Gk.
amazed. O"TiI~Of, a pillar, long upright body like a
.turdy-. (F.) It formerly meant rash pillar. Cf. Skt. sthii1}a, a_ pillar, post.
Ol" reckless; hence, brave, bold. M. E. ('V'STEU, by-form of 'V'ST A.)
sturdi, slordy, rash. - O. F. est~lrdi, Styptic, astringent. (F.-L. -Gk.) F.
amazed, also rash, heedless; pp. of es- styptique. - L stypticus. - Gk. O"TV7rTII.Of,
t()Urtfir, 'to amaze;' Cot. (Mod. F. astringent. -Gk. O"~I", to contract, draw
ttourdir, ItaL stordire, to ston, amaze. ) together, to be astringent; orig. to make
Of unknown origin; see Korting. firm; allied to O"T.51rOf, a stump, stem, block.
Sturgeon, a fish. (F. - O. H. G. ) Suasion, advice. (F.-L) M. F. ma-
O. 1... ul()Urgeon, estttrgeon: Late r:. acc. sion. - L. acc. suasiimem; from masio,
sturitJnem, from nom. sturn. - O. H . G. persuasiou. -L. slliims, pp. of slliitiere, to
sturjo, sluro, a sturgeon. Sometimes ex- persuade, lit. 'to make sweet.' Allied to
plained as 'a stirrer,' because it stirs up suiiuis (~*suadtlis) , sweet. See Sweet.
mud by /lounderiug at the bottom of the Bmgm. i. § 187.
water: cf. O. H. G. storm, to spread, stir suave, pleasant. (F. -L.) F . stlave;
(G. sliiren): see Stir. + . A. S. styria, Cot. -L. stllitlis, sweet (above).
styriga, a sturgeon, as if from slyrian, to Sub-, prefix. (L., or F.-L.) L. (and
stir: Swed. Dan. slor, sturgeon, as if from F.) SIIb-, prefix. Orig. form *!tIp: whence
Swed. slora, to stir: Ice!. stria; Du. the comparative form s1if>-er, above, al1ied
sleur (see J<'ranck). Origin doubtful. to Skt. 1Ipari, above. The prefix s- prob.
Stlltter. (E.) Frequentative of sltll, answers to Gk. It; cf. s-uper with '[-
onee common in the same sense. 'I stutte, .5wfp8f,' from above.' Sub seems to have
I can nat speue my wordes redyly;' Pals- meant' up to '; hence it also came to mean
grave. M. E. slolm. Cf. E. Fries. stul- just under or below: it is allied to E. Up,
lern, to stutter; Du. stotteren (whence q. v., and to Gk. iI1r6;. see Hypo-. ~ Sub
G. stotlern). From M. E. slot- (Teut. becomes !tIC- before c, !lif- before f, sug-
*stu/) weak grade of Teut. root *steul, for beforeg, stlm- before m, sup· before p, sur-
which cf. Du. sluilen, to stop; 2nd grade before r: and see Sus- (below ).
*staul, as in Icel. stama, to beat, strike, Subaltern, inferior to another. (F.-
also to stutter, Swed. slola, Dan. stode, to L. ) F. stlballe1'1le : Cot. - L. suballerntls,
strike against, G. stossen, Goth. stalltan, subordinate. - L. !tIb , under; aller, another.
to strike. Orig.' to strike against,' to trip. Subaqueous, under water. (L. ) L
('V'STEUD; from the weak grade come stlb, under; aqua, water. See Aqueous.
Skt. Iud, L . lunoere. to strike.) Subdivide. (L.) L. stlb, under; and
Sty ( I), enclosure for swine. (E.) M.E, oiuidere, to divide. See Divide. Dar.
slie. A, S. sligu, a sty, a pen for cattle.+ subdivision (from the pp.).
lce!. stia, sli, sty, kennel, Swed. stia, pig- Subdue. ( F.-L) M. E.soduen (after-
sty, pen for geese, Swed. dial. sli, sleg, wards' learnedly' altered to stlbdtle). First
pen for swine, goats, or sheep, G. sleige, used in the pp. sodued, sodewed.- A. F .
pen, chicken-coop, O. H. G. stia. *subdut, as in stlbduz (for subduts) , pp.
Sty (2 ), small tnmour on the eyelid. pl. , subdued. - Late L. *mMulm, for L.
(E.) The A. S. name was stigend, lit. subditus, subdued. - L. subdere, to sub-
'rising:' as if from the pres. pt. of stigan, due. -L. sub, un_d er: -oe1'e, to put, weak
to ascend, climb, rise ; but this is doubtful. grade of 'V' DHE, to put. tU Not from
M. E. styanyt, as if jt meant' sty on eye.' L. mbducere, with an alien sense.
+ Low G . stieg, sli~, sty on the eye, as if Subiacent. (L.) From stem of pres.
from sligen , to rise: E. Fries. stiger ; pt. of L. sub-iacire, to lie under.-L. sub,
Norw. sligo, sligfe, also sligkoyna (from under: iacere, to lie. See Jet ( I ).
ltiiyna, a pustule). subject. (F . -I..) M.E. mgel, subjet.
S91e (I ) , a pointed tool (or writing, a -0. F. miet, s1tiert (later whiert ), mod. F,
mode of writing. (F.-L.) It should be mitl , a suhjt'Ct.-L. su/Jierlus, pp. of mb-
5 26
 SUBJOIN SUBURB
iure, to put under, subject. - L. sub, settle, allied to setih-e, to sit. See Se-
under; iacere, to cast, to put. dentar7. Brugm. i. § 882.
Subjoin. (F. - L.) M. F. sub;"q,gn-, a subsi~. (F. - L.) A. F. subsidie
stem of subjoindre. - L. subiungere, to join (Godefroy) ; F. subside. - L. subsidium,
beneath, annex, subjoin. -L. sub, beueath; a body of troops in reserve, assistance;
iungere, to join. See Join. lit. that which sits in reserve. - L. sub,
subjuga.te, to bring under the yoke. under, in reserve; sedire, to sit. Der.
(L.) From pp. of L . subiugare, vb. - L. subsidi-ary, from L. adj. subsiditlri,ls.
sub iugtY, under the yoke; where iugo is Subsist, to live, continue. (F. -L.)
abl. of iflgum, a yoke. See Yoke. F. subsisler, • to subsist;' Cot. - L. sub-
subjunctive. (L.) L. subiuntliuus, sistere, to stay, abide. - L sub, near to ;
lit. joining on dependently, from the use of sis/ere, to stand, also to place, from sliJre,
the subjunctive mood in dependent clauses. to stand. See State.
_ L. sflbiunclus, pp. of subiungere, to sub- substance. (F. -L.) F . subslante.-
join; see Subjoin (above). L. substantia, substance, essence. _ L. sub-
Sublime. (F. -L.) F. sublime. - L. stant-, stem of pres. pt. of subs/are, to exist,
sublimis, lofty, raised on high. Perhaps Iit. ' to stand near or beneath.' _ L. sub,
from L. sub, and limen, lintel; 'up to the near; stare, to stand. Der. subs/anti-al;
lintel;' Brugm. ii. § Il. also mbstanl-ive, F . substa111if, L. substall-
Subluna.r, under the moon, earthly. Iiuus, self-existent, used of the verb esse,
(L.) Coined from L. sub, under; and E. and afterwards applied, as a grammatical
ltmar, belonging to the moon, from L. term, to nouns substantive.
Irma, moon; see Lunar. substitute,sb. (F.-L.) F.subslilut,
Submerge, to plunge underwater. (F. a substitute.-L. substitutus, pp. of subsli-
-L.) F. submerger. - L. submergere. - luere, to put in stead of. - L. sub, near, in-
L. sub, under; merge1'e, to dip; see stead of; stattlere, to put, place, causal of
Merge. sliire, to stand.
Submit. (L.) L. submiltere, to let Subtend. (L.) L. subtendu'e , to stretch
down, submit, bow to (pp. submissus).- or extend beneath. - L. sub, beneath; ten-
L. mb, under; mit/ere, to send. See dere , to stretch. See Tend (I ) .
Missile. Der. submiss-ion, ·ive. Subterfuge. (F. -L.) F. subleifuge,
Subordina.te, of lower rank. (L.) , a shift;' Cot. - Late L. subteif"gium.-
From the pp. of Late L. subordinare, to L. subte1fugere, to escape by stealth .-L.
place in a lower rank.-L. sub, below; subler, stealthily (from sub, under, with
ordiniire, to rank, from ordin-, stem of compar. suffix); fugere, to flee. See
ordo, order. See Order. Fugitive.
Suborn, to procure secretly, bribe. (F. Subterranean, Subterraneous.
- L.) F. suborner. - L. subornare. - L. (L.) From L. subterrtl1te-Us, underground.
sub , secretly; orniire, to furnish, properly, -L. sub, under; terra, ground. See
to adorn. See Orna.ment. Terrace.
SubpmJ1&, a writ, commanding attend- Subtle. (F.- L.) Formerly solil, solel;
ance under a penalty. (L.) L. sub, under; the b was a pedantic insertion, and is never
jxznii, abl. of jxzna, a penalty. See sounded. - O. F. solil, soulil, later mbtil.
Pain. -L. subUlem, acc. of sublilis, fine, thin,
Subscribe. (L.) L. substribere, to accurate, subtle. The orig. sense of sublilis
write (one's name) under; pp. substriptus was 'finely woven'; from L. sttb, under,
(whence substriplion). - L. sub, under; closely, and tlla, a web, for which see
scribere, to write. See Soribe. Toil ( 2 ) . Der. Stlblle-Iy, M. E. soleilee,
Subsequen~. (L.) From stem of pres. from O. F. solilletl, subtlety, from L. acc.
pt. of subsequi, to follow close after. - L. sublililalem. Brngm. i. § 134.
sub, under, near; sequi, to follow. See Subtract. (L.) From L. sublractus,
Sequence. pp. of sublmkere, to draw away under-
Subsene. (L.) L. subseruire, to serve neath, to subtract. -L. sub, beneath; tra-
under another. - L. sub , under; seruire, kere, to draw. See Trace (I).
to serve. See Serve. Suburb. (F.-L.) A. F. suburbe
Subside. (L.) L. subsidere, to settle (A. D. Il8S) . - L. suburbitlfll, suburb.
down. - L. sub, under, down; sidere, to -L. sub, near; IIrbi- decl. stem of
 SUBVERT SUGGESTION
uros, a town. Der. suburb-an. See ·subilanus, for L. subilaneus, sudden,
Urbane. extended from subilus, sudden. lit. that
Subvert. (F. -L.) F. subverlir; Cot. which has come stealthily, orig. pp. of
- L. su/mertere, to turn upside down, subire, to come or go stealthily. - L. suo,
overthrow. - L. suo, beneath; uertere, to under, stealthily; ire, to go.
turn. See Verse. Der. mbvers-ion, from Sudori1ic. (F.-L.) F. sudonjiqtte,
the pp. mln~ers-us. causing sweat; as if from L. ·sUdorifieus.
Succeed. (F. -L.) F. mcclder; Cot. -L. siidOri-, for sUd· or, sweat, allied to
- L. suecedere (pp. successw), to follow siidare, to sweat; jieus, making, from
after. - L. SUl:- (mb), next; eedere, to go, faure, to make. See Sudatory.
come. Der. success, O. F. meees, L. sue- Suds. (E.) The proper sense is 'things
cessus, result, from pp. successus. sodden'; pI. of sud, which is derived from
Succinct, concise. (L.) L. succinclus, A. S. sud-, weak grade of seotJan, to seethe.
pp. of succi1Zgere, to gird up, tuck up short. Cf. provo E. sudded, /looded; M. Du. zode,
-L. SIIe- (mb ), up ; dngere, to gird. See a seething, boiling; Low G. sod, cooked
Cincture. broth, siide, a boiling. Cf. Sod.
Succory; see Chicory. Sue. (F.-L.) M.E. men, sewen.-
Succour. (F.-L.) M. E. soeouren.- A. F. suer; O. F. sevre, suir (F. suivre),
O. F. suCtlrre (Burguy). Mod. F. seeourir. to follow. - Late L. sequere, to follow, used
- L. succt~rrere, to nm near or to, run for L. sequi, to follow. See Sequence.
to help, aid. -L. sue- (for suo), ' near; Der. en-me,pur-me, suit, suite.
currere, to run. See Current. Suet. (F.-L.) M. E. suet. Formed,
Succulent, juicy. (F. -L.) F. meeu- with dimin. suffix -el, from O. F. sm, suis
/ent.-L. siieu/entlls, sucCtllmtus, full of (Norman sim, Walloon sew, Littre; F .
juice. - L. SIICt1-S, m ecu-s, juice; with suffix sui/), suet, fat. - L. sebum, tallow, suet,
-lmttlS. See Suck. grease.
Succumb. (L. ) L. succumbere, to lie Su1fer. (F.- L.) M. E. sqffrm, suffren.
under, to sink down.-L. sue- (for suo), -0. F. sqffrir (F. souffrir). - Folk-L.
uuder; · cumoere, to recliue, allied to suffirire, for L. suffirre, to undergo. - L.
moare, to lie down. See Covey. suf- (sub) , nnder; ferre, to bear. See
Such, of a like kind. (E.) M. E. sWl,llc, Fertile.
s1tlilc, s1tlich, such. A. S. S'lo/lc.+O. Sax. S1UII.ce. (F. -L.) From F. suffis., base
mlik, Du. zulk, Ice1. slikr, Dan. slig, Swed. of suffis-ant, pres. pt. of suffire, to suffice.
slik, G. soleh, Goth. s1tlaleiks. 8. The Goth. -L. sufficere, to supply.- L. sut-, for suo,
swaleiks is from swa, so, and leiks, like; under; facere, to make, put. See Fact.
hence mch = so-like ; see So and Like. S1rlIlz. (L.) From L. St'./fix-tlS, pp. of
Suck. (E.) M. E. souken. A. S. siiean, sutligere, to fix beneath, fix on. - L . suf-
pt. t. seae, pp. socen. [There is an A . S. (for suo), beneath; j'igere, to fix. See
by-form sugan; cognate with Icel. sjtlga, Fix.
suga, Dnn. suge, Swed. suga, G. saugm, Su1focate. (L.) From pp. of L.
Du. zuigen. J /J. The A. S. suean is cog- sulfoeiire, to choke; lit. to squeeze the
nate with L. ' stlgere, W. sugno, to suck, throat.-L. suf- (for suo), under; faue- ,
O. Irish szlg-im, I suck; cf. O. Ir. and W. stem offaue-es, sb. pl., gullet, throat.
sug, GaeL sugh, L. sl/eus, juice; see Sue· S1rlfra.ge, a vote. (F. -L.) F. suffrage.
culent. llrugm. i. § Ill. - L . suffriigium, a vote, suffrage.
auction. (F. - L .) M. F . suction. Su1fusion. (F . -L.) F . suJltlsion.-L.
Formed (as if from L. ·suctio) from L. suffusi01tllll, acc. of suffilsio, a pouring
met-us, pp. of si4gere, to suck. over.-L. suffums, pp. of suffundere, to
Sudatory, a sweating-bath. (L.) L. pour over. -L. wf- (for suo), under, also
sttdiitoriu1Il, a sweating-bath; neut. of over; fundere, to pour. See Fuse ( I ).
si,dalorius, serving for sweating. - L. Sugar. (F. - Span. - Arab. -Pers. -
sudotor-, stem of sudiitor, a sweater. - Skt.) F . sucre. - Span. azuear. - Arab.
L. stldd-re, to sweat; with suffix ·101' (of assokkar; for ai, the,sokka1', sakkar, sugar.
the agent) . Cognate with E. S~ea.t. - Pers. shakar. - Skt. farkara-, gravel, also
SUdden. (F. -L.) M.E.sodatn.-O.F. candied sugar. Prob. allied to Skt. kar-
sodaitt, sudai1l (F. soudain). [Cf. Ita!. kara-, hard.
subitaneo, suoilano. sudden.] - Late L. Suggelltion. (F. -L.) F. suggeslitm.
~l8
 SUICIDE SUMMONS
_ L. ace. suwstitfmm. - L. suggeslNs, pp. ' Sulph1l1'. (L .) L. sulphur. Cf. also
of suggerere, to bring under, supply, Skt. fUlviiri-, sulphur.
suggest. - L. sug- (for sub), under; gerere, Sultan. (F. -Arab.) F.sultan. -Arab.
to brin~. See Gerund. sulttin, victorious, also a ruler, prince ;
SuicIde, self-murder; one who dies orig. ' dominion: Cf. Chaldee sholttin ,
by his own hand. (F.- L.) A word coined dominion. Der. sulta1z-a, from Ita!. su /-
in England (before A. D. 1750), but on lana, fem . of sulla110, sultan, from Arab.
a F. model ; yet the F. suicide was sultan.
borrowed from us. Like homicide, the Sultry, Sweltry, very hot and op-
word has a double meaning, (1) answering pressive. (E.) Sweltry is the older form ,
to L. *suicidium , from L. sui, of himself, and is short for swelter-y, from the verb
and -erdium, a slaying, from cadere, to to swelter (M. E. swelteren, swalterm).
slay ; (l ) =L. *suicida, from L. sui, of Again, sweller is a frequentative form from
himself, and -cida, a slayer. See ClBsura.. M. E. sweilm, to swoon, faint, die. - A. S.
Suit. (F. -L.) F. suite, a pursuit, suit swellan , to die. + O. Sax . swellan; Ice!.
at law, also a suite or ' following.'-Late welta (pt. t. wall), Dan. suIte, Swed.
L. *sequila, variant of uefa (L. seci4ta) , w iilta ; Goth. swiltan, to die. Cf. Ice!.
a following, a sect, a suite, a suit at sullr, Dan. sull, hu.nger, famin e; from the
law, suit of clothes, set, &c.; see Sect. weak grade *swull >·sult. Also O.H. G.
suite. (F.-L.) F. suile; see above. schwelzan, to bum, to be consumed by fire
Sulcated, furrowed. (L.) L. sulciitus, or love. The Teut. root ·swelt- seems to
pp. of sulcare, to furrow. -L. sulcus, a be an extension of .swel-, to burn, as in
furrow. + Gk. oMor, a furrow; from A. S. swelan, to burn, perish with heat,
IA ....''', to draw along; cf. A. S. surh, a Lith. swilli, to shine, burn, Skt. w ar,
plough. splendour, M. Du. zod, • sultrie,' Hexham.
Sulkyr obstinate, silently sullen. (E. ) Sum, amount, total. (F . -L. ) M. E.
Not an 0 d form, but deduced from the sb. summe. - F. som11le. - L. summa , Sl1m,
sulkiness, by dropping -ness. However, chief part, amount; Olig. fern. of SU1ll1/ItIS
sulkiness is ibelf a corrupt form for sulken- (·sup-mlls), highest, super!. form from sub
ness, formed by adding -ness to the adj. « *suP), above. Brugm. i. § 76 ~ . Der.
st4lkm. This appears as A. S. solce1', stlmm-ar-y, sb., from F. sommaire, ' a sum-
slothful, remiss; chiefly in the compo mary,' Cot., from L. summarillm, a suill-
a-solem, also be-solem, With a like sense. mary.
The sb. asolcennes, sloth, disgust, sulkiness, Sumach, a tree. (F.-Span.-Arab.)
is quite a commen word. p. Further, F . sumac, M. F. sumaclt. - Span. zumaque.
ii-soleen was the pp. of a strong verb "ii-seol- - Arab. summtlq, a species of shrub,
can, to be slothful or languid. Cf. Skt. sumach.
sri, to let flow, let loose. Summer (I), hot season. (E.) M. E.
Sullen, morose. (F.-L. ) Orig. soli- somer, sumer. A. S. sumer, su1/IDr. +Dll.
tary, hating company. M. E. solain, zomer, Ice!. sumar, Dan. som1ller, Swed.
mlain, solitary; also, a mess of food for sommar, G . som1ller, O. H. G. suma,·.
one person. -0. F. solain, lonely; given Further allied to O. Irish sam, samrad,
as' a pittance for one monk' in Roquefort, O. Welsh ham, W . ltaj, Zend hallla, sum-
and in Ducange, S. V. solatium (5). - Late mer; Skt. sam a, a year. Brugm. i. § 436.
L. ·sotanus; equivalent in sense to O. F. Summer (l ), a beam; see Sumpter.
sollain, solitary, Late L. soliliineus, rare. - Summerset; see Somersa.ult.
L. solus, alone; see Sole (3). Summit, top. (F.-L.) F. s01/mltl,
Sully, to tarnish, spot. (E.) M. E . top. Dimin. of O. F. som, top of a hill. -
sulien. A. S. sylian, to sully, defile, lit. to L. SU1llmum, highest point, neut. of sum -
bemire. Formed (with the usual change mus, highest; see Sum.
from Teut. u (> A. S. 0) to 7) from A. S. Summon. (F.-L.) A. F. sommoner
sol, mud, mire.+Swed. sola, to bemire, (Godefroy) ; O. F. somoner (Roquefort).
Dan. sole, Goth. 6isauljan, G. siiltlen; early altered to umoner and semondre (F .
from the sb. appearing as Dan. sol, G. semondre), to summon. - L. summonb-e;
sultle, O. H. G. sol, mire. .. Not allied to remind privily. - L sum- (for sub),
to the "erb 10 soil, with which it was doubt - under, privily; 1/lonh'e, to remind.
less often confuse<!. summOJUl, sb. (F. - L.) M. F.. som·
52 9
 SUMPTER SUPERIOR
ollns. - A. F. SORI01II, earlier SO_" (em. ; to sup, drink in. + Du. IZIIipen, lcel.
M. F. stlllOlICe, 'a warning, summons,' supa, Swed. supa, G. sauftn, O. H. G.
Cot.; orig. the fern. of the pp. o( the verb sufan.
S01l101Ier, lemondre (above). If Thus the Super--, prefix. (L.) L. supr, above;
final 1 of summons is not due to L . sum- cf. L. SUP"", upper. For s-UprttS;
1IlOneaS, as some have suggested. where s- corresponds to Gk. it-; see Sub-.
Sumpter, a pack-horse. (F.-Low L. Cf. Gk. intlp, above; into, from under;
- Gk.) Sumpter is 11 derivative from Skt. upari, above, allied to upara-, upper,
M. E. somer, a pack. horse, which must be comparative of upa, near, close to.
first considered. fJ. M. E. somer is from Superannuate. (L.) Formerly (and
0.1<' . somier, sommier, a pack-horse, the better) superannate. - Late L. supra,,-
same as Late L. sagmarius, corruptly sal- naltls, orig. that has lived beyond a year.
marius, a pack-horse. - Gk. u4yp.a, a - L. supr, beyond; am,us, a year. See
pack-saddle. -Gk. aa.TTflV (base aaK-), to Annals.
pack, fasten on a load, ong. to fasten. Superb. (F. - L.) F. superbe. - L.
y. Hence E. sumpier, which ong. meant IttPcrOtts, proud; one who thinks himself
(not a pack-horse, but) a pack-horse- above others. For *Stlper-jzI·OS, one who
driver, baggage-carrier. -O. }<'. sommelier, is above (cf. L.fit·i, I was); Brugm. ii.
a pack-horse-driver; answering to a Late § 4. - L. super, above. See Super-.
L. *sagmalarius, for which Ducange has Sup4trcargo. (L.; and Span. - C.)
Sttmmalaritts, saumaterius. - Gk. aa'YJA4T-, From L. super, above; and Span. cargo, a
stem of uaYJA4 (above). 8. The old word freight. Suggested by Spall. sobr~cargo, a
summer, a beam, was so called from its supercargo; where sobre < L. super. See
bearing a great weight, and is the same as Cargo.
M.E. sOlller (above) ; cf. F . sOlllmier, 'a SUperciliOlUl, disdainful. (L.) From
summer,' Cot. Hence E. bressomer, familiar L. Stlpercili-tlm, ( I) an eyebrow, (2)
form of breast -Stt1ll1ller, a beam placed haughtiness, as expressed by raising the
breastwise, to support a superincumbent eyebrows. - L. super, above; cil-iu1ll, eye-
wall. ~ I explain sumpter in K. Lear, ii. lid, allied to Gk. TO Kv.\a, the parts under
4- 21 9, as meaning 'pack-horse-driver' ; the eyes ( Prellwitz).
a man, not a horse. Supererogation. (L.) From acc. of
Sumptuary, relating to expenses. (L.) Late L. Stlprlrogatio, that which is done
L . mmptutlrius, adj. from smnj>lu-s, ex- beyond what is due. - L. supererogiire, to
pense. See below. payout in excess. - L. super, beyond; I,
8um~tuoU8.costly. (F. -L.) F.somp· out; rog-are, to ask. (L. lrogiire = to lay
ttmIX (Cot. ) -L. sumptuosus, costly.-L. out, expend.) See Rogation.
sump"'s, expense. - L. sumj>lus, pp. of Superficies. (L.) L. supljicils, sur-
siimere, to take, use, spend; a derivative face, outer face. - L. sup~r, above; facils,
from emere, to take. Brugm. i. § 2,,0. face.
Sun. (E.) M. E. sonne. A. S. sunne, Superfine. (F.-L.) From L. supr,
fem. sb.+Du. zon, G. sonne, Goth. sunnii, above; andfine (I).
all feminine; Teut. type *sunniin-, fem. Supeduou, excessive. (L.) L.supr-
~ Cf. Icel. s61, Swed. Dan. sol, L. s61, flu-us, overflowing; with suffix -(IUs. - L.
Goth. sauil, Lith. saute, W. kaul, Gk. super, over; jiuere, to flow; see Fluent.
~I"'os (I/.\.os), Skt. sUra-, surya-, the sun. Del'. suptjlui-ty, F. superjiuitl, ftom L.
Der. SUIl-tiay, A. S. stmnan-dleg. acc. supcrjluilatem.
Sunder, to divide. (E.) A. S. syndn'an, Su,armduce. (L.) L. super, beyond;
-swuirian, to put asunder. - A. S. sundor, and In·dikere, to induce. See Induoe.
adv., asunder, apart. + Icel. sundra, Dan. Superintendent, an overseer. (F.-
siituire, Swed. sondra, G. sondern, to L.) M. F. mperintendant; Cot. -L. super-
sunder; from Icel. sundr, Dan. Swed. intendent-, ~tem of pres. pt. of suprinten-
siinder,adv., apart, G. sonder, adj., separate. der~, to supenntend. - L. supr, above;
Cf. Gk. 4.TfP (for *smter), without; allied int~nder~, to ~pply the mind to; ~
to Gk. 4"'11, L. sine, without. Brugm. i. Intend.
§ 500. Superior. (F. -L.) Formerly sup-
Sup, to imbibe, lap up. (E.) M. E. riour. - M. F. suprieur. -L. supen'Orem,
SOUptn. A. S. supan (pt. t. slap, pp. sopen), ace. of mperior, higher; comparative from
530
 SUPERLATIVE SURCEASE
suprru, high, which is itself an old com- sMlple, supple, pliant. - I... supplice"" acc.
parative form. See Super-. of suppkx, with the old sense of ' bending
Superlative. (F.-L.) F.superlatif, under.' - I... sup- (> suh) , nnder; plic- as
Cot. - L. superW,tnU, as a grammatical seen in plicilre, to fold. See Ply. '
term.-L. superltitus, excessive, lit.' borne Supplement. (F. - 1..) F . suppll-
beyond: _ L. super, beyond; !titus, pp. of mmt; Cot. - L. suppllmentum, a filling
tDlJere, to bear. (1f'TEL.) See Tolerate. up. -L. supplire, to till up.-L. sup- (suh),
SupernaL (F.-L.) M. F. superne/, uJ:>.; pure, to fill. See Plenary.
• supemall ; 'Cot. Answering to a Late L. SuppliaDt. (F. - 1..) F. suppliant,
*superniilis, from L. supern-us, upper; pres. pt. of Stlpplier, to pray hnmbly.-L.
from super, above; see Super-. supplidire; see below.
SupernaturaL (L.) From I... super, supplicate. (L.) From pp. of I... sup-
b4;yond; and natural, adj., from nat"re. plicilre, to beseech. - L. supplic-, stem of
Buperllumerar,y. (F.-L.) M. F. supplex, bending under or down, beseech-
sujJn'mlmeraire (Cot. ). - I... sujJernflmerii- ing; see Supple.
n·us, excessive in number. - L. super, Su~17. (F. - L.) Formerly slIpploy
~ond ; ,,,,merus, number. (Levini).-O. F. supp/lJier, F. supplier, to
BuperscriptioD. (F.-I...) M. F. supply; Cot.-L. supplire, to fill up; see
superscription; Cot. - L. ace. superscrip- Supplement.
tiOnem. - I... superscriptus, pp. of superscri- Support. (F.-I...) M. E. supporttn.
bere, to write above or over. - I... super, - F. supporter. - I... sujJjJorliire, to carry
above; scribere, to write; see Scribe. to a place; in Late L., to endure. _ L.
SUpe:rsede. (F.-L.) O.F. superseder, mp- (sub), near; pqrliJre, to carry. See
to leave off, desist (hence to suspend or Port (I).
defer a matter). - L. superseJire, to sit Suppose. (F.-I... and Gk.) F. sup-
upon, to preside over, refrain, de<!ist from. poser, to imagine. - I... sup- (sub ), under,
- I... super, upou; sedm, to sit. See near; F. poser, to place, put. See Pose.
Sedentary. Der. supersess-ion (from pp. Supposition. (F.-L.) F.supposilitm.
supersess-us~; cf. surcease. - L. acc. suppositi6nem. - I... supposilllS,
Superstition. (F.-L.) F. supersti- pp.o{suppiinere, to suppose. - L.S1ip- (s1lb),
tion. - I... acc. superstitiiinlm, a standing near; pDnere, to place. See Position.
near a thing, amazement, dread, religious Suppress. (I...) From I... suppresslls,
awe, scruple. - L. superstit-, stem of pp. ot supprimere, to suppress.:- L. sup-
superstes, one who stands near, a witness. (suh) , under;premere, to press. See Pore811.
- 1.. super, above, near; statllm, supine Suppurate. (I...) From pp. of L.
of stare, to stand. suppi,riire, to gather pns underneath.-
Superstructure. (L.) From I... su- I... sup- (suh) , under; pur-, for f'ti s,
per, above; and Structure. matter. See Pua.
Supervene. (L.) L. superumire, to Supra-, prefix, above. (L.) I... supra,
come upon or over, to follow, occur.-I... above, adv. and prep.; allied to superus,
super, beyond; uenin, to come. See npper; see Super-. Der.supra-mundane;
Venture. see Mundane.
Su~; see Vision. Supreme. (F.-L.) F. suprnne.- L.
Supine, on one's back, IIL9'. (L.) I... suprlmus, highest. Supr;-mus is from
supinus, lying on one's back. - L. *sup, *suprl, an adverb, with suffix -11/US ;
orig. form of sub, up; with suffix -inus. Hrug. ii. § 7S. This *suprl is allied to
Supper. (F. - Tent.) M. E. sopn-. - L. super, above.
O. F. soper (F. SMlper), a supper. It is the Sur- ( I ) , prefix. (I...) For sub before
infin. mood used as a ab. - O. F. sopn-, to r; only in sur-reptitiDlts, sur-rogate.
sup (F.sMlper)._ LowG. sujJm, Icel supa, Sur-(l),prefix. (F.-I...) F.sur, above.
Swed. supa, to sup. See Sup. -L. super, above. See Super-.
Supplant. (F.-L.) F. supplanter. - Surceaae, to cease, cause to cease.
I... supplantore, to put something under (F.-L.) Not allied to cease (except in
the sole of the foot, trip up, overthrow.- popular etymology). A corruption of
I... SJlp- (> 1IIb), under; planta, sole; see O. F. SJlrsis, masc., sursiu, {em., 'sur-
Plant. ceased, intermitted;' Cot. This word was
Supple. (F.-L.) M. E. Simple. - F. also used as a sb., to signify' delay'; hence
S3 1
 SURCHARGE SURROGATE
stlrcease, vb., to delay. Sursis is the pp. Surmise, an imagination, guess. (F.
of O. F. surseo;r, ' to surcease, delay,' Cot. - L.) O . F . surmise, an accusation,
-L. supersuhrt, to desist from, hence to charge; orig. fem. of 'surmis, pp. of SUr-
delay proceedings; see Supersede. metlre, to put upon,lay to one's charge._
Surcharge, sb. (F.-L. and C.) F . F. sur, above; mcllre, to put. - L. super,
surckarg~, an over-charge. - F. sur « L. above; mitlere, to send, put. See Mis-
super) , above; and Charge. sile.
Surd, having no rational root (in Surmount. (F.-L.) F. sur",onler. _
mathematics). (L.) L. surdus, deaf; F . sur (L. super) , above ; monier, to mount;
hence, deaf to reason, irrational. Slirdus see Mount (2).
also means dim ; and connexion with sordid Surname. (F. - L .; and E.) From
is_possible. Brugm. i. § 362 . F . sur (L. super), above, over; and E.
Sure. (F. - L.) O. F. seur (F. NJr), Name.
earliest form segur. - L. slcurus; iee Se- SurpU•• (F. - L.) F. surpasser, to
oure. Doublet, secure. excel.-F. sur (L. super), beyond; passer,
Surf, the foam of the waves on the to pass; see P&IIII.
shore. (E.) The l' is intrusive; spelt Surplice. (F.-L.) M. E. surplis._
suffi, with the sense of 'rush,' in Hak- F. surplis; Cot. - Late L. superpel/iceum,
luyt's V <ryages, ed. 1598, vol. ii. pt. i. 227 : a surplice. - L. super, over; pel/iceus,
r
• The sU.l!e of the sea sweep or rush of the made of skins, from pellis, a skin; see
inflowing wave] setteth her [a raft's] lading Pelisse.
dry on land.' I surpose suffi to be the Surplu.. (F. - L.) F. surplus, 'an
same as 'sotlgk 0 the sea,' also spelt over-plus;' Cot. - Late L. superplus, a
SOtif, SOtKk in Jamieson. M. E. S'WolIgk, residuum. - L. super, above; p lus, more.
from S'Wougken, S'W()Wen, to make a rushing See Plural.
noise. Cf.' the swogk of the see,' Morte SUZJ?1'i8e, sb. (F. -L.) O. F. sorprise,
Arth. 759. - A. S. S'Wogan, to make a su ypnse, a taking unawares. Fern. of
~ing noise; see Sough. sorpris, pp. of sorprendre, surprmtlre, to
Surf&ce. (F. - L.) F. surface, upper surprise. - L. super, upon ; frehtlltlere,
face.- F. stir, above; /ace,face. -L. Sitper, to seize, from fra, before, and -hendere,
above; /acus, face. See Face. to seize. See Prehensile.
Surfeit, sb. (F. - L.) O. F. surfail, Surrebutter. (F.-L. andO. H. G.)
sorfail, eJcetIS; orig. pp. of sor/aire, to A legal term, meaning an answer or reply
augment, exaggerate. - L. super, above; to a rebul. From F. sur (L. stlper), upon,
/acere, to make. See Fact. in reply to ; and M.F. rebouter, to rebut, the
Surge, the swell of waves. (F.-L.) inlin. mood being used as a sb. See Be but.
'Surge of the see, uague;' Palsgrave. And see Surrejoinder.
Coined from O. F. stem sourgt-, as in S1U"1'8joincler. (F.-L.) A rejoinder
souyge-anl, pres. pt. of sourdre, to rise.- in reply. 'The plaintiff may answer him
L. surpre ( =sur-rigere, i.e. *sub-regere), by a rejoinder; upon which the defendant
to rise. - L. sub, up; regere, to direct. may rebut; and the plaintiff may answer
See Recent. him by a surrebutter;' Blackstone, Com-
Sureeon, contracted form of chirur- ment. b. iii. c. 20. From F . sur, upon, in
geon; lee Chirurgeon. So also Gascon reply to; and F. rejoindre, to rejoin, used
surgen, a surgeon ; O. F. surgien (Gode- as a sb. See Rejoin.
froy) . Der. surgical, short for ckirurgical; Surrender. (F. - L.) O. F. suryend" e,
surgery, corruption of M . E. surgt1try, i.e. to give up. - F. SUI" t L. supey), above;
surgeon-?" or of O.F. ci1"urgerie. rentlre, to render, from L. redderc, to
Surlom j see Sirloin. restore. See Render.
Surq, proud, churlish. (E.) Spelt Surreptitiou•• (L.) L. smnptiti-t4s,
serly (Levins) ; syrly, Spenser, Shep. Kal. better surreplicius, done stealthily; with
July, 203. Prob. from A. S. *sUr-lic, lit. suffix -ous. - L. Sttrreptum, supine of sllr-
• sour-like.' We find S()W1'e, meaning ' mo- npere, to pilfer, purloin. - L. mr- (sub),
rose ' (Baret) ; see Sour. Cf. G. sauer, under, secretly; rapere, to seize. See
sour, surly; Swed. Dan. syrlig, sourish. Rapid.
Also M. E. surdaglz, ' sour dough;' Wrt. Surrogate, a substitute. (L.) L. sur-
Vocab. 663. H. roga/lts, pp. of sttrrogiire, to elect in place
53 2
 SURROUND SWADDLE
of another. - L. sur- (for sub), in place of; Sutler, one who sells provisions in a
rogtire, to ask , elect. See Rogation. camp. (Du. ) Du. soele/aar (Sewel ) ;
Surro1Uld. (F. - L.) Confused with usually weldaar; M. Du. zoeleiaer, 'a
round. Orig. surolmd, i.e. 'to overflow;' scullion, a sutler, or a victualler,' Hexham.
as in Caxton's Statutes of Hen. VII, leaf Orig. a scullion, drudge, menial who does
c 7. - O. F. surollder. - L. superundtire, to dirty work; formed with suffix ·aar ( = E.
overflow (Lewis).-L. super, over, above; -er) from weld·en, 'to sullie,' Hexham.
u,uitire, to flow, from u,uia, a wave. Cf. Cognate with Low G. suddeln, Dan. sudle,
ab·ound, red·oulld. G. sudeln, to sully, daub. All these are
Surtout. (F.-L. ) From F. sur tout, frequentative forms, with suffix e/- or -1-;
lit .• over aiL' - L. super, over; totum, acc. from Teut. ·sud-, as in Swed. sudda, to
of totus, all. See Total. daub, stain, soil. Allied to Icel. sudd;,
Surveillance, inspection. (F. - L .) steam from cooking, drizzling rain, sud·
I-'. surveillance, superintendence. - F. su,·· daligr, wet and dank, so3, broth in which
veil/er, to superintend. - L. super, over; meat has been sodden; all from the weak
uigiltfre, to watch, from uigil, adj., awake. grade of Teut. ·seuthan·, Ice!. sjoJa, to
See Vigil. seethe. Further allied to E. sutis, and to
Survey. (F . -L.) A. F. surveier, sur· the verb Seethe, q. v.
veer (0. l'. sourveoir), to suryey.-Late L. Suttee. (Skt.) Skt. sati, a true or
superuidtre, to supervise. - L. super, over; virtuous wife, a term applied to a widow
ttidire, to see. See Vision. Doublet, who immolates herself on the funeral pile
supervise. of her husband; hence (incorrectly) the
Survive. (F.-L.) F. survivre, to burning of a widow .• Skt. sati is the
outlive. - L. superuiuere, to live beyond, fern. of sant, being, existing, true, right,
outlive. - L. super, beyond; uluere, to live. virtuous; pres. pI. of as, to be. (.vES.)
See Victuals. See Sooth.
Sus-, prefix. (L.) L. sus·, prefix; for Suture, a seam. (F .-L.) F.suture.-
·sups, extended form of ·sup, sub, under. L. sii/ura. - L. sii/us, pp. of suere, to sew ;
Susceptible. (F. -L. ) F. susceptible. see Sew.
- L. susceptibilis, ready to receive. - L. Suzerain, a feudal lord. (F. - L.) F.
sus·, for .sup·s, under; and capt.um, supine suurain, ' sovereign, yet subaltern ; ' Cot.
of capere, to take. See Capacious. A coined word , made from F. sus < L.
Suspect. (F.-L. ) M.E. suspect, orig. susum or surSU1ll, above; so that F.
n pp. with the sense suspected or suspicious. suze"ain answers to a Late L • susertinus
- F. suspect, suspected.- L suspectus, pp. or · surseranus. 13. The L. sursu1ll = ·su·
of suspicere, to suspect, lit. ' to look under,' uorsum, lit. turned upwards; from Stt·, for
mistrust. -L. suo (for sus·, sups. ) , under ; sub, up, and uorsum =uersum, neut. ofpp.
spectre, to look. See Species. of uerlere, to tum. See Verse. ~ Prob.
Suspend. (F. - L. ) F. suspetuire. -L. imitated from O. F . soverai" (from *super-
suspendere (pp. suspensus ), to hang up. - anus), which accounts for the ·er·.
L. sus- (for sups· ), extension of sub, under; Swabber. (Du.) Older than swab,
pendlre, to hang. See Penda.nt. Der. vb. -Du.zwabber, 'a swabber, the drudge
suspeme, suspension. of a ship;' Sewel. Cf. Du. zwabberen, to
Suspicion. (F. -L.) M. E. suspecitm. drudge; Swed. svaM, a fire-brush, svabla,
- A. F. suspeciun ; O. F. suspeccion, sus· to swab; Dan. svabre, to swab; G.
picion; later sous}e,on, Cot. (mod . F. soup· sckwahber, a swabber. Cf. also Norw.
,on). - L. suspicionw/., acc. of suspicio, svabba, Pomeran. swabbeln, to splash
suspicion. - L. suspicere, to suspect; see about; E . Fries. swabbeln. G. sch1t1abbeln,
Suspect. Low G. swappen (Danneil), to shake about
Sustain. (F. -L.) M. E. susteinen. - (said of liquids) . Of imitative origin.
A. F . suslein. , a stem of 0.1'. sustenir, Compare M. E. '1uappen, to palpitate;
sostenir (F. soutenir). -L. sustinb-e, to and E. swap, swash.
uphold. -L. sus· (for sups~), up; tet~re, Swaddle, to swathe an infant. (E.)
to hold. See Tenable. Der. sustenance , Formerly swatile, swadell; for swath~/.
O. F. sustenance, L. sustinentia, sb. ; sm· M. E. swatklen. It means to wrap in a
lenlalitm, from L. sustentatio, maintenance, swaddling· band, which was called a swa·
from sustmtJre, rrequentative of suslinlre. i the! or swetkel. -A.S. swe6e! (once swtZMl),
533
 SWAGGER SWAY
a swaddling- band ; lit. 'that which bacon, rind. Green-sward is the grassy
swathes ;' cf. O. H. G. swedil, a bandage ; covering of the land, green turf (of Scand.
see Swa.the. origin).+Du. zzvoorri, rind of bacon; Ice!.
Swagger. (Scand.) Frequentative of svijror, skin, sward, grfMsviiror, green-
swag, to sway from side to side. ' I swagge, sward; Dan. jlesluSTJiir, Resh - sward,
as a fatte persons belly swaggetk as he g riillSVterd, green-sward; G. sckwarte, rind,
goth;' Palsgrave. - Norw. svagga, to bark, skin.
swag; cf. Ice!. sveggja, to cause to sway. Swarm. (E.) A. S. SWtarflt ; lit. ' that
Swag is allied to sway; see Swa.y. which hums;' from vSWER, to hum,
Swain. (Scand.) Ice!. sveinn, a boy, buzz, as in Skt. svr, to sound, svara-, voice,
lad, servant; Swed. sven, Dan. sventi, a L. susurrus, a hum; G. sckwirrell, to buzz.
swain, servant.+Low G. sweell; O. H . G. +Du. zwenlt, Ice!. svar1llr, Dan. SVter1It,
swein, a swine-herd; A. S. swan, a swine- Swed. svarm, G. sch1uarlll. Cf. Lith.
herd. Teut. type *swainqz; allied (by surma, a pipe. Brugm. i. § 375 (8).
gradation) to *sweinom, A.S. S?lIin, a swine, Swart, Swarth.,.. (E.) The proper
pig. Thus' swine-herd' was the orig. form wasSTvarl, afterwardsSUNJrlh, whence
sense. swartk-y. M. E. swarl. A. S. S?lIearl.+
Swallow (Il, a bird. (E.) A. S. Du. rwarl, Ice!. svarir, Dan. sort, Swed.
sweaiwe.+Du. zwaluw, Icel. roala, Dan. svarl, G. sckwarlz, Goth. SUNJrls. Cf.
sva/e, Swed. svala, G. sc"wal6e. Teut. A. S. sweD1'can, to grow dark.
type *swalwtJn, f. Cf. E. Fries. swalke, Swarth., a quantity of grass cut down
Low G. swaa/ke, a swallow. at one stroke of the scythe. (E.) In Tw.
Swallow (2 ), -to absorb. (E.) M. E. Nt. ii. 3. J 62. An error fOf swat", as in
swelJen, sweiwen, S1.tloIJken,swolwen; A.S. Troil. v. 5. 25. See Swath.
swelgan, to swallow, strong verb, pt. t. Swash, to strike forcibly. (E.) Of
swealh , pp. swolgen. + Du. ZfDe/gm, Ice!. imitative origin. Cf. Swed. dial. svasska,
sve/gja, Dan. roa:lge, Swed. SfJijfja, G. to make a swashing noise, as when one
schwelgen. (The weak and strong fOnDS walks with water in the shoes. It stands
are confused.) Der. grouncisel, q. v. for *SfNlk-sa; CC. Norweg. svakka, to make
Swamp. (Scand.) Not an old word in a noise like water under the feet; provo
E. - Dan. Swed. svamp, a sponge, fungus; E. S1lItZCk, a blow, fall, Sft1QC/ti,'If, crushing,
(hence applied to swampy ground, which huge. Der. swask-buckler, one who strikes
is the usual E. use) ; Ice!. sviifJPr, a sponge. or flourishes his shield.
Cf. G. sumpf, a swamp (whence Du. Swath,arowofmowngrass. (E.) A.S.
somp) ; allied to M. H. G. Swalll, swamp, STDtZ6, a track; swaIJu, a track, foot-track,
G. scltwallllll, a sponge, fungus; Goth. trace. E. Fries. swad, a swath.+Du.
swamms, sponge; Low G .S1IJamm, swa"tP, zwad, STIIat/e, a swath (Sewel) ; G. sckwad.
fungus; Du. zwam, A . S. S1.ttamm, fungus. The sense of' tnI1'UIn grass' is original; cC.
We find also provo E. swank, swang, a Low G . s-wad, a swath, SWt7Iie, a scythe.
swamp; Swed. dial. roa,Jk. The earliest meaning may have been
Swan. (E.) A. S. swan.+Dn. zwaan. 'shred' or 'slice' ; cC. Norweg. svada, vb.,
Ice!. svany, Dan. roane, Swed . .roan, G. act. and neut., to shred or slice off, to Rake
sc!twan. The form resembles that of Skt. off. Franck suggests that swath answers
svan, to resound, sound, sing (L. sonan). to an Idg. pp. form *S?lIa-to-, from the root
swan-hopping, taking up swans to of the verb to STDay; with reference to the
mark them. (E.) The usnal explanation, sweep of a scythe.
that it stands for swan·upping, is right. Swathe. to enwrap, bandage. (E.)
See old tract on upping in Hone, Every-day M. E. STDaiken; also STDetken. From a
Book, ii. 958. From the prep. up. base swatk-; whence A. S. swebel (swalJil),
Swap, to strike. (E.) M. E. STDappen , a swaddling-band; be-swdJian, to enwrap.
to striKe; also, to go swiftly. E. Fries. Cf. O. H. G. swdil, STuitkel, a bandage;
swappe", to strike with a noise, trom swap, M. H. G. STDede, a plaster.
a slap, noise of a blow; cf. Low G. swaps, Swa;y, to swing, incline, rule over. (E.)
interj. crack !, said of a slap. Imitative; M. E. sweiyen. E. Fries. SUNiien, swiijen,
cf. slap, w kap; provo E. swack, a blow. to sway about, to swing. Cf. Swed. svaja,
Swa.rcl. (E.) It orig. meant skin, rind . to jerk, Dan. SVtJie, Du. ztuaaijen, to sway,
or covering. A. S. sweard, the skin of swing. Allied to Swagger.
53+
 SWEAR SWINE
8wear. (E.) M. E. SUlerm. A. S. StWr- swear/, pp. S'UXJifm, to tub, file, polish
ian, pt. t. SUlOr, pp. SUI"m, to swear.+Du. (hence to move swiftly to and fro, to tum
sw.rm, Ice!. svet:ja, Dan. sv(Zrge, Swed. asideinmoving).+Du. nwt'Ve1r, to swerve,
sviirJa, G. schwiirm. Allied to Goth. wander, riot, rove; O. Sax. SUlertJan, to
STVtJran, ke!. svara, to answer. Orig. ' to wipe; O. Fries. STVervtJ, to rove; Ice!.
&peak loudly;' cf. Skt. svara-, sound, voice. swifa (pt. t. svarj), to file; O. H . G.
See Swann. (.vSWER.) Der. an-swer. swn'lJan, to nm round, whirl ronnd; Goth.
8w••t, &b. and vb. (E.) M. E. swooI, !tiswairhan, to wipe. Teut. type ·swerlJan-,
sweat, sb.; whence sweten, to IIweat. A. S. pt. t. ·swar", pp. ·swurlJano:z. Cf. E.
swat, lib.; whence SUliilan, vb. The A. S. Fries. swarvm, to wander, Swed. svarfva,
swiitan became M. E. SUllten, and should to tum.
be mod. E. swet, the vowel having been Swift. (E.) A. S. swift. From swil-,
shortened; similarly A. S. tatan > M. E. weak grade of A. S. swifan, to move
lilm > mod. E. let. The spelling sweat quickly; with suffix ·t (ldg. -los ). .Cf.
is now unsuitable. The A. S. sb. SUltlt Ice!. svi/a, to rove, tum, sweep; O. H. G.
would now be swole, but has been super- sweibon, to move or tum quickly. Teut.
seded by the verb. + Du. :zweel, sb.; Ice!. base ·swei!>.
svei/i, Dan. sv~, Swed. svelt, G. schweiss. Swill, to wash dishes, drink greedily.
Teut. stem *swailo-. Allied to L. sudor, (E.) M. E. swilim. A. S. swilian, to
sweat; G. 13<01, I sweat, IIlp&is, sweat; W . wash. Der. SUlill, sb .. hog's-wash; whence
~hwys, sweat; Skt. svida-, sweat, from swill, vb., to drink like a pig, Rich. Ill,
svid, to sweat. (.vSWEID.) See Suda- v. 2. ~ .
tory. Brugm. i. § 331 C. Swim (1 ) , to move about in water. (E.)
Sweep, vb. (E.) M.E. swlpm. A A .S.swimman.pt.t. swa,mlZ.+Du. Z'Zuem-
weak verb, formed from the base swiiP-, mm, Ice!. svimma, Dan. svOmme, Swed.
as in swiip6, 3 p. s. pres. t. of A.S. swapan, simma; G.schwimmen. Teut.type*swem-
to sweep. Cf. also O. Fries. swipa, to ma,,-, pt. t. ·swamm, pp. *swummanor;.
sweep; E. Fries. ftlIijJen (pt. t. swlptie), Swim (2) , to be dizzy. (E. ) From
to swing, sway, vibrate. Cf. Ice!. supa, M. E. swime, a dizziness. A. S. swima,
to sweep, M. Swed. nvepa, Swed. a swoon, swimming in the head . + Du.
soja. From Teut. base *swaip-; !;cen sWijfll, a swoon; E. Fries. swim; cf. Ice!.
also in O. H. G. swdfan (pt. t. swiif ) , svimi, dizziness, Dan. svimle, to be giddy,
whence G. schweijen, to rove, stray, sweep "esvime, to swoon; Swed. svimma, to he
along; Icel. sveipa, to sweep along, a dizzy, swimning, swoon; Pomeran. swi-
weak verb, from an old verb svipa (pt. t. mm, to swoon; Low G. s-wimeill , to
sveip, pp • • svipinn). Teut. root *sweip. reel (Danneil). ~. A. S. sw/rna ~
See Swoop, Swipe. Brugm. i. § 701.. swi-ma; the real base is *s-wi (*swell ;
Sweet. (E.) M.E. swete, with by-forms whence also O. H. G. S-Wlnan, to decrease,
swote, sl)le. A.S. swlle, sweet (for *s-wot;-) ; disappear, allied to Swed. svindtl, G.
swott, adv. sweetly. + O. Sax. swot;, Du. schwindtl, dizziness; Swed.jOrsvinna, to
zoet, Ice!. sl1!lr, Dan. sOd, Swed. sot, G. disappear, Ice!. svina, to subside (as a
suss, O . H. G. suozi; Goth. sUfs. ~. From swelling). The orig. notion is that of
the Idg. .vSW AD, to please; whence failure, giving way, subiidence, &c.; see
Skt. svad, svild, to taste, eat, please, svlidu-, swindler.
sweet, Gk. ~3vs, L. Slliiuis. See Suave. swindler, a cheat. (G.) XVIII cent.
sweethea.rt. (E.) M. E. swete herle, - G. schwindltr, an extravagant projector,
lit. sweet heart, i.e. dear love ; see Chaucer, a swindler. - G. schwindt/n, to be dizzy,
Troi!. iii. Jl8I, 1210, and last line. act thoughtlessly. - G.schwinden, to decay,
Swell. (E.) M. E. swellm, pt. t. swal. sink, vanish, fail. + A. S . s-windan, pt. t.
A. S. swellan, pt. t. sweall, pp. S"dlollen.+ swand, to languish; allied to O. H. G.
Du. zwellm, Ice!. svella, Swed. svalla, G . swinan, to fai!. See above.
scltwellm. Teut. type .swe/lan-, pt. t. Swine, a sow, pig, pigs. (E.) M. E.
·swall, pp. ·swullanoll. cr. Goth. uf- 11uin, both sing. and pI. A. S. swin, a
swalltins, a swelling up. Brugm. i.• 903. pig; pI. swin, swine. + Du. zwijn, a
Swelter; see Sultry. swine. hog; lcel. svin, 1'1. svln; Dan.
Swerve, to tum aside. (E.) M. E. sviin, pI. sviin; Swed. svin, G. schwein,
swertlen swerven). A. S. sweorf-, pt. t. O. H. G. swin; Goth. swein, neut. ab.
535
 SWING SYCAMORE
sing. ; Teut. type ·swinofll, neut. So also Du. swick , ' a swich, or a whip;' Hexham;
Russ. svineya, a swine, sv;nka, a pig, cf. Low G. zwukse (Hauov. swutsdle), a
svinoi, swinish. All dimiuutive or adjec- long thin rod. We also find Norw. svige,
tival forms, like L. minus (Varro), re- sveig, a switch, lcel. svig i, sveigr, a
lated to swine, from sus, a sow. See Sow. switch; Swed. sveg, a green twig; all
lIrugm. i. § 95. allied to Icel. sveigja, to bend; cf. Sway.
Swing. (E.) M. E. swingm, pt. t. Swivel, a link turning on a pin or neck .
swang, pp. swungen. A. S. swingan , pt. t. (E.) Spelt swiuell in Minsheu (1637);
swang, pp. swungen, to scourge, also to formed , with suffix -el, from SWtj-, weak
fly, Rutter, flap with the wings. + Swed. grade of A. S. swifalt, to move quickly
svinga, Dan. svinge, to swing, whirl; G. (revolve). Allied to Swift. Lit. sense
schwingen; cf. also Goth. af-swaggwjan, 'that which readily revolves.' Cf. Ice!.
to cause to doubt or despair. Teut. type sveijla, to spin round; from svifa, to turn.
·swengwan-, p~. t. ·swangw, pp. ·swung- Brugm. i. § 818 (2).
wa"()z. Swoon, to faint . (Eo) M. E. swounen,
swinge. to beat, whip. (E.) M. E. swogltenen, s1lJowmen, to swoon. Formed
swengm. A. S. swengan, to dash, strike (with formative n , usually with a passive
(cf. sweng, a blow) ; the causal form of sense, as in Goth. verbs in -nan) from
Swing. As if' to flourish a whip.' M. E. swowen, swogken, to swoon, to sigh
swingle. a staff for dressing flax. deeply, also to sough , sigh. This is a
(M. Du.) M. E. swinglen , to beat flax ; strong verb, from A. S. swogan, to move
swingle, a swingle. FromM. Du.swingelen, or sweep along noisily, to sough, to sigh
or swingen, 'to beate flax,' Hexham; see as the wind, a strong verb, of which the
Swing. Cf. A. S. swingele, a scourging; pp. geswogen occurs with the actual sense
E. Fries. swengel, G. scltwengel, a pump- of' in a swoon.' 'Se laeg geswogen' = he
handle. lay in a swoon, iElfric's Hom. ii. 336. So
swingle-tree, the bar that swings at also A. S. geswOwung, a swooning, A. S.
the heelsofhamessed horses. (E.) M.E. Leechdoms, ii. 176,1. 13. Cf. Low G.
swingle-tre. - M. E. swingle, a beater, but swogen, to sigh, swugten. to swoon;
lit. 'a swinger,' or that which swings; tre, Lith. swage/i, to resound. Allied to
a piece of wood; see Tree. Cf. Du. Sough, q. v.
zwengd, a swing; Low G. swengel SWOOp, vb. (E.) M. E. swopen, usually
(Danneil), G. scltwengel, a swingle-tree. in the sense to sweep. [The 0, orig. open
SwiD.lt, to toil. (E.) Obsolete; once « A. S. Ii ) became close owing to the
very common. A.S. swincan, pt. t. swanc, preceding w. ] A. S. swopan, to sweep
pp. swuncen, to labour, work hard. From along, rush, swoop; also, to sweep (pt. t.
the violent action; allied to Swing. Cf. sw1op, pp. swapen ). + lcel. sveipa, to
Du. zwenk, a swing, a tum; G. scltwenken, sweep, swoop; sopa, to sweep; G. ScllfVei-
to swing, whirl about. jen, to rove. Base ·swaip, allied to
Swipe, to strike with a sweeping stroke. ·swaip, 2nd grade of Teut. ·sweipan-, as
(E. ) Allied to M. E. swippen; A. S. in O. lcel. svipa, to move quickly. See
swipian, swippan, to scourge, beat, from Sweep.
·swip-, weak grade of Teut. ·sweipan-; Sword. ( Eo) M.E. swtrd. A.S. SflJeqrd.
d. Icel. sveipa, to sweep, swoop. Cf. +Du. zwaard, lcel. sverlJ, Dan. svtZrd,
A. S. swipe, a whip; Ice!. svipa, to whip, Swed. sviird, G. scltwerl. Teut. type
svipa, a whip. In form, mod. E. swipe ·swerdom, neut.
answers to O. Icel. svipa, to sweep, swoop. S;yba.rite, an effeminate person. (L.-
See Sweep. Gk.) L. Sybarita. - Gk. :f.lJlmpiTfJS, an
Swirl, to whirl in an eddy. (Scand.) inhabitant of Sybaris, a town named from
Norweg. svirla, to whirl round; frequent. the river Sybaris, on which it was situated;
of sverra (= Dan. svirre), to whirl, orig. in Lucania, Lower Italy.
to hum. Note also Norw. svervd, a whirl- Syca.miD.e, a tree. (L.-Gk.-Heb.7)
pool, svervla, to swirl. Cf. Swed. svil'ra, L.sjcal1linus.- Gk.<1lJttGp'vos ; Luke xvii. 6.
to murmur; G. scltwirrlm, to whir; Skt. Prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. sltiqmil1l,
svr, to sound. See Swarm. pI. of slti'lmalt, a sycamore; that it has
Switch, a pliant rod. (M. 011.) For been confused with sycamore is obvious.
swiclt, palatalised form of swick. - M. . Sycamore. a tree. (L. - Gk. - Heb. 7)
536
 SYCOPHANT SYNDIC
Better sy{otfUlre. - L. sj{omorlls. - Gk. "a9fla, fellow·feeling. - Gk. <1111" , for <1UII,
<1 111t0I'Of>0S, as if it meant 'fig-mulberry'; with; "a9tw, to suffer. See Pathos.
[Gk. <1VItO-II, fig; I'UPO", a mulberry]; but Symphony. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. sym-
prob. a Gk. adaptation of Heb. slziqmiih, phonie, Cot. - L. sympkOnia. - Gk. <1111'-
a sycamore; see above. </><'W,a,mnsic (Luke xv. lS). - Gk. <1VI'</><'Wos,
S;fcophaut. (L.-Gk.) L.sj{opkanta, harmonious.-Gk. <1tJ1'-, for <1VII, together;
an mformer, parasite. - Gk. <1tJlto</JlwT1]S, M, sound. See Phonetic.
lit. 'fig-shewer,' also an informer, a false Symposium, a merry feast. (L. - Gk.)
adviser. [Etymology certain, but the reason L. symposi1tm. - Gk. alll'frOalOIl, a drinking-
for the peculiar use is un~:nOWD. The party, banquet. - Gk. <1111'- (for <1w), to·
usual explanation, 'informer against those gether; "0-, base of "E-frOI-lta, I have
who exported sacred figs from Attica,' is drunk, WO<1IS, a drink. See Potable.
unauthorised.] _ Gk. <1VItO-II, a fig; -</><lJIT1]s, Symptom, an indication of disease.
lit. ' shewer,' from ¢aIllflll, to shew. See (F.- L. - Gk.) Properly a medical term.
Hierophant. M. F. symptome; Cot. - L. symptiJma. -
Syllable. <.F.-L.-Gk.) The third I Gk. tTtil'1/'TOJJlC, a casualty, anything that
is intrusive. M. E. sillable. - O. F . sillabe, befals one. - Gk. <1111''';.".rfllI, to faIl in
also sil/able. - L. syllaba. - Gk. <1I1AAafJft, with. - Gk. <1111" (<1w), together; "'WT'fW,
a syllable, lit. 'holding together,' so much to fall. (.vPET.)
of a word as makes a single sound or ele- Syn-, prefix. (L. - Gk.; or F. - L. -
ment.-Gk. <111"-, for <1{JII, together; "afJ-, Gk.) A Latinised spelling of Gk. <1VII, to-
base of "aJl/Mllflll, to take, seize. gether. It becomes syl. before I; sym-
Syllogism, a reasoning from premises. before 0, m, p, ph; and sy- bc;fore
(F.-L.-Gk. ) F. syllogisme. -L. syllo· s or z.
gismus.-Gk. <1tJAAO"'(I<1~S, a reasoning. - SyumresiJI, the coalescence of two
Gk. <1I1AoAo0"Y'(oJllU, Ireckon together, reason. vowels into a diphthong. (L. -Gk.) L.
- Gk. <1I1Ao- (=<1VII), together; "O"'('(OJlCI, sYnl1!resis. - Gk. <1Wa'pf<1IS, a taking to-
I reckon, from "lYyos, disconrse, reason· gether. - Gk. <1VII, together; a'ptaor, a
ing. taking, from aipfw, to take. See Heresy.
Sylph, an imaginary being inhabiting Synagogue. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. syna-
the air. (F.-Gk.) F. sylplze.-Gk.<1lAot/>1J, gogue. - L. synagaga. - Gk. <1tJJ1a"YorrTI, a
a kind of worm or grub (Aristotle). On bringing together; congregation. -Gk.<1vlI,
this word it would seem that Paracelsus together; a"YorrTI, a bringing, from a"YfllI,
formed the name sylphe; he also used the to bring, drive. (.vAG.)
names gnome, salamander, and nymph (al1 SYD&lc:apha, a coalescence of two syl-
of Greek origin) , to signify,respectively, a lables into one. (L.-Gk.) L . synaltEPJuz.
genius of earth, fire, and water. Hence - Gk. <1tJJIa"OI¥1, lit. a smearing together.
the form sylph-id, a false form, but only - Gk. <1W, together; ciAEl.pf"', to anoint,
explicable on the hypothesis of a Greek allied to ",,,or, grease, Cf. Skt. lip, to
origin ; as if from a nom, *<1IAo.plr (base besmear, anoint.
<11".pI3-). ~ Littre's explanation, that Synchronism, concurrence in time.
sylph is of Gaulish origin, seems to me (GIC.) Gk. <1l1"YxpolIl<1l'0r. - Gk . .ro'(XlxlJIor,
fntile ; Paracelsus conld hardly have known contemporaneous.-Gk. <1II"Y-, for <1VV, to-
Gaulish. gether; xp6110S, time. See Chronicle.
Sylva.n, misspelling of Silvan. Syncopa.te, to shorten a word by
Symbol, a sign. (F. -L.-Gk.) F. dropping a syllable. (L. - Gk.) From
symbole. - L. symboluln. - Gk. <1uJlf3oAoov, a pp. of L. syn{opiirt, of wh ich the usual
token, pledge, a sign by which one infers sense is 'to swoon.' - L. syncope, sYIl{opa,
a thing. - Gk. <1l1l'fJUA"flV, to throw to· a swoon; also, syncope. - Gk. <1I1"YIt01/'~,
gether, compare, infer. - Gk. <1111'- (<1VII) , a cntting short, syncope, loss of strength.
together ; fJ<iA"fllI, to throw, put. - Gk. <111"Y' (written for aVII, together,
Symmetry. (F. - L . -Gk.) M. F. hefore It); ItO,,-, base of lro...TfIV, to cut.
symmetrie; Cot. - L. symmetria. - Gk.<1I1I'- See Apocope.
I'f ...pla, clue proportion. - Gk. <1vp.I""'pos, I Syndic. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . sYllliic, 'a
of like measure with. - Gk. <1tJ1'- (= <1w), . syndick, censor, controller of manncrs ; '
with; I'f ...poV, a measure. See Metre. : Cot. - L. syndicus. - Gk. uvv&ItOS, adj.,
Sympa.thy. (Gk.) From Gk. <1111'- ' helping in a court of justice; as a sb., a
537
 SYNECDOCHE TABOUR
syndic. - Gk. aW, together; 3«,.", justice. shortening of a syllable. (Gk.) Gk. u.-
Allied to Diction. (.vDEIK.) UTO)..;', a drawing together. - Gk. U\1(fTf)...
Synecdoche a figure of speech where- )...,1', to d~w together. - Gk. av-.. , to-
by a part is put lor the whole. (L. -Gk.) gether; tIT.)..)...,,,,
to place, put. See
L. sY1UCdocM. - Gk. ITVP.KOO)(~, lit. a re- Diaatole, Stole.
ceiving together. - Gk. uV", together; lK- S,..""., conjunction. (Gk.) Gk.17I1'II.
3EX0fl4<, I receive, from IK, out, and 3fX0fl4< "(la, conjunction. - Gk. u.;'oryos, conjoined.
(Ion_ 3/KOfl4<) , I receive_ (.vDEK. ) - Gk. UV-I' , together; 'ory-, weak grade
Synod. (F.-L-Gk.) F . synotie.- of ,.V-YVIl/U, I join j see Yoke, CoDjUCal.
L. synotium, acc. of synodus. - Gk. uwollos, (.vYEUG.)
a coming together, a meeting. - Gk. UW,
together; cS-'cSs, a way, a coming. See T.
Metho"," (.vSED.)
Synonym. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. syno- Taba.rc1, a herald's coat. (F. ) M. E.
1ty me. - L. (pI. ) synifnyma, lit. synonyms; tahard. - O. F. tabart, tabard, also tribarl
from the adj. synifnymus, synonymous, (Ducange) , a kind of coat. Etym. un-
having the same sense as another word . - known. Cf. M. Ital. and L. trabea, a robe
Gk. UVVW"II/lOS , oflike meaning.-Gk. uV", of state.
together; ;;1'01-'0, a. name. Der. synony- Tabby, a kind of waved silk. (F. -
mous, from L. synOnymus; synonymy, Span. - Arab.) A tabby cat is one marked
from L. synifnymia, Gk. UWQlVII~a, like- like the silk. - F. tabis ( 15th cent. ) ; also
ness of name. See Onomatopceia. atabis (Godefroy) . - Span. tabi, a silken
Synopsis, a general view. (L.- Gk. ) stuff j Low L. attabi . - Arab. "Itabi, a
L. synopsis. - Gk. u':'I'ot!'s, a seeing all rich watered silk. It was the name of
together. - Gk. uw, together; &{I.s, sight. a quarter in Bagdad where the! silk was
Der. s)moptic-a/, from Gk. adj. UWO.,.,..KOS. made j named after prince Allab, great-
See Optic. grandson ofOmeyya. (See Dozy and Devic.)
Syntaz. (F . -L.-Gk.) F. sy ntaxe. Der. tabi-n-et, a variety of tabby j from
- L. syntaxis. - Gk. UWTa[I<, arrange- Ital. tabitt-o, , tabine, tabby;' Torriano.
ment ; hence , arrangement of words. - Gk. Tabernacle. (F . -L.) F. tabernacle.
uvv, together ; Tabs, order, from TaUUflJl, - L . taberniiculum , a tent j double dimiIt.
to arrange. See Tactics. of tabeNta , a booth. See Tavern.
Synthesis. (L.-Gk.) L. synthesis.- Tabid. (L.) L. tabit/us, wasting away.
Gk. u':'v9.u,s, a putting together. - Gk. uvv , - L. tabere, to waste away , languish.
together; 9fU.S, a putting, from Tl9fVaI, to Table. (F.-L.) F. table. - L. tabula,
set, place. See Thesis. Der. synthet- a plank, flat board, table. Der. tabu l-ate,
ic-ai , from Gk. uI1V9fT'KOS, skilled in put- tabltl-ar, from L. tabula j tabl-eau , from
ting together. F. tableau, dimin. of F. table. Also en-
Syphon, Syren; see Siphon, Siren. tablatllre, talferel.
Syringe. (F.-L.- Gk.) M. F.sy rin- Taboo, Tabu, to forbid the use of.
gue,' a siringe, squirt ;' Cot. - L. sjringem, (Polynesian.) The verb is fonned from
acc. of sjrinx, a reed, pipe, tube. - Gk. the sb. ta/loo, which is the E . pronunciation
uvp."({, a reed , pipe, shepherd's pipe, of New Zealand tapu, a prohibition or
whistle. Der. syring -a, a flowering shrub, interdict ; pronounced tamhu in the Solo-
so named because the stems were used for mon Islands. Kotzebue mentions the
making Turkish pipes. , Tabu , or interdict,' in his New Voyage
Syrup, Sirup. (F. - Span.- Arab.) Round the W orld, London. 1830, ii. 178.
M . F . sy rop ; F. sirop. -M . Span. x arope, ~ N ot in any way connected with the
a drink; Span . jarope. - Arab. sharab, cnstom of Ie p i, as erroneously said in
shurab, wine, beverage, syrup. - Arab. root some former editions.
shariba, he drank. See Sherbet. Tabour, Tabor, a small drum. (F.-
System, method. (L. - Gk.) XVII Span. -Arab.) M. F . taboltr (mod. F . tam-
cent.-L. systima.-Gk. UVU'T7}I-'a, a com- bour ) . - Span . tam boy, M. Span. atambor
plex whole put together, a system. - Gk. (where a = aI, the Arab. def. article). -
uv-v, together; uT1j-I'a. , to stand, pres. t. Arab. tamb;;r, ' a kind of lute or guitar
TUT7}/U, I stand. See Statics. with a long neck, and six brass strings.
_Tlltole, contraction of the heart , also a drum.' Prob. of imitative origin ;
53 8
 TABULAR TAINT
cf. Arab. taM, a drum, tabbal, a drummer. taken, to grip. ~ The W. tad, a tool, is
Der. tabQUr-et or tabret, a dimin. form; borrowed from M. E. takel.
also tambour. Tact. (L.) L. tactus, touch; hence,
'l'a.bular, 'l'abulate j see Table. delicacy. - L. tactus, pp. of tangere, to
'l'ache (I ), a fast ening. (F. - Low G.) touch. See Tangent.
'A tache, a buckle, a claspe; ' Baret 'l'actics, the art of manceuvring forces.
( 1580) , s. v. Claspe. - O. F. lache, a nail, (Gk.) Gk. TaI<TIKa, neut. pl., tactics.-
fastening (Godefroy). - E. Fries. take, a Gk. TaJCTlKOr, adj., fit for arranging. -Gk.
point, prick , thorn ; allied to tak, takke, TaJCTOr, arranged, ordered; verbal ndj. of
a pointed thing, a twig; Low G. takk, a TMO'fW (for *TtlK-YW'), to arrange, order.
point, pointed thing. See Tack. Cf. at- Der. tactic-ian.
tach, de-tach. 'l'adpole. (E.) Lit. a toad which is
'l'ache (2) , a blemish. (F.) M. E. nearly all poll or head; from its shape;
tache, also teccke, a bad habit , blemish, see Poll. Formerly called a bullhead,
vice, caprice, behaviour. - F. tache, < a which was also the name of a small fish with
spot, staine, reproach;' Cot. Also for- a large head.
merly spelt taiche, tecke, t.que, leke, a 'l'afterel, 'l'affrail, upper part of the
natural quality , esp. a vice, ill habit ; mod. stem of a ship. (Du. -L.) Du. tafereel,
F. tacke, a stain; Picard take. Cf. ltal. a panel, a picture, a tablet or board. For
lacca, taccia, defect, stain; Port. and Span . *tafel-eel, dimin. of Du. tafel, a table; cf.
tacka, defect, flaw , crack. Root unknown; G. taftlei, boarded work, from G. tafel,
it is difficult to connect it with Tache (I ) ; a table.-L. tabula, a table, plank, board.
yet this may be right. Ital. tacca also Doublet, tableau. ~ The spelling taffrail
means < notch' or 'dent'; cr. E. Fries. points to confusion with rail.
takke, a notch, takje, a small notch, small 'l'afteta, Taftety, a thin silk stuff. (F.
twig, take (Du. tak), a twig. - Ital. - Pers.) I' . taffetas, 'taffata;' Cot.
'l'acit, silent. (L. ) L. tacittls, silent. - ltal. taffeta, < taffeta;' Florio. - Pers. taf-
- L. tacere, to be silent. + Goth. thallan, tah, twisted, woven, taffeta. -Pers. tafton,
Icel. }egja, Swed. tiga, O. H. G. dagen , to to twist, spin, curl tHorn, § 372).
be silent. Der. tacit-urn , F. tacitu,."e, 'l'ag, a point of metal at the end of a
L. taciturnus, silent; tacit-urnity, F. lace, &c. (Scand.) 'An aglet or tag of
taciturnitt, L. acc. taciturnitatem , silence; a p?ynt;' Baret (1580). - Swed. lagg, a
also re-ticen!. pnckle, point, tooth; Norw. tagge, a tooth,
'l'ack, a small nail , a fastening; also to cog. + Pomeran. tagg, a point, tack; Low
fasten . (E.) M. E. lakke, tak , a fastening; G. taU, point, tooth. See Tack. Dar.
takken, to fasten together. Of E. or Low lag-rag, for tag and rag = every appendage
G. origin; cf. E. Fries. Dan. taUe, a tine, and shred.
pointed thing; Low G. lakk (the same); 'l'ail (I), hairy appendage, appendage.
G. zacke, a tooth, tine, prong, twig. Allied (E.) M. E. tayl. A. S. tagel, tagl, a
to E. Fries. lak, 'a twig, bough;' the same tail.+lcel. tagl, Swed. tagel, hair of mane
as Du. tak, a twig. [The Irish taca, pin, or tail; Goth. tagl, hair ; O. H. G. zagel,
peg, nail, fastening, Gael. tacaid, tack, a tail. Cf. Irish dual, a plait, lock of
peg, are from E.) Cf. Norman dial. taque, hair, Skt. tiarli, a skirt. Brugm. i. §
a nail. 13. Hence a tack or rope fastening 783.
a sail; also the verb lack, to sew slightly, Tail (2), the term applied to an estate
attach. y. Perhaps a tack, in sailing, which is limited to certain heirs. ( F. -L.)
refers to branching out in a given direc- Better spelt faille; see Todd's Johnson. -
tion ; from Du. takken, to branch. F. taille, a cutting, shred; the same word
'l'ackle, equipment ,gear, tools. tScand.) as Tally (below). And see Entail.
M. E. take!. - Swed . and M. Swed. tackel, tailor. (F. -L.) Properly' a cutter,'
tackle of a ship; Dan. fakkel, tackle, or cutter out. M. E. taylor. -0. F. fail-
whence takle, to rig. Cf. Du. takel, a leor, later tailleur, ' a cnttcr;' Cot. - F.
pulley, takeien, to rig. The suffix -el taillcr, to cut; cf. F. taille, a slitting, an
denotes the agent; lack-Ie is that which in cision. - Late L. liiliare, to cut; cf. L.
takes or holds firmly; cf. M. Du. laeckel, talea, a thin rod, stick, slip; an agricultural
, a rope to drawe a boate.' - Icel. taka, to term for a slip or layer.
grasp, seiZe, &c., allO to take ; cf. E. Fries. 'l'aint, sb. (F . - L.) F . te;"t , ' a stain; ,
539
 TAKE TAMPER
Cot. -1". teittl, pp. of teilldre, to tinge.- rowed from Low G. ) ; cC. O. Mt:rc. tmlg,
L. ti,,!{ere, to dye. See Tinge. a dye.
Take. (Scand.) M. E. takm, pt. t. tok, '.raJ.ly.a stick notched so as to match
pp. taken. - Icel. taka, pt. t. tok, pp. another stick ; an exact match. (F.-L.)
lekinn, to lay hold of, seize, grasp, take; M. E. tail/e, a tally; for keeping accounts.
Swed. taga, O. Swed. taka, Dan. tage. + - F. taille, a notch , cut, inCision, cutting;
Goth. tlkan , to touch. also a tally, or score kept on a piece of
Talc, a mineral. (F. -Span. -Arab.) F. stick by notches. -F. tailler, to cut.-Late
tale.-Span. talco. -Arab. tal'l' talc, mica. L. tiiliiire, to cut; cf. L. tdlea, a slip of
Tale, a number, a narrative. (E.) M. E. wood. ~ The final 'J' in tall-y is due
tale. A. S. tal , a number, talu , a narca- to the frequent use of F. taillt, pp., to
tive.+Du. taal, speech; Icel. tal, speech, signify' notched'; cf. lev'J', jur-y,pun-y,
tala, number; Dan. tale, speech, Swed. where -J' = F. -I.
tal, number, speech, G. zah/, number. Talmud, the body of Hebrew laws, with
Der. tal-k, tell. comments. (Chaldee.) Chaldee talmiid,
Talent. (F.-L.-Gk.) The sense of instruction, doctrine; cf. Heb. talmid, a
, ability' is from the parable; Matt. xxv. scholar, from lamad, to learn, limmad, to
F. talent,' a talent in money; also will, teach.
desire;' Cot.-L. talentum.-Gk. TOM"- Talon. (F.-L.) Particularly used of
TOV, a balance, weight, sum of money, a hawk's hind claw and toe. - F. takn, a
talent. Named from being lifted and heel. - Late L. talOnem, acc. of talo, heel.
weighed; CC. Skt. tul, L. lollere, to lift, - L. tillus, heel.
Gk. TtV.-aS, sustaining. (.vTEL.) Allied '1'amandua, an ant-eater. (Brazil. )
to Tolerate. Der. talent-ed, in use before From Guarani tamandud, an ant-eater
11.. I) . 1640. (wherea is nasal) ; see Granada, Vocnb.
Talisman, a spell. (Span. - Arab. - Rioplatense.
Gk.) Span. talisman, a magical character. Tamarind. (F. - Span. - Arab. and
- Arab. tilsaman, pI. of iiisam, lilism, Pers.) M.F.tamari,Id. - Span. tamarindo.
a talisman, magical image. - Late Gk. - Arab. tamr, a ripe date; Hind, India.
T'AEUJU1, mystery, initiation; Gk. T'AEU/A4, Lit. ' Indian date.' fl. The Arab. lamr is
a payment; TEAEUflOS, an accomplishment. allied to Heb. tamt,r, a palm-tree. Hind
-Gk. TEA'E'V, to accomplish, end.-Gk. is borrowed from Pers. (which turns s into
TOADS, end ; also initiation into a mystery. h ), and is derived from Skt. sindhu-, the
Talk. (E.) E. Fries. talken, to talk; river Indus. See Indigo.
cf. talke, a short tale. The Low G. Tamarisk, a tree. (L.) L. tamarisClls,
taalke means ( I) a jackdaw, ( 2) a talka- also tamarix, tamancl; of foreign origin.
tive woman. Extended (like wal·k, q. v. ) Cf. Gk. flUpilCT/ , a tamarisk .
from A. S. tal-, as in talu, a tale, talian , 'l'ambour, a small drum·like frame, for
to account, with suffix -k-, which seems to embroidering. (F.-Span. - Arab.) F.
give a frequ entative force. Cf. Icel. Swed. tambour, a tambour, also a drum; see
tala. Dan. talt , to talk. See Tale and Tell. Tabour.
'l'all, high in stature, lofty. (C . 1) (We tambourine. (F. -Span. - Arab.) F.
find M. E. tal, which meant seemly, also tamboun '1Z , a tabour, dimin. of F. ta",botlr,
obedient, obsequious, valiant ; allied to a tabour or drum; see Tabour.
A. S. tt1!/, appearing in 1l0f-tt1!/, friendly. 'l'ame, adj. (E.) M. E. tatllt. A. S.
So also Goth. un -tals, indocile, unin- tam, tame; whence temia'l, to tame.+
structed, from which we infer tals, docile. Du. tam, Icel. tamr, Swed. Dan . tam, G.
Note also. A. S. ~e-tal, quick , prompt; zalml. Allied to L. domilrt , Skt. dam ,
O. H . G. gl-za/, qUick.] But mod. E. tall Gk . oop.aflv, W. doji, to tame. (.vDAM .)
seems to be quite distinct, and of Celtic See Daunt.
origin. Cf. W. tal, high, Corn. tal, high ; Tammy. 'l'amine; the same as
Com. tal earn, the high rock; W. taMra, Stamin.
tallness, loftiness. 'l'amper, to meddle, interfere with. (F.
'l'allOW. (E.) M. E. talgh. E. Fries. -L.) -rhe snme word as temper, used
talg, tallig.+M. Du. talgh, taleh, tallow ; actively, but in a bad sense; ' to influt'nce
I
Du. talk , Low G. talg; Dan. Swed. talg-; in a bad way.' Godefroy gives tramjJer as
Icel. tolgr. So also G. talg, tallow (bor- another form of temper; and tempelln,
54 0
 TAMPION TAP
la"'peure, moderation, manner of operat- Tank, a pool. (Port. - L .) Port. tatltple,
in~, temper of a weapon. See Temper. cognate with Span. eslanque, O. F. estang,
Tampion, a kind of plug. (F. - Tent.) a stank, pool.-L. stagnum, a pool. See
F. tampon, bung, stopple ; nasalised form BtAulI:. ~ Anglo-Indian; see Yule.
of F. lapon, the same, augment. of O. F. Tankard. (F.) O. F. tanljuard, a
tampe , lape, a bung. Cf. F. laper, tapper, tankard (Rabelais) ; M. Du . tanckaert, • a
to stop with a bung (a Pica.rd word). - wodden [wooden] tankard: Hexham (from
Du. tap, a bung, tap; Low G. tappe, the F.). Prob. from Swed. st4nka, a wooden
same. See Ta.p (3). tankard; with F. augment. suffix -ard.
Ta.n. (F.-G. ) From F. tan, 'the Swed. stanka is a dimin. of sl4nna, stdnda,
bark of a young oak, wherewith leather is a vat (Rieu) ; note the aa in Norw.
tanned;' Cot. (Bret. tmln, an oak, also taankar, a tankard. Cf. Tudor E.slandard,
tan.) - G. tamu, fir-tree.+Du. den , a fir- a tankard, standing-bowl (Greene).
tree; M. Dn. dan, as in 'abiu, eyn dan,' Ta.n8Y, a plant. ( F.-Low L.-Gk. )
Mone, Quellen, p. 303. Der. tan, vu., M. E. lansaye, lansey. - O. F. lanasie,
&c.; tan-li'~g, Cymb. iv. 4. 29. tattaine; earlier form alnanasie, alanasie.
Ta.ndem. (L.) L. tandem, at length; (Cf. M. Ital. alanasia , Port. atanasia,
applied to two horses harnessed at lmgtn. tansy.) - Late L. *atnanasia, merely the
A University joke. Latinised form of Gk. cl8allal1la, immor-
Ta.ng ( I) , a strong taste. (Dn.) Cf. tality. Cf. M. Ital. atanato (lit. immortal),
M. Du. tattger, sharp, biting to tht: taste; the rose-campion; Florio. Pl'ob. from its
lit. pinching. - Du. tang, a pair of pincers; supposed virtue, and its use in medicine.
see Tongs. Cf. O. H. G. zangar, sharp - Gk. <i6ollaTos, immortal. - Gk. d-, not;
to the taste; A. S. ge-tingan, to press 6all-ow, 2 aor. of 8vT,I1ItEIII, to die.
hard upon (pt. t. getang). Ta.ntalise. (Gk.) Formed with F.
Ta.ng ( 2) , to make a shrill sound. (E.) suffix -iser « L. -izare < Gk. -1(.111), from
To tang is to ring out; an imitative word; Gk. T.u.TtIA-os, Tantalus, in allusion to his
allied to tinker, tingle, twang. story. The fable was that he was placed
Ta.n( ( 3), tongue of a buckle, the part up to his chin in water, which fled from
of aknitewhich goes into the haft. (Scand.) his lips whenever he desired to drink.
Ice!. tangi, tang of a knife, which is nipped Allied to '7'aJIT'eU.l'.... , TaJlTtlAfU"~, to oscil-
by the handle; Norw. tange, tang of a late, sway like a ualance; intensive form
knife, tongue of land; allied to tiing, from T(I.\-, as in TciAa~T"~, a balance. Set
tongs; see Tang (I ) , Tongs. Ta.lent.
Ta.ng (4), seaweed; see Tangle. Ta.ntamount. (F.-L.) First used as
Tangent. (L.) From L. tangent-, a verb, with the sense • to amount to as
touching, stem of pres. pI. of tangere (base much.'-F. lant, so much, all muCh, from
tag), to touch; pp. tactus. + Gk. base L. lantum, neut. of tantus, so great; and
'7'a,),-, as in TfTa-y&w. taking. E. amount (of F. origin); see Amount.
taagible. (F.-L.) F.tangible.-L. Ta.p (1) , to knock gently. (F.-Teut.)
ta,~gibz7is, touchable. _ L . tangere, to F. laper, M. F. tapper, • to tap, hit;' Cot.
touch. -Low G. tappen, to grope, fumble, tappe,
Ta.ngle, to knot confusedly. (Scand.) a paw; E. Fries. tappen, to grope, lap,
Spelt tangell in Palsgrave. To tangle is a light blow; Ice!. tapsa, to tap. Prob.
• to keep twisting together like seaweed' ; of imitative origin; cf. Russ. topate, to
a frequentative verb from North E. lang, stamp with the foot, Arab. labl, a drum;
sea-weed. - Dan. tang, Swed. tang, Ice! . E. dub-a· dub. ~ Perhaps a native word;
Jang, kelp or bladder-wrack, a sea-weed M . E. lappen occurs rather early.
(whence the idea of confused heap) ; cf. "ra.p (2), a short pipe to drawliquorfroI?
Ice!. Jihlgull, sea-weed, Norw. longul, a a casK, a plug. (E.) M. E. lappe. A. S.
tangle-stalk. So also provo E. lallgle, sea- t(1!Ppa, (Toller); we also find A. S. 111'1-
weed; Nonnan F. langon, a kind of sea- pere, one who taps casks. + Du. tap, Ice!.
weed (Fums jlagelltformis, Metivier) . lappi, Dan. tap, a tap; Swed. tapp, a tap,
Der. en-Iattgle, with F . prefix en- «L.in). handful, wisp, G. Ulpftn, a tap. fJ. The
Tanist, a presumptive heir to a prince. orig. idea was prob. a tuft or wisp of some-
(Irish.) Irish lanaisle, apparent heir. thing, to stop n hole with; CC. Swed. lapp
Irish lattaise, second in rank (RhYs). (above) , Ilalm-lapp, a wisp of straw. Der.
5-4 1
 TAPE TARPAULING
141-1'001, lap-sler, A. S. tappeslre, a fern. , endi ve ; Latinised a.s taraxactm, in A vicenna.
form of tappen (above); tampitm, q. v. (Devic: supp. to Littre.)
Tape. (L ...- Gk.) M. E. lape, also Tardy. (F. - L.) 1'. lardif, tardy. (Cf.
lappe. A. S. lappe, a tape, a fillet; closely Ita!. tardivo, tardy.) From L. tard-us,
allied to A. S. tappel, tapped, a tippet, a slow; with snffix -iuus.
carpet. The A . S. pI. tapj>an probably Tare ( I), a plant. (E.) M. E. lare,
meant strips of stuff or cloth. Borrowed darnel (Matt. xiii. 25). Not in A. S.; but
from L. lapete, cloth; see Tapestry. the sense is peculiar to English, as the
Ta.per ( I) , a small wax caudle. (E.) mod. E. lare is short for lare·velcn, i. e.
M. E. taper. A. S. tapor, laper. Cf. Irish +
darnel-vetch. M. Du. terwe, Du. tarwe,
tapar, a taper, W. tamp, a taper, torch. Low G. larve, wheat; Lith. dirwa, com-
taper (2), long and slender. (E.) field; Skt. diirva, a kind of grass.
Taper means laper·like, shaped like the Tare ( 2), an allowance. (F.-Span.-
tapers used in churches, which were some- Arab.) F . lare, loss, waste in merchandise.
times thinner at the top. Holland has : -Sp.an. tara, tare, allowance in weight.
, laper-wise, sharp-pointed in the top;' tr. Lit.' what is thrown away.' - Arab. tarna,
of Pliny, xvi. 16. See above. ~ The A.S. what is thrown away, detriment (Devic) ;
laper·ax, a kind of ax, is unallied; cf. lirn, lurran, thrown away. - Arab. root
Russ. topor' , Pers. labar, an ax. larana, he threw prostrate, threw down.
Tapestry. (F.-L.-Gk.) A corrup- Target, a small shield, &c. (F.-
tion of the old form tapisserie. - F. tapis- Scand.; wilk F. suffix.) Formerly also
serie, tapestry. - F. lapisser, to furnish lergat ; the -el is the F. dimin. suffix.-
with tapestry. - F. tapis, tapestry, hang- O. F. largue/e (Godefroy), a small shield;
ings; Late L. tapidus. - L. laple, cloth, dimin. of O. F. targue (as in Cot.), F.
hangings. - Gk. Tarrrrr-, stem of T,br1]t, a large. - Ice\. larga, a target, small shield;
carpet, woollen rug. Cf. Pers. tabaslak, A. S. large; O. H . G. zarga, a frame, side
a fringed carpet; tabtdan, to spin, ltiftak, of a vessel, wall, G. zarge, frame, case,
taffeta: see Taffeta. edge, border. ~ Distinct from Arab. dar-
Tapioca.. (Brazilian.) Braziliantapioka, kat, darakal, a shield, whence Port. and
the poisonous juice which issues from the S~n. adarga, a small square target.
root of the cassava when pressed (Littre) ; Targum, a Chaldee paraphrase of the
hence tapioca, which is also prepared from Old Testament. (Chaldee.) Chaldee tar-
the root of the cassava. The Tupi or gt~m, an interpretation. - Chal. targlm, to
Brazilian tipi·Ota means • dregs squeezed interpret. Cf. Arab. tar/milan, an inter-
out'; from tipi, residue, dregs, and the preter; see Dragoman.
verbal root eg, ok, to take by force , pull, Ta.rift'. ( F. - Span. - Arab.) F. lari},
pluck off, hence to squeeze (Cavalcauti). M. F. tariffi, a casting of accounts. - Span.
Tapir, a quadruped. (Brazilian.) Tupi tarifa, a list of prices, book of rates. -
or Brazilian laj>yra , lapira, a tapir. Arab. ta'rif, giving information, notifica-
Tar. ( E.) M. E . terre. A. S. teoru, tion (because a tariff gives notice).- Arab.
+
leru, (ar: d. also /yrwa . Du. teer, Ice!. 'iif, knowing, knowledge. - Amb. root
tjara, Dan. lia re, Swed. tjiira. Il Cf. 'amfa, he knew.
Ice!. tyri, tyrvi, resinous wood; allied to Tarn, a poo!. (Scand.) M. E. terne. -
Lithuan. darwa, derwa, resinous wood , Ice!. tjon: (gen. tjamar), a tarn, pool;
particularly the parts of the fir·tree that Swed. dial. tjiirn, tiim, Norw. tjorn, a pool
readily burn; also to Russ. drevo, a tree, without an outlet.
derevo, wood, timber , W. derw, an oak- Tarnish. (F . -0. H. G.) F. temiss-,
tree, and E . t,-te. Orig. sense' wood,' esp. stem of pres. pI. of se ternir, to become
resinous wood for fuel; hence resin from dim, lose lustre (Cot.) . - M. H . G. lemen,
such wood. Allied to Tree. O. H . G. tamen, to obscure, darken; from
Tar ( l ), a sailor: see Tarpauling. O. H. G. larni, secret (whence F . lem~ ,
Ta.r&Dtella.. (Ita!.) A dance so called dim) .+ A. S. ekman . dynlan, to hide,
(also a tarantula) ; so named from Ita!. from ekrne, dyrne, adj., secret ; Cl. O. Sax.
Taranto, Tarento, a town in S. Italy. derni, hidden , secret.
Tara.za.cum, the dandelion. (Arab.) T&rpauling, a cover of tarred canvas.
From Arab. larasaton, explained as a (E. and L.) It means larred pauling or
kind of succory, Pers. tarkltaskql~n, wild tarred pa/ling; a palli~ is a covering,
54 2
 TARRAGON TATTER
from the verb pall, to COTer. This verb is A perverse spelling of Tatar, owing to n
from pall, lb., a COTer; see Pall. Der. popular etymology which regarded Tatars
taryaf4lin, an old name for a sailor as let loose out of Tartarus or hell (see
(Smollett), now abbreviated to lar. belo~. From Ttltar, a Tatar or inhabi-
'l'arragOJl, a plant. (Span.-Arab. - tant of Tatary (as it should be spelt) .
Gk.) Sllan. laragtma (Diez) ; usually lara- 'l'artar (3) , Tartarus, hell. (L. - Gk.)
go"tia (cf. M. F. largm, Iragon ).-Arab. ' The gates of Ta11m' ;' Tw. Nt. ii. 5.225.
lark!.un, dragon-wort. _ Gk. 3p<iICGIV, a -L. Tarlarus .-Gk. TclpTapOS, Tartarus,
dragon. ~ Devic, s. v. eslragtm; and the inferual regions; conceived to be a
see Dragon. place of extreme cold; cf. Gk. TQprapl(flV,
"l'arre, to incite, set on. (E .) In Shako to shiver with cold.
Hamlet, ii. 2. 370. M. E. ler ren, Itrim, 'l'ask, sb. (F . -L.) Lit. a tax. M.E.
larim, to irritate, provoke.-A. S.lergan laske. - O. North F.lasqtte, N orm . dial.
(rare), tirgan, to vex, provoke; N. l-ries. lasqf4t, a tax, O. F . lasche, a task (mod.
tarre, lerre, to set on & dog. See t&rr7. F. tdcne).-Late L. tasca, a tax, nnother
tarry. (E.) The present form is due form of Late L. taxa, a tax. -L. taxa"e,
to M.}[ tarim, lerim, to irritate, pro- to tax. See T&X.
voke, worry, vex; hence to hinder, delay. 'I'&••el (I), a bunch of silk, &c., as an
[This is the true source of the word, though ornament. (F. - L.) M. E. lassel . - O. F.
Its meaning may have been affected and tassel, an ornament, fringe; also a piece
fixed by the O. F . targer, to delay, from of square stuff (cf. ItaI. lassello, a square,
LateL. *Iardicare, to delay, from L.tardus, a collar of a cloak).-L. taxil/u1Jl, ace. of
slow; see Tardy.]-A.S. lergan, usually laxillus, a small die; dimin. of talus, a
lirgan, to vex, provoke. + Du. tergen, knuckle· bone, a die made of knuckle-
Low G. largen, larren, to provoke; provo bone. Talus = *Iax -Ius, as shewn by the
G. urgen, to provoke. dim in. laxil/us, and means a bone cut or
'l'a.rt (I) , acrid , sharp, severe. (E.) squared; cf. Skt. laksn , to hew, prepare,
A. S. leart, tart, severe. Perhaps lit. tear- make. ~ The application to a tassel is
ing, i. e. bitter. - A. S. *Iar (liZr) , 2nd curious; a woodcut at p. 272 of Guillim's
grade of leran, to tear. See Tear (I ). Display of Heraldry (1660) shews a tassel
'l'a.rt ( 2) , a small pie. (F.-L.) M. E. ornamented with strings and dots ; these
larle. - O. F. tarle, 'a tart;' Cot. It strings divide it into squares, eacll of
seems to be a perverted form ofO. F . lorle, which (having a dot in the middle) re-
F. lourie, a tart, Ital. lartera, loria, a pie sembles an ace on a die. It was confused
or tart, Span. torla, a round cake. - L. with L. lessella (see TeB8elated) ; cf.
loria, fem . of lorl'ts, pp. of torqulre, to 'Tessera, tasol;' O. E. Texts.
twist. Perhaps confused with L . tracla, a 'I'....el (2) ; the same as Teroel.
long piece of dough. 'l'ute. (F.-L.) Orig. to handle, feel,
'l'a.rt&Jl, a woollen stuff. (F. -Span.) the usual sense of M. E. laslen. - O. F.
F. lirelaint, 'Jinsie - wolsie, or a kind lasler, to handle, feel , taste. Cf. Late L.
therof, worn ordinarily by the French laxla, O. F. taste, a probe for wounds; so
peasants;' Cot. - Span. liritafla, a thin that O. F. lasler answers to a Late L.
woollen stuff; so named from its flimsiness; -taxitare, iterative form of laxare, to feel,
cf. Port. lirilana, a light silk. -Span. and handle (Gellius). Again taxan « *Iag-
Port. tin'tar, to shiver, shake with cold. sore) is an intensive form of L. langere,
Perhaps of imitative origin. to touch. See Tangent.
'l'artar ( I), an acid salt in casks, a T&t, to make trimming. (Scand.)
concretion on the teeth. (F.-Late L.- North E. lat, to entangle. -M. Swed. latte,
Arab.) A term due to the alchemists; Dan. dial. tat, Norw.laatt, a thread, strand
called sal tarlre, or larire, in Chaucer. - of a rope, whence Norw. tiZlla, to inter-
F. tarlre, ' tartar,' Cot. ; Late L.lariarum weave. Cf.lcel.}iittr, Swed. tljt, a strand,
(by confusion with Tarlarus). - Arab. filament; Dan. tol; G. docht, a wick.
dunl, dregs, sediment, tartar of wine; 'I'&tter, a ahred. (Scand.) Also spelt
durdiy, dregs. Cf. Arab. darad, a shed- totter. - Icel. IOturr; pI. lotrar, lollrar,
ding of teeth; which Devic connects with rags, tatters; Norw. tolror, toUrur, also
tartar on the teeth. laltral", pl., rags, tatters.+Low G. taltern ,
'ra.rtar (2) , a native of Tartary. (Tatar.) rags, ta/trig, ragged; E. Fries. lalle, a rag,
5<43
 TATTLE TEA
lailr;l, ragged. Thus laller stands for Tauto1OO. (F.-Gk.) L.lautol#giG.
lailer, witn loss of I; cf. Low G. lalfr, - Gk. 'rOIlTOA.o-ylo, a repetition of what has
ladder, a rag (Danneil); perhaps also ~ said already.-Gk. TOIITOA..ryos, re-
A. S. lattee, a rag. I suppose the orig. peating what has been said. - Gk. 'ro1lT6,
sense was' that which flaps or flutters short -for TO aVru or 'rO oirT6,., the same
about,' and that it is closely allied to thing; -A.O"(os, speaking, from A.'''YEt,., to
toller, q. v. speak.
Tattle, vb. (E.) M. E.lalelen, lotelen, Tavern. (F. - L.) F. laverne. - L
tateren, to tattle, prattle. We also lind laDema, a hut, orig. a hut of boards; a
M. E. titeren, to tattle, whence mod. E. tavern. Perhaps allied to L. labula, a
tillie, in the phrase tittle·tattle. Tatlle and plank, board ; see Table.
tittie are frequentative forms, from a base Taw, a game at marbles. (Gk.) Orig.
T AT or TIT, expressive of the iterdion the mark from which the marbles were
of the syllables ta, ta, la, or ti, ii, Ii, to shot, and marked (originally) with a T,
indicate constant prattling. So also Du. to denote an exact spot. From Gk.
tateren, to stammer, E. taralantara, the 'rail, among schoolboys; a letter·name of
sound of a trumpet, Low G. lateln, to Semitic origin. Cf. Tee.
tattle, tilelateln, to tittle-tattle, taa/·goos, Taw, Tew to prepare skins, curry;
a gabbling goose, a chatterer ; ItaL tatta- also to toil. (E.) M. E. lawen, lewan.
mella, chat, prattle. Der. tillie, weakened A. S. lawian, to prepare, dress, get ready;
form of tattle, as above; whence tillietattle. also, to scourge. C( A.S.getawa, imple-
Tattoo (I), the beat of a drum recalling ments. + Du. touwen, to curry leather;
soldiers to their quarters. (Du. or Low G.) O. H. G. umwen, to make, prepare; Goth.
Formerly tapt()() (Phillips) ; used as early 'at4jan , to do, cause. See Tool.
as A. D. 1663. - Du. taptoe, tattoo. - Du. 'l'awdr;y, showy, gaudy. (E.) Formerly
tap, a tap; toe, to, i.e. shut, closed. Due used in the phrase lawdry lace, which meaut
to the phrase appearing in Low G. lappen lace bought at St. Awdry's fair. held in the
10 s/aan, lit. ' to strike a tap to,' a prover· Isle of Ely (and elsewhere) on ·St. Awdry's
bial phrase (like E. skul uP) signifying to day, Oct. 17. Tawdry is a familiar con-
close, conclude; esp. used of closing the traction of SI. Awdry. p. Again, Awdry
taps of the public· houses, at the sound of is a popular form of Etkeldnaa, the
the drum. So also G. zap/,-'tSlreiek, the Latinised form of the A. S. female name
tattoo, is lit. 'tap-stroke; and Low G. ./E)el}rjfJ. It means 'noble strength';
lapjJemiag, the tattoo, is its equivalent. frolD A.S. a(Jel or tZ)el, noble, and)rj6 or
p. The Du. lap is cognate with E. tap; )rj{Ju, strength. Cf. Ice!. )riilJr, the name
and Du. toe with E. to, prep. See Tap of a goddess; aLd the suffix in Ger-trui/e,
and To. a name of O. H. G. origin.
Tattoo{ l), to mark the skin with fignres, TaWD.7. (F.-G.) For lanny; spelt
by pricking in colouring matter. (Tahitian.) lenny in heraldry. 'Tanny colowre, or
See Cook's First Voyage, b. i. c. 17, b. iii, laW1lY;' Prompt. Parv. - F. tannl, tawny;
c. 9. - Tahitian tatau, tattoo-marks; de- lit. tanned; pp. of lanner, to tan. - F. tan,
rived from ta, a mark (Littre). The s~ tan.-G. lanne ~ a f,r·tree. See Tan.
Maori la means to tattoo, to mark. •....az,sb. (F.-L.; M. E. ta.:u.-F.taxe.
Ta1Ult, vb. (F.-L. ) Hardly from O.F. -Io'. taxer, to tu.-L taxon, to handle,
tanter (see Littre), occasional form of value, appraise, tu. For *'ag-siire; from
tenler, 'to tempt, prove, essay, suggest, lag- , base of langere, to touch. Doublet,
provoke, or move unto evill;' Cot. - L, task.
ten/llre, to try, 'prove, attack, assail, &c. ; Tazidermy, the art of stuffing the
see Tempt. p. Rather from the M.F. skins of animals. (Gk.) From Gk. 'rab-s ,
phrase tant pour tant, 'one for another,' order (see Tactioa); alpp.-a, a skin, from
Cot.; cf. lit.for tat. - O. F. taunt, tant, so 3'p-f.", to flay, cognate with Tear (I).
much. - L. tantum, neut., so much. Tea. (Chinese.) Spelt lee in Pepys'
Tauru.. (L.) L. taurus, a bull.+Gk. Diary, Sept. l8, 1660; eM in Blount
'rtWpor. Allied to Steer (I). ( 1674). From the Amoy prouunciation
TaUt, tight, firm. (E.) M. E. tOt.t, (tl) of the Chinese name for the plant,
logltl. Lit. ' pulled tight;' pp. of M. E. which is (in other parts of the empire)
l0t.en, to tow, pull. See Tow. called ek'a or Is'a; Williams, Chin. Dict.
54-4
 TEACH TEETOTALLER
P. 5; Douglas, Chin. Dict. of the Amoy -Low G.) M. E. lete, tet/e. -O. F. tete,
vernacular, p. 481. Hence Ital. ria, tea; tette; F. leI/e.-Low G. tille, M. Du.
F. tlzl, G. tlzu, Malay leh, tea. litle.+A. S. lit (pI. liltas), whence E. Iii,
Teach. (E.) M. E. ted/en. A. S. lilean, a teat; G. zilu. Cf. also W. diai, dia,
to shew how to do, shew, pt. t . liMle, pp. a teat. (As if from an Idg. base Dl.)
laM. Fonned (with change of Ii to ii 4I!r Distinct from Gk. TIT61] , TIT86r, a teat,
beforej, as in Teut. *Iaikjan-), from ltic· which appears to be allied to Skt. rilzi, to
(Teut. *Iaik·), base of liie-en, a token. suck, Goth. daddja" , to suckle.
Allied to Gk. ~.iK-YlJJU, I shew. See Teazle, i. e. teasel; see teasel
Token. Technical. (Gk.) Formed with suffix
Teak, a tree. (Malayalam.) Malayalam -al (=L. ·liIis; from Gk. TfXJI/Ktlf, belong-
lekka, the teak·tree; Tamil tekku, the same ing to the alls. - Gk. TfX"'1, art, allied to
(H. H. Wilson). TfItTOlfI, a carpenler. Cf. Skt. lakslzan, a
Teal. a bird. (E.) M. E. Ide (13th carpenter, from laksh, to cut wood. Allied
cent. ) ; not in A. S. + Du. faling, older to Text.
form lading (Sewel), M. Du. leeling-h, a Tech:y, fretful; see Tetchy.
teal (Kilian). The A.S. fonn would be *tiile. Teel, to spread mown grass. (Scand.)
Team, a family, set, animals harnessed Icet. teWja, to spread manure, from tal/,
in a row. (E.) M. E. tim, lum. A. S. manure; cf. ta6a, hay gIown in a well-
team, a family, offspring.+Du. loom, a rein manured field , t08u,verk, hay-making, lit.
(from the notion of drawing or guiding) ; ' ted-work.' So also Norw. lelfia, Swed.
Low G. loom, offspring, also a rein; Ice!. dial. tlida, to spread manure ; from tad,
laumr, a rein; Dan. lamme, Swed. tOm, a manure. +Bavarian zellen, O. H. G. zettan,
rein; G. zaum, a bridle. Teut. type to strew; cf. G. ver-zelteln, to scatter.
*tau·moz, for -Iaug.moz (Noreen), from Tedious. (L.) L. tadiosus, irksome.
taulz, 3nd grade of *teulz-an-, to draw. - L. tadium, irksomeness. - L. tadet, it
See Tow ( I) . ('V'DEUK.) Der. teem. irks oue. (We also use tedium , sb.)
Tear ( I), to rend. (E.) M. E . term. Tee, a mark. (E.) From the use of a
A. S. teran, pt. t. lar, pp. IIWen.+Goth. T to denote an exact spot. Cf. tee-lotu1Jl ;
ga.lairan, to break, destroy; Lith. air-Ii, and see Taw.
to lIay, Gk. lifP-flV, to lIay; Rnss. ara-te, Teem (I ) , to be prolific. (E.) M. E.
to teal; Pers. tiarftian, to teu; cf. W . lemerJ , to teem; Ibn, sb., progeny, off-
darn, a fragment; Zend tiar, to cut; Skt. spring; whence mod. E. team. See Team.
ciaraya, to tear. Teut. type -teran-, pt. t. The M. E . time" answers to A. S. tima" ,
*Iar; pp. -turanoz. (.vDER) C( also tyman, older Iiema", to teem. Teut. type
G . •d,ren (weak verb). Brngm. i. § 594- .taumjan-, from ·taumoz, a team.
Tear (3), a drop of IInid from the eye. Teem (3), to empty. (Sc."Uld. ) Icel .
(E.) M. E. tere. A. S. tiar, Irer, also la",a, Dan. tOmme, Swed. tijmma, vb. ;
teager; O. Northumb. laner. + Icel. from the adj. loom ; see Toom.
Mr, Dan. laar, taare, Swed. tllr, Goth. Teen. vexation, grief. (E.) M. E. Ime.
tagr, O. H. G. zahar (pt zaneri, whence A. S. tiona, nccusation, vexation. - A. s.
mod. G. ziihre). Cf. O. Lat. tiacruma, L. te'»I, contracted form of ·Iil,an, to accuse.
lacrima, Gk. OOKPV, MKpvp.a, W . dogr, a +Goth. galeilzan, to tell , make known; G.
tear, O. Irish tier. Brngm. i. ~ 178. Der. zeihm, to accuse; cf. L. dieiire, to make
train·oil. known. Allied to Diction. (.vDEIK.)
Tease, to CaId wool, to vex, plague. 4I!r Teen means a making known, public
(E.) M. E. lesen. A.S. tilsan, to plnck, accusation, reproach, injury, vexation,
puII.+M. Do. teesen, to pluck wool; Swed. grief, harm.
dial. Usa, Dan. lase, Bavarian zaisen Teetotaller, a total abstainer. (F. -
(Schmeller), O. H. G . ::eisan. All from L. ; with E. prefix anti suffix.) Tu-Iotal
Teut. base ·teis. is an emphasised form of Total, q .v. The
teasel, a plant. (E.) M. E. lese!. word originated with R. Turner, of Pres·
A. S. Ires', tiisel, lit 'teaser; from its use ton, who, at a temperance meeting about
in teasing wool. - A. S. llisa", to tease. + 1833, asserted that nothing but le-Ie-total
O. H. G. zeisala, teasel; from uisa", to will do; see the Staunch Teetotaller, ed.
tease. by J. Livesey, of Preston, Jan. 186 7.
Teat, nipple of the female breast. (F. (Haydn.) See below.
MS
 TEETOTUM TENDER
~eetotum, ~otum, a spinning toy. ~emple (2) , tlat portion of tbe side of
(L.) Formerly totum (Ash, 1775,Phillips, the heaa above the cheek-bone. (F.-L.)
1706). So called from the side formerly M. E. templis, pI. -0. F. lemples, pl., the
marked T , which signified lolum, i. e. all temples (mod. F. lempes, N orm. dinl.
the stake, from L. lotum , neut. of tollts, temples) . - L. tempora, pI., the temples.
the whole; ~ee Total. Hence the name Der. tempar-al, adj., belonging to the
rotUnl, or T -totum; which may have temples.
snggested T-totol. "l'emporal (I ), worldly, secular. (F . -
"l'egument, n covering. (L.) L. legu- L.) M: E. temporal. - O. F. temporal,
"ltntIt1ll, a covering. - L. tegere, to cover. tem#rel, adj. -L. tempard/is, temporal.-
+Gk. lITh."" Skt. stkag, to cover. cr. L. tempore, for *Iempos-, stem of tempus,
O. Irish teck , W. tj, a house. Allied to time.
Thatch. (.vSTEG.) Rrugm. i. § 632. ~emporal (2), belonging to the tem-
~eil-tree, a linden tree. (F. -L.; and ples; see Temple (2).
E.) O. F. teil, a lime-tree; also, the inner "l'empt. (F.-L.) O.F. tlmpter, Inter
bark of a lime-tree (mod. F. ti/Ie). -L. tenter, to tempt, prove. - L. temptlire,
tilia, n lime-tree; also, the inner bark of tentare, to handle, try the strength of,
a lime-tree. +Irish teile. assail, tempt ; frequentative of tendere (pp.
~elegraph. (Gk.) Modern. From tentus), to stretch (Breal). See Tend ( I ).
Gk. -MiA', alar; -ypa.p.,,,, to write. Der. ~en. (E.) A. S. tjn, tien , with mu·
telegram, coined to express 'telegraphic tation; O. Merc. tln. The long vowel
message'; from -yp6.,..p.a, a written char- appears in ·teen. + Du. tien; lcel. au,
ncter. Dan. ti, Swed. tio; Goth. taikun; G.
telescope. (Gk.) From Gk. -MiA., zekn; L . decem, Gk. ~'/ta, Lith. deszimtis,
afar; cr/to,.-.''', to behold. See Soope. Russ. desiate, W . deg , Irish and Gael.
~ell, to count, narrate. (E.) A. S. deick, Pers. dak , Skt. data. Teut. type
lellan, pt. t. lea/de , pp. leald; a weak verb *Iekm; Idg. type *dekam. Brugm. ii.
(for *tal./an).- A . S. la /II , number, narra- § J 74. Der. ten-tk; see Tithe.
tive; see Tale.+ Du. lellen, Ice!. tel/a, "l'enable, that can be held. (F.-L.)
Dan. IIZl/e, Swed. tiil/a, G. ziiklen; all F . tenable, • hold able,' Cot. - F. lenir, to
from sbs. Tent. type *ta//an-. hold. - L. tmere, to hold , keep; orig. to
~elluric, belonging to earth. (L.) From extend.+Skt. tan, to extend, stretch ; Gk.
L. tel/ur. , stem of lellus, earth. Der. TE'"'''' (for *T'''Y.'''), to stretch. Allied
telluri-Itm , a rare metal. to Thin.
~emerity. ( F.-L.) M.F.temeritt.- tenacious. (L.) Coined from L.
L . ace. temeritatem , rashness. - L. adv. tenac-i- , declo stem of tenax, hold.ing fast;
temere, rashly. The orig. sense of temere with suffix -ous. -L. tenere (above).
was' in the dark'; cf. Skt. tamas, gloom. tenacity. (F . -L.) M . F. tenacitl.-
"l'emper, vb. (L.) M. E. tempren. L. Unifcitatem, ace. of tent1citas, a holding
A. S. temprian, to temper. - L. temperti1'e, firm. - L. tenact'- (above).
to apportion, regnlate, qualify. Allied to tena.nt. (F . -L.) F. tenant, holding,
temper/, tempflY!, adv., seasonably, and to pres. pt. of tenir . - L. tenere, to hold.
tempus, time ; see Temporal ( I). Brogm. Der. lieu-tenant, q. V.
ii. § 132. ~ench, a fish . (F.-L.) O. F . teneke
tempest. (F . -L.) O. F . tempesle (F. (F. taneke ).-L. t inea, n tench.
temp te), a storm; answering to a Late L. "l'end (I ), to aim at, move towards, in-
temptsta, fern . of Late L. tempestus, adj., cline, bend to. (F . -L.) F. tendre.-L.
used instead of L . tempestas, season, fit tendere, to stretch, extend, direct, tender.
time, . weather, also bad weather, storm. Allied to tenere, to hold; see Tenable.
From L . lempus, time (above) . Brugm. ii. (.vTEN.) Brugm. Ii. § 696 (3). Der.
§§ 102, 132. tend-ene-y, formed by adding -y to the obs.
~emple ( I), a fane. (L.) A.S. tempI, sb. tentience, coined from the stem of the
tempel. - L . templum, a temple. + Gk. p:es. part. of tendere.
T''''.''O<, a sacred enclosure, piece of ground ~end ( 2), to take care of. (F. -L.) A
cut off ; allied to TfJ.""'''' to cut. (.vTEM.) docked form of Attend.
Brug11l. ii. § 76. Der. templ-ar, Late L. "l'ender ( I ), soft, delicate. (F . -L.) F.
templiirius. tendre.-L. tenen"", ace. of tener, tender,
5-46
 TENDER TEPID
orig. thin; allied to lenuis, thin. ("", TeDlle (I ), part of a verb, indicating
TEN.) See Thin. Der. tender, vb., to time of action. (F. - L.) M. E. lemps,
regard fondly, a word more or less con- Chaucer, C. T. 16343. - F. temps, time
fused with tender ( 2) ; whence lender, sb., (also O. F. lens). - L. lempus, time, also
regard, care, K. Lear, i. 4. 230. a tense.
Tender (2), to proffer, offer, shew. (F. Tense (2), tightly strained. (L.) L.
_ L.) F. tlnt/re, 'to tend, . . also to tender le'ls1~, rp. of lem/ere , to stretch; see
or offer unto;' Cot. -L./mdere, to stretch' Tend (I) . Der. lense·nus, with E. suffix.
out. See Tend ( I). tension, the act of straining, a strain.
tender (3), a small vessel that attends (F.-L.) F. Imsion, used in 16th cent.
a larger, a coal-carriage attached to a - L. lensianem, acc. of tensio, a stretching.
locomotive engine. (F. - L.; with E. -L. lens·um, supine of lendere (above).
suffix.) Short for allentier, i. e. attendant So also te1tS-or, a coined word.
on; see Tend (2) and Attend. tent (1) , a pavilion. (F.-L.) F. lenle.
tendon. (F.-L.) F.lention,' a ten- -Late L. lenla, a tent; fern. of L. lentu f,
don, or taile of a muscle;' Cot. From PE: of lendere, to stretch, spread out.
a Late L . form *Iendo, gen. lendonis and Tent (2), a roll of lint used to dilate a
tendinis; cf. Span. tendon, Ital. lent/ine, wound. (F.-L.) M.E. lenle. -F. tenle;
a tendon; Port. tendiio. Lit.' stretcher.' Cot. A verbal sb. from F. lenler < L.
-L. lendere, to stretch. Imtare, to try, prove, probe. Cf. Span.
Tendril. (F.-L.) From O. F . len- tienla, a probe. See Tempt.
drillons, pI.' tendrells;' Cot. ; or from an Tent (3), a wine. (Span.-L.) From
O. F. *Iendri/le, not recorded. We also Span. vino linlo, a deep-coloured (lit.
find O. F. lent/ron, ' a tender fellow, also tinted) wine. - L. linclus, pp. of ting-ere,
a tendrell ;' Cot. - F. tendre, tender; see to dye. See Tinee,
Tender ( I). Tent (4), heed, attention. CF.-L.) In
Tenebrous, Tenebrious, gloomy. Lowl. Sc. lak lent. Short for altent, i. e.
CF . -L.) M.F.tenebreux. -L.tmebrosus , altention.
gloomy. - L. tenebra, pI., darkuess. Allied Tentacle, feeler of an insect. (L.)
to Skt. lamisra-, darkness , lamas, gloom. Coined from L. lenta-re, to feel; with
1:!rugm. i. § 413. C-v'TEM.) See Dim. suffix -cu-lum; see Tempt.
Tenement, a holding. (F. - L.) M. F. tentative. (L.) L. tenlaliuus, adj.,
tmement. - Late L. tenementmn, a fief. - trying, tentative. - L. lentare, to try; see
L. tenere, to hold. Tempt.
tenet. (L.) L.tenet, he holds; 3rd pers. Tenter, a frame for stretching cloth.
sing. pres. of tenere. (Cf. habital, exit. ) (F. - L.) Properly tenture; but a vb. lenl
Tennis. (F. -L. ) M.E. tmelz (accented was coined, and from it a sb. tenter, which
on latter e) ; Gower, Balade to Henry IV, supplanted M.E. tenfure.-M.F. tenture,
1. 295, also Imise, tmeis, fmeys; whence a stretching. - L. lenlura, a stretching. -
Late L. Imisia, teniludium. - A. F. lenelz, L. tenlus, pp. of tmdere, to stretch. See
F . fmez « L. fenele), imp. pI. of lenere, Tend (r) . Der. tmter-nook.
to hold; perhaps used to mean' take this,' Tenth. (E.) M. E. ten}e, coined (by
and ejaculated by the player in serving. analogy with seven-th , nin-th) from 1m ;
Tenny, a colour in heraldry. (F.- G.) the true E. word is tilne.
The same as tawny or lanny; see Tawny. Tenuity, th inness. (F. - L.) M. F.
Tenon. (F.-L.) F. tenon, 'a tenon, Imuit{. - L. tenuitalem, acc. of tentlilas,
the end of a rafter put into a morteise ;' thinness. - L. tenui.s, thin; lit. 'stretched
Cot. So called because it holds fast. - F. out.' Cognate with Thin. (""'TEN.)
lenir , to hold fast.-L. lenere, to hold. Tenure. (F.-L.) F. tenure. - Late
tenor. (1':. - L.) Formerly (better) L. tenura, a holding (of land). -L. tenere,
IClIOur. M. E. lenoflr, import. - F. teneur, to hold. See Tenable.
import, content of a matter. -L. teniJrem, Teocalli, a temple. (Mexican.) From
acc. of lenor, a holding on; a course, teoll, a god; and calli, a house.
tenor of a law. _ L. tenere, to hold. ~ The Tepid. (L. ) L. lepidu., warm. - L.
sense of tenor in music (Ita!. tenore) is due tepere, to be warm. + Skt. tap, to be
to the notion of holding or continuing the warm; Russ. topile, to heat; Irish te, hot.
dominant note (Scheler). (~'fEP.)
547
 TERAPHIM TERROR
Teraphim, idols, household gods. of three. - L lernf, pl., by threes. - L. ler,
(Heb.) Heb. leriipMm, s. pl., images three times; Iris, three; see Three.
connected with magical rites. Terra cotta, a kind of hard pottery.
Terce the same as Tierce. (Ita\. - L.) Ital.lerracotta, baked earth.-
Tercei, Tassel, the male of any hawk. L.lerra, earth (below) ; coc/a, fem. of coc/us,
(F. - L.) M. E . lercel; dimin. lerce/·et. pp. of coquere, to cook; see Cook.
- O. F. tercel, tiercel; whence the dimin. terrace. (l" . -ltal.-L.) M.F. terrace,
tierce/el , 'the tassell , or male of any kind lurasse, a terrace, platform , plat. - M. Ital.
of hawke; so tearmed because he is, com- terraccia, lerraZY4, a terrnce , long mound of
monly, a third part lesse then the female;' earth. - ltal. lerra, earth. - L. lerra, earth.
Cot. [Another alleged reason is, that 13. Terra = ·Iersa, i. e. dry ground; allied
every third bird hatched was, in popular to O. Irish lir, W. lir, earth; also to Gk.
opinion, sure to be a male. So also Ital. TJpaftT8a" to dry up. (VTERS.) !:iee
terz% , ' a tassel gentle of a hauke;' Torrid, Thirst. Brugm. i. § 706 (b).
Florio.] -0. F. tiers, tierce, third.-L. leI'- tel'1"8en, tureen, a large bowl for
lius, third; see Tierce. soup. (F.-L.) Hoth spelIings are bad;
Terebinth, turpentine-tree. (L. -Gk.) tern'tU would be better. - F. territU, an
L. terebintlztts. - Gk. TfplfJuJ/Jor, the tur- earthen pan. -L. terr-a, earth; with suffix
pentine-tree; earlier form Tfp/-UlI(Jor. -i11a, fem. of -illus.
Tergiversation, a subterfuge, fickle- terrene, earthly. (L.) L. terrinus,
ness. (F. - L.) F. tergiversation. - L. tergi- earthly. _ L. terra, earth.
uersiitionem, acc. of tergiuersiUio. a sub- terrestrial. (L.) From L. terrestri-s,
terfuge. - L. te1'giuersiUus, pp. of tergiuer. earthly; with suffix ·iilis. - L. terr~
siiri, to tnrn one's back" tum right round, earth; with snffix -sl·lr-.
shufHe.-L. lergi-, for lergum, the back; Terrible. (F.-L.) F. terrible.-L.
uersari, to tum abont, pass. of uersifre, terribilis, causing terror.-L. turire, to
frequent. of uerter4, to turn; see ftighten. See Terror.
Verlle. Terrier (I) , a kind of dog. (F. -L.)
Te1?!1. (F. - L) M. E. lerme. - F. M. E. lerrere, a • burrow-dog,' one who
lerme.-L. terminum, acc. of terminus, pursues rabbits, &c. at their holes.-F.
boundary, limit. + Gk. TfpJ.l4, limit; Skt. lerrier, as in chien terrier, 'a terrier;'
taraya, to cause to pass over. (-vTER.) Cot. cr. terrier, , the hole, berry, or earth
Termagant. (F.-ltal.-L.) M. E. of a conny [rabbit] or fox; also, a little
Termagant, Teruagant, a (supposed) Sara· hillock;' Cot. - Late L. terriirius, belong.
cen idol, hence a rantiug character in old ing to earth. - L. terra, earth. See
moralities [plays], and finally a scolding Terrace.
woman.-O. F. Tervagant, Tervagan, a terrier (3), a register of landed pro-
(supposed) Saracen idol (Chanson de perty. (F.-L. ) M.F .papierferrier,aroJl
Roland). - ltal. Trivigante, the same oftenants' names, &c.-Late L terriirius,
(Ariosto, xii. 59)' Explained as Triva- as in terrarius liber, a book wherein
gante, the moon, wandering under the three landed property is described. - L. terra,
names of SeletU (or Luna) in heaven, land.
Artemis (Diana) in earth, Perseplwne TerriAc. (L.) L. lerrificus, causing
(Proserpina) in the lower world.-L. tel', terror.-L. terri·, for lerrin, to frighten;
thrice; uagant-, stem of pres. pt. of uagiIri, -jicus, causing, from faan, to make.
to wander. But perhaps Eastern. TerriIle; see terreen.
Termination. (F. -L.) M.F .ter11lina- Territo1'J', domain. (F. -L.) F. leI'-
tiOlt. - L. acc. lerminiItiOtte11l , a bounding,ritoire, a territory. - L. territifrium, D.
eoding. - L. terminaltlS, pp. of terminare, domain, land rouud a town. - L. terra,
to bound , end. - L. terminus, boundary. land. Formed as if from a sb. with decl.
See Term. stem lerrj/m·, i. e. possessor of land.
terminus, end. (L.) L. termi1lus Terror, dread. (F .- L.) Formerly also
(abOve) . terrour. - F. lerreur. - L. terrOrem, acc.
Tern, a bird. (Scand.) Dan. terne, of terror, dread. - L. ferrin. to scare,
ItzrtU, Swed. tiirna, Icel. )erna, a tern. make afraid, orig. to tremble. Cf. Gk.
cr. A. S. stearn , ~ tern ; and Starling. TpfE'" (for ·TpftTf''') , to tremble; Skt. tras,
Te1'l1&l7' (L.) L. temiiritlS, consisHng to tremhle, be afraid; Lith. trisuti, to
548
 TERSE TEUTONIC
tremble, Russ. t";asti, to shiver. Allied to testicu/um, ace. of testicu/us , dimin. of
Tremble. Brugm. ii. § 657. testis, a testicle.
Terse, concise, neat. (L.) L.tersus, Testify. (F.-L.) M. F.testijier.-L.
wiped off, clean, neat, pure, nice, terse; testijicari, to bear witness.-L. testi-s, a
pp. of tergere, to wipe, wipe dry, polish a witness; -Jicari, for/a cen, to make.
stone.+Gk. TPlfjfIV, to rub. testimony. (L.) L. testimo1titt11l, evi-
Tertian, recurring every third day. (F. dence. -L. testi.s, a witness; with Idg.
-L.) M.F. tertiane, a tertian ague.-L. suffixes -mon-io-.
tertiana, fem. of tertianus, tertian.-L. Testy, fretful. (F. -L.) M. E. lestif,
tertius, third. - L. ter, thrice, tris, three. Ch. - O. F. ·testif (not found ) ; M. I'.
See Tri-. testu, 'heady;' Cot. - O. F. teste, the
tertiary. (L.) L. tertia";us, contain- head; see Tester.
ing a third part; used to mean belonging Tetchy, Techy, fretful, peevish,
to the third.-L. tertius, third (above). touchy. (F.-Low G.) The sense is full
Tessela.ted. (L. ) L. tl!Ssellatus, of freaks, whims, or caprices; from tetell,
checkered, furnished with small square M. E. teche, tecche, lacke, a bad habit,
stones(asapavem~nt). -L . tesJ"ella,asmall whim; see Tache (2). ~ This is the
square piece of stone, little cube; dimin. word which is now altered to touchy ,
of tessera, a die (to play with), small as if sensitive to the touch.
cube. Tether, a rope for fastening up. (E.)
Test, a pot in which metals are tried, a Formerly written tedder. M. E. tedir.-
trial, proof. (F. - L.) M. E. test, a pot or A. S. ·teoder (not found) ~ O. Fries. tiader,
vessel used in alchemy.-O. F. ttst (F. tet), tieder.+Icel. tj06r, a tether, Swed. tjuder,
a test, in chemistry.- L. testum , an earthen Dan. to;r, Norw.tjor, tjoder ; Low G.tider,
vessel. Closely allied to O. F. teste ( F. O. H. G. zeota1', zitter. Teut. type *teu-
tEte), a pot-sherd, a skull, answering to dro-, of uncertain origin; sometimes re-
Late L. testa , a vessel used in alchemy. ferred to Teut. root *teuh-; see Tea.m.
So ..&~o Ital. testo, a test, melting-pot, ~ Gael. teadhair is from E. Cf. llahder,
from L. teslum; testa, an earthen pot, pot- p. 147; lll'ugm. ii. § 62.
sherd , skull, head, burnt tile or brick, fIOm Tetragon, a figure with four angles.
L. testa, a piece of baked earthenware, (F. -L.- Gk.) M. F. tetragone, adj., four-
potsherd, shell, skull. Perhaps testa = cornered . -L. tetragonus, adj. - Gk. TfTpO.-
*tersta, i.e. dried, baked, allied to terra ",(Q)VOS, four-cornered. - Gk. TfTpa-, allied
( = ·tersa), dry ground; from ~TERS, to TfuuapH, four, cognate with E. Four ;
to dry. See Terra.ce. and ",(Q)vla, an angle, from "'(6VII, a knee,
testa.ceous, having a hard shell. (L.) cognate with E. Knee.
L. testace-us, having a shell; with suffix tetrahedron, a solid figure contained
-ous. -L. testa, tile, shell, &c. by four equilateral triangles. (Gk.) Gk.
Testament. (F. -L.) .1'. testammt, a TiTpa- (as above); -~apov, from tapa,a base,
will. - L. testamentllm, a will. - L. tutti-ri, which is from ~a- .. v, to sit; see Sit.
to be a witness. - L. testis, a witness. Der. tetrarch. (L.- Gk. ) L. te/rare/la.
in-testate, i. e. without a will; testa· tor, Gk. TfTpO.PX1]S, one of four chiefs;
one who makes a will, fern. testa-tn·x. Luke, iii. 1.- Gk. TfTp· , allied to TfuuapfS,
Tester, a sixpence; tlat canopy over a four; and IJPXft'" to rule. See Four and
bed or pulpit. (F.-L.) Mod. E. (slang) Arch-, prefix.
tizzie, a sixpence; the tester, tester1Z, or tetruylla.ble, a word of four sylla-
testoon was named from a French coin with bles. (F.-L.-Gk.) Coined from Gk.
a head upon it (of Louis XII of France) ; TfTpa-, four (as above) ; and aIlAAafj~, a
in England all coins bore the head , so that syllable. Cf. M. F. tetrasy/labe, L. tetra-
our use of the term was borrowed.-O. F. syllabus, Gk. TfTpauvAMfjos, of four syUa-
lutre, tbe head-piece of a bed; M. F. bles. See Sylla.ble.
teston, 'a testoon , piece of silver worth Tetter,acutaneousdisease. (E.) M.E.
xviijd. sterling;' Cot. - O. F. ttste, a head. teter. A. S. leter, a kind of itch. Cf. G.
- L. testa, tile, skull. ~ A tester for a bed zitterma/, a tetter; Bavar.zittaroch,O. H .G.
also appears as M. F. testiere, 'a head- z;taroch. Allied to L. derbiostlS, scabby;
piece,' Cot.; from O. F. teste (as before). Skt. dadru-, a tetter.
'I'esticle. (F.-L.) I'. ttsticule.-L. Teutonic. (L.-Gothic.) L. Teuto-
5<J9
 TEXT THAW
"ieus, adj., from Teutollts , sb. pl., the Ice1.)egn; G. degm, a warrior, 0 . H. G.
Teutons, a people of Germany; lit.• men degan. Teut. type *thetnbZ, m. Allied
of the nation,' or • the people.' - Goth. to Gk. TbtllOll. a child; from TfK- , as in
Ihiuda, a people, nation (or from a dia- TfK-fW , 2 aor. info of T(KTftll, to beget.
lectal variant of this word). See Dutch. (-v'TEK.) Brogm. ii. § 66.
Ten. (F .-L.) M. E. texte.-F. texte, Thank, Thanks. (E.) M. E. j)(11I.k,
a text, subject of a book. -L. textttl", a a thought, kindly remembrance, goodwill;
thing woven, fabric, style of an author, hence thanks, pl., expressions of goodwill.
text of a book. - L. t~xtIlS, woven, pp. of A. S.)a,IC,)onc, sb., thought, favour, con·
texere, to weave.+Skt. taksh, to cut wood, tent, thank. + Dn. dank , Ice!. jokk, Dan.
to prepare; cf.Ross. lesiale, to hew. Further tak, Swed. tack, Goth. t/,agks, i.e. ·thanks,
allied to Teohnical. (.vTEK .) Brugm. i. remembmnce, thank. Tent. type *thal1koz,
§ 59.. Der. texlu-al, from M. F . texttt·e!. m. ; from ·thank, 2nd grade of ·thmkan-,
teztile. (L.) L. textilis, woven. - L. to think. See Think. (-v'TENG. ) Der.
lexttt." pp. of texere, to weave. thank, vb., A. S. jancia1t.
texture. (F.-L.) F. texture,' a tex· That. (E.) M. E. that. A. S. tiat.
ture, web;' Cot. - L. textura, a web. - L. orig. nenter of a demonstrative pronoun,
textus, pp. of texere, to weave. which came to be usedas'the definite article.
The mase. and fem. forms in use were se
'l'lI. (se), slo, which in late A. S. were replaced
by (Je, ti1o, by analogy with the neuter and
'l'h. This is distinct from t, and should other cases. The neut. tiat is from
have a distinct symbol. Formerly, the the Teut. pronominal base THA = Idg.
A. S. j and (J were used (but indiscrimin· TO, meaning • he' or • that.' The suffix
ately) to denote both the sounds now de. -I is merely the sign of the neut. gender.
noted by th. When j degenerated into a like.L8.t. -d in i-d, illu-d, istu-d, qui-d.
symbol closely resembling y,y was at last ~. The declension was as follows. SING.
substituted for it; hence we find y" and yt NOM. sl, slo, (Jat [replaced in late A. S.
used , by early printers, for the, that; it is by (Je, (Jlo, tiat]; GEN . tias, tillre, tias;
needless (I hope) to remark that y" ma1t OAT. tiiim, (Jam, (Jiire, (Jiim, tinm; ACC.
was never pronounced as ye 1IIa1l in the (JOnt, tJil, "at; INSTRUMENTAL (tJj, (J01l):
Middle Ages, as it often is now. PLURAL; NOM. AND ACC. tJa; GEN. tJa ra,
I here use (J for A. S. words, and ti or (Jara; OAT. tJlim.+Do. de, the, dat, that;
Ih for M. E. words, beginning with the Icel. nent.jat, the; Dan. dl!1z,nent. det, the;
sound of th in that; and j for A. S. and Swed. dm, neot. det, this; G. der, die, das,
M. E. words, beginning with the sound of the, dass, that; Goth. thata, nellt. of def.
th in thin. Observe these facts. (I) Initial article. Cf. Lith. tas, ta, that; Ross. tot',
th is always pronounced as in thin except ta, to, that; Gk. T6, neut. of def. art. ; Skt.
(a) in words allied to that; and (b) ill words tat, it, that; L. .te, -ta, -tud (in is·te, is·ta,
allied to thou. (2) At the end of a word, is-tud).
it is pronounced as th in thi1t, except Thatch,sb. (E.) M.E.jak. A. S.jae,
when a written e follows; compare breath thatch; whence jeccatz, to thatch. + Du.
with breathe i exceptions are with, S11l00t/,. dak, sb., whence dekkm , vb. (whence E.
(3' No word beginning with th (except deek is borrowed) i Icel. jak, sb., Dan. tag,
thun "ble, formed on a Greek base) is of Swed. tak, G. dach. Teut. type ·thak·om,n.
L atill origin; some (easily known) are From *thak, 2nd grade of Tellt. root
Greek; thumlllim is Hebrew; all the rest ·thek-, to cover, cognate with L. teg-, as
are El'g lish or Sea"diall. in teg-ere, to cover. + Gk. Tf-Y0S, (lTf'YOS , a
'l'han, conj. (E.) Freqnently written roof i Irish teagh, Gael. teach, tig/' , O. Irish
the1Z, and ong. the same word as then. tech , W. tj, a house; Lith. st~gas, a thatch,
?If. E. thalllte, thon1Ze. A. S. (Jon1tt, than. sUgti, to thatch; Skt. sthag, to cover.
Closely allied to the def. art.; see That, (.vSTEG, TEG.) Allied to Tegument.
§ ~. + Du. da1z i G. dam" de",z. Cf. L. Thaw, vb. (E .) M. E. thowm; provo
tum. E. thow (ow as in. mow) ; A.S. jawirm, to
'l'hane, a dignitary among the English. melt. + Dn. dooijm, to thaw, from dooi,
(Eo) M. E.jeitZ. A. S. jegen, jepz,jbz, thaw; lcel.jeyja , fromjli, sb.; Dan . t oe,
a thane. Lit. 'child' or • begotten.' + Swed. loa. Cf. G. vertiatltn, to digest,
55 0
 THE THERAPEUTIC
concoct; t"atte1l, O. H. G. t/qUWetl , to Then. (E.) Frequently written than in
thaw. Perhaps allied to Gk. -rqltflJl, to old books, and originally identical with it;
melt; W. toddi, to melt. ~ Not allied to see Than.
dew . thence. (E.) M. E. tkennes (dissyl-
The (I), def. art. (E.) M.E. the. A. S. labic) ; whence thens, by contraction, later
tJe, used as nom. mase. of def. art. in late written Ihence. The s is an adverbial
MSS., but early common as an inde- suffix; earlier forms were thenne, tkanne,
clinable relative; see That, § fJ. in which a final n has been lost. - A. S.
the ( ~ ) . in what (or that) degree. (E.) tJanan, thence; formed from base tJa-, with
Only in such phrases as 'tke more, the the suffix -na-n·, or-Ila-na. The basetJa- =
merrier: This is the instrumental case T ellt. base THA; see That.+G. dannen.
of the def. art. M. E. the ; A. S. tJj; see O. H. G. dannana , thence; from base da-.
That, § fJ. + Goth. thi, leel.jvi,)i, inst. The~. (Gk.) Lit. ' government
elise of art. or demo pronoun. by God: From efO-, for efOS, God ; -1tp4-
Theatre. (F . -L.-Gk.) M.F. tkeatre; Tla, government, from Itpan;", to f.0vem,
Cot. - L. theiitrmn. - Gk. elo.TpOV, a place which is from Itp4TVS, strong. C . aris-
for seeing shows. - Gk. efaOptll, I see. to - erae)" auto· erae)" demo - el·acy. See
Cf. e'o., a sight; see Prellwitz. Theism.
Thee (I ). (E.) A. S. tJl, dat. and ace. Theodolite, an instrument used in sur-
of tJu, thou; see Thou. Vtying. (I' . - Gk. 1) Generally said to be
Thee (~ ) . to prosper, thrive. (E. ) Obso- Greek. Formerly theodelitus, meaning' a
lete. M. E. theen. - A. S. )lon , pion (for circle with l graduated border' ; used A. D.
*);han), pt. t.pah , )lah, pp. )igen, jogen , 15 i I. Also Iheodolet, tkeodt/il. Appar-
also ge)ungen, to thrive. +Goth. thtihatl, ently imitated (it is not known why) from
to thrive, increase ; G.gedeiken ; Du .gedij - O. F. Iheodelel, theodolet, the name of a
tn. The A. S. pp. gejungen shews that treatise, lit. 'a work by TheodultlS.' - Gk.
the A. S. *)ikan is for *)inkan ecf. O. Sax. 8EOaOV.\OS, Theodulus; lit. • servant or
gejengian, to fulfil ). Teut. root *)inx , God.' 'Ung theodelet coute viij. s.;' Gode-
*)enx , Idg. root *tenk, as in Lith. lenku . it fr~.
suffices, O.Irish toead,prosperity ; W. tynged, Theogony. (L.-Gk.) L.theogonia. -
luck; cf. Lith. tekti, to suffice. Brugm. i. Gk. ewyovla. the origin of the gods. - Gk.
§ 421 (3). ero-s, a god; "'YOVlo., origin, from ..,.fV-, base
Theft. (E. ) In place of tkeltk. M. E. of ..,.I'YVO/UJI, I become; see Genus.
) ejie; for A . S. lief), }lof), theft. - A. S. theology. (F. - L. - Gk. ) M . E. theo-
) lof, a thief.+lcel.)jf!Y, O. Fries. tkiu/lhe. logie -M . F~theologie; Cot.-L theologia.
See Thief. - Gk . efo.\o..,.[a, a speaking about God.-
Their, belonging to them. (Scand.) Gk. efo.\lryos, adj., speaking about God .
M. E. thai,.. - I ce\. )eirra, of them, used -Gk. efO-S, a god; .\f..,.fIV, to speak.
as gen. pI. of hann, he, but really the gen. Theorbo, a large lute. (Ital.) Formerly
pI. of a demo pronoun, as shewn by A . S. theerea. - Ita\. tiorba ; the th being due to
) ara ; see They, and That, § 8. the occasional F . spelling thloroe for "orbe.
Theism, belief in a God. (Gk.) Coined, (Said to have been named after the in-
with suffix ·ism (Gk. -1I1P.OS). from Gk. ventor.)
e.· OS, a god. Perhaps for an older form Theorem. (L.-Gk.) L theorlma. -
*e.uos ; cf. O. Ir. dess, God (Stokes-Fick, Gk. efWPTJp.o., a spectacle ; a subject for
p. 151), Gk. 9fu·",aTos, spoken by God contemplation, theorem. - Gk. efOJpfiv, to
(Prellwitz). behold. - Gk. BfOJPOf, a spectator. - Gk.
Them, objective case of tkey . (Scand.) efQOP.CU. I see. See Theatre.
Really an old dat. case. - Ice\. jeim, dat . theory. (F. -L.-Gk.) M. F . theorie,
of)d r , they; see They.+A. S. )iim, dat. , theory;' Cot. - L IheOria. - Gk. efOJpia,
pI. of def. art.; see That, § fJ. a beholdin~, contemplation, speculation.
Theme. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. teme.- - Gk. efOJpOS , a spectator (above) .
O.F. teme, M.F. theme, ' a theam ;' Cot.- Therapeutic, pertaining to thehealing
L. Ihellla. - Gk. elp.o., that which is laid art. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F. therapeutique,
down. a theme for argumcnt.-Gk. base healing ; Cot. - L. therapeutiea (ars), the
ef-. to place; Tl-fh/-p.z, I place~+Skt. dha, healing art; fem . of therapeuticus. - Gk.
to pllt; see Do ( I ). (-v'DHE.) efpafffll'J"'lt6s, tending. - Gk. 9fpa.... urltS. an
55 1
 THERE THING
attendant. - Gk. 6fpanV<'I', to wait on. - Allied to Gael and Irish tiugh, fat , thick ;
Gk. 6<par-, stem of 6lp<V/t, an assistant; W. tew, plump, from Celtic b:lse ·teg u·;
cf. 6<p<ir-illV, a servant. From .vOHER, also to Tight. 4ft Not Scand.; see
to maintain, support ; cf. Skt. dhr, to maio- below.
tain, bear, dhan'tri, a supporter. thicket. (E.) A . S.)iccet, i. e. a thick
There, in that place. (E.) M. E. ther, set of bushes, &c.+Dan. dial. tykke.
thar. A. S. 3tlr. The sufIi.I. -r seems to '1"b.ief. (E.) PI. thieves. M. E.)eef, pl
be due to a locaLival formation like that )eues. A. S. #of. pI. )eo/as. + Du. die/,
in Skl. tlpa-ri, Gk. iurE-p. The base is lcel);iifr, Dan. tyo, Swed. tju/, G . dieb,
Tent. base THA ; see That.+Du. daar, Goth. thiubs. Teut. type -theuboz, for
Ice\. Jar, Dan. Swed. der, Goth. thar, G. -t!zeu/oz. Perhaps allied to Lith. tupeti,
da. Compare Here, Where. Hence to squat down (hence, to hide oneself).
thcre-, in there-by, there-in, there-o/, &c. 'l"high. (E.) M. E.)ih, )e!z. O. Merc.
Cf. G. dar- in dar-in, dar-an. ) eh, A. S. )ioh, thigh.+Du. dij, Icel. )jn,
Thermometer,aninstrumentformea- thigh, romp, O. H. G. dio". Teut. type
suring the temperature. (Gk.) From Gk. -theulwm, n. The orig. sense is • thick
6<Pl'o-s, warm (allied to L/ormus, warm, or plump part'; allied to Lith. tuk·ti, to
Skt. gharma- he:!t); and ptTpot', a measurer; become fat, Russ. tllch-nile, to fatten;
see :Metre. Russ. tuk', Pol. tllk, sb., fat; lith. taukas,
ThesaU1"1UJ. (L. - Gk.) See Trea- sb., fat (of animals).
sure. Thill, shaft of a cart. (E.) Also spelt
These. (E.) M. E. thise, these, theos; jill; whencejill-Iume. M. E. }i/Ie. A. S.
a new pI. of this. The old pI. (A. S. las) litle, slip of wood, thin board, plank,
is the mod. E. those. See Those. flooring; allied to }e/, n., a plank, as in
Thesis. (L. -Gk.) L thesis. - Gk. bene.n/, a bench-board.+lcel.)iba, plank,
6Eu,r, a thing laid down, a proposition.- Swed. ti!ie, a plank, floor; G. die/e, plank,
Gk. base 6<-; cf. TUnIlU, I place. Der. board; Du. deel, a plank. Teut. types
apo·thesis, para-thesis, pros-thesis, pro- ·the!ion, f., ·thelom, n. Cf. Lith. tille,
thesis, all rare words, with prefixes drd, a little pbnk in the floor of a boat. Cf.
rapri, rp/Jr, rp/J respectively; also anti- Skt. tala-, bottom, floor. (See Franck.)
lhesis, hypo-thesis, mettrthesis,par-m-the- Doublet, dea/, a thin board.
sis, syn-thesis, which see. Thimble. (E.) M. E.)imbi/; formed
"l'lleursrY, supernatural agency. (L. - (with excrescent b) from A. S. )jme/, a
Gk.) L. "ilzeurgia. - Gk. 6<011".,10., divine thumb-stall. - A. S. )uma, thumb (with
work, magic. - Gk. 6Ed-r, a god; E".,-Ol1, a the usual change from u to j ). Cf. G.
work, cognate with E . Work. diiumiing-, a thumb-stall; from dati""
Thews, pI. sb., sinews; (formerly) thumb.
manners. (E.) Thews in Shale. means 'l"hiJ:l. (E.) M. E. )inne. A. S. )ym'~.
sinews or strength; but M. E. tnewes +Du. dun, lcel. }unnr, Dan. tynd (for
almost always means habits or manners. ·lynn), Swed. tunn, G. diinn, O. H . G
A. S. ) eawas, pI. of )law, habit, custom, dunni. Cf. W. temu, Gael. lrishtana, Russ.
demeanour (orig. sense' strength ').+0. tonk;;, L. tenuis, Gk. Tal'aor, Skt. tantt-,
Sax. thau, custom; O. H. G. dau, thau, thin; Pers. tunuk, slender. Lit.' stretched
discipline. Cf. Skt. tavas, strong. out: (-VTEN.) See Tend (1).
They. (Scand.) M. E. thai (gen. thair, '1"h.ine, Thy. (E.) M. E. thin, short-
dat. and acc. thaim. tham); chiefly in the ened to thy before a following consonant.
Northern diaJect. This usage is Scand., A. S. 3in, thy, possessive pronoun, decliued
not E.,asthe A.S. correspouding forms were as an adj. ; allied to A. S. 3u, thou.+lcel.
used as pI. of def. art. - lceI. }eir, nom. ) inn, Dan. Swed. din, G. dein, Goth. theins.
pl., they; )eirra, gen. pl., their; )ltim, Der. t"y-se!f( = thine self ).
dat. pl., them. So also Dan. Swed. de , Thing. (E.) A. S. ) in8 , line, )ineg,
they , dem , them; Dau. deres, Swed. deras, a thing, cause, orig. a discussion; cf.
their, theirs.+A. S.)ii. nom. pI. of def. ling-ian, to discuss, )ingere, a pleader.+
art. ; gen. ) ,ira ; dat. pam ; see That, § fJ. Du. G. di,'C; lcel. ling, a tbing, also at!
'1"b.ick. (E.) M. E. ) ikke. A. S. ) icce, assembling, meeting, council (so also Dan.
thick. + O. Sax. thikki, Du. dik, Icel. Swed. li,:g) . Kluge compares it with
I!ykkr, Dan. tyk, Swed. tjok, tjock ; G. dick. Goth. theihs, season, time; and even with
55~
 THINK THORP
L. tempus; but see tempus in Brugm. i. the Teut. pronom. base THA.+Dn. deze,
§ 4T2, ii . § '32. Der. hlts·tings, q. v. Icel.)essi, G. dieser.
Think. (E. ) M. E. )enken, to think; Thistle. (E.) M. E.)i;til. A . S.)istel.
orig. distinct from the im pers. vb.)unchen, +Du. dislel, Icel.)istill, Dan. tidsel, Swed.
to seem, for which see Methinks. [But tiste!, G. distel. The i was once long, as
confusion between the two was easy and in some E. and G. dialects; cf. Somersets.
common. The pt. t. of M. E. )enkm daash-l, a thistle; E. Fries. dissel. Teut.
should have been thoghte, and of M. E. types *) fstiloz, m., *prstila, f.
}lItlchen should have been thuglite; both Thither. (E.) M. E . thider. A. S.
were merged in the form thoughte, mod. E . ~ider. Cf. Icel. )a6ra, there; Goth.
thought.]-A. S. )encan, to think , pt. t. thatIH'o, thence; also Skt. tatra, there,
)ohte. A weak verb; allied to A. S. janc, thither. Formed from Teut. base THA
a thought. also a thank. + Icel. ) ekkja, (Idg. TO) with a suffix which is to be
Dan. teenk", Swed. tanka, G . det/ken (pt. t. compared with L. -It·o in tll-tro.
dachte) ; Goth. thagkJi1tl, i. e. *thatlkjan Thole (1 ), Thowl, a peg to steady an
(pt. t. thahta). Teut. type *thankjan-; oar. (E. ) M.E. thol. A.S.)ol (8th cent.).
from *thank, 2nd grade of root *thenk, +Du. dol; Icel. )ollr, young tree, wooden
ldg. *tenk; cf. O. L. tongere, to think. See peg, thole; Dan. tol; Swed. tall, pine-tree;
Thank.. Der.be-thitlk, with prelix be- = I~. Norw. tall, toll, fir-tree, toll, a thole. Orig.
Third. (E.) Formerly thrid. M. E. sense' young tree'; hence a bit of lir-wood
)ridde,)ride. A. S. )ridda, third. - A. S. for a peg. Cf. Ieel. )ella, a young pine,
)ri-, forjreo, three.+Du. derde, Icel.)ri<l"i, ) iill (gen. )allar) , a young fir.
Dan. tredie, Swed. treriJ~, G. dritle, Goth. Thole (2) , to endure. M. E. )olien.
thridja, W. trydydd, Russ. trelii, Gk. TplTOS, A. S. )olian, to suffer, endure. + Icel. )ola,
Skt. trliya-. Dan. taale, Swed. tlila, O. H . G. dolen
Thirl, to pierce; see Thrill. (whence G. geduld, patience), Goth. thulan.
'l'hirst, sb. (E.) Lit.' dryness.' M. E . Cf. L. tollere, tolerare; Gk. TAijflat, to
)urst. A. S. )urs/, )Y"sl, thirst; whence suffer; Skt. tul, to lift. See Tolerate.
)yrstan, vb., to thirst. + Du. dorst, Icel. Thong, a strip of leather. (E.) For
)oYSti, Dan. lorst, Swed. lorst, G. dursl, thwong. M. E. thwotlg, a thong; A. S.
Goth. tllatlrstei. fJ. Goth. thaurstei is )wang, a thong, string, cord; also a bit.
from the Goth. weak stem thaurs-, as in +Icel. )wengr, a thong. From *)wang,
-thaurs-ans, pp. of ·thairsan (pt. t. -thars), 2nd grade of Teut. *)wengan-, to constrain
to be dry; with suffix -tei. The Goth. (0. Fries. thwinga). See Twinge. Cf.
-thairsan (Teut. *)ersan-) is cognate with O. Fries. thwong, thwang, compulsion;
Gk. TlpUEa9at, to become dry. Cf. Skt. Du. dwang, Dan. tvang, Swed. tvanl{, G.
trsh, to thirst; tal'sha-, thirst. (.y'TERS.) t wang, constraint.
Allied to Terrace and Torrid. Thoraz. (L.-Gk.) L. thorax.-Gk.
Thirteen. (E.) M. E. jrettem. A. S. 9&ipa!,a breast-plate; also the breast, chest.
preotjne. - A. S. )reo, three; tjtJ, ten; with Lit.' defender;' cf. Skt. dhtiraka-, a trunk
pI. suffix -e.+Du. derlien, Ice!. )retftite, to protect clothes, from dhr, to carry,
Dan. tretten, Swed. trelton, G. dreizehn . maintain, keep. (.y'DHER.)
thirty. (E.) M.E.)ritti. A.S.)ritig, Thorn. (E.) A.S.)orn.+Du. rhont.
)rittig. - A. S. )ri, also )reo, three; -tig, Icel. lorn, Dan. tiiirn, Swed. torn, G.
suffix denoting' ten'; see Ten.+Du. der- dorn, Goth. thaurnus. Teut. type *)ur-
tig, Icel. )ri,' tigir, Dan. tredive, Swed. nuz, ID . + Russ. tern', the black-thorn;
trettio, G. dreis-sig . Polish tarn, a thorn; cf. Skt. trna-, a grass-
This. (E.) M. E. this, thes; pI. these, blade. Perhaps' piercer'; cf. L. terere,
thus~, thos, &c., the forms these and those t~ierce.
being both used as plurals of th'is; the Thorough. ( E .) Merely a by-form
plural of that being tho. Gradually these of the prep. through, spelt )oru in Have-
became the settled pI. of tMs, whilst those 10k, and }uruh in the Ancren Riwle. It
supplanted tho as pI. of that. - A. S. ~es, became an adverb, whence thoroughly,
~eos, ~is, this; pI. ~as. [M. E. tho answers adv., with added suffix. And hence, finally,
to A.S. ~a, pI. of def. art.; see That. § fJ.] thorough, adj. ...
I). This (A. S. tle-s) is an emphatic form, Thorp, Thorpe, a village. (E.)
due to suffixing an emphatic particle to A. S. )orp, a village.+Du. dorp, Icel.)orp,
553 T 3
 THOSE THRESHOLD
Dan. Swed. 'orjI, G. tkr/; Goth. )aurp, a of lightning; Lith. tresakili, Iraszkeli, to
field. Teut. type .'huryo·. Cf. Lith. rattle, crack. Teut. base ·I"resk; Idg.
trDba, a building, house. Also Irish Ireahh, root ·'resk. Prob. first used of thunder,
village, W. Iref, hamlet; Idg. type .'reb.o·. then of the noise of the flail. Der. Ihres".
B~Em . i. § 553. old.
Those. (E.) A. S. 6tis, origina.lly the Thruol1ical, vain·glorious. (L.-
pI. of A. S. 6es, this. See This. Gk.) Coined from Thrason·, stem of
ThOU. (E.) A. S. 6u, thou.+lcel.ju, TlJraso. the name of a bragging soldier in
Goth. Ihu. Dan. Swed. G. dtl; Irish and Terence's Ennuchus. Evidently from Gk.
Gael. lu ; W. ti; L. tu, Russ. lui ; Gk. uv, Bpa.u.r'n, bold, spirited; allied to Dare (J).
TV; Pers. lu; Skt. Iva",. (.vDHERS.)
Though. (Scand. ) M. E. IM,r"; [also 'l'hra.ve a number of sheaves of wheat.
Iheigh, A. S. (Jeah, (Jih .) - Icel. jo (for (Scand.) M. E. jraue, jreue (Ihrave,
·,auh) ; cf. Dan. do,r, Swede dock . +0. Sax. threve). - lcel. }reji, a thrave; Dan.lrave,
Ihoh. Du. doch, yet, but; G. doch. Goth. a score' of sheaves; Swed. Ira/ve, a pile of
Ikallk. Tellt. type .'hau.h, in which·k wood; Swed. dial. Irafoe, 24 or 30 sheaves
seems to be an enclitic; cf. L. que, 'and.' set up in shocks (F. Moller). Cf. Icel.
Tkau· is prob. from the same base as That. jre!, a loft for com.
~ In the Du. and G. doch, &c., the short 0 Thread. (E. ) M. E. }reed, jrid. A. S.
is due to loss of emphasis. jrdd «*jrl}.diz), thread; lit. 'that which
Thought, sb. (E.) Better Ihoghl. is twisted.' - A. S. }rawan, to twist.+Du.
M. E.poghl. A. S. pohl,ge-johl, a thought, draad, lcel.}rti(Jr, Dan. traad, Swed. triJd,
lit. thing thought of. - A. S. pohl, pp. of thread; G. drahl, O. H . G. dral, wire.
pencan, to think; see Think.+lcel.polti, Teut. type *pra.diz. See Throw.
jollr; cf. G. ,retiac"', adj., thought of, "l'hreat,sb. (E.) M.E.jret. A.S.preat,
orig. pp. of denken, to think. a crowd, crush of people, also great pres·
Thousand. (E .) M. E. }ousand. A. S. sure, calamity, trouble, threat. - A. S.
piisend. + Du. duizmd, Icel. jusund, jus- }rial, 2nd grade of str. vb. }riolan, to amict,
kund, jushundra(J; Dan. lusind, Swed. vex, urge. + Goth. us·tkriulan, to vex
lusen, G. lausend, Goth. thusundi. Cf. greatly, G. verdriesun, to vex; Russ.
also Lith. lukslantis, Russ. tuisiacka, a 'rudile, to make one work, urge, vex;
thousand. ~ Not yet explained; in Icel. L. lrUtiere, to push, crowd, urge. (Base
jiis-kund, the syllable kund=A. S. kund, TREUD.) Der. tkreat-en, vb.
a hundred,and is due to popular etymology, '.rhree. (E.) M.E.jre. A.S.jri(}ry),
which may (however) be correct. )rio (}rio), three.+Du. drie, Icel. }rir,
Thowl; see Thole (I). Dan. tre, Swed. Ire, Gotb. Ihreis, G. drei.
'rhra.ll, a slave. (Scand.) O. Northnmb. Cf. Irish, Gael. and W. fri, Russ. tri, L.
(Jriil, borrowed from Norse, Mk. x. 44; Ires (neut. lri-a). Gk. TPfls (neut. Tp(-a )
the (e was perhaps shortened in M. E. Lith. t1')ls, Skt. rnasc. nom. pl. Irayas;
jraldom , from Ice!. prlZldOmr. - Ice!. prlZll, Idg. masc. nom. pI. *treyes.
a thrall, serf; Dan. Iro:!, Swed. Iriil. The Threnody, a lament. (Gk.) Gk. Bpt]II-
Icel. prlZll stands for *priilt.iloz, rn., and is 9'aia, a lamenting. -Gk. Briv-os, a wailing,
cognate with O. H . G. dregil, drigil, a from Bpf-opa. , I cry aloud; ,pflq, ode; see
thrall, serf; lit. 'a runner,' i. e. one who Drone (I) and Ode.
runs on messages. From base of Goth. Thresh; see Thrash.
Ikragjan, A. S. pr~,ran, to rnn; allied to Threshold, a piece of wood or stone
Gk. Tp'Xflll, to run. See Trochee, Feu- under an entrance-door. (E.) Thresk-old
terer. Der. tlt.ral-dom, Ice!. }rOJldomr. was usually written t"resh-wold, as if it
Brugm. i. § 784. were the piece of wood threshed or beaten
Thrash, Thresh. (E.) Thresh is by the tread of the foot; but tbis was dne
older; M. E. preshen, for )ershen. - A. S. to a popular etymology (sug~ested by
)erscan, to thrash (strong verb). + Du. wald, perhaps~floor) . A. S. )erscwald,
dorscktn. Ice!. prukja, Dan. tOJrsk~, Swed. late form of A. S. )erscold. - A. S. )ersc-
(roska, G. dreschen, Goth. 'kriskatl (pt. t. an, to thresh; with -old, suffix. + Ice!.
Ihrask ). Orig. to rattle, make a din or preskQ/der, threshold; from }resk-ja, to
rattling noise; cf. Russ. lresk-ale, to crackle, thresh. /3. The A. S. jersco/d is from a
burit, tresk', a crash, O. Slav. troska, stroke form ·jcrsc-o-(J/to;' ; cf. O. H. G. drisc-u.
554
 THRICE THRUM
Jli. And -3/0- represents Idg. -11'0-; see L. Ikronum, acc. of tlzromlS. - Gk. 9pOpos,
Prine. of E. Etym. i. § 228 (k). a seat; l it. a snpport. (.vDHER .)
Thric·e . (E.) For tlzris , contr. form of Throng, a great crowd of people. (E.)
M. E.priiis, pryiis (dissyllabic), where the M. E.prong . A. S. ge-prallg , a throng.
suflix -s is adverbial (orig. a mark of gen. - A. S. )ra1Zg, 2nd grade of }rittgall, to
case). Earlier form p .- A. S. ) riwa, crowd , press. + Du. drallg, Icel. prong,
thrice. - A. S. )ri, three. See Three. G. drmeg, a throng; d. Dan. It'aug, Swed.
Thrid, a thread. (E.) Another form Ir/mg, adj" narrow, close. Allied to
of tkread (Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. Goth. Ilzreilzatl, to throng, Lith. Ir&llk-ti,
278). to jolt, push. Der. throng, vb.
Thrift, frugality. (Scand.) M. E.)rift. Thropple, Thrapple, wind - pipe.
- Icel. )rift, thrift; also )riJ, the same. (E.) Tlzropple is prob. a reduction of
-Icel. weak grade prij-, as in )rif-inn, A. S. )rot-bolla, the wind-pipe; from
pp. of pri/a, to thrive. Cf. Dan. trivelse, )rot-u, throat, and bolla, prominence. See
prosperity. See Thrive. Throttle, Throat, and Bowl (2).
Thrill, ftirl, to pierce. (E.) The old Throstle, the song-thrush. (E.) M. E.
sense of tkrill was to pierce; also spelt )roste!. A. S. proslle, a throstle.+M.H.G.
tkirl, which is an older spelling. M. E. Irostel. Teut. type ·)rust/Ii, fem.; Idg.
pir/en, }riI/en. A. S. pyrlian, to pierce; type ·t:lrzdlli; cf. 1.. turdus, a thrush, and
shorter form of)yrelian, the same; lit.' to Icel.)rost (gen.)rastar), Swed. and Norw.
make a hole.'-A. S. brei, }jrel, a hole, trast, a thrush (from the 2nd grade, ·prast,
orig. an adj. with the sense 'pierced,' for oC a Teut. base ·)rest). Also, with initial
·brk-i/, as shewn by the cognate M. H. G. s, Lith. strazdas, m., strazda, C., a thrush.
durckel, pierced. Derived from A. S.}urlz, See further under Thrush (I). Throstle
through (with change oC u to y ), just as has a variant tlzroslzel (M. E. tk,·tlSski/,
M. H. G. durclzel is from G. durck , Prompt. Parv.). Brugm. i. H 818 (2) , 882.
through. See Through. Throttle, the wind-pipe. (E.) Dimin.
Thrive. (Scand. ) M. E.prium (tkri- oC tlzroat; cC. G. drossel, throat. Der.
vm), pt. t. )raj, )rof, pp. )n·um. -Icel. tlzrott/e, vb., to press on the wind· pipe ;
)rifa (pt. t. preiJ, pp. }njinn) , to clutch, M. E. tkrollen.
grasp, grip, seize; hence )rifask (with Through, prep. (E.) M. E. )urk.
suffixed -sk = .sik, self), lit. to seize for A. S.}ur..f, O. Northumb.jerk.+Du. door,
oneself, to thrive. + Dan. tn'ves, Swed. G. durck, O. H. G. duntk; Teut. type
tn/vas, rellex. verb, to thri~e; cf. Norw. ·}urk; allied to Goth. thairll, through
triva, to seize. Der. tkrif-t, q. v. (Teut. type -perk). ~. The Goth. tlzairh,
Throat, the gullet. (E.) M. E. )role. through, is allied to thairkO, a hole; from
A. S. protu, also )rote, throat.+O. H. G. Teut. base -)el-k - Idg. base *terg, an
droZ%lZ, whence G. drossel, throat, throttle. extension of .vTER, as in L. ter'ere, to
Prob. allied to Du. strot, M. Du. stroot, bore. Cf. Gk. TP&ry>"l1, a hole. Brugm.
stroote, the throat, gullet; Ital. strozza, i. § 527. Der. tkrill.
the gullet (a word of Tent. origin). We Throw, to cast, hurl. (E.) M. E.
also find Swed. strupe, Dan. strube, the )rowen, pt. t. )rew, pp. prowen. A. S.
throat. Der. tkrottle, q. v. )ra'Wan, to twist, hurl, whirl; pt. t.)riow,
Throb. to beat forcibly, as the heart. pp.)rdwen. [The orig. sense, to twist, is
(E.) M. E. )robben, to throb. Allied to preserved in tkread.] Allied to Du. draa -
Russ. trepete, palpitation, throbbing; L. ijen, to twist, whirl; O. H. G. drnen,
trepidus, trembling. See Trepidation. G. dreken, to turn; all from Teut. base
Throe, a pang. (Scand. 1) M. E.)rowe, ·)rle = Idg. base *tri, as in Gk. TpTJTO',
tkrafl1e. [C( O. Merc. tlzrauu, • argutire,' bored through, TpfJ/A4, a hole. The grade
O. E. Texts; A. S. prea, a rebuke , alii ic- ·ter appears in L. terere, to bore, Gk .
tion, threat, evil; which seem to have nlpf'" (for -Tfp)'fW) , to bore. (.vTER)
been confused with it.] Prob. from Icel. ftrum (I), the tufted end oC a weaver s
}ra, a throe. Cf. A. S. )rii'Wian, to suffer; thread. (E.) M. E. }rum, not found in
O. H. G. drOiZ, burden, suffering, druoin, A. S. + Ice!. promr (gen. pramar), the
driiin, to suffer. edge, verge, brim of a thing (hence the
Throne. (F. - L. - Gk.) Formerly edge of a web) ; Norw. trOm, tram, trumm,
trone (Wyclif). -O. F. t~1e (F. tr6ne).- edge, brim; Swed. dial. trumm, tromm,
555
 THRUM THWITE
a stump, the end of a log; M. I?u. drom, donner; L. toniire, to thunder, Skt. Ian,
thread on a weaver's shuttle; G. Irtml11l , to sound. 13. Vve further find A. S. Ionian,
end of threads, thrum. Teut. base *)ru, to thuncter, prob. from L.; bnt compare
weak grade of *)er = Idg. *ter. Hence Skt. slan, to sound, thunder, sigh, stanila-,
it is allied to Gk. TlpJA4, end, L.lerminus; thunder,andE.stun. (.vST&~.) See Stun.
see Term. Thurible, a censer. (L. -Gk.) English
Thrum ( ~) , to play noisily. (Scand.) from L. thuribulum , tiiribulul1l, a vessel
Ice!. )rtlma, to rattle, thunder; Swed. for holding incense. - L. thuri-, luri-, dec!.
trum11la, to beat, drum; cf. Dan. tromme, stem of thii.r, tus, frankincense; with suffix
a drum. See Drum, Strum. -bulum (as in/undi·bulu1Jl , from/un dere).
Thrush ( I ), a bird. (E. ) M. E. )rusch. L. thus is borrowed from Gk. 8Vos, incense.
A. S. )rysce, a thrush; Teut. type - Gk. etl-E.." to bum a sacrifice. Allied
*IItrtlSkj6n,f. Cf.O.H.G . drosca or drosca, to Fume. (.vDHEU.) See Thyme.
a thrush; whence G. drossel. Allied to Th1U'llda.y. (Scand.) M. E.Jurs-day ,
Throatle q. v. )ors-day. A. S. jures dag , Thursday. -
ThruSh ( ~) , a disease marked by small A. S.jures, gen. of pur, Thor ; dag, day.
ulcerations ill the mouth. (E.) In Phillips Borrowed from lcel.}6rsdagr, Thursday;
(1706). Orig. ' a dryness;' or lit. 'dry- from )o,.s, gen. of)Orr, Thor, and dagr, a
ishness.' Formed by adding the A. S. day; cf. Swed. Dan. Torsdag. So also
suffix -is, ( = -ish) to A. S.)yrr-e, cognate A. S. )utlresdag (the native word); Du.
with Ice!. )urr, dry, as proved by Dan. Donderdag, G . . Donnerslag. All transla-
Iroske, Swed. lonk, Swed. dial. trosk, the tions of L dils Iouis. (See Sweet, Hist. E.
thrush ; forms which are to be compared Sounds, § 578.)
with Dan. lorke, Swed. lorka, Ice!. )urka, ThuS. (E. ) M. E. thus. A. S. flus.
drought, and with M. E. Ihurst, thirst. + O. Fries. and O. Sax. thus; Du. dus.
Closely alIied to Thirst, q. v. Allied to That; and perhaps to This.
Thrust, vb. (Scand.) M. E. }rusten, Thwack, Whack, to beat. (E.)
)rislen. - Ice!. )rjsla, to thrust, press, Prob. imitative. Compare Ice!.)jOUa , to
compel. AlIied to Threaten, and to L. thwack, thump; also )jaka, the same ;
trUt/ere, to thrust. provo G. wacke/n, to cudgel.
Thud, a dull sound of a blow. (E.) Thwaite, a clearing. (Scand. ) Com-
Used by G. Douglas and Burus. A. S. mon in place-names. Ice!. )veil, a pad-
"yddan, to strike. Cf. L. lundere. dock, ong. a clearing in woods, a cutting.
Thug, an assassin. (Hindustani.) Hind. - Icel. *)veil, ~nd grade of *)vita, not
Ihng, thug (with cerebral th), a cheat, found, but = A. S. )wttan, to cut. See
knave, II robber who strangles travellers ; Thwite. Cf. Norw. tveil, a cutting, also
Marathi thak, thag, a thug (R. H. Wilson). a clearing; Dan. dia!' tved.
Thumb. (E.) M. E. )ombe; with ex- Thwa.rt, transversely, transverse.
crescent b. A. S. juma, the thnmb. + (Scand.) Properly an adv. ; afterwards
Du. dui11l, Swed. tumme, G. daumen; an adj. ; lastly, a verb. M. E. Ihwert,
also Ice!. )umal/, the thumb of a glove, thwart, across. -Ice!. )vert, nent. of )verr,
Dan. lommei-jinger, thumb. Lit. ' the adj. , perverse, adverse. Used adverbially
lkick finger; ' from -vTEU, to grow large. in phrases such as U11I )veri, across,
See Tumid. Der. thimble. athwart, laka )vert, to take athwart, to
Thumm;m, perfection. (Heb.) Urim deny flatly. 13. The Icel. )verr, adj., is
and thummim = light and perfection; cognate with A. S. )weorh, perverse, trans-
though the forms are, strictly, plural. - verse, Dan. tvar, transverse (whence tva rl,
Heb. tu",mim, pI. of tom, perfection, adv., across), Swed. tviir, across (whence
truth. - Heb. root tiimam, to be perfect. tvarl, adv., rudely), Du. dwar(s ) ; Goth.
Thump, vb. (E.) Allied to lceI.dumpa, Ihwairhs, angry; G. zUlerch, ad v., across,
to thump, Swed. dial. dompa, to thump, awry. From Tent. base *)werh, Idg. root
dumpa. to make a noise. *twerk; cf. L torqulre, to twist; Skt.
Thunder, sb. (E.) Forthuner; tbe d tarku-, a spindle. Brugm. i. § 593 (3).
is excrescent. M. E. joner. A. S. )unor. Allied to Twirl.
- A. S. Junian, to rattle, thunder; cf. ge- Thwite, to cut. (E.) Obsolete. A. S.
jun, a loud noise.+Du. dontier; Ice!.jorr )wrtan, pt. t. )wal, pp. )witen, to cut.
(for )onr), Thor, god of thWlder j G. Der. thwaite, wnitlle, q. v.
~56
 THY TIERCE
'1'hy; see Thine. ticket; Nares shews that to take things on
Thyme, a plant. (F.-L.-Gk.) The credit was' to take on ticket.' See below.
Ih is pronounced as I, because borrowed Ticket, a bill stuck up, a label. (F.-
from French. M. E. Iyme. -M. F. thym, G.) M. F. etiq1let, ' a little bill, note, or
• the herb time;' Cot. - L . Ihymum, acc. ticket, esp. such as is stuck tiP on the gate
oflhymus. -Gk. 9vl'0S, 9QI'0", thyme, from of a court;' Cot. O. F.estiquet, estiquete
its sweet smell. Cf. Gk. 9vo~, incense; (Godefroy). - G. stecken, to stick, stick
see Thurible. (-VDHEU.) uE.!.fix; see Stiok. And see lIltiquette.
Tickle. (E.) M. E. ticklen; frequen-
'l'I-'l'Y. tative form from the base tik·, to touch
lightly; see Tiok (4) . It means' to keep
Tiara, a wreathed ornament for the on touching lightly.' Hence also M. E.
head. (L.-Gk.-Pers.) L. tiara.-Gk. tikel,unstable,ticklish,easilymovedbya
.,..apa•.,..apa~. a Persian head-dress. Doubt- touch; mod. E. ticklish, unstable. ~ Not
less of Pers. origin. necessarily a variant of Icel.kitla, to tickle;
Tibert, a cat. (F. - Teut.) See Nares. but a parallel formation.
O. F.Thibaut, Theobald. -0. Sax. Thiod- Tide. (E.) M. E. tide. A. S. tid, time,
bald; O. H. G. Dietbald. - O. Sax. thiod, hour, season. + Du. tij", Ice!. Itt}, Dan.
O. H. G. diet, diot, people (see Dutoh); Swed. tid, G. zeit. Teut. type *tf-tli-.
bald, bold. Allied to Time. Der. tide· waiter, an
Tibia, the large bone of the leg. (L.) officer who waits for arrival of vessels
L. tibia, shin-bone. with the tide, to secure payment of duties.
Tic, a twitching of the muscles. (F. - tiding•. (Scand.) M. E. tidinde, also
Teut.) F. tic, a twitching; tic doulouretlX, tidinge; aftenvards tidings. Orig.' things
painful twitching, a nervous disease. For- that happen;' cf. A. S. lidung, tidings;
merly F. tieq, tiquet, a disease suddenly titian, to happen. But rather from Icel.
seizing a horse (Cot.). Cf. Ital. tic,/zio, a tMindi, neut. pl., tidings, news, Dan. ti-
vicious habit, caprice. Most likely allied dende, tidings; cf. Du. tijding, G. zeitu1tg.
to Low G. tuUen, to twitch; G. s:ueken All from the sb. above.
(M. H.G. s:ucken,ziicken), to twitch, shrug; tidy, seasonable, neat. (E.) M.E. tidy,
with which cf. zug, a draught, siehen, to seasonable, from M . E. tid or tide, time;
draw (Scheler). See Touoh. +
see Tide. Du. tijdig, Dan. Swed. tidig,
Tick (I), a small insect infesting dogs, G. zeitig, timely.
sheep, &c. (E.) M. E. tyke, teke; cC. A.S. Tie, vb. (E.) M. E. tien, tiJen, teyen,
ticia (Sweet, O. E. T .). [The F. tique is to tie; A. S. tiegan, ge-/fgan; an unori-
borrowed. from Teutonic.] + M. Du. teke, ginal verb, from A. S. /lag, a bond, chain,
Du. teek, Low G. teke, take, G. zeeke rope. - A. S. liah, Teut. type *taun, 2nd
(whence Ital. "cea). Cf. Lith. dygus, grade of*teuhan-, to pull, draw; see Tow,
sharp, digti, to sting (Franck). Tua. Cf. Ice!. laug, a tie, tygill, a string.
Tick (2), cover of a feather bed. (L. - Tier, a rank, row. (F. -Late L.) For-
Gk.) M. E. teke, 14th cent. - L. Uea, merly tire, a better spelling; Florio ex·
tMea, a case (whence F. taie).-Gk. 9~K1J, plains Ital. tiro by' a lyre of ordinance.'-
a case to put 11 thing in. - Gk. 9rJ., base of F . tire, 'a draught, pull, •• also a tire;
.,.[9'/1"', I put, put away. a stroke. hit, reach, gate, course, or
Tick (3), to beat as 11 watch. (E.) An continuance of course;' Cot. [Cf. Span.
imitative word , like click; perhaps sug- tiro, a set of mules; Ital. tiro, 'a shoot,
gested by Tiok (4). Cf. G . tiektaek, pit- shot, tire, reach, .• a stones caste, a lyre
a·pat; E. Fries. tik·tall, the ticking of a of ordinance;' Florio (I598).]-F. tirer,
clock. to draw, drag, pull, &c.-Late L. tirare,
Tick (4), to touch lightly. (E.) M. E. to draw, pull, extend, hurl; whence also
teck, a light touch; whence the game called Ita\. tirare, Span. Port. Provo tirar. Of
tick or tig, in which children try to touch unknown origin. ~ The A. S. tier, occur-
each other. Not in A.S. E. Fries. tikken, ring but once, is an obscure and doubtful
to touch lightly. + Du. lik, a touch , pat, word, and has nothing to do with it.
tick , fikken, to tick, pat; Low G. likk, a Tierce. 'l'erce. (F.-L.) It meant
light touch; Norw. tilika, to touch lightly. a third hour, a third of a pipe or cask,
Tick (;;), credit. (F. - G.) Short fur a third card, a third thrust (in fencing). -
557
 TIFF TIMID
O. F.lien, tierce, third.-L. tertius, third. go-tils, fit, convenient; A. S. til, sb.,
- L . ter, thrice; trh, three. See Tri-, use. Der. ti/.t", A. S. ti/ll, ;1 crop,
Three. cultivation; cf. Du. tult, crop.
Ti1r ( I) ,todeck,dressout. (F. - O.Low Till ( ~), to the time when. (Scand.)
G.) M. E. tiffin. - M. F. tifter, tifer (more M. E. til; chiefly in the Northern dialect;
commonly atliffir),' to deck , trim, adorn;' O. Northumb. til, Matt. xxvi. 31. - Ice •
Cotg. - Du. lippen, to cut, clip, cut off til, Dan. til, Swed. till, prep., to. Also
the tip of the hair; Low G. tippen, to O. Fries. til, prep. Apparently allied to
touch lightly. See Tip (I). Ice!. tili, tili, aim, bent, coguate with
Ti1r ( ~ ) , a pet, fit of ill-humour; also O. H. G. zil, aim, mark; see Till (I).
liquor, drink. (Scand.) Orig.' a sniff;' Till (3), a drawer for money. (E.) The
hence (I) a pet, ( 2) a sip or draught of proper sense is 'drawer,' something that
beer.-Norweg. lev, a drawing in of the can be pulled out. Dryden has tiller in
breath, sniff, leva, to sniff; Swed. dial. this sense, tr. of Juvenal, vi. 38... From
lav, smell, taste; Icel.}efa , to sniff. M. E. tillen , to draw, draw out, also to
TURn, luncheon. (Scand.) Anglo- allure; also spelt tullen. A. S. fyI/an,
Indian; orig. Northern English tiffin, i. e. only in the compo for-tyl/an, to draw
tijJillg, sipping, eating and drinking out aside, lead astray. Cf. Toll (~).
of due season. From tiJl, a draught of tiller, the handle of a rudder. (E.)
beer. See above. ProvoE. tiller, a handle, lit. 'puller.' From
Tiger. (F.-L.-Gk.-Pcrs.) M. E. M. E. tillen, to draw, pull (above).
ligre. - F. tigre. - L. ligrc11l , acc. of tigris, Tilt (I), the covering of a cart. (E.)
a tiger. - Gk. Ti"'(pu. - Zend tig"ri- , an M. E. teld, later tell, the same. A. S. teld,
arrow (hence perhaps a tiger , from its a tent. The final t was due to the cognate
swiftness, also the river Tigris, from its E. Fries., Low G., and Dan. telt, Swed.
swiftness) ; mod. Pers. tir, an arrow, the talt, a tent. + M. Du. lelde, Ice\. tjald,
river Tigris. - lend tighra, sharp; allied to G. zeit.
Skt. tigma- , sharp, from II}, to be sharp. Tilt (2) , to cause to heel over, to joust
Perhaps alIied to Stigma. in a tourney. (E.) Orig. sense 'tototter';
Tight. (Scand.) For *Ihight; but, as hence to cause to totter, to upset, tilt over,
bothnan. and Nonv. have I for Ih, it easily upset an enemy in a tourney. M. E. tiltm,
became tight. Orkney Ihight, water-tight; tullen, to totter, be unsteady; answering
provo E. tllite, tight, close, compact; M.E. to an A. S. *tyilan (not found) , regularly
li)t, also jJJjl, Ihyhl. - Icel. Jettr, tight, formed (by change from ea to ie,y) from
esp. water-tight; Norw. Ijett, letl, close, A. S. teall, adj., unsteady, unstable.+Icel.
water-tight; Swed. dial. /jelt, titt; Swed. tiilla, to amble; Norw. fylta, to walk on
tiit, close, tight, solid, compact; Dan. tlZl, tiptoe; Swed. tuita, to waddle ; G. ult, an
tight, close, compact, water-tight. M. E. ambling pace. Cf. Totter. Der. tilt, sb.
ti)l shews the old guttural; the Icel. }eltr Tilth; see Till ( I).
is for *}lhtr, as shewn by Du. dieht, "l'imber, wood for building. (E.) A. S.
dig!, G. diehl, tight , M. H. G. (ge)dikle, timber, material to build with; for *Iimro-
ad v., continually. Teut. type *}ihtoz, for (the b being excrescent) . + Ice1. limbr,
*}mxtoz. Allied to Lith. tenku, I have Dan. tiimmer, Swed. timmer; G. zimmer.
enough, tnnkus, close, tight. Cf. Goth. ti"'rjan, to build. From Teut.
Tike, a dog, low fellow. (Scand.) M.E. base *tem-, to build; cf. Gk. "ff'-fIV, to
tike. - Ice\. Norw. tik, Swed. tik, a bitch; build; L. dot,t·US, a house. See Dome,
Dan. dial. tiig, a male dog. Bntgm. i. § 421 (8). (.vDEM.)
Tile. (L.) M. E. tile, coutracted form "l'imbrel, a kind of tambourine. (F. -
of A. S. tigele, a tile. -L. ligula, a tile. - L . - Gk.) Dimin. of M. E. timbre, a small
L. legere, to cover. See Tegument. tambourine. - O. F . timbre, a timbrel. -
Till (I ) , to cultivate. (E .) M. E. lilien. L. Iympanum, a drum. - Gk. TVf'fTavov,
A. S. tilian, to labour, endeavour, strive a drum. See Tympanum.
after, to till land. + Du. lelen, to breed, "l'ime. (E.) A. S. tima. + Ice\. timi;
cultivate, till; G. zie/en, to aim at, O. H . G. Dan. lime; Swed. timme. Teut. type
Zi/Oll, to strive after, Bavar. ulgen, to till. *Ii-man-. Allied to Tide.
From A. S. Iii, ac1j., beneficial, exceJlent; "l'imid, fearful. (F. -L.) F. timide. -
cf. O. H. G. zil, Il goal, mark; Goth. L. ti1llidus.-L. timirt, to fear.
558
 TIMOROUS TIRADE
timOrolUl. (L.)Coined,withsuffix.ous, a bell ring; L . tinnire, to tinkle, ring,
from L. liflUJr, fear. - L. limere, to fear. linlinnum, a tinkling. Cf. Tudor E . link-
Tin. (E.) A. S. lin.+Du. tin, Ice!. lill, ler, a tinker (Levins).
Dan. lin, Swed.lmn, G.zinn. ~ Distinct tinlde, to jingle. (E.) Frequentative
from L. slannum (F. tlai,,). of M. E. linken, to ring; lee tinker.
Tincture. (L.) L. linclura, a dyeing. Tinsel, gaudy ornament. (F. - L.)
_ L. linclus, pp. of lingere, to dye. See From M. F. eslinceie, a spark, a star-lw-e
Tinge. ornament; for *escinlele. - L. scinlilla, a
Tind, to light or kindle. (E.) Also sE1l-~k. See ScIntillation, Stencil.
spelt line; nearly obsolete. M.E. lendm. Tint, a tinge of colour. (L.) Formerly
A. S. -Iendan, to kindle. + Dan. lamde, lincl. Spenser has linct = dyed. - L.
Swed. landa, Goth. lantlJan. Teut. type linclus, pp. of tingere, to dye; see Tinge.
·landJan-, from the lnd grade of a lost Or from Ita1.linta, a dye. -L.lincla, fern.
strong verb .Iendan-, making pt. t. ·Iand, of tinclus.
pp. *ttmdanoz. See below. Tiny, very smal!. (F.-L.) Preceded,
tinder. (E.) M.E.linder,morecom- in Shakespeare, by the word liltle ; as,
monly lunder, tondre. A . S. tyntire, f., 'a little tiny boy,' 'my little lilly thief,'
anything for kindling fires from a spark. ' pretty little tiny kickshaws;' spelt li,ze
Cf. O. H. G. wntira, tinder. Teut. type or tyne in ed. 16l3. Lydgate has a lillie
·ttlnd-ir·on; from *tund, weak grade of tyne, a little bit. Perhaps from O. F.
lost verb *tendan, to kindle; see above.+ lime, a tubful (hence, quantity, bit) ; from
Ice!. tU11dr (cf. tandri, fire) ; Dan.IOnder, O. F. tine, a tub. (Athen., July 2/, 1900.)
Swed. lumier; Du. londer; G. zU1u1er, Tip (1). (E.) Often associated with
tinder. lop, out not etymologically connected with
Tine (1), the tooth or spike of a fork it. M. E. tip.+Du. Swed. Dan. tip, Low
or harrow. (E.) Formerly lim/. M. E. G. lipp; cf. G. zipf el, a small tip. Allied
l ind. A. S. lind. + Ice!. lindr, Swed. to Du. and E. Fries. tepel. a nipple, tent,
1i1me, Dan. dial. lind, tooth of a rake; and to E. Tap (, ). Cf. M. Du. lipken, a
M. H. G. zinl. Teut. type *Iendoz, m.; teat. Der. tip, vb., chiefly in pp. lipped,
allied to L . dms (gen. delll·is), a tooth; cf. i. e. furnished with a silver top or iron
al so Skt. danla-, a tooth. Noreen, § 144. spike; whence lipped,slaff, later tipstaff,
See Tooth. an officer with a tipped staff; d . tipple.
Tine (2), to kindle; see Tind. Tip (2) , to tilt. (E.) Generally in the
Tine (3) , to lose. (Scand.) Icel. Ijna , phrase lip up, or tip owr; a secondary
to lose. - Ice!. Ijo1t, loss, damage; allied fCorm of lap. Cf. lip ami run, i. e. tap and
to A. S. tiolla, harm; see Teen. run (a game); tip for lap, blow for blow
Tinge, to dye. (L.) L. lingere, pp. (Bullinger's Works, i. 283) , now tit for lal.
tinctus, to dye (see Tint).+Gk. T<"Y"YftV, E. Fries. Ii.Ppen, to tap lightly.+Low G.
to wet, dye; O. H. G. tlzunko", G. tu"ken, tippen; Swed. lippa, to tap, tip, strike
to dip, steep (from the weak grade). gently, touch lightly. Cf. Ice!. lapsa, to
(-v'TENG.) tll}>~ See Tap (I ).
Tingle. (E.) M. E. linglen, a by-form Tippet. (L.-Gk.) M. E. lipt, tepel.
of lin7den, to tinkle, which, again, is a A. S. ItZppet, a carpet, tippet. - L. lapile,
frequentative form of M. E. linken, to cloth, hangings; see Tapestry.
tink (see tinker), of which a weaker form Tipple, to drink habitually. (Scand.)
is ling. 'To ling, tinnire; tingil, tinnire;' Norweg. tipla, to tipple, frequentative of
Levins (1570). Cf. E. Fries. lingeln. tippa, to drip from a point or tip; Swed .
The orig. sense was to ring, then to vibrate, dial. lippa, to drip, from tipP, a tip; cf.
thrill, to fee! a sense of vibration as when Du. lepel, a nipple, teat; see Tip (1).
a bell is mng. Tips,.. (E.) Lit. ' unsteady: Formed
tinker. (E.) M. E. tinken. So called from tip ( l ) with suffix -sy, as in trick-sy,
because he makes a linking sound, in the &c. ; see Tip (2) above. '.
mending of metal pots, &c. From M. E. Tirade, a strain of reproof. (F. - Ital.
linken, to ring or tinkle; Wyclif, 1 Cor. -Late L. ) F . lirade, lit. 'a lengthening
xiii. /. Of imitative origin; cf. M. Du. out.' - Ita!' lirata, a drawing, a pulling.-
linge·lange1t, to tingle, li1tle/ttI, to tinkle;Ita!' lirare, to pull, draw, pluck; the same
E. Fries. linken, tingen, lenl{en, to make as F . tirer; see Tier.
559
 TIRE TO-
'l"i1'e (I), to exhaust. (E.) M. E. tirien, Title. (F. - L.) M. E. tit/e.-O. F.
teorien. A. S. teorian, (I) to be tired, (2) title ( F. titre) . - L. titulutn, acc. of titulus,
to tire; weak verb; see A tire in New E. a superscription on a tomb or altar. Der.
Dict. ' Fatigatus, atered;' Voc. 170. 30. tttul-ar, from F . titulaire, titular.
'!'ire (l ), to deck. ( F .) Both as sb. Titmouse, a kind of small bird. (Scand.
and vb. M. E. tir, tyr, sb. ; which is and E. ) Not connected with mome; the
merely M. E. atir with the initial a dropped . true pi. should be titmouses, but titmice
Thus tire is short for attire, like p eal (of is used, by confusion with mice. M. E.
bells) for app~al. See Attire. titmose. Compounded of tit, small (see
'l"i1'e ( 3), a hoop of iron that binds the Tit ( I»; and A. S.mase, a name for several
fellies of wheels. (F.) 'Tire, the orna- small birds, e. g. A. S .frac·mii.se, col-mase,
ment of womens heads, the iron band of spic-mase, all names of birds. + Du. mees,
a cart·wheel,' Phillips , ed. 1706. Prob. G. meise, a titmouse, small bird; Icel.
identic.'\l with tire, a woman's head-dress. meisingr (F. mtsange). Teut. type*maislfn-,
Tire meant to deck, also to arrange, being f.; the sense of which was 'twittering';
short for attire. Palsgrave has : • I tyer cf. L. maerlre (for *11laeslre, cf. maes-tus) ,
an egge, J e a£c()Ustre; I tyer with gar- to lament , mourn (Franck).
mentes,' &c. See Tire (2). Titter, to giggle. (E.) The same as
'!'ire (4), to tear a prey, as is done by M. E. titerm, to prattle; from a repetition
predatory birds. (F. - Late L .) M. E. of the syllable Ii, wh icll was also used to
tinn, to tear a prey. - F. tirer, to pull , indicate laughter, as in the word le-hee (in
drag. See Tirade. Chaucer) . See also twitter and twaddle.
'!'ire (5), a train. (F. -Late L.) Only And see Tattle.
in Spenser, F. Q. i. 4. 35. From F. tirer, Tittle, a jot. (F . -L.) M. E. titel.-
to d raw ; see Tirade and Tier. O. F. title, a title; M. F. titre, tiltre, 'a
'!'iro, 'l'yro, a novice. (L .) L. tiro, a tittle, a small line drawn over an abridged
novice, rermit. ~ The frequent spelling word, also a title; , Col - L. titulum, acc.
with y is absurd. of titulus, a title. 13. In late Latin titulus
'l'isic; see Phthisis. must have meant a mark over a word, as
Tissue. (F.-L.) F. tissu, 'a ribbon, she\vo by O. F. title (above). Wyclif has
fillet, or headband of woven st nffe ; ' Cot. tite! for the Vulgate titulus (Matt. v. 18) .
Also tissu, masc., tissue, fern ., woven; old Tittle-tattle, prattle; see Tattle.
pp. of tistre (mod. F. tisser), to weave.- To. (E.) M. E. 10. A. S. to. +Dn.
L. texere, to weave. See Text. toe, G. zu; O. Irish do, Russ. do, to, up to.
Tit ( I), a small horse or child . (Scand. ) Cf. Gk. -~f, towards.
I cel. tittr, a tit, bird; Nor~. lita, a little to- (2), prefix, to. (E.) Only in to-day,
bird, small trout . Cf. provo E. titty, small. to-gether , to-morrow, to-night, lo-ward ;
Tit (2) , a teat. (E .) A. S. lit, titt, a and in the obsolete M. E. to-tzame, nick-
teat ; see Teat. name, and a few other words; see To-day.
Titan, a giant. (L.-Gk.) L. Titan; To- (I), prefix, in twain, asunder, to
cf. tilio, a firebrand. - Gk. TtT!iv, a giant; pieces. (E.) Only retained in the phrase
perhaps allied to TITW , day (Prellwitz).+ all to-brake = utterly broke asunder, Judges
Skt. titha-, fire . (.vTEITH, to bum.) ix. 53. The M. E. phrase al to-brake meant
Der. titan-ic. wholly brake-asunder, the al being adver-
Tit for tat, blow for blow. (Scand. ) bial, and to-brake the pt. t. of tobrekm,
A corruption of tip for tap, where tip is a to break asunder. But about A. D. 1500,
slight tap ( Bnllinger, Works, i. 283) . it was mistakenly written all-to brake, as if
Tithe, a tenth part. (E. ) M. E. tithe, all-to meant' altogether,' and brake was
also tethe. A. S. tlotJa, tenth; O. Mere. separate from to; and later writers much
-ttg6a; fuller form teogotJa, corresponding confused the matter, which is still often
to Gk. ~'KaTos, tenth . See Ten. wrongly explained. The A . S. too , prefix ,
Titillation, a tickling. (F. - L.) F. was very common, as in tobrecan, to break
titi/jation. - L. acc. titillntilfnem, a tick- asunder, tobltiwan, to blow asunder ; cog-
ling. - L. ti/illatm, pp. of titillii1'e, to nate with O. Friesic too, te-; and allied to
tickle. O. H. G. zar- , G. zero, signifying 'asun-
Titlark. (Scand . and E.) Lit. ' sm all der.'
l::trk ;' {rom Tit ( I) and Lark. To- (2), prefix; see To.
560
 TOAD TOKEN
Toad. (E.) M. E. lode. A. S. tMige, Pers. lar, a palm-tree yielding toddy:
liJdie, a toad. Der. laa-po/e. Skt. la/a-. ~ The Hind. r has a peculiar
toad-eater. (E.) Formerly a com- [cerebral] sound, which has come to be
pan ion or assistant to a mountebank, who represented by d in English.
pretended to eat toads, swaIlow fire, &c. : Toe. (E.) A. S. Iii, pl tlin. A con-
now represented by toady. tracted form: O. Merc. tiihae. + Du.
Toast ( I) , scorched bread. (F.-L.) tun, Ice!. tii, Dan. taa, Swed . ta, G. zelle:
O. F. tostle, a toast of bread; orig. pp. O. H. G. zllla, a toe. Teut. type *laiMn.
fern. - L. losta (for *tors-ta), pp. fern. of (Further connexious unknown .)
torrlre, to parch; see Torrid. Toft, a green knolI , open &'found, home-
tout ( 2) , a person whose health is stead. (Scand.) M. E. tojt, a knoIl. -
drunk. (F. -L.) The reference is to the Icel. topt (pron. toft), also tupt (prou.
toast usually put in stirrup-cups, &c., in tuft) , toft, tomt (the oldest spelling), a
drinking healths; see the story in the place to build on. Perhaps for *tllmjt-
Tatler, no. 24, June 4, 1709 (Todd). <*ttlm}- (Noreen, §§ 83, 238), as if ' suit-
Tobacco. (Span. - Hayti.) Span. ta- able place'; from *ttlm-, we:rlc grade of
baeo. A word taken from the language of *tem-an-, O. Sax. teman, to suit. Cf. G.
Hayti (Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico). Las zunjt, a gnild, O. H . G. zltmft; and Goth.
Casas says that ta!Jaco was the name of the ga-timan, to suit.
pipe in which the Caribs smoked the plant. 'l'oga. (L.) L. toga, a mantle, lit. cover-
'l'oboggan, a kind of snow-sledge. ing. - L. legere, to cover. See Tegument.
(Amer.lndian.) A Canadian perversion 'l'ogether. (E.) M. E.togedere.-A.S.
of an Amer. Indian odalJagan, a sledge. to-glZare, 10.glZdere. - A. S. 10, to, gador-,
'l'ocher, a dowry. (Gae1.) Gael. and geador, together; see Gather.
Irish tochar, a dowry, assigned portion.- 'l'oil (I), labour; to labour. (F. - L.)
O. Irish lochur, a putting; lochurim, I M.E. toi/,disturbance, tumult ; toi/en, to pulI
put. - O. Irish to-, do-, to; cuir-im, I put, about (the sense having somewhat altered) .
assign. - O. F. loillier, M. F. forli"er, to entangle,
'l'ocsin, sound of an a1arm-bell. (F.- shuffle together, mix confusedly, trouble,
Teut. and L.) M. F. loqutsing (F. tocsin), &c.; see Cotgrave. Godefroyalso gives
an alarm-bell, or its sound; see Cot. Lit. the sb. looil, toeil, toil, loel, a massacre,
'striking of the signal-beIl: - O. F. toqu-er, trouble, confusion, disorder. - L. ludicu-
to strike, touch (Picard foker, Norm. dial. liire, to stir up (Hatzfeld). - L. tltdimla,
toquer, to strike) ; O. F. sitlg (Norm. dial. a machine for bruising olives, d:min. of
sin), a bell, from Late L. signum, a bell, tudes, a mallet. - L. tud-, as in tu·tud-i,
L. signu"" a sign; see Touoh and Sign. pt. t. of lundere, to beat. ~ Toil is often
'l'oeI, a bush, a measure of wool, a fox. derived from M. Du. tuylen, to till or
(Scand.) Ice!. loddi, a tod of wool, bit, manure land , but it is impossible to explain
piece (the fox being named lod from his it from this source: the~. E. USAge is
bushy tail).+E. Fries. todde, a bundle; completely at variance with this view.
Du. todde, a rag; G. %Olte, %Ott, a tuft of 'l'oil (l), a net, snare. (F.-L.) }<' .toiie,
hair, anything shaggy. cloth; pI. toiles, toils, snares for wild
'l'o-day, this day. (E.) Compounded of beasts. -L. ilia , a web, thing woven; for
10, prep., and day: to being formerly used *tex-Ia, from fexere , to weave. See Text.
in the sense of 'for.' Thus A. S. 10 dlZge= toilet, toilette. (F.-L.) F.loilette,
for the day, to-day: kgt being the dat. oi 'a toy let, the stuff which drapers lap about
dlZg, day. So also to-night, to-1Ilorrow. their cloths, a bag to put nightcloths in ; ,
Todclle, to walk unsteadily. (E.) The Cot. -F. loi/e, a cloth (above).
same as Low!. Sc. toftle, to walk with 'l'oise, a measure, 6 ft. 4! in. (F.-L.)
short steps, and equivalent to E. tolter; F. loiu, 'a fadome :' Cot. - L. tmsa, sc_
see Totter. Cf. loll/ish, tottery, unsteady brlichia, neut. pI. 01 tensus, pp. of lendere,
(Cent. Dict.); Bavarian zotte/n, zotten , to to stretch (reach) . See Tend.
toddle, walk feebly. 'l'oby, a wine. (Hungary.) From
Toddy. (Hindustani - PeTS.) Hind. Tokay , a town in Hungary, E. N. E. from
tari, tiit/i, ' vulgarly toddy, juice or sap of Pesth.
the palmyra·tree,' &c.; H. H . Wilson. - 'l'oken. (E.) M. E. loken. A. S. tiicm,
Hind. ta,., a palm-tree, palmyra-tree. - "'en. + Du. feeken , Jee!. ftilm, Dan.
561
 TOLERATE TONSURE
tepl, Swed. teckm, G. zeiclzen, Goth. Tomb. (F. -L.-Gk.) F . lombe.-L.
taik1ts. Teut. types ·taik1tom, n., taik11iz , Itlmba. - Gk. TtJP.{Ja, a late form of TtJP.{JO<,
f. ; allied to Teach. Usually referred to a tOmb. Al\ied to TumulUB.
an Idg. base *deig-, by-form of *deik-, as Tomboy, a rude girl. (L. - Gk. - Heb.;
in Gk. 3fIK-vvp.l , I shew, cognate with and E.) From Tom and Boy.
Goth. ga-leikall, to point out; which is Tome, a volume. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.
not wholly satisfactory. lome. -L. acc. 1011lum. - Gk. T61'0<, a
Tolerate. (L. ) From pp. of L. toler- section, a volume. - Gk. TOP.-, 2nd grade
are, to put up with; allied to tol/ere, of TEP.-, as in TEI'-""'" to cut. Allied to
to lift, bear, take.+ Skt. ttll, to lift, Gk. Tonsure. ('V'TEM.)
TAijval, to sufter, A. S. Joliatz, to endure. To-morrow; see To·day.
('V'TEL.) ~. From L. tliitttlll, snpine of Tomtit, a small bird. (L.- Gk.-Heb.;
lollere, nsually written latum, are formed a,zdScand. ) From Tom and Tit.
numerous derivatives, such as ab-Ial-ive, Tomtom, a kind of drum. (Bengali.)
coIlat-ion, di-lale, e-lale, ob-Iale, &c. · Bengali {atz{atz, vulgarly tomtom, a small
Toll (I), a tax. (E .; or L. - Gk.) M_E. drum. Prob. named from the sound.
tol. A. S. toll, tribute.+Du. tol, Icel. tollr, Ton, 'l'un, a large barrel. great weight.
Dan. told (for *toll), Swed. tull , G. zoll. (L. ) M. E. lo,me, a large barrel, hence a
Teut. type *tttlloz, m. ; which might be great weight. A. S. tmllle, a barrel. So
explained as < *tublOZ, from the weak also Du. tOtz, Icel.Swed. tmma, Dan. tonde,
grade .ttt! (with suffix -noz) of *tel, tun, cask; G. tOl1lte, cask, weight; Gael.
the root of Tale; with the sense' that and Irish tumza, W. tyncll, tun, barrel.
which is counted out or paid.' But the All from Late L ttlntza , a cask (9th cent.) .
existence of by-forms, as A. S. tobz, toll If the orig. sense was' wine·skin,' perhaps
(whence tolnere, a toller), O. Sax. tohta, from O. Irish tOltn, skin.
O. Fries. tolll(, toll, O. H. G. zollmt-ttIOIll, Tone. (F. -L.- Gk.) F. tmz. -L. acc.
as well as O. H. G. zol01lari, M. Du. tol- to,tum. -Gk. T6"Of, a thing stretched , a
lenaer, a toller, suggest that the forms are string, note, tone. - Gk. TO"', 2nd grade
borrowed from Late L. tolonium, for L. of TE"-, as in *TE"y"" > TEl""", to stretch.
te/Ollitt11l. which is from Gk . TEA&WIOV. a + Skt. tatz, to stretch. ('V'TEN.)
toU-house (Matt. ix. 9) ; from Gk. TEAor, Tongs, sb. pI. (E.) M.E. tonge, ta,zge,
an end, a toll. Cf. F. to/dieu, a toll; from sing. sb.; the pI. is due to the two arms
Late L. tOllleiulIl, lolmwlt, for L. te/olliulIl. of the instrument. A. S. tange, a pair of
Toll (2), to pull a bell, sound as a beU. tongs , pincers ; alsotang. + Du. talzg, Ice\.
(E.) The old use was ' to toll a bell,' i. e. to,t,g (pI. tangir ), Dan. lang, Swed. t!l1Ig,
to puU it; from M. E. tollen, to stir, draw, G. zange. Orig. sense' a biter' or 'nip-
pull, allied to tullen, to entice, allure, and per'; from a nasalised form of 'V'DAK, to
prob. to A. S. jortyllan, to allure ; see bite, as in Gk. MK""". Brugm. i. § 420.
Till (3). Tongue. (E. ) M. E. tu,zge, totzge. A.S.
Tolu, a kind of resin. (S. America.) tunge. + Icel. Swed. tlmga, Dan. ttmge,
Said to be named from Tolu , a place Du. tO'lg , G. zutzge , Goth. tuggo ( = ttmg fi) .
on the N. W. coast of New Granada, T eut. type *lungOtl, f. + o. Lat. dingua
now Colombia, in S. America. ( L. liHgua), a tongue. Root uncertain.
Tom, pet name for Thomas. (L. - Gk. Allied to Lingual. Hrugm. i. § 441.
- Heb.) M . E. Tlzomme. - L. ThOmas. Tonic. (Gk.) Lit. 'givingtone.'-Late
- Gk. eQll'ar, Thomas; 'a twin.' Cf. Gk. TO"'Kor, adj. , from T6"or; see Tone.
H eb. tom I"', pI., twins. To-night; see To-day.
Tomaha.wk, a light war-hatchet. (W. Tonsil. (F. - L.) M. 1". tonsille; Cot.
Indian. ) Algonkin tomekagm, Mohegan - L. lonsilla, formed from the pI. to'lsilM:,
tU1/Inakegan, Delaware tamoiizeca1t, a war· the tonsils. 'There is one [Latin ] sb. in
hatchet. 'Explained by Lacombe from -Ii, Lat. talis, pI. ffi . "wen on the neck,"
the Cree dialect : otomakuk, knock him for *tons-li-, from lens- "stretch " (Goth.
down; ota11lakwaw, he is knocked down ;' aI-t/linsan, to draw towards one, Lith.
Cent. Dict. lis-ti, to stretch by pulling) ; tomilla,
Toma.to, a love-apple. (Span. - Mexi- " tonsils," points to an older form *tons-Io-
can.) Span. (and Port.) fomate . - Mexican or *tons-!tf;' Brugm. ii. § 98.
lomall, a tomato. Tonsure. (F.-L.) F. tonsure. -L.
,562
 TONTINE TORCH
lonsilra, a clipping. - L. fOIUUS, pp. of whipe a top;' Hexham. ~ Or from M:
tont:kre, to shear, clip. Cf. Gk. T'V~"V, to Du. lop, borrowed from M. H. G. topf.
gnaw; see Tome. Topu, a gem. (F.-L.-Gk. ) M.F.to-
Tontine, a kind of lottery. (F . -Ital.) pase. -L. topazus, topazion.-Gk. T6 ..aCos,
F. lonli,ze. Named from Laurence Tonti, T01fciC.ov, a topaz. ~ Pliny derives it
a Neapolitan (about A. D. 1653). from an island called Topazas, in the Red
'1'00. (E.) The emphatic form of to, Sea, the position of which is ' conjectural';
prep.; used adverbially. from Gk. To".ciCflV, to conjecture. This is
'1'001. (E.) M. E. 101, 1001. A. S. tol, 'conjectural' indeed.
a tool. + Icel. tol, nellt. pl., tools. Lit. Toper, a great drinker. (F. or Ita!.-
an implement for working with; Teut. Tent. ) Certainly allied to F . tOp", to
type *Iolom, n., for *Ioll-Iom; where *tou- cover a stake, a term in dice-playing;
is related to ·Ial~, as in A. S. tawian, to pre- whence tOpe, interjection (short for j e tOpe,
pare, dress, get ready. See Taw. Streit- I accept your offer) in the sense ' agreed! '
berg, § 85. Also used as a term in drinking; cf. M.
Toom, empty. (Scand.) M. E. tom, Ital. topa, in dicing, agreed ! throw! also
loom. - Icel. tomr, Swed. Dan. tom, empty. (in drinking), I pledge you! Cf. Span .
Toot (1), to peep, spy; see Tout. topar, to butt, strike, accept a bet. Of
Toot (~), to blow a hom. (0. Low G.) Tent. origin; from the striking of hands
Spelt tllte in Levins (IFo) .-M. Du. tt~y- or of glasses together, as in Picard toper,
ten, • to sonnd a comet, Hexham; cf. Du. to strike hands in bargaining, Ita!. in-
toethoren, a toot-hom, bugle. Cf. Swed. toppan, to strike against an obstacle.
ijuta, Dan. tilde, to howl, to toot; Ice!. jjota Originally from the placing together of
(pt. t. jaut), to resound, blow a horn; the tops of the thumbs, at the same time
E. Fries. and Low G. tulen, to toot; A. S. crying lOpp! See Ihre, Outzen, Brem.
jeotan, to howl; cr. Goth. thuthaum, Worterbuch.
a trumpet. Of imitative origin; but the Topiary. (L.-Gk.) Topiary work is
M. Du. form may have been borrowed a term applied to clipped trees and shrubs.
from Scandinavian. L. topiiirius, belonging to landscape gar-
Tooth. (E.) A. S. 106, pI. te6 and tiJ6as. dening. -L. topia, fancy gardening. -Gk.
Lengthened 0 produced loss of n (toiJ < T U"'OS, a place, district.
tonlh).+Du. tand, Ice!. tiinn, Dan. tand, topic. (F. -L.-Gk.) M.F. topiques,
Swed. tand, G . zalm, O. H. G. zand, zan. 'topicks, books or places of logical iDven-
Tellt. stem *tanth-; or (in Goth. lutzlhus ) tion.' - L. topica, sb. p!., title of a worl,: by
*tmth-.+L. dms (stem dent-), Lith. dan- Aristotle . - Gk. To ... l<ci (tbe same), neut.
tis, W . da1zt, Skt. da1tta-, Gk. 600vs (stem pI. of TO"..I<OS, local, relating to TO".O. or
6MvT-) . All participial forms; Idg. stem common-places. - Gk. TOlrOS, a place.
*(e)dtfnt-; orig. sense 'eating'; from 'V' topography. (F.-L.-Gk.) F.topo-
ED, to eat; see Eat. grapliie. - L. lopograpllia. - Gk. TO"O-
Top (I), summit. (E.) M.E. top. A. S. '"1fKJ</>la, description of a place. -Gk. TO".O·S,
top.+Du. top; lcel. toppr, tuft, top; D~n . a place; '"1pO.",-fll', to describe.
top, tuft, crest, top ; Swed. topp, summIt j Topple; see under Top (1).
G. zop/, tuft, top. Der. topp-k, to be top- Topsyturvy. (E. ) Formerly top-
heavy, tumble over. turvy, toprydturvy, topsy-tervy (1528 ).
Top (2 ), a child's toy. (F.-G.) M. E. [Not for top-side-turvy, where top-side=
top. - A. F . *top, only found in the dimin. upper side j for tops)'lervy i. the older
form topet. 'Trocns, topet;' Glasgow form. ) Just as upside down was formerly
MS. (Godefroy) ; cf. O. F. topier, to turn upsodQ'UJ1t, so topsytervy prob. = top so
as a top; also tttpin, a pipkin (Cot.). - tervy. Teroy is from M. E. terven, to
M. H . G. top/' a top, pot, scull (apparently roll, roll back (hence, overthrow) j see
with reference to the large hollow hum- my Gloss. to Chaucer; cf. M. E. over-
ming-top) .+Low G. dop, a shell; M. Du. tyrvm, to upset; A. S. teatjlia" , to tum,
dop, doppe, a top (also lOp, from H. G. ), roll over; Low G. tarvm, to roll or tum
do/" a shell, dof>pe, a little pot; E. Fries. up a cuff. ~ Explaihed topside I'other way
dol, doppe, a shell. Prob. allied to M. E. by late writers, where t'olher way is a fal se
doppm, to dive, dip (a water-pot) ; and to gloss.
E . Dip, Deep. Cf. M. Du. toppen, 'to Torch. (F. - 1..) M. E. torcllt.-F.
56 3
 TORMENT TOUCH
t"c"e, 11 torch, also a wreath, wreathed feet; cr. O. F. t"tis, crooked. All due to
wisp or piece of tow (Low L. torlia, a L. tort·us, pp. of torquZre, to twist.
torch), twist. _ Late L. tortica, a torch; tortuoUS. (F.-L.) M.E. tortuos._
(cf. porche from porticum ). - L. tortus, pp. F. tort~:t. -L. tortfloSUS, crooked.- L.
of torq~re, to twist. See Torture. tortus, pp. of tor,!~re, to twist (below).
torment. (F. -L.) O. F. t"»tmt (F. torture. (F.-L.) F. torture. - L.
tourment). - L. tormentu"" an engine for tortura, torture, wringing pain. -L. tortllS,
throwing stones, or for inflicting torture. pp. of torqrdre, to twist, wring, whirl.
Formed with suffix -mentum from tor-, for (-v'TERQ.)
torc-, base of torq~re, to twist, hurl. '.r01'J'. (Irish.) First used about 1680
tormentil, Il herb. (F. -L.) F. tor- in the political sense. The Irish State
",entille (Cot.); Late L. tormentilla, Voc. Papers, Jan. l4, 1656, mention 'tories
713. 6. Said to be so calIed from its and other lawless persons.' -Irish toiridhe,
relieving tooth-ache. - O. F. torment, tor- toruiglze, lit. a (hostile) pursuer, also a
ment, pain (above). searcher (hence, a plunderer) ; cf. toireacht,
'.rornado, a hurricane. (Span. - L.) pursuit, search, &c. - Irish toirighim, I
Dampier speaks of' tornadoes 01' thunder- fancy, I pursue, search closely. Cf. Gael.
showers.' For ·trolZaia. -Span. tronacia, a toir, pursuit, search; O. Irish toracht (for
thunder-storm. -Span. tronar, to thunder. ·dojo-racht), pursuit; where do (to) and
- L. tonare, to tbunder. fo (under) are prefixes, Ilnd raclzt is from
'.rorpedo. (L.) L. torpMo, numbness; ""REG, as in L. reg·ere, to direct, Irish
also a cramp· fish (which electrifies or rig·;"" I stretch out.
numbs). - L. torpere, to be numb (below). '.rOSS, to jerk. (Seand.?) Cf. W . tos;o,
torpid, sluggish. (L.) L. torpidus, to jerk, toss ; tos, a quick jerk, toss; bor-
benuml>ed. - L. toryere, to be numb or rowed from E. Perhaps from Norw. tossa,
stiff. Cf. Lith. lirpt;, to grow stiff; Russ. to scatter! spread out; cf.' to toss hay; ,
terynute, to grow numb. Brugm. i. Dan. dia. tusse, to stir, move, shake.
§ 521. Allied to Touse.
'.rorque, a collar of twisted gold. (F. '.rotal. (F.-L.) F . total. -Late L. 10·
-L.) F. torque, in Littn!. -L. torquem, ttilis, adj.; extended from L. totus, entire.
acc. of torques, a twisted collar, a torque. Totter, to be unsteRdy. (E.) Provo E.
- L. t"qulre, to twist. See Torture. tolter, a form occurring in Clare's Village
Cf. W. torch, a wreath, O. Irish torc. Minstrel; cr. Lowl. Sc. tolter, adj. and
Torrent. (F. - L.) F. torrent. - L. adv., unsteady (not a verb, as Jamieson
acc. torrentem, a raging streRm; from says). Toller, as a vb., is related to M. E.
torrens, raging, impetuous, boiling, hot; tullm, to tilt, be unsteady (see Tilt (2» ;
orig. pres. pt. of torrere, to heat (below). and is allied to A. S. tea/trian, to totter,
torrid. (F.-L.) F. torride.-L. tor- from the adj. lealt, unsteady. + M. Du.
ridus, scorched.-L. lorrere, to scorch. + touteren «*Iolterm), to tremble, shake.
Gk. TfptTf{l()al, to become dry. See Ter- Cf. provo E. totter, a swing; Bavar. zeilern,
race, Thirst. (""TERS.) to hobble along.
Torsion. (F. - L.) F. torsion, 'a Toucan, a bird. (F.-Brazil.) F. Iou·
wresting; ' Cot. - L. acc. 10rsionelll, a can; a Brazilian word (Littre). - Guarani
wringing. -L. torso, as in tors-i, pt. t. of t'lCa ; whence Port. tl/cano. Granada
to~ulre, to twist. gives Guarani tltCa (It and a bath nasal).
Torso, trunk of a statue. (Ital.-L.- Touch. (F.-Teut.) F.toucker. [Also
Gk.) ltal. torso, stump, trunk, stalk. -L. O. F. toquer, Walloon loquer, to knock
Ikyrsus, stalk, stem. - Gk. 9,Jpt1os, a stalk, or strike against; Ital. loccare, to touch,
rod, thyrsus. strike, smite.] - Teut. *tukko1l, represented
Tort, a wrong. (F. - L. ) F . tort, a by Low G. lukken = O. H. G. zucchen, G.
wrong, harm; pp. of lordre, to twist. - zucken, to twitch, draw with a quick
L. lortus, pp. of torq~re, to twist. motion; cf. M. Du. tucken , tocken, 'to
tortoise. (F. - L.) M. E. torttlce, knock head to head; to touch;' Hexham.
lortu; later, tortoise, with changed suffix; A secondary verb, due to the weak grade
cf. Prov. tortera, a tortoise. The M. E. (Otuh) of Teut. *teuha11" as in Goth. lill-
tortu answers to F. torllte, a tortoise; Late han, A. S. Non «*liohQ1z) , to pull, draw,
L. torlfica. So named from the twisted O. H. G. ziohan (G. ziehen), cognate with
56 4
 TOUCHY TOXICOLOGY
L. dfkere, to draw, lead. (.vDEUK.) weak grade of *teuhan-, to draw, cognate
See Tuck ( I), Tow (I ). Der. toc-sin, with L. ducere, to draw, lead. (.vD EUK.)
ttlck-et. Tow ( 2), coarse part of hemp. (E.)
Touchy, corruption of Tetchy, q. v. M. E. tow. A. S. tow- , occurring in tow-Ife
Tough. (E.) M. E. tough. A. S. toh, weorc, material for spinning, lit. 'tow-like
tough.+Du. taai, flexible, pliant, viscous, stuff,' and in tow-htis, a tow-house, house
tough; G. ziih, O. H. G. zahi, tough, for spinning. Orig. the operation, not the
tenacious. T eut. type *tanxuz ( >*tiihuz) ; material; cf. A. S. getawa, implements.
allied to A. S. ge-teng-e, close to, oppres· Allied to A. S. tawian, to prepare, work;
sive, O. Sax. bi·teng-i, oppressive. The see Taw and Tool. + M. Du. touw, tow,
orig. sense is 'holding close together' or touwe", to tan leather, touwe, a weaver's
, tenacious'; cf. Tongs. implement; Icel. to, a tuft of wool for
Tour, a circuit. (F. -L.) Lit.' a tum.' sE!,nning.
- F. tour, lit. a turn; also 'a turner's 'l'oward, Towards. (E.) M. E.
wheel,' Cot. - L. tomu1Il, acc. of tormlS. towarties, formed by adding ·es (genitive
- Gk. T6p"os, a lathe. See Turn. suffix used adverbially) to M. E. toward.
Tourmaline, the name of a mineral. The A. S. toweard is usually an adj., with
(F. -Cingalese.) F. tOtlnllaline. Formed the sense 'future, about to come;' to·
from the native name in Ceylon, where it weardes was a prep., usually put after its
was called toramalli. Explained (vaguely) case. - A. S. to, to; -weard, in the direc·
as 'a general name for the cornel ian '; tion of, cognate with Icel. -ver~r, M . H . G.
Clough, Singhalese Dict. (1830) , ii. 246. -wert, Goth. ·wainhs, and allied to L.
Tournament. (F.-L.-Gk.) M. E. uersus, towards. p. All these suffixes are
tllrne1llent. - A. F. tOtlntement, O. F. derivatives of the verb appearing in E. as
to,-noieme"t, a tournament. - A. F. totlr- worth, to become; see Worth (2) . The
neier, O. F. tontoier, to joust; cf. A. F. tur- same suffix appears in ajter,uJard, in-
my, torney, O. F. tontoi, a tourney, joust, ward, &c.; the lit. sense is 'that which
lit. a turning about. - O. F. tomer, to has become' or 'that which is made to
tum; see Turn. be; or 'that which is turned'; hence itl'
tourney. (F.-L.-Gk.) A. F. ttlr· ward = turned in, to-~vard, turned to, &c.
,uy, O. F. tornoi (above). . Towel. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. towaille.
tourniquet. (F.-L.-Gk.) F. tOllr· - F. touaille, 'a towel ;' Cot. O. F.
niquet, lit. 'that which turns about;' a toaille (Low L. toawla, Span. toalla, Ital.
name given to a stick turned round to tovaglia). -0. H . G. twakila, dwahila (G.
tighten a bandage, to stop a flow of blood. zweh/e), a towel. - O. H. G. twahan, to
-F. tOtlmer, to tum (above). Cf. Picard wash.+A. S.}wean « -}wahan), O. Sax.
tontiker, to turn round. thwahatt, IceJ.}vii, Swed. tva, Dan. toe,
Touse, to pull about, tear. (E. ) M. E. Goth. thwahan, to wash. Cf. A. S.
tusen, in compo to-tusm, to pull about. }wille, a towel (Sweet, O. E. T.) ; }weal,
[Cf. mod. E. Towser, a dog's name, lit. a bath; from}wean.
'tearer.'] This answers to E. Fries. tttsen, Tower. (F .-L.-Gk.) O.F. tur, tour.
to tear, pull, rend. + G . zausell, O. H. G. -L. turre1ll, acc. of tunis, a tower. - Gk.
(er)ziisa't, (zir)ziison, to tug, pull, drag nJp(flS, TVPP'S , a tower, bastion; cf. Gael.
about. Der. tusJ/e; cf. toss. torr, conical hill, tower, castle. ~ A. S.
Tout, to solicit custom. (E.) A dialectal torr is from L. ttlrn's; and late A. S. tur
form of toot. M. E. toten, orig. to peep; from O. F. tur.
hence to be on the look-out for custom. Town. (E.) M. E. tOUIl, an enclosure,
A. S. totia't, to project, stick out (hence, town. A. S. t lin, a fence, farm, town.+
peep out) ; whence Toothill, Tothill, a Dn. tui", fence, Icel. tiill, enclosure, home-
look-out hill (W. Twthill at Carnarvon). stead, O. H. G. zfm, hedge; Irish and
Tow (I) , to tug along. (E. ) M. E. Gael. dien , a fortress, W . din, a hill-fort.
towm, to]m. O. Fries. toga, to pull, tow; Lit. 'fastness;' cf. Gk. aV'''Qf'lS, strength,
cf. A. S. tOIt·li1U, a tow-line, towing-rope. Irish diir, L. diirus, firm. Brugm. i. § 112,
- A. S. tog ·, as in tog-m, pp. of /lohan, ii. § 66.
teon, to pull, draw. + E . Fries. tagm, Icel. Tozicology, the science which inves-
toga, to pull; O. H. G. zogo/Z; all simi· tigates poisons. (Gk.) From Gk. Tol"co''',
larly formed from Tetlt. -tult (> -tug), poison for arrows (from T6£o", a bow) ;
56 5
 TOY TRAIL
-AOrta, from AE-yEtv, to discourse. 13. T6(ov region. (L., L. tractus, a drawing out,
may be from .vTEKS, to hew, shape; see course, region. - L. tractus, pp. of trahere,
Technical. Hut cf. L. taxus, yew-tree. t o draw.
"roy, sb. (Du.) Du. tuig, tools, utensils, tract (2), a short treatise. (L.) Short
implements, stuff, refuse, trash; when ~e for tractate, now little used. - L. tracttUus.
speel-tuig, playthings, toys, lit. 'stuff to a tractate, treatise, tract. - L . tracttitllS,
play with.' M . Du. tt~yg, 'silver chains pp. of tractlire, to handle ; see Treat.
witll a knife, cizzars, pincushion, &c. as tractable. (L.) L. tractiibilis, man-
women wear,' Sewe!. + Ice!. tygi, gear, ageable. - L. tractiire, to handle, frequent.
Dan. toi, gear, legi·toi, a plaything, toy, oftrahere (pp. tractus), to draw.
Swed. tyg, gear, trash, G. uug, stuff, trash, traction, a drawing along. (F . -L.)
G. spie/uug, playthings. 13. The orig. M. F. traction. -Late L. ace. *tractiihum,
sense was stuff, material, gear; and G. acc. of *tractio. - L. tracf'!ztS, pp. of tra-
ullg is connected with G. uugen, to beget, here (above).
to produce, and even to witness. So also Du. Trade. (E.) The old sense was' path';
tuig is connected with Du.tuigen, to equip, hence a heaten track, regular business.
to witness, E. Fries. tiigen, to produce, pre- cr. M. E. trede, a tread, a step; from A. S.
pare, equip, O. Fries. tiuga, tioga, to wit- tredan, to tread; see Tread. Cf. A. S.
ness, M. H . G. ziugen, to produce, equip, trod, a track, from the weak grade of
witness; all weak verb" due to the strong tredan. But the right form occurs in
Teut. verb *teuha'l- (Goth. tiuhan, A. S. Low G. trade, Swed. dial. trad, a beaten
teon, O. H. G . ziohan, G. ziehm), cognate path, track; from the 3nd grade of the
with L . dUcere, to lead. (.v DEUK.) verb. Der. trtu?e-wind, a wind that keeps
• As to the sound, cf. hoy-Flemish hui. a beaten track, or blows always in the
See Tow (1 ), Team. same direction.
Trace (1), a track, foot-print. (F. -L.) 'l'raditiOD.. (L.) From ace. of L.
F . trace, 'trace, path, tract;' Cot. A traditio, a surrender, a tradition (Col ii. 8).
verbalsb. from M. F.traeer, to trace, follow, - L. traditus, pp. of trildere, to deliver.
also spelt trasser, to trace out, delineate. - L. tra-, for trans, across; -dere, for dare,
The same as Ital. tracciare, Span. trazar, to give. See Tr&n.I-, Date.
to trace out, plan, sketch. These answer Traduce, to defame. (L.) L. tradil-
to a Late L. *tractiare, formed from cere, to lead over, transport, also. to de-
tractt~s, pp. of trahere, to draw, drag. fame. Here tra- ~ trans, across; and
trace (2), one of the straps by which diicere is • to lead.' See Trans- and
a vehicle is drawn. (F.-L.) M. E. traiee, Duke.
trace, which Palsgrave explains by O. F. 'l'raiIlc, vb. (F. - Ital ) F . trajiquer,
trays; this is a plural form - mod. F. • to traffick;' Cot. _ Ital. tra.f!icare; cf.
traits, pI. of trait. - O. F. trays, later Span. trafa![!Zr, Port. trafiear, trafeguear,
traits, traicts, pI. of traict, explained by to traffic. (j. Origin unknown . It is pro-
Cotgrave as' a teame-trace or trait.' Thus posed to derive the Ital. word from traffik,
trace ~ traits, pI. of trait; see Trait. a late Hebrew form of Gk. TP0fra"iItVS, the
Trachea..! wind-pipe. (L. - Gk.) L. Gk. rendering of L. uie/orintus, a silver
trlichea. - l7k. TpaXfla, lit. 'the rough,' coin bearing the image of Victory (Athen.,
from the rings of gristle round it; fern. of Apr. 7, 1900)·
Tpaxvs, rough. Allied to Tf-TPl1X-a, pt. t. 'l'ragedy. (F. - L. - Gk.) O.F. tra-
of iip2',.,TEtv, Tapa.CI"CI"ftv, to disturb. gedie. - L. tragtZdia. - Gk. Tpar'l'~la, a
'l'ra.ck, a course. (F. - Teut.) From tragedy; lit.' a goat-song;' prob. because
F. trac, 'a track, beaten way;' Cot. the actors were clad in goat-skins to re-
Norm. dial. trac. - Du. trek, a draught; semble satyrs. - Gk. Tpar'l'US, a tragic
trekke", to draw, pull, tow, travel, march, singer; lit. • goat-singer.' -Gk. Tpa.'Y-oS, a
&c. Allied to Low G. and E. Fries. he-goat; <pUs, a singer, contracted from
trekkm, O. Fries. trekka, and O. H. G. GOIUS; see Ode. Der. trag-ie, F. tra-
strong verb trehha1l, to scrape, shove, gique, L. tragieus, Gk. TpalIIC{,S, lit.
draw; see Franck. Scheler regards F. trac , goatisll.'
asdue to F. trac~r, to trace; see Trace ( I); 'l'rail, vb. (F.-L.) M. E. trai/en, to
but N.Fries. has tracke for Du. trekkm. draw along, answering to A. F. trailer.
Tract (I), a continued dllIlition, a to trail, occurring in trailellaston (below).
566
 TRAILBASTON TRANQUIL
-0. F. trailler, to tow a boat; allit:d to (= *triijicere), to throw across, fling. -
F. trail/e, a ferry-boat with a cord. - L. L. trli-, for trailS, across; iacere, to cast.
tragula, a drag-net, sledge, traha, a sledge; Der. trajtet (M. F. traject, a ferry), the
from trallere, to draw. Cf. Gascon trailno, right reading for tramet, Merch. Ven. iii.
a track; Port. tralna, a net; Span. tralla, 4· 53·
a cord. ~ M . Du. treylen, to draw along, Tram, a coal-waggon, car on rails.
is merely borrowed from F. trailler, 'to (Scand.) The words dram-road and tra1/l-
tmile a deer, or hunt him npon a cold road occur as early as A. D. 1794; we even
sent, to reel, or wind yam,' Cot.; or else find tram in a will dated 1555 (Surtees
from E. trail (see Franck). [The A. S. Soc. Pnblic. xxxviii. 37) . The same as
triigliatl is a very scarce word, in a gloss, Lowl. Sc. tram, shaft of a cart, beam, bar,
and means' to pluck.'] provo E. tram, a milk-bench (orig. a log of
traUb&8ton, a law term. (F.-L.) wood). The tram-road was prob. at first
Anglo-F . traylebastoun, a term applied to a log-road, then a rail·road on sleepers.-
certain lawless men. It meant' trail-stick' Norw. tram, door-step (of wood) ; trQam,
or 'stick -carryer.' Fully explained in a frame; cf. Swed. dial. tromm, log, stock
Wright's Polito Songs, p. 383; but con- of a tree, also a summer-sledge; M. Swed.
stantly misinterpreted. The justices oj trlJm, tnlfn, piece of a cut tree. Orig.
traylbaston were appointed by Edw. I to sense a beam, shaft, bar, log; then a shaft
try them. From trail, vb. (above); and of a cart, a sledge; cf. E. Fries. trame,
O. F. baston, a stick. See Baton. trime, step of a ladder, handle of a barrow;
train, sb. and vb. (F.-L.) M. E. Low G. traam, a beam, handle of a wheel·
tl'aill,sb.,trainell,vb.-M.F.train,agreat barrow; O. H. G. dram, tram, M. Du.
man's retinue; traine, a sledge; trainer, drom, a beam, O. Icel. jram (in jram-
to trail along (Cot.).-Late L. traginlire, valr). ~ The 'derivation' from Outram
to drag along (Schwan). - L. tranere, to (abont 1800) is ridiculous; it ignores the
draw. Der. train-band, corruption of accent, and contradicts the history.
train'd-band. Trammel. (F.-L.) M. E. tramaile.
Train-oil. (Du.; and F.-L.-Gk.) - M. F. tra11lail, 'a tramell, or a net
For oil, see Oil. Formerly trane-oyle or for partridges;' Cot. (Mod. F. tremail,
trane. - M. Du. tram, 'trayne-oyle made Littre; Gascon tramail; Ital. tra1llaglio.)
of the fat of whales; also a tear, liquor Late L. tremac(u )/um, a kind of net (Lex
pressed out by the fire;' Hexham. The Salica). Prob. from L. tri-, threefold, and
orig. sense is 'tear'; then drops forced out macula. a mesh, net (Diez). ~ The Span.
in boiling blubber, &c. Mod. Du. traan, a form tras11lallo is corrupt.
tear; cf.G.thriine. TheG.thraneisreally "1"ramontane, foreign to Italy. (1'.-
R pI. form = M. H. G. trehene, pI. of/raken, Ital. - L.) M. F. tramontain. _ Ital. tra-
O. H. G. trakan, a tear; cf. O. Sax. trakni, montano, living beyond the mountains.-L.
pl., tears; E. Fries. tran, tear-drops. VI' e trii-, for tra1ZS, beyond; m01u-, stem of
also find M. H. G. treker, pl., tears, which mons, mountain.
may be connected with O. Northumb. "1"ramp, vb. (E.) M , E. trampen; not
taker, a tear, and A. S. /lar, a tear. in A. S.; E. Fries. tralllpen .+Low G. and
Similarly, Du. traan may be allied to G. trampen, Dan. trampe, Swed. trampa,
Dan. taar, a tear, and to E. tear. to tramp, tread; cr. Goth. ana-trimpan
'l'ra.it a feature. (F. -L.) 1<'. trait, a (pt. t. ana-tramp), to tread on. Nasalised
line, stroke; Cot. - F. trait, pp. of traire, form of base TRAP; see Trap (I).
to draw.-L. traAere, to draw. trample. (E.) M. E. trampe/en, fre-
".rra.ltor, one who betrays. (F.-L.) quent. ofM. E.trampen (above); E. Fries.
O. F. trg;'tor, oblique case from nom. trampeln.+G. trampeln.
traitre. - L. traditUrem, ace. of traditor, "1"ram-wa,.; see Tram.
one who betrays. - L. tradere, to betray; ".rr&Dce. (F.-I..) F. trame,' a trance,
see Tradition. or swoon;' Cot. Lit. a passing away
~eotor,., the curve which a pro- (from conlcionsness). - O. F. transir, to
jectile describes. (F. - L.) Suggested by depart, die. - L. tratzsire, to pus away;
M. F. trajedoire, • casting;' Cot. Formed see Trana.lt.
lUi if {rom I.. *trtiiecl6riru, belonging to ".rr&Da11il. (F. - L .) F. trtlllflliJk,
projec:tiOll. - I.. trlJieclru, pp. of triJic"e calm. - C. tra'l<JUilhu, at rat.
56 7
 TRANS- TRANSPOSE
Trans-, prefix. (L.) L. tram, beyond, Tra.nsla.te. (F.-L.) F. translater,
across, over. Orig. pres. pt. of a verb Cot. - Late L. trans/atare, to translate
·trare (whence in-trare), to pass over; ( 12tl1 cent.).-L trans/atus, transferred;
cf. Skt. tara-, a cros:iing over. ~ It occurs used as pp. of transferre (but from a dif-
as trans-, tran-, aud Ira-. Brugm. ii. ferent root). - L. trans, across, beyond;
§ f-i9· latus, borne, used as pp. of/erre, to bear.
Tra.nsact, to perform. (L.) From L. See Tolerate.
tratuactus, pp. of transigere, to complete. Translucent, allowing light to pass
- L. trans, beyond, fully; agere, to do. through. (L.) L. transIUcent-, ~t ' m of
See Agent. pres. pt. of translUclre, to shine througl1.
Transalpine. (L.) From L. trans- -L. trans, beyond; IUcere, to shine; see
alpi1lus, beyond the Alps; see Alp. Lucid.
Transcend. (L.) L. transcentiere, to Transmigration. (Y. - L.) F.tram-
climb over, to snrpass_ - L. tran-, for migration_ - L. acc . •transmigrtiti01zem,
trans, beyond; sca"dere, to climb. orig. a removing from one country to
Transcribe. (L.) L. transcribere, to another. - L . transmigrare, to migrate
copy out from one book into another.- across. - L. trans, across; migrare, to go;
L. tran-, for trans, across, over; scribere, see Migrate.
to write. Der. transcript, from neut. of 'l"ransmit. (L.) L. transmit/ere. -
PE- tran-scriptus; also transcript-ion . L. trans, across; mittere, to send; see
Transept. (L.) Lit. cross-enclosure. Mis8ile. Der. transmiss-ion (from pp.
- L. tran-, for trans, across; septum, en- transmisst~s) .
closure, orig. neut. of pp. of sepire, sapire, Transmutation. (F. -L.) F. tram-
to enclose\ from sapls, a hedge. mutation. - L. -ace. transmuttitiOnem. -
Transfer. (F. - L.) F. Iransjerer. - L. transmUtatus, pp. of transmutare, to
L. trans-ferre, to convey across. - L. traIlS, change over, shift, transmute. - L. trans,
across; ferre, to bear; see Bear (ly. across; mutare, to change; see Mutable.
Transfigure. (F. - L.) F. trans- Transom, a thwart-piece across a
figurer. - L. transjig'Urare, to change the double window, lintel, cross-beam. (L.)
figure or appearance. - L. trans, across Shortened from transtrom (see Florio,
(implying change) ; jigura, figure. under Transtri and Trast;'). - L. trans-
Tra.llIdlx. (L.) From L . tran!.fix-us, trum, a transom (Vitruvins). - L . tram,
pp. of tram./igere, to transfix. -L. trans, going across; -trum, suffix (as in artitrum,
through ; ./igere, to fix; see Fix. that which ploughs, a plough).
Transform. (F. - L.) F. transformer. Transparent. (F. - L.) F. tram-
- L. transformare, to change the shape parent, • Clear-shining;' Cot. - L. trans,
of.-L. trans, across (implying change); through; parent-, stem of pres. pt. of
/ormare, to form, from/or1lla, shape; see parue, to appear; see Appear.
Form. '1"ranspicuous, transparent. (L.)
Transfuse. (L.) From L. trans/Usus, Coined, as if from L. ·transpiculls, from
pp. of tralu/uluiere, to ponr out of one transpiure, to see through. - L. tran-, for
vessel into another. - L. trans, across; traIlS, beyond; specere, to look. Compare
fundere. to pour; see FU8e ( I). perspicuous.
Transgression. (Y.-L.) 1'. trans- Transpire, to ooze out. (L.) From
gression. - L. acc. transgressiOnem, a pas- L. tran-, for trans, through j ~piriire, to
sage across, in late Lat. a transgression. - breathe; see Spirit.
L. transgressus, pp. of tralugredi, to go Transplant. (F.-L.) F.transplanter.
across. - L. traIlS, beyond ; grtz<ll~ to step, - L. transplantare, to plant in a new
go; see Grade. place. - L. trans, across; plantare, to
Transient. (L.) From transimt-, plant, from planta, a plant; see Plant.
supposed stem of L. transiuu, passing Transport. (F. -L.) F. tramporter,
away, though the real stem is trallSeunt- ; • to carry or convey over;' Cot. - L. trallS-
pres. pt. of transire, to pass across or away. portare, to carry across. - L . traIlS, across;
- L. trans. beyond; ire, to go. portare, to carry; see Port (I).
transit. (L.) L. traluitus, lit. a 'l"ranspose. (F . - L. ami Gk.) F.
passing across. - L. trtUlSitum, supine of traluposer, to transpose, remove. - L. trans,
transire, to pass across (above). across; F. poser, to put; see Pose (I).
 TRANSPOSITION TRAVERSE
Transposition. (F. -L) _ F. tram - F. trappe, a trap.-O.H.G. trappa, a trap;
position_ - L. ace. transpontumml. - L. see Trap ( I) .
traltspon'tus, pp. of tra,~ponere, to trans- Trapezium, an irregnlar four - sided
pose. - L. trans, across; ponere, to put; figure. (L. - Gk.) L. trapezium. - Gk.
see Position. Tparr'(IOI', a small table, also a trapezium.
Transubsta.ntiation, the doctrine Dimin. of Tpa".(a, a table, of which the
that the bread and wine in the Eucharist orig. sense was a four-footed bench. - G k
are changed into Christ's body aud blood. TPO-, a reduced form of the Idg. word for
(F. - L.) F. transsubstantiation. - Late , four'; 110(a, foot, allied to "OUf (stem
L. acc_ transubstantiationem; see Hilde- IfOa-), a foot; see Foot. See Brugrn. ii.
bert of Tours (died I I 34), sermon 93· - § 168. Der. trapeze, F. trapeze, a swing
Late L_ transubstantiiitus, pp. of tran- in the shape of a trapezium, as thus : D. .
SIIbstantiiire; coined from trans, across From L. trapezium (above).
(implying change) and substa1ltia, sub- Trappings; see Trap (3).
stance; see Substance _ Trash, re1use. (Scand.) The orig. sense
Transverse. (F. -L.) O. F. trans- was bits of broken sticks found under trees ;
vers, placed across. - L . tramllerstU, , trasn and short sticks,' Evelyn. Cf. let:!.
turned across, laid across ; pp. of trans- tros, rubbish, twigs used for fuel; Norweg.
uertere, to tnrn across.-L. trans, across; tros, fallen twigs, half-rotten branches easily
uertere, to tum; see Verse. broken; Swed. trasa, a rag, tatter, Swed.
Trap ( I), a snare, gin. (E.) M. E. dial. trlu, a heap of sticks. Derived from
trappe. A. S. treppe, a trap, for *trlZppe, the Swed. dial. phrase sla i tras, to break
whence be-trceppan, vb., to entrap (cf. F. in pieces, the same as Swed. sla in kras,
trappe, of Teut. origin); E. Fries. trappe, to break in pieces; so that Ir stands for
trap ( I ) a step, (3) a trap.+M. Du. trappe, kr, just as Icel. trani means a crane (see
mouse-trap; O. H . G. trappa. Orig. sense Crane). - Swed. krasa, Dan. krase, to
, step'; a trap is that on which an animal crash, break; see Cruh. Trasn means
steps, or puts its foot. Cf. Westphal. , crashings,' i. e. bits readily cracked off,
trappe, a step; Du. trap, a stair, step, kick , dry twigs that break with a eras" or
Swed. trappa, a stair. Allied to Du. snap.
trappen, to tread on, Norw. trappa, E. Travail, toil. (F. - L.) F . travail,
Fries. and Low G. trapjen, to tread on, toil , labour. The same as Ital. travaglio,
trample. Allied to Tramp. Cf. Span. Span. trabajo, Port. traba/ho, toil. labour.
trampa, a trap. Der. trap, vb.; trap-door, According to P. Meyer (Rom. xvii. 411 )
trap-bat. it answers to Late L. trepalium, a kind
Trap (2), to adorn, deck. (F.-Teut.) of rack for torturing martyrs (Ducange) ;
M_ E . trapped, decked; from M.E. trappe, perhaps made of three beams (tris Piili).
trappings of a horse, &c. Coined, with Others make it answer to Late L. *trabti-
unusual change from dr to tr, by sound- cttlu1ll, formed from 1.. trab-em, acc. of
association with trap (I), from F. drap, b -abs, trabes, a beam. Cf. Late L. tra-
cloth, as proved by Chaucer's use of bale, an axle-tree. And see below.
trappure, trapFings of a horse, from O. F. Trave, a shackle. (F.-L.) A trave
drapure, with the same sense (Godefroy). was a frame of rails for confining unruly
Cf. also Late L. trapus, cloth (usually horses. - O. F. traj, a beam (Supp. to
drappus), trappalura, a horse's trappings, Roquefort), usual form tre/ (Co!.). Cf. F.
Span. and Port. trapo, doth. See Drape. en-traver, to shackle, en-traves, shackles;
D er. trapp-i1lgs, sb. pL (Cot.); Span. trabar, to clog, traba, a
Trap (3), a kind of igneous rock. shackle. _ L. trabem, acc. of trabs, a beam.
(Swed.) Swed. trappa, a stair; whence Der. arc1zi-trave. q. v.
trapp, trap-rock; cf. Dan. trappe, stair. Travel, to journey. (F. - L.) The same
So called from its appearance; its tabular word as travail; from the toil of travelling
masses seem to rise in steps. Cf. Trap ( I ). in olden times.
trapan, tr~pa.n ( 2), to ensnare. ( F. Traverse, laid across. (F.-L.) M. F .
-0. H. G.) Formerly trapa1l. - O. F. travers, maso., traverse, fern. t crosse·wise ;'
Irappatt, trapallt, a snare, trap - door Cot. - L. tra1~lIerSUs, transverse. - L.
(Roquefort) ; a plank (Godefroy).-Late trans, across ; tlersus, pp. of uertere, to
L. trapelltum, a plank for a trap-door. - tum; see Verse. Der. traverse, vb" F.
569
 TRAVERTINE TRENCH
Iraverser, • to thwart or go oyerthwart,' a treasure. - Gk. 91/UavpJs, a treasure,
Cot. store, hoard. - Gk. base 91]-, 91]<1-, as in
Travertine, a kind of white lime- T[-9'1'IU, I place, store up, fut. 91,<1-OJ; (the
stone. (Ital. - L.) From ltal. Iraverlino, suffixes are not clear). Der. Ireasur-y,
formerly liverlina (Florio). _ L. Tibur- O. F. Iresorie.
linus , adj., belonging to Tlbur, the modem Treat, vb. (F. - L.) F. Irailer. - L.
Tivoli. Irad",re, to handle; frequentatiye of Ira-
'!'ravesty. (F. -Ital. -L.) Orig. a here (pp. Iraelus), to draw.
pp., borrowed from F. Iravesli, disguised, treatise. (F. - L.) M. E. 'relis.-
pp. of se 'raveslir, to change one's apparel. O. F. Iretis, Irailis , a thing well handled or
- M. Ita\. Iraveslire, to disguise, mask. - nicely made; answering to a Late L. form
L. Ira- (fo r Irans ), implying' change'; Iraclilius ..-F. Irailer, to treat (above).
tustin, to clothe, which is from ueslis, a traaty. (F. -L.) M.E . lrelee.-O.F.
garment; see Vest. Iraile [i .e. IraiM], a treaty, pp. of Irailer,
'!'r&wl, to fish with a drag-net. (F. - to treat (above) ; Late L. Iracttilus.
Teut.) Walloon Irauler, O. F. Irauler, '!'reble, threefold. (F. - L.) O. F.
to go hither and thither (Roquefort); also Ireble. -L. lriplum, acc. of lriplus, three-
spelt Iroller, mod. F . IrOler; see Troll. fold ; see Triple.
Tray, a shallow vessel. (E.) M . E. '!'redelle, for '!'readle ; see Tread.
Ir(y . A . S. *Iryg, written Irig (A. S. '!'ree. (E.) M. E. tree, Ire (which also
L~echdom5, ii. 340). - A. S. Irog, a trough. means dead wood, timber). A. S. Irio
+ Low G. Irugge (Stratmalm) ; deriv. of or Irlow. a tree, timber.+Icel. Irl, Dan.
trog. See Trough. (Doubtful; the alleged Ira!; Swed. trii, timber, also Irlid, a tree
A. S. Ireg is an error for Irog.) (for Irii-el, lit. the wood, with post-posi-
'!'reachery. (F. -L.) M. E Irecherie, tive article) ; Goth.lriu. Teut. type *Ire-
tricherie. - O. F . Irechen·e, treachery. - WOIn, n. cr. Russ. drevo, a tree, W. dent!,
O. F. treehier, trichier, to trick; cf. ltal. an oak, Irish darag, Gk. 3pUs, oak, Skt.
treccare, to cheat. - Late L. *Irimzre, for dru, wood; cf. Skt. daru, a kind of pine;
L. Ir[care, to dally (Ecclus. xxxii. 15) , Iri- Gk. Upv, a spear-shaft. Der. tar ( I),
cari, to make difficulties. - L. Iricae, pI. Irough.
difficulties, wiles; see Intricate. '!'refoil. (F. -L.) O. F . trefoil. -L.
'!'reacle. (F. -L - Gk.) Formerlya Irifolium, lit. • ~ree-leaf.' - L. Iri-, allied
medicament; the mod. Ireacle i5 named to tres, three; folit4m, a leaf. See Foliage.
from resembling it in appearance. M . E. 'l'rellis, lattice-work. (F. -L.) M. E.
Iriacle, a sovereign remedy. - O. F . lriacle, Ire/is. - F . Ireillio', • a trellis;' Cot. Ulti-
also spelt Ihe,.jaque ;the I being unoriginal, mately from F. lreil/e, a latticed frame.-
as in syllable) . - L. Ilzlriaca, an antidote Late L. Iriehila, frida , an arbour. But
against poisons, esp. venomous bites. - Gk. the suffix -is is due to O. F. Ireilis, Ires/is
9'1P14l<a q.app.atCa, sb. pl.. antidotes against (mod. F. Ireillis, sack-cloth), adj., applied
the bites of wild beasts. - Gk. (I'1PIIlJtUS, to armour covered with a sort of lattice-
belonging to a wild beast. - Gk. 91]"£011. a work, Late J~ lrisliciu11l, a covering of
wildanimal.-Gk. 91,p,awildbeast. sack-cloth. - L. Irls, three, licium, a
'l'read, vb. (E.) M. E. Ireden. A. S. thread; d. L. Iri-lix.
Ireda", pt. t. Ira!d, pp. Ireden.+Du. Ireden, Tremble. (F.-L.) F.lre11lbler.-Late
G.lrelen. We also find Icel. tr06a, pt. t. L. tremukire. - L. Iremu/us, adj., trem-
IraJ, pp. lrolJinn (d. E. Irodden) ; Dan. bling. - L. tremere, to tremble. + Lith.
Irade, Swed. Irlztia, Goth. lrudan (pt. t. Iri11l-ti, Gk. TPfP.-'III, to tremble. (,."
Iratn). Der. Iread-Ie, a thing to tread on TREM.) Brugm. i. § 474. Der.lrem-or,
(in a lathe); also Irade. L. lremor, a trembling; Iremulous, from
'!'reason. (F.-L.) M. E. Iraison.- L. Iremulus (above); Irmmu/ous, from
O. F. traison. - L. acc. Irtidilwnem. - L. L. Irementius, lit. to be feared, gerundive
trtidilur, pp. of trtiJere, to deliver over, of Iremere, to fear.
betray. Doublet, tradilWn. '.rreD.ch, vb. (F.-L.?) M. E. trmeM.
'1'reuuzoe. (F.-L.-Gk.) The former - A. F. and o. F. Irmelur, vb., • to
r is intrusive. M. E. IrlslfY.-O. F. Irest1r cut, carve, slice, hew,' Cot. Now spelt
(F. lrlst1r); the same as Ital. lest1ro. Span. Irancn,r. fJ. Etym. much disputed. Cf.
tlSIfYD. - 1... tUS_nllII, acc. of IMsa.nll, Proy. trlllCar, lri~r. Span. and Port.
670
 TREND TRICE
tri1tthar, I tal. trituiarc. Apparently from
•
n cross-beam. See Transom. ~ For
Late L. trellcare, to cut, substituted for O. F. tres· < L. t,-am, cf. tres-pass.
L. tYltttcllre, to lop, from tnmcttS, the Tret. (F. - L.) Tre/,' an allowance
trunk of a tree. Der.lrellch-allt, cuttin g, made for the waste, which is always 4 in
from the pres. part. of trencher; also every 104 pounds;' Phillips. It prob.
trench-er, a wooden plate, to cut things meant nn allowance for waste in tmnsport.
on, O. F . trencheor. - F. traile, 'a draught, .. also a transpor-
Trend, to bend away, said of direction. tation, shipping over, and an imposition
(E.) M. E. Irmden, to roll, turn round. upon commodities;' Cot. -L. tracta, fem .
Allied to A. S. trmdel, a circle round of tractus, pp. of trahere, to draw; see
the sun, a rinlr. n-trmdliatt, to roll; A. S. Trace ( I). Cf. M. Ita!' tralta, 'leaue to
tryndel, a ring; Du . om-trettt, about ; Dan. transport merchandise;' Florio.
~wed. trind, round; M. H . G. trendel, Trey, three. (F.-L.) A. F. treis. -
O. H. G. trentzila, a ball; O. H. G. Iren- L. Ires, three.
niloll, to revolve. See Trundle. Tri-, relating to thre~. (L.) L. Iri-,
Trental, a set of thirty masses for the three times; allied to tres (nellt. tri-a) ,
dead. (F. - L.) O. F. Irenle/, Irental three. So also Gk. TP'-, prefix; from TpEr~
(Roquefort) . - F. trente, thirty. - L. trf- (neut. Tp(,O), three. See Three.
g illta, thirty. - L. trf-, thrice; -ginta, allied triad, the union of three. (F. - L.-
to Gk. -"'OIlTO, short for *3f"'OVTII, a decad, Gk.) F. triade; Cot. _ L. triad- , stem of
from 31"'0, ten. trias, a triad.-Gk. Tp</U, triad.- Gk. -rp'-,
Trepan (I), a small saw for removing thdce (above).
a piece ofa broken skull. (F. -L.-Gk.) Trial; see Try.
M. F. trepan.-Late L. Irepallum. -Gk. Triangle. (F.-L.) F . ln·altglt.-L.
Tp'l1rovov, an augu, borer; also a trepan. triangulum, sb.; nellt. of trial/grlltes,
-Gk. -rpvrfjv, to bore.-Gk. TpU'1fQ, -rplnr'l' three-angled. _ L. Iri-, thrice; allgtt/ttS ,
a hole. From -¥TER, to pierce, as in an angle; see Tri- and Angle (I) .
L. ter-ere, Gk. -rdpEw (=*TEPYflV). Tribe, a race. (F.-L.) F. tribu, • a
Trepan (2); to ensnare. See Trapan . tribe;' Cot. - L. Iribu-, decl. stem of
Trepang i see Tripang. Iribus, a tribe; cf. Umbrian trifo. Said
Trepidation. (F.-L. ) M.F.lrepida- to have been one of the Ihree original
tion. - L. acc. trepidaiiOnel1Z, a trem bling. fam ilies in Rome; as if from L. lri -,
- L. Irepidalus, pp. of trepidare, to three. But see Brugm. ii. § 104.
tremble.-L. trepidus, trembling, agitated. Tribrach a metrical foot containing
Cf. Brugm. ii. § 797 (note). 3 short syllables. (L. - Gk.) L . lribrachys.
Trespass. (F.-L.) O. F. trespasser, -Gk. -rpiPpaxu~.-Gk.-rp<·, three; ppaXrJ~,
to exceed, pass beyond (hence, in E., to short.
sin). -O. F. tres-, from L. trans, beyond; Tribulation. (F.-L.) F.tribulatum.
passer, to pass; see Pass. - L. acc. tribtllniiOnem, affiiction. - L. Iri-
Tress, a plait of hair, ringlet. (F.- bultitttS, pp. of triOOliire, to rub out corn;
Gk.) M. E. tresse. - F_ tresse, a tress; hence, to affiict. -L. tribulum, a sledge for
Iresser, to braid hair. [The same as Ital. rubbing out corn, consisting of a wooden
Ireccia, a braid, plait, Span . trenza.] - frame with iron spikes beneath it.-L. Irf-,
Late L tricia, variant of trica, a plait. - as ill Iri-tus, pp. of terere, to rub; with
Gk. Tp1xo, in three parts, threefold; from suffix -bulu1Jl, denoting the agent. See
a common way of plaiting hair (D iez, Trite.
Scheler). - Gk. TP'-, thrice, allied to Tpfr~, Tribune. (F. -L.) M. E. tribun. - F.
three ; see Three. (Doubtful. ) tribull. - L. tribitnum, acc. of tribunttS,
tressure, an heraldic border. (F. - lit. the ehief officer of a tribe. - L. tribus,
Gk.) Formed, with F . suffix -tIre, from a tribe ; see Tribe.
F . tresser, to plait.-F. tresse, a plait Tribute, sb. (F.-L.) M. E. tribttl.
(above) . - F. triOO/, tribute.-L. triMlum , tribute,
Trestle, Tressel, a support for a lit. a thing paid; neut. of pp. of lribuere,
table. (F.-L.) O. F. Ireslel, later Ires- to assign, pay. Pemaps from L. tribu-s,
teau, 'a tresle for a table,' Cot. (Mod. F. a tribe (Breal) .
trlteatt.) -Late L ·IramtellulJI , the same Trice (l ),aahort space of time. (Scand.)
as L. trans/ilium, dimin. of Iramtrum, M. E. al a Iryse, at a (single) pull;
57 1
 TRICE TRILOBITE
Ipomydon, 392. From Trice (2), below trident. (F. - L. ) F. trident. - L.
fl Later, in the phr. in a trice, as if imi- tridentem, acc. of tn'dens, a three-pronged
tated from Span. CIt UII tris, in a trice, in spear. - L. trio, three; dens, tooth, prong.
an instant; from tris, the noise made by triennial. (L.) Coined from L. tri-
the cracking of glass, a crack, an instant. ennium, a period of three years. - L. tri-,
So also Port. triz, cracking of glass. a three; amltts, year.
crash, crack, instant; en hUIIl triz, in a Tri1le. (F. -L. ) M. E. trujle, trrjle,
trice. Prob. of imitative origin; cf. Span. rarely trijle. - O. F. trujlc, mockery, rail-
tris tras, a noise; trisca, a cracking, lery, a little jest, dimin. of truffe, a gibe,
crashing; triscar, • to make such a noise jest (Cot.). Properly a truffle, a thing of
as of treading on glass, nut-shells, or tbe small worth; the O. F . truffe also means
like;' Pineda. a truffle (Cot.) ; cf. Provo trujo, a truffle,
Trice (2), TriBe, to haul up, hoist. mockery. See truffe in Scheler. See
(Scand.) M. E. trism, to hoist sail (orig. Truftle.
with a pulley). -Swed. trissa, a pulley, Trifolia.te, three-leaved. (L.) From
friss, spritsail-brace; Norw. triss, also L. trio, three; joli-um, leaf.
trissel, a pulley; Dan . tridse, a pulley, triforium, a gallery above the arches
tridse, vb., to trice. Cf. also Low G. of the nave and choir of a church. (L.)
trisel, anything that revolves, a dizziness, From L. trio, for tres, three; jori-s, a
a top. The Brem. Wort. also cites Ham- door, opening. ~ Now usually with but
burg drysen, to trice ; dryse-blok, a puUey. two arches (within a third); some early
~ Orig. initial = 1>. examples had three such.
Tricentenary. (L.) Coined from triform, having a triple form. (L.)
L. tri- and Oentenary, q. v. L.tnformis. - L. tn'-, three; jorm-a,forrn.
Trick ( I ), a stratage m. (Du.-F.- L. ) Trigger. (Du. ) Formerly t";cker. -
XVI cent. - M. Du. treke, a trick; Du. Du. /1'e"'kker, a trigger; lit. • that which
treek. Prob. distinct from Du. trek, a draws or pulls.' - Du. trekken, to pull.
pull, draught; and borrowed from O. F. See Track.
triquer, Norman form of O. F. tricher, to Triglyph, a three-grooved tablet. (L.
trick . In fact, E. trickery is from O. F. -Gk.) L. triglyphus. -Gk. Tpt"'(}"lJcpor, a
triquerie, dinl. form of tricherie, whence triglyph; lit. 'thrice-cloven.' - Gk. TPZ -,
E. treachery; see Trea.chery; and trick thrice; "'(}"v", .. v , to carve, groove.
may have be.:;n borrowed directly from trigonometry. (Gk.) 'Measure-
Norm . dial. trique, a trick. ~ But doubt - ment of triangles.' - Gk. Tpl"'(OJVO-v , a tri-
less influenced by Du. trek, a pull, stroke, angle; -p.'Tpla , measurement, from P.ETPOV,
touch; from trekkClt, to pull; see below. a measure. Gk. Tpl"'(OJVOV is from TPI- ,
Trick (2), to deck out. (D u.) F rom three; "'(OJv-ta, angle, allied to ",(6v lJ , knee.
the vb. trick below; tbe sb. also meant a tri1a.tera.l, trilingual, trilite-
neat contrivance, a toy, trifle, &c. ral. (L.) From L. trio, three; and
trick (3), to delineate a coat of arms. lateral, &c.
\Du.) Du. trekken, to draw, also (in M. Trill ( I ), to shake, quaver. (Ital.) In
D u.) to delineate, trick , or sketch out.+ music. - Ita!' tr£llare, to trill, shake ; trille,
O. H. G. trehha11, str. vb., to push. sb., a shake. An imitative word, like
Trickle, vb. ( E.) M.E. triklen, short Span. trinar, to trill.
for strik/en, strike/,n, to trickle, fre- Trill (2 ) , to tum round and round .
quentative of M. E. strikClt , to fl ow (Spec. (Scand.) Perhaps obsolete. M. E. tril/en,
of English , ed. Morris and Skeat, p. 48, Chaucer, C. T . 10630. -Swed. trilla, Dan.
I. 21 ) . - A. S. striCaft, to Row, a par- trille, to roll, turn round; the same as
ticular use of stricalt, to strike; see Strike. Du. drillm; see Drill ( I).
Cf. streak, and G. streicllClt. ~ The loss trill (3), to trickle, roll. (Scand.)
of s arose in the phr. teres strik/elt = tears Merely a particular use of the word above.
trick le; see Ch. C. T., B. 1864, &c. Perhaps confused with trickle.
Tricolor. (F. - L.) F . tricolore, for Trillion. ( F.- L.) A coined word;
drapea u tricolore, three-col oured flag; cf. to express tri-million; see Billion.
F. tricolor, the three-coloured amaranth. Trilobite, a kind of fossil. (Gk.)
- L. trio, three; co/Ur-, stem of (%r, It has three lobes. - Gk. TPI -, for Tpf'ir,
colour. three; }"ofJ-ur, a lobe; -IT-'1r, suffix.
 TRIM TRIVIAL
Trim,vb. (E.) M.E.trimm,trtlflletl . of t1ip,is.-Gk. TpifrOV~ (stem Tjllfro3-), a
A. S. try",man, to set finn , to strengthen, tripod, three - footed brass kettle, three-
set in ord~r, prepare, array. Formed legged table.-Gk. TjII-, three; frOVf, foot;
(by usual change of u to y ) from A. S. see Foot.
lrum, adj., firm, strong. Der. trim , sb. ; tripos, an honour examination at Cam·
I>e-tn·m. bridge. (1.. -Gk.) Better spelt lripus. as
Trinity. (F. - L.) M. E. trinitee. - in An Eng. Garner, vii. 367 (1670). It was
O. F. trinite. - 1.. acc. trinitiite1ll, a triad. orig. applied to a certain M.A. chosen at
-L. lrinus, pI. trini, by threes; for *tris- a commencement to make an ingenious
nus, allied to trls, three. Brugm. ii. satirical speech; hence the later tripos-
§ 66. verses, i. e. facetious Latin verses on the
~ (I), a small ornament. (F.) reverse side of which the tripos-lists were
M. E. trenket, a shoemaker's knife; also printed. Thus the orig. reference was
spelt trynkel (Palsgrave). Tusser speaks lnot to the tlzree classes, but) to the three-
of 'trinkets and tooles: Hence it seems legged stool used by the Tripus, who was
to have meant a toy-knife , such as ladies also called a Pnzvaricator, or (at Oxford)
wore on chains; and, generally, a small a Terra filius; and the lists were named
ornament. Prob. from O. North F. tretl- from the verses which took the place of
'lUff, to cut, by-form of Irenelzer, to cut; the speech delivered by the M.A. who sat
cf. Span. trinelzar, Ital. trinciare, to cut, on the tripus. From L. tripiis (above).
carve; Span. trinelzete, a cook's mincing- trireme, galley with three banks of
knife, a shoemaker's knife (Minsheu). See oars. (L.) L. triremis, having three banks
Trenoh. of oars. - L. tri-, three; rlmus, oar.
'l'rinket (2), "1'riJlquet, the highest trisect. (L.) Coined from L. tri-, in
sail of a ship. (F. -Span. -L) M. F . trin· three parts; and sect-Ilm, supine of secare,
'1uet, the highest sail; Cot. - Span. tn'n- to cut.
'1uete, a trinket. Cf. Ital. trineketto, a '.rrist; see Tryst.
trinket; Port. Ira'luete , a foresail. Prob. Trite. (L.) L. tritus, worn, pp. of
from L. tn''1mtrus, triangular (from the lerere, to rub, wear away.+Russ. lerete,
shape).-L. tri-, allied to Iris, three; see Lith. In'li, to rub; Gk. Tf[fJEIV «*T.~
Tri-; -'1uetrus, of doubtful origin. The YfW) , to ~ub. (.vTER.)
n may be due to Span. tn'nea, a rope. Triton,a sea-god. (L.-Gk.) L.tritim.
TriO. (Ital.-L.) Ital. trio, music in -Gk. TpITOIJ', a Triton. Cf. Irish triatk,
three parts. - L. lri-, three; see Tri-. the sea; Skt. lrifa-, the name of a deity.
Trip, vb. (E.) M. E. trippen, to step Triturate. (L.) From pp. of L tri-
lightly. A lighter form of the base turiire, to rub down, thrash, grind. - L.
TRAP, to trend; see Trap (1) and Tramp. trit,ira, a rubbing. - L. fritus, pp. of
+ Du. trippm, to skip, whence trippelen, terere, to rub. See Trite.
to trip, dance; Swed. trippa, Dan. tnpPe, Triumph. (F. -L) O. F. tn'umpke,
to trip, tread lightly. later triumpke. - L.. lriumpkum, acc. of
Tripang, an edible sea-slug. (Malay. ) lriumpkus, a public rejoicing for a victory.
Malay Iripang. +Gk. (JplaJ.l/3o~, a hymn to Bacchus.
Tripe. (F.) M. E. tripe. - F. tripe; Triumvir. (L.) One of three men
cf. Span. and Port. tripa, Ital. trippa, tripe. associated in an office. L. pI. triu1ll1~irt,
Also Irish triopas, sb. pl., entrails, tripes; three men, evolved from the gen. pI. trium
W. tnpa, intestines; Brei. stripen, tripe, uiriirtmz, belonging to three men. - L.
pI. stnpou, intestiues. Of unknown origin. tri'~m, gen. pI. of tris, three; uiriJrum,
Perhaps from Low G. stripe, a stripe, also gen. pI. of uir, a man; see Virile.
a strip. Trivet, '!'revet, a three-footed Sl1P-
Triple three-fold. (F.-L.) F. triplt. port. (L.) Spelt Irevid ( 1493). A. S.
-L. trip7um, ace. oftriplus, threefold.- treftl, Cart. Sax. iii. 367. -L. lripedem,
L. tri-, three; -plus, allied to pllnus, full. acc. of IriPls, having three feet. - L. tri-,
See Tri- and Double. three; pi S, afoot. Cf. tripod.
triplicate, threefold. (L.) From trivial, common. (F.-L.) F. trivial.
pp. of L. tnpliciire, to treble. - L. lri· , -L. triuitilis, belonging to three cross-
three; pliciire, to weave, fold; see Ply. roads; that which may be picked up any-
tripod. (L. -Gk.) L. triptxi- , stem where, common. -L. triuia, a place where
573
 TROCHEE TROUSSEAU
three roads meet. - L. trio, three; uia, a the point where the sun appears to tum
way; see Viaduct. from N. to S., or from S. to N. in the
'l'rochee. (L.-Gk.) L. trochczlls.- zodiac.-Gk. Tplnros, a tum; see Trope.
Gk. Tpo Xoios , running; also the tripping And see Trepa.n (I ), Trover.
foot which consists of a long syllable 'l'rot, vb. (F.-L.) F. trotter; O. F.
followed by a short one. - Gk. TPfXfII', to troler. We also find O. F. trotier, Low
run. Allied to Thrall. L. trotan'us, a trotter, messenger, supposed
Troglodyte, a dweller in a cave. (F . to be from L. to/utarius, going at a trot.
- L. - G k.) F. troglodyte. - L. troglodyta. - L. to/utilll, adv., at a trot; lit. ' liftingly,'
- Gk . TporfA03vTI'}S, one who creeps into i.e. lifting the feet. - L. tollere, to lift; see
holes, a cave-dweller. - Gk. TporfAO-, for Tolera.te. (So Diez, Scheler, and Littre.)
TpWyAI'}, a hole, cave; 3Vf'V, to enter. fj. But cf. M. H. G. trotten, to run, perhaps
TpWyAI'} is from TpWyf'V, to gnaw, bite, allied to treten, to tread; M. Du. tralten,
gnaw a hole. Cf. Trout. , to goe, to pace, or to trot.'
Troll, to roll, sing a catch, fish for pike. 'l'roth. (E.) Merely a variant of truth.
(F. - Teut.) M. E. trollen, to roll ; to M. E. trow))I, Ormulum; see Trow.
troll a catch is to sing it irregularly (see 'l'roubadour. (Prov.-L.-Gk.) A
below) ; to troll a bowl is to circulate it; F. modification of Provo trolxuior, also
to troll is also to draw hither and thither. trobaire, a troubadour, inventor of songs
- M. F. troller, which Cotgrave explains or verses. Here trobador answers to a
by •hounds to trowle, raunge, or hunt out Late L. acc. *tropatorem (= Ital. trova-
of order'; O. F. traullr, to run or draw tore, Span. trovador) ; whilst F. trouvere
hither and thither; mod. F. tr8ler. - G. answers to a Late L. nom. *tropiitor. Botb
trol/en, to roll, troll.+M. Du. drollln, 'to from the verb *tropare (as seen in Ital.
troole,' Hexham; Low G. drulen, to trovare, Span. trovar , Provo trobar, F.
roll, troll. Prob. allied to E. Fries. drallen, trouver) , to find. See Trover.
to tum, roll; and to Drill (1 ). ~ Dis- Trouble, vb. (F. -L.) F. "'ollbler,
tinct from trail. O. F. lrubler. It answers to a Late L.
'l'rombone. (Ital.-G.-Slav. ) Ital. *turbtlliire, a verb made from L. turbt~/a,
trombone, a trombone, augmentative form a disorderly group, dimin. of L. turba, a
of Ital. trolllba, a trumpet ; see Trump (I). crowd. In fact, we find O. F . torbleur,
'l'ron, a weighing-machine. (F. - L.) totlrbleur, one who troubles. Cf. Gk.
O. F. trone, a weighing-machine; Low L. TVpfJI'}, disorder, throng; Skt. Ivar, tur,
trona (Ducange). - L. tnttina, a pair of to hasten. See Turbid.
scales. Cf. Gk. TPVTCIVI'}, tongue of a ba- Trough. (E.) M . E. trogh. A.S. troh ,
lance, pair of scales. Der. trOll-age. " 'og, a hollow vessel, trough. + Du. Icel.
'l'roop, a crew. ( F.) F. troupe ; M. F. G. trog, Dan. trug, Swed. trag. Teut.
trope. Also Span. tropa, M. Ital. troppa. type *trugOz, Idg. type *dru-kOz; from
Origin unknown. Cf. M. Du. trop, Late *drt~- , as in Skt. dru, a tree, with adj.
L. tropptls, a troop. Perhap3 from Norw. suffix. Thus the sense is ' wood-en'; see
torp, a flock , crowd, Icel. porp; cf. Icel. Tree.
brpast, to throng. 'l'rounce, to beat. (F. - L.) To beat
'l'rope, a figure of speech. (L. - Gk.) with a truncheon. - O. F . trolls, a trun-
L tropus. - Gk. Tplnros , a tum, a trope.- cheon, m. ; tronce, f., variant of troncne,
Gk. TPffTftV, to tum. + O. Lat. trepere, to a great piece of limber, allied to tronc, a
turn. trunk; see Truncheon.
trophy. (F . -L. - Gk.) F . tropMe, 'l'rousers, Trowsers. (F.) The
, a trop!lee ;' Cot. - L. tropCZtl1lZ, a sign of latter l' is modern; from the old word
victory. - Gk. TPO-rrruOV, a trophy, monu- trowses, or trouses, breeches; older forms
ment of an enemy's defeat. Neut. of TpO- trowze, trooze; also trews; esp. used of
1I'WOS, belonging to a defeat. - Gk. TpOm7, the Irish trews or breeches; (whence Irish
a return, putting to /light of an enemy. - tri1~S, triubhas, trousers ; M. Irish tribus;
Gk. Tpirmv, to turn (above). Gael. triubhas). - }<' . tro1~sses, trunk-hose,
tropic. (F. -L. - Gk.) M. E. tropik. breeches (Littre) , pI. of trousse, O. F.
- F. tropique, • a tropick ;' Cot. - L. tro- tourse, a bundle, package, case; from O. F.
/>I'cum, acc. of tropicus, tropical. - Gk. tourser, trousser, to pack; see Trus8.
Tpm",,6s, belonging to a tum; the tropic is troUS8eau, 'a package; bride's ootfit.
574
 TROUT TRUDGE
(F.) F. trQtmeau, a little bundle; dimin. Truce. (E.) It should rather be tyews,
of trousse, a bundle, a pack; from O. F. i. e. pledges; it is the pI. of trew, a pledge
troMser, to pack. Of doubtful origin. of truth. (This is proved by the M. E.
See Truas. forms.) - A. S. trlow, a compact, promise,
Trout. (L. - Gk.) A. S. trukl. - L. pledge, faith; cf. A. S. trlowe, true ; see
truda. _ Gk. T,xA"CTf/S, a nibbler, also a True.
fish with sharp teeth. -Gk. Tp&ry.. ", to Truck ( I), to barter, exchange. (F.)
bite, gnaw. Lit.' nibbler.' Cf. Troglo- M. E. trukken. - F. t roquer, • to truck ,
dyte. barter;' Cot. So also Span. trocar, to
Trover, an action at law arising out barter; whence some have thonght that the
of the finding of goods. (F.-L.-Gk.) F . form was borrowed. Cf. ItaI. troccare,
O. F. trover (F. trouver), to find; orig. to • to truck, barter, to skud away;' Florio
devise, invent, make up poetry. The (1598). Origin disputed; the sense ' akud
same as Provo trobar, Port. Span. trovar, away' is clearly due to Gk. Tp6XOS, a
Ital. trovare, to versify. /3. Since Ital. COUlOe, from TpEX"", to run; see Truck
v and Provo b arise from L. p, the cor- (2). /3. But the Vocab. du haut Maine has
responding Late L. form is *tropare, to tric potlr troc, a simple exch ange; and we
versify. - L. tropus, a trope; Late L. tro· find Nornl. dia1.faire la troque, to barter,
PIIS, a song, manner of singing. - Gk. from W. Flemish trok , used with respect
Tp6rros, a trope, also a mode in music. to the (good or bad) , sale' of goods; cf.
See Troubadour, Trope. in trok zijn , to be in vogue; and W. Flem.
Trow, to believe, suppose. (E.) M. E. trok = Du. trek. The form trok is from
trowen. O. Fries. trQtnlJa, E. Fries. troen , D u. trok-, weak grade of trekkm, to pull,
to believe. A. S. triiwian , to trow, trost, for which W . Flemish em ploys troUen.
from Teut. base *In~·; also trlowian, to Truck (2) , a small wheel, low-wheeled
believe, which is allied to the sb. trlow, veh icle. (L.- Gk. ) Modified from L. tro-
faith , trust, and to the adj. trlowe, true, chtts, a wheel. - Gk. TpoX6s, a runner,
from Teut. base *trew(w )·. Cf. Ice!. Irita, wheel, disc. - Gk. TPEXflll, to run . Der.
to trow, tt"1,r, true; Dan. Iroe, to trow, 11'0, tntckle-bed, a bed on little wheels, where
trtle; Swed. tro, to trow; Low G. t rouen, to trockle = L. troclzlea, a pulley; Baret has:
trow , trou, true; Du. trouwen , t ~ marry, 'Pulfie, trochlea; a trllckle, or pullie.'
Irouw, troe; G. tratten, O. H. G. triiwbt, Cf. Span. troc/a, a pulley.
to trust, Goth. trauarz, to believe. See truckle, to submit servilely to another.
True. (L. - Gk.) From the phrase to tn tck/e
Trowel. (F.-L.) M.E. tntel. - F . Imder, due to the old custom of putting
tnulle, O. F. tntele; La te L. tntel/a, a a truckle-bed under a larger one; the
trowel. Dimin. of L. tnta, a stirring. truckle-bed being occupied by a servant,
spoon, skimmer, ladle (hence a trowel, pupil, or inferior. It prob. originated in
from the shape) ; cf. L. tntl/a. University slang, from L. troclzlea (as
Trowsera; see Trousers. above).
Troy-weight. (F. and E.) Orig. a Truculent, barbaro , S . (F. -L. ) F.
weight used at the fair of Troyes, a town InlCulerzt. - L. acc. tniCu/en/lm., cruel.-
in France, S. E. of Paris. See Arnold's L. trtlc' , stem of trux, fierce, wild.
Chronicle, ed. 18 11, pp. 108, 191; Haydn, Trudge, to march heavily. (F . -
Diet. of Dates, &c. Teut.? ) Perhaps to slouch along, or go
Trua.nt, an idler. (F. -C.) F. tntand, about as an idle beggar. - F. tnlcher, to
a beggar; truand, adj., beggarly; Cot. beg idly; obsol. (Littre). Of Teut. origin;
[The same as Span. trohan, Port. tyuhiio, cf. Low G. trttgge/en, to beg fawningly, to
a buffoon, jester.) - W. troatt, wretched , wheedle; Du. troggele1Z, to beg, wheedle;
a wretch; Bret. tntek, a beggar; Gael. M . Du. troggelen, 'to trugge up and
and Irish truaghatt, a wretch, miserable downe a Begging,' Hexham; W. Flem.
creature. Cf. W. tnt, wretched, Corn. trogge/en, to walk with difficulty; Dan.
troc, wretched, Gael. tntagh, Irish trogha, Irygle, to importune ; E. Fries. triigge/n,
miserable, O. Irish tn~ag ; Celt. type to press, push backward, also to be im-
*trougos, wretched (Stokes, 138). The portunate. Allied to G. driicken, to press,
Late L . trutiinus, a wandering beggnr, is A. S. jryccan, to press, afflict, provo E.
from the same source. thrutch, to press.
575
 TRUE TRY
'1'r1le, firm, certain. (E.) M. E. trewe. trundle-bed, n bed running on wheels;
A. S. tr~o'lIJe, trywe, true, Orig.' believed;'lrundle-tail, a curly tail of a dog; A. S.
allied to O. Prussian d,-ullJlt , to believe Iryndyled, rounded; Voc. 152. 5.-M. F.
(Fick); Lith. drlitas, firm. + Du. trouw, (Picard) trondeler, 'to trundle;' Cot.;
Ice!. tryggr, Swed. trogm, G. treu, Goth. Walloon Irondeler, to roll (Sigart). Of
triggws, true. Cf. also Ice!. tror, true, Low G. origin; cf. Low G. trondeln,
Goth. trauan, to believe,trust, be persuaded. Pomeran. trUm/eln, to trundle a hoop;
See Trow. O. Fries. trund, round; N. Fries. trind,
'.rru1Ile. (F. - L.) M. F . truJle, F. round. From Teut. ·trund-, weak grade
trujfi, a round edible fungus, found under- of a lost verb ·trendan- , to roll (pt. t .
ground. Span. trufa, a truffie. It is .trand) ; whence also A. S. sin-trynael,
thought that the F. trujfi, Span, trufa , a large ronnd shield. The i appears in
answer to L. pI. rubera, truffies, whence Dan. Swed. trind, round; the a, modified
was fonned a F. fern . sb. ·tufre, easily to e, appears in M. E. trmae", to turn, roll,
altered to trujfi. We also find Ital. tar- secondary verb from ·trand, 2nd grade of
tufo, a truffie < L. terra tuber, i. e. truffie·trmaan-. See Trend.
of the earth; whence G. kartoffel, earlier 'l'runlI: (I), stem of a tree, &c. (F. - L.)
form tartu./fel, a potato. See Trifle. F. trone, trunk. - L. truncum, acc. of
".rrull, a worthless woman. (G.) G. truncus, trunk, stem, bit cut off. - L.
trulle, trolle (whence Picard troulle), a trunms, adj., cut off, maimed. Brugm. i.
trull. Cognate with M. On. drol, a jester, § 144.. Der. tru1tk-hose, i. e. trunk'd-hose,
Icc!. troll, a merry elf; see Droll and knee-breeches, breeches cut short.
Troll. 'l'runk ( 2), of an elephant. (F.-G.
'l'rump (I), a trumpet. (F.-G.-Slav.) -Slav.) Formerly trump, signifying ( I )
M. E. tru,npe, trompe. - F. trompe, • a trumpet, (2 ) tube. - F. trompe, 'a trump, or
trump;' Cot. Cf. Span. trompa, Ital. trumpet, the snowt of an elephant;' Cot.
tromba, a trump. - O. H. G. trumpa, Cf. O. F. tromper, to blow a trumpet; see
trumba, a trumpet. -O.Slav. type ·tromba, Trump (I).
as in O. Slav. and Pol. traba (with former a 'l'r'IIlUliOD., one of the projecting
nasal), Siovenian tromba, tr8ba, a trumpet , stumps on each side of a cannon, on which
Russ. truba, a pipe, tube, trumpet. it rests in the carriage. (F. - L.) F . tro-
Trum, (2 ), one of a leading snit of gnon, a stump; from tronc, a trunk; cf.
cards. (F.-h) Well known to be a cor· M. F. tron, a stump; see Trunk (I).
ruption of triump"; see Latimer's Ser- '1'r1l88, to pack, fasten up. (F.) O. F.
mons, and Nares. - F. triomphe, 'the trousser, tourser, to pack up; whence
card-game called ruffe, or trump; also the the sb. trousse, tourse, a bundle; and the
ruffe ortrump at it;' Cot.: triompher,' to dimin. trollssel, tOtlrsel, later trousseau;
triumph, to trump at cards;' Cot. - L. see Trousseau. Cf. Port. trouxa, a pack,
triumphus, triumph; see Triumph. Span. troja, a soldier's knapsack. Origin
Trumpery nonsense. (F.- G. -Slav.) doubtful; perhaps from O. F. tros, trous;
F. tromperie, ! a wile, fraud;' Cot. - F. a small piece; from Late L. tllrsus, L.
tromper, to deceive; orig. to sound a horn; thyrsus, a stalk. - Gk. (Jvp(fOS; see Thyr-
whence the phrase se tramper de quelqtl un, 8US. SO Korting.
to play with anyone, amuse oneself at '1'r1lat. (Scand.) M. E. trust. - Tee! .
their expense. See Trump ,(I ). traust, trust, protection, firmness; Dan.
trumpet. (F.-G.-Slav.) F.trom· Swed. trost , consolation. + G . trost, con-
pette, dimin. of trompe, a hom; see Trump solation, Goth. trallSti, a covenant. Re-
(I). lated to Trow, True.
'l'runcate, to cut off short. (L.) From truth. (E.) M . E. t"/!'lvthe, trouthe ;
pp. of L. t"uncare, to cut off. - L. truncus, A. S. trlowtJ, truth. - A. S. triowe, true;
a stump. See Trunk ( I). see True.·+ Ice!. try~ , truth . And see
truncheon. (F. - L.) M . E. tron- Troth.
choun. -O. North F. tronc"on (Norm. 'l'rY, to select, test, examine, &c. (F.-
dial. ) ; O. F.lronson, a thick stick; formed L.) M.E. trim, to select, pick out, choose.
from tronc, a trunk; see Trunk. Mod. F . _ F. trier, 'to cull out;' Cot. The
Iron(o". same as Provo triar, to separate corn
'l'runclle, to roll. (F, - Low G.) cr. from the straw, also to choo!;C. - Lnte L.
1176
 TRYST TUMEFY
lriltJre, to pound small; d. luI. Imart, 'raeIIc1a:r. (F.) A. S. Lmlel t/4g, the
to pound, grind, mince, also to ponder, day of LmI, the god of war. +
lcel Tjl-
consider, scan.-L IritlU, pp. of lerere, to tIDgr, the day of Tjr; Dan. Tirst!ag,
rob. I t meant to thresh, pulverise, separate, Swed. Tist!ag ; O. H. G. Zits tac, the day
purify, cull, pick. (Disputed.) »er. of Ziu, god of war. 11. The A. S. Tiw,
In·-al. leel. Tjr, O. H. G. Ziu are the same as
~, '!"rift, an appointment to meet. Skt. alva-I, god, and allied to L. deus,
(F.- Teut.?) See Jamieson; orig. a set god, and even to L. III- in Iu.piter, Gk.
station, place of meeting. M. E. triste, ~Vs, Skt. Dyaus. • A translation of L
Idslre, a station (in hunting), place to dies Martis.
watch. - O. F. tdste, tristre, station to Tufa, a soft stone. (Itai. - L .) For
watch (in hunting) , ambnsh; Low L . tufo. - Ital. tufo. - L. tOfus, topAus. Cf.
tds/a. Of doubtful origin ; but perhaps Gk. T,*". Origin unknown.
related to Frankish L. tnutis, one in a 'raft (I ), a crest, knot. (F. - Tent.)
place of trust (see Ducange). Allied to M. E . tuft, but the final I is excrescent';
O. H. G. trost, help, M. H. G. vb. tr()tS:/m, provo E. tuff, a tuft. - F. touffi, a tuft or
to assist; see TrwIt. lock of hair. -Swed. dial. tuppa, a tuft,
Tub, a small cask. (0. Low G.) M. E. fringe; lcel toppr, a top, tuft, or lock
tuhbe. - M. Du. tolJlJe, a tub; Low G. and of hair; M. Du. tqp, a tuft; G. upf.
E. Fries. tuhbe, a tub. • W. twlf is borrowed from E., and
Tube. (F.-L) F. tuht.-L tuiJum, preserves the correct form.
acc. of tuiJus, a tube, pipe; akin to tuba, 'raft (~ ), a plantation, a green knoU.
a trumpet. Der. tuh-Jd-ar, from L tu · (Scand.) See Toft.
bulus, dimin. of tuiJus. 'rug, vb. (Scand.) M. E. loam. From
Tuber, a rounded root. (L.) L. tUber, lcel. tog, M. Swed. tog, a rope to pull by;
a bump, tumour, also a truffle. Lit. allied to E. Fries. tokkm, to pUll; Low
I swelling;' allied to Tumid. Brup. i. G. tuUm, to pall up, draw up; c( Low
f 4 1 3 (8). Der. tulJerde, a little swel1ing. G. logg, a pull (Danneil). From the weak
Tuclr: (1), to gather in a dress. (0. Low grade (tuA-) of Tent. ·ttll"-a,,-, to pull;
G.) M. E . tuUe". - Low G. luHm, to see Tow (I), Tuck (I).
pull up, draw up, tuck up, also to entice 'Z'uition. (F.-L.) F. tuiti01l. -Lacc.
+
( = M. Du. tockm, to entice). G. IlUCkm, tuilimum, protection. -L. luil-us, pp. of
to twitch up ; O. H. G ..auccAm. Teut. base t#&i, to guard, protect.
·tuU; intensive form from the weak grade Tulip, a flower. (F.-ltal.-Turlt.-
(·tuA) of Teut. ·teuAa,,-, to pull; see Pers.) "}d. F. tulippe, also tuliptl1l, a tulip;
Tow ( I), Tug, Touch. so called from its likeness to a turban. -
Tuck (~), a rapier. (F. - Ital. - G.) ltai. tulipa, tJd;ptuw, a tulip. - Turk. tul-
Short for F. I/oc, occasional form of be1Id, a turban; also dulbmd. - Pers. dJd·
estoc, 'the stock of a tree, a rapier, a tuck ; , !Jaml. a turban; see Turban.
Cot. - luI. stocco, a truncheon, rapier, "rulle, a kind of silk open-work or lace.
tuck; Florio. - G. stock, a stock, stump, (F.) Named from Tulle, the chief town
&c. ; see Stock, Stoccado. - in the department of Correze (France),
Tuclr: (3), beat of drum. (F. - Tent.) where it was first made (Littre).
From Picard or Walloon loquer, tORer, '!'umble, vb. (F.) M. E. tumlJlm;
to touch, strike ; variant of F. toucner, to frequent. of tomlJnl, tumiJm, to tumble.-
touch; see Touch, Tooain. A. S. tumbUl1I, to tum heels over head,
tuclr:er, a fuller. (F. - Tent.) M. F. dance. + Do. tuimtlm; d . G. lummel",
touker,lit. ' beater;' though the cloth was from O. H. G. tijmm, to turu over and
worked up with the feet. - O. North F. over (whence F. tomlJer) ; Dan. tumk.
louker, toquer, to beat; variant of F. Der. tu""'ler, sb., (1 ) an acrobat, ( ~ ) a
toucher, to touch. See TOOIIin. glass without a foot, which could ontyile
tucket, a flourish on a trumpet. (F. set down when empty; tu",lJ-r-eI, a aut
- Teut.) North F . touquet, for O. F. that falls over, O. F. tomkrel, from F .
touchet, a stroke; equivalent to Ital. 11K. toml>er, to tumble, fall over, a word of
cata, a prelude, tolling of a bell, a tucket, Teut . o~.
a striking; from loccare, to strike, touch ; ".l"ume!:J, to cause to swell. (F. - L .)
see Touch. ~ Or from Italian. M. F . t.mJfor; Cot. - Late L. ·tumeficiJrt,
577
 TUMID TURN
for L. lumt/aur" to make to swell. - L. place for digging it. (F. - O. H. G .) 0.'.
luml-r" to swell; facere, to make. lor/Jerie; Low L. lurbdria, the same. _
tumicL (L.) L. lumidus, swollen.- O. H . G. ·Iurba, older form of zurba, turf.
L. tumire, to swell. Cf. Gk. ",u~'7, a +A. S. IUif. See Tut"t.
swelling; Skt. lu, to increase. Brugm. i. Turbi.cL (L.) L. lurbidus, disturbed.
§ 413 (8). (.vTEU.) Der. lu",-our, F. - L. lurbOre, to disturb. - L. lurba, a
IUflUUr, from L . acc. lumQr,m, a swelling. crowd, confused mass of people. See
Tump, a hillock. (C.) W . twmp, a Trouble.
tump, is perhaps from E. But the word Turbot. (F.-L.) F. turbot, a fish.-
seems to be Celtic; from W . 10m, Gael. Late L. turbo, a turbot; L. lurbo, a spindl e,
and Irish tom , a hillock ; cf. Gk . .,.uJA/Jos, reel; from its rhomboidal shape. So also
L. tu"mlt.s, a mound. See Tomb. L. rhombus, a spindle, rhombus, turbot.
Tumult. ( F.-L.) F.lttmulle. -L. Turbulent. (F.-L.) F.lurbulent._
acc. ttmzullum , an uproar. - L. tumere, to L. lurbulenlus, full of commotion. - L.
swell, surge up. lurbare, to disturb; see Turbid.
tum-ula. ( L.) L. tumulus, a mound. Tureen, the same as Terreen, q. v.
-L. lumere, to swell. And see Tomb. Turf. (E.) M. E. turf, pl. lurue.s
Tun; see Ton. (/Urots). A. S.luif'+Du. IUrf, Icel. torj,
"rune, tone, melody. (F. -L. - Gk .) sod , peat; Dan. loro, Swed. loif, O. H. G.
M . E. lune. - A. F. lun, F . Il)n, 'a tune, zurba. Cf. Skt. darbha-, a matted grass,
or sound;' Cot. - L. acc. tonum. - Gk. from drbh, to bind .
.,.&"os, a tone. See Tone. Turgid. (L.) L. lurgidus, swollen.-
"rungsten, a heavy metal. (Swed. ) L. turgere, to swell out.
Swed. lungsten , lit. ' heavy stone.' - Swed. Turkey-. ( F. - Tatar.) Called a Turk!y
lung, heavy ; sten, stone. Swed. lung = cock, or a cock of India, from the notion
Icel. fungr, heavy; st,n is cognate with that it came from Turkey or from India:;
E . stone. so also G. Caleculischer hahn, a turkey·
Tunic. (F. - L.) O . F. lunique. -L. cock, is lit. a cock of Calicut. (It really
lunica, an under-garment; whence A. S. came from the New World.) From F .
ItmiClz. Der. tunic-Ie, tunic-al-ed. Turquie, Turkey. - F. Turc, a Turk. -
Tunnel. (F. -L.) O. F. tonnel (later Tatar 1i.rk, a Turk; orig. an adj. meaning
tonneat. ), a tun, great vessel; hence a 'brave.' ~ The usual Turkish word for
tunnel (or trap) for partridges, which was 'Turk' is •Osmdnli.
an arched tunnel of wire, strengthened by Turmeric. (Arabic?) New L .lurm,rica
hoops at intervals (whence the name; it (Minsheu). Cf. F. terre-mlrile, turmeric
was also called tonnelle in F. ). It came (Littre; s. v. Curcuma) ; as if L. tetTa
to mean any kind of tunnel or shaft, merita, apparently ' excellent earth'; but
e. g . tbe shaft or pipe of a chimney, &c. cf. terra men·lum, • the produce of the
Dimin. from Late L. lunna, a ton; see earth,' in Ducange. ~ But terra merita,
Ton. like lurmnic, is prob. a corruption of an
"runny-, a fish . (F. -L. -Gk. ) F.thDn; Eastern word. Span. Port. curcuma, tur-
Cot. - L. thunm.m, acc. of Ihunttu$ , - meric, are from Arab. kurkum, saffron;
Gk. eu"pos, e;;"os, a tunny. Lit. ' tb.e whence. also L. crocus.
darter.' - Gk. e.;" ..", allied to eUf''', to Turmoil, sb. ( F. 1 - L. 1) Formerly
rush along. ( VDHEU.) turmoyl; probably a corrupt form, the
Tup, a ram. (Scand. ) Prob. a trans- latter part of the word being assimilated
ferrea name; cf. Swed. and Norw. luP}, ,to moil, q. v. ; and the former part to
a cock, allied to Dan. top, a cock's crest, turn. Prob. from M. F . Ir,mouille, 'the
and to Ice!. toppr, a top, a crest. See Top. hopper of a mill,' also called trameul
Turban. (F. - Ital. - Turk. - PeTS.) (Cotgrave) ; O. 1'. trameure. fJ. So named
Formerly turbanl, lurribanl, lurband; from being in continual motion . - L. tre·
also lolipant, tulipant, lulibant. - M. 1'. mere, to tremble, shake. Cf. O. F. Iram·
turbanl, lurban, a turban; Cot. - Ital. lur· ,oier, to tremble.
bante, 'a turbant; ' Florio. - Turk. lui· Turn, vb. (L. - Gk.) M. E. lumen.
bend, vulgar form of du lbend, a turban. - tournen; A . S. Iyntan , turnian. l Cf.
Pers. dttlband, a turban. Cf. Tulip. O. H. G. tumen, to tum.] - L. torntir',
Turbary, a right of digging turf, or a to tum in a latb.e. - L. tornus, a lathe.-
S7 8
 TURNIP TWEEZERS
Gk. T6p"o~, a toot to draw circles with; Fries. fiisk r Icel. foskr. Perhaps related
allied to TOp6~, piercing, L. ferere,. to nIb, to Tooth. Brugm. i. § 795·
bore. (.vTER.) Der. turn, sb. Tussle, to scuflle. (E. ) The same as
Turnip, Turnep, a plant. (F. - L.; tousle, to disorder; frequent. of touse, to
and L.) The latter part of the word is pull about. See TOUBe. Cf. Westphal.
M. E. nepe, a turnip, A . S. nap, borrowed tusse/n, to pull about, and E. toss.
from L miPUS, a kind of turnip; cf. Irish Tut, an exclamation ofimpatienee. (E. )
and Gael. neip, a turnip. 13. The origin Cf. M. F . trut (the same) ; and cf. tusll.
of the former part is unknown; the sug- 'l'utelage, guardianship. (L.; with F.
gestion ferra nopus dOes not agree with suffix.) From L. ttltil-a, protection; with
the spelling, which rather resembles the F. suffix -age « L. -oticum ). - L. tut-us,
F. tour in the sense of' wheel,' as siguify- short for tuitus, pp. of luir;, to guard,
ing its round shape; it looks as if it had protect ; see Tuition.
been turned. A turner's wheel was for- tutelar. (L.) L. tiite/oris, protecting.
merly called a turn in English, and lou,.. -L. tiit-us, sh ort for tttitus (above).
in French. Cf. Irish turnapa, a turnep, tutor. (L.) L . liilor, a guardian, tutor.
turnoir, a turner (from E. ). -L. tiit-us (above) .
Turnpike. Formerly a name given Tutty, a collyrium. (F.-Pers.) F.
to the old-fashioned tum-stile, which re- lutie; M . F. tuthie, 'tutie,' Cot. - Pers.
volved on the top of a post, and resembled ttltiya, green vitriol. Cf. Skt. tu/tka-, blue
a frame with pikes, used for defence. vitriol.
From Turn and Pike. 'l'waddle, to tattle. (E.) Formerly
~Dtine, exudation from the tere- twattle, a collateral form of tattle.
binth. (F. -L.- Gk.) M. F. turbentine ; 'l'wain; see Two.
Cot.; Norman dial. turbentine.-L. le,'e- 'l'wang, to sound with a sharp noise.
binthus. _ Gk. Tfp'I3I"Bo~, the terebinth- (E.) A collateral form of tang; see
tree. See Terebinth. Tang (l). Cf. Tingle.
'l'urpitude. (F. -L.) F. furpitude.- 'l'weak, to twitch, pinch. (E.) M. E.
L.lurpiliido, baseness. - L. turpis, base. twikken ; A, S. Iwiccian, pI. t. twice-ode,
Turquoise, Turlds, a gem. (F . - (spelttwiccede,Shrine"p); cf.A.S. twicce,
Ita1. - Tatar.) F. lurquoise; orig. fem. of as in A. S. angel·twicce, a hook-twitcher,
Turquois, Turkish. -M. ltal. Turchesa, a the name of a worm used as a bait.+Low
turquoise, or Turkish stone. _ Tatar Turk, G. twikken , E. Fries. twikken, G. zwickm,
a Turk. t~inch. See Twitch.
'l'urret. (F. -L.) M. F. tourette ; Cot. '!'weezers, nippers. (F. - Teut. ; with
Dimin. of O. F. tur, F . tour, a tower. - E . sujfix. ) A surgeon's box of instruments
L. acc. tUrrem. See Tower. was formerly called a tweese, whence small
'l'urtle (1), a turtle-dove. (L.) A. S. surgical instruments were called tweezes, a
lurtle; formed, by change of r to I, from form afterwards turned into tweezers, and
L. turtur, a turtle (whence also G. turte!, used of small nippers in particular. 13.
Ital. tortora, tortola). An imitative word; Again, the word twetU was really at first
due to a repetition of tur, used to express twees, the plural of twee or etwu, a sur-
the coo of a pigeon. gical case; etwte being merely an Englished
'l'urtle (l ), the sea-tortoise. (L.) Eng- form of M. F. estuy, F . ' Iu;.- M. F. estuy,
lish sailors, ill understanding the Port. 'a sheath, case, a case of little instru-
tarlaruga, Span. tortuga, a tortoise or sea- ments, now commonly termed an ettwee ; ,
turtle, turned these words into turtle ; see Cot. y. The M. F . esluy is cognate with
above. The Span. and Port. words are Span. (stucke, Port. (stojo, M. Ital. stuccio,
allied to Tortoise. stucchio, ' a little pocket-cace with cisors,
'l'ush, an exclamation of impatience. pen-knives', and such trifles in them' (sic ) ;
(E.) Formerly twish , an expression of Florio. - M. H. G.stiiche (prov. G.stauche),
disgust. Cf. pish and lui; and CC. Low a short and narrow muff (hence a case).
G. tuss, silence! Also Dan. tysse, to + leeL stuka, a sleeve. ~ Etymology
silence. quite clear; estuy became etwee, twee, the~
Tusk. (E.) South E. lush (as in Shak.). I'lllees, then tweeses, and lastly tweezers,
A. S. tusc, usually spelt tux; prob. origin- which might be explained as ' instruments
ally .tiisc. ce. O. }<'ries. lUSCh, tusk; E. belonging tOil /weese or twet.'
579
 TWELVE TWIRL
helve. (E.) M. E. lfIIe!f, whence But IfIIillnt is here a Low G. spelling
Iwtlj-e, a pI. form, also written IfIIeIIU of M. H. G. m/lutJ, to double; from
(=.lfIIehJe). A. S. twl/f, twe(fe.+O. Fries. M. H. G. nvi/C", O. H. G. mnli", adj.,
hIIilif, Du. twaall, lcel. t6/f, Dan. tolfl, two-threaded, a word suggested by L. bi-
Swed. to!/, G. tflliilf, O. H.G. nvelif, Goth. liz, two-threaded (from L. bi-, double,
lfIIalij. fJ. The Goth. twa-iii is composed lidum. thread)_ Cf. G. nvil/ic!J. ticking.
of hila, two; and -lif, the equivalent of twin. (E.) A. S. p-hIIin1l4S, twins.+
the Lithnan. -lilla, occurring in duly-lilla, leel. tvinnr, in pairs; Lithuan. tiwyni,
twelve. Again, the suffix -lila is &flied to twins; d. L. bini, two at a time. From
Lithnan. likas, remaining, left over, from the A. S.IfIIi-. double; the ~ gives a dis-
liAt-ti, to remain. Hence lfIIa-li/ - two tribative force, as in L. "i-n-i, two at a time.
over ten, i.e. twelve. Brngm. il. § 175. Cf. Goth. lfIIei!lnai. two apiece; Bavar.
Dar. twllj-t", for twe/It - A. S. IfIIelfta, nJin-Ii"g', G. swil-ling, a twin.
twelfth; twelve,noM"" M. E. hIIe(fmlmllJe. twine, vb. (E.) M. E. twi_. to
twenty. (E.) A. S. twmtig. -A. S. twist together. From A. S. lfIIin, sb., a
IfIIm = twirl, short for IfIIlp". twain; and twisted or doubled thread. + Du.hllijn, sb.,
.tig, suffix allied to Goth. -tigjus and E. tm. a twist, twine, Ice1. Ivin";, twine; Swed.
+Goth. tvJaitigjus, Du. tw,"'ig, lcel. tut- tvinntrdd, twine-thread; also Du. hIIlern,
tugu, G. tfIIan.ig; all similarly formed. G. mnrn. fJ. All from Tent. type ·hllis-
twibill, tw7bW, a two-edged bill. no- >·lfIIis-no-, double; the is becomes i
(E.) M. E. twiD;/. A. S. twibill. - A. S. in A. S. twin, Du. lfIIijn; the.n becomes
1fIJi-, double; "ill, a bill; see twice nn in lcel. and Swed.; and the. becomes
(helow). r in Du. and G. The hue twis- occurs
twice. (E.) M.E.lflliis (dissyllabic). in E. twis-t, Goth. lfIIis-, pre6x; d. L.
A. S. twiges, a late form, for the older "is tfor ·tlwis), Gk.3l,. Skt. this, twice.
twiwa, twice. - A. S. twi-, double; like Brngm. i. S 903 (c, note ,).
L. "i-, Gk. 3c-, Skt. tJvi-; allied to lfllii, ~e, to nip. (E.) M. E. lfIIenp",
two. See Two. weak vI); (g-j). Causal of twi"Pn,
twig' (J),a shoot ofa tree. (E.) A.S. Itr. vb., O. Fries. twingrJ, t"winga (pt. t.
lfIIig (pI. twigu), a twig; Northumb. twang), to constrain, O. Sax. lJi-tllwingan,
tuig-p (pI. tuiggo). Jo. xv. 5, 6; orig. the Icel. juingrJ, Du. dwingm, G. mJingm,
fork of a bI¥ch, and named from heing O. H. G. dwillg'an ; Teut. type ·t"weng-an-,
double, the small.boot branching off from pt. t. t"fIJQ"g'. Cf. also Lith. twenkti,
the larger one. - A. S. lfIIi-, double; see to he bot, to smart; twankas, sultry.
above.+Du.twijg,Low G.twig (Danneil), (~~K.) Der. tllo1lg'.
Westphal. twitll, twiclt, G. rweig. Cog- • e. (E.) A. S. twinelian, to
nate with Skt. @i-Ila-, ' consisting of two,' twinkle; a frequenbLtive form of twink,
Gk. &11116r, double, twofold. Brngm. ii. appearing in M. E. twinken, to blink, wink.
, 166. Again, this is a nasalised form of M. E.
Twig (,), to comprehend. (C.) Irish twiltltm, to twitch (hence to quiver); see
luig-i"" O. Irish lucc-im, I understand; Tweak. + Bavarian rwin!ttrn, frequent.
Gael. tuig, to understand. of mJinken, to blink.
~ht. (E.) M. E. /wi/iglJl. The twinkling. (E.) M. E. twinkeling,
prefix tw,- (A.S. twi-) is lit. 'double' (see the twitching of an eye.-M.E. twinkelm,
twioe above); but is here used rather in to wink; the same word as E. twinkll.
the sense of doubtful or bc..'tween; d. L. '.fwiDter, a beast two years old. (E.)
dubius, doubtful, from duo, two. + G. A. S. lwi-wintre, adj .• of two years_ - A.S.
SfI1ieliclJl, M. Du. lfIIulicllt; similarly com- lfIIi-, double . (see. twioe), and wiMer,
pounded. a winter, a year.
twill, to weave, shewing ribs. (Low '.rwire, to peep out. (E.) In Shako
G.) The word has reference to a peculiar Son. ,8. Onlyrecordedin the cognate Bava-
method of doubling the warp-threads, or rian nvirm, mlitrm, to peep (Scbmeller),
taking two of them together; tbis gives M. H. G. rwierm, to peep out (Scbade).
an appearance of diagonal lines, in textile ~ Nares is wrong in citing twire=twilter
fabrics. From Low G. /wi/Int. [One from Cbaucer; tbe true reading is twitret".
Low G. lf11il/m, to bifurcate, is allied to 'l'wirl, to tum rapidly round. (E.) It
O. H. G. SfI1inel, twin, and to E. Twin.] stands for tllwirl (like lfIIinge for t"winge).
580
 TWIST UDDER
Frequentative of A. S. -j'Weran, to tum, TYbalt, the Cprince of cats.' (Low G.)
whence j'Wiril, the handle . of a ch~. In Shako A. F. T ebald, Ttbaud. - O. Sax.
Cognate with G. querlen, quzrlen, to twnl, Thiod-bald, Theobald. Cf. T)'bert, the
querl, a twirling-stick.; from O. H. G. cat; in CReynard the Fox.'
twtran dweran, to whirl round . fJ. The Tympanum, the hollow part of the
frequen't. form appears also in Du.dwarfen, ear, &c. (L. - Gk.) L. t),mpanum, a
to twirl , dwarlwind, a whirlwind; cf. drum,tympanum.-Gk.T';~.avov,adrum,
Low G. dweerwind, a whirlwind. We also roller; the same as TVwavOV, a drum. - Gk.
find Ice!. )vara, a stirring-stick; from TV"-, base of TV.TfCV, to strike. Der. ty11l-
thwar, lnd grade of Tent. *thwtran-, as seen pan)" Gk. TV~'lrQv[as, 11 dropsy in which the
in A. S. -j'Weran. Also E. Fries. dwire!n, belly is tightly stretched, as a drum.
dwirlen, to twirl , dwarrel, a whirl, from type. ( F.-L.-Gk.) F. type (Sher-
dweren, to tum; cf. Gk. TOPUV'l, a stirrer. wood). - L. typum, acc. of typuo. - Gk.
(.y'TWER.) TWOS, a blow, mark of a blow, stamp,
Twist, vb. (E. ) M. E. twisten, vb. impress, mark, mould, type, &c. - Gk.
formed from A. S. twist, sb., a rope or TV1f-, base of Tunflv, to strike. Cf. Skt.
twisted cord. - A. S. *twis-, double (see tup, tump, to hurt; allied to Gk_
Twine); with suffix -t (Idg. suffix -too). uTVC/>f"l(flV, to strike. ("",STEU.) Der.
The Du. twist, Dan. Swed. tvist, G. zwist, tY.~ic, Gk. TVlflKCls; whence typic-ai, &c.
mean 'discord,' which is another sense hoon, a violent whirlwind. (Arab.
of the same word; so also M . E. twist, - k.) [Sometimes claimed as a Chinese
a twig or fork of a branclt; Icel. tvistr, word meaning Ca great wind: - Chinese
the deuce, in card-playing. ta, great; jOng (in Canton fung), wind,
Twit, to remind of a fault. (E.) whence la fung, a gale, a typhoon
Shortened from M.E. atwiten, to reproach. (Williams).] But this seems to be a late
- A. S. atwitan, to twit, reproach. - A. S. mystification. In old authors the forms
at, at, upon; witan, to blame, orig. to are tu./fon, tu./foon, tiplzon, &c. - Arab.
observe, hence to observe what is amiss. lit/lin, a hurricane, storm. - Gk. Tv¢Wv,
fJ. This A. S. wftan answers to Goth. better Tvcp4S, a whirlwind. The close
-weitan in compo fra-weitan , to avenge; accidental coincidence of these words in
cf. weitj"an, to observe; allied to Goth. sense and form is very remarkable, as
wi/an, to know; see Wit (I) . Cf. Du. Whitney notes. See below.
wijten, to reproach. G. ver-weisen, from Typhus, a kind of fever. (L.-Gk.)
T eut. base *we#. ("",WElD.) L. tjphus. - Gk. TVcpOS, smoke, mist; also
Twitch, to pluck. (E.) M . E . twicchen , stupor, esp. if arising from fever; typhus
palatalised form of M . E. twikkm, A. S. fever=stupor-fever. -Gk.TvCPflv,to smoke.
twiccian, to tweak. See Tweak. For (oV'DHEU.) Der. tJlplzo-id, i. e. typhus-
the form , cf. A. S. angel.twicce, provo E. like, from .roof, resemblance.
angletwitch, an earthworm (N .E. D.). Tyrant. (F .-L. -Gk.) The final t is
Twitter, vb. (E.) Frequentative from added. O. F. tiran, also tyrant. - L.
a base twit; cf. titter, tattle, and twaddle; tyrannum, acc. of tyram/us, a tyrant.-
all of imitative origin. +G. zwitschern, to Gk. TUpaVVOS, a lord, sovereign, master;
twitter, Bavar. zwitzern; Du. kwetteren, orig. in a good sense (see Prellwitz).
Dan. qviddre, Swed. qvittra. Der. tyrann-y, F. tyratmie, Late L.
Two, Twa.ill. (E.) The A . S. forms tyrannia, Gk. Tvpavvla, sovereignty.
shew that the difference between two and Tyro, misspelling of Tiro, q. v.
twai" was orig. one of gender only. A. S.
twegen, masc. , two (M. E. tweien, twein,
E. twain ) ; tWli, fern., two; neut. twa or 11.
tii, two. + Du. twee, Ice!. tveir, Dan. to, Ubiquity,omnipresence. (F.-L.) F .
Swed. tvlt., tu, Goth. twai, G. zwei (also ubiquitt, ' an ubiquity ;' Cot. As if from
zween, masc.) ; Irish da, Gael. da, do, W. L. acc. *ubiquitiitem, a being everywhere;
dau, Russ . dva, Lith. dwi, L. duo (whence a coined word. - L. ubique, everywhere.-
F. deux, E. dettce ), Gk. Mo, Skt. dVlitl, dva. L. tlbt, where; with suffix -que, allied to
Cf. also L. bi-, /lis, twice; and the pre- L__ g uis, who. Der. ttbiquit·ous.
fixes di-, dia-, dis- , Der. a-two, i. e. on l1dder. (E.) A. S. iirier, an udder.
two = ia two. + M. Du . ude,., Du. uijtr, Icel.jiigr (for
581
 UGLY UN-
*jiidr), Swed. itt/vel', jur, Dan. yver; G. Umbel, an umbrella-like inflorescence.
euter, O. H . G. uteI' ; also L. tiber, Gk. ( L.) L. umbella, a parasol; dim in. of
oU/lap,Skt.udkar, t,dkan, an udder. Brugm. ttmbra, a shade; see Umbrage.
i . § 1 X3. umber. (F.-Ita!.-Lat.) F. ombre,
Ugly. frightful. (Scand.) M. E. ugly, short for terre d'ombre, lit. 'earth of
uglike. - Icel. teggligr, fearful, dreadfu!'- shadow,' a brown earth used for shadowing
Ice!. ugg-r, fear; -It'gr=A. S. -lic, like. in paintings. - Ita!.,terra d' ombra, lit. earth
Allied to Ice!. ugga, to fear. Der. ugli- of shadow (Torriano) . - L. .terra, earth;
tuss. rU, of; umbra, shadow.
U'hlan, lJlan, a lancer. (G. - Polish.- Umbilica.l, pertaining to the navel. (F.
Turkish.) G. uMan, a lancer.-Po!. ulan, -L.) M. F. umbilical, adj., from umbilic,
a lancer. Borrowed from Turk. ogliin, also navel (Col.). - L. umbilicum, acc. of um-
iilan, a youth, lad. Of Tatar origin. bilicus, navel, middle, centre.+Gk. oiUf>o.-
lJ'ka.se, an edict. (F. - Russ.) F. ukase. A6s, navel; cf. Skt. ntibhi-, navel; see
- Russ. ukaz', an edict; cf. ukasate, to Nave ( I). Brugm. i. § 467.
indicate, shew, order, prescribe. - Russ. u-, Umbrage, shade of trees; offence. (F.
prefix, allied to Skt. ava, away, of!'; kazate, - L.) Properly' shadow'; hence, shadow
to shew, Ch. Slav. kasati. Brugm. i. is or suspicion of injury. - M. F. ombrage, um-
J 6;\ (note), 6x6. brage, shade, also suspicion.-F. ombre,
Ulcer, a dangerous sore. (F.-L.) F. shadow (with suffix -age < L. -iiticum).-
uldre. - L. ulcer-, for *ulces-, stem of L . umbra, shadow.
ulcus, a sore.+Gk. JAICOS, a wound, sore; umbrella. (Ital.-L.) Ital. umbrella,
Skt. arras, hemorrhoids. ombrel/a, a parasol; dimin. of Itnl.ombra,
~e. the unfilled part of a cask. a: shade. - L. umbra, a shade.
(Prov. -L.) 'Ullage of a cas!, that which Umpire. (F.-L.) Fornwllpire,'the
it wants of being full;' Phillips. - Mod. old form of the word; M. E. nompere,
Provo ulkage; O. F. ouillage, eul/age, noumpere, also noutlpere, nounpier, 1'.
a filling up. _ Mod. Provo ulka; O. F. Plowman, B. v. 337.-0. F. nomper, later
ouillier, eullier, to fill a cask up to the nompair, peerless, odd (Cot.) ; earliest
bung. Cotgrave spells it oeiller, and the form ,/Onper (Roquefort). -L. notl, not.;
sb. as oeil/age. The Late L. type of the parem, acc. of par, equal. Used, like L.
vb. is *oculare, i. e. to fill up to the oculus, impar, in the sense of arbitrator; the
eye, orifice. We also find O. F. aouillier, lit. sense is unequal, odd, hence a third
as if for *adoculare. man caned in to arbitrate, a 'non-peer.'
l1lterior, further. (L.) L. ulten'or, See Non- and Peer.
further; compo of O. L. ulter, adj. Un- (1), neg. prefix. (E.) Prefixed to
ultimate, furthest. (L.) L. ultimatus, 5bs., adjs., and advs. (Distinct from un-
pp. of u/timare, to be at the last. - L. te/ti- (2) below.) A. S. un-, neg. prefix.+Du.
mus, last; ul-li-mus being a double super!. Otto, Ice!. 0-, ii-, Dan. u-, Swed. 0-, Goth.
form from the base tel-; see ultra-. uno, G. uno, W. a1l-, L. in-, Gk. <iv-, a.,
ultra.-, beyond. (L. ) L. ultra, beyond, Zend . att-, a-, Skt. all-, a-. Readily pre-
adv. and prep. Allied to O. Lat. ul-s, fixed to a large number of words; a few
beyond, ollus, that one. of these, such as tttt-coutk, of which the
ultramarine, beyond sen; as sb., simple form is not used, will be found
sky-blue. (Span. -L.) Span. ultramarino, below.
beyond sea; also a blue colour. - L. ultra, Un- ( 2), verbal prefix, expressing the
beyond; mat'-f!, sen; and suffix ·imts ; sec reversal of an action. ( E. ) Quite distinct
Marine. from Utl- (x) above; only used with verbs.
ultramontane, beyoud the Alps. (F . Thus to un-lock = to reverse locking, to
- Ita!. - L.) F. ultramontai'l. - Ita!. open that which was closed by locking.
oltramon/atlo. - L. ultra, beyond; mOllt- A. S. UII-.+Du . onto, G. mt-, O. H . G. ani-,
em, ace. , a mountain; with suffix ·anus; Goth. alld- (as in alw-bindall, to unbind).
.ee Tramontane and Mountain. Precisely the same as E. an- in an·swer,
ultramunda.ne, beyond the world. A. S. and-, Gk. 6.VTt-; see Anti-. 'II In
(L.) L. ultra, beyond; mtmdatlus, the case of past participles, the prefix is
worldly, from mUlwus, world; see MUIl- ambiguous; thus un-bound may either
d&ne. mean 'llot bound ,' with prefix UII- (x ), or
 UN- UNIT
may mean' undone' or released, with prefix U'ndertake, to take upon oneself,
u,,- ( 1). attempt. (Eo a,1d Scand.) M. E. ulI(ler-
U'n- (3), prefix. (E.) Only in un-1o, lakm, compounded of under and M. E.
ulI-lil, which see. laken, to take. Der. under/ak-er, lit.
U'nlUleled, without having received one who takes a business in hand j Oth. iv.
extreme unction. (E. ; anti L.-Gk .) In I. 214.
Hnmlet,L5.77. Lit. 'un-on-oiled.' -A.S. U'ndulate. to wave. (L. ) From pp.
uno, not; M . E. an-eled, from an (for ofL. untiulare, to fluctuate.-L. ·undula,
A. S. on) and d ed,pp. of M .E. elien , to dimi n.ofunda,awave. Allied to Water j
oil, vb. , from ele, sb., oil. The A. S. de, CC. Skt. JUian, water, und, to wet, Lith.
oil, is borrowed from L. olermz, Gk. lll.a,ov, wantiil, water, Russ. voda, water. Bregm.
oil ; see Oil. i. §§ 102, 594.
U'nanimous, of one mind. (L.) L. U'neath, scarcely, with difficulty. (E.)
unanimous, of one mind; with suffix -OIlS. Obsolete. M .E. une}e. A.S. unla6e, adv.,
- L. Itn-US, one (see One) ; animus, mind. from adj. u~a6e, difficult. -A.S. uno, not;
U'ncial, large, applied to letters. (L .) la6e, la6, easy; the orig. sense being waste,
L. llneialis, adj. from uneia, inch; see empty, hence easy to occupy. Cf. O. Sax.
Inch. (From the large size of the letters.) 06;, easy ; G. Ode, waste, deserted, Icet.
U'ncle. (F.-L.) M. E. une/e.-A. F. au6r, empty, Gotb. aulns, au/his, desert,
unele ; F. uncle. - L. auuneululll, acc. of waste. ~ But some dis~ ociate A. S. la6"
aUl/nm lus, a mother's brother, lit. 'little O. Sax. 06i, from tbe rest.
grandfather;' dimin. of auus, 11 grand- U'nga.iD.l,., awkward. (Scand. j wil"
fath er. E. prtjix a,,,! sujJix.) l"ormed by adding
U'ncouth. (E.) A. S. tmat6, orig. I1n- -Iy to M. E. ungein, inconvenient. - A. S.
known ; hence, strange, odd. - A. S. uno, uno, not; Icel. gegn , ready, serviceable,
not ; and ciitJ, known, pp. of (Unna", to convenient, allied to gegna, to meet, suit,

-I
know. See Can. gegn , against, and to E. Acain. Cf. lcel.
U'nctio.n . (F . -L.) F. onclion.-L. if·gegn , ungainly.
unctionem, ace. of unelio, an anointing. U'nguent, ointment. (L.) L. un-
L. 1I1ul-1Is, pp. of u"gere, to anoint. Der. guenltlm, ointment. - L. unguent- , stem
u,ulu-ous, Late L. u'ldtt·osus. Brngm. i. +
of pres. pt. of ungere, to anoint. Skt.
§ ~98. See Unguent. a;/j, to smear. Hrugm. i. § 398.
U'nder, beneath. (E.) A. S. under.+ U'nicorn. (F. -L.) M. F. uniconu, a
Du. ornier, Icel. untiir, Dan. Swed. under, fabulous one-homed animal. - L unuor-
Goth. umiar, G. un/~r, under. Common nem, acc. of unict1nfis, one-homed. - L.
a~ n prefix. Brugm. i. § 446, ii. § 75. uni-, for unus, one (see One) j corn-u,
U'ndern, a certain period of the day. a horn. See Horn.
(E) The time denoted differed at different uniform, adj. (F.-L.) F . unifqnne.
periods. The A. S. undern meant the - L. tt"ijormem, acc. of unij_is, haT-
third hour, about 9 a . m.; later, it meant iog one form. - L. uni-, for unus, one j
about noon; and, still later, the after- form-a, form; see Form.
noon, in which sense it survives in provo E. union (I), concord. (F.-L.) F._im.
aunder, aaltdt1nf, t1nftiorns, dountirins, -L. acc. uniiinem, dbenesa.-L.• um-, for
&c.+Icel. untiorn, O. H. G. untorn, Goth. unus, one.
undaurni-; the lit. sense being 'intervening union (2), a large pearl. (F.-L.) The
or middfe period.' Perhaps from A. S. same word as the above; the L. u,""
under, with the sense' among' or 'be- means oneness, also a single pearl of a
tween.' like G. unler. Cf. 1.. inlemus, large size, also a kind of onion.
inward; from L. inter. ~ Kluge explains unique. (F. - L.) F. Urlifue., single.
it as equivalent to A. S. un-dynu, 'not - L. ."uum, ace. of imiCJIs, slOgle. - L.
dark,' hence' dawn.' (But tlynu usuall,. ii"i-, for u"us, one.
means' Bot manifest.') See Eng. Stud. uniJIoD.,concord. (F.-L.) F. _is_.
xx. 334. -L. u"isonum, ace. of unisonus, having
Unclentanc1. (E.) A.S. utuiersttuUitm, a like sound. - L. lini-, for u"us, ODe j
lit. to stand under or amOll(, hence, to com- somu, sound; see Bound (~).
prehend (like L. illiel-li,",). - A. S. -aw, unit. (F. - L.) F OrRIed by dropping
under j sJtmtIint, to stand. the final -~ of "';17. 'UIIiI, U.u., or
58 3
 UNITE URINE
Unil)" in arithmetic" the fir.n .si~i6cant lIraid, to weave; so that -mid in up. braid
figure, or number I, &c., PhillIps; see is the usual verb /waid, used in a special
Unity. sense. So also Dao.k-/weide (lit. be-braid),
unite. (L.) L. iinUus, pp. of unire, to upbraid.
to unite. -L. iimu, one. Uphol8terer. (E.) Lengthened from
unity, oneness. (F.-L.) M.E.. _itu. upMlsler, for upMId-sler, another form of
-M.F. unile (unilt). -L. unUaJem, ace. uPMIdw, which was formerly used of a
of unitas, unity. - L. uni-, for unus, one, dealer in furniture; lit. one who "olds up
cognate with One. for sale.
universal. (F. -L.) F . .,moene! Upon. (E.) A.S. uppon, upon.-A.S.
(Latinised). - L. iiniuersiilis, belonging upp, up, up; on, on. + lce1. upp a, upon;
to the whole. - L. iiniuersus, turned into Swed. pel, Dan. paa (reduced forms).
one, combined into a whole.-L. un"-, Uproar, tumult. (Du.) The spelling
for unus, one; uersus, pp. of uerlen, to shews confusion with E.. roar. - Du. gproer,
torn; see Vel'88. Der. univers-it)" F. • uprore, tumult;' Hexham. - Du. op, up;
universitt, from L. ace. iiniuersitiilem. roeren, to excite, stir, move; so that gproer
univocaJ., having but one meaning. =a stirring up, commotion.+Low G. upp-
(L.) From L. iin;uoc-us, univocal; with rir (Daoneil); Swed. uppror, Dan. upror,
suffix -iilis. - L. Un"-, for iimu, one; G. aufrunr. I). The verb is D'4 roeren,
UOC-, "llied tOUDX, voice, sense; seeVoice. Swed. rUTa, Dan. rOre, G. rlJ"ren, A. S.
Ullkem.,pt, i. e. uncombed; for un- "riran, to stir; see Beremoulle. The
kemll'd. From A. S. cemlJan, to comb; A.S. "riran is from "rir, adj., active, busy.
fonned (by vowel-change of a to e) from UpsiclecloWD.. (E.) From up, side,
camb, a comb. See Comb. and down. But the M. E. form was up-
UDIess, if not, except. (E.) Formerly so-tioun, i. e. 'up as it were down.'
on les, on lesse, in the phrase on lesse l!at, Upstart, sb. (E..) From upslarl, vb.,
i.e. in less than, on a less supposition than. to start up; Spenser, F. Q. i. I. 16;
Thus un- here stands for on. See On Chancer, C. T., A_ 1080. See Start.
and Lea. Upwards; see Up and -ward, suffix.
Uu.ruJ.y, disregarding restraint. (E.; UrbaD.e, courteous. (L.) L. urbanus,
and F.-L.) From uno, prefix, and rule; belonging to a city. - L. urb-s, a city.
with suffix -y; a coined word. See Bule. Der. urban, doublet of urbane; urllan-
:Fabyan has unruled. i-I)', F.urbanill, from L. ace. urbanilalem,
Until. (E..) The same word as below, courteousness.
with the substitution of North E. (and l1rchill, a hedgehog, goblin, imp, small
Scand.) Iii, to, for E. 10. See Till. child. (F.-L.) Orig. hedgehog; hence,
1IJlto, even to. (E.) M. E.. unto (not goblin, imp, small child (Tempest, i. l.
in A.S.). For und-Io; where 10 is the 3l6) ;itbein~supposedthatsomeimpstook
usual E. prep., and und is the O. Fries. a hedgehog s shape. - Walloon ureeMn,
und, onl, Goth. und, O. Sax. und, unto, irchtm (Sigart); Norm. dial. Mrichon;
whence O. Sax.. un-tii, unto. A related O. North. F . herichtm; O.F. irtfon, eri(olt,
form od «. ant" ) is common in A. S.; cf. herisson, a hedgehog; formed with suffix
also A. S. and-, plffix, for which see -on (=L. -4nem) from L. iriaus, a hedge-
Un- (2). hog, lengthened form of ir (gen. "i-s ),
Up. (E.) M. E.. flP, up; A. S. up, upp, a hedgehog.+Gk. xflp, hedgehog; cf. xap-
adv. + Du. op, Icel. upp, Dan. op, Swed. 40"0"(''', to scratch_
upp, Goth. iup, G. auf, O. H. G. iij. Un, practise, use. (F.-L.) Obsolete,
Allied to Over; cf. alJ-ove. except in in-ure, man-ure. (Distinct from
Upas, the poison-tree of Java. (Malay.) use.) -0. F. eure, utvre, ovr~, work, action.
Mafay upas, a poisonous juice; pu"un -L. opera, work ; see Operate.
ijjas, poison-tree (pulzun=tree ). Urge. (L.) L. urgi re, to urge, drive.
Up-braid, to reproach. (E.) M. E. 11P- Allied to Wreak. <4/ WERG.) Der.
/weiden, to reproach. - A. S. up, up, upon, urg-en/, from stem of pres. part.
on; /;regdan, to braid, weave, also to lay Urim. (Heb_) Heb. urim, lights; pI.
hold of, seize. The orig. sense seems to of iir, light. See Thummim.
have been to lay hold of, hence to attack, Urine. (F.-L) F . urine.-L. iirina.
accuse, &c. The A. S. /;regrlan , also = E.. +Gk. o~po'" urine; Skt_ vari, var, water;
58.
 URN VACCINAT
lcel. ur, driz~lin~ rain ; , Icel. ver, A. S. Iilis, from the stem of pres. pt. of uti, to
war, sea. Ong. water. use. Cf. Use (I ) .
11m. (F.-L.) M. E. ume. - F. ume. l1terine, born of the same mother by a
-L. urna, urn. For · ure- na ; cf. tlre-eus, different father. (F. -L) M_F _uterin, •of
a .£.itcher. Brugm. i. § 756. the womb, borne of one mother; , Cot_ - L .
118. (E. ) A. S. us, dat. pI. of 1tJi, we; uterinus, born of one mother.-L uterus,
iis, us;e, acc. pI. of wl.+Du. /InS , Icel. 0$1, womb. Cf. Gk. vnlpa, womb. Brugm. i.
Swed. oss, Dan. os, G. uns; Goth. uns, § 706.
unsis, dat. and acc. pI. Teut. base ·uns-. l1tiliae. (F . - L.) F . utiliser, a modem
Cf. L MS, Skt. nas; also Gk. »Ilas, Skt. word; coined from IItil-e, useful, with suffix
asman , us. Brugm. i. § .37 (1); n. i .36. -iser (Gk. -.(m,). -L ;Uilis, useful.-L. ;Ui,
l1se ( I ), sb. ( F.-L.) M.E. use, v to use. Cf. Use (1).
O.F.us, use, usage. -L. Usu"', ace. of usus, utility. (F.-L.) F.utilitt.-L.acc.
use. - L. usus, pp. of iiti, to use. Der. utilitatem, from nom. Utili/as, usefulness.
use, vb., F. user, Late L _ usare, frequent. - L. utili-I, useful. - L. uti, to use.
ofL uti, to use; us-age, F. usage ; "su-a/, l1tis, festival merriment; see UtaB.
L iisua/is, adj., from iisu-, stem of Usus, UtmOst. (E.) M. E. outeflllSt. A . S.
use; &c. ute-m-est, double superl. form, from iii,
11'8e (1), profit, benefit. (F. -L.) When out. Doublet of outmost. See Out.
use is employed, legally, in the sense of l1topian. (Gk.) An adj. due to Sir T .
, benefit,' it is a modernised spelling of the More's description of Utopia, an imaginary
Anglo-F. form of the Lat. opus, employ- island, situate nowkere. - Gk. olJ, not;
ment, need. We find the Anglo-F. spell- T,s ..Of, a place; see Topic.
ings OlS, oeps, tlOes; O. F. oes, eus, uts. Utter, outer. (E.) M. E. utter. A. S.
l1sher, a door-keeper. (F.-L.) M. E. ut/era, which occurs as well as utera; both
usehere, ussker_-A. F.usser; O. F. ussier, are comparative forms of ut, out; see Out.
uissier, later httissier, t an usher, or door- Der. utter, vb.; d. G. iiussern, vb., from
keeper; ' Cot. - L ostiarium, ace. of osti- iiusser, outer; also A. S. ul·jan, to put
iirius, a door-keeper. -L. ostiu"" a door. out, from iii, out.
Extended from L os, mouth; see Oral. utterance (I), an uttering. (E. ; with
l1squebaugh. (Irish.) Irish uisge F. suJlix.) From the verb to utter, M. E.
htallUi, usquebaugh , whiaky.- Irish uisge, outren; formed from M. E. outer, utter,
water (see Whi.sk7); kalka, life, O. Ir. com par. of A. S. ut, out. See Out.
hetku , allied to Gk. /Jios, life. Brugm. i. Utterance (3 ), extremity. In Shako
§§ 85, 368. (F. -L.) F. outranee, extremity. - F.
1181U'p, to seize to one's own use. (F.':' outre, beyond. - L. ultra, beyond; see
L) F. usurper.-L Usurpiire, to employ, Ultra-.
acquire; also, to usurp. fJ. Clearly de- 11vula.. (L_) Late L Uvula, dimin. of
rived from iis-us, use, but the rest of the L. uua, a grape, a cluster, also the t1vula.
word is obscure; Brugmann (ii. § .) +Lith. uga, a berry. Brugm. i. i 333 (3).
suggests usu- and rapere, to seize to one's Uzoriou, exceiSively fond of a wife.
own use. (L.) L. uxOrious, fond of a wife; with
!l81U"7. (F.-L.) M.E.usurye,usure. suffix -ous. -L. uxOr-, stem ofux"" a wife.
- :F. usure, usury, the occupation of a
thing _- L usura, use, enjoyment, interest,
usury. - L Us-U)-, pp. of ;Ui, to use. V.
l1t, the first note of the musical scale. V. In Middle-English, v is commonly
(L.) L ut. See Gamut. written as u in the MSS. ; conversely, v is
l1taa, the octave of a feast. (F.-L_) put for u in a few words, chiefly vp, vnder,
Ulas is for utaves, an A. F . word corre- vnto, vs, vse, and the prefix vn-.
sponding to 0 _F . oitallVes, pI. of oitauve, Vacation. (F.-L.) F. vacation.-L.
octave, eighth day.-L_ octaua (dus), acc. uacatiomm,leisure.-L. uactltus, pp.
eighth day ; fem. of octauus, eighth. - L of uacare, to be empty or at leisure. Cf.
octo, eight. See Octave. L _ uacuus, W.gwag, empty.
l1tensil. (F. -L.) M. F . utensile, sb. Vaccinate. (L ) Coined as if from
- L iUensilis, adj., fit for use; whence pp_ of ·vaceinare, to inoculate. -L uae-
utensilia, neut. pl., utensils. For ·utent- ,inus, belonging to cows.-L. uacca, a
585
 VACILLATION VALLEY
cow. + Skt. 'l1afii,
a cow. • First used strong; see Valid. .. Johnson derives it
;l,9:.
about
Vac' tion. (F.-L.) F. fJQCilltJlitm,
from Valentia in Spain, which is also
famous for silks.
• a r~1ing , staggering;' Cot. - L. uacillii' Vale, a valley. (F. - L.) M. E. val. -
timem, acc. of uao//atio, a r~lin~, waver- F . val.-L. uallem, ace. of uallis, valley.
ing. -L. uacilliitus, pp. of utIC,l/are, to Valediction, a farewell. (L.) Formed
r~1. Cf. Skt. vanR, to go tortuously, from L. uahdictus, pp. of ualidleere, to
vakra·, bent. say farewell. - L. uah, farewell; dicere, to
Vacuum. (L. ) L. uacuum, an empty say. fJ. L. ua/l, lit. • be strong.' is the
space; neut. ofuacutlS,empty. -L. uaciire, :I..P.. s. imp: of ualire, to be strong.
to be empty; see Vacation. Valentine. (F.-L.) Named fromSt.
Vade, to fade. (Du.-F.-L.) M. Du. Valentine's day, Feb. J4. - F. Valentin.-
vadden, • to fade,' Hexham.-O. F. fader, L. Valenlinus. -L. ualent-, stem of pres.
to fade ; ~ Fade. pt. of ualire, to be strong.
Vagabond. (F.-L.) F. vagrzlxmli,'a vaJeria.n. (F.-L.) M.F.va/mane,
vagafiOnd ; ' Cot. - L. uag4bundus, adj., valerian; a flower. - Late L. ualen'ona,
strolling about. - L. uag-ii-ri, to wander; valerian. Fern. of Valmiinus , prob. a
with suffix -bundllS. personal name; from L. ualire, to be
vag&17. (L.) Alsovagrzre(trisyllabic; strong.
Stanyhurst); orig. used as a verb; [cf. F. Valet. (F.-C.) F. valet, 'a groom;'
vaguer, • to wander, vagary;' Cot.]-L. Cot. The same word as Varlet, q. v.
ttagiiri, to wander; ~ Vague. Valetuc1iD.ary. (F.-L.) M.F . valetu-
Vagrant. (F.-G.) A. F. waIlerant, dinaire,sickly.-r.. ualitudinarius,sickly,
a vagrant ; O. F. walcrant, wandering, -L. uahtudin-, stem of ,ta/ltUdo, health
pres. pt. of walcrer, to wander. - M. G. (~od or bad). - L. uali-re, to be strong.
weikern, M. H. G. walgern, to walk about; Valhalla, the hall ofthe slain. (Scaod.)
allied to E. Walk. • Confused with L. Ice!. valllOll (gen. valna/lar), lit. the hall
uagar;, to wander, but not derived frOID of the slain. - lcel. w/r, the slain,
it. See Phil. Soc. Trans., 1885,1888,1889. slaughter; 1101/, 1IaI/, a hall; ~ Hall.
Vague, unsettled. (F.-L.) F. vague, Valiant, brave. (F.-L.) F. vaillant,
wandering;vaguer,towander. -L.uagus, valiant; O.F. vai/ant, pres. pt. of F.
wandering; whence uagari, to wander. valoir, to profit. - L. uallre, to be strong.
Vail ( I), the same as Veil. valid, having force. (F. -L.) F. va/ide.
Va.il (2) , to lower. (F.-L.) From -L. ua/idus, strong.-L. ualire, to be
O. F. avaler, to let fall down. - F. Qf)tJ/, litrong:
downward.-L. adualle"" to the valley. Valiae, a travelling-bag. (F.-ItaI.)
Va.il (3), a gift to a servant. (F.-L.) F. valise, • a male [mail), wallet;' Cot.
A headless form of 0fJtJi/, sb., in the sense - Ita1. valigia; corrupted in German
of profit, he!p (Palsgrave). }<'romAvail,vb. to ftlleism. fJ. Etym. unknown; Diez
Vain. (F.-L.) F. vain.-L. utinum, supposes it to be founded on L. uidulus,
ace. of uanus, empty, vain. Brugm. i. a leathern travelling-trunk. Devic suggests
§ 41~ (3)· Pers. _/lenan, a large sack, or Arab.
V&U', a kind offur. (F.-L.) F. wi,., fDalilull, a com-sack.
'a rich fur ; ' Cot.-L. uarillS, variegated. V~, V~ one of the
Der. vair-y (in heraldry), from M. F. vair', handmaidens of OdID. (Scand.) lcel.
• diversified with argent and azure;' Cot. Va/kyria, a goddess; lit. ' chooser of the
H~::e meni-ver (= F. menu voir), 'little slain.' - Ice\. val, ace. of w/r, the slain
valr. (A. S. wrzl); -Rytja, f., a chooser, from
Valance, a fringe of drapery, now kur- «*w-), weak grade of !tjisa, to
applied to a part of the bed-hangin~ choose, cognate with E. eluKJse.
(F.-L.) Chaucer has' a litel kerchief V&1leY. (F.-L.) M.E. fJaie, w/eie.-
of valence'; Assembly of Foules, 373. O.F. vJee (P'. vall/,), a valley; parallel
Prob. named from Valence in France, near to ltal valliiM, a valley, which appears
Lyons(stillfamousforsilks). -L. Valentia, to mean, literally, 'formed like a valley!
a name given to several towns, evidently Formed with auftix ~e « 1.. -tJla), from
from the name Va/ens, lit.• strong.' - L. F. val, a vale, representing L fl4nn.,
ualent-, stem of pres. pt. of ualire, to be ace. of _His, a vale.
586
 VALOUR VARLET
Valour. (F.-L.) O. F. valor, valur, Vane, a weather-cock. (E.) A Southern
valeur, value, worthiness. - I.. ualorem, form; formerly also fane. A. S. fOlta, a
ace. of ualor, worth. - L. tlalire, to be small flag.+Du. vaalt, Icel. falli , Dan.
strong, to be worth. falUl, Swed. Goth. fana, G.fahl1e. Teut.
value. (F.-I..) M. F. wlUi, fem. type *fa1t01t·, m. Orig. a bit of doth;
' value;' Cot. Fem. of valu, pp. ofvaloir, allied to I.. pa,t11US, a cloth; see Pane.
to be worth.-I.. uallre, t() be worth. Vanguard; see Van ( I ).
Valve. (F.-L.) F. valve, 'a fouJding, Vanilla, a plant. (Span. -L.) Span.
or two-leafed door, or window;' Cot. - vaillilla, a small pod, or capsule (which
L. ualua, sing. of ualUO!, the leaves of a is the orig. ieIlse). Di min. of Span. vailta,
folding-door. Allied t() l~ uoluere, to a scabbard, a pod. - I.. uagina, scabbard ,
revolve; see Voluble. sheath, pod.
Vambrace, Vantbrace, armour for Vanish. (F. - 1..) M. E. valtissm,
the fore·arm. (F.-L) The word simply vanisshen; also evanisshen. Derived
means' fore-ann.' It is short for O'1J(lnt- from an O. F. vb. ·vmlir, with pres. pt.
6race.-M.F. avant-bras, 'a vambrace, .vanissant. The verb is only recorded
annour for an arm; also, the part of the as A. F. evan;r, O. F. eroallil', ero01luir;
arm which extends from the elbow to the but we find O. F. eromtuir and va1mir.
wrist;' Cotgrave. (The latter is the orig. Cf. ltal. roan ire, to vanish (where s = I..
sense.) - F. avant, before; bras, the arm. ex) ; Late L. type *exvanire, for L.
- L. a/J ante, from before, in front; bra- luiinescere. - L. I, out, away; uanescere,
chium, arm (the pI. of which gave O. F . to vanish, lit. to become empty, from I..
"race, arm; see Scheler). See Van (I) uanus, empty. See Vain.
and Vamp. ~ Similarly, armour for the vauit;y. (F. - L.) F. vattitt. - I..
upper part of the arm was called a rere- uil"itiltem, acc. of uilnittfs, emptiness.-
brau, i. e. rear-brace. I.. uanus, vain, empty.
Vamp, the fore-part ofashoe. (F.-L.) Vanquish. (F.-I..) M.E. venkisen,
Short lor M. E. wmpay, also vaumpe, a vl1tquis7tl1t. - A. F . venquis-, O. F . vein-
vamp. -M. F.avant-piet1, ' the part of the quiss-, stem of pres. pI. of A. F. vtnquir,
foot that's next to the toes.' - F. O'1J(lnt, veinquir, occurring as a collateral form
before; pied (A. F. pee), foot, from L of veincre, to conquer (F. wincre) . - L.
pede"" acc. of pes, loot. uincere, to conquer. Brugm. i. i 367.
Vampire. (F.-G.-Servian.) F.wm- Vantage. (F.-I..) Short for M. E.
pire. - G. va11'pyt'. - Servian wmpir, a avantafe; see Advantage.
bloOO-sucker, a supposed ghost that sucked Vap1d, insi~id. (I.. ) L. uapidus, stale,
men's bloOO. Prob. of Turkish origin; flat. said of wme; cf. I.. uaj>pa. vapid (lr
cr. N. Turk. ukr, a witch (Miklosich). palled wine; wine that has emitted its va-
Vampla.t e, an iron p1ate protecting a pour or strength. Allied to uapor (below).
lance. (F. - L) From F. O'1J(lnt, in front, vapour, mist. (1". - 1..) F . vapeur. -
fore; and plate. See Vambraoe. L. uapiirem, acc. of uapor, vapour. + Gk.
Van ( I), the front of an army. (F.-L.) ACa,."or, smoke. Bntgm. i. § 193.
Short for van-guard, which stands for Varicose, permanently dilated, as a
M. E. vantwanie. - O. F. avant-warde, vein. (L.) I.. uiiricosus. - L. uaric-, stem
later awnl-garde, 'the vanguard of an of uiirix, a dilated vein; named from it5
army;' Cot. - F . O'1J(lnt, before; O. F. crooked appearance. -I.. UantS, crooked.
warde, a guard; iee Advance and Guard Variegate. (L.) From pp. of I.. uarie-
or Ward. giire, to make of various coloms. - L.
Van (2),afan. (F.-L.) F .va",a{an. 14ario-,foruarius,of divers colours; ;gare,
-I.. uannum, ace. of ua"nus, a fan. due to agere, to drive, to make.
Doublet,fan. various. (I..) L. uari"us, variegated,
Van (3), a covered waggon for good.. diverse, manifold; with suffix -ous. Der.
(F". -Pers.) Short for caravan, like !Jus varie-ty, M. F. varie", from L acc. uarii-
(or omnibus. See Caravan. tatem, variety.
Vanc1al.a barbarian. (L.-Teut.) One Varlet. (F. - C.) M. F. varlet, • a
of the tribe of Vandall (Pliny); answering groom, stripling, youth;' Cot. An older
to A.S. Wend/os, pI. (from Wendil-) . Cf. spelling was vaslet, dimin. of 0.1". vasal,
lcel Vnuiill (a.lso Vandill),a propernRme. vassal, a vassal; see Vaual. The suc"
58 7
 VARNISH VEHICLE
cessive spellings were vaslet, varlet, vallct, for uqlutus, pp. of uoluere, to roU, tum
valet. round. Thus a vault meant a 'bowed'
Varni.h. (F.) F. vernis, 'varnish;' roof, hence a chamber with bowed roof,
Cot. Cognate with Ita!. vernice, Port. a·cellar which has an arched roof.
venliz, Span. berniz, varnish; Late L. vault (l ), to bound, leap. (F. -Ital.-
vernicium, ver"ix, ber"ix. Origin un· L.) M. F. volter, ' to vault;' Cot. - M . F.
known. Perhaps from M. Gk. P,pJlIKfJ ; volte, a round, tum, tumbler's gambol.-
sec Schade, p. 1439. Ita!' volta, a sudden tum; the same word
Vary. (F . -L.) F . varier. -L. uariare, as volta, a vault (above ). See Volute .
to vary. -L. uarius, various. Va1U1t. (F . - L.) F. It vanter, to
Vascular. (L.) From L. uasculum, a boast. - Late L. viiniltire, to speak vanity,
small vessel; double dim in. of uas (below). flatter; ( F. se vanter = to flatter oneself) .
vase. (F.-L.) F. vase, a vessel. -L. A frequentative form from uat/us, vain;
tmsum, allied to uiis, a vessel. Allied to see Vain.
Skt. vasana-, a receptacle, cover. Vavasour, a vassal of the second rank.
Vassal, n dependant. (}<'. -C.) M. E. (F.-C.) A. F. vavasour.-Low L. vasStls
vassal. - F. vassal, • a vassall, subject, ten- vassorum, vassal of vassals; see Vassal.
ant;' Cot. The Celtic sense is • servant'; Vaward, another spelling of vanward
Low L. uassalltls; extended from Low L. or va"guard ; see Van (I).
uassus. tzasus, a servant. - O. Bre!. uuas, Veal. (F.-L.) O. F . vell, a calf.-L.
Bret. gwaz, a servant, vassal; W., Com. uitdlum, ace. of uitdlus, dimin. of uitulus,
gwas, youth, servant; O. Irishfoss. Celtic a.calf.+Gk.lTaIl.6s, a calf; cf. Skt. vatsa-, a
type ·wassos. calf, properly' a yearling,' from Skt. vatsa·,
Vast. (F.-L.) F. vaste.-L. uastus, Gk. ETOS, a year. Allied to Wether and
vast, great, of lar.ge extent. See Waste. Veteran.
Vat, a large vessel for liquors. (E.) Veda, knowledge; one of the ancient
M. E. vat (Southern) ; alsofat (Northern). sacred Skt. books. (Skt.) SkI. veda-, lit.
+
A .S.fat, a vessel, cask. Du. vat, Icel. knowledge.-Skt. vid, to know; allied to
fat, Dan. fad, Swed . fat, G.fass. Teut. Wit.
type *fatom, n. Lit.' that which con- Vedette, Vidette, a cavalry sentinel.
hills;' cf. E. Fries.faten, O. Fries.fatia , (F. -Ita1. -L.) M. F. vedelle, a sentinel.-
Du. vallen, to catch, contain, G.fassett, Ital. vedetta, a horse.sentry; formerly a
to seize, contain. watch-tower. - Ital. vetiere, to see. - L . ui-
Vaticinate, to foretell. (L.) From dere, to see; see Vision.
L. uiiticinatus, pp. of uiiticiniiri, to pro- Veer. (F. -L.?) F. virer, to tum, veer.
phesy. -L. uti/icin·us, prophetic.-L. ua- Said to be derived from L.gjrare, to tum
ti·, for utites, a prophet, allied to round (see Gyrate), but influenced by L.
Wood ( 2); ·cin-, from can·ere, to sing, uiriola, dimin. of uiria (only in pI. uiritZ),
proclaim \ Bn!al). an armlet, large ring. Allied to Environ.
Vaudeville. (F. ) F. vaudeville, orig. Cf. also M. F. virolet,' a boy's wind-mill;'
a country ballad; 'so tearmed of Vaude- Cot. (Doubtful.)
vire, a Norman town, wherein Olivier Vegetable. (F .-L.) M. F. vegetable,
Bassel [or Basselin], the first inventer of adj.,' vegetable, fit or able to live ; ' Cot.
them, lived;' Cot. Basselin was a Nor· This istheold sense. - L. uegetiibilis, full of
man poet (died ab. l.p8 ), whose songs life, animating.-L. uegetiire, to quicken,
were named after his nati ve valley, the enliven. -L. uegetus, lively. -L. uegere , to
Val de Vire; Vire is in Normandy, S. of quicken , aronse. Allied to Vigour. Der.
Bayeux. vegetat.iott, M. F. vegetatiott (Cot. ).
Vault (1), an arched roof, cellar. ( F. - Vehement, passionate. (F . -L.) M. F .
L.) For vaut; the I was pedantically in- vehemwt (Cot.). - L. uehemCllt-, stem of
serted. M. E. voute, vowte, vawte, vaule . - lIehemetts, passionate; lit. 'out of one's
M. F. 'lIoule (also voulte, with inserted I ), mind.' 13. Uehe· has been explained as
'a vault, arch, a vaulted roof;' Cot. O.F. equivalent to ue-, 'apart from,' as in ue·
volte, a vault (whence the later form vaute, cors, senseless; cf. Skt. vahis, apart. For
mod. F. votUe) ; this is the fern . of O. F . memo mind, see Mental.
volt, vaulted, lit. bent, bowed, the same as Vehicle. (L. ) L. ueh£culum, a car-
Ital. volta. - Late L. .voltus, substituted riage. - L. uehere, to carry, convey.+Skt.
S88
 VEIL VENTAIL
van, to carry. Allied to Weigh and venene,' hunting;' Cot. - O. F. vener, to
Wain. (.vWEGH.) Brugm. i. § !l8. hunt. -L. uemir., to hunt; see Venison.
Veil,sb. (F - L.) O. F. veile, later Venesection, blood· letting. (L.) L.
voile . _ L. ui/llm, a sail; also a cloth. ubue, of a vein , gen. of uena; and sec/ion.
For ·uexlum = ·uees/llm; cf. uexillum, a See Vein and Section.
standard. Lit. 'propeller' of a ship; Venew, Venue, Veney, (1) a tum
from uentre, to carry along. Brugm. i. or bout or thrust in fencing; ( l ) a locality.
§ 883. (F. - L. ) M. F. venue, , a coming, a ventI!
Vein. (F. -L.) F. veine. - L. uma , a in fencing, turn, trick;' Cot. Lit. a coming,
vein. For *uecma. Lit. 'conveyer' of home· thrust ; fern. of venu, pp. of venir, to
the blood. - L. utnere, to carry. Brugm. ii. come. - L. uenire, to come; see Venture.
§ 66. 2. As a law-term, venue is the same
Vellum. (F.-L.) M.E.velim.-O.F. word, and signifies a place of arrival,
velin (F. viii,,); d. Late L. viluliniu"" locality. ~ Apparently confused by
or pellis vilulina, vellum, calf's skin. - L. Blackstone with O. F. viml, vicinity (a
uilulinus, adj., from llilu/us, a calf. See derivative of L. uilinus, near).
Veal. Vengeance. (F . -L.) F. vengeante,
Velocity. (F. - L.) M.F. ve/ocill; swift- 'vengeance;' Cot. - F. venger, to avenge.
ness. - L. acc. Uiloct'lalem. - L. ueIOci., -L. uindicare; see Vindicate.
decl. stem of uilox, swift. Allied to Vola- Venial. (F. - L.) O. F. venia/.-L.
tile. Der. veloci·pede, lit. 'swift-foot,' uenialis, pardonable. - L. umia, pardon;
cointd from L. ue/oei- (above) , and L. also grace, favour. Allied to venereal.
ped., stem ofjJis, a foot. Venison. (F.-L.) M. E. vmeison.-
Velvet. (Ital.-L.) M. E. ve/Qudte, A. F. vmeisun, M. F. venaison, 'venison,
velouel; Spenser has vel/el. A. F. velwe/, lIesh of beasts of chase;' Cot. - L. uinti-
velu,",; Low L. vel/uEftl"' ; answeriug to lionem, acc. of ublatio, the chase, also
a Romank type ~villiiletlum. Cf. M. Ital. game.-L. ulniitus, pp. of tlblar', to hunt.
velulo (Ital. vel/uto), velvet; answering to Cf. Gain, vb. And see Venery.
a Late L. ·uilliitus, shaggy, by-form of Venom. (F. -L.) M. E.venim.-A.F.
L. uillosus, shaggy. All from L. uillus, venim (F. venin).-L. uenenum, poison.
shaggy hair; allied to uel/us, fleece, and Venous, belonging to a vein. (L.)
to E. Wool. For L. uinosus, adj.; from ulna, a vein.
Venal. (F . -L.) M. F. venal, saleable. See Vein.
-L. tlbtalis, saleable.- L. uinus, umum, Vent (1), an air-hole, lIue. ( F. -L.)
sale. Allied to Gk. WVDS, a price, c!w~, a 'A ven/, meatus, porus; To vent, aperire,
buying; Brugm. i. § 329. Der. venal-ily. euacuare;' Levins. Doubtless influenced
vend, to sell. (F.-L.) F. vendre.- by a popular etymology from F. vent,
L. !undere, to sell; short for umunliare, wind, as if' air-hole'; but the true sense
lit. to give or offer for sale, also written was' fissure.' Formerlyfent. 'Fenl of a
uenum dare. - L. uinufn, sale; dare, to gowne,fente;' Palsgrave. - M. F.fenle, 'a
give, offer. cleft, rift;' Cot. - F.fendre, to cleave. - L.
Veneer, to o\'erlay with a thin slice of jindere, to cleave. See Fissure. Der.
wood. (G. -F.-O. H. G.) Formerly vent, vb., Temp. ii. l.llI; certainly con-
jimer. - G.furnirm, to furnish or provide fused with F. vent, wind; see Vent (3).
small pieces of wood , to veneer.-F.four- Vent (2 ), sale, utterance. (F . - L.)
nil", to furnish; a word of G. origin; see Formerly common. - F . vCIIle, sale, selling.
Furnish. - F. z'endre. - L. uendere, to sell; see
Venerable. (F.-L.) M. F. venerable. Vend.
- L. uenerabilis, to be reverenced. - L. Vent (3), to snuff up air, breathe, ex·
uenera.ri, to reverence. - L. uener-, for pose to air. (F. - L.) See Spenser, Shep.
*uenes, stem of uenus, love. Der. vene- Kal. Feb. 75; F. Q. iii. I. 42. Th e word
ral·ion, from pp. of umerari. was prob. dne to a misuse of vent ( 1) ; but
venereal. (L.) Coined from L. uene- the popular etymology is obvious. - F . vmt,
re-us, Ileneri-us, pertaining to Venns or wind.-L. uen/ulII, ace. of ,"mtus, wind;
love. - L. ueneri-, declo stem of ttenUS, cognate with Wind (1). Der. vent·age,
love. Allied to Sk t. van, to love, honour. air-hole, Hamlet, iii. 3. 373.
Venery, hunting. (F. - L.) M. F. vent&il, lower half of the moveable
58 9
 VENTILATE VERMICELLI
part of a helmet. (F. - L.) M. E. allenlai/e Verdict. (F.-L.) M.E. verdit.(the
(with prefix a = F. a < L. ad). -M. F. ven- correct form). - A. F. and O. F. verdil,
lail/e, • breathing-part of a helmet;' Cot. veirdil. - L. ulri dictum, truly said;
- F . vent-er, to puff ; with suffix -ai/Ie « whence Late L. ulrldicttml, true saying,
L. -ncula).-F. venl, wind (above). verdict.-L. tllri, ad v., from u&us, true;
ventilate. (L.) From pp. ofL.ue1I- dictum, neut. of dictus, pp. of dicere, to
Ii/are, to blow, winnow.-L. uentu/us, a sa1. ~ Mod. F. verdict is from E.
light wind. _L. •umtus, wind. Verdigris, rust of copper. (F.-L.)
Ventral, belonging to the belly. (L.) M. F. verd de pis, • verdigrense, Spanish
L. umtriUis, adj. ; from uenter, the belly. green;' Cot. Spelt verte gret in the 13th
ventricle. (F. -L.) F. venln·cute, cent .• and verd de gn·ce in the r 4th (Littre) .
• the ventricle, the place wherein the meat A better form is the M. E. verdegrece, i. e.
sent from the stomack is digested;' Cot. verd de Greee. lit.• green of Greece;' so
- L. uentn·m/mn, acc. of uentricu/us, also A. F. vert de Grece, Vie de S. Gile,
stomach , ventricle, double dimin. of uenler, 853. Cf. ·uiridegrecum. Ang. verdegrece;'
the belly. Wiilker, Voc. 619. 35. M. F. verd (F.
ventriloquist. (L.) Coined from verI) is from uiridem, acc. of uiridis,
L. uC1Ztriloqu-us, lit. speaking from (or green. (See Acad. 1118, Oct. 1893.)
in) the belly. - L . tltntri-, decL stem of verditer, a green pigm~t. (1". - L.)
umter (above) ; /oqui, to speak. See M. 1'". verd de terre, a green mineral; Cot.
Loquacious. - L. ace. uiridem, green (above); th, of;
Venture, sb. (F. - L.) A headless lerra, earth.
form of M. E. auenture (aventure), an Verge (r). a wand of office, edge, brink_
adventure, chance. - F. avenlure, a chance, (F.-L.) Distinct from verge (3) below.
occurrence. - L. aduentiira, fern. of aduen- M.E. verge, a wand, rod, yard (in measure).
lI'rtlS, about to happen.-L. ad, to; uen- - F. verlre, • a rod, wand, yard, hoope, ring,
tiinls, fut. pt. of uenire, to come. Cognate rood of land ;' Cot. From the sense of
with E. Come. (.y'GwEM.) Doublet, rod it came to mean hoop. ring (hence,
adve1lture. Der. venture, vb. edge); the sense of edge also easily fol-
Venue; see Venew. lowed from the Law-term verlre, i. e. limi~
Veracious, truthful. (L.) From L. of jurisdiction.-L. uirga, a rod, pliant
tlirad-, decl. stem of ulrax, true; with twig. Der. verg-er, a rod-bearer, mace-
suffix -Otls.-L. tlinls, true. See Very. bearer, F. verger, L. tlirlran·us.
Veranda, Verandah, a covered Verge (3), to tend towards. (L.) L
bnlcony. (Port. - Span. - L.) Port. va- uergere, to bend, tend, incline towards, in-
?"anda. - O. Span. varanda, a stair-railing; cline. ~ The phrase' to be on the verg-e
in Pedro de Alcala (1505). If of native of' is quite distinct, and belongs to Verge
Span. origin, it may be from Span. vara, (I ).
a rod, rail. - L. tiara, a forked pole_ Cf. Verif,y. (F.-L.) M. F. verifier; Cot.
I.. tlarus, crooked. ~ Hence also was - Late L. Vlnjicare, to make true. - L.
borrowed Skt. va,·a1Jl!a. a portico, which um-, for ulrlls, true; -jicare, for facere,
is quite a modern word; see veranda in to make.
Yule. verisimilitude, likelihood. (F.-
Verb, the word; the chief word in a sen- L.) M. F. verisimilitude. - T!-. uirisimili-
tence. (F.-L.) F. verbe. -L. tlerbum, a tUdo. - L. ulri simi/is, like the truth. - L.
word. For */lerdhum, cognate with E . ulri, gen. of ulrum , the truth, orig:neuter
Word. Der. verb-iage. F. verbiage, from of ulrus, true; simi/is, like.
O. F . *verbier, ve,-boier, to talk. veri"tl, truth. (F.-L.) M. F. verill.
Verbena. (L. ) L. uerblna, orig. a - L. uCr,latem, acc. of ulrilas, truth. - L.
sacred bough; afterwards, vervain. Al- ulri-, for ulrus, true. See Very.
lied to uerber, a rod. See Vervain. Verjuice. (F. - L.) F. VcrjllS, ver-
Verdant, flourishing. ( F.-L.) Afalse juice; lit. · green juice,' i. e. juice of green
form; as if from F. *verdant, substituted grapes.-O. F. verd, green, from 1... uiri-
for verdissa1lt, pres. pI. of verdir. to flourish. demo ace. of tliridis; j,lS, juice, from L.
-O. F. verd, green.-L. uiridis, green. it7s; see Juice.
See Vert. Cf. also ve,-dure, F. verdure, Vermicelli. (Ital.-L.) Ital. vermi-
lit. greenness. celli, lit .• little worms;' from the shape.
 VERMICULAR VESTIBULE
Pl. of fJermuello, dimin. of venne,. worm. also, age. For ~-ttJ; from ""WERT
_L. uermem, ace. of wrmis, a worm. (Russ. vertiete), to tum.
See Worm. Vert, green. (F. -L.) F. vert, O. F.
vermicular, pertaining to a worm . verd.- L . uiritiem , ace. of uiridis, green.
(L.) From L. wrmicul-us, a little worm; Cf. L. u irlre, to be green. + W. g'W)lrdd,
dimin. of uermis, a worm. green; Com. guirl. Or (if these Celtic
ve1'JDilion. (F. - L.) F. wrmillon, words are borrowed) allied to vivid; d.
'a little worm, vermillion; ' Cot. - F. ver- Skt. ji·ra-, active, ji·va, living. Brugm.
meil, vermilion. - L. acc. wrmiculum, ii. § 74.
dimin. of w,.",is (above). .. So named Vertebra. (L.) L. wrlebra, a joint,
from the cochineal insect (see Crimeon); vertebra. - L. wrtere, to tum.
but venllilion is now generally made from Tertez, top. (L.) L. wrlex, top, pole
red lead. of the sky (which is the turning-point of
vermin. (F. -L.) F. fJermine, ver- the stars), but afterwards the zenith._
min; applied to obnoxious inleCts, &c. L. wrlere, to tum. Der. verh"c-ql, F.
As if from a Lat. adj. ·uermfnus, formed verlical, from L. uerlictilis, vertical, which
from uermi-, dec!. stem of uermis, a is from uerlic-, for wrlec-, stem of wrlex,
worm, cognate with E. Worm. top.
Vernacular, native. (L.) From L. TertigO giddiness. (L.) L. wrllgo,
wrnlfcul-us, adj., native; lit. belonging giddiness. -L wrlere, to tum round.
to a home-born slave. - L. uerna, a Vervain. (F.-L.) F. ve1'Veine, 'ver-
home· born slave. Lit.' dweller i' cf. vaine;' Cot. - L. wrbina, a sacred bough;
Skt. vas, to dwell. (-v'WES.) Brugm. ii. afterwards, vervain. See Verbena.
§ 66. Very, true. (F.-L.) M. E. verrai.-
Vernal. (L.) L . uerntllis, extended O. F. verai (F. vn,i), true. Cf. Provo
from ""nus, belonging to spring.;" L . uh", verai, true. It answers to a Late L. type
spring.+ Gk. lap (for *Ffuap), Russ. vema, · verticus, allied to L. ulriix , true. - L.
Ice!. var, Dan. vaar; Swed. vdr, spring ; Ud US, trut', credible (whence O. F. voir) .
the time of incrensing brightness. Cf. + W. gwir, O. Irish flr, true i G. wahr,
Lith. wasara, summer ; Skt. vasanta·, A. S. w.!r, true. Cf. Russ. viera, faith.
spring, uslt, to burn, glow; also O. Irish Brugm. i. § 367.
dir, \"". gwawr, dawn. Vesicle, a small tumour or cell. (L.)
Vernier, a kind of scale, for fine mea· L. 1I1s;(ula, dimin. of ulsi(a, a bladder.
surement. (F.) Invented by P . Vernier, Vesper. (L.) M. E. vesper, the evening-
b. [580, died Sept. 14, 1637. star (Gower). - L. uesper, evening-star,
Verse. (L.) M. E. vers,fers (Ormu· evening; cC. uespera , even·tide. Hence
lum ) ; A. S. j ers (perhaps from O. Irish O. F. vespre (F. vepre), evening, and ves-
j ers, also from L.) . - Late L. versus, L. pres (F. vepres), vespers, even-song.+Gk.
uersus, a turning, conrse, row, line of ~UfIfPOS, adj. and sb., evening; O. Irish
poetry. - L. wrsus, pp. of uer/ere, to jescor, W. uc!zer, evening. Brngm. i. § 339.
turn. Allied to Worth (I ). (""WERT.) Vessel. (F.-L.) M. E. vessel.-A. F.
Der. vcrs·ed, imitated from L. ""Sa/us, vessel; O. F. vaissel, a vessel, ship, later
pp. of lIersiiri, pass. of frequent. of uer· vaisseau, a vessel (of any kind). - L.
tere; vers·aI·ile, quickly turning, M. F. uas(ellum, a small vase or um; dimin. of
vtrsa/il (Cot.), L. uersatilis, \"ersatile, utis, a vase. See Vaee.
likewise from L. pp. wrsiitus. Vest, a garment. (L.) L. wstis, a
versify. (F.-L.) F. versijier.-L. garment,clothing.+Goth.wasti,c1othing;
uersijicare, to make verses. -L. wrsi-, for cI. Gk. ;"'JlVfI' (= FfU'''VJU), I clothe, 'u-
uersus, a verse; -.ficare, for jacere, to 6I,r, clothing, Skt. vas, to put on clothes.
make. Der. versijicat-ion, from pp. uersiji. (-v'WES.) See Wear.
cii/tls. Vestal. (F. -L.) F. Vestale, a Vestal
version. (F. -L.) F. version. -Late virgin. -L. Vestalis, belonging to a Vestal,
L. tttrsiimem, acc. of uersio, a version, also a priestess of Vesta. - L. Vesta, Vesta,
translation. - L. uerSltS, pp. of wrlere, to goddess of the Rocks and honsehold. +Gk.
turn . iUTia, goddess of the domestic hearth.
verst, a Russian measure of length. Veatib1lle. (L.) L. uestibulum, a fore-
(Russ.) Russ. versla, 3500 English feet; court; lit.' sePllJlllted from the abode.'-
59 1
 VESTIGE VIDELICET
L. #d-, separate from, slabu/ulll, an abode; - L. uicarius, a deputy, orig. an adj.,
see Stable (Vani~k ) . deputed, put in place of. - L uie-,
VestUre. (F.-L) F. vutige, a step, base of uicis, gen. case, a tum, change,
foot-track. -L tmtrpum , foot-track. successiou. (VWEIQ.) Brugm. i. § 701.
Vestment. (F.-L.) M. E. vestimmt. Vice (I), a fault. (F. -L.) F. vice._
- O. F. vestelllmt (F. vetement). - L. L . uitium, blemish, fault. Der. vie·i·ous,
tlestimenhml, clothing. -L. uulire, to F. vicieux, L . uiliosus, faulty; vi/i-ate,
clothe; from uestis, clothing. See Vest. from pp. of L. ui/iare, to injure. And see
vestry. (}'. -L.) M.E.vestrie ; short- Vituperation.
elled from O. F. vesliarie; cf. M. F. vesli- Vice (2) , an instrument for holding
aire, 'vestry; ' Cot. - L. uts/iarium, things firmly. (F.-L.) M. E . vice, orig.
n wardrobe j neut. of utsliarius, adj., from 'a screw: because tightened by a screw.
uestis, a robe. - F. vis, 'vice, a winding-staire;' Cot.
vesture. (F.-L.) O. F. vesture, O. F. viz.-L uitis, a vine, bryony, lit.
vestiure.-Lnte L. vestftura, clothing.- 'that which winds or twines.' (vWEL)
L. tlestir/!, to clothe. - L. utstis, a robe. See Withy.
Vetch, a plant. (F. -L) Also jilek. Vice-gerent. (F.-L.) M. F. viee-
M. E. fiche (of which the Southern form gerent, a deputy; Cot. - L. uice, in place
was veeke ). - O. F. veeke, veee, M. F. vesee, of; germt-, stem of pres. pt. of ~rere, to
vetch (where veeke is a Walloon and North carry on, rule; see Gesture. ~ So also
F. form) . - L. uieia, a vetch; whence also vice-admiral; vice-roy (from F. roi, L acc.
G. wicke, Du. wi}:}:e. r~geml king), vice-regal.
Veteran. (L.) L. uttertlnUs, expe- ViCUlage, neighbourhood. (F. - L.)
rienced; as sb., a veteran. - L uelff- , for Altered from F. voisinage, neighbourhood.
"uetes, stem of uetus, old, lit. 'advanced in - F. voisin, near. - L. tticrnus, near, lit.
years.' Cf. Gk. lTos, Skt. vatsa-, a year. ' belonging to the same street.' -L. ufeus,
See Veal. a vil\a~e, street; see Wiok (2).
veterinary. (L.) L uetermarius, of vicmiioT., neighbourhood. (F.-L.)
or belonging to beasts of burden; as sb., M. F. vicimtl. - L. ace. uieinitiJIem, neigh-
a cattle-doctor.-L. ueterinus, belonging bourhood.-L uicitlus, near (above).
to beasts of burden. The L . ut/erina Vicissitude. (L ) L. "icissitudo,
meant an animal at least a year old, one change. Allied to uicissim, by tums. -
that had passed its first year; from the L . uie-is (genitive), a change; see Vioar.
base "utt-, year (above). See Wether. Victim. (F. -L.) F. vidime.- L. uie-
Veto, a prohibition. (L.) L. ueto, I lima, a victim. Cf. Goth. wdhan, to
forbid; O. L. uoto. consecrate. Brugm. i. § 606.
Vex, to harass. (F. -L.) F. vexer.- Victor. (L.) L. uietor, a conqueror.
L. uexare, to vex; orig. intensive form of -L uie-, base of uincere, to conquer
utlzere (pt. t. uex-i). See Vehicle. (pt. t. uie-i) j with suffix -tor.+Goth.
Viaduct. (L.) L. uia dueta, a road weilzan, to fight; d. A. S. wig, war.
conducted across (a river, &c.).-L. uia, a (vWEIQ.) Brugm.i.§367. Der.victor-y,
way, road; due/a, fem. of pp. of dueere, to A. F. vie/orie, L. uictma.
carry, conduct. fJ. L. uja, formerly uea = VictuaJ.a. (F. -L.) Pl. of victual, a
Skt. vaha-, a road; from L. uenere=Skt. pedantic spelling of M. E . vilaj//e. provi-
vak, to carry; see Vehiole, Way. sions. _ O. F. vi/oille,. usually in pI. vi-
Vial, Phial, a small bottle. (F.-L. tailles, provisions.-L. neut. pI. ujetua/ia,
-Gk.) M.E. viole,jio/e.-O.F. and F. provisions; from uietua/is, adj., belong-
jioie. - L. pllia/a. - Gk. ",10Af/, a shallow ing to nourishmeut. - L. uictu-, Item of
cup or bowl. uictus, food. -L. uie/us, pp. of uluere, to
Viands, food. (F.-L.) PI. of viand. live; allied to uiuus, living, and to E.
-F. viande,food . _L. uiuenda, neut. pl., Quiok. (VGwEI.) Brugm. ii. § 488.
provisions, food; from the gerundive of ViC1Ul&, a quadruped of the camel
uiun-e, to live. See Victuals. tribe. (Span. - Peruv.) Span. "tJieufla; of
Vibrate. (L.) From pp. of L. uibrare, Peruvian origin (Acosta, iv. 40)'
to swing, shake. Cf. Skt. vep, to tremble. Videlicet, vis., namely. (L) In old
(vWEIP.) Brugm. i. § 701. MSS. and books, the abbreviation for et
Vicar. (F. -L.) F. vicaire, a deputy. resembled.r; hence viet (short for vide-
59 2
 VIDETTE VIOLATE
liut) was misread as vis. - L. uidZlice/, dwelling, from '¥'WES, to dwell; see
short for uidire licet, it is possible to see, Was.
it is evident, hence, to wit, namely.-L. village. (F. - L.) F. village. - L.
uU/ere, to see; licel, it is allowable; see ui/laticus, adj., belonging to a farm·house.
Vision and Licence. -1.. uilla (above).
Vidette; see Vedette. villain. (F.-L.) M.E .vikin.-A.F.
Vie, to contend for snperiority. (F.- vilein, servile; as sb., a bondman, sl ave,
L.) M. E. vim, a contracted form of en- villain.-Late L. villanus, orig. a farm-
vim, to vie, contend for superiority. (Cf. servant, hence a slave, serf, villain. -L.
fence for defence, story for history, &c.) - uilla, a farm-house. Der. villajn-~, A.F .
O. F. envier (au jeu), • to vie;' Cot_ The vilanie, servitude, baseness.
lit. sense of O. F . envier wns to invite Vinculum, a link. (L.) L. uimulu""
[quite distinct from envier, to envy], esp. a bond, fetter. - L. uimire, to bind.
used in gaming in the sense • to open a Vindica.te. (L.) From pp. of L . uin-
game hy staking a certain sum'; precisely dicare, to arrogate, lay claim to; cf. uindic-,
as Span. envidar, Illll. invitare, to invite, stem of uindex, a claimant.
to vie, or propose a stake. - L. inui/jj"e, vindictive. (F.-L.) Shortened from
to invite (of which vie is thus seen to be a F. vjndicatif, 'revenging;' Cot. From
doublet). See Invite. ~ The sense was L. uindica/-tls, pp. of uindicare, to avenge;
to stake a sum to draw on or invite a game, with suffix -iUIIS, F. -if.
then to wager, bet against, contend, strive Vine. (F.-L.) F. vigne.-L.uinea, a
for the upper hand. vineyard; in Late L. (apparently) a vine.
View, sb. (F.-L.) A. F. view, vewe, Fern. ofL.tlineus, adj., from uinum, wine ;
z'Ue ; M.F.veue,'aview,sightj'Cot. Fem. see Wine. Der. vine-~ard, substituted
of veu, pp. of O. F. veoir (F . voir), to see. for A. S. 'Win-geard, a vineyard, lit. ' wine·
- L. uidire, to see. See Viaion. yard.' See Yard (I).
VUril. (F.-L.) Lit. 'a watching.' F. vinegar. (F. - L.) M. E. vinegre. -
vigiTe, 'a vigile, eve of a holy day;' Cot. O. F. vin egre (F. vinaigre). -L ufnulll,
- L. uigilia, a watch. - L. uiga, awake. - wine; dcrem, aec. of ticer, sharp. See
L. uigire. to be lively j cf. uegire, to Wine and Eager.
arouse; alJied to Wake. See Vigour. Vin.wed, mouldy. (E.) A Southern
Der. vigil-ant, F . vigilant, from stem of form. Also jinewed, jmo'Wed (Nares).
pres. pt. of L. uigiliire, to watch. From M. E. jmo'W, mouldiness; with
Vig:a.ette, a smaJl engraving with orna- suffix oed; cf. A. S. jynegian, to become
mented border. (F. - L.) First applied to mouldy. -A. S. jynig, mouldy (Joshua,
borders in which vine-leaves and tendrils ix. 5). - A. S. fyne, mould, moistness.
were introduced; XVIIth cent. - F. vi· Allied to Du. Vlms, rank; M. Du. vuns/igh,
gt/elte, a little vine; pI. vignettes, ' branch- 'mustie (as hay);' Hexham.
like flourishes;' Cot. Dimin. ofF. vigne, Vintage. (F.-L.) An alteration of
a vine; see Vine. M. E. vi~, vendage; by 'influence of
Vilfour, energy. (F.-L.) O.F.vi~or; vint-ner. - F. vendange, M. F. vendenge,
F. vtgueur.-L. uigorem, ace. of uigur, vintage.-L. uindlmia, vintage.-L. ufn·
liveliness. - L. uiglre, to be lively; see um, wine, grapes; -til1nia, a taking away,
Vigil. Der. vigur-ous. from dlmere, to take away. Dlmerl- *di-
V~, a Northern pirate. (Scand.) imere, from emere, to take.
Icel. vikmgr, a pirate, free-booter, rover. vintner. (F.-L.) M. E. vintener,
Lit. 'a warrior;' for *vigningr (ign> altered form of earlier vineter, viniter.-
ik) ; allied to vig, war, Goth. 'Weihan , M. F. vinetier,' a vintner;' Cot. - Late L.
to fight, L. uimere, to conquer. See uinttarius, a wine·seller.-L. uinttum, a
Victor. (So Noreen, § ~5~; cf. SlVeet, vineyard. - L. uinum, grapes, wine.
H ist. E. Sounds, § 319.) + A. S. wiring. Viol. (F.-Prov.-Late L.) M. F.
~ Usually explained as • creek-dweller'; viole, viol/t, ' a violin;' Cot. -Provo viula.
from Ice\. vik, a creek. - Late L. vidllla, vitllla. a viol; whence
Vile. (F. - L.) F . vi!, fern. vile, base. also O . H. G. jidttla, A. S. ji}ele, a fiddle.
- L. uilis, base, mean.+ W. p ae!, vile. See Fiddle.
Villa.. (L.) L. ui!la, a fnrm·honse; Violate. (L.) From pp. of L. tlioltirl,
O. L. ttella. Perhaps for *ues-!a, i. e. a to treat with force, violate. Formed as if
593
 VIOLET VIVACITY
from an adj. *1Iiollls, due to ui-s, force. cidus, sticky, clammy. - L . fliseum, mistle-
Bru~. i. § 655. toe, birdlime.+Gk. l(6r, mistletoe.
VIolent. (F. - L.) F. violent. - L. Viscount. (F. - L.) Also spelt vi-
uiolentlls, full of might. Formed as if counte (and the inserted s i5 not pro-
from an adj. *uiolus; see Violate. nounced). A. F. viscontI!, viconte; F .
Violet, a flower. (F. - L.) M. F. violet, vicomte, • a vicount, at first the deputy of
m., violette, f. (Cot.). Dimin. of M. F. viole, an earl,' Cot.; O. F . viscomle ( 12th cent.).
, a gilliRower ;' Cot. - L. tliola, a violet. - L. uice, in place of; comitem, acc. of
+ Gk. tov, a violet. D er. violet, adj. comes, a count; see Count (I) .
Violin. (Ita!. -Late L.) Ital. violino, Visible. (F. - L .) F . visible. - L.
dimill. of Ita!. viola, a viol; see Viol. uisi"ilis, that can be seen.-L. UIS-US, pp.
violoncello. ( Ita!. - Late L.) Ital. of tliaere, to see.+Gk. 13.;", to see ; Skt.
violoncello. dimin. of violone, a bass-viol, vid, to know. Allied to Wit. (v WEID.)
an augmentative form of viola, a viol. vision. ( F.-L.) F. vtsion.-L. ulsi-
Viper. (F .-L.) F.vipere. - L.uijlera, Onem, ace. of flisio, sight. - L. uisus, pp.
a viper. Ysually explained as 'that pro- of uiaere, to see.
duces living young'; short for uiuipara, visit. (F.-L.) F. visiter. -L. ulsi-
fem. of tliuilams, producing living young; tlire, to visit, go to see, frequent. of lIisere,
see vivip arous. to behold; from flims, pp. of Ilidifre, to
Vira.go. (L.) L. uirago, a manlike see.
woman. - L. uir, a man; see Virile. visor, visard, vizor. (F. - L.)
Virga-te, a measure ofland. (L.) From The d is added. M . E. visere. - M. F.
Late L . terra uirgata, land measured with visiere, 'the viser, or sight of a helmet;'
a rod. - L. uir..f{a, a rod; see Verge (I ). Cot. Formed from M. F. vis, the face; see
Virgin. ( 1<'.-L.) O. F. virgine. -L. Visage. A visor also meant a mask,
uirgiJlem, acc. of tdrgo, a maid. Der. from its covering the face; Cotgrave has
virgilt-als, the name of a musical instru- 'Iawe visage, a maske, or visard:
ment, played upon by virgins. vista. (Ital.-L.) Ita!' vista, lit. a
Viridity, greenness. (L.) L. uiriditas, view. - Ital. vista, fern . of vislo, seen, from
greenness. - L. uiridis, green. See Vert. vedere, to see. - L. tlidi!re, to see.
Virile, manly. ( F. - L.) F. viril, visual. (F.-L. ) M . F. visual.- L.
, manly ;' Cot. - L. tli,·ilis. adj., from tlir, lI'malis, belonging to the sight. - L. tlisu-,
a man .+A. S. wer ; O. H. G. wer; Goth. decl. stem of ftims, sight. - L. fllSUS, pp. of
wair; Ice!. ve,.,.; O. Irish flr, W . gwr, uidl re, to see.
a man; cf. Skt. vira-, a hero. Visier; see Vizier.
virtue. (F. - L.) M. E. verttl. - F. Vital. (F. - L.) F. vital. - L. lIi/iilis,
verttl. - L. tlirtitte1ll , acc. of uirttts, manly belonging to li fe.- L. uita, life ; allied to
excellence. - L. tlir, a man. u'flere, to live. See Victuals.
virtuoso. (Ita!. - L.) Ital. virtuoso, Vitiate; see Vice (I ).
one skilled in the fine arts, orig .• virtuous.' Vitreous. (L.) L . tlitre-us, glassy ; with
-Ital. v irtzl, shortened form of virttlte, suffix -ouS. - L. tlItri-, for uitrum, glass.
yirtue, also, a love of the fine arts. - L. The i in uitrllm is common; some connect
tlirliile,n (aboye). the word with uidlre, to see. ~ L. uitrllm,
Virulent. (F. - L .) F . virolent. -L. 'woad,' is cognate with E. Woad.
u,rulentus, full of poison. - L. lIirlls, vitriol. (F.-L.) F. vitriol,'vitrioll;'
po ison. + Gk. I.>., Skt. visha-, poison. Cf. Cot. Said to be so called from its glassy
Wizen. look. - L. Ilitreolus, glassy. _ L. lIitreus,
Visage, look, face. (F. -L.) F. visage, glassy. - L . ttitrum, glass (above).
face, look. - M. F. vis, visage ; with suffix Vituperation, blame. (F.-L.) M. F.
-age « L . -liticum). _ L. uisu1ll, acc. of vituperation. - L. acc. uiltlperiiliOnem.-
ttims, sight, afterwards look, face. - L. L. lIituferatus, pp. of tlitltperiire, to blame,
tl istls, pp. of uidere, to see. lit. 'to prepare (or find) a blemish: - L.
visard, the same as visor. uitll.', for flili-, base of ttitium, a vice,
Viscera, entrnils. (L. ) L. lIisceYll, neut. fault; parare. to prepare, provide.
pl., entrails. D er. e-viscer-ale, to remove Vivacity. (F. - L.) F. vivacite, IiYe-
th e entrails. Iiness. - L. IlllIiicitatem, acc. of tli uiicilas,
Viscid, sticky, clammy. (L.) L. uis- liveliness. - L. uIUllci-, dec!. stem of uil/ax,
594
 VIVID VOLUNTARY
tenacious of life. - L . utuere, to live. See a wave; O. H. G. woc.+A:S. w.eg, Go~h.
Victuals. wigs, a wave; Tent. type ·wllgoz, m. ;
vivid. (L.) L. u,uidus, live1y.-L. from ·w~g-, 3rd stem ofTeut. ·wega,, ·, to
uluere, to live. move; see Weigh.
vivify. (F.-L.) F . vivtfier,toquicken. Voice. (F.-L.) M. E. vois. O. F.
-L. UIUijiCare, to quicken.-L. Uilli-, for vois (F. voix) .-L. uocem, acc. of uox,
UiIlUS, living; pcare, for lacere, to make. voice. sound. See vocal.
viviparous. (L.) From L. tltui- Void, empty. (F.) O. F. vuide, voide
parus, producing living young. -L. utui-, (F. v ide); a fern. form of which the masc.
for U1UIIS, living; parere, to produce. is vuit. Origin unknown.
vivisection. (L.) Coined from L. Volant, flying. (F.-L.) F. volallt,
ului- (above) ; and sectiun. pres. pt. of vo/er, to fly.- L. uoltire, to
Vizen. ( E.) M. E. vixen,jixen, a she- fly. Cf. Gk. po";', a throw; Brugm. i.
fox; answering to A. S.fyx.m, made from § 663.
fox by vowel-change of Teut. u (A. S. 0) volatile. (F.-L.) F.vo/atil, 'flying;'
to)l, with fern. suffix -en (for ·-in-jo-) ; pre- ' Cot. - L. 110/iitilis, hying. - L. uo/iitus,
cisely as A. S. gyden, a goddess, from god, flight. - L. un/are, to fly.
a god. See Fall:. Cf. G.fiichsin, f. of Volcano, a burning mountain. (Ital.-
fuchs, fox. The vforfis Southern. L.) Ital. volcano, a volcano.-L. Vokii-
Viz.; see Videlioet. num, acc. of Volcanus, V1I/ciilluJ, Vulcan,
Vizard; see Visor. god of fire, fire. cr. Skt. varcha-s, lustre.
Vizier, Visier, a counciIIor of state. Vole, a field-mouse. (Scand.) Also
(F. - Arab.) F. vizir. - Arab. wa:ztr, a OIllled vole-mouse, field-mouse, meat/()W-
councillor of state; orig. a porter, one mouse, caf1,pagno/; L arvico/a. A modem
who bears the burden of state affairs. - word; abbreviated from North E. vo/e-
Arab. root wazara, to bear a burden, //louse, i. e. field-mouse. From Norw. voll,
sustain. field; cognate with E. Wold. Der. water-
Vocable, a term, word. (F.-L.) F. vole, i.e. water field-mouse.
vocaiJle. - L. uociibu/um, an appellation, Volition. (F. - L.) F. volition. - Late
namc. - L. unciire, to call. - L. ,we·, re- L • • vo/ilionem, acc. of ·vo/itio, volition
lated to uoe-, stem of 1IOX, voice, name (prob. a term of the schools). -L. un/o,
(below). Der. vocaiJlI/ary, from Late L. I wish. See Voluntary.
1Iociibuliiriulll, a list of words. Volley. (F. - L.) }<'. volle, 'a flight;'
vocal, uttering sound . (F. - L.) F. Cot. !fence, a flight of shot. -L. uo/iita,
vocal. _ L. uika/is, adj., from uQc-, stem of fern. of pp. of uo/iire, to fly.
uox, voice, sound. + Gk. lwos, a word; Volt, another spelling of Vault (2).
Skt. vacha-s, speech, from vach, to speak. Voltaic, originated by Volta. (Ita!.)
(.vWEQ.) Brugm. i. § 678. From A. Vo/la, of Como, died March ii,
vocation. (F.-L.) F. vocalion.-L. 1826.
acc. u()(otionem, a calling, invitation.-L. Voluble,flnent. (F.-L.) M.F.vo/ub/e,
uociitus. pp. of uocare, to call. • voluble, easily rolled, glib;' Cot. - L.
vociferation. (F.-L.) M.F.vocife- un/ubi/is, easily turned about.-L. 110/14-,
ration. - L. acc. uiJcij'iriilionem, an outcry. as in tw!ii-tus, pp. of uo/uere, to roll ; with
-L. uociferotus, pp. of tlociferiiri, to lift sllffix -bi/is.+Goth. wa/wjall, to roll, Gk.
up the voice, cry aloud. -L. uoci-, declo ';"UEIV, to enfold; allied to Russ. valile, to
stem of1lux, voice; fer-re, to bear, carry, roll. C.vWEL. ) See Helix.
cognate with E. bear. volume, a roll. a book. (F.-L.) F.
Vogue, mode, fashion. (F. -Ital. - volume. - L. uo/umen. a roll, scroll; hence,
Tellt. ) Formerly vogue meant sway, au- a book on a parchment roll. -L. 1I0lii-, as
thority, power.- F. vogue, 'vogue, sway, in un/ii-tus, pp. of tzo/uere, to roll.
power; a cleere passage, as of a ship in a Voluntary. (F. -L.) M.F. vo/Jmlaire,
broad sea;' Cot. Orig.' sway of a ship,' v%nfai·re. - L. tlo/tmtiiriw, willing.-
verbal sb. of F. voguer, 'to saile forth;' L. un/untas, free will. -L. ·uo/unf-, related
id . - Ttal. voga, sb., stroke of an oar, to tlo/enf-, stem of tlo/ens, willing, from
vOl{are. to row in a galley. - M. H. G. uelle, to wish, '40/0, 1 wish. Skt. vr, +
wiigm, G. wogen, to fluctuate, be in motion to choose, select. Allied to Will (I).
on the sea. - M. H. G. wag, G. woge, (.vWEL.) Brugm. ii. §§ tOl, 493.
595
 VOLUPTUOUS WADI
voluptuo1Ul. (F. - L.) F. vo/uPlueux, fire. See Volcano . Der. vulcan-ite,
Cot. - L. uolupttliJSttS , addicted to, or full vulcanised caoutchouc.
of ple3SUre. - L . uo/upt·as. pleasure. - L. V~. (F.-L.) F. Vttlgair~.-L.
uolup, uolupe, adv., agreeably. - L. uol-o, uulgifrts, belonging to the common people.
I wish. Cf. Gk. I)."i., hope. _L. uulgus, uolgus, the common people;
Volute, a spiral scroll on a capita!. (F. a throng, crowd. Der. vulgar-ity; also
-L.) F. volule (Cot.). - L. uolUta, a vulgate, the E. name for the L. version
volnte; fem. of uoliitus, pp. of uoluut!, to of the Bible known as the iditio vulgala,
roll; see Voluble. where vulgiita is a later form of the fern.
Vomit, sb. (L.) L. uomitus, a vomit- of the pp. of uulgiir~, to publish.
ing; whence uomiltfre, to vomit. - L. Vulnerable. (F. -I..) M. F. vulner-
uomilus, pp. of uo11lere, to vomit.+Gk. able. - L. uulnerabilis,1iable to injury. - L.
I/lE"', Lith. wt!mti, Skt. vam, to vomit. uulnerare, to wound. -L. uulner-, for
('V'WEM.) "uu/nes-, stem of uulnlls, a wound; O. L.
Voracity. (l<'.-L.) F. voracitl.-L. UOlllllS. Allied to uellere, to pluck, tear.
uoriiciliilem, ace. of uortfeitas, hungriness. Cf. Skt. vra1JQ-, a wound , fracture; Gk.
- L. uoriici-, for uorax, voracious, greedy ou).~ , W. gw~li, a wound. ('V'WEL.)
to devour.-L. uorare, to devour.-L. Vulpine, fox-like. (F.-L.) M. F.
-uorus, devouring, as in earni·uorru, Besh- vulpin; Cot. - L. uulpfmts, fox-like. - L.
eating. Allied to Skt. -gara-, as in aja- Ufllp· , base of uulpes, a fox. Allied to
gara-, goat-devouring; Gk. (3o"o., glut- Wolf (Darbishire, Reliquire Philologicre,
tonons. ('V'GwER.) Brugm. i. § 653. P·9 2 ) .
Vortex, a whirlpool. (1,.) L. uor/ex, Vulture. (L.) I.. flultur, a vulture:
also uer/t!x, whirlpool. - L. uer/ere, to O. L. uolturus; lit. 'tearer.' - I.. uul-
tum; see Verse. (uol-), as in uttl-si, pt. t. of uel/ere, to
Vote, sb. (I..) L. t4u/um. a wish; orig. pluck, tear. Allied to Vulnerable.
a vow. - L. u6/u"" neut. of uo/us, pp. of
uoulre, to vow. Der. vot-ive, L. uutiuus, W.
promised by a vow; vot-ary. a coined
word. like vo/aress, votress. Wabble, Wobble, to reel, move un.
Vouch, to warrant. (F. -I..) M. F . steadily. (E.) Frequentative of wap,
voucher, 'to vouch, cite, pray in aid in a whap, to Butter (Halliwell) ; see Wave,
suit ; ' Cot. O. F. voelzier. ,- L. uocart!, to Whap. Cf. E. Fries. wabbeltl, to wabble;
call, call upon, summon. See Vocable. LOw G. wabbeln, quabbchl , to palpitate,
voucluiafe. ( F. -I..) Formerlyvoucll to wabble; Swed. dial. vaobla, to move
safe, i. e. warrant as safe; from VOUdl and f"od to and fro in the mouth.
saft. Wacke, a rock derived from basalt. (G.)
Vow, sb. (F. -L.) M.E. vow, VOtI.- G. wacke, wacke; M.H .G. wacke, O.H.G.
O. F. veu, vou (F. vam) , a vow. - I.. uu/um, w!lJJgo, a kind of Bint. .
a vow; see Vote. ~ Hence the M. E. Wad, a small bundle of stuff, little mass
avow, sb., common in the sense of' vow,' of tow. (Scand.) Swed. vadd, wadding,
Chaucer, C. T. 1237, 2'P4; and hence M. Swed. wad, clothing, stuff; cf. Ice!.
the verb avow, to vow. Another avow viJbmal, wad mal, a plain woollen stuff.+
answers to F. avout!r, I.. arluocare, and is G. wal/e, wadding, wad (whence F. oua/e).
a doublet of avouch. Der. wadd-ing, wad-mal. Cf. Weed (2 ).
Vowel. (F . -L.) O. F. vouel, voie/; F. Waddle, to walk clumsily. (E.) Fre-
voyd/e, ' a vowell; 'Cot. - L. uoealem, acc. quentative of wade (below).
of uociilis (Iillt!ra), a vowel, vocal letter; Wade, to walk slowly, csp. through
see Vocal. water. (E.) A. S. wadall, pt. t. wud, to
Voyage. ([' . - 1..) M. E. viage, vt!age. wade, go. + Du. waden ; Ice!. va6a, pt. t.
-0.1'. veiage, later voyage. - I.. ttiaticum , 06, to wade; (cf. Jcel. val!, a ford ) ; Dan.
properly provisions for n journey. -I.. uia- vade, Swed. varia , G. walm, O. H . G.
lieus, belonging to a journey. - L. uia, a 1Imtan, to wade, go. Further allied to
way. See Viaduct. L. uadum (for *uadholll) , a ford, 1tiidt!re,
Vulcanise, to combine caoutchouc to go.
with sulphur by heat. (L.) Coined, with Wadi, a water-course, river. (Arab.)
.uffix -ue, from Vulcan , god of fire , Arab. wiLli.
596
 WAFER WAIT
Wafer. (F. -Teut.) M.E. wafrt.- *weif, Icel. veif, anything moving or
A. F. wafre, O. F. watifre (F. gaufi-e) , flapping about (a pplied, e. g. to the fin
a wafer. _ M. Do. 7CJaejel, a wafer (D u. of a seal) ; allied to veifa, to vibrate, move
wafe!); Low G. wafel, whence G . waffel, ahout; see Waive.
wafer. 8. F. galifre also means' honey- Wail, to lament. (Scand.) M. E. weilm .
comb'; hence Low G. wafe! may be allied - O. Icel. ·wlZla, Ice!. VIZ/a, to wail;
to G. wabe, a honey· comb, Ice!. va/, a weft; also vala. Lit.' to cry wo;' from VIZ,
from Teut. ·waf, 2nd grade of *wetJan-, to vei, interj., wo ! See Woo Cf. Swed.
weave; see Weave. dial. vtila, to wail; Dan. dial. vlZlIe, to
Waft. (E.) For waif, like graft for wail , vlZl, a wail; Norw. vlZla, to bleat.
graff. Again, waff is the same as wave, Wain, a waggon. (E.) M. E. wain,
in the sense' to beckon by waving some- waYIl ; formed (by the usu al change of ag
thing'; see waft, pt. t. of waif, in Merch. to ay) from A. S. wagn, a wain; we also
Yen . v. 1. II. See Wave (1). find A. S. wan, a contracted form. From
Wag (1 ). (Scand.) M. E. wagsren. - M. the 2nd grade (·wag) of w~gal' , to carry;
Swed. wagga, Swed. vagga, to wag, sway, sec Weigh. + Du. wagC1l (whecce E .
rock. Cognate with A. S. wagiQ1l (> M. E. wagon) , I ce\. vagn, Dan. VOgl', Swed.
wawen), to wag, which is a secondary verb vagn, G. wagel' . Allied to L. Iteh-icltlum,
derived from the 2nd grade of A. S. wegatt, Gk.IiX-or, O . lrishftn, a car. (-v' WEGH.)
to carry, move. Similarly, the Swed. wagga Wainscot, panelled boards on walls of
is a secondary verb, from O. Swed. *wega, rooms. (Du.) XIVtb cent.-Du.wagem chot,
Ice! . vega, to weigh; sec Weigh. So also 'wainscot,' Hexham ;cf.Low G.wagellschot,
Goth. wagjal', to shake. Der. wag-tail; the best kind of oak·wood. As if from
waggle, q. v. Du. wagelt, a wain; but really an altera-
wag (2), a merry knave. (E.) Short tion of M. Du. waeglle-schot, which Kilian
for wag-halfer, one who deserves hanging explains as 'oak-wood with a waving
Uocosely). , grain'; from M. Du. waeghe (G . wO.fe,
Wage, a gage, pledge; pl..Wages , pay M. H. G. wi/g), a wave, and schot,' a WnIU-
for service. (F.- Teut.) M. E. wage, pI. scot, partiti on,' &c., Sewel, or ' a closure of
wages. -0. F. wage, later gage, a gage, boards,' Hexbam. The Du . sdlOf is cog-
pledge; henceastipulatedpayment;whence nate with E. scot and shot. ~ Not from
O. F. wager, to pledge, Low L. wadi,;,-e. M. D u. weeglt, a wall.
-Low L. wadium; formed from Goth. Waist. (E.) M. E . wast, waist; lit.
wadi, a pledge-; see Wed. Der. wage, 'the growth' of a man, or the part of the
vb., as in to wage war, orig. to declare (or body where size and strength arc developed.
pledge oneself to) war; cf. Walloon wager, The same word as M. E. wacst, strength ,
to pledge. answering to an A. S. form *waxt, not
wager, a bet. (F.-Teut.) M.E. found, but nearly allied to A.S. wast fll,
wager, waiour. - O. F. wageure, later growth. - A. S. weaxan, to grow; see
gageun, 'a wager;' Cot. -Low L. wa- Wax (I). + Goth. 'Ulahsttts, growth, in-
diatt,ra, from waditire, to pledge (above) . crease, stature; lccl. vox'r, stature, shape I
Der. wager, vb. See also Ga~ (1 ) . Swed. viixt, Dan. vaxt, growth. Brugm.
Waggle, to wag frequently. (Scand.) i. § 795 (2). Der. waist-coat.
Frequent. form of Wag (above) ; cf. Swed. Wait, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) Orig. a
dial. vagla, Swed. vackia, to loIter; also G. watchman, sentinel, afterwards one who is
wackeltl, Pomeran. wa,lfgein, to waggle; awake at night, a night-musician. - O. F.
Low G. wigelwageltz, to wiggle-waggle. waite, a guard, watchman; cf. F. guet. -
wagon, waggon. (Du.) XIVth cent. O. H. G. wah/a, a watchman, orig. a
Borrowed from Du. wagen, a wagon; which watch, a guard , a being awake. From the
is cognate with Wain. Teut. base · wak-, as in Goth. wak-an, to
wagtail; from Wag and Tail. be awake ; seeWe.ke ( 1) ; with Teut. suffil!;
Waif, sb., a thing abandoned, a thing
fonnd astray. (F. - Scand .) M. E. waif,
-ton-. ~ Also lIsed in the pin.
wait ; cf. Walloon weiti~r, to spy.
'0 lie in
weif; pI. wayues, weyttes, (wayves,weyves). wait, vb. (F. - 0 . H. G.) O. F . waiter,
- A. F. and O. F. waif, later gaif, pI. waitier, gaiter, later guetle'-, to watch,
waives, gaives; ehoses gayves, 'weifes, wait. -0. F . wait~, a watchman, a watch-
things forsaken, or lost;' Cot. -0. Icel. ing (above).
597
 WAIVE WALNUT
Waive, to relinquish a claim. (F.- wyrt-watu, the root of a (rce (with the
+
Scand.) M. E. 1tJ(liuen, weiuen (uJaivm, idea of ridge) . E. Fries. wale, a weal:
weiven) , to set aside, shun, push aside, O. Fries. walu, rod, wand, Ice!. viilr, a
remove.-A. F. weiver, M. F. guesver, • to round stick, Goth. walt4s, a staff. Cf.
waive, refuse, abandon, give over, surren- E. Fries. wale", to turn round, roll:
der, resigne:' Cot. (Low L. waviare, to Russ. val', a cylinder, valiaie, to roll. fJ.
waive.) - O. IceL *wei/a, Ice!. veifa, to The sense of rod or beam is preserved in
vibrate, flap, flutter, whence veiJi-skali, a gun.wale, the plank along the edge of
spendthrift. Cf. Norw. veiva, to turn (a a ship_protecting the gnns.
grindstone), veiv, a crank, Swed. vefva, to Walk, vb. (E.) M. E. walken, pt. t.
wind. Allied to O. H. G. weibon, (0 hover, welk, pp. walken. A. S. wealcan, pt. t.
move about: M. Du. wey/elen, to be in- weok, pp. weaken, to roll, toss oneself
constant; E. Fries. wif, restless. And to about, rove about: hence, generally, to
Vibrate. (-v'WEIP.) Cf. Waif. ~ Dis- ramble, walk. Cf. M.Du. walcken, to press,
tinct from wave. full cloth, Swed. valka, to roll, full, work,
Wa.ke (1), to be brisk, cease from sleep. Dan. valke (same), G. walken, to full.
(E.) M. E. waken, pt. t. wook: properly Allied to Skt. valg, to go by leaps.
intransitive: whence the weak verb wakien, ~ M. E. walker, a fuller, is from M. Du.
pt. t. waked, to cause to wake, rouse. A. S. Wall. (L.) A. S. weall, borrowed from
wacan, to arise, come to life, be born, pt. t. L. uallum, a rampart, ori~. a row of stakes:
wOe, pp. wacen; whence wacian, weak Cf. L. uallus, a stake, palisade, lit. protec-
verb, to wake, watch, rt. t. wacode. + tion. Allied to o. Irish/ai, a hedge.
Goth. wakan (pt. t. wok), wakjan (pt. t. Wallah, lit. an agent. (Hind.) H. H.
~ida): Du. waken, Ice!. 'lIOka, Dan. Wilson explains Hind. willa as one who is
vaage, Swed. vaka, G. wacken (whence Do. charged with doing any duty; Yule says it
wekken, Ice!. vekka, Dan. vakke, Swed. is practically an adj. suffix, like the L.
vilcka, G. weckm). Ultimately allied to -drius (or E. -er); orig. an agent, doer, &c.
Vigil; see Brngm. ii. § 80+ Der. wake, See Competition-wallak in Yule: we may
sb .. a vigil, A. S. -wacu. explain this as competition-er=co11lpelitor.
Wa.ke(2),thetrackofaship. (Seand.) Wallet, a bag, budget. (E.?orF.-
In Norfolk, a wake means a space of un- O. H. G. 1) M. E. walet, apparently equi-
frozen water in a frozen tam or • broad.' valent to M. E. watd, a wattle, also a bag.
The proper sense is an opening in ice, In P.Plowman, C.xi. 269,wheresome MSS.
passage through ice, hence a track of a express • bag-full' by wale/ful, others
ship through a frozen sea, or a track gene- have waletful. Again, Shakespeare has
rally. - O. Ice!. *wak-, Ice!. vall-, Item of wallets for bags of flesh upon the neck
fJiik, a hole, opening in ice; Swed. wk, (Temp. iii. 3. 46), which is the same as
Norweg. vok (the same). Hence Norweg. wattles. ~ Very doubtful: the form sug-
vekkja, Dau. vlZkke, to cut a passage for gests an A. F. ·walet, possibly from
ships through ice. The orig. sense was O. H. G. walliin, to go on pilgri!Dage.
• a wet place.' - Ice!. viikr, wet (Low!. Cf. O. F. grzuler, to wander (Ducange).
Scotch wak); cf. Du. wok, moist, Gk. Wall- eyed, with diseased eyes.
iry-"or, wet. (Seand.) • Glauciolus, an horse with a
Wa.ken, to awake. (E.) Nowusually waule eye;' Cooper (1565).-Ice!. vald·
transitive, but orig. intransitive only, in eyg6r, corruption of fJagleygr, wall-eyed,
the sense 'to become awake.' M. E . said of a horse. - Ice!. vagi, a beam, also
waknen, wakenen. A. S. wacnan, to be a beam in tbe eye, disease of the eye:
aroused, be born: intrans. form from ey~r, eygr, eyed, from auga, eye, cognate
wacan, to wake; see Wake. ~ The with E. eye. The Ice!. vagi is the same
verbal suffix -en has now usually a tran· as Swed. vagel, a perch, roost, sty in the
sitive force: the M. E. snffix ·n·en is pro- eye, Norw. vagI, a hen-roost. Cf. Wars
perly intrand/ive, as in Gothic. Cf. Goth. of Alexander, 608, 1706.
grzwaknan, Swed. vakna, Dan. vaagm, to Wallop; see Potwalloper.
become awake. Der. a-waken, where the Wallow. (E.) M. E. walwen. A. S.
prefix a = A. S. ii-; see A- (4). wenlwian, to roll round. Cf. Goth . wal·
Wale, Weal, the mark ofa blow. (E.) wiall, L. uoluere, to roll; see Voluble.
M. E. wale. A. S. walu, a weal; also Walnut. (E.) Lit.' foreign (Gaulit;h)
s!}8
 WALRUS WARD
nut.' O. Mere. walk·hmttll, from O. Mere. writes i" the wa"iand, which I explain to
wall" A. S. w~a/l" foreign; h1lutre, a nut. mean 'in the waning of the moon,' i. e.
+ Du. waltzoot, lcel. valMlot, Dan. vahwd, with ill-luck; see Brand, Popular Antiq.
Swed. valniH, G . wallllltss. 13. The A. S. on The .1110011. (So also Wedgwood.)
wealh makes the pI. wealas, O. Mere. want, lack. (Scand.) M. E. wa,,', fi rst
walas, which is the mod. E. Wales (now used as an adj., signifying' deficient.' -
applied to the country itself) ; cognate l cel. va1lt, neut. of vanr, adj., lacking,
with O. H . G. walall, a foreigner, whence which was forme rly used with a gen. case
G . Wii[scll, Italian. ~ The explanation following ; as,var jJeimvetlugis va1tl, there
• foreign' is inexact; the A.S. weal/, meant was lacking to them of nothing, i. e. they
a Celt, either of Wales or Gaul. In form wanted nothing. The Icel. va.zr = A. S.
it answers to 'one of the tribe of Vo/ctZ,' wan; see Wane (above) . D er . want, vb.,
who occupied Southern Gaul. lcel. vania, from the neut. adj. valll.
Walrus, a large seal. (Du.-Scand.) wanton, unrestrained. (E. ) M. E.
Du. walrus. - Swed. val/ross, Dan. hvalros, wallfotm, unrestrained, not educat ed; full
a morse ; lit. a' whale-horse'; the same form wallfowen. - M. E. wall-, prefix, lack-
as A. S. hors-hwtZl, a morse, horse-whale. ing, a neg. prefix (from A. S. wa.l, lack-
- Swed. val/, Dan. kval, a whale; lcel. ing) ; lowen < A. S. logen, pp. of flon, to
hross, a horse. Said to be named from draw , toed ucate. See Wane and Tow (I).
the neighing sound made by the animal. Wap, to strike; see Whap.
See Whale and Horse. Wapenta.ke, a district. (Scand. )
Waltz, a dance. (G.) Short for G. M. E. wapmtake. A. S. w~pmgeltZc, not
walzer, a waltz (with s sounded as Is ).- an E. word, but borrO'Yed from Icel. viip-
G . walzelt, to roll, revolve; see Welter. natak, lit. a weapon-touching, hence, a
Wampum, small beads, used as vote of consent so expressed; and , finally,
money. (N. American Indian.) Amer. the district governed by a man whose
I ndian wampum; from the Massachusetts authority was confirmed by the touching
wompi, Delaware wapi, white (Mahn) . of weapons. See Thorpe, Ancient Laws,
Cf. Algonkin wab, white (Cuoq ). i. 455. - Icel. vapna, gen. pI. of viiplt, a
Wan, colourless. (E.) M.E. watt. A.S. weapon; and tak, a touching, grasping;
waml, wo,zn, dark, black, colourless; now see Weapon and Take.
applied to pale objects deficient in colour. Wapiti, the N. Amer. elk. (Amer.In-
Wand,. a slender rod. (Scan d.) M. E. dian. ) Cree wapitik, 'white deer;' c!.
wand. - Icel. vondr (gen. valld-a,'), a Delaware wapi, white (see Wampum).
switch; M. Swed. WQlId; Dan. vamtd. + War. (F.- Teut. ) M. E. wen'e; A. S.
Goth. wa.ldw , a rod , Olig. a pliant stick ; Chron. an. 1119. Also wa,'- ; we find:
prob. from wa,w, lnd grade of windall, • armorum oneribus, quod Angli war-scot
to wind, bind. From the use of wa,uis in dicunt,' Laws of Cnut, De Foresta, § 9.
wicker-work. [Not common, the usual A. S. words being
Wander, to ramble. (E.) A. S. wa,/d- w ig, hild, winn, gui7.) -0. F. werre, later
rian , to wander; used as frequentative of gtterre (see Low L. werra, guerra). war.
wend, to go, but formed from wmtd, 2nd - M. Du. werre, war, cf. warren, to em-
grade of windall, to wind ; see Wend. broil; O. H. G. werra, broil, confu5ion,
+E. Fries. wandern, wandel,,; Du. wall- strife. - O. Sax. and O. H. G. werran, str.
delm, G . wandeltt; Swed. vandra, Dan. vb., to confuse. Base .werr-, for · 'wen- ;
vandre. allied to Worse. Cf. G. verwirren, to
Wane, to decrease (as the moon), to embroil. Der. war-fare, i. e. war-cxpedi-
fail. (E.) A.S. wanian, to wane,decrease. tion; from A. S./ara", to go.
-A. S. wan, won, deficient. + Ice!. vana, Warble, to si ng as a bird. (F. -O. H.
vb., from vanr, deficient. Cf. Goth. wans, G.) M. E . werbeln, werbekn. - O. F.
lacking, Gk. IWIS, bereft of, Skt. una-, werbler (Burguy) . - M. H . G . ·werbelen,
wanting. Bmgm. ii. i 67. old form ofG. wirbeln, to whirl,run rooon,
waDiOD.. (E.) In the phr. witk a warble; see Whirl.
waniOll, i. e. with ill-luck. I believe Ward, a gnard, watch, &c. (E.) M. E.
wanton - North E. waniand, waning, pres. ward. A. S. weard, mase., a guard, watch-
pt. of M. E. wanitn, to wane; see Wane man, defender ; also weard, fern., a guard-
(above). Sir T. Moore (Worla, p. 306) ing, protection, defence. Allied to Warr.
599
 WARDEN WARY
(Base ~r.) + Ice!. v0r6r, (I) a watch- Warn. (E.) A. S. wearnian, ware-
man, (1) a watching; G. wart, Goth. nian, (I) ~o take heed, which is the usual
-wards in daura-wards, a door-keeper. sense, (1) to warn. Cf. the sb. wearn,
Cf. abo A. F. warde, sb.; see Guard. refusal, denial, orig. an obstacle; whence
Der. ward, vb. , ward-er, sb.; also bear- wiernan, to refuse. Prob. allied to Weir.
ward, ste-ward, &c. +Icel. varna, to warn off, from vorn, a
wardeD, a guardian. (F. - Teut.) defence; Swed. varna, G. wamen. Der.
M. E. wardein. - A. F . wardein, old spel- jore-wan" pre-warn.
ling of O. F. gardein, gardain. Low L. Warp, ,b. (E.) M. E. warp. A. S.
gardianlls, a guardian. _ O. F. warder, weary, a warp, in weaving. - A. S. weary,
later garder, to guard; with L. suffix for *wary, 2nd grade of weorpan (strong
-iiittus. - O. Sax. wardtJn, to watch; see verb) , to cast, throw, hence, to throw the
Guard. Doublet, guardian. shuttle. + Ice!. varp, a throwing, from
wardrobe. (F.-G.) M . E. warde- vary, 2nd grade of verpa, to throw; Swed.
robe. - O. F. warderobt, later garderobe, a varp, a warp; O. H. G. waif (G. wet/t),
guardrobe, i. e. place for keeping robes. from werfen, to throw; cf. Goth. wairpan,
See Guard and Robe. to throw. From Teut. ·s tr. vb. *werpa,,-
Wa.re (I ), merchandise. (E.) M. E. (pt. t. *warp, pp. ·wl~rpanoz). Allied to
ware. A. S. waru (L. "ltrx; Wright). The Russ. vergate, to throw. Der. warp,
orig. sellse was prob. ' valuables,' and the vb., from Ice!. varpa, to throw, cast
word may be allied to A. S. waru, pro- (hence, to twist out of shape); this mod.
tection, guard, custody. +IceI. vara, Dan. E. wary is a secondary (weak) verb, not
vare, Swed. vara, Du. WOOl", G. woore, a the same as A. S. weorpa". So also Swed.
commodity; prob. allied to Dan. vare, varpa, Dan. varpe, to warp a ship, from
Swed. vara, care; see Wary and Worth Swed. varp, the draught of a net.
( I ). W&1'1'aDt, sb. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E.
Ware (2), aware. (E. ) See Acts xiv. 6. warant. - O. F. warant, guarant, later
M. E. war; A. S. war, cautious. (The garant, 'a warrant;' Cot. The form war-
true form, whence wary was made by ant is that of the pres. pt., with the sense
adding -y.) See Wary. , warranting: - O. H . G. werent-, stem of
Wariness; see Wary. pres. pt. of werln (G. gt'WaJlren), to cer-
WarisoD, WariaoUD, protection, tify, to warrant. Of obscure origin. Der.
reward. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. warisoun, warrant, vb. ; warratlt-y, O.F. warantie,
protection (the true sense) ; more com- fem. sb. formed from warantir, to war-
mon in the sense of reward or help; it rant; see Guarantee.
also meant recovery from illness or healing. WarreD, sb. (F. - O. H. G.) M. E.
-0. F. warison, garison, surety, safety, wareitlt. - O. F. warentze, varenne, later
provision, healing. - O. F. warir, to pro- gare""e, 'a warren of conies,' Cot. ; Low
tect, heal. - O. H. G. warjan, werjan, to L. warenna, a preserve for hares, &c.-
protect; see Weir. O. H . G. warjan, to protect, preserve;
Warlock, a wizard. (E.) M.E.war- see Warison.
loglte, a wicked one, the devil; war/awe, Warrior. (F.-O. H. G.) M. E. wer-
a deceiver. - A. S. w~rloga, a traitor, per- riour. - A. F. werreiur, old spelling of
fidious man, liar, truce-breaker; (hence, a A. F. guerreiur, a warrior. - A. F . wer-
witch, wizard) . Lit.' liar against the trnth.' reier, guerreier, to make war (whence E.
- A. S. wiZr, truth (cognate with L. ulrum, warray in Spenser, F . Q. i. 5. 48, ii. 10. 21 ).
truth) ; loga, a liar, from log- (Teut. *lug- ), - O. F . werre, guerre, war. - O. H . G.
weak grade of leogan, to lie. See Very werra , strife; see War.
and Lie (2). Wart. (E.) M. E. wel'fe, A. S. wearte"
+
Warm. (E.) A. S. wearm. Du. G. a wart.+Du. wrat, Ice!. varta, Dan. vorte,
warm, Ice!. varmr, Dan. Swed. varnI. Swed. vlJrta, G. wane. Perhaps 'growth'
Teut. type ·wamloz. Cf. Lith. wirti, to as from a root; and allied to Wort ( 1).
cook, Russ. varite, to boil, scorch. Some connect it with L. tlerrUta, wart;
Brugm. i. § 680. (Doubtful; some com- A. S. wearr, a callosity.
pare warm with L. jormus, Gk. fJfP,.wS, Wary, Ware, cautious. (E.) M. E.
warm, Skt. gltarma-s, heat; with labio- war; war-y is a rather late form, with
velar gil .) added -y (as in murk-,). A. S. war, cau-
600
 WAS WEAK
tious.+lcel. 'Va", Dan. Swed. flar, Goth. Russ. fIOda, Gk. GtOlP, L. unda, Lith.
wars. Cf. G. gnoallr, aware. Allied to Walldtl, Skt. wUm-, water. Brugm. i. ~ 594.
Gk. lJp-aOl, I perceive, L. ue,.·l,.i, to re- Der. water, vb. ; otte,..
gard, dread. (.vWER.) Der. wari-ness. Wattle, a flexible rod, hurdle; fleshy
Wu, pt. t. of the verb to be. (E .) M. E. part under the throat of a cock or turkey.
was, pI. weren. A.S. WIZS, I was, he was; (E.) The orig. &elise was something twined
ware, thou wast; pI. w~on, were; sulr or woven together; hence n hurdle, woven
junctive sing. w~re, pI. w~en. Mod. E . stuff, a fleshy flap on a cock's neck. M.E.
substitutes wast for the A. S. wdre in the watel, a bag; A.S. watel, watul, a hurdle.
indicative, and wert for the same in the Cf. Weed (z).
sUbjunctive; both are late forms. fJ. The Wave (I), to fluctuate. (E.) M. E.
inlin. iii A. S. wesan, to be; cognate with wauen. A. S. wajian, to wave with the
Du. wezen, O. Icel. 'Vesa, Dan. 'VlZre, Swed. hand; also, wonder at or waver in mind;
'Vara, Goth. wisan, to be, dwell, remain; cf. the adj. wlZ/re, wavering, restless. Cf.
Skt. vas, to dwell. (.vWES, to dwell.) Icel. vafra, vajia, to waver; vaji, hesita-
y. The form was answers to O. Icel. vas, Du. tion; Bavar. wokrn, to sway to and fro
was, Dan. Swed. flar, G. war, Goth. was; (Schmeller). Der. wave, sb., from the
and the pI. were to Icel. viiru11l, viirut, verb above (not the same word as M. E .
viiru, Du. G. waren, Swed. voro, Goth. wawe, a wave, which is allied to wag ).
wesU11l, wesutk, wesun. waver, vb. (E.) M. E. waueren
Wuh, vb. (E.) M. E. wascken, pt. t. (waveren), to wander about.-A.S. WIZ/re,
wessh. A. S. wlZscan, waxan, pt. t. wiJz, restless, wandering.+Icel. va/ra, to waver;
pp. wlZscen.+Du. wasscken, Icel. Swed. cf. O. H. G. wabar·, adj., wavering; see
vaskal Dan. vaske, G. wascken (pt. t. wusch). above.
Allie<! to Water. Brugrn . i. § 943. Wax (I), to grow. (E.) M. E. waxen,
Waap. (E.) Provo E. waps, wops; A. S. pI. t. wox, wex, pp. woxen, waxen. A. S.
WIZPS, wo:ft. + G. wespe, L. uespa; Lith. weaxan, pt. t. weox, pp. geweaxen. + Du.
wapsa, a gad· fly; Russ. osa, a wasp. wasun, Icel. vaxa, Dan. fIOxe, Swed. 'Viixa,
Allied to Weave. Brugm. i. ~ 918. G. tlJacksen, Goth. waksjan, pt. t. woks.
Waasail. (E .) M. E . wasseyl, wassayl, Further allied to Gk. av{,u,m', Skt. vaksh,
orig. a drinking of a health, from the to wax, grow. Brugm. ii. § 657.
Northern E. 'Illes heil, answering to A. S. Wax (3), a substance made by bees.
'Illes MI, lit. 'be whole,' a form of wishing (E.) M. E. wax; A. S. weax. + Du. was,
good health. Here 'Illes is imperative sing. Icel. Swed. vax, Dan. fIOX, G. wacks, Russ.
of wesan, to be; and heil is cognate with vosk', Lith. waszkas.
mod. E. whole. The dialectal ke;1 is the Wa.y. (E.) M. E. wey, way. A. S. weg.
Scand. form; Icel. heill, whole. See +Du. weg, Icel. flegr, Dan. vei, Swed. vag,
Hail (3) and Whole. G. weg, Goth. wigs. Also Lith. weZiz, the
Waate, desert, unused. (F.- O. H. G. track of a cart; L. ttia; SkI. vaka·, a
-L.) M. E. wast. - O. F. wast, in the way, from vall, to carry. See Weigh.
phrase /aire wast, to lay waste (Roque. (.vWEGH.) Der.al-way,al·ways,seeAll;
fort); whence mod. F. gdter «gaster way-faring, i. e. faring 011 the way, A. S.
<waste,.).-M. H. G. waste, sb., a waste, weg-fa,.ende, where/arende is the pres. pt.
wasten, to lay waste. Borrowed from L of/aran, to travel; way-lay, way-worn.
uastus, waste, desolate, also vast, uastiire, wayward, perverse. (E.) M. E. wei-
to lay waste. fJ. We also find A. S. wlste, ward, headless form of M. E. aweiward,
O. H . G . wllosti, waste; these forms are adv., in a direction away from a thing;
not borrowed from Latin, but are cognate. from M. E. awei, away, and ·ward, suffix.
So also O. Irish /as, empty. Idg. types See Away.
·wiistos, "wastios. Brugm. i. § 317. We, pI. of the 1st pers. pronoun. (E.)
Watch, ab. (E.) M. E. waccke; A. S. M. E. we. A. S. wl.+Du. wi); Icel. vir,
WlZcce, a watch , guard. - A. S. wacan, to Dan. Swed. vi; G. wir; Goth. weis; Skt.
wake i see Wake ( I). Der. watck, vb., vay·am.
M. E. wacchen, A. S. WIZCCmt, weak verb. Weak. (E.) [The verbal form has
Wa.ter, sb. (E.) A. S. waler. + Do. onsted the M. E. wook, A. S. wac, adj.,
water, G. wasser. Allied to Icel. vat1t, weak.] A back-formation from the verb
Dan. vand, Swed. flatten, Goth. wato; signifying to weaken i from M. E. wlken
601
 WEAL WED
(Ch.), to make weak, A. S. 1lJiicaIJ; the weal' corne from the sense of carrying
M. E k being due to association with the clot hes on the body; hence it means to
adj. woo;'. T his verb is for *wiic-ialZ, from consume or use up by wear, to destroy,
A. S. wnc, weak. + Icel. veikr, adj ., weak, efface. The pt. t. wore is modern. Not
Swed. vek, Dan. veg, pliant, Du. week, G. allied to A. S. werian, to defend, which is
weich. O. H. G. weih _ All from Teut. a differeut word_
*waik, 2nd grade of *wikall-, as in A. S. Wear (2) a weir; see Weir.
and O. Sax. wi'calZ, G. wi!iclwJ, to yield. Wear (3), to veer a ship; the same as
Weal ( I) , sb. (E.) M. E. wele; A. S. Veel' , q. v.
wela, weal , prospe rity; allied to A. S. wei, Weary, exha usted, tired. (E.) M . E-
adv., well; see Well ( I). + Dan. vel, weri. A. S. weng. tired; cf. A. S. worian,
Swed. viii, G. woN, welfare. to trnmp about, wander, travel. - A. S.
Weal (2) ; see Wale. war-, a moor, swampy place (tedious to
Weald, a wooded region, an open tramp over) in the compowar-nana, moor-
country. (E.) The M. E. wald became cock ; O. E. Texts, p. 465. + 0. Sax. wong,
wold ; but Layamon has a by-form wald; weary. (The changefromotoeisregular.)
I. 21339. Caxton speaks of' the weeld' of ~ Not all ied to wear (I ).
Kent, which is apparently connected with Weasand, Wesand, the wind-pipe.
this M . E. wald, but seems also to have (Eo ) A . S. wasend, the gullet; but the
been more or less confused with Wild. mod . E. wesand answers rather to a by·
Shakespeare and Lyly speak of' the wilde' +
form *wiisend. O. Fries. wiisende, wind·
of Kent; see Wild and Wold. pipe; Bavar. waisel, the gullet.
Wealth, riches. (E.) M . E. weltne; Weasel. (li.) M. E. wese/, wese/e.
not in A. S. Extended from M. E. we/e, A. S. wesle, wem/O!, a weasel. + Du. wezel,
weal; see W eal ( 1) .+ D u. wee/de, luxury; Icel. -vis/a , Dan. vasel, Swed. vesla, G .
O. H. G. we/ida, riches. wiesel.
Wean, to accustom a child to bread Weather. (E. ) M . E. weder; A. S.
and meat, to reconcile to a new custom . wedel'. (The ·tl,er for -der seems to have
(E. ) We also use the word, less properly, arisen in prov o (Northern) E.; d . f atner.)
in the sense, ' 10 disaccustom,' because a +Du. weder, Icel. ve~r, Dan. veir; Swed.
child that is wealled to meat is also being vatier, wind, weather; G. weller. Allied
wealZed from the breast. M. E . Weltefl ; to G. gewitter, a storm, Icel. 100ui-vi~ri,
A. S. wenian, to accustom; iiwenian , to a land·wind; Russ. vietr', wind, breeze,
wean away or disaccustom . From an adj. Lith. we/ra, storm. Allied to Wind ( I) ;
base *wano -, accustomed, fonnd in the cog- cf. Goth. waian, to blow, O. Irish feth , air.
nate I cel. vanr (Swed. van ), accustomed weather - beaten, weather-
(cf. vani, custom) ; from *wall, 2nd grade bitten. (E.) Both forms seem to be
of T eut. *WCIlO1I- , to crave; see Ween . correct. The former means' beaten by the
The weak grnde appears in A. S. gewwta, weather,' from beat. The latter means
accustomed, wtmian, to dwell.+Du. well- 'bitten by the weather,' from bite, and
1LCIl, to accustom, ajweltllC1l, to wean from ; occurs in Wint. Tale, V. 2. 60; derived
I cel. veil/a, Dan. vO!/tIte, Swed. viillja, G. from N orw. vedn-biten , Swed. viider-bitell,
gewonnm, to accustom; D an. vO!lZne fra, lit. bitten by the weather.
Swed. viinja af, G. entwon/ten, to wean Weave. (E.) M . E. weuen (wevett).
from. A. S. wefan, pt. t. waf, pp. wefen. +Du.
Weapon. (E.) M. E. wepen. A. S. wevm , Icel. vefa, Dan. vt1!Ve, Swed. vefva,
wlZpm, a weapon. + Du. wapen, Icel. G. weben. Also Gk . iup-aivflV, to weave.
vapn, Dan. vaabm , Swed. vapen , G. wa.ffe; Tent. type*weban·. (.v WEBH.) Brugm.
Goth. wlpna, neut. pI., weapons. Cf. A. S . i. § 562.
wfZplllllann, wapmann , a fnll·grown man, web. (E.) A. S. webb, a web; Teut.
a male. type *wabjom , n.; from *wab, 2nd grade
Wear ( I) , to wear clothes, to consume of *weban- (above). +Du. web, Ice!. vefr,
by use. (E.) M. E. weren, pt . t. wend. Dan. Vt1!V. Swed. viif, G. gewebe.
+
A. S. wman (pt. t. werode). I cel. verja, Wed, vb. (E.) M. E. w~dden. A. S.
O. H. G. werian, to wear; Goth. wasj(lII, weddian, lit. to pledge, engage; hence to
to clothe. Allied to Vest. (.vWES, to betroth. - A. S. wedd, a pledge; T eut.
clothe.) See VOIIt. • All the senses of type *wad.folll, n. + M. Du. wedde, Ice!.
602
 WEDGE WEIGHT
vetJ, Swed. vall, G. welle, Gotb. wadi, a weeha, wehlla (mod. G. woeht). V'le also
pledge, wager. All ied to L. uas (gen. once find Goth. wiko in the sense of order
uad·is), a pledge, Gk. o.·.OAov (= o.-F'O· or succession (Luke i. 8), answering to L.
AOv) , tbe prize of a contest ; Lith. wadoti, o,'dine (not to uiris) in the Vulgate version .
to redeem a pledge. (""" W E DH .) The orif sense seems to have heen 'suc-
Wedge. (E. ) M. E. weggt. A. S . weeg. cession, series; cf. lee!. vfkj a, to turn, re-
+ Du. wig, Ice\. veggr, Dan . vagge, Swed. turn; from *wik-, weak grade of *wfkan-,
v£gg, O . H . G . weeki, a wedge; G. week, to give way; see Weak. And cf. G.
weeke, a kind of wedge-shaped loaf; cf. weehsel, a change.
provo E. wig , a kind of cake. Also Lith. Ween, to suppose, think . (E. ) M. E .
wdgis, a wedge, wooden peg-. Teut. type We,te1Z, A. S. wetza" , to imagine. - A. S.
*wagioz, m. Lit.' a mover,' from its welt, sb., expectation ; orig. 'a striving
effect in splitting t rees; allied to Wag. after.' Teut. type wa niz, f. (Sievers,
(""" WEGH.) § 269); from *Wtffl, 3rd grade of a sup-
Wedlock, marriage. (E.) A. S. wedltie, posed Teut. str. vb. *wenan-, to crave,
lit. a pledge, pledging. - A. S. wed, wedd, desire. Cf. A . S. wine, friend , Skt. van,
a pledge ; ltie, a sport, also, a gift, often a to crave; L. uenus, desire. + Du. wa'len,
mere suffix. See Wed. Ice!. vana, G. wiihnen, Goth. WNZJfl1t, to
Wednesda.y. (E.) M. E. wednesday. expect, fancy; from Du. waan, I ce!. van,
A. S. wodnesdl2,f{, Woden's day; O. Fries. G. wahn, Goth. we"s, expectation, con-
wemisdei (for *wednisdeiJ, where e is the jecture, orig. ' a wish.' See Wish.
mutation of 0; N. F ries. 1lJeensdi, Outzen, Weep. (E.) M. E. wepen, pt. t. weep,
p . 38.+ Du. womsdag, Ice!. oilinsdap', wep. A. S. wepan, pt. t. weop, to cry aloud,
Swed. Dan. omdor; all meaning' Woden's raise an outcry ; cf. A. S. wop, a clamour,
(or Odin's) day. 8. The name WMm outcry (note the change from 0 to e). +
signifies' furious,' from A . S. wod, mad , O. Sax. wopian, to cry out, wop, outcry;
furious ( - Ice!. otJr, Gotb. wads ) ; or I ce!. ajJa, to shout, op, olltcry; Goth.
else C filled with divine frenzy.' See Wood wopjan, wk. vb., to cry out. ~ Not allied
(2). ~ A translation ofL. dies Mercurii; to whoop.
Woden was identified with L. Mereun·us. Weet, to know. (E.) Another spelling
B~m . i. § 190. of Wit ( I ) ; in Spenser, F. Q., i. 3. 6;
Wee, tiny. (E.) M. E. we, wei, only ns &c.
sb., in the phrase C a litel we' = a little bit, Weevil, a small beetle. (E.) M. E.
a short time. I have little hesitation in weuel, wiuei (wevel, wive!); A. S. wife/,
assuming the O. Northern E. we, or Wty wibi/. +lcel. -J:fi", M. Du. wevei, O. H. G,
(Barbour) , or wei (Cursor Mundi), a way, willil; d. E. Fries. wifer, (1) a weaver,
space, to be the same as M. E. wei, a way, (2) a beetle. A dimin. form; cf. A. S.
also a distance, mod. E. Way, q. v. Cf. wibba, a beetle. Apparently allied to
North. E. way-hit, also wee-bit, a small Weave. Cf. Lith. walia/as, a chafer,
space. ~ Certainly not allied to G. wenig, wi!lEed insect.
little. Weft. (E.) A. S. weft. wefta, tbe
Weed (1) , a noxiolls plant. (E.) M. E. threads woven across the warp; from
weed; A. S. weod, wiod, a weed. O. + wifan, to weave. + Ice!. viftr. See
Saxon wiod ; whence Du. witdetl, vb., to Weave.
weed. Root llnknown. Weigh. (E .) M. E. wtgltm. A. S.
Weed (2 ), a garment. (E.) "1'. E. wtgatl, pt. t . wag, to carry, bear; also , to
wette. A. S. wade, neuter, wad, fern ., a move; also to raise, lift (cr. to weiglt
+
garment. O. Fries. wlde, O . Sax. wiidi; +
nn chor) ; to weigh. Du. wegen; Ice!.
Ice!. vail, vo!) , a piece of stuff, cloth; t1ega , to move, lift ; Dan. veie, Swed. viiga;
O. H. G. wat, wot, clothing, armour. Lit. G. bewegett, to m ove, wiege't, to rock ; and
' so_mething woven;' from the Idg. root ct. wiigen , to weigh. Allied to L. uehere,
WE, Skt. va, to weave. SkI. vall , to carry. ("""WEGH _)
Week. ( E.) M. E. weke, wike; A. S. weight. (E.) M. E. weght, wight.
wicc, w iCll, a week. (There was a later A. S. wiht, gewiht, weight; for *wehti-<
A. S. wuw , a week , which became M. E. *weg·ti- ; from wegan (above). + Du. ge-
1IJouke, a week, and is obsolete.) + D u. wigt, Ice!. vatt, Dan. va~t, Swed. vigt,
week, Iccl. vika, Swed. vuka, O. H. G . G. gewicht.
60 3
 WEIR WEN
Weir, Wear, a dam. (E.) M.E.wer ; A. S. wel, orig. 'agreeably to a wiah;'
A. S. wer; allied to werian, to defend, allied to will, sb. and vb.+Do. wel, IceL
protect, also dam up. + Low G. ware, a vel, Dan. vel, Swed . val, Goth. waila; G.
weir; M. Do. weer, a rampart; lcel. vOrY, wohl, O. H . G. wela, wola. Cf. W. gwell,
a fenced-in landing-place, verja, to defend; better ; also Skt. vara-, better, vara-, a
G. wellr, a defence, miihlwenr, a mill- wish; prati varam, according to a wish.
dam; Goth. warjan. to defend. Allied to See Will (1) and Weal
Skt. vr, to cover, varaya, to stop, hinder, Well (l ) , a spring, fount, (E.) M. E.
keep off. welle; A. S. wylla, weI/a, a spring; with
Weird, fate, destiny. (E.) P roperly a two other by-forms. Tent. type *walljo1l-,
sb.; but used as adj . M. E. wyrde, wirde. m.; cf. A. S. weal/a" (pt. t. wzoll ),
A. S. wyrd, fate; Teut. type *wurd-iz, f. ; to well up, boil ; rbut the mod. E. well,
from *wurd (for *wur6<*wur), by Ver- vb., is derived ~rom the sb.J. + Icel.
ner's law), weak grade of Teut. *wcrtnan-, veil, ebullition, from vella, to boil Cpt. t.
to become, take place, happen ; see vall) ; Du. wei, a spring; Dan. vl1!Id; G.
Worth ( 1). + O. Sax . wurlJ, Ieel. uror, welle, a wave, surge; cf. wallm, to boil.
fate. Further allied to Skt. val, \0 move to
Welcome. (Seand.) For well come. and fro, Russ. vaf, a wave, valiate, to
- Icel. VelkOllli1zn, welcome. lit. well come. roll. SeeWalk,He lix. (4 WEL.) Der.
- Icel. vel, well; kombzn, pp. of koma, to well, vb., as above.
come. So also Dan. velkolllflle,t, Swed. Wella.way, an exclamation of sorrow.
viilkommen, welcome. Hence A. F . wel- (E.) M. E. weilawry; also wa la wa.
comer, to welcome (Godefroy). ~ Dis- It stands for wei fa wei or wa la wa. A. S.
tinct from A. S. wi!cuma, one who comes wii la wa, lit. wo! lo! wo! - A. S. wa,
at another's pleasure ; where wmals ' a wo; Iii, 10; wa, wo; cf. Ice!. vei, woo
comer,' from cuman, to come. ~ Early misunderstood, and turned into
Weld (I), to I,eat metal together. wellaway, and even into welladay, Merry
(Swed.) Late M. E. well (G. Douglas). Wives, iii. 3. J06. See Woo
The final d is modern; the word is Welsh, pertaining to Wales. CE.) M.E.
Swedish, from the iron·works there. _ walsh, foreign. A.S. wl1!lisc, we/ise, wylise,
Swed. valla, orig. to well, whence valla Celtic. Formed, with suffix -isc (E. -ish)
up, to well up, viil/e ihop, to weld (iron ) ; and vowel-change, from A. S. weallz, a
cf. Dan. vl1!lde, to well up (with excrescent Celt; whence Wea/as, pl., mod. E . Wa les.
d, as in English). Cognate with E. well, +G. wiilseh, Italian. See Wa.lnut.
vb.; from Well (2). Welt. (E.) The old sense seems to
Weld (2), dyer's weed. (E.) M. E. be border, hem, fringe. M . E. walt , 1ve//e;
weide, wolde; Lowl. Sc. wald. + Du. cf. Lowl. Sc. waut, a welt, provo E. welt,
WOltW; Low G . wo/de (Lubben); G. wau to turn down the upper leather of a shoe.
(from Du.). Teut. base *wald·. as shewn Perhaps from A. S. wy ltall, wl1!ltall, to
by Span. gualdo, F. gaude, weld. Prob. roll ; cf. Ice!. velta, to roll over ; see
, belonging to the wood;' cf. A. S. weald, Welter. + W.gwald, a hem, welt,gwaltes,
a wood; see Wold. ~ Quite distinct the welt of a shoe; gwald1l, to wt:il, hem.
fr om woad. Welter, to wallow, roll about. (E.)
Welfare. (E.) M. E. welfare.- M. E. Formerl y also walter. Walter, we/ter, a re
wei, well; fare = A. S. faru, a faring , lit. freq uentatives from M. E. waltm , to roll
a journey, from A. S. faran, to fare; see over, tumble, tum over. - A. S. wl1!!talz
Fare. to roll (cf. geu'l1!llm , strong pp., Matt.
Welkin, sky, clouds. ( K) M. E. xvii. J 4, Lind .). Cf. Ice!. velta (pt. t.
welk1/.e , welke1te ; also wolklle. wolkelle, valt\, to roll, Dan. vl1!lte, to overturn;
A. S. wO!cnt~ , clouds, pI. of woken, a Swed. vii/tra , to welter, frequeut. of viilta.
c1oud.+O. Sax. wo/ka1Z, Du. wolk, Low G. to roll; G. wiilzen, to roll, welter, from
wulke; G. wolke, O. H. G. wolka, f., walzelt, to roll. Cf. Goth. m-waltjan, to
wo/ca1l, n., a cloud. All from the base subvert; L. uoltlere, to roll. (4W E L. )
*wulk-, weak grade of *walkan-, to rol\ (see Wen, a tumour. (E.) A. S. wt'1m.+
Walk) ; or else allied to O. H. G. we/c, Du. wm; Low G. wem; Dan. dial. vall.
moist. A. S. wmn< Teut. type *wa1ljoz, m. Prob.
Well (1), excellently. (E.) M. E. wei; from walm, lnd grade of A. S. witman, to
604
 WENCH WHEEDLE
toil, to win, to suffer from illness (whence cC. E. Fries. and Westphal. wackeln, to
E. win). See Win, Wound. heat, to cudgel.
Wench. (E.) M. E. wmclle, earlier Whale. (E.) M.E. wMI, qual. A. S.
form wenchel, a child (male or female).- ';wal.+Du. walvise,; (whale·fish), G. wal-
A. S. wmclo, wine/o, sb. pl., children (offisc';, Ice!. ,;valr, Dan. Swed. "val. It also
either sex). Allied to A. S. wancol, tot- meant a porpoise, grampus, &c. Cf. Gk.
tery (hence weak, infantine). From the wlAOIP, a monster. Der. wal-rus.
hue *wank, seen in G. watlRen, to totter, 'Whap, to beat, flutter. (E.) Also
M. H. G. wenkm, to render unsteady. whop, wap, wop. M. E. qUlljJjJm, to pal pi-
Allied to Wink. tate, throb. E. Fries. kwabbm, kwappm,
Wend, to go. (E.) Little used except to strike violently. From a base -kwap,
in the pt. t. went (used as pt. t. of to go).
to throb; see Quaver. Cf. also W.
M. E. wenden; A. S. wendan, to tum, also e,;wap, a sudden stroke, ehwapio, to strike,
to tum oneself, proceed, go. The pt. t. s~ _
wmtk became wente, and finally went. 'Wharf ( I), a place for landing goods.
Causal of A. S. windan, to wind; see (E.) A. S. ';wer./. a dam or bank to keep
Wind (3). + Du. wenden, lcel. venda, out water (Thorpe, Diplomatarium, pp.
DaD. vmtk, Swed. vanda, Goth. wand/an, 3+1,361); mere-hweaif, sea-shore (GrelD).
G. wmtkn, to tum; all causal forms. - Teut. -,;warh, A. S. hweaif, 3nd grade
went. (E.) See above. of ';flleDr/an, to tum, tum about. ~. This
Were, pI. of W .. , q. v. difficult word, with a great range ofsenS!(s,
Werwolf,aman-wolf. (E.) A.S.were- meant a turning, reversion, turning-place,
fIIUIf, a werwolf, the devil. - A •.~. wer,'pace, dam, shore, doc~yard, as proved br.
a man; wulf, a wolf. + G. fIIa,;rwolj, the cognate words, VIZ. Du. weif. Ice.
M. H. G. werwolf, a man-wolf; from ,;vaif, Dan. varft, Swed. vaif, M. Swed.
M. H. G. wer, a man, and fIIOlf. (Hence ';fllaif, &c. The A. S. hwtDr/an answers
O. F. garoul, F. garou, now loupgarou, i.e.to Goth. ,;wairhan, to tum oneself about,
wolf-werwolf.) See Virile. ~ It was walk, and to Ice!. ,;veifa, to tum. (Base
supposed that fierce men could tum into HWERB.) ~ Not allied to G. weifen,
wolves; cf. Gk. Aultav6ponros, i. e. wolf- to throw; but ratber to Gk. lta"..6s , the
man. wrist. Der. whatj'-ingrr, for wMifager;
West. (E.) A. S. west, adv., westward; with inserted n as in messmger,passengtr.
west-d!il, west part or quarter.+Du. west, wharf (1), bank of a river. (E.) In
Icel. vestr, Dan. Swed. vesl, G. west. Per·Shale. Hamlet, i. 5. 33. Cf. A. S. mere-
haps allied to Vesper. ,;wear/, sea-shore (Grein) ; it is the same
Wet, moist. (E.) M. E. wet, weet; word as Wharf (I).
A. S. w~t, wet. + IceJ. vtitr, Dan. vaad, What. (E.) A. S. "wat, neut. of "wa;
Swed. v8t, wet. Teut. type -fIIaloz. Alliedsee Who.
(by gradation) to Water. Der. wet, vb., 'Wheal (I), a pimple. (E.) Distinct
A. S. w~tan. from weal, wale, a muk of a blow. Per-
Wether, a castrated ram. (E.) A. S. haps from A. S. hweie, a wheal (Somner) ;
we6r.+O. Sax. welnar, wilMr, lcel. ve1Jr, A. S. "we/ian, to form pus; ~.nweled,
Dan. vader, Swed. viidur, G. widder, Goth. inflamed. Cf. also W. ,nwiler, a maggot,
wilhrus, a lamb. Lit.' a yearling;' allied wheal, pimple.
to Veal. Brugm. i. § 118. 'Wheal (2) , a mine. (C.) A Cornish
Wey. a heavy weight ; from two to three word. _ Com. hwll, a work, a mine. Cf.
ew!. (E.) M. E. weft. A. S. w~ge, w~g , W . ,"weI, e"wyl, a course, a tum.
a weight. - A. S. wag-, 3rd grade ofweg-an, 'Wheat. (E.) M. E. w"tte. A.S. "wiile,
to weigh.+IceJ. vag, O. H. G. woga. See wheat; Teut. type -"wail/o-. m.; from
Weigh. -';fllait, 2nd grade of-nweit-; named from
the whiteness of the meal; see White. +
Du. weile, weil, Ice\. "veili, Dan. nvede,
WJ[. Swed. nvete, Goth. hwaiteis, G. weizm .
'Wh. This is distinct from w. The Der. wheat-en, adj., A. S. "wiilen.
mod. E. w" answers to A. S. hw, Ice!. "v, 'Wheedle. (E.1) Spelt wheat/Ie in
L1Ih'~ ", T, ", Idg. kw. Blount. ed. 1674; who connects it (quite
, to bent; see Thwack. But unsatisfactorily) with W. e"wedla, to gos-
605
 WHEEL WHICH
sip, cnwed/, a fable, tale. But perhaps a vault, hval/a, holfa, to 'whelve' or tum
from A. S. wiid/ian, to beg, orig. to be upside down, G. walben, to arch over.
poor; from wad/, poverty. y. We thus trace the following forms, viz.
Wheel. (E.) A. S. hWeO/, shorter form base HWELB, to swell out, become con-
of hweowol, hweogu/, a wheel; also speIt vex, Ice!. hvelfa, to vault, turn a round
Aweoll/.+Icel. hjol, Dan. kiul,Swed . hjul, vessel upside down; hence Whelm, sb., a
O. Swed. killgM (Ihre). Teut type *hweg· thing made convex, whelm, vb., to make
wlOm, n., for -hwehwitJm, Idg. *qeqitJ-, as convex, tum a round vessel over, capsize.
in Skt. chalmi-, a wheel, Gk. KV"AO~, a Forby remarks that whel"" in the E.
wheel. Idg. -qe-qlo- is a reduplicated Anglian dialect, signifies' to t11m a tub or
form, from .vQEL, to drive; whence Gk. other vessel upside down, whether to cover
"'OAO~, an axis, Russ. kQleso, Icel. hvel, anything with it or not: From .vQELP;
a wheel. See Cyole and Pole (2). whence also Gk. "OATrOS, bosom, a hollow.
B~gm. i. § 658. Der. over-'lIhd",.
Wheeze. (E.) A. S. hwesan (pt. t. Whelp, a puppy. (E.) A. S. hwelp, sb.
hweos), to wheeze. Allied to A. S. hwos.ta, + Du. welp, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. hvalp,
provo E. hoast, a cough, Du. hoest, G. Swed. valp, M. H. G. weif. Root un-
hustm. From Tent. -hwos-, Idg. *qas, as known.
in Skt. Ms, to cough; from .vQAS, as ill When. (E. ) M. E. whan; A. S.
Irish cas-adu/ach, W. pas, a cough; cf. hwanne, hwonne, when. + M. Du. wan ,
Lith. kosli, to cough. See Pose (3) . G. wann, Goth. hwan; W. pan. Allied
Whelk (I), a mollusc with a spiral to Goth. hwas, A. S. hwii, who. Cf. L.
shell. (E.) III spelt; it should be welk or quatl-do, Gk. Tr6-Tf, when.
wilk. M. E. wi/k ; A. S. wiloc, also whence. (E .) M. E. whemzes, older
weo/uc, weluc.+Du. wuik, aho spelt welk, form Whatlelze. -A. S. hWatZOtl, whence;
wilk, wil/ok, wul/ok. Prob. named from closely allied to When (above).
its convoluted shell; cf. Gk. IAIf (F'A-If), where. (E.) M. E. wher; A.S. hw~r,
a volute; see Helix. Del'. whelk'd, i. e. where; allied to hwii, who.+Dn. waar,
convoluted, K. Lear, iv. 6. 71; spelt Icel. hvar, Dan. Izvot;, Swed. !tVar, G. war
wealk'd in the first folio. (in war.ulll), Goth. Ilwar; Lith. kur.
Whelk (2), a small pimple. (E.) M. E. Wherry, a shallow, light boat. (E.)
whelke, Chaucer, C. T., A. 632. Dimin. Spelt whiny by Latimer. Perhaps allied
of Whea.l (I ). to Whir; cf. Sc. wlzirry, to whir, to hurry.
Whelm, to overturn, cover over by Origin unknown.
something that is turned over, to over- Whet. (E.) M. E. whetlm . A. S.
whelm, submerge. (Scand.) M.E. whelmetz, hwettan, to sharpen « *llwat-ja,t. ) - A. S.
to tum a hollow vessel upside down (Pals- hwtZt, keen, bold, brave.+Du. welten,
grave), to turn over; Low!. Sc. q,.hemle, IceI. hve/ja, Swed. viitja, G. wetzen , to
whom",le, whamle, to tnrn upside down. sharpen, encourage ; from O. Sax. hvat,
Closely related to M. E. wheltten (whelvell) Icel. Ilvalr, bold, O. H. G. hwaz, sharp.
and ouerwhelum (overwhelvm ), used in the Der. whetstone, A. S. lzwetsttill.
same sense. fJ. The only difficnlty is to Whether, which of two. (E.) See
explain the final -m; this is due to the fact Matt. xxvii. 21 . A. S. hwaiJer, which of
that whelm, vb., is really formed from a two; formed with comparative suffix -{Jer
sb. whelm, standing for hwelf-m, the f (Id g. -Ia'o-) from the base of who. +
being dropped because unpronounceable. Ice!. llvan, Goth. llwalhar ; cf. Lith. ka-
This appears from M. Swed. hwalma, to Iras, Gk. ","fPOS, Tr6TfPOS, Skt. kalara-.
cock hay, derived from the sb. hwal"" a Whey. (E.) M. E. whey. A. S. hwreg,
hay-cock; where hwalm is for *hwalfm, whey. +M. Du. wey; Du. hui, wei. Cf.
being derived from M.Swed.hwalj.an arch, W. cllwig, whey fermented with sour
vault ; cf. hWii/fwa, to arch over (make herbs.
into a rounded shape). Thus the suffix -m Which. (E. ) M. E. which; qukilk
is substantival (as in doo-m, bloo·m, &c.), (Barbour). A. S. hwilc, hwelc, which;
and the Teut. base is HWELB, to become short for hwi-lfc, lit. 'of what form. ' -
couvex (M. H. G. welben, pt. t. wa/b), the A. S. hwi·, allied to Ilwa, who; lie, like,;
derivatives of which appear in A.S. hwealj. see Who and L ike. + O. Sax. hwilt'-,
adj., convex, sb., a vault, Icel. hviil/, hOI/, O. Fries. hwelik, Du. welk, Goth. hwileiks,
606
 WHIFF WHIRL
hweleiks, Icel. hvflikr, Dan. Swed. hvilkm, as Lowland Sc. wkimmer, to whimper,
G . welche,', O.H.G. hwelih. Cf. L. quiilis, fTequentative of whim, another form of
Gk. lI',,)..tKOS. Brugm. ii. § 88. whine; see Whine. 'lThey] wil whYlllpe
Whi1f', sb., a puff. (E.) M. E. weffi, and wlzine ; ' LatimeT, Seven Sermons, ed.
vapour. An imitative word, like puff,Jife. Arher! p. 77.+G. wi1ll11lern.
+ \'Ii. ehwiff, a puff, ehwnff, a gust; Dan. Whin, gorse. (C.) M. E. whytme,
vijt, a puff, gust. Cf. A. S. hwi6a, Icel. quyn. - \'Ii. chwyn, weeds; cf. Bret. chou-
hviiJa, a breeze. emla (with guttural eh). to weed.
whiftle, to blow in gusts, veer as the Whine, vb. (E.) 'A. S. hwinan. to
wind. (E. ) Frequentative of whiff, to whine.+lcel. hVi'la, Swed. hvi,za, Dan.
puff. Der. whijJl-er, a piper, fifer, hence hvine, to whi r, whiz, whine. [Cf. Icel.
one who goes first in a procession. kvei1ta , to wail, Goth. kwainon, to mourn.]
Whig. (E.?) See Todd's Johnson and Der. whimp-er, q. v.
Nares. Wlzi,( is a shortened form of whig- Whinyard, a kind of sword. (Scand.)
gamor, applied to certain Scotchmen who Lit. whme-yard, where yard (probably)
came from the west to buy corn at Leith; is a mere suffix (- i-ard). - Icel. Izvin -a,
from the word whigg-am, employed by to whiz, whistle through the air like a
these men in driving their horses. A weapon; the same word as E. WIzi1U, but
march to Edinburgh made by Argyle (in used in a different way. Cf. also E.
1648 ) was called' the whtggamor's inroad,' whinny; and Lowl. Sc. whin,(-er, a whin-
and afterwards those who were opposed to yard, from the verb whi",(e, an extension
the court came (in 1680) to be called whi,(s. of whine.
(Burnet, Own Times, b. L) But the term Whip, to move quickly, to flog. (E.)
had pTeviously been applied (in 1667) to M .E. whippen, to overlay a cord by rapidly
the Scotch Covenanters (Lingard). The binding the twine round it, whippe, a
Glossary to Sir W. Scott's novels has: scourge. From the sense of rapid move-
'whi,(amore, a great whig; whi,(pn,(, ment; M . E. wippen, to jump up and
jogging rudely, urging forward .' To whig down suddenly, to jig.+Du. wippen, to
awa' is to jog on briskly. Perhaps fOT skip, formerly to shake; Low G. wippen,
wzg; cf. E. Fries. wlg,(en, Norw. vi,(,(a, to bob up and down; Dan. vippe, to see-
to rock; Icel. vigg, a horse; E . wi,(,(le saw, bob; Swed. vippa, to wag, jerk ; G .
and wa,(. wippen, to move up and down, see-saw,
While, a time. (E. ) A. S. Izwil, sb., a jerk. (1 find no very early authority for
pause, a time.+Icel. hvila, a place ofrest; the h.) Cf. L. m:briire; see Vibrate. Der.
Dan. hv ile. rest; Swed. hvila, rest; G. whip, sb., M. Du. wippe (Hexham) .
weile, Goth . hweila, a time. Prob. allied whipple-tree, a swing-bar for traces.
to L. qui-es, rest. (-v'QEI.) Brugm. i. (E.) The sense is ' piece of swinging-
§ 675 . Der. while, adv.; whiles, M. E. wood,' composed of tree (as in axle-tree )
whiles. adv. (with gen. suffix -es ) ; whence and the verb whipple, freq uent. of whip , to
wlzits-I, with added t (as in amonp-t, move about quickly, to see-saw (above).
amids-t ) ; also whil-om, formerly, fTom Whir, tel bu"". (SC[,...1.) .\ 0 imitative
A. S. Il1tJilu1Il, dat. pI. of hwit, a time. word, like whiz. -Dan. hvirre. to whirl,
Also mel11z-wkile, see Mean (3); also twirl; Swed. dial. Izvirra, to whirl. Allied
whilin,(-time, the waiting a little time to Whirl.
before dinner (Spectator, no. 448 ), whence Whirl. (Scand .) M. E. whirlm; a
the phrase to while away time, pTobably contraction for *whirf-Im , frequent. of
with some thought of confusion with wile. M. E. wherftn, to tum . - Icel. hvi1jla, to
Whim, a freak. (Scand.) Skelton has whirl; frequent. of hverfa (pt. t. Ilvarf ), to
wlzim-wlzam. - Icel. hvima, to wander with turn Tound; Dan. hvirvle, Swed. hvi1jla,
the eyes, as a silly peTson; Norw. kvima, M. Du. werveien, to whirl; G. wirbeln, to
to wbisk about, trifle. Cf. Swed. dial. whirl, to warble. ( Base HWERB. ) Allied
hvi",merkanttg, giddy in the head; Norw. to Wharf. Cf. Goth. hwairban, to go
kvim, fooleTY (Ross). Der. whimsey, a abont; Gk. J<ap.".6s, the wrist. Brngm. i.
whim, fTom the allied NOTW. kvimsa, § 675. Der. wkirl-wimi, from Icel.
Swed. dial. hvimsa, Dan. vimsc, to be hvi'Jilvindr, Dan. hvirveivind, Swed.
giddy, skip or whisk about, hvirfvelvind, a whirlwind; also whirl-
Whimper, to whine. (E.) The same pool; wkirl-i-gi,( (see Gi,,),
60 7
 WHISK WHITTLE
Whisk, to move or sweep quickly. § 319. (.vKWEI.) Der. whit-ing, a fish
(Scand.) The" is intrusive. It is pro- with delicate white flesh, also ground
perly wisk, orig. to wipe, brush, sweep, chalk; also w"it-ster, a whitener, bleacher;
esp. with a quick motion, as when using w"ittle (l), ttJlzeal, W"it-sunday, q. v.
a light brush; the" was dne to confusion Whither. (E.) M. E. whider. A. S.
with w"iz, wlJir, wlJir/, &c.- Dan. viske, lzltJider, "wader, whither.+Goth. "wadrF.
to wipe, rub, sponge, from wk, a wisp, Cf. "it"er, t"itlzer. Allied to Who.
rubber: Swed. viska, to wipe, also to wag Whitlow, a painful swelling on the
(or whisk) the tail, from viska, 'whisk fingers. (Scand.) Corruption of w"iek-
(sic), a small broom,' Widegren; Icel visk, j/aw, a whitlow (Halliwell): where wMek
a wisp of hay, something to wipe with, a is the Northern pronunciation of quick, i. e.
rubber.+G. wisclzen, , to wipe, wisk, rub,' the sensitive part of the finger round the
Fliigel; from the sb. wisclz, 'whisk (sic), nail: Icel kvika. Flaw is the Swed.j/oga,
clout,' id. Cf. A. S. weoxian (for ·wis- a flaw, crack, breach, flake. See Quiok
cion ), to wipe. ~. The sb. which thus and Flaw. The sense is ' crack near the
appears as Ieel wk, Swed. viska, G. quick,' hence a painful sore, afterwards a
wiselz, meant orig. 'a wisp.' Der. wlzisk- painful swelling. It was corrupted first to
cr, from the likeness to a small brush. wMtjlaw (Holland), or w"itjlowe (Pals-
'Nestor brus"'d her with his wlziskers;' grave), and afterwards to whitlow; by
Drydeu, Troilus, iv. l. Also wlzisk-y, confusion with w"ite and low (4). ' Par-
a light gig, easily whisked along. onychia, a whitjlaw:' Wiseman, Surgery,
Whisky, WhiIIkey, a spirit. (Gaelic.) b. i. c. I I.
Gaelic "isge·beat"a, water of life, whisky; Whit-.lUluy. (E.) Lit. wlzite Sun-
the latter element being dropped: see day, as is perfectly certain from the A.S.
Usquebaugh. name "wita sunnan-dtzg, Icel. "vitosun-
Whisper, vb. (E.) M. E. w"ispren. nudagr, Norwegian kvitsunndag: these
O. Nortnumb. lzW7spn'an, to murmur, are/acts, though constantly denied by the
Luke xix. 7, John vii. Il. + M, Du. lovers of paradoxical and far-fetched ety-
wisperen, wJSjJelen, G. wisp In. Cf. also mologies. The difficulty lies only in the
Ieel. hviskra, Swed. hviska, Dan. "viske, reason for the name. 'The great festivals,
to whisper. (Imitative base HWIS. ) Allied Yule, Easter, and Pentecost, but esp. the
to Whiz and Whistle. two latter, were the great seasons for
Whist, a game requiring silence. (E.) christening; in the Roman Catholic church
Orig. called wMsk, from the sweeping up especially Easter, whence in Roman usage
of the tricks (see Whiak): renamed as the Sunday ·after Easter wa.~ called Dom;-
wlzist, from the use of the word wMst tonica ;n Albis; but in the Northern
enjoin silence; cf. Mst and "us". Chaucer churches, perhaps owing to the cold
has both "us" and wMst in the sense of weather at Easter-time, Pentecost .. seems
, silenced' or 'quiet' ; tr. of Boethius, b. ii. to have been esp. appointed for christening
met. f" I. 1341. and for ordination; hence the following
Whistle, vb. (E.) A. S. "wistlian, to week was called the Holy Week, lcel.
hiss ; hwist/ere, a whistler, piper. + Icel. Helga Vika;' Icel. Dict. The case is
lzvis/a, to whisper: Dan. lzvisle, to hiss, parallel to that of noon, which at first
whistle: Swed. "vissla, to whistle. (Base meant 9th hour, or 3 P . M., but was after-
HWIS.) See Whisper. wards sllifted. So also in other cases.
Whit, a thing, particle. (E .) The" is Cf. W . sulgwyn, Whitsunday: from sui,
misplaced: wllit is for wiht, the same as sun, gwyn, white. Der. Wllitsun·week,
wight, a person, also a thing, bit, whit. - short for Wlzitsunday's week (Icel. hvita·
A. S. wilzt, a wight, a thing, bit; see sunnudags.vika) ; Whitsun·tide, short for
Wight ( I). Der. aught = A. S. iiwilzt, W"itsunday-tide: cf. Palmson for Palm-
one whit; whence n-aught, n·ot. sunday, Lowson for Lowsunda:t.
White. (E.) M. E. whit. A. S. hwit. Whittle (I), to pare or cut with a
+Du. tvit, Icel. lzvftr, Dan. hvid, Swed. knife. From the obsolete sb. wllittle, a
!wit, Goth. "weits, G. weiss. Allied to knife, the same as M. E. }witel, a knife ,
Skt. (Veta-, white, from (Vit, to shine, to be lit.' a cutter.' - A. S. )wit-, weak grade of
white: also to Russ. roietite, to shine; Iwrtan, to cut. See Thwite.
Lith. szwaitinti, to illuminllte. Brllgm. i. Whittle (2 ), to sharpen. (E.) Used as
608
 WHITTLE WICKET
a slang term; •well-whit/led' - thoroughly Whirl. + M. Du. worvel, a whirl, wor·
drunk. Lit_ sharpened like a whittle or vtlen, to twist or twine; Du. wervel, G.
knife; see Whittle (I) above. Doubtless wirbtl, a thing that toms round.
confused with whet, to sharpeu_ Whortle-berry, the bilberry. (E.)
Whittle (3) , a blanket_ (E.) M. E. Formerly hurlle - berry, nod later (in
white!; A. S. hwite!. Named from its America) IlIIckie-berry ; also hurt, by con·
white colour.-A.S. I.wit, white. fusion with M. F. I.eurte, a small azure
Whiz, to hiss. (E .) 'The woods do ball (in heraldry). Hut the true name is
whizz;' Surrey, tr. of JEneid, b_ ii. 536. (Dorset) hart-berry, A. S. heorot-btrige.
An imitative word; allied to Hiss, From Hart and Berry.
Whisper, Whiatle.+lcd. hvjssa, to hiss. Why. (E.) M. E. whi; for whi = on
Who, pronoun. (E. ) Formerly who, what account (common). A. S. hwi, in
what, which, were interrogative pronouns. what way, instrumental case of hwa, who;
What, whose, whom, occur as relatives as see Who.
early as the end of the Ilth century, but
who, nom., as a relative, is not found WI-WY.
before the 14th century. (Morris.) A. S.
hwa, who; neuter, hwtZt, what; gen. Wick (I ), a twist of threads for a lamp.
hwtZs, whose; dat. hwicm, hwam; ace. (E. ) M. E. wicke, weyke, wike. A. S.
masc. and fem. hW01U, whom [obsolete], weoce, a wick. + M. Du. witcke; Low G.
neut. hwtZt, what; instrumental hWi, in weke, lint; Dan. vtZge, Sweel. veke, a wick;
what way, how, why. + Du. wit, Icel. Norw. veik; M. H. G. wieche, a wick;
hverr, Dan. hvo, Swed. hvem, G . wer, O.H.G. wiol, (lucubrum). Origin doubt·
Goth. hwas, Irish. co, L. quis, Lith. Nas, ful. Perhaps' a twist'; cC. O. lrishfig-
Skt. kas. (Base QO = Teut. HWA.) im , I weave.
B!Dgm. ii. § 411. Wick (2), a town. (L.) A. S. wic;
Whole. (E.) M. E. hole (without w). borrowed from L. uicus, a village. See
A. S. hal, whole. + Du. heel, Icel. heill, Vioinity.
Dan. hetl, Sw. htl, Goth. hails, G . heil. Wick (3), Wich, a creek, bay, salt-pit.
Teot. type *hailos. Cf. W. coel, an omen. (Scand. ) O. Ice!. *wik, Ice\. vik, a small
Doublet, hale. Der. hol-)'; heal-th. creek, inlet, bay. From vik-Ja, to recede;
Whoo." to shoot. (F. - Teut.) The see Weak, Wioker.
initial w IS modem; formerly hoop. M. E. Wicked. (E.) Orig. a pp. form with
houpen. - F. houper, ' to hoop unto;' Cot. the sense 'rendered evil; from the obso-
From F. hOllp I an exclamatory interjec- lete adj. wikke, evil, also weak; evidently
tion. Of Teut. origin; CC. E. Fries. hup I allied to Weak, q. v. From the weak
up! G. hopsa, 'heyday I' Fliige\. Cf. grade wic- of A. S. wic-an, Ice!. vik-/a,
Hoot. Der. whooping-cough or hooping- to give way. Cf. also A.S. wicca, a
cough. wizard; see Witoh.
Whore, sb. (Scand.) The w is unori- Wicker, made of twigs. (Scand.)
gina!. M. E.hore. - Ice!. Mra, an adul- M.E.wiker, a pliant twig, properly a sb.;
teress, fem . of horr, an adulterer; Dan. cf. A. S. wic-, weak grade of wican, to
hore, Swed. hora. + Do. I.oer, G. hurt, give way, bend, ply; see Weak. It cor-
O. H. G. huora; Goth. htJrs, mase., an responds to Swed. dial. vekare. vikker,
adulterer. Allied to Polish kurUJa, Church- wiUow, from Swed. vika, to bend, ply;
Slavonic kuruva, an adulteress; L. dJrus, Dan. dial. vegre, a pliant rod, allied to
loving; W. caru, to love; O. Irish caraim , Dan. veg, pliant, weak. See Witch-elm.
I love. C-v'KAR.) ~ Certainly not allied Wicket, a small gate. (F. - Teut.)
to hire! llrugm. i. § 637. M. E. wiket. - A. F. wiket, also written
Whorl. (E.) The same as wharl, a wisket; O. F. guischtt (Supp. to Gode-
piece of bone placed on a spindle to twist froy); l'rov. guistjuet (Diez); mod. F .
it by. The likeness between a wharl on a guichtt; Walloon wichet. Origin doubt·
~pindle nod a whorl ofleaves is sufficiently ful; apparently formed with F. dimin.
close. M. E . wharl, wherl, whorl, Cath. suffix -lI, from Teut. base *wisk-, to whisk
Ang\. Contraction of M. E. wl/arml, for or move quickly, from its lightness. Cf.
·whervil; from A. S. hWloifa, a whar!. E. Fries. wisken, CJ) to wipe, (2 ) to move
- A. S. hweoifall , to turn; see Wharf, qoickly; Norw. viska (the same) ; Swed.
609
 WIDE WIMBERRY
dial. fJislea, to throw, swing; G. wisckm, final t), Swed. vig-, n~mble, vigt, adv.,
to rub, to slip aside. See Whillk. Used nimbly. From Ice!. VIg- (= A . S. wig),
of a small door, easily opened, made within war: cf. Ice!. vtg-a, to fight, smite ; Goth .
a large gate; cf. Norw. viskjm, light and weihan (pt. t. waih), to fight, strive; L.
qnick (Ross). (Korting, § 8714.) Der. uincere, to conquer. Cf. Lith. vik.l,
wicket (at cricket), which was at first' a strength.
small gate,' being made l feet wide by I Wigwa.m, an Indian hut. (N. Amer.
foot high (A.D. 1700). Indian.) Massachusetts wik, his house;
Wide. (E.) A. S. wid. + Du. wijd, this word, with possessive and locative
Icel. vFtJr, Swed. Dan. vid, G. weit. Tent. affixes, becomes wikou-om-tlt, in his hOllse ;
type *witloz. Der. wid·th, XVI cent.; in whence K weekwam or wigwam ( W eb-
place of the old word witie·ne;s. ster). Cuoq gives Algonquin mikiwam,
Widgeon, a bird. ( F. - L. 1) Spelt also wikiwalJl, a hOllse (pp. 221, 438) .
wigion in Levins (157o). -A.F.*wI:Reon, Wild. (E.) M.E.wilde; A.S. wiltie,
for O. F. vig-eon, a whistling duck (Littn!). wild, untamed. + Du. wild; Icd. villr,
Prob. from L. uipionem, acc. of uipio, a wild, also astray, bewildered, confused
kind of small crane (Pliny, x. 49). (whence Low!. Sc. will, astray); Dan.
Widow. (E.) M. E. wirlewe; A. S. Swed. viM, G. wild, Goth. 1IJil'/ltis. Teut.
widwe, widuwe.+Du. weduwe, G. wittwe, type *welt/,/oz. Cf. W. g-wyllt, wild.
Goth. widuwo. Fnrther allied to L. uidua, Root uncertain.
fern. of uidullS, bereft of, deprived of; wilderness, a waste place. (K) M . K
Irish jead/,b, W . g-wtddw; Russ. vdova, wildem.esse, Layamon, 30335. From A. S.
SkI. vidhavii, a widow. Brugm. ii. § 64. wilder, a wild animal; alRo wildor; Teut.
~WIDH, ns in Skt. vidh, to lack (St. type *wilthos, n., a derivative of wilde,
Petersburg Dict. vi. 10io). Der. widow-er. wild. Sievers, § 289.+M. Du. wildemisse.
M. E. witiewer, coined from widow by And see Bewilder.
adding -er; so also G. witwer. Wile, a trick. (E.) M. K wile; A. S.
Wield. (E.) M. K weide", to govern, wil, a wile. Cf. Lithuan. wilti, to deceive.
possess, manage. A. S. f[ewyldatt, to have And see Guile. ~ The A. S. wil is a late
power over. This is a weak verb. due to word; and a derivation from A. S. wig"-
A. S. wealdan (pt. t. wiold), to have power liall, to practise sorcery, is possible; cf.
over, govern, rnle, possess. + Ice!. valda, 'wlltmg-. divinatio,' Kentish Glosses, 554;
G. waltm , Goth. waldan, to govern; allied also His [ the devil's] wiJeles, Ancr. Riwle,
to Lith. waldyti, Russ. vladiete, to rule, 300; A. S. 1IJig"I, divination (Napier).
possess. Cf. W. gwlad, a region. Wilful. (E.) M. E. wilful; formed
Wife. (E.) A. S. wi/, a woman, neut. with suffix -jul from M. K wil-Ie, will;
sb. with pI. wi/ (unchanged) . + Du. wij/' see Will (2) below.
Ice!. vi/, Dan. viv, G. weib, O. H. G. wij>, Will ( I) , to desire, be willing. (E.)
a woman. T eut. type *wibolll, u. Root M. E. willm, pt. t. wolde j A. S. 1IJillall,
obscure; certainly not allied to weave wyllalt, to wish, be willing; pres. wille,
(A. S. we/an), as the fable runs. Der. wile ( 2 p. wi/t), pt. t. wolde. +Du. willm,
woman. Ice!. vii/a, Dan. ville, Swed. vilja, Goth.
Wig. (Du.-F.-ltal. - L.) Short for witjaft (pt. t. 1IJilda), G. wo{lett (pres. will,
periwig, which see. pt. t. wol//e), Lithuan. we/iti, L. uelle
Wight ( I ), a person, creature. (K) (pres. uolo) ; Skt. vr, to choose. (.vWEL. )
M. E. wig-ht,wiJt. A .S. w iht, a creature, Der. will-ing-, orig . a pres. part. Also willy-
animal, person, thing (very common). + nilly, answering both to will I , "ill I, and
Du. wicht, a child; I cel. vtl!/tr; Dan. to will he, m"ll he; from A . S. nillan, short
vtl!tte, an elf; G. wicht, Goth. waillts, for ne willafl, not to wish (= L. nolle, not
fem. a wight, waiht, neut. a whit. Teut. to wish).
type *wehtiz, f. Perhaps it meant' some- will (2). sb., desire. (E. ) M . K wille,
thing moving,' from A. S. wegalt, to move; A. S. willa, sb. - A. S. willall, to will ; see
see Weigh, Whit. Will (I) above.+Du. wil, Ice!. viii, Dan.
Wight (2) , nimble, strong. (Scand.) In viI/ie , Swed. vii/a, G. w il/e, Russ. volia.
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91. M. E. Willow. ( E. ) M . .E. wilow, wilwe ;
wight, valiant. - Ice!. vig-r, fit for war, A. S. weltg. + Dn . wilg-. Low G. wilge.
neut. vfg-t, serviceable (accounting for the Wimberry, Winberry. (L. and E.)
610
 WIMBLE WINE
A. S. w l1lberie, Witlberige, a grape, lit. a Wind ( 1), air in motion. (E.) M. E.
wine.berry.-A.S. Witl, from L. uimml, Witld; A.S. wind. + Du. wind, Ice!.
wine; ber(t;e, a berry; see Berry. villd1', Dan. Swed. vind, G. wind, Goth.
Wimble (1) , a gimlet. (E.) M. E. wimis. Teut. type · wmdoz. Further
1tJimbil. Cf. Dan. vim mel, a boring-tool; cognate with Vi. gwyn/, Bret. gwen/,
Low G. 7tJemel, wemlllel, a wimble (LUb· L. 11m/us, wind. Orig. a pres. part.,_with
ben) ; M. Du. wellle, 'on pearcer, or a the sense of ' blowing.' From ";WE, to
wimble,' Hexham; M. Du. we1lleien , 'to blow; whence also Skt. va, to blow,
pearce or bore with a wimble,' Hexham. va/as, wind , Goth. waian , to blow, Russ.
Apparently from a Teut. base · wcm , to vieiate, to blow, v ie/er', wind , Lithuan.
tum; see below. Cf. Shropsh. wim·wam , wejas, wind. From the same root is E.
a turn stile. Der. gimlet. wea/ker, q. v. Der. 1tJitld, to blow a horn.
Wimble (2), active. (Scand.) In pt. t. and pp. winded. Much Ado, i. 1.143,
Spenser, Shep. Kal., March, 91.-Swed. often oddly corrupted to wound ! Cf.
dial. vimmla, to be giddy or skittish, fre- Sweet, Gr. 1367. Also wind-fall, 1IJind-
quent. of Swed. dial. vima, to be giddy, mill, &c.
allied to Icel. vim, giddiness. Compare Wind (2), to turn round, twist. (E.)
Wimble ( I ) and Whim. M. E. windell, pt. t. wand, wOlld, pp.
Wimple, a covering for the neck. (E.) unmden. A. S. windan, pt. t. wand, pp.
M. E. wimpel; A. S. witlpel, a wimple.+ wUllden .+Du. ztJinden,Ieel. vinda, Dan.
Du. wimpel, a streamer, pendant; Icel. vinde, Swed. vinda (to squint) , G. witlden ,
vimpill, Dan. Swed. vimpel, G. wimpel, a Goth. -ztJilldan (in bi-windat/). Teut.
e ennon, O. H. G. 7tJimpal, a summer robe. type *wendan-, pt. t. *walld, pp. *wund-
Jj. The A. S. winp el suggests *wind-pel; atlOZ.
from wind, the wind, and (perhaps) A. S. windla.ss ( 1) , a machine with a tum-
p all, pell (L. pallium). a covering; cf. ing axis. (Scand. ) M. E. windelas; from
O. H. G. wim-pal. See Wind ( I) and Icel. vindil-ass (still in use), a compound
Pall (I ). ~ This would also account for of I cel. vindill, a winder, and ass (ex-
th e sense of • streamer,' if pel can mean a plained below). Here Ice!. vindil=M.E.
st~p of bright-coloured stuff. (A guess.) windel, Swed. dial. vindel, a winder; from
Win, to gain by labour, earn. (E. ) the verb /0 wit"'. 13. We also find M. E.
M. E. winnnl, pt. t. zuan , won, pp. wotmell. wintias"a windlass; Chaucer, C. T. 10498,
A. S. witman, to fight, struggle, try to get, &c. - Ice!. vindiiss, a windlass. - Icel.
labour, suffer; pt. t. wann, pp. wumzen. + vittd-a, to wind; iiss, a pole, rounded beam.
Du. winnen, Ice!. v £llna, Dan. vinde, +D u. WilldaS, M.Du. wil1daes, a windlass.
Swed . v inna ; G . ge1lJiwletZ, O. H . G. 1/Jin- y. Here M. Du. aes, lee!. ass, is cognate
nan, to fight, strive, earn; 'Goth. witman, with Goth. ans, a beam (d istinct from Dn.
to suffer. Allied to Skt. van, to beg, ask as, M. Du. asse, an axis, for which see
for, honour; L. tumerori, to honour, umus, Axis) .
desire ; W. gwen, a smile. (";WEN.) windlass (2) , a circuit. (Scand.)
Winberry j see Wimberry. Formerly windlasse; Hamlet , ii. I. 65;
Wince. (F. - Teut.) M. E . ~tJitum. &c. A peculiar use of Windlass ( 1),
- A. F. *wmcir, necessarily the old form perhaps misunderstood as if used for Witld-
of A. F, g'Uetlcir (Toynbee), for O. F. gttm- lace, a winding course; from wind, vb.,
rhir, later guinclter, to wriggle, writhe and lace, a snare, twist, mod. E. lace.
asiue (Cot.). - O. Sax. wenkiarl; M. H. G. Window. (Scand .) Orig. sense' wind-
wenken, to wince, start aside; for Tent. eye,' an eye or hole for the admission of
·waJlkjatt-. - M. H. G. wank, 2nd grade of ai r and light. M. E. windowe, windohe,
witlkm, to move aside, nod, beckon; see wit/doge. -lcel. vindatJgn (fo r *windallga ),
Wink. a window; lit. ' wind-eye;' Dan. vindtte .
winch, the crank of an axle. (E.) - Ice!. vind.. , wind; align, eye; see Eye.
M. E. wincke; provo E. wink; A. S. ~ Butler has windore, a corrupted form,
1tJince, a winch, orig. a bent handle. Cf. A.S. as if for wind-door.
wincel, a comer, lit. bend; from the strong Wine. (L.) A. S. wit" wine; borrowed
I
verb *wincan; see Wink. Note also from L. uinum , wine (whence also G.
Lithuan. winge, a bend or tum of a river wein, &c.).+Gk. orvos, wine; oil''1, a vine.
or road. The Gk. oi"'l is from ";WEI, to wind,
611
 WING WISTFUL
twist,twine (see Withy); from the twining wis, wise.+Du. wi}s, lcel. viss, Dan. viis,
growth of the vine. Brugm. ii. § 66. Swed. vis, G. weise, wise. Teut. type
Wing. (Scand.) M. E. win~, wenge. *wisoz, for *wit-toz, from Idg. "",WElD,
- Icel. vangr (for *wangr), a wing; Dan. to know. See Wit (1). Thus wise ...
Swed. vinge; N. Fries. winge. , knowing'; ef. cunni,,/{. Brugm. i. § §
Wink, to move the eyelids quickly. 759, 79i· Der. wis-dom , A. S. wis-dum.
(E.) 1. M. E. winken, pt. t. winkede. - wise (l), manner, way. (E.) M . E.
A. S. wineian, to wink. 2. But we also wise; A. S. Wise, way. Orig. sense' wise-
find winken, strong verb, pt. t. wank, ness' or skill; from wis, adj., wise
wonk, shewing that there was also a strong (above). + Du. wi}s, Dan. viis, Swed. vis,
A. S. verb *wincan, (pt. t. *wanc, pp. *ge- G. weise, sb. Der. like-wise (!. e. in like
wlmcen), whence A. S. wane-of, wa~er­ wise) ; other-wise. Doublet, guise.
ing, and other forms. + M. Du. wincken, wiseacre. (Du.-G.) Borrowed from
wencken, to wink; wanek, sb., a twinkling M. Du. wi.isseae,·, supposed to mean a
of an eye, an instant; Icel. vanka, to wink; wise sayer, sooth-sayer. - G. weissa~r,
Dan. vinke, Swed. vinka, to beckon; G. supposed to mean' wise sayer.' 13. But the
winken, to nod; O. H. G. winkan, str. G. word is itself a corruption of O. H. G.
vb., to move aside, stir, waver (see Schade). wizago, a prophet, seer; from O. H. G.
Cf. Lith. wincis, a bend of a river, wancus, wizan, to see. The cognate A. S. word is
idle, wengti, to shirk work, to flinch. witega, a prophet, seer ; from A. S. witan,
winkle, a kind of shell-fish. (E.) to observe. B. The verbs wizan, witan, are
A. S. -winela (in wine-wine/a), a winkle. cognate with L.lltalre (pt. t. uid-i), to
Named from the convoluted shell; ef. see; and closely allied to A. S. wilan, to
Dan. dial. vinktl, a snail-shell; allied to know; see Wit (I).
winee, a winch (orig. a bend, turn 1). See Wish, vb. (E.) M. E. wischen. A. S.
alw Wenoh. wjscan, to wish; for Teut. *wl4nsk.fa1t-,
WiluLow. (E.) M. E. windewen, formed from T-eut. *wunsko-, sb., a wish.
winewen, to winnow. A. S. windwian, to Compare A. S. wusc- (in comp.), which
winnow, expose to wind. - A. S. wind, is cognate with M. Du. wunsch, Icel.
wind. So also O. H. G. winton, from usk, G. wunsch, O.H.G. wunsc, a wish
wint; L. uen/ilare, from uentus. [the derived verbs being lceL O!sk.fa, G.
Winsome, pleasant. (E.) A. S. wy"- wiinschen, to wish]. Allied to Skt.
SUfi', delightful; formed with suffix -SlIm viilich, to desire, wish, formed (with verbal
from wynn, joy. A. S. wynn < Teut. suffix -sko-) from van, to ask. Similarly
*wunja, f., is formed (by vowel-change the E. word is a derivative from "",WEN,
of 14 to y) from wun-, as in Goth. un- to desire. whence E. wi,,; see Win.
wun·ands, unrejoicing, weak grade of Brugm. ii. § 90. Der. wishful; and see
Idg. *weff, to desire. See Wont. Cf. G . wistful.
wonne, joy, O. Sax. wunnia. Wisp, a small bundle of straw or hay.
Winter. (E.) A. S. winter, a winter, (E.) M. E. wisp, also wips. The form
also a year.+Du. winter, Icel. vetr, Dan. wips may be connected with the verb to
Swed. vinter, G. winter, Goth. wintrus. wipe. Allied to Low G. wiep, Norweg.
Teut. type *wintruz. Root unknown. vippa, a wisp, Swed. dial. vipp, a little
Wipe. (E.) A. S. wipian, to wipe; sheaf or bundle, Goth. 'UJaips, a crown
orig. to rnb with a wisp of straw. From (orig. a twisted wreath) . Cf. Dan. vippe,
a sb. preserved in E. Fries. wip, Low G. to see-saw, go to and fro, Swed. vippa,
wiep, a twist or wisp of straw. Allied to G . wippen, to go up and down, see-saw.
Goth. waips, a wreath; from the str. vb. Perhaps from the vibratory motion in
weipan, to crown (twine). rubbing; J;ee Whip, Vibrate.
Wire. (E. ) 1\.. S. wir, a wire. + Icel. Wist, knew; see Wit ( I).
virr, wire; cf. Swed. vira, to twist; Wiatful, eager. (E.) The history of
O. H. G. wiara, an ornament of (twisted ) the word shews it to be IL substitution for
gold; L. uiritZ, armlets. Some compare wishful, 3 Hen. VI, iii. I. Ii; which is
lrishfiar, crooked (bent); from "",WEI, from wish, sb., with suffix -/ul. 13. But it
to twine. seems to have been confused with wisl/;t,
Wis; see Ywis. a word used by Shakespeare in place of
Wise ( I) , discreet, learned. (E.) A. S. M. E. w is!;-, certainly, verily, exactly,
612
 WIT WITTOL
formerly a common word; see Chaucer, wilh-drmlJ-illg-roolll, a retiring-room, now
C. T . 1865, 3992, &c. This M. E. oddly contracted to drawillg room.
wisly is from Icel. viss, certain (distinct Withe; sec Withy.
from , yet allied to, viss, wise), orig. pp. Wither. (E. ) Orig. trans.; M. E. 1lJid-
of Icel. vila, to know (Noreen) ; see ren, wedere.., to expose to weather. F rom
Wit (1). M.E. weder, weather; see Weather. Cf.
Wit (1), to know. (E.) T he parts G. verwillern, to wither; from wetter,
of this verb are often ill understood and weather.
wrongly given. M. E. infin. witen; pres. Withers, the ridge between the
t. / wot, wi th 3 p. he wot (later wolletl,), shoulder-blades of a horse. (E.) So called
and 2 p. that' wost (later wollest) , pI. witm; because it is the part which a horse opposes
pt. t. wisle, pp. wisl. A. S. wita,.; pres. to his load, or on which the stress of the
t. ic wtfl,}it wasl, he wat, pI. wiloll, pt. t. collar comes in drawing. - A. S. wilJer,
wiste, also w isse, pI. wisto1l; pp. witm; against; as sb., resistance; cf. also A. S.
gerund 1o witamze (mod. E. to wil) .+ Du. wi(J, against (above). Cf. G. wider-
weten, Icel. vita, Dan. vide, Swed. vela, risl, withers of a horse; from wider, by-
G. wissc", Goth. wila", to know. Further form of wieder, against. and d sl. an
allied to L. uidere, to see, Gk. l~.iv, to elevated part. A. S. wiDer is further re-
see (perf.' t. oT&. = I wot, I know), Skt. lated to Icel. viDr, against, O. H . G. widar,
viti, to see, veda, I know. (.v WElD.) Goth. withra, against (for wi-thra, a
wit (2), sb., knowledge, &c. (E.) compar. form). Cf. Skt. vi, apart, vi-
M. E. wit; A. S. witt. knowledge ; Teut. tamm, further. Brugm. i. § 86.
type *wit-jolll, neut. - A. S. wita.. , to Withhold. (E .) From with, i.e. back,
kn ow; see Wit ( I ) ; + Icel. vit, Dan. vid, towards oneself; and hold.
Swed . vett, G. witz, wit. Within, Without; see Witb.
wit (3), a wise man. (E.) M.E. wite; Withsay, to contradict. (E .) From
A. S. wita, lit. 'one who knows.' - A. S. with, in the sense' against'; and say.
witall, to know. D er. A. S. witma ge- Withstand, to resist. (E.) From with,
mot, " meeting of' wits,' a p~rliament. in the sense' against'; and sta"d.
Witch. (E.) M. E. wiahe, both masc. Withl! Withe, ~ Ilexi,?le twig. (E.)
and fern ., a wizard, " witch; A. S. wiae, M. E. w zD,; A. S. wzlJ'g, a WIllow. Named
fern.; also wicca ,m . Allied to A.S. wiccztl1l, from its Ilexibility; from .v'rVE I, to twine,
to practise witchcraft; E . Fries. wikkm. plait, as in L. ui-ire, Russ. vite, to twine:
+M. Du. ~lJiclm',' a soothsayer,' Hexham; +M. Du. weede, hop-plant (twiner) ; I cel.
Low G. UJikkC1t, to pred ict. Cf. Norw. vitJja, a withy, vilJ, a withe, vitJir, a willow ;
vikja , (I) to turn aside, (2) to conjure Dan. vidie, Swed. vide , willow; G. weide,
away. This links it with Ice!. vikja (pp. willow. Also Lith. wytis, a withe, Zil-
vik-imz) , to move, turn, push aside; and wiltis, a willow (cf. i ill-as, gray); L.
with E. Weak. Thus wilch perhaps = uUis, a vine; Gk . lTfa, a wiIIow; W.
'avcrter.' Der. bewitch, vb. (above). gwdm, a withe. Cf. L. tli-men, a twig.
Witch-elm, Wych-elm. (E.) M.E. Brugm. ii. §§ 685, 789.
wiehe. A. S. wice. The sense is 'bend- Witness, testimony. (E.) Properly an
iug,' or drooping; from the pendulous abstract sb. A. S. witnu , testimony. -
branches. - A. S. w ic-ell, pp. of wica", to A. S. wit-an, to know, with suffix -/les ;
bend; see Wicker. thus the orig. sense was ' knowledge' or
With. (E.) A .S. witJ, by, near, among ; ' consciousness.' Cf. Icel. vitlla, Dan.
it also means' against,' as in mod.E. wifl,- vidne, to testify; Goth. weit -wotls, a wit-
stand, with-say. + Icel. vilJ, against, by, ness. Der. wit1ICss, vb.
at; Dan. ved, Swed. vid, near, by, at. Wittol, a cuckold. (Low G.) Formerly
Allied to A. S. wilJer, against; see supposed to mean' wit-all ' ; also thonght to
Withers. Der. with -ai, from M.E. witll, represent A. S. wilol, knowin~, wise, from
with , aile, dat. case of ai, all; with- in, witan, to know. There is no foundation
A. S. wilJi1man; with-out, A.S. wiOtUan . for this, as the word is not used in the M. E_
Hence also with-dmw, with-hold, with- period. Bp. Hall writes witwal; i.e. wittol
say, with·stand. is the same as witwall, or woodwale, the
Withdraw. (E.) From witl" i. e. name ofa bird. Florio (ed. 1598) explains
back, towards oneself; and draw. Honce Ital. grxIano by ' the bird called a witwal
61.3
 WIVERN WONT
or woodwall'; and in a later edition, 'a wood ; lcel. vallr, gen. vallar, a field,
wit/al or woodwale.' If this be so, we may plain. Teut. type · walthtez. Cf. Weald.
he sure that allusions were made to ti,e Wolf. (E.) M. E. wolf, pI. wottees ( =
witwall similar to those endless allusions wolves). A. S. WIIlj, pI. wulfas.+Du. G.
to th e cuckoo which produced the wOld wolf, Ice!. ('If'-, Dan. ulv. Swed. ulf, Goth.
cuckold. W itwall represents the M. Du. wttlfs . Further allied either tq L. Uttlpcs
or Low G. form of E. woodwale ; and, (see Vulpine) ; or else (together with
while woodwale usually means the wood- lee!. )'Igr, a she-wolf) to Lith. wilkas,
peeker, 1tJitwaiiseems to have been-appli ed Russ. volk' , Gk. ~,;"os, Skt. vrka- , a wolf.
to the oriole. See Woodwale. Teut. type *wulfoz, Idg. type *w31'los ;
Wivern; see Wyvern. from ·wcl'l, to lear; cf. Skt. vrarch, to
Wizard, Wisard. (F. - Teut.) M. E. tear, L ith. wilkti, to pull. Brugm. ii.
wisa,-d. - A. F. *wischat-d, necessarily tbe § 60. Der. wolv-er-mc, a coined word;
orig. form of O. F. guischard, gttiscart, wulverilt in Hakluyt, i. 277.
sagacious.-Ice!. vizk-r, clever, sagacious, Woman. (E.) A phonetic alteration of
kno\\ mg (where -r is merely the suffix of A.S. wi/matt, lit. wife-man , the word fIlatt
the nom. case) ; with F. suffix -ard = G. being formerly applied to both sexes. This
hart, hard, strong, confirmed in (as in word became Willl11ta1t, pI. wimmen, in
numerous other words). /3. The Ice!. the loth century, and this pI. is still in use
vizkr = vitskr, with z for Is; from vit-a, in spoken Englisb. In the 12th century,
to know, with suffix -sk- ( = E. -ish). it became Wttflllllan (just as, in A. S., widtt
Hence wiz-a,-d=wit-ish-a,-d. became wttdu, see Wood), whence E.
Wizen, to shrive! or dry up. (E.) M.E. wOlllan and provo E. wUllllllan [wum ·un].
wisenen, to become shrivelled; O. North- ~ Cf. leman from A. S. leo/man, Lam-
umbo wis1tl(11I. to become dry , John xv. mas from A. S. hlli/masse; see Leman,
6; we find also A. S./or-wimian, to dry Lammas.
+
up. Ice!. visna, to wither, allied to the Womb. (E.) Low!. Sc. wallie, the
old pp. visilm, wizened, occurring also belly. M. E. wOllloe, walllbe. A. S. wamb,
as Dan. and Swed. vissen. This is a pp. womb, the belly.+Du. 1tJa1ll, belly of a fish;
of a lost strong verb, from a base WEIS, Ice!. valllb, Dan. V01ll, Swed. v8mb, v/111lm,
to dry up . Cf. O. H. G. wesallen, to dry G. wampe, wam1lle, Goth. WQlIlba, the
up,- And cf. Virulent. ~.
Wo, Woe. (E.) M. E. wO; A. S. wii, Womba.t, a marsupial mammal. (Aus-
interj. and adv.; wea, wo, sb. + Du. vee, tralian.) A corruption of womoack, the
interj. and sb.; Ice!. vei, Dan. vte, Swed. native Australian name. (Collins, New
ve, G. weh, Goth. wai, interj.; also Dan. South Wales, 1802; Bewick,Quadrupeds;
vee, G . weh, sb. Allied to W. gwae, woe, E. E. Morris, Austral English. )
L. fla, wo! Orig_ an exclamation ; hence Won, to dwell, remain. (E.) M. E.
a ery of pain, &c. Der. wo-begollC, i. e. WOIle1t, A. S. wlmian, to dwell; see
wo-surrounded, from M. E. begiht, pp. of Wont.
begOlZ = A. S. began, to surround, lit. to go Wonder, sb. (E.) A. S. wlt1ufor, a
round about i from A. S. be- ( = E. by), portent, wonder.+Du. wOllder, Ice!. muir,
and g,itz, to go. Also wo worth, i. e. wo G. wlmder, O. H. G. wlmlar; Teut. type
be to; see Worth. · w ulldrolll,1I. Origin unknown.
Woa.d, a plant, used for dyeing. (E.) wondrous, wonderful. (E.) A cor-
M. E. wod, wood, woad. A. S. wad, ruption of the old word wo,/de,-s, won-
woad . + Du. weede, Dan. vaid, veid, drous, orig. an adv., but also an adj.
Swed. veide; G. waid, M. H. G. weit 'WOtzders dere' = wondrously dear; 'WOIl-
(whence O. F. waide, mod. F. g fll'de). de,-s men' = wonderful men. Wotlders
Allied to L. leitrum, woad. ~ Distinct was formed by adding tlte adv. suffix -s
from wtld (2). (orig. a gen. case) to the M. E. WOtlder,
Wold, a down, plain, open country. (E.) adj., wonderful, Chaucer, C. T. 455. This
M. E. wold, waldo A. S. weald, wald, a adj. is short for wonderly, adj. = A. S.
wood, forest (hence waste ground, and wlt11derlic, wonderful, -ly being dropped
even open country, as in Icelandic). + because it seemed like an adverbial ending.
Du. woud, O. Sax. a lld O. Fries. wald, Wont, used, accustomed. (E.) M. E.
a wood; G _ wald; O. H. G . walt, a woned, pp. of wonien, to dwell, remain,
61 4
 woo WORMWOOD
be used to; it came to be used as a sb.; abb, A. S. /fweb, woof; from a-wefan, to
and, its origin being forgotten, the pp. weave together.
suffix oed was again added, producing a Wool. (E.) M. E. wolle. A. S. willI,
form !uont-ed = won-cd-ed ! Chaucer has 4Wul.+ Du. wol, Ice!. till, Dan. t<1d, Swed.
woned, i. e. wont, ns a pp.; C. T . 821 5 ; 1111, G . wolle, Goth. w tllla, wool. Allied
Troilus, i. 511. A.S. wu1tod, pp. of A.S. to L ith. wi/lIa , l{ US5. vO/lIa, Skt. ,I"'.'ii,
!U,miml, to dwell, be used to . - A_S. ge- wool; L. uel/us (fo r • velma) , fleece.
w lma, sb. custom,use,'wont.' - A,S,w'tn-, Also to Gk. AijVOS (for *FAijVOS), L. liil1a,
weak grade of ,,", WEN, todesire,striveaft er; Irish o/am" W. gwlall.
see W in, Wish. "Vo"t is a habit due to woolward, clothed in wool only, for
acquiescence in what seems pleasant. Cf. penance. (E. ) See L. L. L. v. 2. 717.
Ice!. vanr, adj., accustomed, valli, a usage, M. E. wolleward, lit. with the skin to-
allied to villr, a friend; G. gewoh11t, wont, wards (against) the wool. From woo/ and
pp. of w oMlen, to dwell. D er. WOltt, sb., -ward, suffix. See Toward.
for M. E. wone, usage (by confusion); WOOD, a governor, officer. (Burmese.)
henee WOllt , vb., wont-ed, accustomed. Burm. w1m, a governor or officer of ad-
WOO, to COtlrt. (E. ) M. E. wOjen, ministration; lit. 'a burden,' hence pre-
Wowt1Z. A. S. wog'ian, to woo; of obscure sumably ' the bearer of the burden'; Yule,
ori gin . p. 867. See Vizier for the sense.
Wood ( I) , timber, fo rest . (E. ) M. E. Word. (E.) A. S. wOI'd. + Du. woord,
wode. A.S. wudu, of which the orig. form Icel. or6, Dan. Swed. ord, G. wort, Goth .
was widu, wood. + Icel. vitJr, a tree, wood; watt/·d. Teut. type *wu l'dom, n . ; Idg.
Dan. Swed. ved; O. H. G. w itt<. Cf. Irish type *1uJrdho-. Cf. Lith. wardas, a name;
fiodh, a wood, tree; O. Irishfid, a tree; L. uerbulIl, a word. Lit.' a thing spoken;'
W. gwjltld, trees. Teut. type *widuz. rrom ,,", WER, to speak; cf. Gk . "p.IV, to
D er . wood-en, -y, oed; wood-bille, A. S. speak . Doublet, verb.
w tldu-binde ; -ruff, -wale. Work, sb. (E. ) M. E. werk. A. S.
Wood (2), mad , furi ous. (E.) In Mids. weore, were.+Du. werk, I cel. verk, D an.
Nt. Dr. ii. 1. 192. M. E. wod. A. S. w ad, vre,'k, Swed. verk, G. werk. Teut. type
mad, ra ging. + Ice!. otJr, Goth . wods, *werkom, n. Further all ied to Gk. fP -Y0v,
frantic. Cf. G . w l/th, madness. P erhaps work, Eona, I have wrought , Zend. vareza,
allied to L. u ates, a prophet, one filled a working , Pers. warz, gain. (,,",WERG.)
with divine frenzy ; O. lrish/aith, a pro- Allied to Organ. Der. work, vb., wright.
phet. Hence pe rhaps the name W oden; World. (E. ) M. E. werld. A. S.
see Wednesday. weoruld, weol·old. + Du. wenld, Ice!. vero/d,
Woodruff, a plant. (E.) M. E. wod- Dan. verden (where -m is the article),
mjj'e, woderoove. A .S. wuderi5fe, wttduri5fe, Swed. ver/d, G. we/t, M. H . G . werlt,
woodruff. Perhaps allied to A. S. ri5j, O. H. G. weralt. {3. The lit. sense is
meaning ' strong' or • fam ous.' Cf. G. 'age of man' or ' course of man's life,'
waldllleister, woodruff ; L. has/.Ila 1'egia. hence a life-time, course of life, experience
woodwale, a bird. (E.) Also called of life, &c. The componen t parts are A. S.
w itwall, w ittal. M. E. wodewa/e, perhaps weI' (Icel. verI', O. H. G. weI', Goth. wair),
a woodpecker. From A . S. wl/du, a wood; a man; and A. S. eld, an age (lee!. old,
the form witwall being dne to the Low G. Goth. aids, an age ) ; see Virile and Eld.
and M. Du. forms. The sense of -wale Worm. (E. ) M. E. worm. A . S. wynll,
is not known. +M. Du_ wedllwael, a kind a worm, snake. + Du. worm, I ce!. ormr,
of yellow bird; Low G. widcwaal; M.H.G. Dan. Swed. orm, G. wurm, Goth. wam'/IIs;
wi/ewa/, an oriole. (Cf. Wittol.) also L. " ermis, a worm . Teut. type
Woof, the weft. (E.-) This curious *!uurmiz, Idg. type *wJrllliz. Brugm. i.
word is a corru ption of M. E. oof, the w § 37 1 ; ii. § 97. P rob. allied to Gk.
being prefixed owing to a popular ety- pop.os (for *FpOJ.los), a wood-worm.
mology from weave (which is true , but not Wormwood, a bitter plant. ( E.) A
in the way which popular etymologists corrupted form, the word having no refer-
would understand) . The M. E. 001 is a ence either to worm or to wood. M. E.
contraction of A. S. (;we/, the woof. - wermode, later wor1llwod. A. S. wermOd.
A. S. 0-, variant of if- (as in ii-we/an ), wef, + G. wermuth, O. H . G . weri1llflo/a.
a sb. due to wefan, to weave. Cf. provo E. Origin unknown.
61 5
 WORRY WRACK
Worry, to harass. (E.) M . E. wirien, wort; M. H. G . win. Ii. The Icel. virlr,
WlmnlJen, orig. to strangle, and used of M. H. G. win are from a Tent. base
the worrying of sheep by dogs or wolves. *werti-; which differs in gradation from
A. S. wyrgan, to strangle, harm; see O. E. Wort (I), but is closely allied to it.
Textl, p. 91). + Dn. wi1rgtn, O. }<·ries. Worth (I), adj., deserving of; sb., de-
werg ja, wirgia, G. wiirgen, to strangle, sert, value. (E.) M. E. wur'h, worth.
suffocate. Ii. G. wiirgen is the causal A.S. wy~e, adj.,mutated by-form of weor},
form of the M. H. G. strong verb -wergan, adj. valuable ; flJ)'r}, Wet1r), sb., value.
only in compo ir - wergan, to strangle. + Du. waarti, adj., waartie, sb. ; lcel.
Teut. base *werg, Idg. ""WERGH; as in ve~r, adj., ve~, sb.; Dan. vlZrti, adj. and
Lith . wern-ti, to strangle, oppress. Brugm. sb. ; Swed. viirti, adj., viirtle, sb; G. werlh,
i. § 634. adj. and sb. ; Goth. wairlhs, adj. and sb.
Wone, comparative adj. and adv., Ii. Teut. type *we~o%, adj., valuable; cog-
moro: bad. (K) M. E. _rs, wers, adv., nate with Lith. werlas, worthy; cf. W.
wUrse, werse, adj.; A. S. wyrs; adv., gwerlh, value; L uer-lri, to respect. Prob.
+
wyrsa, adj., worse. O. Sax. wirs, adv., from ""WER, to guard, keep. Allied to
wirsa, adj.; Icel. verr, ndv., verri, adj.; Ware ( I) and Wary. Der. wi1rth-y, adj.,
Dan. varre, Swed. viirre, adj. ; M. H . G. suggested by Icel. ver3ugr, worthy ; worth-
wirs, adv., wirser, adj.; Goth. wairs, less.
adv., wail'sisa, adj. Ii. The common Worth (3), to become, to be, to befall.
Tent. type is *wersison-, adj., where -illlm- (E.) In phr. wo wi1rth the day = wo be to
is the comparative suffix, and the base is the day. M. Eo wi1rthen, to become. A. S.
*wers, to twist, entangle, confuse; cf. w~an, to become, pt. t. wea~ , pI.
+
O. H. G. werran, G. wirren, to twist, wurtlon. Du. worden, pt. t . werd; Ice!.
entangle; see War. Der. wi1rs-en, vb. v~a, pt. t. va~; Dan. vortie ; Swed.
See Worst. varda; G. werden; Goth. wa jrthan, to
Wonhip, sb. (E.) Short for worlh- become, pt. t . warth. Ii. All from Teut.
skip. A. S. w~scipe , T1IyrtJscipe, hOD our. base WERTH, to become = ""WERT, to
- A. S. we~, wy~, adj ., honourable; tum; cf. L. wrtere, to tum, uerti, to tum
with suffix -scipe (E. -ship), allied to E . to, become. See Verse.
shape. See Worth. Der. wDrskip, vb. Wot, I know, or he knows; see Wit (I ).
Wont, superlative. (E.) A. S. wyrst, Would; see Will ( 1) .
adv., wyrsta, contracted form of *wyrsesta, WOlUld, a hurt. (E. ) A. S. wund. +
adj., which also occurs as wyrresta, Matt. Du. wont/, wonde, Icel. und, Dan. vunde,
xii. 45. +0. Sax. wirsista, adj. ; Icel. verst. G. wuntie, sb. We also find an older type
adv., verstr, adj.; Dan. varst, Swed. viirst, in A. S. _nd, G. wund, Goth. wUluis,
O. H. G. wirsistD. Teut. type *wers-ist-oz, wounded, harmed; Teut. type ·wun-dtfz ;
adj. ; see Worse. Jdg. type *WIn-tDS. Origin doubtful. Cf.
Wonted, twisted yam. (E .) M. E. Wen, Win.
worsted, Chaucer, C. T. 26+ Named from Wo1U'8li, Ourali, Oorali, Ou-
the town of Worsted, in Norfolk. Wi1rstetl rari, Curari, a resinous substance, used
stands for WOrlk -stead; from WDrlh, nn for poisoning arrows. (Guiana.) From
estate, and stead, a place. ' ourali, written also wourali, ttrati, urarl,
Wort ( I ), a plant. (E.) M. E. wort. curare, &c., according to the pronunciation
A. S. wyrl, a wort, plant, herb. + O. Sax. of the various tribes'; W . H . Brett, Indian
wurt, G. wun, Goth. waurts ; cf. Dan. Tribes of Guiana, 1868, p. 140.
urt, Swed. 01"/. Teut. type · wurliz, f. ; Wrack, a kind of sea-weed; shipwreck,
Idg. type ·w~rdis. Allied to lee!. rot , ruin . (E.) Lit. ' that which is cast ashore ;'
L . radix, Gk. fJl(a, a root; /JO.3-a,.."os, a well shewn by mod. F. vareck, (1) sea-
young shoot ; W. gwreiddyn , O. Irish weed cast ashore, (2 ) piec~s of a wrecked
trem , a root. See Radix, Root. Brugm. ship cast ashore; this F . word being bor-
i. H 350, 529. rowed from English. M.E. wrak, a wreck ;
Wort (2), an infusion of malt, new beer. a peculiar use of A. S. wrlZC, • what is
( E. ) M. E. wort or 'lJJ()1"te. A. S. -wyrl, driven ' (Lat. actuarius). O. E . Texts, 37.
in the compound max-wyrt.lit. mash-wort, 62. - A. S. wrlZC, for *wrac, 2nd grade
+
an 4nfusion of worts. lcel. virlr, Norw. of wrecalt, to drive, urge, wreak; see
vyrt, vOrt , Swed. ,,,:;rl, G. bjer-wiirze, beer- Wreak. + Du. wrak, sb., a wreck, adj.,
616
 WRAITH WRIGHT
broken; Ice\. rek, anything drifted ashore; Wren, a small bird. (E.) M. E. u't'enne.
Dan. vrag, Swed. vrak, wreck,. trash. Cf. A. S. wrellna, wrtZllna, a wren. Cf. Icel.
Du. wraktn, Dan. vrage, to reject. tim/iii, a wren.
Wraith, an apparition. (Scand.) Lowl. Wrench, a twist , sprain. (E.) M. E .
Sc. wraitlt, G . Douglas, tr. of Virgil , wrenche, only in the metaphorical sense
lEn. x. 6.p. The only similar word is of perversion. deceit. A. S. wrenc (dat.
Icel.rti6r, formerly vrei6r, angry, offended, wrence). guile, fraud, ori~. crookedness or
equiv. to E. wroth ; but the sense does not perversion, lit. 'a twist. + G. ra"k (pI.
suit. ~ Jamieson gives also an Ayrshire riinkel, a trick. Tent. type ·wrankiz, m.
wartlt, with the sense of 'apparition.' From ·wra"k-; perhaps allied to A. S.
Cf. Icel va""'a, va,...,i, a beacon, a pile wrillgan, to wring, twist; see Wrinkle.
of stones to warn a way-farer, Norw. Der. wrench, vb.
varde, a beacon, vardyvle (= ward· evil 1), Wrest, todistorl. (E. ) M. E. wrestm.
a guardian or attendant spirit seen to follow A. S. wriestan, to twist forcibly. From
or precede one, vord, an attendant spirit, wriist, adj., firm, strong (orig. tightly
Dan. dial. vardyr, varedyr, a ghostly strung or twisted); formed with the suffix
creature resembling a man, who attends -t and vowel-change of Ii to ii, from wriitJ,
and preserves him. (Doubtful.) 2nd grade of writJan, to twist. (For the
Wrangle, vb. (E.) M. E. wrallglen, to form , see Sievers, § 232; cf. A. S. Idst,
wrestle, also to dispute. Frequentative foot-track, from 56-an (pt. t.liitJ), to travel.)
of wring, formed from the A_ S. wrang, Cf. Icel. reista, to wrest. Dan. vriste, to
2nd grade of wring-an; see Wring. wrest.
Thns the sense was to keep on twisting wrestle. (E.) M. E. wrcstlm. A. S.
or urging; hence to wrestle or argue vehe- wriistlian, to wrestle; frequentative of
mently. Cf. Dan. vYingle, to twist, en- wriistan, to wrest. twist about; see above.
tangle. Der. wra1zg1e, sb.; wrangl-er, +M . Du. wrasteu1', worstelen, to struggle,
a disputant in the schools (at Cambridge), wrestle ; E. Fries. worstel1'; N. F·ries.
now applied to a first-class man in the wrasse/e.
mathematical tripos. Wretch, a miserable creature. (E.)
Wrap. to enfold. (E.) M. E. wrappen; Lit. 'outcast.' M. E. wrecche. A. S.
also wlappen, whence Lap (3). Cf. N. wrecca, wrO!cca, an ontcast. an exile. +
Fries. wrappe, to stop up. Doublet, lap O. Sax. wrekkio, O. H . G. rackeD, G. recke,
(3). Cf. en-velop, de-velop. a warrior (adventurer ). Teut. type ·wrak-
Wrath. anger. (E') M. E. wraththe, jon-. m. - Teut. ·wrak, 2nd grade of
wreththe, A. S. wrie)}u, wrath; Teut. *wreka1l-, to drive, urge, hence to exile;
type*wraitltitha. - A. S. wra'tJ, adj., wroth; see Wreak. Cf. Lithnan. wargas, misery.
Teut. type ·wraithoz; see Wroth. + Icel. Der. wretch-ed, i. e. made like a wretch.
reitH, Dan. Swed. vrede, sb., wrath; from Wretchle.snes., the same as reck-
Icel. reitJr, Dan. Swed. vred, adj., wroth. usmess; see Reck.
See Wroth. Wriggle, vb. (E.) Frequentative of
Wreak, to revenge. (E.) M. E. wreken . wrig, to move about, Skelton, Elinour
A. S. wrecan, pI. t. wrO!c, pp. wrecen, to Rnmming, I j6; which is a weakened form
wrellk, revenge, punish, orig. to drive, urge. of M. E. wrikkm , to twist; [we actually
impel.+Du. wreken; Icel. reka, pt. t. rak, find A. S. wrigia1l, but this passed into the
to drive, thmst, repel, wreak; G. rache1l, form wry.l O. Fries. wrigia, E. Fries.
to avenge; Goth. wrikan, to persecute. wriggm, Norw. rigga (whence rigla), to
13. Allied to Lith. wargti. to suffer affiic- move about, rock. By-form of E. Fries.
tion ; Gk. _Cpr_IV (for ·'F_nEtJl), to shut wrikken, to turn hither and thither. + Du.
in; and to Urge. ("",WERG.) wriggelen, to wriggle, freqnent. of wn'kken,
Wreath, a garland. (E.) M. E. wrelke. to move or stif to and fro; Low G. wn'ck-
A. S. wriitJ, a twisted band , bandage, ehl (Richey) ; Dan . vrikke, to wriggle,
fillet. Formed (with vowel-change of 0. Swed. vricka. to tum to and fro. See
to Ii) from wrtilJ, 2nd grade of wrilJa1l, Rickets and Wry.
to writhe, twist. See Writhe. Der. Wright. a workman . (E.) M. E.
wreathe. vb. wrigltle. A. S. wyrhta, a worker. - A. S_
Wreck,ruin.remainsofwhatiswrecked. wyrht, a deed . work; formed with suffix
(E. ) Formerlywrack; the same as Wrack. -I from wyrc-Q1t . to work. [Tent. type
61 7
 WRING YANKEE
·wurktiz ; related to *werk;tm- , to work. ] vrang, 2nd grade of vri"ga, to wring
-A. S. weore, work, sb. ~ee Work. + (only preserved in the pt. t . 3 p . pI.
O. Sax. wllrhtio, O. H . G. wllr/lto, a wright. v mngu) ; cognate with E. Wring.+Da.
Der. eart-wrigkt, skip-wright, wkee/- wrang, acid, sour (because acids wring
wright. the mouth).
Wrinl1, to twist. (E.) M. E. wringen, Wroth, angry. (E.) A . S. wratJ; from
A. S. wn1Jgan, pt. t. wrang, pp. wrwtgen , wratJ. 2nd grade of w ril1an, to writhe. +
to press, compress, strain, wring. + Du . Du. wreed, cruel; I ce!. reil1r, Swed. D an.
wringen; G . ringen (pt. t. rang), to vred; O. H. G. reid, reidi, twisted, curly.
wrestle, to wring, turn. Allied to Wry, See Writhe.
and perhaps to Worry. D er. wrollg. Wry, twi5ted, turned aside. (E .) From
Wrinkle ( I ), a small ridge or uneven- the M. E . wrim, vb., to twist, bend aside;
ness on a surface. (E.) M. E. wrinlul. A. S. wrigia1t, to tnrn, incline towards.
Perhaps allied to Wrench, and to A. S. See Wriggle. D er. a-wry, for Olt wry,
Writ'gatl, to twist. The lit. sense is I a Barbour, Brace, 4. 70 5.
little twist,' causing unevenness. + M. Du. Wych-elm; see W itch-elm.
wrinckel, a wrinkle, allied to wringen, to Wyvern, Wivern, a two - legged
twist. ~ Dan. rynke, Swed. rynka, l cel. dragon , in heraldry. (F. -L.) The final
krukka (for *krunka ), a wrinkle, forms n is added, as in bitter-1J. M. E. wittere
due to the pp. of an old strong vb. (wivere ), a serpent. - A. F. wyvre, O. F .
*hrenkan, are related to Ruck (I). Der. wivre -(F. givre), a viper. - L. uijera, a
w rittkle, vb. viper ; see Viper. ~ The w is due to G.
Wrinkle ( 2) , a hint. (E.) Lit. I a influence; as if from O. H. G. ·wijera,
small trick;' dimin . of A. S. wrene, a borrowed from L.
trick; see Wrench.
Wrist. (E.) M. E. wrist, wirst. A. S.
wrist, also called lul1uiwrist, i. e. that X.
which turns the hand about. Formed Xebec, a small three-masted vessel.
(like wrest, q. v.) with suffix -I from (Span. - Turk.) Span. xabeque. - Turk.
writJ-, weak grad e of wri~a1t , to writhe, sumbaki, a kind of ship. Cf. Pers. sum-
twist about . + Low G . wrisl; Icel. rist, buk, Arab. sumbuk, n small boat, a pin-
instep, from ri~-, weak grade of rioa, to nace. (Devic; Rich., p. 852.)
twist ; Dan. Swed. vrist, instep, from vn'dc
or vrida, to twist; G. rist, instep, wrist.
Write. (E.) The orig. sense was I to Y.
score,' i. e. to scratch the surface of wood Y -, prefix. ( E.) In y ·clept, y -wis. M. E .
with a knife. M. E. writm, pt. t. wroot, y o, i- ; A. S. ![e- , a common prefix. This
pp. w ritm (with short i). A . S. w rltatl, prefix appears as e- in e-nougk, and as a-
pt. t . wrlit, pp. writm. + O. Sax. w,-Uan, in a-ware. +Du. G. gt-, prefix; Goth. gu-,
to cut , write ; Du. ri/tt1l, to tear; Icel. prefix.
rita, to scratch , write; Swed. rita, to Yacht. (Du.) Dn ./agt, M. Du . .Iacltt,
draw; G. reiSSell, to cut, tear. Teut. a swift boat, a hunting. - Du. /agen, to
type *wreitan. , pt. t . ·wrai/, pp. *wn·tanoz. hunt, chase. + G. / agen, to hunt. See
Der . w n·t. sb., A. S.gewrit, from the weak Yaw.
grarle writ- . Yak, a wild ox. (Thibet.) Thibetan
Writhe. (E.) M. E. writken, pt. t. 'YJ'ag, a mnle yak, where the symbol 'Y is
wrotk, pp. writkm (with short i ). A. S. used to denote a peculiar Thibet an sound;
wrioan , pt. t. wriitJ, pp. writJen, to tw ist H . A. Jiischke, Dict. p. 668.
about.+lcel.ritJa, Dan.vride, Swed .vrida, Ya.m, a large esculent tuber. (Port. -
to wring, twist , turn; O. H . G. rMan . W . African. ) Port. inkame, a yam
Tellt. type .wreitha1J-. Der. wroth, wratll, (Littffi) . Formerly called inamia in
wreath, wres/, w,-isl. Benin; Hakluyt, ii. 2 . 12 9 .
Wrong, perver~ed, bad. (Scand .) M. E. Yankee, a citizen of New England, or
wroltg. Late A. S. wrang, a wrong, sb. ; of the United States. (North . E.) In use
orig. an adj . - Icel. rangr, O. Icel. in Boston, 1765. Dr. Wm. Gordon, in his
*wrangr > vr(lltgr, awry, wrong; Dan. Hist. of the American War, ed. I 7B9, vol. i.
vrang, Swed. vrlmg, perverse. From pp. 32i, 325, says it was a favourite cant
618
 YAP YEAN
word in Cambridge, Mass. , as early as 171;1, I in orde~; from the old belief in its curative
a nd that it meant 'excellent; as ' a y alzkee properties as a healer of wounds.
good horse. ' The word may have spread Yata~han, Ataghan, a dagger·like
from the students through New England, sabre, with doubly cun·ed blade. (T urk.)
aud have thence obtained a wider currency. T urk. y iittiglzii11, the same; Zenker's Dict.
I t appears to be the same as Low!. Sc. pp. 94i , 958 . . .
y ankie, a sharp. clever, forward woman ; Yaw, to go nnstead!1y, as a ship.
ef. Low!. Sc. yanker, an agile girl, an (Scand. -Du.) Icel. Joga, to move to and
incessant tal ker, a smart stroke, y atlk, a fro; also, to hunt.- Du. jagetl, to hunt.
jerk, smart blow, Y01,killg, active (Jamie- See Yacht.
son). We also fi nd Y01lk, to jerk, noted Yawl (I), a small boat. (Du.) Du.
by Bockland (Log of a Naturalist, 1876, jol, a yawl, a Jutland boat ; M. Du.Jolle-
p . 130 ) as an American word. Ii Thus ken, 'a small barke -'+D~n.jol/e , Swed .
yallk-y is quick, spry, from yank, to julie, a yawl; E. Fries. j ul, julie ; Low
jerk. ~ Dampier (Voyages, 1699, i. G.jolle (Lubben). Root unknown.
38) mentions a Captain lanky ~everal Yawl ( 2), to howl. (E.) Also yole,
times. yowl (Halliwell) . M. E . jaulm. Also
Yap, to yelp. (E.) Of imitative origin; M. E . goulen. Cf. E. Fries. jaue/Il , Low
cf. E. Fries. and Low G.jappen, to gasp; G. jaueltl, to yawl. + leel. gaula, Norw.
F. japper, to yap. Note also Low!. Sc. gaula, to low, bellow, roar; cf. Do.Jokn,
yattp, to yelp,from lcel.g/aipa. See Yelp. t~oan. Imitative. Cf. Yell.
Yard ( I) , an enclosed space. (E.) M.E. Yawu.. to gape. (E.) M.E.ge01zien,
y ero. A. S. geard, an enclosure, court. + yonien; whence E. yawll , by lengthening
Icel. gar6r (whence E.gartlz ), Dan. Du. ofbtoopenlongo; cf.E./rost, brotlz.-A.S.
gaard, Swed. gard; Goth. gards, a house; geonian, to yawn. Also gin'ia1l; from gill-,
O. H. G. gart, a circle; allied to O. H. G. weak grade of -ginan, strong verb, to gape
garlo, a garden, Goth. garda, a fold. Teut. widely.+O. H. G.gi"ln, to yawn; cf.Ieel.
type *gardor:, m.; Idg. type *ghortos, as gi1ta, to gape, pt. t. gdn. Allied to L.
in O. Irish gart, a field, lttb-gort, a garden; lz;are, to gape; see Hiatus. (1/"GHEI.)
L. hortus, a garden; Gk. XOPTOS, a court- Yeo (I£.) M. E. ye, je, nom.; your,
yard. But the connexion with Gk. XOpTOS jOur, gen.; you, JOU , yow, dat. and ace.
is not certain. Doublets, garden, garth. p!. A. S . gf, nom. ye; lower , gen. of
Dcr. court-yard, orchard. you; low, to you, you, dat. and acc. +
Yard (2 ), a rod, 36 inches, cross-bar on Du. gij, ye, u, you ; Ice!. lr, u r, ye,y6ar,
a mast. (E.) M. E. Jerde, yerde, a stick, your, yfJr, you; Dan. Swed. i, ye, you;
rod. A. S. gyro, ~rd, a. rod.+Du.gal'de, G. ihr; Goth.jUs, ye, izwara, your, izwis,
a twig, rod, G. ~rte, a switch; O. H. G. you. fl The common .Idg. base is YU;
gerta ; Teut. type gardjii, f. Allied to whenee Lith. jus, ye; Gk. V-Pfls, ye, Skt.
O. Bulg. zrtid! (Russ. jerde), a rod. But yu-yam, yeo Brngm. ii. § 436.
not to Icel. gaddr, Goth. gaws, a goad. Yea, verily. (E.) This is the simple
Strcitberg, § 125 (4). affirmative; yts is a strengthened form,
Yare, ready. (E.) M. E. ]are, yare, often accompanied by an oath in our early
ready. A. S. ~aru, gearo-, ready, quick, writers. M. E. ye. A. S. gla, gea, yea.+
prompt. + Du. gr:zar, done. dressed (as Du. Dan. Swed. G.ja, leel.jti, Goth.Ja,
meat) ; lee!. gorr, ready; O. H. G. garo, Jai; W. ie; Gk. ~,t ruly. Der. yes.
ready; cf. G. gar, adv., wholly. Teut. Yean, Ean, to bring forth young.
type *garwoz. Allied to Gear. (E.) Here the prefixedy- answers to the
Yarn. (E.) M. E. yam. A. S. geanl, A. S. prefix ge-. A. S. lania1l, to ean ;
thread. + D u. gal'eII, Ice!. Dan. Swed . G. ge-lattia1l, to yean. We find ge-C-a1le eowa
gam. Allied to Gk. xop&r" a cord, orig. = the ewes great with young, Gen. xxxiii.
a string of Rut ; cf. Lith. zarnos, IceL 13; cf. Swed. dial. otllZ, to yean, '/lam
ganu'r, guts. See Cord, Chord. i 011, to be with lamb (Rietz, p. 114) .
Yarrow, the plant milfoiL (E.) M. E . Teut. type *aunoJan-, to yean. From
yarowe, )'arwe. A. S. gtZruwe, gearttwe, Teut. type *auna- (for *agwtlo-), corre-
gearwe, yarrow. + Du. gen II, G . garbe, sponding to L. agnus, a lamb (Kluge).
O. H. G. garawa. If allied to Yare, per- Cf. Irish itan, ' V. om, Com. oin, Bret.
haps it meant' that which dresses,' or puts oan, Manx eay", a lamb. Hence Manx
61 9
 YEAR YET
coyney, to yean . ~ Sievers derives tan pt. t. gol, whence E. llighti1l-ga/e. D er.
from A. S. eowu, a ewe; see Ewe. Brugm. stalI-iel.
i. § 671. D er. yean-littg, a new-born Yellow. (E.) M. E.yelwe,yelu. A.S.
lamb. geolo, geolu, yellow. + D u. geel, G. gelb.
Ye ar. (E.) M. E. Jeer, J'eer, often un- Teut. type *ge/woz, Idg. type *ghclwos.
al tered in the plmal l he n~e 'a two-year Allied to L. Ile/UUS, light yellow, Gk.
old colt ' J. A. S giar, ger, a year; pI. X).,6.,." yonng verdure of trees, Russ. ztle-
same. + Du.jaar, Ieel. iir, Dan. aar, Swed. lluii, green, Skt. han, green, yellow.
dr, G.jaltr, Goth.jir. Teut. type *y/)rom, Further allied to Gall (1). Der. yolk.
n . Cf. Zend yiir(e), a year. P erhaps yellow - ha.mmer, yellow - a.m-
allied to Gk. iLpos, a season, year, ;:'pa., mer, a song-bird. (E.) The It is an
season, hOllr; Skt. yiitu-, time. Lit.' that ignorant insertion; alllfller answers to A. S.
which passes.' (.vYE, to pass; from .vEl, amore, a small bircl. + M. Du. emmerick, a
to go.) Brugm. i. § 308, ii. § 587. yellow-ammer, G.ge/bammer, goldommer,
Yearn ( I), to long for. (E.) ¥. E. yellow-ammer or gold-ammer, emmerling,
yerncn. A. S. giernatt, to yearn, be de- the same; O. H. G. a1l1(1·0.
sirous. - A. S. geom, adj., desirous. + Ice!. Yelp, to bark shrilly. (E.) M. E. ye/-
gima , to desire, fr om giant, eager; Goth. pen, a1so to boast. A. S. gielpaft, pt. t.
gairlljlw, to long for, from -gairns, de- gealp, pp. golpm, to boast, exult, talk
sirous (Teut. type *gernoz). Ii Again, the noisily. + Icel. giiilpa, to yelp ; M. H. G.
adj. is from the verb appearing in O. H. G. gelfm. Allied to Yell C f. Yap.
geron, G. be·gelu·elt, to long for; allied to Yeoma.n. (E.) M. E. yoman, also
Gk . xaipf.v, to rejoice, xapa, joy, Skt. yeman. It appears to answer to an A. S.
hary, to desire. (.vG HER. ) *giamatl (not found) , which might become
Yearn ( 2) , to grieve. (E.) Also spelt *geiiman; these would give yema1t,
corn, ent; Hen. V. ii. 3. 3, ii . 3.6; Jul. yoman in M. E. The word is cleared up
Cres. ii. 2. 129; Merry Wives, iii. 5. 45; by the existence of O. Fries. giilllan, a
Rich. II. v. 5. ,6; Hen. V. iv. 3. 26 ; the villager, from ga, also go, a village, anet
prefixed y- being d ue to A. S. prefix ge-, mall, a man; so also M. Du. goymamzen,
as in the case of y eafl. From A. S. eo1'' ''; arbitrators appoin ted to decide disputes,
as in eorn-igewle, murmuring; eont-fttl, from M. Du. gouwe, a haml et (Hexham) .
anxious; com-lie, diligent; perhaps alliecl Cf. also G. gatt , a province, Goth. gawi,
to Earnest. a district; O . H. G .gawi (withont muta-
Yeast. (E .) M. E. yees!, yest. A. S. tion), ancl O. H. G. gewi (w ith mutation ),
gist, yeast.+ Du. gest, g isl, N. Fries. jesl, like Bavarian g,i'u, whence g li'u lIlmw, ' land-
l cel. jast, jaslr, Swed. jcist, Dan. Kiar, mann.' Observe y ore, as compared with
G. gtischt, giscM. Teut. base *yesl-. All year. Many solutions have been proposed
from .vYES, to ferment, appearing in of this difficult word.
O. H . G. j eSafl, G . giilzrm, to ferment, Gk. Yerk, the same as Jerk.
~EEtl' , to boil, ~ECTT6s, fervent. See Zea.l. Yes. (E.) A strengthened form of yea.
Der . yeast-y or yest-y, fro thy, Hamlet, v. M. E. yis, )'us. A. S. gise, gese, yes. Prob .
2. 199. sh ort for gill swii, i. e. yea, so; see Y ea.
Yede, went. (E.) M. E. yede, Jede; Yesterday. (E. ) M. E. yisterdai;
also code. A. S. ge-eode, also iode, went, from A. S. geoslra, giestra (yester-) , and
only in the pt. t. Cf. A. S. iodoll, pt. t. pl., dag, a day.+Du. g islerw, dag v (m gisler,
with Goth. iddiedun, pt. t. pI. Perhaps G. guler,, ; Goth. g ist1'adagis, tomorrow.
A.S.eo-=*'-o, from .vEl, to go. Cf. Skt. 13. Cf. Lat. hester- in ltes-le1'.1111S , aclj.,
nyiit, £yal, he went. ilrugm. i. § 309 ( 2) ; belonging to yesterday ; where again the
ii. § 478. syllable hes- is cognate with Icel. gar,
Yelk j see Yolk. Dan. gaar, Swed. g d1', Lat. her-i, Gk. XliES,
Yell. (E.) M. E. ye/lw . A. S. gel/oil , Skt. Iz)'as, yesterday. The suffix -IeI' is
gid/an. to cry out, resound. + Du. gil/en. of a comparative form, as in in-Ie1'-;or , &c.
Icel. gella, also gja/la \ pt. t. gall ), Dan . Brugm. i. §§ 6 24, 923.
gz'a//e, gz'alde, Swed. grilla, G. gel/en , to Y et. (E. ) M. E. yet, yil. A. S. gz't,
sounclloud and shrill. Teut. typt: *ge/lalt ·, get, giet, moreover. + O. Fries. ieta, ita,
pt. t. *gall. Allied to Icel. gala, pt. t. gal, M. H. G. ieztlo, ieu, yet; cf. G. jetS-I,
to sing, O. H. G. ga/afz; A. S. go/all, now. Origin obscure.
6 20
 YEW ZANANA
Yew 11 tree. (E.) M. E. ew. A. S. iw. young. Other forms (without the final
+ Ice!.' jr, G. tibe, O. H. G. iwa, yew. guttnral) are L. iuumis, Lith. jaunas,
\"' e also find Irish eo, W.yw , ywen, Corn. Skt. yttvan, Rnss. iutzuii, young; from
" ivill, Bret. ivin, a yew. ~ Not allied to Idg. base *Yllwen-. Der. young-ling,
ivy. young -ster; also yotm-ker, borrowed from
Yell: to hiccough. (E.) M. E.yexm , Du. Jimker, j01lkheer, i. e. young sir, com-
y itSkm' A. S. giscimz, to sob. sigh. l'rob. pounded of J'ottg, young, and httr, sir, a
allied to L. ltiseere, to yawn, "iiire, to lord.
yawn; see Yawn. (.vGHEI.) :youth. (E.) M. E. youtltt; earlier
Yield. (E.) M. E.gdden, yeMen, pt. t. JUwe6e, JUJe6e, youth. A. S. geogotJ,
yald, pp. yoMen, to pay; hence, to yield geogut!, iugtlt!. [The middle g became w,
up. A. S. gieldatl, gildan, pt. t. gea/d, and then disappeared.J+O.Sax.jugutJ, Du.
pp. go/den, to pay, give up. + Du. geldm, jeugri, G.jugend, O.H,G .jugrtncl; Teut.
Icel. g;'alda, Dan. gielde, to pny; Swed. type *yuguntkiz, f. (where -lInI"->A. S.
galla, to be worth; G. gellm, pt. t. gall, -M> -uD ); from Idg. base *yuwmt-, which
to be worth; Goth . /ra-gildmz, to pay is from *yuwm- (above). Cf. L. iuuenta;
back. (Teut. base GELD. ) Der. guild. also L. illuentas, Skt. yuvatii, youth.
Yoke, sb. (E.) M. E. yok. A. S. geoe, Yowl; see Yawl (2).
gioe, ioe, a yoke for oxen. + Du. Jitk, Icel. Yucca! a genus of American liliaceous
ok, Dan. aag, Swed. ok, Goth. juk, G .joe". plants. (:Span. - Caribbean.) Span. ytlCa,
Teut. type *yltk01lZ, n.; Idg. type *jugom; said to be a word of Caribbean origin.
cf. W. iau, L. ittgum, Russ. igo, Lith. Yule, Christmas. (E.) M. E. Jole, yole.
jlmgas, Gk. (lI")'~v, SkI. yuga-. a yoke, a A. S. geol, geonol, tbe feast; also illla,
couple. Lit.' that which joins;' all from glola, the name of a month. December
the weak grade Qf .vYEUG, to join. See was called se fina geola, the former
Join. Der.yoke, vb. yule; and January se aflera geola, the
Yolk, Yelk, yellow part of an egg. latter ynle. We also find lcel. jul. a feast
(E.) M. E. yo/ke, yelke. A. S. geoleea, in December, jlir, December, and Goth.
(eolea, the yolk, lit. ' yellow part.' - A . S. jiuleis, November. Of disputed origin.
geo/u, yellow; see Yellow. ~ The attempt to connect this word with
Yon, adj., at a distance. CE.) M. E. wheel is futile.
yo", Jon. A. S. geon, yon; .tElfred, tf. of Ywis, certainly. (E.) M. E. ywis, iwis;
Gregory's Past. Care, ed. Sweet, P.443.+ often written Iwis , I -wis, in MSS., whence,
Icc!. enn, the, orig. that, confused with by a singular error, the fictitious verb wis,
hinn; Goth. jains, G. jener, yon, that. to know, has been evolved Ly lexicogra-
/3. Allied to Skt. ya·s, who. orig. that; phers, though unknown to our old MSS.
Gk. O~ (for yos ). From the same base A. S. gewis, adj., certain, which came to be
are ye·a, ye-s, ye-t. Der. yond-er, M. E. IIsed as an adverb. /3. Here the ge- is a
yonder, adv.; cf. Gotb. jaindre, adv., mere prefix; see Y- (above); the adj.,
yonder, thither. wis, certain, answers to Tent. type *WiSSOIZ,
Yore, formerly. (E.) M. E.yore. A.S. Jdg. type *wid-tos, an old pp. siguifying
geiira, adv., formerly; lit.' of years, during 'known,' hence' sure'; from lI'WEID, to
years,' orig. gen. pI. of gear; see Year. kuow. Cdt > ss.) See Wit, vb. + Du.
You. (E.) Properly tbe dat. and acc. gewis, adj. and ad v., certain, certainly;
oCye; see Yeo G. gewiss, certainly; Icel. viss, certain,
your. (E. ) M. E. your. A. S. evwer, Dan. vis, Swed. viss, certain; Dan. vist,
your; orig. gen. pI. of ge, ye; see Yeo Swed. visst, certainly.
Der. your-s, M. E. you res, from A. S.
eowres, gen. sing. mase. and neut. of eower, Z.
yonr, possessive pronoun.
Y0untr. (E.) M. E . yong,yuttg. A. S. Zamindar, Zemindar, a land-
geong , gmng, iung, young. + Du. jong, holder. (Hind. - Pers.) Hiud. zamind,;r,
Icel. ungr, Dan. Swed. Uttg. G. jUllg, a land-holder. - Pers. ZQmin, earth, land
Goth. jllggs (for *jungs). Tent. *J'Utt- (allied to L. humus) ; dar, holding, pos-
goz, sbort for *Yllwtmgoz. Ii. Tbese s~sing.
forms answer to Lat. illtleneus. a young Zanana·, Zenana, the female apart-
animal, hpifer; cf. Skt.yuvtl(a-, W. ieunnc, ments. ( H ind. - Pers.) Hind. zaniina,
61[
 ZANY ZONE
the women's apartments. - Pen. s:aniin, sllzi!,a, from tnJa-slkil, to be finn: root
women; pI. of zan, a woman, which is STA); or, otherwise, as meaning' that
cognate with E. Quean. which is proclaimed or made known' (cf.
Zany, a buffoon. (Ita!. - G1c. - Heb.) Skt. il-flid, to report: root WElD). See
O. ItaT. Zant , Ital. Zanni, a familiar form Max Muller, Lectures, 8th ed. i. l37.
of Giovanni, John; used to mean' a sillie Zenith. (F. -Span. - Arab.) M. E.
John, a gull, a noddie, clowne, foole, simple seny'k. - O. F. eenitk; F. zlnitk. - Span.
fellowe in a plaie,' Florio.-Gk. 'Iw~. unit, O. Span. unitk. -Arab.samt, a way,
John. - Reb. Yokkilnan, i. e. the Lord road, path, tract, quarter; whence samt-
gradously gave. - Reb. Yo, the Lord; "r-ras, the zenith, vertical point of the
kltanan, to shew mercy. heavens; also as-samt, an azimuth. fJ.
Zariba., Za.reeba., an enclosure, slight Samt was pronounced semt, of which Span.
defence. (Arab.) Used in newspapers with unit is a corruption; again, samt is here
reference to the war ·in theSoudan.-Arab. short for SQmt-ur-ras or semt-er-ras (as
zaribat, 'a fold, a pen, an enclosure for above), lit. the way overhead, from ras,
cattle; den or haunt of wild beasts ; the head. See Azimuth.
lurking-place of a hunterj' Rich. Dict. Zephyr. (F.-L.-Gk.) M.F.upkyre,
p. 775. the west wind. - L. upkyrll11l, acc. of
Zeal. (F. -L. - Gk.) Formerly ule. upkyT'Us, the west wind. - Gk. ('</>vpos,
- M: F. zele, 'zeale;' Cot. (Mod. F. die.) the west wind.
-L. zelum, acc. of zilus. zea!.-Gk. ViAOS, Zero. (ltal. - Low L. - Arab.) Ital.
ardour. Doric (iiAos, Idg. type *ya-Ios; zero, short for ze.firo. - Low L. zepkyrum
perhaps fromya. to drive; as in Skt.yatr, (Devic). - Arab. sifr, a cipher; see
a driver (Prellwitz). Der. zeal-ot, M. F . Cipher.
ze/ote, 'zealons,' Cot.; from L. zelotes, Zest. (F.-L.-Gk.) Fonnerlyachip
Gk. (TJJ..orn,s, a zealot. of orange or lemon-peel, used for flavonr-
Zebra.. (Port. - W. African.) Port. ing drinks; hence, something that gives a
zebra (Span. eebra, ubra). According to relish, or simply a relish. - M. F. ust, , the
Littre, the word is of Ethiopian origin, thick skin whereby the kernell of a wall nut
but this is due to some mistake, as the is divided,' Cot.; hence, a slice of lemon-
name originated in Congo. (N. and Q., 9 pee!. - L. sclzistus, selzistos, lit. cleft, di-
S. v. 480.) vided. - Gk. O'XIO'TOS, divided. - Gk. O'X'-
Zedoar,-, an E. Indian root resembling (m" to cleave; see Sohist.
ginger. (F. -Low L.-Pers.) M. F. udo- Zigzag, having sharp, quick turns. (F.
aire, Cot.-Low L. zedoaria.-Pers. zad- -G.) F:' ziguzg.-G. zickzack, a zigzag;
war, zithvar, zedoary; also speltjadwar. [whence zickzack segeln, to tack, in sail-
~ The O. F. forms were citouart, citoual, ing.] Reduplicated from zacke, a tooth;
citoal; whence M. E. atewale, Chaucer, with reference to zacken-werk, notched
C. T. 13691. work; hence zickzack is' in an indented
Zend, an ancient Persian dialect. manner.' Cf. E. Fries. takken, to notch
(Zend.) Properly the translation into the (whence E. tack, in sailing). See Tack.
Pehlevi language of the Avesta, or Zoro- Zinc, a metal. (F.-G.) F. zinc.-G.
astrian scriptures; but commonly nied to zink, zinc; of uncertain origin. Perhaps
denote the language, an ancient Persian allied to zi"", tin; and meaning' tin-like.'
dialect, in which the Avesta is written. Bnt see Schade.
It is supposed that Avesta means the Zodiac, an imaginary belt in the
'text,' and Zend the 1 commeutary' or heavens, containing the twelve signs. (F.
'explanation.' The word zend is mod. -1.. -Gk.) F. zodiaque. - L. zOdiacus.
Persian (Palmer) ; also written zand - Gk. ''''~''lKOS, sb., the zodiacal circle;
(Richardson) ; and corresponds to Zend so called from containing the twelve con-
zaiiUi, knowledge, information, appearing stellations chiefly represented by animals.
in the compounds a-s:ainti, paiti-zainti, -Gk. (",3"1I,6s, adj., belonging to animals.
knowleclge, and answering to an Idg. -Gk. (0/3101', a small animal; dim in. of
form *ganti, from the Idg. root GEN, (",01', a living creature. See Zoology.
to know (Fick, i. 67, 3H ;. See Can Zone, a belt. (F.-L. -Gk.) F. zone.
( 1). fl. Avesta has been explained as - L. zOna. - Gk. (&wr" a girdle; for .(~­
meaning 'the settled' text (Skt. ava- VTJ. - Gk. (&II'I'IISU (= *(WO'-I'IISU), I gird.
6ll
 ZOOLOGY ZYMOTIC
Cf. Lith. josta, n girdle, from Jos/i, to gird. dnce, grow, from .vllHEU, to exist. See
(.vVOS.) Be.
Zoology. (Gk.) From Gk. (wo''' , a Zouave, one of a body of soldiers in
living creatnre, animal; and ->..o"(ta, allied the F rench service, orig. Arabs. (F. - N .
to >..6"(0S', discourse, from >"E'Y"", to speak. African .) F. Zouave. - N. African Zouaoua,
13. Gk. (wo" is nent. of (wo~, living; allied a tribe of Kabyles liv ing among the Jur -
to (an7, life, (a .... , G.. , to live. Allied to jnra mountains in Algeria.
Zend ji, to live; see Vivid. (.vGwEI. ) Zymotic, a term applied to diseases,
Brugm. ii. § 488. in which a poison works throngh the body
zoophyte. (F.-Gk.) F. zoophyte. - like a fermen t. (Gk. ) Gk. (vpQ)T,,<6~,
Gk. (Q)CxpVTO", a living being; an animal- causing to ferment. - Gk. (vPOOJ, I cause
plant. - Gk. (Q)6.~, living; <pVTOV, a plnnt, to ferment. - Gk. (ul-''1, leaven. Allied to
that which has grown, from <PUEty, to pro- L. iiis, broth; see Juice.
 APPENDIX
I. LIST OF PREFIXES
THE following is a list of the principal prefixes in English, shewing their origin.
It is, perhaps, not quite exhaustive, but contains nearly all of any consequence. For
further information, see the etymologies of the words a · dO'UJ1I, &c., in the Dictionary.

A- (I ), in a-down. (E.) See Of- (below). /ix, ng.gress, al-lude, an-nex, ap-pend, ar-
A- (2), in a-foot. (E.) See On- (below). rogate, as-sign, at-tract.
A- (3), in a.long. (E.) See An- (5). Adv-; see Ab- ( I).
A- (4), in a-rise. (E.) A.S. ii-, intensive Af- ; see Ad-. Also for A- (II) in af-
prefix to verbs.+Goth. tiS" ur- ; G. er-. ford; for A- (4) in af-fright; and for Ex-
A-(s ),ina·chieve. (F. -L.) See Ad-. ( l ) inaf·fray.
A- (6) , in a-vert. (L.) See Ab-. After-. (E.) E. after, prep.; A. S.
A-(7 ),ina-mend. (F.-L.) SeeEX-(I). after.
A- (8), in a-las. (F.-L.) O.F . a-; from A«-; see Ad-.
L . an! intcrj. AI- (1 ), all; al-most. See All, p . Il.
A- (9), in a-byss. (Gk.) See An- ( ~). Al- (1); see Ad-.
A- ( 10), in a·do. (E.) For at do. AI- (3) ; al-ligator. (Span.-L.) Span.
A- ( II), in a-ware. (E.) M. E. i-; y-; el, def. art.-L. iIIe, he.
A. S. ge-, prefix. See Y -. Al- (4); al-cohol (Arab.) Arab. ai,
A- ( 12), in a·pace. (E.) For apace; a def. art. This also appears as a-, ar-, as-,
for all, indef. art. e/., 1-. Ex. : Q-pricot, ar-tichoke, as·sagni,
A- (13), in a-vast. (Du.) Du. nou vast, el-ixir,l·ute. See L- (2).
hold fast. (Doubtful.) Am- (I); am-bush. (F. -L.) F. em·.-
A- ( 14),in a-pricot. (Arab.) Arab. ai, L. im-, for in, prep.; see In- (2).
def. art. See AI- (4). Am- (2) ; am-brosia. (Gk.) See An-
Ab- ( I) ; ab-dicate, ab·undance. (L.; or (2 ) .
F.-L.) L . ab, from. Lengthened to abs- Am- (3) ; am-bassador; see Ambi-.
in aOs-cond; cf. Gk. 6JfI. + E. of; Gk. Am- (4) ; am-putate. (L.) Short for
d".6; Skt. apa, away from. See Apo-, ambo, ambi-; see below.
Of-. This prefix also appears as a·, adv-, Ambi-, Amb-; ambi.dextrous; amb-
avo, v-; ex. a-vert, adv-ance, av-aunt, ition. (L.; or F. - L.; or C.) L a1llbi-,
v-anguard. on both sides, around.+Gk.4J'<I'I; O. Irish
Ab- (2) ; ab·breviate. (L.) Used for L.ad; imm-; see Amb8.B8a.dor, p. 14. See
see Ad-. below.
Aba-; abs-cond, abs-ent, abs-tain, abs- Amphi-. (Gk.) Gk. dJl<l>I, on both
tract. (L.; or F.-L) L. aOs-, extended sides, aronnd.+L. ambi-; see Ambi-.
form of ab; see Ab- ( I ). An- (I); see Ad-.
Ac-; see Ad-. Also for A- (4) in ac- An- (2 ), A- (9), negative prefix. (Gk.)
cursed ; and for A- (2) in ac-knowledge. Gk. av-, J -, neg. prefix. Hence am- in
Ad-; ad-apt, ad-dress. (L.; or F. - L.) am-brosia; a- in a-byss.+L. in-, E. tin-;
L. ad, to, at, for. + Goth. at, A. S. at, E. see In- (3) , Un- ( I ) _
al. This prefix appears as a-, abo, ac·, ado, An- (3) ; see Ana-.
aj-, ago, al- , an·, ap-, ar-, as-, al-; ex. : An- (4); an-oint. (F. -L.) For F . tn-.
a-chieve, ab-breviate, ac-cede, ad-mire, af- - L. itt, prep.; see In- (2 ).
62 4
 1. LIST OF PREFIXES
An- (5); an-swer. (E.) A. S. and·, in Cat-; cat-echism; see Cata-.
reply to, opposite to . + Goth. and-; Dn. Cata-, down. (Gk.) Gk. ImT4, down,
m i · ; G. m/-; Gk. ant. Shortened to a- downwards. Hence cat-, ca/It-, in cat-
in a-long; and all ied to un- in verbs. See echism, cath·olic.
Anti- ( I ), Un- (2) . Cath-; cath-olic ; see below.
An- (6) ; an-cestor. (F -L.) See Ante·. Circum-, round. (L.) L.circum,around,
Ana.-, An- (3) ; ana-gram, an-enrism. prep. H ence circu- in circu-it.
(Gk.) Gk. &.va, upon, on, up. + A. S. ·on, Co°, Coi-; see Como.
Goth. ana. See On-. Col-; see Como.
Anci-; anci-ent. (F.-L.) See Ante-. Como. (L.orF.-L) L com-, together,
Ann-; ann-eal. (E.) See Anneal in the used in composition for ctlm, prep. to-
Dictionary, p. 18. gether. + Gk. u6/1, together; see Syn-.
Ant-; ant· agonist. (Gk.) See Anti-. It appears as co° , colo, com-, con-, coy-,
Ante-. (L. ) L. anle, before. Also cotm- ; ex.: co-agulate, col-Iect, com-
an/i-, a1tci-, alll-, att- ; as in anti-cipate, mute, con-nect, cor-rode, coun-cil. Also
anci· en t, ant-ique, an-cestor. as coi- in coi-l; cou- in cou-ch, con-sin;
Anth-; anth-em. (Gk.) See below. co- in co-stive, co-st; cu- in cu-ll, cn-stom;
Anti- ( I ), Ant-. (Gk.) Gk. ani, cur- in cur-ry ( I). ~ Combuslion is perhaps
against, opposite to. Also a1t/-, a1t/It-, as for comb-ustion.
in ant-agonist, anth-em. See An- (5), Con-; con-!lect; see Como.
Un- ( 2) . Cont:ra-, against. ( L ) L. colt/ra,
Anti- (2) ; see Ante-. against. Allied to colt/ro- in contro-vert,
Ap-; ap-pend; see Ad-. contro-versy; loses final a in Ital. contr-
Aph-; aph-reresis; see below. alto. Hence F . COlt/re, against, as in
Apo-. (Gk.) Hence apli- in aph-reresis. contr-ol; but the F. form is usually
Gk. 0. ..6, from, off. + L. ab; A. S. of; see written coultler- in English. H ence also
Ab- (I), Of-. cOlmlr-y.
Ar- (I ) ; see Ad-. Cor-; cor-rode; see Como.
Ar- ( 2) ; ar-tichoke; see AI- (4). COU-; cou-ch, cou-sin; see Como.
Arch-,Archi-,Arche-; arch-bishop, Coun-; coun-cil; see Como.
arch-angel, archi-tect, arche-type. (Gk. ) Counter-. (F.-L.) See Contra-.
Gk. aPXI-, chief. - Gk. apXfII', to be first. Cu-; cu-Il, cu-stom; see Como.
As- (I); as-sign; see Ad-. Cur-; cur-ry (I); see Como.
As- (2) ; as-tonish; see Ex- (I).
As- (3); as·sagai; see AI- (4). D-; d-affodil; see De- (I).
At-; see Ad-. De- ( I); de-scend , de-bate. (L.; 01'1".-
Auto-, Auth-, self. (Gk.) Gk. aiHo,s, L. ) L. di, down, downward. Used with
self. Hence aullt- in anth-entic; eft- in an oppositive sense in de-form; with an
eff-endi. intensive sense in de-clare, &c. Changed
Av-; av-annt. ( F. -L.) F. av-; from to di- in di-stil. Distinct from the prefix
L. ab; see Ab- (I). below.
De- (2); de· face, de-fame, de-feat, de-
Ba.-; ba-Iance; see Bi-. fray. (F . -L.) F . de-, O.F. des-, from L.
Be-. (E.) A. S. be-, bi-, the same as bi, dis-, apart; see Dis-. Distinct from the
by, prep.; E. by. prefix above.
Bi-, donble. (L.) L. bi-, double, from De- (3) ; de-viI; see Dia-.
an earlier form dui-, related to duo, two. Des.- i dea-con; see Dia-.
+Gk. m-, double, allied to (I""" two; Skt. DeDll-,half. (F.-L) F. demi. -L. dr-
dvi-, allied to dva, two ; E. lwi- in twi-bill. midius, half; see Demi- in Diet., p. 135.
Hence F. bi- in bi-gamy, F. ba· in ba-lance; Des-; des-cant; see Dis-.
and see below. Di- ( I) , double. (Gk.) Gk. ~I- , double,
Bin-; bin-ocular. (L.) L. bin-i, distri- allied to (I,s, twice, and (lllo, two; see Bi-.
butive form allied to bi- (above). Ex. di-Iemma, di-syllable (oflen wrillen
Bis- ; bis-cuit. (F.-L.) F . bis, L. bis, dissyllable).
twice; extended from bi- (above) . Cf. E . Dl- (2 ), apart , away. (L.) See Dis-
Iw ice ; see Dis-. Di- (3) ; di-stil; see De- ( I).
By- j by-path. A. S. bi; see By, p. 70. Dia-. (Gk.) Gk. (lIa, through, between.
62 5
 I. LIST OF PREFIXES
apart; allied to Di- (I). Shortened to - L. i titer, among; see Inter-. Shortened
di- in di-reresis; appearing as de-, tiea-, to etltr- in enlr-ails.
in de-vii, dea-con. E~, Eph-; see below.
»if- ; see Dis-. Epi-, upon. (Gk.) Gk. bt, npon.+Skt.
Dis-,apart,away. (L; orF.-L.) L. api; allied to L. ob-. See Ob-. It ap-
dis-, apart, in two, another form of bis-, pears as ep-, epk-, in ep-och, eph-emeral.
double; dis- and bis- are variants from an Es-; cs-cape; seeEx- ( x).
older form duis-, double, also used in the Eso-, within. (Gk.) Gk. IUGI, within;
sense in two, apart; see Bis-. Dis- be- from ls, Els, into.
comes des- in O. French, also de- in later Eu-, well. (Gk.) Gk. E~, well; neut.
F.; but the O. F. duo is sometimes al- of Ms, good.+Skt. vasu-s, good; cf. Goth.
tered to dis-, as in dis-cover. The various ius-ita, better. Hence ev- in ev-angelist.
forms are di-, dif- , dz's-, ties-, de-, and even Ev-; ev-angelist; see above.
s-; as in di-verge, dif-fnse, dis-pel, des- Ez- ( 1) , ant of, very. (L.; orF. -L. )
cant, de-feat, de-luge, s-pend. L. ex, also e, ont of; also used intensively.
Dou-; dou-ble; see Duo-. +Gk. Et, EK, ant. See Eo-, and see below.
Duo-, Du-, two, double. (L. ) L. duo, It appears as a-, as-, eo, if-, es-, ex·, iss-, so,
two; cognate with Eo two. Only in d uo- iu a-mend, as-tonish, e-normous, ef-fect,
decima, duo·denum; shortened to du- in es-cape, ex-tend, iss'ne, s-ample; also as
d u-al, du-plicate, &c. Appearing as dott- al-, a-, in af-fray, a-fraid.
in don-ble, dou-bt; as do- in do-zen. Ez- (2), out of, away. (Gk.) Gk. Et,
Dys-, badly. (Gk.) Gk. Ms, badly, with out; as in ex-odus. See above.
difficulty. Some connect it with To- (2). Ezo-, withont. (Gk.) Gk. ItGl, outside,
without; adv. from Et, out (above).
E- ( I ) ; e-normous; see Ex- ( I). Extra-, beyond. (L.) A comparative
E- (2); e-nough; see Yo. ab!. form, from L. ex, out; see Ex- ( I ).
E- (3) ; e-Iope. A. F. a-, perhaps Cor Cf. exter- in exter-ior, exter-nal. It appears
O. F. es-, L. ex; see Ex- (x). also as stra- in stra-nge; if. estra-nge.
E- (4) ; e-squire. (F. ) This e- is a F.
addition, of purely phonetic value, due to For- ( x), in place of. (E.) E.for, prep.;
the difficulty which was experienced in in for·as-mueh, for-ever, which might ju~t
pronouJlcing initial sq-, se-, st-, sp-. So as well be written as separate words in-
also in e-scutcheon, e-state, e-special; to stead of compounds. Allied to Per-, Pro-_
which add e-schew. For- ( 2) ; for-give. (Eo ) A. S.for-, in-
Ee-; ec-Iogue. (Gk.) Gk. Elf, also Et, lensive prefix. + Ice!. for-, Dan.for-, Swed.
out. + L. ex, Lithuan. isz, Russ. iz', out; foro, Du. G. ver-, Goth.fra-, Skt. parti-.
see Ex- (I). Also d-, ex-, as in e1-lipse, For- (3) ; Cor-feit. (F.-L.) F. foro,
ex-odus. prefix. -L. foris, outside, out of doors.
Ef-; see Ex- ( x). Also in for-close, sometimes spelt fore-
Eif'-; eff-endi; see Auto-. close; and infor -jttdge.
El- ( x) ; el-lipse; see Eo-. For- (4); for-ward; see Forth-.
El- (2) ; e1-ixir; see AI- (4). Fore- (1), before. (E. ) A. S.fore, Cor,
Em- ( x); em-brace. (F. - L.) F. em-; before, prep.; fore, adv. Allied to For-
L . im-, for i1z; see In- ( 2). ( I ). See Fore, p. x94.
Em- ( 2) ; em-piric; see En- ( 2). Fore- (2) ; fore-go. (E .) A bad spell-
Em- (3) ; em-bassy; see Am- (3). in,g offor-go; see For- ( 2).
En- ( x) ; en-close. (F.-L.) F. etl-; Forth-_ (E.) In fortll -eoming,forlh-
L. i1z-; see In- (2). witk . A. S. forl!, forth; see p. x95.
En- (2) ; en-ergy. (Gk.) Gk. 'v, in.+ Fro-; fro-ward. (Scand .) Icel.fra ; see
L. in; A. S. itl. Becomes em- before p, Fro, p. 2 00.
in em-pirie. See Em- (2), In- ( x), In- (2).
En- (3); en-emy. (F. -L.) Negative Gain-, against. (Scand.) Icel. gegn,
prefix; see In- (3) . against. Ex. gain-say.
Endo-, within. (Gk.) Gk. Ev30-v, with-
in; extended from EV, in; see En- ( 2), and Hemi-, half. (Gk.) Gk. ~I'I-, half.+
Indi-. L. semi-, half; see Semi-. Shortened to
Enter- ; enter-tain. (F. -L.) F. elZlre. me- in me-grim.
626
 I. LIST OF PREFIXES
Hetero-, other. (Gk.) L- (I); I-one. (E.) Short for all; I-one =
other. aI-one. See AI- (I).
Holo-, entire. (Gk.) Gk. ~o-s, entire. L- (1) ; I-ute. (Arab.) Short for Arab. ai,
Homo-, same. (Gk.) Gk. dp/J-s, same ; the, def. art. See AI- (,.).
cognate with E. satlU!. Lengthened to
homao-, like, in homceo-pathy. JIale-, Kal-, Kau-, badly. (L.; or
Hyper-, above, beyond. (Gk.) Gk. F.-L) L. male, badly, ill; whence F.
Ur'p, above; see Over-. mal, which becomes fIlau- in mau-gre.
Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp-. (Gk.) Gk. K8o; me-grim; see Remi-.
Ur6, under. T:C. sub, under; see Sub-. Keta., Keth-, Ket-, among, with,
Hence
allage.
"n"- in hyph-en; vp-
in hyp- after; also used to imply change. (Gk.)
Gk. JlfT4, among, with, after.+A. S. mia,
G . filii, Goth. mil", with. It appears also
as ",elh- in meth-od. fIlel- in met-eor.
1- (I); i-gnoble; see XL- (3). JIin-; min-ster; see Mono-.
I-(~); i.w; A.S.~-; seeY-. Xis- (I); mis-deed; mis-take. (E. and
D- (I); iI-Inde; see In- (1 ). Scand.) A. S. mis-, wrongly, amiss. +
D- (1 ); ii-legal; see In- (3). Icel. Dan. Do. mis-; Swed. miss-; Goth.
Im- (I); im-bed; see In- (I). missa., wrongly. Allied to miss, vb.
Im- (1); im-mure, im-merge; see In- Kis- (3). badly, ill. (F. ·-L.) O. F.
(1 ). mes-, from L. minus, less; used in a de-
Im- (3); im-mortal; see In- (3). preciatory sense. Appearing in mis-ad-
In- (I); in-born. (E.) A. S. in, prep. venture, mis-alliance, mis-chance, mis-
It also becomes im- before 6 and p; as in chief, mis-count, mis-creant, mis-nomer,
im-bed, im-park. See below. mis-prise, mis-prision. Quite distinct from
In- (1); in-elude. (L; or F. -L.) L Mis- (I).
in, in. + Gk. w, in; A. S. in. See In- Kono-, Kon-, single. (Gk.) Gk.
(I ), En- (3 ). It appears as am-, an-, em-, fIo/wO-S, single, sole, alone. Hence mon-k,
en-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, in am-bush, an-oint, min-ster.
em-brace, en-close, iI-lude, im-mure, in· Ku1ti-, Kult-,many. (L; orF.-L.)
elude, ir-ritate. From L mullus, much, many.
In- (3), negative prefiL (L.) L. in-,
+
neg. prefix. Gk. a..-, a-, neg. prefix; E. lI- (I) ; n-ewt, n-ickname, n-uncle. (E.)
uno, before nouns. See An- (~ ) , A- (9), A newl = an lU.I, where the prefixed n is
Un- (I). It appears as en-, i-, il-, im-, due to the indef. article. N·idmame = an
in-, ir-, in en·emy, i-gnoble, iI-legal, im- eke-name. My nuncle = mine uncle, where
mortal, in-firm, ir-regnlar. the n is due to the possessive pronoun.
Indi-, Ind-; indi-genous, ind-igent. In n-once, the prefixed n is due to the dat.
(L) O. Lat. indu, within. + Gk. 1,,301', case of the def. article, as seen in M. E.
within; see Eudo-. lor Ihen anes, lit. 'for the once.'
Intel-; see below. lI- (3 ), negative prefix. (E. or L) In
Inter-, between. (L.) L. inter, between. noone, the prefixed n is due to A. S. ne,
A comparative form , allied to L. inter-ior, not. In n-ull, it is due to the cognate
within; cf. L. inter-nus, internal. It L. ne, not. See Ne-.
appears as inlel- in intel-Iect, enter- in lIe-, lIeg-. (L.) L ne, not; nee
enter-tain ; and cf. entr-ails; see Enter-. (whence neg- in neg·ligere), not , short for
Closely allied are L. jntrv--, within, intrii·, ne-que, nor, not. In ne-farioos, neg-ation,
within. neg-leet, neg-otiate, ne-uter. See N- ( 3).
Intra-, within; see Inter-. lIon-, not. (L. ; or F.-L.) L. nOn,
Intro-, within; see Inter-. not; O. Lat. nomu"" for *ne oino"" i. e.
Ir- (I); ir-ritate; see In- (3). ne unum, not one; see above. It appears
Ir- ( 3) ; ir-regular; see In- (3). as um- in um-pire, for numpire.
I ... ; iss-ue. (F. -L.) }I' . iss., from L.
ex; see Ex- (I). 0-; o-mit; see Ob-.
Ob-. (L.; orF.-L) L Db, near; allied
to Gk. l-rri, upon, near; Skt. api, more-
.Juzta.-, near. (L.) L. iu.;rtii, near. over, Lith. api, near. See Epi-. The
63 7
 I. LIST OF PREFIXES
force of ob- is very variable; it appears as Peri-, around. (Gk.) Gk. ••pl, around.
0-, ob· , oe· , 0/-, op·, also as extended to + Skt. pari, Zend pairi, round about.
os- (for ops?) in o-mit, ob-long, oc-cur, Allied to Para-, &c.
of.fer, op·press, os-tensible. Pil-; pil·grim; see Per·.
00-; oc-cur ; see Ob-. Po-; po-sition; see Por· (I).
Of- ( I ) ; of·fal. (E.) A. S. oj, of, off, Pol-; pol-lute; see Por- ( I).
away. This word is invariably written off Poly-, many. (Gk.) Written for Gk.
in composition, except in the case of offal, "-01.11-, declo form of .MII-s, much, many.
where its use would have brought threef's Allied to E.fun.
together.+L. ab, Gk. d.o; see Ab- (1), Por- (1 ) ; por-tend. (L.) L. per-, to
Apo-. It appears a. a· in a·down. be compared with Gk . • apa, beside (Brug-
Of- (1) ; of-fer; see Ob-. mann, if. § 35). See Para-- (1). It
Oil-; see Of- ( I). appears as pol-, por·, in pol·lute, por-
On-, on, upon. (E.) A. S. on, on.+Gk. tend; and is allied to po- in po-sition.
.u.a. See Ana- (above). It often appears Por- (1 ) ; por-trait; see Pro- (I).
as a·, as in a·foot, a-sleep, &c. Post-, after. (L) Lposl, after, behind.
()p-; op-press; see Ob-. Hence F. puis, appearing as Pll- in pu-ny.
Gr- (1); or-deal,or-ts. (Eo) A.S.or-; Pour-; pour-tray; see Pro-.
cognate with Du. oor-, O. Sax. and G. ur-, Pr- ( 1) ; pr-ison; see Pre-.
Goth. us, away, out of. Pr- (1) ; pr-udent; see Pro- (1).
Or- (3); or-lop. (Du.) Short for Du. Pre-, Pre-, before. (L.) L.pre-, for
over, cognate with E. over; see Over-. prlZ, prep., before; for older, *prai.
Os-; os-tensible; sec Ob-. Allied to Pro-. This prefix occurs alSo
Out-. (E.) A. S. iii, ad v., E. oul.+ in pr-ison; and is curiously changed to
Goth. ul, G. aus, Skt. ud, out. Shortened pro- in pro-vost; and appears as prea- in
to uti· iu utt-er; and to ul- in ut-most. prea-ch.
Outr-; outr-age. (F . -L.) F.OIllre. - Preter-, beyond. (L) L. prlZler,
L. 1lllra, beyond; see Ultra-. beyond; comparative form of prlZ, before.
Over-. (E.) A. S. ofer, E. over, prep. + Pro- (I ) , before, instead of. (L. ; or
Goth. ufar, L s·uper, Uk. ;'..-ip, Skt. upari, F.-L.) L. pro-, before, in front, used as
above. A comparative form allied to Up, a prefix; also p ro, short for prod, aLl.
q. v. See Hyper-, Super-,Or- (1 ). case used as a preposition, which appears
in prod-igal. Allied to Gk . • pa, before,
Pa- i pa·lsy; see Para-. Skt. pra, before, away; also to E . for.
Palin-, Palim-, again. (Gk.) Gk. See Le1ow; and see For- (1). It appears
.<lAtI', back, again. It becomes pa/jm- in also as proj-, pour-, por-, pur-, pro, in
palim-psest. prof-fer, pour·tray, por-trait, pur-vey,
Pan-, Panto-, alL (GIc.) Gk. • all, pr-udent; where pour-, por-, pur- are
neut. of .as, aU; lfaIlTO-, decL form of due to the F. form pOllr.
the same, occurring in panto-mime. Pro- ( 2), before. (Gk.) Gk.lfpO, before;
Par- ( I); par-son; see Per-. cognate with Pro- (I ). In pro-logue,
Par- ( l ) ; par·ody; see Para-- (I ) pro-phet, pro-scenium, pro-thalamium.
Para- (1), beside. (GIc. ) Gk.lfapa, be- Pro- (3); pro-vost; see Pre-.
side. Allied to E. for, L per, also to Gk. Prod-; prod-igal; see Pro- ( I).
Iff",. See Per-, Peri-, and For- ( I). It Prof-; prof-fer; see Pro- (I).
becomes pa- in pa-lsy, par- in par-ody. Pros-, in addition, towards. (Gk.) Gk.
~ Quite distinct from para. in para·chute, IfPUS , towards. Allied to Forth- and
para· pet, para·sol, from L. parlire. Por- ( I ).
Para- (z) ; para-dise. Zend pairi = Proto-, Proto, first. (Gk.) From Gk.
Gk. IfEPI; see Peri-. "'pWTo-s, first; superl. form of ..-,,0, before;
Pel-; pel-lucid; see Per·. see Pro- (2). Shortened to prol- in prot-
Pen-; pen-insula. (L ) L /XZ1I-e, almost. oxide.
Per-, through. (L; or F .-L) L.per, PU-; pu·ny; . see Post-.
through. All ied to Para- and For· ( I). Pur-; pur-vey. ( F. -L.) See Pro- ( I).
It appears also as par- in par·son, par·
don; as pel- in pel-lucid; and as pil- in B.-; r-ally; see R e-.
pil.grim. B.a.-; ra-bbet; see Re-.
628
 I. LIST OF PREFIXES
Be-, Bed-, again. (L. ) L. n-, red- beneath; comparative form from SIIb,
(only in compositiun) , again, back. ReJ- under; see Sub-.
occurs in red-eem, red-integration, red - Sue-, 8uf-, Sug-, Sumo, Sup-; see
olent, red-ouod, red- undant, red-dition; SUb- .
and is changed to ren- in ren-der, ren-t. Super-, above, over. (L.) L. mper,
In re-ly, re-mind, re-new, it is prefixed to above. + Gk. inrip, over, beyond ; . A. S.
purely E. words; and in re-call, re-cast, oftr, E. ovcr. See Hyper-, Over-; also
to words of Scand. origin. It appears as Sub- . H ence supra-, beyond, L. stfprii.
,'- in r-ally ( I), r-ansom; and as ru- in Also sover- in sover-eign , which is a F.
ru-nagate. 2. Re- is frequently prefixed form; and sopr- in sopr-ano, which is an
to other prefixes, which sometimes coalesce Ital. form. Also F. sur- = L. super.
with it, so that snch words require care. Supra-, beyond; see above.
:I<'or example, rabbet = re-a-but ; ragout = Sur- ( r) ; sur-rogate; see Sub-.
re-a-gout; rampart = re-em-part; cf. also Sur- (2) ; sur-face ; see Super-.
re-ad-apt, re-col-lect, re-con-cite, re-sur- SUS-; sus-pend ; see Sub-.
rection, &c. Sy-, Sy1-, Sym-; see Sy n -.
Bear-; see Retro-. Syn-, with, together with. (Gk.) Gk .
Bed-, Ren-; see Re- (above). uuv, with. It appears as sy-, syl- , sy m-,
Bere-; rere-ward; see R etro-. and syn-, in sy-stem, syl-iogism, sym-
Retro-, backwards, behind. (L.) L. metry, syn-tax,
relro-, backwards, back again; a com-
parative form from reo, back; see R e-. T- (r ) ; t-wit. (E.) Twil is from A. S.
The prefixes rear-, "ere-, in rear-guard, al-wilan, to twit , reproach; thus 1- is
rere-ward, are due to L. relro, and are of here used ror E. at.
F. origin. T- (2 ) ; t-awdry. (F. -L.) Tawdry is
for Saini Awdry; thus 1- is here the final
S- ( r) ; s-ober, s-urc ; see Se-. letter of sai't-I.
S- (2) ; s- pend; see Dis-. T- (3) ; t-autology. (Gk.) Here 1- repre-
S- (3) ; s-ample; see Ex- (1). sen ts Gk. 70, neuter of def. article.
S- (4) ; s-ombre; see p. ;,or. Thorough- through. (E.) Merely
Sans-, without. (F.-L.) F. sarIS, another form 01 E. Ihrough.
without. - L. sim, without; see S ine-. To- ( r) , to-day. (E.) A . S. 10, to,
Be-, Sed-, away, apart. (L.) L. si -. To- ( 2), intensive prefix. (E.) Obsolete,
apart; O. l~'lt. sed-, apart, wh ich is prob- except in lo-brake. A. S. 10-, apart,
ably retained in sed-ition. The orig. sense asunder; prob. cognate with L. dis-,
was probably ' by oneself.' It appears as apart. See Dis-, ~ Some connect it
s- in s-ure ; if. sober. with Gk. M~-; see Dys-.
Semi-, half. (L.) L. si1lli, half.+ GU. Tra.-, Tra.n-; see below,
~p1- , half; see Hemi-. It appears as sin- Tra.ns-, beyond. (L.) L. trans , beyond.
in sin-ciput.; Shortened to Iran- in tran-scend; and to
Sine-, without. (L.) L sille, without ; Ira- in tra-duce, tra-verse, &c. Hence
lit. if not. -L. si, if ; ,u, not. Hence F. F . lres-, occurring in tres-pass; and lre-
satts, without. in tre-ason.
SO-; so-joum; see Sub-. Tre- ( r), Tres-. (F. - L.) See above.
Sover-, Sopr-; see Super-. Tre- ( 2) ; tre-ble. (F. -L. ) See below.
Stra-; stra-nge; see E xtra- . Tri- ( I ) , thrice. (L.) L. Iri- , thrice;
Su-; su-spect; see Sub-. allied to b 'es, three. Hence tri-ple, tre-
Sub-, under. ( L. ) L sub, under, (some- ble, &c.; and Ira- in tra-mmel.
times) up. Allied to Gk. wo, under; Tri- (2), thrice, (Gk.) Gk, Tp<-, thrice;
Sk t. flja , near , under; also to E. up and allied to Tpla , neut. of TPfir, three. Hence
of. See Hypo-, Of- , Up-. Sub also ap- tri-gonometry, &c.
Twi-, double, doubtful. (Eo ) A.S.lwi-,
pears as S·, SO- , Stl-, suc-, suf-, su.g-, SU1JI- ,
sup., sur- , in s-omhre (7), so-joum , su-spect,
double; allied to Iwa, two. Hence twi-
suc-ceed, suf-fuse, sug-gest, sum-mon, bill, twi-light.
sup-press, sur-rogate. It is also extended
to sus- (for sups- ) ; as in sus-pend. 'Ultra.-, beyond. (L.) L. ullra, beyond;
8ubter-, beneath. (L) L. mbler, allied to O. Lat. uller, adj., appearing in
62 9
 II. SUFFIXES
ttller-ior, which see in Dict. Hence F .\ Utter-. ( F . - L.) Only in ulter-ana
outre, beyond, appearing in outr-age; also ( 2) . F . outre, L. ultra; see Ultra-.
in E utter-ance (2) , corntption of F. outr-
altce. . V-; v-an (I). (F.-L.) See Ab- ( I) .
Um-; um-plre ~ see Non-. Ve-, apart from. ( L. ) L. u~-, apart
~I1- ( I) , negative prefix to n.ouns, ~c. from. Only in ve-stibule, and (possibly)
( E.) A. S. Ult-, not; cognate with L. m- , in ve-stige.
not , Gk. av-, not. See An- ~2) ,. I~ - (3). Vice-, Vis-, in place of. (L.; or F. -L)
'Un- (2) , verbal. prefix, slgmfymg the L. uice, in place of, whence O . F. vis, the
reversal of an actIOn. ( E.) A_ S. uno , same. The latter appears only in vis-
verbal prefix; cognate with Du. onto , count.
mt- , G. ent-, O. H. G. ant-, Goth. and-.
The same as E. alt- in alt·swer; see
An- (5), Anti-. Wan-, negative prefix; see Wanton in
Un- (3) ; un-til, un-to. (0. Low G . ) its due place; p. 599.
See un-to in Diet., p. 584. With-, against. (E.) A. S. wi6,
Un- (4) , UBi-, one. (L.) L. un·lts, stand.against; the sense is preserved in with-
one; whence uni-vocal, with one voice ; In with-hold, with-drnw, it signi-
un-animous, of one mind; &c. Cognate fies • back.'
with E. one.
Under-. (E.) A. S. tlntier, E. untier, y -; y-wis, y-clept. (E.) A. S. ge-
prep. prefix; M. E. i-, yo. This prefix appears
'Up-. (E.) A.S. up, E. ttP, prep. Allied as a- in a-ware, as ;- in i-wis (for
to Of, Sub·, Hypo- . y-wis) and as e- in e-nough. See A- (1l),
'Ut-, Utt-. (Eo) See Out. E- (3).

II. SUFFIXES
:rHE nnmber of suffixes in modern English is so great, and the forms of several,
especiaUy in words derived through the F rench from Latin, are so variable, that an
attempt to exhibit them aU would tend to confusion. The best account of their origin
is to be fonnd in Brugmann, Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Indo-
germanischen Sprachen. An account of Anglo-Saxon suffixes is given at p. "9 of
March , Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language. Lists of Anglo-Saxon
words, arranged according to their suffixes, are given in Loth, Etymologische angel-
srechsisch-englische Grnmmatik, Elberfelcl , 1870. Simple accounts of English suffixes
in general are given in Morris, Historical Outlines of English A<:cidence, pp. 2 [2 - 221,
229-242, in Nesfield, Historical English and Derivation, pp. 185-2 52, and in the two
Series of my Principles of English Etymology, to which the reader is referred. See
also Koch , Historische Grammatik der E nglischen Sprache, vol. iii. pI. J, pp. 29-76.
It is clearly established that the Indo-germanic languages abound in suffixes, each of
which was originaUy intended slightly to mod ify the meanin g of th e Toot to which
it was added , so as to express the radical idea in a new relation. The fo rce of many
of these mnst, even at an early period, have been slight, and in man y instances it is
diffi cult to trace it ; but in some instances it is still clear, and the form of the suffix
is then of great service. The difference bet ween lov-er, lov-ed, and lov-iltg is well
marked, and readily understood. One of the most remark ahle points is that most
Indo-germanic languages delighted in adding suffix to suffix, so that words are not
uncommon in which two or more suffixes occur, each repeating, it may be, the sense
of that which preceded it. Double diminutives such as par/i-c.le, i. e. a little little
630
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK WORDS
part are sufficiently common. The Lat. superl. suffix -£s-si-mlls is a simple example
of the use of a treble suffix, which really expresses no more than is expressed by -mus
alone in the word fri-mus. The principal Indo-germanic suffixes, as given by
llrugmann, are these: -0 , -i, -11, .yo, -lIJO, -m~, -mi, -l1!en (-mOl' ), -meno (-mella), -110,
-Ino, -ni, -nu, -en (olin), -enl (-onl), ·10, -It, -1'0, on, -ru, ·er (-or), -es (-os), -10,
-menlo -Ii -Ii-on, -Ia-ti, -Iu, -li.-li, -Ier (-lor, -11'), -Itiro, -id, -d, -d-en, -d-on, -Iii-den,
-do, -g; -k~ -k, -sqo, -sqa, -Mo. But these can be readily compounded , so as to form
new suffixes'; so that from -men-to was formed -menlo (as in E. argu-mellf).
One common error with regard to suffixes should be guarded against, namely, that
of mis-dividing a word so as to give the suffix a false shape. This is extremely
common in such words as Iogi-c, civi·c, belli-c-ou, where the suffix is commonly spoken
of as being -ic or -ie-ose. This error occurs, for instance, in the elaborate book on
English Affixes by S. S. Haldemann, published at Philadelphia in 1865; a work which
is of considerable use as containiI1g a very full account, with numerous examples, of
suffixes and prefixes. The truth is that civi-c (Lat. ciu;eus) is derived from Lat. clui-,
declensional stem of eiui-s, a citizen, ,vith the suffix -cus (Idg. -ko) ; and logi·c is
from Gk. AO"(t-I<6s, from 11.0"(1- , for 11.6"(0-, declensional stem of A6"),os, a discourse, with
the suffix -KOS, as before. Compare Lat. ciui-tiis, Gk. AO"),Q-I'axia. Of course, words
in -i-c are so numerous that -ic has come to be regarded as a suffix at the present
day, so that we do not hesitate to form Volla-ic as an adjective of Volta; bnt this is
English misuse, not Latin etymology. Moreover, since both -i- and ·ko are Idg.
suffixes, such a suffix as -I-KOS, -i-cus, is possible both in Greek and Latiu; but in the
particular words above cited it is clearer to consider the ·i- as due to the original stem.
One more word of warning may perhaps suffice. If we wish to understand a suffix,
we must employ comparative philology, and not consider English as an absolutely
isolated language, with laws different from those of other languages of the Aryan
family. Thus the -Ik in tr-u-Ik is the ~ of A. S. trlOlIJ-(J, gen. case trlow-(Je, fern. sb.
This suffix answers to thaI seen in Goth. ga/Jaur.lks, birth, gen. case ga/JaU1'-lkais, fem .
sb., belonging to the -i-stem declension of Gothic strong substantives. The true
suffix is therefore to be expressed as Teut. -IIIi, cognate with Idg. -Ii, so extremely
common in Latin; cf. do·li-, dowry, men-li-, mind, mor-li-, death, mes·si- « mel-li-),
harvest, that which is mown. Hence, when Horne Tooke gave his famous etymology
of lrulk as being' that which a man Irowelk,' he did in reality suggest that the -Ii· in
Lat. mor-h'- is identical with the ·1 in meri-I-ur or in ama-I; in other words, it was
a mere whim.

III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN AND

GREEK WORDS
IN the former edition of this work a list of Indo·germanic roots was given, as
determined, for the most part, by Fick. The later researches of Brugmann and others
have much modified the former results, chiefly because the vowel-sounds have been
more exactly appreciated. As a list of roots is not usually much required in practice,
it has been here replaced by a useful and practical list of some of the more importa'nt
words in Latin and Greek which are, mostly, of rather freqnent occurrence in English
compounds and derivatives. In some cases, the form of the root is given, chiefly when
the derivatives from it are rather numerous. Both of these lists might be largely increased.
but it has not been deemed worth while to include such words as present no difficulty.
For example, the Greek word ItOUI'OS, order, is purposely omitted, because its deri-
vatives (viz. eosm-ic, cosm-elie, and words beginning with cosmo- ) can readily be fOl1nd
at p. II4. On the other hand, the Greek aAAOS is inserted, for the sake of such
derivatives as par-al/-ax, par-al/-e/.
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS

THE following list contains the principal Latin words which are (mostly) produc-
tive of rather numerous derivatives in English, and readily admit prefixes. Words that
have produced but few derivatives, or that are of no especial interest, are excluded.
ac·, as in ac-ff', ac-idus, ac-utus, sharp- art-!m , ace., skill-art, artifice, artillery,
acerbity, acid, acrid, acrimony, acumen, artisan, inert.
acute, aglet, ague, eager, eglantine, asper, rough - asperity, exasperate.
exacerbate. (V AK , to be sharp.) aut/i-re, to hear - audible, audience,
adi-s, a temple - edify, edile; cj. estuary, audit, obedient, obeisance, obey, oyer,
ether,oasthouse. ( VA1DH, to bum.) oyez.
O!qu-us, equal-adequate, equal, equa- aug-ere, to increase -auction, augment,
nimity, equation, equilibrium, equinox, august, author, auxiliary; if. eke (I).
equipollent, equity, equivalent, equivocal, (v AUG, to increase.)
iniyuity. . aur-is, the ear-auricula, auricular, aus·
ag-ere, to drive-act, agent, agile, agitate, cultation, scout (I ) ; if. ear (I).
agriculture, ambiguous, coagulate, cogent, aur-um, gold - aureate, dory, loriot,
cogitate, counteract, enact, essay, exact, or (3), oriel, oriflamme, oriole, ormulu,
examine, exigent, peregrination, pilgrim, orpiment, orpine.
prodigal, transact. Cf. Gk.II'YfI"; p. 6#. aui·s, a bird-auspice, aviary, bustard,
( vAG to drive.) ostrich.
alb-us, white-alb, album, albumen, barb-a, beard-barb (I), barbel, barber;
auburn. if. beard.
ai-ere, to nonrish, grow up - adolescent, barr-a (Late L) - bar, barracks, barrel,
adult, aliment, alimony, altar, altitude, barricade, barrier, barrister, debar, em-
alto, coalesce, contralto, exalt, haughty, bargo, embarrass.
hautboy, proletarian. (vAL, to nourish. ) !>ass-us, low-abase, base (2), basement,
ai-ius, other-alias, alien, alibi, aliquot, bass (I), bass-relief, bassoon, dehase.
alter, altercation, alternate, subaltern. Cf. bat-ere (popular L.), to beat - abate,
Gk.II.\.\of; p.645. battalion, batter (I ), batter (2), battery,
am-are, to love - amatory, amenity, battle, battledoor, combat, debate, re-
amiable, amicable, amity, amorous, amour, bate.
enamour, enemy, enmity, inimical, para- bell· liS, beautiful-bean, beauty, beldam,
mour. belladonna, belle, embellish.
ambul-are, to walk-amble, ambulance, bib.ere, to drink-beaver (3), !>everage,
ambulation, circumambulate, perambulate. bevy, bib, imbibe, imbrue (embrew).
ang-ere, to choke - angina, anguish, bon·us, good- bonny, boon, adj., bounty.
anxious; if. ail, anger, awe, ugly. (V brachi-a, arms - brace, bracelet, brassart,
AGH, to choke. ) embrace, vambrace.
ani1ll.a, breath, anim-us, mind - animal, bretl-is, short -abbreviate, abridge, breve,
animadvert, animate, animosity; equani- brevet, breviary, brevity, brief (I), brief
mity, magnanimous, pusillanimous, unani- (2).
mous. (VAN, to breathe.) brocc-a (Late L.) . a pointed stick -broach,
amI-tIS, a year - annals, anniversary, brocade, broccoli, brochure, brocket ,
annual , biennial, triennial , &c. ; perennial, broker, brooch.
superannuate. bua -a, mouth - debouch , disembogtl.e,
apt-us, fit - adapt, adept, apt, aptitude, embouchme.
attitude, inept. ( V AP, to bind .) bull-a, a bubble, boss - bill (3), billet
aqtl-a, water - ayua -fortis, aquatic,aqua- ( I), boil ( J), budge ( I), bull ( 2), bullet,
rium , aquarius, aqueduct, aqueous, ewer, bulletin, bullion, ebullition , parboil.
sewer ( I ), subaqueous; if. ait, eyot, island. busc·us (popular L.), a bush - ambuscade,
anll-a, arms - alarm , alarum, ambry ambush , bnsh (1), bouquet, emboss ( 2).
(aumbry) , arm (2) , arms, armada, arma- bux -tlS, a box-tree- box ( I), boX(2) , bush
dillo, armament, armistice, armour, army. (2) ; if. bushel, pyx.
63 2
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
caball-us (popular L_), a horse - cavalier, purchase, receive, receptacle, reception,
cavalcade, cavalry, chevalier, chivalry. recipe, recipient, sash ( I ) , susceptible; if.
cad-ere, to fall - accident , cadaverous, haft, heave, heft. (1I"QAP, to seize, take
cadence, caducous, cascade, case ( I ), hold of.
casual, chance, cheat, coincide, decadence, cap-ut, the head - achieve, cabbage ( I),
decay, deciduous, escheat, incident, oc- cad, cadet, cape ( 2) , capital ( I) , capital
casion , occident. ( 2), capital (3), capitation, capitol, capi-
cad-ere, to cut-caesura, circumcise, con- tular, capitulate, captain, cattle, chapiler,
cise, decide, excision, incise, precise; chapter, chattels. chief, chieftain, corporal
also homi-cide, sui-cide, &c.; also chisel, ( I ), decapitate, hatchment, occiput, preci-
scissors. pice, sinciput.
carum, heaven-ceil, ceiling, celestial. carn-, stem of coro, tl e~h - carnage,
cal-tire, to snmmon-calends, calendar, carnal, carnation, carnival, carnivorous,
conciliate, conncil, intercalate, reconcile; carrion lfrom caro), charnel, incarnadine,
cf. cllimtire (below). incarnation.
calc-tire, to tread-caulk, causeway, cock- ca,p·ere, to cull- excerpt, scarce; if.
atrice. harvest. (1I"QERP, to cnt.)
calc.em, acc., lime - calcareous, calcine, car·us, dear - caress, charity, cherish; if.
calculate, calx, chalk. whore.
cal-ere, to be hot-caldron, calentnre, cas-a, a cottage - casino, cassock (1),
caloric, calorific, caudle, chafe, chaldron, chasuble.
nonchalant, scald ( I). cast-us, chaste-caste, castigate, chaste
camer-a, a chamber-camera, chamber, chasten , chastise, incest.
chamberlain, comrade. (1I"KAM, to bend, catin'a, a chain-catenary, chain, chig-
cover, vault over.) non, concatenation.
camp-us, a plain-camp, campaign, cam- caud·a, the tail-caudal, coward, cue,
pestral, champagne, champaign,champion , queue.
decamp, encamp, scamp. caftss·a, a cause-accuse, because, cause,
cantil-,"s, a canal- canal, channel, ken- excuse, recusant, ruse.
nel ( 2) . cau-tls, hollow-cage, cajole, ca'e, con-
cancri, lattice-work - cancel, chancel , cave, excavation, gabion, gaol, jail.
chancellor, chancery. red-ere, to come, yield -abscess, accede,
cand-lye, to shine- candelabrum, candid, access, ancestor, antecedent, cease, cede,
candidate, candle, candour, cannel-coal, cess, cessation, cession, cess-pool, concede,
censer, chandelier, chandler, incande- decease, exceed, excess, incessant, inter-
scent, incendiary. incense ( I ), incense (2), cede, precede,predecessor, proceed, recede,
kindle ( 2). (1I"QEND, to shine.) recess, retrocession, secede, succeed.
can-is, a dog-canine, kennel (I ) ; if. ell-lire, to hide - cell, cellar, conceal,
cynic. honnd. occult; if. hall, hell, hole. (1I"QEL, to
cant-lire, to sing-accent, canorous, cant hid e.)
(I ), canticle, canto, canzonet, chant, de- cent-um, a hundred - cent, centenar\',
scant, enchant, incantation, incentive, pre- centennial, centesimal, centigrade, centi-
centor, recant; if. hen. pede, centuple, centurion, century, quintal.
ctfp-a (popular L.), a cape - cap, caparison, clr-a, wax - cerecl oth, cerement, ceruse.
cape ( I ), capuchin, chapel , chaperon, cerebr-u1Il , brain - cerebral, cerveJas
chaplet, cope ( I I, escape, scape. (saveloy).
caj>-er, a goat - cab, cabriolet, caper, cern-ere, to separate - concern, decree,
capricorn, capriole, cheveril , chevron. decretal, discern, discreet, discriminate,
Lap-ere, to sdze, lay hold of, contain - excrement, excretion, secret, secretary. See
accept, anticipate, cable, caitiff, capable, Gk. I<p[V.,v; p. 645.
capacious, capsule, captious, captive, ceri-Its, sure-ascertain, certain , certify.
captor, capture, case ( 2), casement, cash, dng-ere, to gird - cincture, enceinte,
casket, catch , cater, chase ( 1), chase ( 2), precinct, shingles, succinct.
chase (3) , conceit, conceive, conception, drc-us, a ring- circle, circus, research,
deceive, deception, encase, euchase, except, search, shark.
im perceptible, inceptive, incipient, intcr- cist-a, a chest-chest, cist, cistern, cist-
cept, occupy, perceive, perception, precept, vaen.
633
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
cil-tire, to incite - cite, excite, incite, crass-us, thick, dense - crass, cresset,
recite, resuscitate, solicit. grease.
ciu-£s, a citizen-cit, citadel, citizen, city, crtit-es, a hurdle-crate, creel, grate (1 ),
civil. griddle, gridiron, grill ; if. hurdle.
clam-are, to call out-acclaim, acclama- creare, to create, make-create, creole,
tion, claim, clamour, declaim, declama- procreate, recreation.
tion, exclaim, exclamation , proclaim, cred-ere, to believe - credible, credit, cred-
proclamation, reclaim , reclamation. ulous, creed, grant, miscreant, recreant.
cltfr-us, clear - claret, clarify, clarion, crep-are, to crackle, burst-crevice, de-
clear, declare, glair. crepit, discrepant.
claud-ere, to shut - clause, cloister, cresc-ere, to grow - accretion, accruc,
close ( I), close ( 2) , closet, conclude , ex- concrete, crescent, crew, decrease, decre-
c1ude, include, preclude, recluse, seclusion, ment, excrescence, increase, increment, re-
sIn ice ; if. slot (1 ). ('V'SKLEUD, to cruiL
shut. ) cret-a, chalk-cretaceous, crayon.
cltfu-is, a key-clavicle, clef, conclave. croce-us (popular L.), a hook-crochet,
cli-ttus, a slope - acclivity, declivity, crosier, crotchet, crouch.
procli vity; if. decline, encline, incline, cruc-em, acc., a cross - cross, crucial,
recline; also lean ( I ), low (3). Cf. Gk. crncify, cruise, crusade, excruciate.
I<)..lvflv; p.645- ('V'KLEI, to lean.) cub-are, to lie down-concubine, covey,
cohort-em, acc., an enclosure - cohort, incubate, incubus; if. incumbent, procum-
cortege, court (1), courl (2), courteous, bent, recumbent, succumb.
courtesan, courtesy, courtier, curtain, culp-a, blame -culpable, culprit, excul-
cUltsey; if. garden, garth, yard ( I). pate, inculpate.
('V'GHER, to contain.) culter, a coulter - coulter, curtleaxe, cut-
col-are, to trickle-colander, culvert (?), lass, cutler.
cull is, percolate, portcullis. cUlIlul-tts, a heap-accumulate, cumulate.
col-ere, to ti1l-colony, cultivate, culture; cune-us, a wedge-coign, coin, cuneate,
agriculture; if. bucolic. ('V'QEL, to tum quoin.
round , to till. ) Cttj-a, a vat - coop, cowl (2), cupola,
coll-um, the neck - collar, collet, col- goblet; if. cup.
porteur, decollation. cup-ere, to desire - concupiscence, covet,
cond-ere, to hide - abscond, sconce (I), cupid, cupidity.
sconce ( 2). ciir-a, care-accurate, assure, curate,cure,
contra, against - counter, encounter, ren- curious, ensure, proctor, procurator, procure,
contre, rencounter. proxy, scour, secure, sicker, sinecure, sure.
cooper-ire, to cover - cover, coverlet, curr-ere (curs-) , to run-coarse, con-
covert, curfew, discover, kerchief. course, concnr, corridor, corsair, conrier,
copula, a bond - copulate, couple. course, current, curricle, cursive, cursory,
coqu-ert, to cook - biscuit, concoct, cook, discourse, discursive, excursion, incur, in-
decoct, kitchen, precocious; also apricot, cnrsion, intercourse, occur, precursor, re-
terra· cotta. ('V'PEQ, to cook. ) course, recur, succour. Also hussar, kraal;
cord-, from cor, the heart - accord, con- if. horse.
cord, cordial, courage, discord, quarry (2), curu-us, bent-curb, curve, curvet, incur-
record ; if. hearL vate, kerbstone.
cor-iu11l, leath er - cuirass, excoriate, damn-um , loss-condemn,damage,damn,
scourge. indemnify, indemnity.
corn-u, a hom-core (?), com (2), cornea, da-re, to give-condone, dado, date ( 1) ,
cornel, cornelian, comer, cornet, cornu- die ( 2), donation, dowager, dower, pardon ,
copia, unicorn; if. hom, hart. reddition, render, rendezvous, rent ( 2) , sur-
corolt-a, a wreath - corolla, corollary, render, tradition, traitor, treason. ('V'DO,
coronal, coronation, coroner, coronet, to give.)
crown. decem, ten - denn, decaual, decemvir,
corp·us, body _ corporal (2) , corps, corpse, decennial, decimal, decimate, decussate,
~orpulent, corpuscle, corse, corset, corslet, denary, dime; if. decade, ten, tithe.
Incorporate. dec-ere, to become-decent, decorate, de-
cosl-a, a rib - accost, coast, costal, cutlet. comm.
63~
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
denl-em acc., tooth - dandelion, dental, comfit, confect, counterfeit, defeasance,
denticle, 'dentifrice, dentist, dentition, in- defeat, defect, deficient, difficulty, discomfit,
dent, indenture; if. tine, tooth. effect, efficacy, efficient, facile, facsimile,
deus, god- adieu, deify, deity, deist; if. fact, faction, factitious , factotum , faculty,
jovial; and see diis (below). fashion, feasible, fetish , feat, feature , fiat,
die-ere, to say, die-tire, to tell-abdicate, forfeit, hacienda, infect, mallecho, perfect,
addict, condition, contradict, dedicate, prefect, proficient, profit, ,!efection, suffice,
dictate, diction, dictionary, dight , ditto, sufficient, surfeit. (-v'DHE, to put, place.)
dilty, edict, index, indicate, in~ict, inter- faci-is, face - deface, efface, fas:ade, face,
dict, preach, predicament, predicate, pre- superficies, surface.
dict; if. avenge, benediction, benison, jail-ere, to deceive-default, fail , fallacy,
judge (adjudge, adjudicate, judicature, fallible , false, faucet, fault , refe!.
judicial, judicious, prejudge, prejudice), fti-ri, to speak -affable, confabulate, con-
malediction, malison, valediction, verdict, fess, defame, fable, fairy, fay , ineffable,
vindicate. (-v' DEIK, to show.) infamy, infant, infantry, nefarious, preface,
dii -s, a day-adjourn, dial, diary, dismal, profess; if. han. · ( .vBHA, BHA, to
diurnal, journal, journey, sojourn. speak.)
dign-us, worthy ':' condign, dainty, deign , -fetid-ere, to strike - defend, fence, fend,
dignify, dignity, disdaiu. offend.
dol-ire, to grieve - coudole, doleful, dolour, fer-toe, to bear - circumference, confer,
indolence. defer (I), defer (2), differ, fertile , infer,
dom-tire, to tame-daunt, indomitable; offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer;
if. tame. ( .vDAM , to tame.) if. bear (1), barrow ( 2), bier. (-v'BHER,
domit'-lIs, a lord-dam (2), dame, damsel, to bear.)
danger, demesne, domain; dominate, do- ferrI -ire, to boil- effervesce, fervent, fer-
mineer, dominical. dominion, domino, don vid, ferment.
( 2), donna, duenna, dungeon; if. monkey. fest-um, a feast - feast, festal, festival,
due-ere, to lead-abduction, adduce, con- festive, fete.
duce, conduct, condnit, deduce, deduct, jid-mz, ace., faith - affiance, affidavit,
doge, douche, ducal, ducat, duchess, duchy, confide, defy, diffident, faith, fealty, fide-
duct, ductile, duke, educe, induce, induct, lity, fiducial, infidel, perfidious; if. bide.
introduce, produce, product, redoubt, re- (-v'BHEIDH, to trust.)
duce, seduce, superinduce, traduce; if. fig-ere (.fix-), to fix - affix, fix, prefix,
educate. (-v'DEUK, to lead. ) suffix, transfix.
duo, two- belligerent, deuce (r ),deuce (2), fil-Ilm, a thread - defile (2 ), enfilade,
double, doublet, doubloon, doubt, dozen, filament, file (I), filigree, fillet, profile,
dual, dubions, duel, duet, duodecimal, purl (3).
duodenum, duplicate,duplicity, indubitable, jing-ere (jig- ), to fashion - configuration,
rebel, redoubtable; if. two. effigy, faint, feign, fiction, figment, fignre,
dur-us, hard-durance, duration, dure , transfigure; if. dairy, dike, ditch, dough.
duress, endure, indurate, obdurate. (-v'DHEIGH, to knead, mould.)
ed-ere, to eat-edible, esculent, obese; fit, -is, end -affinity, confine, defiue, final,
el eat. (-v'ED, to eat.) finance, fine ( I ), fine ( 2), finial , fillical,
em ·ere, to take-assume, consume, en- fini sh, finite, refine, superfine; if. paraffine.
sam ple, example, exemplar, exemplify, jirm-us, firm-affirm, confirm, farm , firm,
exempt, im promptu, peremptory, premium, firmament , infirm. (-v'DHER, to support.)
presume, prompt, ransom, redeem , resume, jiiigra-re, to burn-conflagration , flagrant;
sample, sam pler, sumptuary, su mptuous. if. lIambeau, lIame, lIamen (?), lIamingo.
err-are, to stray-aberration, err, erratum, (-v' BHLEG, to burn.)
erroneous, error. jieet-en, to bend - circumflex, dellect,
I!S-st, to exist, be - absent , entity, essence, lIection, lIexible, inflect, rellect.
present, quintessence. Cf. are, sin, sooth; jiig-cre (jiiet- ), to strike-afflict, conllict,
also suttee. (-v'E.S, to dwell , exist.) inflict. prolligate.
exler-, as in exler-ior, outer-estrange, jiOr-em, acc., a lIower-dellower, effio-
exterior, external, extra, extraneous, ex- rescence, ferret (2) , lIeur-de -lis, lIoral,
treme , extrinsic, strange. lIorid, 1I0rin, lIoscule, lIour, lIourish,lIower,
fac-ere (pt. t. ft-et,>, to do - affair, affect , inllorescence; if. blow (2), bloom, bl ssom.
635
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
.flu·ere, to flow - affluence, confluence, gress, degrade, degree, digress, egress
detluction, effluence, floss, fluctuate, fluent, gl ade, gradient, gradual, graduate, graii
fluid, fluor-spar, tlux, influence, influenza, (1), grallatory, grise, ingredient, ingress,
influx, superfluous. progress, regress, retrograde, retrogres-
foe-tH, a hearth - focus, fnel, fnsiI (I). sion, transgression. (.vGHREDH, to
fM-ere (joss-), to dig-foss, fossil. go.)
foti-III1l, leaf -exfoliate, foil (2), foliage, graM-is, great-aggrandise, gaffer, gam-
folio. perfoliate, trefoil. mer, gramercy, grand, grandee, grandeur,
form -a, form - conform, deform, form, grandiloquent; if. grampus.
formula, inform, reform, transform . gra,.-um, grain - engrain, garner, garnet,
(.v OHER, to support. ) grain, granary, grange, granite , granule,
fori-em, acc., strong - comfort. deforce, grenade, pomegranate; if. corn. (.vGER,
effort, force (I ), fort , forte , fortify, forti- to grind.)
tude, fortress; if. borough. (.vBH ERGH, griit-us, pleasing - agree, congratula\e,
to protect.) grace, grateful, gratify, gratis, gratitude,
fra1tg-ere (frag-), to break - fraction, gratuitous, gratuity, gratulate, ingratiate,
fracture, fragile , fragm ent, frail, fran gible, ingrate.
infraction , in fringe , irrefragable, refract, grau-is, heavy - aggravate, aggrieve,
refrain ( 2) ; if. break. (.vBHREG, to grave (2), grief, grieve.
break. ) greg-em, acc.,. a flock-aggregate, con-
frie-tfre, to rub-fray (3), friction. gregate, egregious, gregarious, segregate.
fr01tt-em , acc., forehead - affront, con- gross-tts, thick - engross, grocer, grog,
front , effrontery, front , frontal, frontier, grogram, gross.
frontispiece, frontlet ; if. flounce ( 2). gust-us, a tasting-disgust, gust ( 2), ra-
fru-i (frl/ct- ), to enjoy - frnctify, fruit, gout; if. choose, choice. (y'GEUS, to
fruiti on, frumenty; if. frugal, broDk (I ). taste. )
(.vBHREUG, to enjoy.) kab-ere, to have-able, avoirdupois, bin-
f ug-ere, to tree-fugitive , fngue, refuge, nacle, cohabit, debenture, debt, deshab-
refugee, snbterfuge; if. bow tl). ille, devoir, d ue, duty, endeavour, exhibit,
( y'BHEUG, to bend.) habiliment, habit, habitable, habitant,
fimd-ere (fi'S- ), to pour- confound, con- habitat, habitation, habitude, inhabit, in-
fuse, confute, diffuse, effuse, foison, fuse ( I) , hibit , prebend, prohibit, provender.
fusil (3), futile, infuse, profuse, refund, h(er-ere (hils-), to stick - adhere, cohere,
refuse, refute, suffuse, transfuse; if. g ut, hesitate, inherent.
chyle, chemist. (.vGHEU, to pour. ) her-ls, an heir-heir, hereditary, heritage,
fUM-US, bottom - found ( I), founder, inherit.
fund, fundament, profound; if. bot tom. hom-o, a man - homage ,homicide, human,
fU1tg-i (ju1tet-) , to perform - defunct, humane, ombre.
function, perfunctory. hOff-ire, to bristle - abhor, horrible,
gattdi-um, joy -enjoy, gaud, joy, rejoice. horrid, horrify, horror, ordure; if. hirsute.
gel-II, frost - congeal, gelatine, gelid,jeily; hum-us, the ground-exhume, humble,
if. chill, cool. humiliate, humility.
gen-us, kin - congenial, congenital, de- inl-us, within -denizen, intestine; if. en·
generate, engender, engine, gender ( I ) , trails, interior, internal.
gender (2 ), general, generate, generic, i-re, to go - adit, ambient, ambition, ar·
generous, genial, genital, genitive, genius, rant, circuit, commence, concomitant, con-
genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, genuine, stable, count (I ), county, exit, eyre, initial,
genus, gin ( 2 y, indigenous, ingeniol1s, initiate, issue, itinerant, obit, perish, prretor,
ingenuous, progenitor,progeny, regenerate; preterite, sedition, sudden, trance, transient,
ef. kin. (.vGEN, to produce. ) transit; if. isthmus. (.vEl, to go. )
ger-ere (gesl-) , to bear-congeries, con- (i=y.) iae-tre, to throw-abject, adja-
gestion, digest , exaggerate, genmd, gesta- cent, adjective, agistment, amice ( I ) , cir-
tion, gesticulate, gesture, jest, register, cumjacent, conjecture, deject, ejaculate,
suggestion. eject, gist, inject, interjacent, interjection ,
glt"in-, for g"Uen, glue - agglutinate, jesses, jet (I), jetsam, jetty, joist, jut,
conglutinate, glue, glntinous. jutty, object, project, reject, subjacent,
grad-. (cress.), to step - aggress, con- subject, trajectory.
63 6
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
ilK-us, a jest - jeopardy, jewel, jocose. lin-um, flax, lin-ea, a line- align (aline),
jocular, joke. juggler. delineate. line, lineage. lineal, lineament,
iWliex, a judge; see dicere; p. 635. linear, linen, lint; if. lining, linnet, lin-
iung-ere (iug- ), to join - adjoin, conjoin, seed, linsey·woolsey.
conjugal, conjugate, enjoin, injunction. join. liqu-~re, to be fluid -deliquesce, liquefy,
joint. jugular. junction, juncture, junta, liquescent, liquid, liquidate, liquor.
junto, rejoin, subjoin, subjugate, sub- litera, a letter- alliteration, letter, literal,
junctive; if. yoke, syzygy. (.vYEUG, to literature, obliterate.
join.) loe-us, a place-allocate, allow (1), col-
;ur-dre (ius-), to swear- abjure, adjure, locate, couch, dislocate, lieu, lieutenant,
conjure, injure, juridical,jurisdiction, jurist, local, locate, locomotion, locus.
juror, jury, just (1), justice, juatify, objur- long·us, long-eloign, elongate, longevity,
gation, peJjure. longitude, lunge, oblong, prolong, pur-
;uu-are, to help-adjutant, aid, coadjutor. loin; if. long.
liW-i (laps-), to glide, slip - coliapse, loqu-i, to speale - allocution, circumlocu-
elapse, illapse. lapse, relapse; if. sleep. tion, colloquy, elocution, eloquent, loqua-
laIJor-em, acc .• labour-belabour, elabo- cious, obloquy, prolocutor, soliloquy,
rate, laboratory, laborious, labour. ventriloquist.
lac-ere, to entice - delectable, delicate, IUc.ue, to shine - elucidate, illuminate,
delicious, delight, dilettante, elicit. illustrate, limn, lucid, lucubration, lu-
lad-ere (las-), to hurt-collide, collision, minary, luminous, lunar, lunatic, lustre (1),
elide, elision, illision, lesion. pellucid, sublunar, translucent; if. light
lau-dre, lu-ere, to wash-ablution, al- (I). (""LEUQ, to shine.)
luvial, antediluvian, delnge, dilute, laun- liid-e,.e, to play-allude, collude, delude,
dress, lava, lave, lavender, lotion; if. elude, illude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude.
lather, lye. (.vLOU, to wash.) mag-n·us, great - magistrate, magnani-
lax-us, slack-lax, laxative, lease (I), mous, magnate, magnificent, magnify,
leash, lessee, relax, relay (I), release, m~iloqu~ce, magnitude! main. ( 2),
relish; if. slack. majesty, major, master, maXim, maXimum,
I~g-are, to appoint - allege, colleague. mayor, merino, miss (2), mister, mis-
college, delegate. legacy, legate, legatee, tress.
relegate; cf. legere (below). mal-us, bad - malady, malapert, malaria,
leg-ere, to collect. read-coil (I), collect, malediction, malice, malign, malinger,
cull, diligent, elect, elegant, eligible, in- malison, maltreat, malversation, maugre.
tellect, intelligence, intelligible, lection. ",and-are (cf. manus), to put into the
lecture, legend, legible, legion, lesson, hands of, enjoin - command, commend,
neglect, negligence, predilection. recollect. commodore, countermand, demand, man-
select; if. leal, legal, legislator, legitimate, date, maundy Thursday, recommend,
loyal; also leg-are (above). (.vLEG, to remand. See manus.
collect. ) man-ire, to remain - manor, manse,
leu-is, light-alleviate, elevate, leaven, mansion, mastiff (1), menagerie, menial,
legerdemain, leger-line, levant, levee, lever, messuage, permanent, remain, remnant.
levity, levy, relevant, relieve. (""MEN, to remain.)
libe,., free - deliver, liberal, liberate, man-us, hand - amanuensis, maintain,
libertine, liberty, livery. manacle, manage, manciple, manege,mani-
libra, a balance - deliberate, level, fest, maniple, manipulate, manner, man-
librate. ceu~-re , manual, manufacture, manumit,
lic-~re, to be allowable -illicit, leisure, manure, manuscript.
licence, licentiate, licentions. mils (mari-) , a male-emasculate, male,
lig·are, to bind-alligation, alloy, ally. mallard, marital, marry, masculine.
league ( I), liable, Iictor, lien, lime-hound, mea-re, to go-conge, permeate.
ligament, ligature, oblige, rally (I). med-irl, to be a remedy - medicine,
limen, a threshold - eliminate, lintel, remedy.
preliminary. medi-tls, middle - demi-, immediate,
linqll.ere, to leave - delinquent, dere- mean (3 ), mediate, medieval, mediocre,
liction, relic, relict, relinquish, reliquary; mediterranean, medium, meridian, mezzo-
if. eclipse, ellipse. (.vLE1Q, to leave.) tinto, mizen, moiety.
637
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
mel, honey-marmalade, melilot, melli- moll-is, soft - emollient, moil, mollify,
fluous, molasses; if. mildew. mollusc; e{. melt, smelt (1). (v'MELD,
1IIemor, remembering - commemorate, Teut. SMELT, to melt. )
memoir, memory, remember. (v'SMER, tIlO1l-ere ; see mellt-em.
to remember.) mont-I!m, acc., a hill-amount, mount
";tlld-tlllI, a fault - amend, amends, ( 1), mount ( 2), mountain, mountebank,
emendation, mend. paramount, remount, surmOlmt, tanta-
menl-em, ace., mind, mOil-ire, to advise- mount, tramontane; ef. mound. See
comment , demented, memento, mental, milllre. (.vMEN, to project.)
mention; admonish, demonstrate, mint (1 ), /Ilord-lre (mors- ), to bite - mordacity,
moidore, monetary, money, monition, morsel, remorse; if. muse (I), muzzle.
monster, monument, muster, premonish, ( v'MERD, to rub, bite.)
remonstrate, summon, summons; if. mind , mor-i, to die - morbid , mortal, mortgage,
mean (1) ; also amnesty, automaton, mne- mortify, mortmain, mort!:•.ry, murrain;
monics. (v'MEN , to think.) if. murder ; also amarnnth , ambrosia.
mer-i!re, to earn - demerit, meretricious, ( v'MER, to die.)
merit. tIlou-lre (mot-) , to move - commotion,
1IIcrx (mere- ), traffic - amerce, commerce, emotion, mob (1 ), mobile, moment,
market, mart, mercantile, mercenary, motion, motive, motor, move, mutiny,
mercer, merchandise, merchant, mercury, promote, remote , remove.
mercy. mun-us, a duty-municipal, munificence,
mll-iri (mem-), to measure - commensu- remunerate.
rate, dimension, immense, measure, mensu- mut-are, to change-commute, mew (3),
ration. moult, mutable, mutnal, permutation,
migrii-re, to wander-emigrate, immi- transmutation.
grate, migrate, transmigrate. 1IMci, to be born, nlft-lls (gnat-us), born
min-ari, to threaten -amenable, com- -agnate, cognate, impregnate, innate,
mination, demean (1 ), demeanour, menace, naive, nascent, natal, nation, native, nature,
promenade. pregnant, preternatural, supernatural.
mi1l-1re, to project - eminent, imminent, (v'GEN, to beget.)
prominent. (-v'M EN, to project.) neet-ere (1Iex- ), to bind-annex, connect,
",,'flu-ere, to diminish, mi1l-or, less - ad- connexion.
minister, comminute, diminish, diminution, nega-re, to deny-abnegate, deny, nega-
minim, minish, minister, minor, minstrel, tion, renegade, runagate.
minuet, minus, minute, mistery. noe·lre, to hurt - innocent, innocuous,
fIlir-us, wonderful-admire, marvel, mi- noxious, nuisance, obnoxious. (v'NEK,
racle, mirage, mirror; if. smile. (v'SMEI, to destroy.)
to wonder at.) 'tOllJe1l, a name-cognomen, denominate,
mise-ere, to mix-meddle, medley, mis- ignominy, nomenc1ator, nominal, nomi-
cellaneous, promiscuous; if. mix. nate, noun, pronoun, renown; if. mm-
mitt-ere (miss- ), to send-admit, com- cupative; also name, onomatopceia, syn-
missary, commit, compromise, demise, onym, &c.
dimissory, dismiss, emit, immit, intermit, noseere (gnoseere, ·gnat-) , to get to
mass (2), mess (I), message, missal, missile, know - acquaint, cognisance, cognition,
mission, missive, omit, permit, premiss, connoisseur, ignoble, ignore, incognito,
premises, pretermit, promise, remit, sub- noble, notice, notify, notion, notorious,
mit, surmise. transmit. quaint, recognise, reconnoitre. Cf. _ Gk.
mod-us, manner - accommodate, com- ...,.wJlal ; E. kin, &c. (v'GEN, GNO, to
modious, incommode, mode , model , know, get to know.)
moderate, modem, modest, modicum, nol-a, a mark - annotate, denote, notable,
modify, modulate, mood (l ), mould (2) ; notary, note.
if. meditate, mete. (v'MED, to measure. ) 'lOU -US, new - innovate, novel , novice,
mol-ere, to grind-mill, molar, mullet (2 ) ; renovate; if. neology, neophyte, neoteric ;
if. molest; also meal ( I). (v'MEL, to also new.
grind.) nub-ere (nupt-) , to marry - connubial,
mol'ls, a heap-demolish, emolument. nuptial.
mole (3), molecule. mlmer-us,anumber-enumerate,number,'
63 8
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
numeral numeration, numerous, super- partner, party, portion, proportion, re-
numerar~. (.vNEM, to apportiou.) partee.
nu.zti-us, a messenger-~noance, ~- pasc-ere (pli-, past- ), to feed-pabulum,
nunciation, denounce, euunclate, nuncIO, pannage. pastel, pastern, pastille, l::astor,
pronounce, renounce: . pasture, pester, repast; if. feed , Odder,
niitri-re, to nounsh - nounsh, nurse, food, foster. (.vPA, to feed .)"
nurture, nutriment, nutritious, nutritive. fater ( fatr-i- ). [ather-expatriate, pater-
owl-us, eye - binocnlar, inoculate, in- nal, p:ttois, patrician, patrimony, patristic,
veigle, monocnlar. ocular; if. ophth- patron, pattern, repair (2) ; if. patriarch,
almia, optics, canopy; eye. ("",OQ, to patriot, patronymic (from Gk. ) ; a/so
see. ) See Gk. 61fT'1<6~; p. 64 6. fath er.
odi-um , hatred -annoy, ennui, noisome, fat -ere, to lie open, faud-ere , to spread-
odium. compass, expand, pace, pass, passage, pass-
od-or, scent - olfactory, od our, redo- port, pastime, patent, surpass, trespass;
lent; if. osmium, ozone. ("",OD, to if. paten . (.vPET, to spread ou!.)
smell. ) fat-. (pass-), to suffer- compassion, com-
oft-are, to wish - adopt, optative, op- patible, passion, passive, patient.
timism, option; if. copious, copy, office, f(lt~per, poor-impoverish, pauper, poor,
opulent. poverty; if. few .
opus (ofer-), work - co-operate, inure, feetus ( pector-), the breast-expectorate,
opera, operate. ure, use (2) . pectoral, peitrel (poitrel).
orb-is, a circle-exorbitant, orb, orbit_ ped-em, acc_, foot-biped, expedite, im-
ord-o (ordin-) , order- co-ordinate, extra- pede, pawu (2), pedal, pedestal, ped es-
ordinary, inordinate, ordain, order, ordinal, trian, pedicel, pedigree, pediment, pie-
ordinance, ordinary, ordination, ordnance, powder, pioneer, quadruped; if. im-
primordial, subordinate_ peach; also tripod, tripos (Gk.); also foot,
orr-ri, to rise - aborigines, abortion, fetter_
orient, origin_ f ell-ere (puls- ), to drive - appeal, appel-
orn-tire, to adorn - adorn, ornament, lant, compel, dispel, expel, impel, mter-
ornate, suborn. pellation, peal, pelt ( I), propel, fulsate.
os (01'- ), the mouth-adore, ine. orable, pulse ( I) , pursy, push, repeal, repe_
oracle, oral, oration, orator, orifice, fel/-is , skin-peel (I), pelisse, pell, pel-
orison , osculate, peroration_ licle, pelt ( 2), pilch, pillion (1), plaid (1),
pac-ere, pac-isd (fact-), to agree ; pangere surplice; if. fell (2).
(pact-), to fasten-appease, compact (I ), pend-ere (pem- ), to weigh, fetzd-ire, to
compact ( 2), dispatch, impact, impinge, hang-append, compendious, compensate,
pacify, page (2), pageant, pale ( I), palette, counterpoise, depend, dispense, expend,
palisade. pallet ( 2) , pay ( I), peace, peel impend, pansy, pendant, pending, pendu-
(3), pole ( I ), propagate, repay. ("",PAG, lous, pendulum, pensile, pension, pensive,
PAK, to fasten .) penthouse , pentrnof, perpend icular, poise,
pann-us, a cloth - counterpane, pane, ponder, pound (I ) , prept!..se, preponderate,
panel, pannel, panicle. propensity, recompence, spencer, spend,
fiir, equal-apparel, compeer, disparage, suspend.
disparity, pair, par, parity, peer ( I), prial, -peri-ri, to try - experience, expert, par-
umpire. lous, peril; if. pirate, pore (I); also fare,
par-lire, to prepare-apparatus, com pare, ford. ("",PER , to fare. )
emperor,empire, imperative, imperial,para- fet-ere , to fly, attack - appetite, compe-
chute, parade, parapet, parasol, pare, parry, tent, competitor, impetus, petition, petulant,
prepare, rampart, repair (I), separate, repeat ; a/so pen, pennon; if. feather.
sever, several; if. sepal. (.vPET. to fly.)
par-ere, to produce, fti t· ere, to come to fil-a, It ball- pellet, pile (I), piles,
sight-apparitor, appear, parent, parturient, pill ( I ), platoon; if. bullace (in Supple-
r epertory, transparent. ment , p. 66 2) .
part-em, ace ., part-apart, apartment , pil-us, a hair-depilatory, periwig, perm-
apportion, compartment, depart, impart, que, peruke, pile (3), plush, wig.
parcel, parse, part, partake, participate, ping· ere ( fict-), to paint- depict, paint,
participle, particle, partisan (I), partition, picture, pigment, pimento, pint.
639
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
pi-us, holy - expiate, piacular, piety, pOla-re, to drink - poison, potable, pota-
pious, pity_ tion ; if. potion.
plac-lre, to please-complacent, com- pree-ari, to pray -deprecate, imprecate,
plaisant, placable, placid, plea, plead , precarious, pray. (.vPREK, to ask.)
please, pleasure_ prad-a, prey - depredation, predatory,
plang-ere, to lament-complain, plaint, prey (see below ).
plaintiff, plaintive. prehmd-ert, to seize-apprehend , appren-
pla'Jt-a, a plant - plant, plantain, planti. tice, apprise, comprehend, r-omprise, em-
grade, supplan t, transplant. prise, enterprise, impregnable, imprese,
plall-us, lIat-esplanade, explain, piano- imprison, prehensile, prentice, prise (prize) ,
fo rte. plain, plan, plane (1 ) , plane (2 ), prison, prize ( I ), prize (3), reprehend, re-
planisphere; if. placenta, plank. prisal, surprise; if. get. (.vGHwED, to
plaltd-ere, to applaud - applaud, explode, sdze.)
plaudit, plausible. p.·em-ere (press-), to press - compress,
pli-nus, full, (com )pll-re, to fill-accom- depress, express, impress, imprint, oppress,
plish, complement, complete, compliance, print, repress, reprimand, sprain, sup-
compliment, compline, comply, depletion, press.
expletive, implement, plenary, plenitude, preti-um, price - appraise, appreciate,
plenty, replenish, replete, supplement, depreciate, praise, precious, pnce, prize
sUf.Ply; if. polygon; fulL (.vPLE, to ( 2 ).
fil.) prim-us, first-premier, prim, prime ( I ),
plfe-are, to fold. pltct-ert ( plex-), to prime ( 2), primero, primeval, primitive,
plait-accomplice, apply, complex, com- primogeniture, primrose, prince, principal,
plexion, complicate, complicity, deploy, principle; if. prior (1), prior (2 ) , pristine;
display, employ, .explicate, explicit, ex- also first, fore, fonner.
ploit, implicate. imply, perplex, plait, priu-us, single - deprive, private, privilege,
pleach (plash), pleat. pliant, plight, ply, privy.
reply, splay, supple, suppliant, supplicate; frob-us, good - approbation, approve,
hence also -pie in sim-ple, tri-ple, quadru- disprove, improve, probable, probation,
ple, -ble in dou-ble; if. simplicity. dupli- probe, probity, proof, prove, reprieve,
cate, treble, triplicity, &c. reprobate, reprove.
plor-are, to weep-deplore, explore, im- prop-e, near - approach, approximate,
plore. propinquity, proximity, reproach.
:Ptf1,-ere (posit-), to place-apposite, com- propri-us, one's own - appropriate, im-
ponent, composite, composition, compost, propriate, proper, property, propriety.
compound, deponent, deposit, deposition , pugn--u.r, fist-impugn, oppugn, poniard,
disposition, depot, exponent, exposition, pugnacious, repugnant; if. pugilism;
expound, imposition, impost, impostor, pygmy (Gk. ).
interposition, juxtaposition, opponent, op- /UII-a (late L.), a hen-pool (2 ), poult,
posite, ponent, positive, post ( I), post (2 ) , poultry. pullet ; if. foal, filly.
postillion, postpone, posture, preposition, pung-ere ( punct-), to prick - appoint,
proposition, propound, provost, purpose compunction, counterpoint, expunge, poig-
(2), repository, supposition, transposition. nant, point, pounce (I ), punch ( I ) , pun-
popul-us, people-depopulate, populace, cheon, puuctate, punctilio, punctual, punc-
popular, public, publican, publication, tuate, puncture, pungent, punt ( 2) ; if.
publish. embonpoint.
pori-are, to carry-comport, deport, dis- pur-us, pure - expurgate, pour ,pure, purge,
port, export, import, importable, port (I), purify, paritan, purity, spurge. (.vPEU,
porter ( I), porter (3) , portesse (portous), to purify.) See put-us.
portfolio, portly, portmanteau, purport, pus (pur-), matter-purulent, pus, sup-
report, sport, support, transport. purate; if. putrid ; foul. (.vpU, to stink. )
pori-us, a harbour, pori-a, a gate-im- pUI-us, clear-account, amputate, com-
portune, opportune, porch, port ( 2), port pnte, count (2) , depute , discount, dispute,
(3), port (.,.), portcullis, porte, porter (2), impute, putative, recount, repute.
portico. quar-ere (quasl-), to seek-acquire, con-
pos-se ( pot-ent-) - posse, possible, potent, quer, conquest, disquisition, enquire, ex-
power, puissant. (.vES, to exist.) quisite, inquest, inquire, inquisition, per-
6.,.0
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
quisite, query, quest, question, request, rupture, rut (1 ) ; if. loot, reave, rove, rob.
require. . (.vREUP, to tear, seize.)
qual-ere (quass-), to shake-concussIOn, sac-er (sacr- ), holy-consecrate, desecrate,
discuss, percussion, quash, rescue; if. execrate, sacerdotal, sacrament, sacrifice,
squash. sacrilege, sacristan, sexton; if. saint, sanc-
quatluor ( whence quadr-us), four-quad- tify, &c.
rangle, quadrant, quadrate, quadriennial, sal, salt - salad, salary, saline, salma-
quadrilateral, quadrille, quadrillion, quad- gundi, salt-cellar, sauce, sausage, souse (1).
roon, quadruped, quadruple, quarnntine, sal-fre, to leap, spring forward-assail,
quarrel (2) , quarry (1), quart, quartan, assault, deaultory, exult, insult, redlient,
quarter, quartern, quartet, quarto, quater- result , salient, sally, saltire, saltation.
nary, quatrain, quire (I ), squad, squadron, sah~- :t s, safe -safe, sage ( 2) , salubrious,
square, squire (2) ; if. four. . salutary, salute, salvage, salvation, salver,
quer-f, to lament - quarrel (1 ), quen- save.
mon.ious, querulous. . . sap-ere, to savour of, be wise-insipid,
qmet-em, acc., rest-acqUiesce, aqUlt, coy, sage (1), sapid, sapience, savour.
quiet, quit, quittance, quite, requiem, re- sat-is, enough, sMur, full-assets, sate,
quite; if- while_ satiate, satire, satisfy, saturate, soil (3)-
rab-ere, to rave-rabid, rage. scand-ere, to climb-ascend, condescend,
rad-ere, to scrape - abrade, erase, rascal, descend, escalade, scale (3), scan, scansion,
rase, rash (2), rasorial, razor. transcend; if. scandal, slander.
radle-em, acc., a root-eradicate, race set-rlt, to know-ascititious, conscience,
( 3), radish, radix, rash (3); if. root, conscious, prescience, science, sciolist.
wort_ scrib-ere, tcil write - ascribe, circumscribe,
radi-us, a ray-irradiate, radiant, radius, conscript, describe, descry, inscribe, post-
ray. script, prescribe,proscribe, rescript, scribble,
rap-ere, to seize-rapacious, rapid,rapine, scrip ( 2), script, scripture, scrivener, sub-
raptorial, rapture, ravage, raven ( 2), ra- scribe, superscription, transcribe.
vine, ravish; if. rape ( I). sciit-um, a shie!d - escuage, escutcheon,
reg-ere, to rule-address, adroit, alert, esquire, scutage, scutcheon, scutiform.
correct, direct, dirge, dress, erect, escort, sec-are, to cut - bisect, dissect, insect,
insurgent, insurrection, interregnum, real intersect, scion, secant, section, segment,
(2), realm, rectangle, rectify, rectilineal, sickle, trisect; if. saw ( I ), scythe, sedge.
rectitude, regal, regent, regicide, regimen, (.vSEK, to cut. )
regiment, region, regnant, regular, reign, sed-ere, to sit - assess, assiduous, assize
resource, resurrection, royal, rule, sortie, ( I ), assize (2) , dissident, hostage, insidious,
source, surge, unruly; if. rajah, rich, right. possess, preside, reside, residue, sedate,
(.vREG, to rule.) sedentary, sediment, see ( 2), sell ( 2),
re-rf (rat-), to suppose-arraign, rate (I), session, sizar, size ( I ), size (2 ), subside,
ratify, ratio, ration, reason. subsidy, supersede, surcease; if. seat, set,
rid-ert:, to laugh - deride, ridiculous, settle (I), settle (2); also cathedral, chair,
risible. chaise, polyhedron. (.vSED, to sit.)
rod-ere, to gnaw-corrode, erode, rodent, semen, seed-disseminate, seminal, semi-
rostrum; if. rat (?). nary_
rog-are, to ask - abrogate, derogate, in- sen/-frt (sens- ), to feel- assent, consent,
terrogate, prerogative, prorogue, rogation, dissent, presentiment, resent, scent, sense,
supererogation, surrogate. sensual, sentence, sentiment.
rot-a, a wheel-comptroller, control, con- sequ-f (secUl- ), to follow (soci-us) -asso-
lroiler, roll, rondeau, rotary, rotundity, ciate, consecutive, consequent, dissociate,
roue, rouleau, roulette, round, rounde!, ensue, execute, exequies, intrinsic, obse-
roundelay, rowel, rundlet (runlet). quies, obsequious, persecute, prosecute,
rub-er, red-erubescent, rouge, rubicund, pursue, second, sect, sept, sequel, sequence,
rubric, ruby; if. russet; also red, ruddy, sequester, sociable, social, society, subse-
rust. (.vREUDH, to be red.) quent, sue, suit, suite_ (.vSEQ, to follow. )
rump-ere (rupt-), to break-abrupt, cor- ser-trt:, to join -assert, concert, desert ( I ),
~upt, .disruption, cruption, interruption, dissertation, exert, insert, series, serried;
uruption, rote (1), rout (I ), route, routine, if. seraglio_
6.p
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
Jeru-us, a slave-conserve, desert (~ ) , stable (2), stablish, stage, stamen, stamin,
deserve, dessert. disservice, observe, pre- stanza, state, station, statist, statue, stature.
serve, reserve, reser.-oir, serf, sergeant, status, statute, subsist, substance, substi-
servant, serve, service, servile, servitude, tute, superstition, transubstantiation; if.
subserve. statics,_ &c.; see Gk. 1(1T."I"'; p. 645.
seiler-liS, serious - asseverate, persevere, ( -v'ST A , to stnnd.)
severe. -staw--are, to set up - restaurant, restore,
sign-urn, a sign-ancient (2 ), assign, con- store, .tory (2).
sign , countersign, design, ensign, insignia, stenz-ere (striit-), to strew-consternation,
resign, seal (1), sennet, sign, signal, signet, prostrate, stratum, stray, street; if. strath,
signify. straw, strew. (-v'STER, to strew.)
simil-is, like, simul, together-assemble, still-a, a drop-distil, instil, still (2 ),
assimilate, dissemble, dissimilar, dissimu- still (3) .
late, resemble, semblance, similar, simile, -sting-It-ere (-stinct-), to prick -distinct,
similitl1de, simulate, simultaneous; if. distingnish, extingnish, instinct.
~ame. stip-tire, to press together - constipate,
solid.us, solid - consolidate, god a, soder costive, stevedore; if. stipend, stipulation.
(solder) , soldier, solid, soliped, son. striug-ere (strict-), to draw tight-astric-
solu-ere, to loosen - absolute, absolve, tion, astringent, constrain, distrain , dis-
assoil, dissolute, dissolve, resolute, resolve, tress, district, obstriction, restrain, strain,
soluble, solution, solve. strait, stre>s, stringent, strict; if. strike.
sifl-us, alone - desolate, sole (3), soli- strlt-ere (struct-), to build up-construct,
loquy, solitary, solitude, solo, sullen. construe, destroy, instrllct, instrument, ob-
Son-tIS, sound-assonant, consonant, dis- struct, structure, supe rst ructure.
sonant, parson, person, resonant, resound, SUM-ere (stliis-) , to persuade - assuage,
sonata, sonnet, sonorous, sound, unison. dissuade, persuade, suasion, suave; if.
(-v'SWEN, to sound. ) sweet.
sort-em, acc., lot-assort, consort, resort, sup-, as in sup-er, above - consummate,
sorcery, sort. soprano, sovereign, sum, summit, super-,
sparg-ere (spars- ), to scatter - asperse, superior, supernal, supine, supra-, supreme,
disperse, intersperse, sparse. sur- ( 2), sus-, suzerain .
spec-ere (speet-), to look - aspect, circum- tabula , a plank - entablature, table,
spect, conspicuous, despise, despite, es- tableau, tabular, tabulate, tafferel.
pecial, espy, expect, inspect, introspecti on, tac-ere, to be silent-reticent, tacit.
perspective, perspicacity, perspicuous, pro- talea (popular L. ) , a thin rod -detail,
spect, respect, respite, retrospect , special, entail, retail , tail ( 2), tnilor, tally ; if.
species, specify, specimen, specious, spec- intaglio.
tacle, spectator, spectre, specular, speculate, tang-ere (tag-, tact-) , to touch - attain,
spice, spite, spy, suspect, suspicion, tran- attainder, attaint, contact, contagion, con-
spicuous; if. auspice, frontispiece . taminate, contiguons, contingent, entire,
sper·, from spes, hope - despair, desperado, integer, redintegration, tact, tangent, tan-
de5perate, prosper. gible, task , taste , tax. (-v'TAG, to touch.)
sprr-are, to breathe-aspire, conspire, teg-ere (tect-), to cover-detect, integu-
expire, inspire, perspiration, respire, spi- ment, protect, tegument, tile , toga; if.
racle, spirit, sprightly, sprite, transpire. thatch, deck, tight. (-v'STEG, to cover.)
spolld-ere (spom- ), to promise - corre- temper-are, to regulate- attemper, dis-
spond, despond, espouse, respond , sponsor, temper (1) , distemper ( 2) , !:tmper, temper.
spouse. temp-us (temp-or-) , time - contempora-
stagn-t411Z, a pool-stagnate,stanch, stank , neous, contemporary, extempore, tempest,
tank. temporal, tense ( I \.
stti-re (stat-, sist- ), to stand - arrest, tntd-ere, to extend - attend, contend, dis-
assist, circumstance, consist, constant, con- tend, extend. intend, intense, intent,
sti tute, contrast, cost, desist , destitute, dis- ostensible, ostentation, portend, pretend,
tant, establish, estate, exist, extant, insist, subtend, superintendent, tend ( 1 \, tend
instance, institute, interstice, obstacle, ob- ( 2), tender (2 ), tender (3), tendon , tense
stetric, persist, press ( 2), prostitute, resist, ( l ), tension, tent ( I), tent (4), tenter,
rest ( ~ ) , restitution, restive, stable (I ), toise. (¥T EN. to stretch .)
1i42
 III. SELECT LIST OF LATIN WORDS
le1Z-1re, to hold-abstain, appertain, ap- tertian, tierce, treble, trental, trey, triangle,
purtenance, attempt, contain, content, con- tricentenary, tricolor, &c., trillion, trinity,
tinent, continue, continuou~ , c.ounte~ance, trio, triple, triplicate, trireme, triumvir,
countertenor, detain , entertam, Impertment, trivet, trivial; if. triad, tribrach, triglyph,
obtain , pertain, pertinacity, pertinent, pur- trigonometry, trihedron, tripod, tripos
tenance, rein , retain , retinue, sustain, (Gk.); perhaps tress, tressure; if. three.
tempt, tenable, tenacious, tenacity, tenant , t,-;bu-s, a tribe - attribute, contribute,
tenement, tenet, tenon , tenor, tent ( 2), ten- distribute, retribution, tribe, tribune,
taele, tentative, tenure; cj. tend, lieu- tribute.
tenant, maintain. tl"t«l-ere , to thmst - abstmse, detrude,
te1/.f~ -is, thin - attenuate, extenuate, extrude, intrude, obtrude, protrude; if.
tenuity; if. thin . (.v TEN, to stretch.) thmst. (.vTREUD, to thrust.)
ter-ere (trit-), to rub- attrition, contrite, tu-lri (Iu;t-, ti4t-), to protect - intuition,
detriment, tribulation, trite, triturate; if. tuition, tutelage, tutelar, tutor.
try. (.vTER, to bore.) tum-ire, to swell-intumescence, tnmefy,
ter11li~us, end-determine, exterminate, tumid, tumult, tumulus; if. tuber, thumb.
term, termination, terminus. (.vTEU, to swell.)
terr-a, earth- inter, parterre, subterranean, tund-ere (tiis-), to beat- contuse, obtuse,
terrace, terreen (tureen), terrene, terres- pierce (1). (.vTEUD, Teut. STEUT, to
trial, terrier (I), terrier ( 2), territory; if. beat.)
torrid, thirst. See torr-ire. turb-a, a crowd-disturb, perturb, turbid,
terr-lre, to scare-deter, terrible, terrific, turbulent.
terror. tllI1"ii, beyond - antepenultima, outrage,
test-is, a witness-attest, contest, detest, penultima, ulterior, ultimate, ultramarine,
intestate, protest, testament, testify, testi- ultramontane, ultramundane, utterance (2 ).
mony. umbr-a, shade - adumbrate, umbel,
tex-ere, to weave - context, pretext, umber, umbrage, umbrella.
subtle, text, textile, texture, tissue, toil und-a, a wave-abound, abundance, in-
(2), toilet. (.vTEK-S, from TEK, to undation, redound, redundance, super-
cut out.) abound, surround, undulate; if. hydrogen ,
tim-ire, to fear - intimidate, timid, hydra; water, wet, otter. ("",,WED, to be
timorous. wet.)
ling-ere (tinct-), to dye - distain, stain, tmg-ere (unct- ), to anoint - anoint, oint-
taiut , tent (3), tincture, tinge, tint. ment, unction, unctuous, unguent.
toll-ere (Iiit- ), to lift - ablative, collation, ttn-tls, one - annul, null, onion, unani-
correlate, delay, dilate, elate, extol, oblate, mous, unicorn, uniform , union (I), union
oblation, prelate, prolate, relate, super- (2) , unique, unison, unit, unite, unity,
lative, translate ; if. emblements, legislator, universal, univocal.
tolerate; also atlas, talent, tantalise; thole. iiI-i ( ltS-) , to use-abuse, peruse, use,
(.v TEL, to endure.) llsurp, usury, utensil, utilise, utility.
tont-US, a lathe - attorney, contour, (U=1V.) uad-ere (lIIis-), to go-evade,
detour. return, tour, tournament, tourney, evasion, invade, pervade; if. wade.
tonrniquet, turn, turnpike. (Borr01Ved \ .vWADH, to go.)
from Gk. TOpI'OS; from .vTER, to bore. ) uag-iiri, to wander-extravagant, vaga-
torqu-lre (tort-), to twist- contort, dis- bond, vagary, vague.
tort, extort, retort, torch, torment, tor- ttal-ire, to be strong-avail, convalesce,
mentil, torque, torsion, tortoise, tortuous, countervail, prevail, vail (3), valediction,
torture; if. tart (2 ). valentine, valerian, valetudinary, valiant,
torr-ere (tost-), to dry up-toast, torrent, valid, valour, value.
torrid ; if. thirst. (.vTERS, to be dry. ) ual/-is, a valley - avalanche, vail (2),
lrak-ere (trad-) , to draw-abstract, at- vale, valley.
tract, contract, detract, distract, entreat, uiilt us, vain- evanescent, vain, vanish,
estreat, extract, portrait, pourtray, protract, vanity, vaunt.
retract, retreat, subtract, trace, tract, tract- uap-or, vapour-evaporate, vapour: if.
able, trail (1), train, trait, treat, treatise, vapid.
treaty. I tta,rt'-us, v~rious-meniver, vair, variegate,
IrEs (Iri-, ler.), three - tercel, ternary, vanety, vanous, vary.
6.3
 Ill. SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS
uar-us. crooked (whence udrie-) - divari- uia. a way-convey, convoy, deviate, de-
cate. prevaricate. varicose. vious, envoy, impervious, invoice, obviate,
uas, a vessel-extravasate. vascular. vase. obvious, pervious, previous, viaduct, voy-
vessel. age. See ue4ere. (.vWEGH. to carry.)
uelHre (ueel- ). to carry - convex. in- uiti-lre (uis-) , to see-advice, advise,
veigh. vehement. vehicle. vex; if. reveal. envy, evident, improvise, invidious, provide,
veil, vein. venesection; also wag, waggon. proviso, prudent, purvey, purview, review,
wain. way. weigh. wey. (.vWEGH, to revise, revisit, supervise, survey, videlicet~
carry.) view, visage, visard, visible. vision, visit,
uell-ere (uuls-). to pluck - convulse. vi~r, vista, visual; if. w~ wiseacre,
revulsion. WIt (2), wot; aNI Gk_ 13fUf; p. 645.
uend-ere. to sell - vend, vent (2); if. (1IWEID, to see.)
venal. l1lDO, to give.) u;g-il, wakeful (lIig.qr), -invigorate, re-
uen-ire luent-). to come-advent. ad- veille. surveillance, vigil, vigour; if. wake.
venture. avenue. contravene, convene. con- (.vWEG, to wake.)
venient. convent, convention. covenant. uinc-ere (uict-) , to conquer-convince,
covin. event. intervene, invent, parvenu. evict, evince, invincible, vanquish, victor.
prevent, revenue. saunter, souvenir, super- uiriti-is, green - farthingale, verdant, ver-
vene, venture, venew; if. come; see Gk. digris, verjuice, vert, viridity.
PaWfl"; p.645. (1IGwEM, to go, come.) uiu-en (uiet-), to live-convivial, revive,
uerb-um, a word-adverb, proverb, verb, survive, viands, victuals, vital, vivacity,
verbal, verbiage ; ef. word. vivid, vivify, viviparous, vivisection; if.
uerg-ere, to incline-converge, diverge, viper, _ wyvem ; also quick, biology.
verge. C.vGwIW, to live.)
uert-ere (uers-), to tum-adverse, advert, uol-o, I wish, uti-ie, to will- volition,
advertise, avert, controversy, converse, con- voluntary, voluptuous.
vert, divers, diverse, divert, divorce, inverse, uo/u-ere (uolut- ), to roll-circumvolve,
invert, obverse, pervert, prose, reverse, convolve, devolve, evolve, involve, revolt,
revert, subvert, transverse, traverse, verse, revolve, vault (I ), vault (2), voluble,
versify, version, vertebra, vertex, vertigo, volume, volute; if. helix. (1IWEL, to
vortex; if. verst. worth (2), weird. wind, tum, roll.)
C1IWERT, to become.) uou-l n (uot- ), to vow-devote, devout,
ulr-us, true - aver, veracious, verdict. vote, vow.
verify, verisimilitude, verity, very. uox (uoc-), voice, uoc-are, to cal1- ad-
uest-is, clothing-divest, invest, travesty, vocate, advowson, avocation, avouch, con-
vest, vestment, vestry, vesture; if. wear voke, evoke, invocation, invoke, provoke,
(J). (1IWES, to clothe.) revoke, vocable, vocal, vocation, vocifera-
uel-us (ueter- ), old-inveterate, veteran, tion, voice, vouch, vouchsafe, vowel; if.
veterinary ; if. wether. epic. (1IWEQ, to speak.)

SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS

T he following list contains the principal Greek words that appear in compounds or
in several derivatives. Such as have produced but few derivatives, or are of but
little interest, are excluded.

a'Y-fl", to drive - agony, antagonist, axiom; alu9<iv-opGl, I perceive - aesthetic, anaesthe-

epact, paragoge, stratagem, strategy; dem- , tic.
ped-, syn-agogne. Cf. L. agere ; p. 632. a,,·, as in Cut-Pt, a point, a,,-pos, pointed
(.vAG, to drive.) - acacia, acme, aconite, acrobat, acropolis,
alp-fl", to take - aphreresis, direresis, acrostic. See L_ ac-; p. 632. (11AK, to
heresy, heretic, synreresis. pierce. )
644
 III. SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS
ID-os, other - allopathy, parallax, par· fj>"I-OS, sun - aphelion, heliacal, heliotrope,
allel, farallelogram. cr. L . alius; p.63 2 • parhelion, perihel ion.
dpx-7J, a beginning-anarchy, arch-, arch, IIfao-flat, I see - amphitheatre, theatre,
archaeology, archaic, archetype, archi· theorem, theory.
pelago, architect, architrave, archives, IIf-fIO, a theme, II,II-Is, a thesis, TI-II"1-fll,
heptarchy, hierarchy, monarch, oligarchy, I place-anathema, antithesis, apothecary,
patriarch, tetrarch. epithet, hypothec, hypothesis, metathesis,
dl1-riJp, a star- aster, asterisk, asteroid, parenthesis, synthesis, theme, thesa!!rus,
astrology, astronomy; if. disaster. thesis, treasure. Cf. E. do. C.,{DHE, to
/3at ..-.", (/3a-) , to go, come - base (2), put, place.)
basis, diabetes. Cf. L. umire, E . come. IIf-os, a god-apotheosis, atheism, en-
(.,{GwEM, to come.) thusiasm , pantheon , polytheism, theism,
/3a~-.w , to cast (/3.>..-, /30>"-) - belemnite, theocracy, theogony, theology, thenrgy.
devil, diabolic, emblem, embolism, hyper- 13-./v (fI3- ), to see - idea, idol, idyll; cj.
bole, palaver, parable, parabola, parley, wit. ('V' WEID, to see.)
parliament, parlour, parole, problem, 131O-S, own-idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot.
symbol. Tl1Trl"1" (IITa- ), I stand-apostasy, apostate,
/3lo-s, life-amphibious, biography, bio- ecstasy, hypostasis, imp ~sthume, statics,
logy. ('V'GwIW, to live.) system; if. stand. ('V'STA , to stand.)
/3ofl/3-or, a humming - bomb, bombard , Kol-fw (KOV-l1Q1) , to burn - caustic, cauter-
bound (1), bum per; if. boom (I). ise, encaustic, h olocaust, ink.
/3vpa-"I, a hide - bursar, disburse , purse, KaAv[, a cup- calyx. See L. c1!tire ; p. 633.
reimburse; if. sporran. KfjJ.tOI, I lie down - cemetery , coma.
'Yafl-os, marriage - bigamy, cryptogamia, ('V'KEI , to lie.)
monogamy, polygamy. KE>">""V, to d rive - bucolic, pole (2),
'Yw·, as in 'Y'''-os, race - endogen, exo- cylinder; if. accelerate, celerity. C.,(QEL,
gen, genealogy, genesis; if. cosmogony. to drive. )
('V'GEN, to beget.) K'VTP· O.. , a spike, goad - centre, centn-
n, earth-apogee, geography, geometry, fugal, centripetal, concentric, eccentric.
georgic, perigee ; if. ogee. KA.I-vfI .. , to lean, slope - anticlim ax,
'Y>"Wl1II-O ('Y>"0J1"T-), the tongue - epiglottis, climacter, climate, climax, clime, cl inical,
gloss (2), ~lossary, glossographer, glottis, enclitic ; if. lean ( I i, low (3). See L.
gloze; also bugloss, polyglot. cliuus; p. 634. (.,{KLEI, to lean.)
-y.-W-VOI, to know - diagnosis, gnome, Ko>"a</>os, a blow - cope ( 2), coppice,
gnomon, gnostic, prognostic. _ Cf. 1:.. no- copse, coupon, recoup.
scere; p.638. ('V'GEN, GNO, to know.) Kp4T-VS, strong - aristo-cracy, auto-,demo-,
'Yptl</>-.... , to write, 'Yptlfl-flO, a letter- theo-cracy; cJ. hard.
autograph, digraph, lithograph, paragraph, KpI- ...... , to judge - crisis, criterion, critic,
photograph; -graphy (as in biography, diacritic, hypocrisy. See L. cernere; p.633
&c.) ; graphic, graft; anagram, diagram, KPVffT-fl", to hide - apocrypha, crypt,
epigram, glamour, gramarye, grammar, cryptogamia, cryptogram, grot, grotesque,
grammatical, programme, telegram. Cf. grotto.
E. carve. (.,{GREBH, to carve.) )..0fl/3a..-fl .. ()..o/3-, )"7JI{I-) , to seize-cata-
3'PfI-a, skin-derm, epidermis, pachyder- lepsy, epilepsy, syllable; dilemma, lemma.
matous. cr. E. tear ( I) . C-v'DER, to Bay.) )..O-y-os, a saying, >"/-y-fW, to speak -ana-
00-, cf. 31-&»-1", I give - anecdote, anti- logy, apologue, apology, catalogue, deca-
dote, dose. Cf. L . do, I give. ('V'DO, logne, dialect, dialogne, eclectic, eclogue,
to give.) epilogne, eulogy, lexicon, logarithm, logic,
~3p4, a seat-cathedral, chair, chaise; monologue, prologne, syllogism; also
octahedron, polyhedron, tetrahedron. cr. -logy, as in astro-logy, &c. ('V'LEG,
L. sedh-e, E. sit. C'V'SED, to sit.) to collect.) See L. legue; p. 637.
- In-ov (on -), work - energy, exergne, flfTp-0", a meaaure- di ameter, metre, pe-
organ, orgies; lito, metallo, the-urgy; if. rimeter, symmetry ; _if. baro-meter, chrono-
work. ('V'WERG, to- work.) meter, &c. ('V'ME, ME, to measure.)
IX-'''' (OX-, IIX"I-), to hold-epoch, hectic, pOll-OS, single-minster, monad, monarch,
Hector, scheme. ('V'SEGH, to endure, monastery, monk, monochord, monopoly,
hold in.) mono-.
 III. SELECT LIST OF GREEK WORDS
""j.I-O''', to assign -nemesis, nomad, nu- TAij-"a" to suffe r, endure-atlas, tantalise,
mismatic ; astro -nomy, eco-nomy, &c. tale,!t ; if. L. tol/ere; p. 643. (.vTEL,
(.vNEM, to apportion, take.) TLE, to endure.)
oo-or, a way -episode, method, period, TOj.l-Or , II section- anatomy , atom, ento-
synod. mology, epitome, tome ; if. litho-tomy,
;;(-.. " ( a~ ) , to smell-osmium, ozone ; phlebo-tomy; also contemplate, temple.
if. odour. (.vOD, to smell.) CVTEM, to cut.)
(JVoj.la, a name - anonymous, homony- TOV-OS, a tone - attune, barytone, diatonic,
mous, metonymy, onomatopeeia, parony- intone, monotonous, oxytone, tone, tonic,
mous, patronymic, pseudonym, synonym ; tune; if. hypo-ten use. (.vTEN, to
if. noun, name. See L. Mllle1Z; p. 638. stretch.) See L. tmdere ; p.643.
at-u-r , sharp - oxalis, oxide, oxygen, TOPV-OS, a tool to draw circles with; see
oxymel, oxytone, paroxysm. tonzus in the list of Latin primitives;
aTrT'K-Or, visual- catoptric, dioptric, optic; p.643. C.vTER, to bore. )
if. a utopsy, ophthalmia, synopsis; also Tpo1T-or, a turn - trope, trophy, tropic;
ocular. See L. oculus; p. 639. (.vOQ, also contrive, retrieve, troubadour, trover.
to see.) TU"-OS, a blow-antitype, archetype, ste-
1T<i9-or, suffering-antipathy, apathy, pa- reotype, timbrel, tympanum, type.
thos, sy mpathy; allo-, homeeo.pathy. vO-OJP, water-dropsy, hydra, hydrangea,
1Tauu-, r , a pause -pause, pose ( I ) ; whence hydraulic, hydro-, hydropsy; if. water,
appose, compose, decompose, depose, dis- otter. C.vWED, to wet.)
pose, expose, impose, interpose, oppose, rpal,,-o,v (</>av- ) , to shew - diaphanous,
pose ( 2) , propose, purpose (I), repose, epiphany, fancy, fantastic, fantasy, phan-
su ppose, transpose; also puzzle. tom, phenomenon; if. hiero-phant, syco-
lIETp-or, stone, 1TETP-a., rock -petrel, pet- phant.
rify, petroleum, pier, samphire. rpEP-O'" (rpOp-) , to bear-diaphoretic, meta-
1TO'V-~ , a penalty - impunity, pain, penal, phor, periphery, phosphorus. C.vEHER,
penance, penitent, pine (2), punch (2), to bear.)
punish, repent, repine, subpcena. (.vQEI, </>A'1-o,v, to burn-phlegm, phlox; if.
to appraise, fine, pay.) flagrant. C.vBHLEG, to burn.)
"1I(ir, a box-pyx, bush (2), bushel. See </>v-o"', to produce - physic, physiology,
L. bllxlIS; p. 632. physiognomy; neo-phyte, zoo-phyte; imp.
1TUP, fire - bolt ( 2) , bureau, empyrean, (.vBHEU, to become.)
pelleter, pellitory (2 ) , pyre, pyrit(S, pyro- rpQJJI-r" sound - anthem, antiphon, eu-
technic; if. fire. phony, phonetic, symphony, telephone; cf
PE-O'" (pOII- l, to flow - catarrh, diarrheea , blame, blaspheme, euphemism, prophet.
rhellm, rheumatism, rhythm, rime ( 1) or (.vBRA, to speak.) Cf. L.j'tiri; p. 635.
rhyme; if. stream. (.vSREU, to flow; XaPT-'1, a leaf of paper - card, carte,
Tellt. root STREU.) cartel, cartoon , cartouche, cartridge, car-
OKETrTO-j.la, ( OK01T- ), I consider - bishop, tulary, chart, charter, ecarte.
episcopal, sceptic, scope, stereoscope, tele- XE-O"', 'to pour -chyle, chyme; if. al-
scope, &c. chemy. (.vGHEU, to pour ) Cf. L.fimd-
o,!<ip-o", (01TOp-, U1T0p-) , to sow - sperm, ere; p. 636.
spore, sporadic. (.vSPER, to scatter.) XpOv-os , time - anachronism, chronicle,
UTf).,).,-ELV (OTOA-), to scnd - apostle, dia- chronology, chronometer, isochronous, gyn-
stole, epistle, stole. systole. chronism.
OTI'Erp-ftV (UTPOrp- ) , to turn - antistrophe, <po · ~ , a song - epode, monody, ode, pal in-
apostrophe, catastrophe, strophe. ode, parody, prosody. (.vW EID, to cry
TaUU-ELV (TaKT-, Tat- ) , to arrange-syntax, out.)
tactics, taxidermy.
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.

IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS ACCORDING

TO THE LANGUAGES FROM WHICH
THEY ARE DERIVED
THE Dictionary ~hews from what language each wora is derived, as far as its
etymology is at present ascertained. The largest classes of words are the following.
1. Worns of purely ENG LISH origin. most of which are found in Anglo-Saxon, or
in Old Friesian. or are words of imitative origin.
2. Words of SCANDINAVIAN or OLD DANISH origin, due to the frequent
incursions of the Danes, many of whom permanently settled in England. Their speech
was closely allied to the oldest English as represented by Anglo-Saxon.
3. Words of CELTIC origin, few of which can be due to the ancient Britons.
Most of the words in this class have been borrowed from Welsh, Gaelic, or Irish
in comparatively modem times.
4. Words of LATIN origin; borrowed (1) from Latin directly; (2) through the
medium of F rench. Both these classes of words are very large. Here also may be
included words of Late Latin origin, chiefly borrowed from the debased or rustic
Latin, which employed wONs not to be found in the best classical authors.
5. Words of GREEK origin; borrowed (I) from Greek directly; ( 2) through the
medium of Latin; (3) through the medium of Latin. and afterwards of French;
(4) through the medium of French (the word not being used in Latin).
6. HYBRID WORDS, made up from two different languages. Such a word is
bankrupt, bank being of Teutonic, but -ropt of Latin origin. Words of this character
are rather numerous, but their component parts are, in most cases, easilya.counted
for.
Words strictly belonging to the above classes are numerous, and will not be further
noticed here. lIut there are also other smaller classes of words which are here brought
particularly under the reader's notice.
Before proceeding to ennmerate these at p. 655, a few remarks upon some of the
classes already mentioned may be useful.
I. ENGLISH.
Place-names: canter, carronade, dunce, I
Among these we must include :
Also a word that seems to have been
galloway, jersey, kersey. Persollal names: originally English, and to have been re-
kit-cat, negus, pinchbeck, shaddock, sheap- borrowed.
nel. PDrluguesefrom EIIglish. : dodo (?).
2. Among SCANDINAVIAN WORDS we must also include the following:

let/andit : geysir. brasier (brazier), breeze (3), equip, floun-

Swedish. : dahlia, gantlet (gantlope), der ( 2), gable, gallop, gauntlet. gawky,
alag. sloid, trap (3). tungsten, weld (I). jib (3), jolly, locket. Norman, pocket.
Genna" from Swedish.: nickel. rivet, slot (2) , strife, strive, waif, waive,
Danish.: floe, jib (1 ), jib ( 2). wicket.
Norwegian : lemming (leming). Dutch from Scandinavioll: doit, fur-
Frencn from Scatulinavion: abet, bag- lough, walrus.
gage, barbed, bet, bondage, brandish, Russiallfrom Swedish.: knout.
3. Among CELTIC WORDS we may also include the following:
Welsh. : bragget. coracle, cromlech, 1 Gaelic: airt, capercailzie, cateran,
crowd (2), eisteddfod, flannel , flummery, clach:m, clan, claymore, coronach, corrie,
mag&ot, metheglin (of L. on'gin; p. 663). duniwassal, fillibeg (philibeg) . gillie, inch
647
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
(2 ), loch, mackintosh, ptarmigan, reel ( 2), gobbet, gobble (Ulilll E . suffix), gravel,
slogan, spleuchan, whisky. javelin, lay (2 ), lock ra m, mavis, mien,
Irish: colleen, culdee, gallow-glass, mine (2 ), mutton, petty, piece, quay,
kern ( 1) fir keme, lough, mavourneen, truant, valet, varlet, vassal.
orrery, rapparee, skain (skene), shanty, Spanish from Cellic: cargo, galliard,
shillelagh, spalpeen, tanist, Tory, usque- garrote (garrotte).
baugh. Italian from C;eltic: caricature.
Conzish : wheal (2). French from Iialian from Celtic: ca·
Breton : dowlas. roche.
Latinfrom Celtic: punt ( I ). Frmch from Latilt from Celtic: am·
Frenchfro"l Celtic (or Breto1t) : beak, bassador, barge, bark ( I ), embassy, feu-
bijou, bilge, bound (2) , bourn ( I ), bracket, terer, league ( 2), marl, palfrey, pontoon.
brail, bray (2), budget, bulge, car, cark, Frm ch from German from Celtic:
career, carpenter, carry, carriage, charge, rote (2).
chariot, cloak (cloke), dolmen, garter,

-4. Among LA TIN WORDS we may also mclude the following:

Late Lati,t from French from Lali1l : capriole, caress, carnival, cascade, caval-
crenellate. cade, cavalier, cavalry , citadel, colonel,
Iialian from French from Lalill : oboe. colonnade, compm1ment, compliment, con-
Spa1tish from French f rom Lalitl: pla- cert, contonr, corridor, corsair, cortege,
tina. costume, countertenor, courier, courtesan,
Dulch from Frmch from Lalitt: bnoy, cuirass, custard, disgrace, dome, douche,
r!lshier, commodore, domineer, excise, foy, ducat, esc0l1, esplanade, fa~ade, faggot (?),
quirk. falchion, favourite, festoon, filigree, florin ,
PrMJenrai from Latin: battledoor. fracas, fugue, gabion, galligaskins, gambit,
French from PrMJetlfal from Latin: gambol, gelatine, imprese, improvise, in-
badinage, fad, fig, radish. Also, from carnadine, infantry, junket, lavender, lute-
Southern French : cabin, cabinet, funnel, string, macaroon, manage, manege, marmot,
noose, puncheon (I), puncheon (2 ), tulle . mizen (mizzen), model, mole (3), motet,
Spanish from PrMJetlfal from Latin: mu:iket, niche, ortolan, paladin, palette,
flamingo. pallet (2), parapet, partisan (I) , pastel,
Italian from Latin: accordion, peruke, pilaster, pinnace, piston, pivot,
allegro, alto, antic, askance, attitude, poltroon, pomade (pommade), populace,
belladonna, breve, broccoli, canto, canzo- porcelain, post (2), postillion, redoubt,
net, Caper (I ), casino, catacomb, cicerone, reprisal, revolt, rocket (2), salad, sallet,
comply, contralto, cupoln, curvet, dado, salmagundi, saveloy (cervelas), sentinel ?,
dilettante, ditto, doge, donna, duel, duet, sentry?, serenade, somersault (somerset),
ferret (2), forte, gmnite, gurgle, incognito, sonnet, spinet, squad, squadron, termagant,
inRuenza, infuriate, intaglio, isolate, la- terrace, tramontane, ultramontane, umber,
goon (Iagune), lava, league ( I ), levant, vault (2), vedette (vidette).
macaroni (maccaroni), madonna, mani- Dutch or Low German from French
festo, maraschino, Martello tower, mezzo· from Italian from Latin : m onkey.
tin to, miniature, motto, nuncio, opera, German from Italian from Latin:
pediment, pianoforte, piano, pilgrim, por- barouche.
tico, p rofile, {lunch (-4), punchinello, quar- Spanish from Latin : alligator,
tet (quartette), quota, semolina, seraglio, ambuscade, armada, armadillo, booby,
signor (signior) , size (2 ), soda, solo, so- brocade, capsize, carbonado, cask, casket,
nata, soprano, stanza, stiletto, travertine, chinchilla, cork, corral, corregirlor, cortes,
trio, tufa, umbrella, velvet, vermicelli, desperado , disembogue, dispatch, don ( 2),
virtuoso, vista, volcano. duenna, firm (2), fun ambulist, grandee,
Frmch from Italia1t from Latitt: acco- hacienda, hidalgo,junta, junto, lasso, I\ano,
lade, alarm (alarum), alert, apartment, mallecho, matador, merino, mosquito
arcade, artisan, battalion, bulletin, bnr- (musquito), mustang, negro, olio, ombre,
lesque, cab ( I), cabbage (2 ), cabriolet, peccadillo, picador, primero, puncti lio,
cadence, camp, campaign, cape (2 ), cap rice, quadroon, real ( 2), ren egade (renegarlo),
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
salver, sherry, sierra, siesta, s.ombrero, Scalldinavianf,.om Latin: bush (1).
stevedore, tent (3), tornado, vamlla. Russia.,from Teutonic from Latin: czar.
Portuguae from SPanish fro,n Latin: F,.e1uh f,.om Portuguese from Arabic
verandah. f,.om C,.eek f,.om Latin: apricot.
French from Spanish from Latin: ca- F,.ench/rom SPat~ishfrom A,.abicf,.om
lenture, capstan, casque, comrade, creole, Latin: quintal.
doubloon, dulcimer, escalade, farthingale Late Latin: baboon, barrister, cam-
(fardingale), grenade, jade (2), jonquil, panula, cap, capital (3), cope ( 1), edible,
manchineel, parade, petronel, punt (2), elongate, elucidate, fine (2), flask, grate ( I),
quadrille, risk, sassafras, spaniel. hoax, hocus· pocus, implement, indent (I ).
Portuguese from Latin: auto-da-fe, intimidate, pageant, plenary, proxy; a1td
nyah, binnacle, caste, cobra, joss, junk (2 ), perhaps ot/urs.
lingo, madeira, moidore, molasses, pimen. F,.mch f,.om Late Lati1' : ambush,
to, port (4), tank. ballet, bar, barbican, bargain, base (1),
Fre1uh from Portuguese f,.om Lati1t: bassoon, bittern, bnrden (2), burl, cape (1).
corvette, fetich (fetish), parasol. dominion, felon?, ferret (I), festival, flagon,
Dutch from Portuguese from Latin: flavour, frock, funeral, gauge (gage ), gouge,
kraal. hutch, oleander.
Dutch from Latin: anker, bung, Freltchfrom p,.ovenralfrom Late Lath, :
cant (2 ), cornel, cruise, easel, pink (2), ballad.
tafferel (taffrail). French from italian from Late Latin :
Scandillavianf,.om English f,.om Latin: basement, canton, capuchin.
kindle. F,.mch f,.om Spanish f,.om Late Lati" :
German from Latin: drilling. caparison.
French from High Cerman f,,01/~ Latin: Ce,.man f,.om Hungaria1' f,.01ll Servian
baldric, coif, fife, pitcher, spurrey, waste. f,.om Late Creek from Latin: hllssar.

5. Among GREEK WORDS we must also include the following:

Latin from Greek: abyss, acacia, French from German fron, Latin from
ailegory, alms, amaranth, amethyst, &c., Greek: chamberlain, petrel (peterel).
&c. Celtic from Latitt from Creek: sporran,
Late Latin f,.om C,.eek: bursar, cartll- spunk.
lary,catapult, chamomile (camomile), hulk, Pre1uh f,.om Late Latitt from (;reek:
imp, intoxicate, ma.,onesia, pericranium, &c. acolyte, anchoret (anchorite) , apoplexy,
Italian f,.om Latit, from Creek: biretta, apostasy, apothecary, bombast, bottle (I),
grotto, madrigal, orris, piazza, torso. butler, buttery, bushel, calender ( I), calm,
French from Italian from Latin from card (1), carte, cauterise, celandine, chron-
Creek: agate, air ( 2), baluster, I>alustrade, icle, clergy, c1imacter, .climate, clinical,
cannon, canopy, espalier, grotesque, medal, dredge (2), embrocation, fleam, galoche,
mosaic, piastre. gash, germander, liturgy, lobe, mangoncl,
Dutch from Italian from Latin from patriot, policy.
C,.eek: sketch. Dutcn from Late Latin from Greek:
Spanish from Latin from C,.eek: melo- mangle (2).
cotone, morris, pellitory ( 2), sambo, savanna Italian from Greek: archipelago,
(savannah), silo, spade (2). banjo, barytone, gondola, scope.
F1'ench f,.om Spanish from Latin from Fre/un from Italian f,.om Creek :
C,.eek: castanets, cochineal, rumb (rhumb). cartel, cartridge (cartouche), emery, gulf,
Po,.tugllese f,.om Latin f,.om Creek: mandolin, manganese, moustache (mus-
buffalo, palaver. tache), pantaloon (1), pantaloons, pedant?,
Fre1u l, f,.om Portuguese from Latitt pilot.
from Creek: marmalade. Frcnclt /I'om Spa1lish from C,.eek: para-
Provetl fal from Latin from C,.eek : trou. gon.
badour. }ire/un from Creek: acrobat, cata-
Sca1tdinavian from Latin from Creek : logue, mandrel (?), ophicleide, stearine,
beaker. steatite, stiFatise.
Dutchfrom Latinf,.om Creek: bush (2). Frencn from Ce,.ma" from Creek : sabre?
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
Scfllflli1l4'Vian from English from Greek: Frmeh from Spanish frM1I A robie from
kirk. Greek: alembic, limbeck.
Arabic from Greek: elixir, ty- Frmck from Arabic from Greek: al-
phoon. chemy.
Spanisk from Arabic from Greek: talis- Frenck from Italian from Arabic from
man, tanagon. Greek: carat.
Pmuguese f rom Spanisk from Arabic Hebre'W from Greek : sanhedrim.
from Greek: albatross. Turkish from GreeR; effendi.

6. Words of HYBRID origin cannot very well be classed, from the natnre of
the case. To the above six classes we may add these following.

7. Words of LOW GERMAN origin. The following words I call 'Old Low
German' for want of a better name. Many of them may be truly English , but are
not to be found in Anglo-Saxon. Some may be Friesic. Others may yet be found
in Anglo-Saxon. Others were probably borrowed from the Netherlands at an early
period, but it is difficult to assign the date. The list will require future revision, when
the history of some at least may be more definitely settled.
askew, bought, bout, brake (I), bully, hamlet, heinous, lampoon, loop-hole ?,
cranberry, cringle, fib, fob, frampold, massacre?, mute (2), pledge, poach ( I) ?,
fraught, hawk (2), hawker, huckaback, pottage, pottle, putty, staple (2), stout,
huckster, kit (I), knurr (knnr), lazy, loon supper, wafer. Perkaps paw.
(I) (lown), mate ( I), minx, mum, nick (I), Late Latin from Old Low German ;
nock, pamper, plnmp ?, poll, prowl, queer, allodial.
rabbit, rabble, rantipole, rill, skew, slight, Dutch from Low German: groat (2),
toot (2), tuck ( I ), twill. sloop.
Frmckfrom Old Low German: border, F1'ench from Low Latin from Low
butty, chuck (1), dace, dare (2), dart, German; quail (2).
filter, fur, garment, garnish, garrison, Dutch from Frenck ftom Low German :
goffer, growl, gruel, guard, guile, hackbut, morass, skate (2 ).

8. Words borrowed from DUTCH.

aloof, avast, beleagner, bluff, boom (2 ), slim, sloven, slot (I), slur,smack (3), snaffle,
boor, bouse (boose), brackish, brandy, snap, snip, snuff (1), spelicans, splice,
bruin, bulk (2), bumpkin, burgher, buskin, spook, spoor, steenbok, stipple, stiver,
caboose, cam, catkin, cave in, clamp, stoker, strand (2), stri pe, sutler, swab,
clank, clinker, dapper, deal (3), delf, switch, tang (I ), tattoo (I ), toy, trick (2 ),
derrick, dirk?, dock (3), drawl, drill (I ), trick (3), trigger, uproar, wagon (waggon),
duck (4), duffel, foist, freebooter, frolic, wainscot, yacht.
fumble, gas, geck, golf, groove, gruff, Middle Dutek: deck, doxy, firkin,
gnelder-rose, guilder, heyday (I), hold hoiden (hoyden), hoist, lollard, lop, mite
(2 ), holland, hop (2), hope ( 2) , hotten- ( 2) , mother (2), nag ( I ) , nap (2 ) , ravel,
tot, hoy ( I), hoy (2), hull ( 2), hustle, ret, split, spool, stoup, swingle, tub.
isinglass, jerkin, kails, kilderkin, knap, Named from towns in Flanders or Bel-
knapsack, knickerbockers, landgrave, land- gium: cambric, dornick, spa.
scape, lay (4) , leaguer, lighter, link (2), Frenck from Dutch (or Middle Dutch ) :
linstock (lintstock) , litmus, loiter, mar- arquebus, brick, clinquant, clique,cracknel,
grave, marline, mob (2), moor (2) , dig, droll, fitchet, frieze ( I) , friz (frizz),
mump, mumps, mutchkin, ogle, orlop, gleek ( I) , gleek (2) , hackbut, hoarding,
pad ( 2), pink (4), plack, plug, quacksalver, hotch-pot (hodge-podge), manikin (mana-
rant, ray (3), reef ( I) , reef ( 2), reeve (I ) , kin), mow (3), mummer, mute ( 2),
roster, rover, ruffle, rummer, mnt, school placard, pouch, shallop, staid, stay ( I),
( 2) , selvage (selvedge) , serif, sheer (2 ) , stays.
skellum, skipper, sled (sledge, sleigh), Spanish from Dutch: filibuster.
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
9. Words borrowed from GERMAN. The number of words borrowed directly
from German is very small; but many came in indirectly through the medium
of French. See 10 below.
bantling, bismnth, cobalt, Dutch, elk, Germatt (Mllravialt ) PSl1nai flame :
feldspar, fuchsia, fugleman, gneiss, hock camellia.
( 2), huzzah, landau, mangel wurzel, maul- Dute" /rl1m German: crants, dollar,
stick, meerschaum, mesmerise (wit" F. etch, holster, luck, rix-dollar, wiseacre.
sujfix), plunder, poodle, quartz, shale, Polis" /nlm German: hetman.
spruce-beer, swindler, trull, wacke, waltz,
zinc.

10. Other words of TEUTONIC ongm. Teutonic is here used as a general

term, to shew that the follQwing words (derived through French, Spanish, &c.)
certainly or probably belonged originally to the Teutonic family, though they cannot
in all cases be referred to a definite Teutonic language.
Frmcn from Teutl1nic: abandon, agraffe, mason (?), mazer, moat, moraine, mot-
allegiance, allure, attach, attire, bacon, ley, mushroom, orgulous, ouch (nouch),
ball ( I ) , bale (3) , balloon, band (2 ), bandy, pawn (I ), perform (witn L. prefix),
banish, bank (2), banner, banneret, baste pewter, pump (I), quiver (2), quoif,
(3 ), bawd, bawdy, beadle, belfry, bend (2), raIRe, rail (3), ramp, random, range, rank
bistre, I>ivouac, blanch (I), blank, blanket, ( I), rappee, rasp, raspberry (partly E.),
blister, block, blue, board (2), booty, border, ratten, rebut (wit" L. prefix), retire (wit"
boss, botch (2 ), bottle (2), brach, brawl (2), L. prefix), reynard (renard), ribald, riff·
brawn, bray ( I), bream, brewis, browse, raff, ritle (I), riches, roast, rob, robe,
brunette, brush, burgeon, burgess, burin, robin, rochet, romp, rubbish, rubble, Salic
burnet, burnish, butcher, butt (I), button, (Salique), saloon, scabbard, scale (I),
buttress, carcanet, carousal (I), carouse, scale (2 ), scallop (scollop), scarf (I),
chamois, chine, choice, chuck (I), coat, scavenger, scot(free), screen, screw (I),
coif, coterie, cotillon, cramp, cratch, scroll, seneschal, sbammy (shamoy), skiff,
crayfish, cricket (I), croup (2), cruet, skirmish, slab (I), slash, slat, slate
crupper, crush, dally, dance, eclat, (I), slender, slice, sorrel (I), sorrel (2),
egret, enamel, equerry, ermine, eschew, soup, spar (3), spate, spavin, spell (2),
escrow, espy, etiquette, fauteuil, fee spruce, spy, stale (I), stallion, stew, stroU,
(fief), feuter, filbert, flange, flank, strumpet?, sturgeon, supper, tache (I),
flatter, flawn, flinch, flunky, forage, foray, tampion, tan, tap (I) , tarnish, tawny,
franc, franchise, frank, franklin, freight, teat, tenny, tetchy, Tibert, tic, tick ( 5),
frisk, frown, furbish, furnish, gaff, gage ticket, tiff (I ), top (2), touch, towel, track,
(I ), gaiety, gain ( 2), gaiter, gallant, trap ( 2), trapan, trawl, trepan ( 2), trist,
galloon, garb (I ), garb ( 2), garden, gar- troll, trudge, tuck (3), tucker, tuft ( I ) ,
land, garret, gay, gimlet, gimp, giron, tweezers, vagrant, wafer, wage, wager,
goblin, gonfanon (gonfalon) , grape, grap- wait, war, warble, warden, wardrobe,
nel, grapple, grate (2), grimace, grisette, warison, warrant, warren, warrior, whoop,
grizzled, grizzly, guarantee, guipure, guise, wince, wizard, zigzag.
g rumble, habergeon, haggard ( I ) , haggard German from Frmc!t /rom Old Higlt
(2), halbert (halberd), hale (haul), halyard, German: veneer.
halt ( 2), hamlet, hamper (2) , hanseatic, L ow La"',. from French from Tmtonic :
harangue, harbinger, hardy, hash, haste, feud ( 2), feudal.
hatch (3), hatchet, hauberk, haunch, haver- Low Latin f rom Teutonic : allodial,
sack, herald, heron, hob ( 2) , hobby, hoe, bedell, bison, corrody, faldstool, mar-
hoop ( z), housings, hovel, hubbub, hue (2), chioness, morganatic, Vandal.
huge, Huguenot, but, jay, jig, jog, lampoon, Italia,: from Teutonic : balcony, ballot,
lansquenet, lattice, lecher, liege, list (2 ) , bandit, bunion, fresco, lobby, loto (lotto) ,
lodge, lumber ( I ) , lure, mail (2) , maim, rocket ( I), smalt, stoccado ( stoccata),
malkin, marque (letters of; , marquee, strappado, stucco, tucket.
marquetry, marquis, marshal, marten, French /rom Italian f rom Tel/toltic :
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
I
attack, bagatell~, banquet, escarpment, flotilla, gabardine, guerilla (guerrilla) ,
gala, group , guide, guy, ruffian, scara- marquess, ranch, stampede, stockade.
mouch, scarp, tuck (2), vogue. French from Spa1Zish from Teutonic:
Spanish from Teutom·c: demarcation, amice (~ ) , rapier, scuttle (2).
I I. Words of indeterminate ROMANCE origin. The Romance languages, which
include French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, are, strictly speaking, unoriginal,
hut we cannot always trace them. A large number of terms belonging to these
languages are derived from Lati1Z, Gruk, Cdtic, &c. Those in this section are words
of which the origin is local, obscure, or unknown.
Fre'tch:· abash, agog, antler, arras, pamphlet ?, p atrol, patten, pavise, p aw,
artesian, average , awning, baboon, bar- pill ory, pirouette, piss, pittance, poplin,
nacles, barren, barter, basket, bastard, rail (2 ), ricochet, rinse, riot, roan, ro o
bastile, baton (batoon), batten (2), battle- quelaure, sauterne, savoy, sedan (chair) ,
ment, bauble, bavin, bayonet, beaver ( 2) , shalloon, silhouette, sobriquet, sturdy,
beg, beggar, beguine, bevel bezonian, tabard, tire (~) , tire (3), tripe, troop,
bice, biggen, bigot, billet (2 ), billiards, trousers, trousseau, truck ( I), truss, tulle,
blazon (2 ), blemish, blond, blouse, bobbin, valise, varnish, vaudeville, vernier, void .
boisterous, bonnet, boot (2) , boudoir, Frenchfrom Provenfll/: charade, flage-
bonrd, bran, brattice, breeze (2), brisket, olet.
broider, broil (I), broil (2 ), budge (2), Italian : andante, bergamot ( I), bravo,
buff ( 2), buffer 1I), buffer (2), buffet (1) , cameo, caviare, fiasco, galvanism, im-
buffet ( 2) , buffoon, bugle (3), burbot, broglio, mantua, milliner. ninny, polony,
burganet (burgonet), busk (2), cabbage rebuff, regatta, sienna, tri!!, voltaic.
(2 ), caddis, cajole, caliber (calibre) , Frenc/, from Italian: bastion, brigade,
calipers, caliver, carp ( I ), caul, chablis, brigand, brigantine , brig, brisk, brusqne,
chagrin, champague, chaudron, cheval- buckram, bust, canteen, canton, carcase,
de-frise, chiffonier, cockade, crare, curlew, carousal (2), casemate, cassock, catafalque,
dagger, debonair, disease, drab (2), drape, charlatan, cornice, frigate, gallias, gazette,
dupe, ease, embattle, emblazon, embra- jane, pasquin, pasquinade, pistol, pistole,
sure, embroider, embroil, flout, flute, rash (4), ravelin, rodomontade, theorbo,
fricassee, frieze (2), frill, frippery, fur- tontine.
below, gallery, galley, galliot, gallon, gar- Spanis/, : anchovy, banana, bastinado,
boil, gasconade, gavotte, gewgaw, gibbet, bilbo, bilboes, bravado, cachucha, cigar,
gibbon , giblets, gill (3 ), glean, gobelin, cinchona (chinchona) , cock roach, embargo,
gormandize, gourmand, greaves, (2 ), grebe, fandango, galleon, launch (2), paraquito,
grouse, grudge, guillotine, gusset, guzzle, quixotic, rusk, sarsaparilla; if. trice (1 ).
haberdasher, hackney, haha, halloo, harass, Frenchfrom Spam·slt: barricade, bizarre,
haricot, harlot, harridan, haunt, havoc, hod, cannon (2), caracole, chopine, cordwainer,
holla, lawn ( 2), lees, lias, lists, loach, 100, embarrass, fanfare, maroon (2) , morion
lozenge, lurch (2), magnolia, maraud, (murrion), tartan.
maroon ( I), merelles, mignonette, minion, Portuguese: cocoa (1 ) , dodo, emu.
mortise, musit, Nicotian, notch, paletot, Dalmatian: argosy, dalmatic.
12. Words of SLAVONIC origin. This is a general term, including Russian,
Polish, Bohemian, Servian, &c.
Frellc;' f rom Slavo",·c : cravat, sable.
Germanfrom BohU/lian : howitzer.
Frencll from German from Slavonic: French from German from Servian:
calash, trump (1), trumpery, trumpet. vampire.
Italian from German from Slavonic: French from Latin from Greek from
trombone. Slavonic : slave.
Low German from Slavonic: siskin. Russian: copeck, drosky, rouble (ruble),
Dutc/. from Slavonic: praam. samovar, steppe, verst.
Polis/, : mazurka, polka. Frencllfro.", Russian: ukase.
13. A word of LITHUANIAN origin.
Dutch from Gn-man from Lithuanian: eland.
65 2
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
I • • Word s of PERSIAN origin.
Persian : bakshish, bashaw, bazaar, bul- French from Italian from Persian : jar-
bul, caravansary, carboy, dervis (dervish ), gonelJe, taffeta (taffety).
divaD, durbar, firman , giaour, houri, Lascar, French from Spanish from PersiaH:
mogul, mohur, nargileh, nylghau, Parsee, julep, marcasite, rook ( 2), saraband.
pasha (pacha. pashaw, bashaw ), peri, roc, Portuguese from Persian : pagoda.
sash (2), sepoy, serai, shah, shawl, lirdar. Frenck from Persian: bezique, calender
Hindustani from Persian: pajamas, (2), caravan, check, checker (chequer),
toddy, umindar, zanana. checkers (chequers), chels, chicanery, ex-
Greek from Persia,.: parasang. chequer, goeber, khedive, lemon, lime (3),
Latin.from Greek from Persian: aspaza- scarlet, tutty, van ( 3).
gus, cinnabar, laudanum, Magi, paradise, Lati" from. Greek frtml Arahic from
tiara? Persian: arsenic.
Frtl1IClI from Latin fro". Greek from Low Latin frtml Arahic from Persian :
Persian: jujube, magic, musk, myrtle, borax.
nard, parvis, sandal, satrap, tiger. Frnuk from Lati" from Ara!Jic from
Frt1lCk from Italian from Latin from Persian: balas (ruby 1.
Greek from Persian: rice. Frnull from Arabic from Persian:
SPanisll from Latin f rom Greek from azure. jasmine.
Persian: pistachio (pistacho). Frmcll from Italian from A rahic frllm
Italian from Greek from Persian : gon- Persia,,: mummy, orange.
dola. Spa"isk frllm Arabic from Persia,,:
Dutcll from Slavonic from Lnll Latin lilac.
from Greek from Persian : gherkin. Fre1lCk from Spa"isk from A rahic frllm
Frenck from Latin (or Late Latin) Persian : bezoar, calabash, gaJingale,
from Persian : peach ( I), zedoary. spinach.
Fretu:k from Italial' from Latin from Turkish from Persian: jackal, kiosk .
Persian: muscadel (muscatel), muscadine. Frenck from Italian frll1ll Turkisk frlllll
Ita/iall from Persian : scimetar (cime- Persian : tulip, turban.
ler) ?
15. Words of SANSKRIT origin.
Sanskrit: avatar, brahmin (brahman), Frenek from Spanisk from Ara!Jic fr01ll
champak, juggernaut, pundit, rajah, San- Persian from Sanskrit : aniline, sugar.
skrit, suttee , Veda. Arahic (rom Sanskrit: kermes.
Latin from Greek from Sanskn't : Spanis), from Arabic from Samkrit :
pepper. carmine.
Frenck from Latin from Greek from French frqm A rabic from Samkril :
Sanskrit: beryl, briJIiant, ginger, mace crimson.
(2 ), saccharine. Frenck from Italian frllm Arabic from
Fre1lCk from Low Latin from Sanskrit : Sanskrit : candy.
sendal (cendaI ). Hehrew from Sanskrit: algum.
Persian from Sanskrit : bang ( 2), lac Hindusta"i f rom Sa"skrit: cheetah,
(I ) , nenupnar, nuphar. chintz, ghee, gunny, jungle, lac ( 2), loot,
Frm ck fro"l Latin from Greek from maharajah, nautch, pawnee, punch (3),
Persian f rom Sanskrit: sandalewood). punk:1h, rajpoot, rupee.
Frmc1t from Spanisk from Latin f rom Portuguese f rom Hindustani from San-
Greek f rom Persia'l from Sanskrit: in- skrit: palanquin.
digo. Canarese from Sanskrit : jaggery.
Frenck from Portuguese from Persian Portuguese from Malay from Sanskrit :
from Sanskrit : lacquer (Jacker) . mandarin.
French from Persian from Sanskrit : Portuguese frqm Sanskrit: banyan.
lake (2).
16. Words of MAGYAR or HUNGARIAN, or of FINNISH origin. (These

Hungaria,. : tokay.
Fren,:h from Hungariatt: coach, shako.
I
languages do not belong to the Indo.germanic family.)
Frmc1l from Finnish: morse.

653
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
17. Words of TURKISH origin. (This language does not belong to the Indo-
germanic family.)
Turkis": agha (aga), bey, caftan, chi- bergamot ( l), janizary, turquoise.
bouk, choose, horde, turkey. . .':ip(lI,is" from Turkis" : xebec.
Persian from Turkis": begum. Germall from Polish from Turkis":
Frmd, from Turkis": calque, dey, uhlan.
odalisque, ottoman, shagreen. Frenc" from German from Hungarian
Frenc" from Italinn from Turkis": from Tut'kis;' : dolman.

18. Words of SEMITIC origin. The principal Semitic languages are Hebrew,
Arabic, Chaldec, Syriac, &c.; the borrowed words in English being somewhat
numerous.
Hebrew: alleluia (allelujah), bedlam, hegira, henna, hookah (hooka), imam,
cab ( l), cherub, corban, ephod, gopher, islam, jerboa, jilin, koran, mahdi, Maho-
hallelujah, hin, homer, Jehovah, jug, log metan (Mohammedan), mohair, moonshee,
(3), Messiah, mishna, Nazarite (wit" Gk. moslem, muezzin, mufti, omrah, otto,
suffix), purim, Sabaoth, Satan, Selah, rack (5), ramadan , rayah, ryot, salaam
seraph, shekel, Shekinah (Shechinah), (salam), sheik, sherbet, shrub (l), simoom,
shibboleth, shittah (tree), shittim (wood), sofa, taraxacum.
teraphim, thummim, urim . Cj. davit. Latitl f rom Greek from Arabic : gypsum,
Greek from Hebrew: hosannah; from naphtha, saracen, sarsnet.
Phominan : alphabet, delta, iota. Frend, from Greek from A "ab;c : civet.
Latin from Greek from Hebrew: amen, Frmch ft'om Lati" from Greek fr-
bdellium, cassia, cinnamon, cumin (cum- Arabic: jasper, myrrh.
min), Jacobite, Jesus, jesuit, jot, Levite, Low Latin from Arabic: alcohol,
manna, Pasch, Pharisee, rabbi (rabbin), algebra.
sabbath, Sadducee, sycamine?, sycamore?, Frmch from Low Lati1l from Arabic:
Tom. Also balsam?, jordan? tartar ( I ).
Frenc" from Latin from Gruk from Italian from A rauic: artichoke, botargo,
Hebrew : cade, camel, cider, earneat ( l ), felucca , senna, sirocco, zero.
ebony, elephant, Hebrew, hyssop, jack (I), Frenc" from Italia1l from Arabic:
Jacobin, Jew, jockey, lazar, maudlin, nitre, arabesque, baldachin, benzoin, magazine,
sapphire, shallot, simony, sodomy. sequin.
Frenc" from Spanis" from Arabic fro1l' Spanish from Arabic: alguazil, arsenal,
Greek from H ebrew : natron. atabal, bonito, caraway (carraway), cid,
Italian from Gruk fr011l H eDrew: zany. dragoman, maraved i, minaret , mulatto.
Latin from Hebrew: damson, leviathan. Frmd, from Spatlish from Arabic:
French from Latin from HeDrew : alcove, amber, basil (l), borage, carafe,
jubilee. cipher, cotton tI), cubeb, garble, gazelle,
French from Hebrew: cabal. genet, giraffe, hazard ?,jennet (gennet), lac-
Frenc" from a place in Palestine: key (lacquey), martingale, mask (masque),
gauze. masquerade, mosque, nadir, ogee (ogive),
8yriac: Maranatha. racket (I ) (raquet), realgar, ream, rob ( 2),
Latin from Greek from Syriac : abbot, saker, sumach, syrup (sirup), tabby, talc,
damask, mammon. tabor, tambour, tambourine, tare (l),
French from Latin from Greek fr011l tariff, zenith .
Syriac: abbess, abbey. French from Portuguese frolll Spanish
Frenc" from Italian from Syriac : from Arabic: marahout.
muslin. Portuguese from Arabic : albacore,
ChaMee: raca, talmud, targum . assagai (Moorisl,).
Frenc" from Latin from Greek from French from Arabic : admiral, assassin,
Chaldee: sack but. bedouin, burnouse, calif (caliph), camlet,
Arabic: alkali, alkoran, arrack, attar carob, fardel?, faquir, furl?, jar ( 3), lute
(of roses) , azimuth. cadi, drub (l), emir, (I), Mamaluke (Mameluke), mate ( l),
fellah, hadji, hakim, harem, hashish, mattress, moire,re beck ,saffron ,suI tan, vizier.
654
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
Frmch from A 1gen'ne : rania. Hindustani from Persian from Arabic:
Pe1'sian from Arabic: ghoul, honri, nizam, sicc'l.
mussulman, sophy. TUt'kish from Arabic: coffee, raki.
Hindttstani from Arabic: houdah, Italian from Malay from A ra#i:: mou-
nabob, sahib. soon.

19. W ords of ASIATIC origin, but NEITHER ARYAN NOR SEMITIC.

H industani : anna, bandanna, bangle, rattan, rusa, sago, siamang, tripang,
bungalow, chutny, cowry, dacoit, ghant, upas.
mahout, nullah, shampoo, thug, waHah. Fret,ch from Malay: gingham, ratafia.
Frmc1, from Hindustani: gavial. French from Arabicfrom Malay: cam-
E. Indian place-names: calico,cashmere phor.
(kerseymere). Chinese : bohea, china, Chinese, congon,
H indi : dawk, rum (2). hyson, nankeen, souchong. tea; if. silk.
Btngali: dingy, jute, tomtom. . Malay from Chinese: sampan.
Balti: polo. French from L ati" f rom Greek from
Marath i: pice. Chinese: serge.
Portuguese from Canarese: arecl'.. Japanese: harakiri, japan, soy.
Malay fiw" Canarese: bamboo. Portuguese from Japanese: bonze..
Malayalim : teak . Java: bantam.
POrluguese from Malayalim : betel. Annamese: gamboge.
Tamil: catamaran, cher~ot, coolie, mul- Tatar: tartar ( 2).
ligatawny, pariah; if. pavin (pavan), pea· Russian from Tatar: cossack, mammoth.
co ck. Persia1lfrom Tatar: khan .
Porlllgttese from Malay from Tamil: F,'mcl, fro m Turkish from Tatar:
mango. horde.
Telugu: bandicoot, mungoose. Frmch from /talia1l from Tatar : tur-
French from Dravidian: patchouli. quoise.
Cingalese: anaconda (?). Frmch from Tatar: turkey.
Fr~nc1, from Cingalese: tourmaline. Mongolian (through Persian) : mogul.
Malay: babifllsa, bamboo [from Cana- Thibetan : lama (1).
reseJ. caddy, cajuput ( cajeput), cassowary, Australian : boomerang, dingo, kanga.
cockatoo, crease ( 2) or creese, dugong, roo, parramatta, wombat.
durian, gecko, gong, g utta·percha, junk, Tahitian : tatt oo (2).
ketchu p, lory (lury) , mangosteen, muck Polynesian: taboo.
(amuck), orang- outang, paddy, proa, Maldive: atoll.

20. \ Vords derived from various AFRICAN languages.

H ebrew from Egyptian: behemoth, Fretlch from /taliat: from L()W Latin
ephah. f rom Egyptia1l : fustian.
Latin from Greek from Hebrew from Frenc/'from Barba~': barb (2).
Egyptian : sack (I) . Morocco : fez, morocco.
Frmch from Lati" from Greek from West African: baobab, canary, chim-
H ebrew from Egyptian: sack ( 2). satchel. panzee, guinea ; also gorilla (Old African),
Latin from Greek from Egyptian : am- yam. From a negro "ame: quassia .
monia, ibis, leo, oasis, paper?, papyrus? Congo: zebra; if. banana.
Fre,~ch from Latin from Greek from KajJir : gnu , quagga.
Egypttan: gum ( 2) , gypsy. labyrinth?, French from Malagasy: aye-ay«;.
lion.
21. Words derived from various AMERICAN languages.
Nortk-(imerica,! b,dian: ~aucus?, hick- I coon), skunk, squaw, toboggan, tomahawk,
ory, hommy, manito, moccasm (mocassin J' 1 wampum, wigwam.
moose, opossum , pemmican, racoou (rac- Mexican : coyote, jalap, ocelot.
655
 IV. DISTRIBUTION OF WORDS, ETC.
Spanish from lJ-fexican: cacao, choco- Peruvian: inca, jerked (heef), llama,
late, copal, tomato? oca, pampas, puma.
Cuba : magney. Spanisll from Peruvian: alpaca, coca,
Hayti: mahogany. condor, guanaco, guano .
Spanish from Hayti: cassava, guaia- Frt1lch from Perllvia,, : quinine.
cum , maize, manatee, potato, tobacco. Brazilian: ai, manioc, tapioca, tapir.
Caribbean (or other West Indian fa,,' PortuguesefromB"azi lia1z : ipecacuanha.
guages) : cayman, hammock, macaw. Spanish from Brazi/ia1z: ananas.
Span ish f"om Wut Indian: cacique, firmch from Spanish from Brazilian:
cannibal, canoe, guava, hurricane, iguana, agouti.
papaw. FretlCh /1'0111 Brazilia,, : cashew-nut,
French f rom West Indt7m: buccaneer, jaguar, toucan.
caoutchouc, peccary, pirogue. South A 11Ierira1l (Colombia ) : tolu.
 W. W. Skeat $l3 .95 u.s. ($18.50 CAN)

A CONCISE
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The most famous book of its kind for over seventy years, and
a monument to the great philologist and medieval scholar
W. W. Skeat, the Etymological Dictionary is an indispensable
reference tool for any student of language or literature, and
anyone who wishes to discover for himself the origins of the
great power of words and their infinite suggestiveness.

WITH OVER 12,750 ENTRIES, and appendices containing

English prefixes and suffixes, and listing words which came
into English from dozens of other languages and dialects.

Cover Design by Robert Galster

ISBN 0-399-50049-9

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