Layout

Calculations
FIRST EDITION : JANUARY 2012
SECOND EDITION : NOVEMBER 2016

Price `80/-
 Layout
Calculations

October 2016
Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering,
Pune - 411001.
 Foreword to Second Edition

The knowledge of turnout geometry and layout is an essential pre-

requisite for laying of new turnout, or improvement of existing layout
geometry. A good layout results in improved riding quality as well as
reduction in maintenance efforts. The calculations for Layout is not
very complex provided necessary information/data, and methodology
are available beforehand. This publication on layout calculation also
includes layout calculation for improved turnout structure like PSC
layout on 60kg/ 52kg PSC curved switches with elaborated and
improved and legible diagrams. While laying out a turn out relevant
provisions of IRPWM and Schedule of Dimensions to be always kept
in mind which are incorporated in the book for ready reference.

The software Programme developed by Shri M.S. Ekbote, ex. AM

(Civil) Railway Board could be of immense help for calculations for
various yard layouts connections, cross over etc. available at IRICEN
web site.

I hope this book will extremely useful for field engineer for
understanding in layout calculation and apply it for improving
reliability of assets, reduction in maintenance requirements as well as
improved riding quality.

October - 2016 N. C. Sharda

Director
IRICEN
 Preface to Second Edition

The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout depends largely

on how accurately it is laid and maintained. It is a known fact that yard
may require various combinations of turnouts (i.e. switches, leads
& crossings), with curves and straights, to transfer trains from one
track to another or enable trains to cross other tracks. For satisfying the
various geometrical features of the layouts, one has to perform variety
of trigonometric calculations .Understanding of Layout Calculations is
necessary, all possible problems and proposed solutions are greatly
covered in existing layout calculation book published by IRICEN.

This revised publication on layout calculation includes layout

calculation for improved turnout structure like PSC layout on 60kg/
52kg PSC curved switches with elaborated and improved and legible
diagrams by removing old 90lbs layouts. Further for laying out a turn
out relevant provisions of IRPWM and Schedule of Dimensions to be
always kept in mind, are incorporated in the book for ready reference.

I am grateful to Shri N. C. Sharda, Director, IRICEN for giving me the

opportunity for revising the contents and also for his encouragement
and guidance from time to time for bringing out this publication.
Thanks are also due to Shri Suresh Pakhare Professor (Track) IRICEN,
now for checking the drafts and for giving his valuable suggestions. I
am thankful to faculty and staff of IRICEN who have contributed
immensely for this publication. Efforts taken by Shri Pravin Kotkar SI/
T in correcting the draft and scrutinizing the manuscript are also
appreciated.

Suggestions from readers to improve the contents are welcome and can
be sent to [email protected] which will be taken into account while
bringing future editions.

October - 2016 N. K. Mishra

Associate Professor/Track
IRICEN
 Foreword to First Edition

The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout depend largely on

how accurately it is laid and maintained. Deficiencies can be nipped in
the bud if adequate care is taken by laying turnouts accurately after
carrying out layout calculations.

Layout calculations, as the name indicates, are the set of calculations

for the various yard layouts so that the same can be correctly laid in the
field. Layout calculations become more important in case of yard
remodelling or designing a new yard. These calculations are intricate in
nature and require considerable efforts on the part of field engineers
which often get neglected due to other engagements in the field and
therefore, this item of work does not get proper attention.

Railway Engineers had been expressing the need for bringing out a
book on ‘‘Layout Calculations’’ which was out of print since long.
Special efforts have been taken to make this book more effective by
incorporating colored drawings of the layouts developed by using
AutoCad software. Worked out examples on practical situations
commonly met with, have also been given for better understanding of
this subject.

Another special feature of the book is the inclusion of a software on

Layout Calculations, which had been developed by Shri M. S. Ekbote,
Ex. AM(Civil Engineering), Railway Board, using Visual Basic with
interactive and user friendly interface.

I hope that this book on Layout Calculations will go a long way in

fulfilling the need of railway engineers for better designing and correct
laying of layouts.

Shiv Kumar
Director
IRICEN

ii
 Acknowledgement to First Edition

Subject of “Layout Calculations” is being covered in various courses

being held at IRICEN. In every course at IRICEN, trainee officers have
expressed the need of a book on Layout Calculations as the earlier
publication had become out of print. Besides, several developments had
taken place in the field of turnout such as PSC layouts. Considering the
requirement of the field engineers, the entire book has been rewritten.
Apart from the theory and illustrations the book contains several new
features such as coloured drawings, interpretations of trigonometric
formulae and a software on Layout Calculations

We are very much grateful to Shri Abhay Kumar Gupta, Professor/

Track -1 for the proof checking of the entire book.

We are also very much grateful to Shri M.S. Ekbote, Ex. AM(Civil
Engineering), Railway Board, for his active support for rewriting the
chapter on Scissors Cross-over and developing a Software Program on
Layout Calculations which is available on a CD attached with this book.

Above all, the authors are very much grateful to Shri Shiv Kumar,
Director, IRICEN for his encouragement and guidance.

Abhai Kumar Rai Praveen Kumar

Professor/Works Professor/Computers
IRICEN IRICEN

iii
 Common Abbreviations used in the Book

SJ/SRJ Stock joint/stock rail joint

TTS Theoretical toe of switch

ATS Actual toe of switch

β Switch angle

SL Actual switch length

TSL Theoretical switch length

t Designed thickness of the switch at toe

d Heel divergence

ANC Actual nose of crossing

TNC Theoretical nose of crossing

HOC Heel of crossing

w Length of straight leg of crossing ahead of TNC

upto the tangent point of lead curve

F Crossing angle

G Gauge of the track

D Distance between the track

Rm Radius of the outer rail of curved main line

Rc Radius of the outer rail of the turn in curve/

connecting curve

R Radius of the outer rail of the lead curve

iv
OL Over all length of the layout

S Length of straight portion outside the turnout

A Distance from ‘SJ’ to the point of intersection in a

turnout measured along the straight

B Distance from the point of intersection to the heel

of crossing measured along the straight

K Distance from TNC of the crossing to the heel of

crossing measured along the straight

v
 CONTENTS

1. Turnouts 1

2. Lead and Radius of IRS Turnout 22

3. Connections to Diverging Tracks 30

4. Connections to Straight Parallel Tracks 41

5. Crossover Connection between Straight Parallel 57

Tracks

6. Scissors Cross-Over between Straight Parallel Tracks 81

7. Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks 86

8. Connection between Curved Track to Parallel 89

Curved Track or Divergent Straight Track

9. Crossover Connection between two Curved Parallel 117

Tracks

10. Software on Layout Calculations 125

Table of Detailed Dimensions 133

vii
 Chapter 1

Turnouts
1.0 Introduction

1.0 (a) - Turnouts provide the means by which a train may be

transferred from one track to another track. To be more specific, as per
ORE report on Q.No. D.72, the term ‘Turnout’ means a layout
permitting the passage of rolling stock on two or more routes from one
common route. In its simplest form, i.e. where only two routes are
involved, it consists of a pair of switches (one right hand and the other
left hand) and a common crossing assembly ( composed of a common
crossing, two wing rails and two check rails), together with lead rails
connecting the two routes. As desired, the crossing ensures
unobstructed flange way clearances for the wheels at the intersection
between the left hand rail of one route and the right hand rail of the
other.
Turnouts are, therefore, the most sophisticated component of railway
track structure. To design and perfect different types of turnouts to
meet the varied requirements of operations has always been a
challenging task for the permanent way engineer. Turnouts may take
off from a straight track or a curved track.

A turnout has, therefore, three distinct portions (Fig 1.1);

• Switch Assembly
• Lead Assembly
• Crossing Assembly

Figure 1.1: A Turnout

1
Main Dimensions of a turnout are as shown in Fig 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Main dimensions of a turnout

The switch assemblies in use on Indian Railways are classified purely

based on their geometry as shown below:

• IRS- Straight Switches (Fig 1.3)

Figure 1.3: Straight switches

2
 • IRS- Partly Curved Switches (Fig 1.4)

Figure 1.4: Partly curved switches

• IRS-Curved Switches

The curved switches are further classified into the following

types:

• Non - Intersecting type (Fig 1.5a)

Figure 1.5a : Non- intersecting type

3
• Intersecting type (Fig 1.5b)

Figure 1.5b : Intersecting type

• Tangential type (Fig 1.5c)

Figure 1.5c : Tangential type

4
Crossing may either be of the ‘Straight’ type or of the ‘Curved’ type
as shown in Fig 1.6.

Straight crossing

Curved crossing

Figure 1.6: Type of crossing

5
In the latter case, one of the legs of the crossing is curved to the same
radius as the lead curve, or in other words, the lead curve continues
through the crossing. This naturally results in a flatter lead curve than
in the case of a straight crossing for a given crossing angle. However,
on Indian Railways only straight crossings are in use. Crossing can be
of two types on the basis of material i.e. either Built Up (BU) or Cast
Manganese Steel Crossing (CMS) crossing.

Lead curve has to be tangential to the switch at its heel and to the cross-
ing at its toe so as to avoid kinks in the geometry. Subject to these two
constraints, the lead curve may take one of the following forms;

• Simple Circular Curve

• Partly Curved, having a straight length near the crossing
• Transition Curve

By combining different types of switches and crossings with different

forms of lead curves, a large variety of geometrical layouts can be ob-
tained, each with its own characteristics of lead length and lead radius.
The standard practice in India has so far been to use one particular
switch with a particular crossing.

The standard Layouts of various Turnouts in use on Indian Railways

are shown in Table 1.1

Table 1.1

S.No Crossing Types of Switches

Angle B.G. M.G.
1. 1 in 8.5 Straight Curved Straight Curved
2. 1 in 12 Straight Curved - Partly Curved
3. 1 in 16 - Curved - Curved
4. 1 in 20 - Curved - -
5. 1 in 24* - Curved - -

* Under Standardisation

6
1.0 (b) - Provisions of Indian Railway Permanent Way Manual
(IRPWM)
Layout Calculations should be performed keeping in view the relevant
provisions as contained in para 410 (2) & 410 (3) and 412 of IRPWM.
The same has been reproduced for ready reference.
Para 410(2) of IRPWM

Turnouts on running line with passenger traffic-Turouts in running

lines over which passenger trains are received or despatched should be
laid with crossing, not sharper than 1 in 12 for straight switch. How-
ever, 1 in 8.5 turnout with curved switches may be laid in exceptional
circumstances, where due to limitation of room, it is not possible to
provide 1 in 12 turnouts. Sharper crossings may also be used when the
turnouts is taken off from outside of a curve, keeping the radius of lead
curve within the following limits:

Gauge Minimum Radius of Lead Curve

BG 350 m
MG 220 m
NG 165 m

Where it is not practicable to achieve the radius of curvature of turn in

curves as specified above on account of existing track centres for turn-
out taking off from curves, the turn in curves may be allowed upto a
minimum radius of 220m for BG and 120m for MG subject to the fol-
lowing:

a) Such turn in curves should be provided on PSC or steel trough

sleepers only, with sleeper spacing same as that from the main
line.

b) Full ballast profile should be provided as for track for main

line.

Emergency crossovers between double or multiple lines whch are laid

only in the trailing direction may be laid with 1 in 8.5 crossings.

7
In the case of 1 in 8.5 turnouts with straight switches laid on passenger
running line, the speed shall be restricted to 10 Kmph. However, on 1
in 8.5 turnouts on non passenger running lines, speed of 15 Kmph may
be permitted.

Para 410 (3) of IRPWM

Speed over interlocked turnouts-Speed in excess of 15 kmph may be

permitted for straights of interlocked turnouts only under approved
special instructions in terms of GR 4.10.In the case of 1 in 8.5, 1 in 12
and flatter turn-outs provided with curved switches, higher speeds as
permitted under approved special instructions may be allowed on the
turnout side, provided the turn-in curve is of a standard suitable for such
higher speeds. While permitting speed beyond 15 kmph, provisions of
Para 410 (4) may be kept in view. The permissible speed on turnouts
taking off on the inside of the curve should be determined by taking into
consideration the resultant radius of lead curve which will be sharper
than the lead curve forturnouts taking off from the straight. 1 in 8.5
turnouts should not be laid on inside of curves.

Para 410 (4) of IRPWM

Upgradation of speeds on Turnouts and Loops to 30 kmph -

(a) Length of Section - Upgradation of speeds on turnout should

cover a number of contiguous stations at a time so as to derive
a perceptible advantage of the higher speed in train operation.
The works described below, should cover all the running loops
on the stretch of line taken up.

(i) Turnouts -
Speed, in excess of 15 kmph,should be permitted on turnouts
laid with ST or PRC sleepers only. All turnouts on the running
loops shall be laid with curved switches, with minimum rail
section being 52 Kg. All rail joints on these turnouts should also
be welded to the extent possible.
For different type of curved switches permissible speed are as
under:-
8
 S. No. Type of Turnout (BG) Permissible Speed
1. 1 In 8.5 curved switch 15 kmph
2. 1 in 8.5 symmetrical 30 kmph
split with curved switches
3. 1 in 12 curved switch 30 kmph

(ii) Track on running loops -

Speed in excess of 15 kmph, should not be permitted on
running loops laid with wooden sleepers. The minimum track
structure on the running loops should be 90R rails laid as Short
Welded Panels, M+4 density on PRC, ST, CST-9 sleepers and
150 mm ballast cushion. Out of 150 mm total cushion, clean
cushion of 75 mm at least should be available. Proper drainage
of the area should also be ensured.
(iii) Turn-in curves -
Speed in excess of 15 kmph, should not be permitted on Turn-
in curves laid with wooden sleepers. Turn-in curves should be
laid with the same rail section as on the turn-out with PRC, ST
or CST-9 sleepers with sleeper spacingbeing 65 cm centre to
center (maximum).Turn-in curve should conform to Para 410
(2) of IRPWM and especially so in respect of curvature of the
lead curve. Extra shoulder ballast of 150 mm should be
provided on outside of the turn-in curve. The frequency of
inspection of turn-in curves should be same as that for main line
turn-outs.

(b) The following should be ensured, if CST-9 sleepers are used in

running loops or turn-in curves:-
(i) There is no crack or fracture at rail seat in two consecutive
sleepers.
(ii) There is no excessive wear of lug and rail seat.
(iii) All the fittings, keys, cotters and tie bars are fitted properly.
Rail is held firmly with sleepers.

9
 (iv) Tie bars should not be broken or damaged by falling brake gear,
wagon parts etc. and they should not have excessive corrosion
or elongated holes. The corrosion of tie-bars inside the CST-9
plate should be especially checked as this results in their
removal and adjustment becoming difficult.

(c) The following should be ensured, if ST sleepers are used in

Turnouts, Turn-in curves or running loops:-
(i) There is no crack or fracture at rail seat in two consecutive
sleepers.
(ii) There is no excessive wear of lug, MLJ and rail seat.
(iii) All the fittings are effective and rail is held with sleepers
properly.
(iv) The sleepers and fittings do not have excessive corrosion,
elongated holes etc

Para 412 of IRPWM

No change of superelevation over turn-outs–

There should be no change of cant between points 20 metres on B. G.15

meters on M.G., and 12 metres on N. G. outside the toe of the switch
and the nose of the crossing respectively, except in cases where points
and crossings have to be taken off from the transitioned portion of a
curve.

Normally, turn-outs should not be taken off the transitioned portion of

a main line curve. However, in exceptional cases, when such a course
is Unavoidable a specific relaxation may be given by the Chief
Engineer of the Railway. In such cases change of cant and/or curvature
may be permitted at the rates specified in para 407 of IRPWM or such
lesser rates as may be prescribed.

1.0 (c) - Provisions of schedule of dimension 2004 (Revised)

Points and crossings:
Maximum clearance of check rail
opposite nose of crossing 48mm

10
Note :
(a) In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance
shall be 45mm instead of 48mm
(b) In the obtuse crossing of diamond crossings, the clearances at
the throat of the obtuse crossing shall be 41mm

Minimum clearance of check rail

opposite nose of crossing 44mm

Note :
(a) In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance
shall be 41mm instead of 44mm
(b) In the obtuse crossing of diamond crossings the clearance at
the throat of the obtuse crossing shall be 41mm

Maximum clearance of wing rail at nose of crossing 48mm

Note :
In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance shall be
41mm instead of 44mm.

Minimum clearance of wing rail at nose of crossing 44mm

Note :
In case of turn outs laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance shall be
41mm instead of 44mm.

Minimum clearance between toe of open switch and stock rail

(i) For existing works 95mm
(ii) For new works or alteration to existing works 15mm

Note :
The clearance can be increased upto 160mm in curved switches
in order to obtain adequate clearance between gauge face of
stock rail and back face of tongue rail.

11
Minimum radius of curvature for slip points, turnouts of crossover
roads 218 metres (8 degree)

Note :
In special cases mentioned below this may be reduced to not less than
the minimum of
(i) 213m radius in case of 1 in 8.5 BG turnouts with 6.4m over
riding switch, and
(ii) 175m radius in case of 1 in 8.5 scissors crossing to allow for
sufficient straight over the diamond crossing between
crossovers.

Minimum angles of crossing (ordinary) 1 in 16

Note :
Crossings as flat as 1 in 20 will usually be sanctioned if
recommended by the Commissioner of Railway Safety.

Diamond crossings not to be flatter than 1 in 8.5

Note :
Diamond Crossings as flat as 1 in 10 will usually be sanctioned if
recommended by the Commissioner of Railway Safety.

Minimum length of tongue rail 660mm

Minimum length of train protection, point locking or fouling treadle bar

12800mm

Note :
There must be no change of superelevation (of outer over inner rail)
between points 18m outside toe of switch rail and nose of crossing
respectively, except in the case of special crossings leading to snag
dead-ends or under circumstances as provided for in item-22.

Super elevation and speed in stations on curves with turnouts of

contrary and similar flexure:

12
Main line: Subject to the permissible run through speed, based on the
standard of. Interlocking, the equilibrium superelevation, calculated for
the speed of the fastest train, may be reduced by a maximum amount of
75mm without reducing the speed on the mainline.

1.1 Layout Calculations

A yard may require various combinations of turnouts (i.e. switches,

leads & crossings), with curves and straights, to transfer trains from one
track to another or enable trains to cross other tracks. Depending upon
the requirements, these combinations are known as layouts. For
satisfying the various geometrical features of the layouts, one has to
perform variety of trigonometric calculations and hence the name
‘Layout Calculations’.

Understanding of Layout Calculations is necessary for fixing the

correct position of turnouts with respect to the existing tracks in case of
remodelling of an yard or for designing an altogether new layouts.
Turnouts can be fixed either by locating Stock Rail Joint(SRJ) or by
locating Theoretical Nose of Crossing (TNC). SRJ/TNC can be located
by ‘Centre Line, ‘Outer Rail’ or ‘Graphical’ method .

In ‘Centre Line’ method, the turnout is represented by center lines of

straight and turnout side. This method is primarily used for locating SRJ
for the cases when turnouts are taking off from Straight tracks.

In ‘Outer Rail’ method, the turnout is represented fully by drawing the

left rail and right rail of the turnout. This method is primarily used for
locating TNC for the cases when turnouts are taking off from the curved
tracks. However, this method is more versatile but cumbersome and can
also be used for the cases when turnouts are taking off from straight
tracks.

In ‘Graphical’ method, the entire drawing will be made on computer

by use of relevant drafting software like AutoCAD. After replicating
the layout on the computer, all the calculations can be performed
graphically. Now a days various advanced softwares are available.
MX-Rail is one of the specialized software developed for the railway
industry. Yard calculations are one of the powerful feature of this
software
13
Turnouts:

(i) Curves of contrary flexure:

the equilibrium superelevation in millimeters should be
calculated by the formula
11860
c=
R
Where R = Radius of turnout in metres

The permissible negative superelevation on the turnout (which is also

the actual superelevation of the main line) may then be made as (75-C)
mm.
(ii) Curves of similar flexure :

The question of reduction or otherwise of superelevation on the

mainline must necessarily be determined by the administration
concerned. In the case of a reverse curve close behind the crossing of
the turnouts, the superelevation may be run out at the maximum of 1
mm in 360mm.

Note:

Turn in Curve means the connecting curve starting after the heel of the
crossing. This connecting curve may either be simple circular curve,
compound curve or reverse curve.(Fig 1.7)

Lead Curve or Turnout Curve (Fig 1.7) means the curve starting from
heel or toe of switches (Straight or curved) and extended upto toe of
crossing. This value of Lead Curve Radius will become sharper if the
turnout is taking off from inside of the main line and will become flatter
if the turnout is taking off from outside of the main line.

14
 Fig 1.7
Turnouts Taking off from Curved Tracks

Turnouts can take off from the main line track either in the similar
flexure or contrary flexure.

Dm is the degree of main line curve

Ds is the degree of turnout curve (Lead Curve) when taking off from
straight (Fig 1.8a)

Figure 1.8a : Turnout taking off from a straight track

Dt is the degree of turnout curve (Lead Curve) when taking off from
a curved main line
15
Exact calculations for lead of lead curves for turnouts taking off from
the curved main line are complicated in nature and time consuming.
The difference in exact calculations and the formulae normally adopted
for such layouts is very small and can be ignored for all the practical
purposes. But resultant degree of curvatures of lead curves of turnouts
taking off from curved main lines vary considerably.
When Ds and Dm deflect in the same direction, it is known as a Similar
Flexure layout. In this type of layout, crossing lie on the inner rail of
the curved main line (Fig 1.8b). Resultant degree of curvature of such
leads can be calculated by Dt=Ds+Dm

Figure 1.8b : Similar flexure

And if Dm deflects in a direction opposite to Ds, then it is known as

Contrary Flexure. In this type of layout, crossing lie on the outer rail
of the curved main line. (Fig 1.8c). Resultant degree of curvature of
such leads can be calculated by Dt=Ds-Dm

16
 Figure 1.8c : Contrary flexure

When Dt and Dm are equal in a contrary flexure, then it is known as

Symmetrical Split. (Fig 1.8d)

Figure 1.8d : Symmetrical split

Sometimes it may so happen that crossing lie on the outer rail of the
curved main line and even then deflecting in the same direction as that
in the similar flexure.(Fig 1.8e) Resultant degree of curvature of such
leads can be calculated by Dt=Dm-Ds

17
 Figure 1.8e : Contrary flexure

From these formulae, resultant radii of lead curves can easily be calcu-
lated. Para 410(2) limits the value of the resultant radii of lead curves
which can be calculated from the above formulae. It is from this limi-
tation that 1 in 8.5 turnouts can not be laid on inside of the curved main
line because in such layout, resultant radii of curvature of the lead
curves will not satisfy the limits as given in the Para 410(2). Sharper
crossings i.e. more than 1 in 12 can be laid when turnouts taking off
from outside of the main line because of the fact that resultant radii of
such leads will become flatter and may satisfy the limits as given in Para
410(2)

Radius of the connecting curve or Turn in Curve will be calculated

from the various trignometrical formulae derived in the subsequent
chapters of this book.

18
1.2 Representation of a Turnout on Centre Line

Draw the centre line of the straight main track and on it drop NN1
perpendicular from N the TNC of the Xing. Draw the centre line of the
turnout track over the crossing length and extend it to meet the centre
line of the straight track at P. Drop NN2 perpendicular from N on this
centre line. (Fig 1.9)

On the centre line the turnout is represented by two lines OPN1W and
PN2Z. In this OW represents the overall length of turnout from SJ to the
heel of crossing along the gauge line on which the crossing lies. To
locate the turnouts on centre line method, it will be necessary to know
the different components of centre line representation.

OP=A

PN1=PN2=M

N1W=N2Z=K

PW=PZ=B=M+K

Where A, M & K are known as turnout parameters.

Now, let us discuss the characteristics of these turnout parameters:

‘M’ is the distance from ‘P’ to the TNC and can be found out as ex-
plained below:

NN1 G 2
ΔPN1 N, tan F 2 = =
PN1 M
∴ M = G 2 cot F 2

For a particular gauge of track ‘G’ & angle of crossing ‘F’, ‘M’ will
become fixed.

19
20
Figure 1.9 : Representation of a turnout on centre line
‘K’ is the length of the back leg of crossing and will be dependent upon
type of crossing i.e. BU or CMS crossing. Therefore for a particular
type of crossing chosen for a yard, value of ‘K’ will be fixed.
Likewise, B=M+K will also become fixed.

‘A’ is the distance between ‘SJ’ to ‘Point of intersection ‘P’ of center

line of mainline and turnout side which is basically dependent upon
angle of crossing and not on type of switches or else whole yard will
have to be redesigned in case of adopting new design of switches. As
discussed earlier that value of ‘M’ is fixed for a particular gauge of
track & angle of crossing and hence distance between SJ to P i.e ‘A’
will also be fixed.

In view of the above, it is therefore obvious that for a given gauge,

crossing angle and crossing type (BU or CMS), value of these turnout
parameters i.e. ‘A’, ‘M’ & ‘K’ are fixed. This can be conveniently
understood as a Black Box (see Fig 1.9) containing a geometrical figure
the dimensions of which are fixed. Then the rest is to fix this Black Box
with respect to the existing yard geometry so as to satisfy all the
geometrical conditions of the yard.

21
 Chapter 2

Lead and Radius of IRS Turnout

2.1 (a) IRS Turnout with Straight Switches

Calculation of length of lead curve and radius of lead
curve

The lead curve in IRS turnout with straight switches are placed
tangential to the tongue rail at the heel and to the front straight leg of
the crossing. (Fig 2.1)

Figure 2.1: IRS Turnout with straight switches

22
 Formulae

In Δ BMK; BM = MK (Each being tangent length)

F-β
∠MBK = ∠MKB =
2

In Δ BKC; ∠BKC = F- ( )
F-β
2
=
F+β
2
BC = AD − AB − CD = AD − AB − KP = G − d − wSinF
F+β F+β
KC = BCCot = ( G −d − wSinF ) Cot
2 2
Lead = DE = DP + PE = KC + PE
F+β
Lead = ( G −d − wSinF ) Cot + wCosF (2.1)
2
In ΔOBK; ∠BOK = F-β, OB = OK = R
F-β F-β
BK = RSin + 2RSin
2 2
F-β
∴ BK = 2RSin (2.1a)
2
BC G −d − wSinF
also in ΔBKC; BK = = (2.1b)
F+β F+β
Sin Sin
2 2
F-β G −d − wSinF
equating Eq 2.1a & 2.1 b; 2RSin =
2 F+β
Sin
2
G −d − wSinF
∴ Radius = R = (2.2)
F+β F−β
2Sin Sin
2 2
Where R = radius of lead curve, d = heel divergence
w = straight leg of crossing ahead of TNC, β = switch angle
G =Track gauge

23
2.1 (b) IRS Turnout with straight switch
Calculation of offsets to lead curves

The lead curve is extended from heel at point ‘B’ to a point ‘H’ so that
the tangent to the curve runs parallel to the gauge line at a distance ‘Y’
(offset) as shown in Fig 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Offsets to lead curves for IRS turnout with

straight switches

24
The point ‘H’ has been shown to lie inside the track, but in certain
layouts, depending on the switch angle and the radius, the point ‘H’
may lie outside the track and therefore the value of ‘Y’ will work out
as negative. The distance ‘BQ’ be denoted by ‘L’.

In Δ KOJ,
0
OK = R, ∠ KOJ = F, ∠ OJK = 90
JK = OKSinF = RSinF
F+β
CK = (G-d-wSinF)Cot
2
CJ = BQ = L = JK − CK
F+β
∴ CJ = RSinF − (G-d-wSinF)Cot (2.3)
2
OI = OH + HI = R + Y (2.4)
also, OI = OJ + JI = RCosF + G-wSinF (2.5)
equating (2.4) & (2.5),
R + Y = RCosF + G-wSinF
∴ Y = G-wSinF-R (1-CosF) (2.6)
Note: It is also possible to work out values of 'L' & 'Y'
directly from Δ OBQ,
BQ = L = RSinβ (2.7)
Y = d-R (1-Cosβ ) (2.8)
But a word of caution is that as the value of 'β' is very small, it is
difficult to get the correct values of Cosβ as variations in the region
are not uniform. 'L' , however can be derived from L = RSinβ

25
Example 2.1

Calculate the lead and the radius of a 1 in 8.5 IRS turnout with straight
switches.

Given: G=1676mm, d=136mm, w=864mm

0 ' " 0 ' "

F = 6 42 35 , β = 1 34 27

F+β
Lead = ( G −d − wSinF ) Cot + wCosF
2
60 42' 35" +10 34' 27"
(
= 1676−136−864×Sin60 42' 35" Cot ) 2
0 ' "
+ 864 × Cos6 42 35
= 19871.79 + 858.08 = 20729.87mm ≈ 20730mm
G −d − wSinF
R=
F+β F−β
2Sin Sin
2 2
1676−136−864×Sin60 42' 35"
=
60 42' 35" +10 34' 27" 60 42' 35" −10 34' 27"
2×Sin Sin
2 2
= 222358.34mm ≈ 222358mm & ay 222.36 m

2.2 IRS Turnout with Curved Switches - Calculation of length

of lead curve and radius of lead curve

The lead curves in these layouts at toe of switches are tangential to the
switch angle and meets the straight leg of crossing at a distance ‘w’
from the TNC of the crossing. (Fig 2.2)

26
Figure 2.3: IRS Turnout with curved switches

27
At toe of switch, thickness of tongue rail is ‘t’. Derivation for lead curve
radius will be same as for IRS straight switches. The same can be
derived by substituting ‘t’ (toe thickness) for ‘d’ (the heel divergence).

Formulae
F+β
CK = (G-t-wSinF)Cot (2.9)
2
G-t-wSinF
Radius of Lead Curve, R = (2.10)
F+β F−β
2Sin Sin
2 2

For fixing positions of heel, it is necessary to find the point where

offset to the lead curve from main line will be equal to heel
divergence ‘d’. For this, same principles are applied as for finding
offsets to lead curve for straight IRS turnouts. It is, however,
cautioned that the new tangent is drawn after extending the curve, so
as to lie parallel to the main line, may be outside the track and
distance ‘Y’ may come out as negative or positive. It has to be applied
with its positive or negative sign arithmetically.

F+β
L = BQ = CJ = KJ-CK = RSinF-(G-t-wSinF)Cot (2.11)
2
or , from Δ OQB,
L = BQ = RSinβ (2.12)
Y = G-wSinF-R (1-CosF ) (2.13)

Switch Length, SL = 2R(d-Y)-(d-Y)2 − L (2.14)

F+β
Lead = (G-t-wSinF)Cot − SL + wCosF (2.15)
2

28
Example 2.2

Calculate the lead and the radius of a 1 in 12 IRS turnout with curved
switches with CMS crossing on 52 Kg PSC sleepers as per RDSO/T-
4732.

Given: G=1673mm, d=175mm, w=1877mm

0 ' " 0 ' "

F = 4 45 49 , β = 0 20 0

G-t-wSinF
R=
F+β F−β
2Sin Sin
2 2
1673-0-1877×Sin40 45' 49"
=
40 45' 49" +00 20' 0" 40 45' 49" −00 20' 0"
2Sin Sin
2 2
= 441374mm (As per RDSO / T - 4732 this value is 441360 mm )
In 1 in 12 IRS turnout with curved switches, Stock Rail is
machined to house the tongue rail so that there is no projection
of thickness of the tongue rail. Hence 't' is taken as zero.
F+β
Lead = (G-t-wSinF)Cot + wCosF-Switch Length
2
0 ' " 0 ' "
0 ' " 4 45 49 + 0 20 0
= (1673-0-1877 × Sin4 45 49 )Cot
2
0 ' "
+ 1877 × Cos4 45 49 -10125
= 25831.62 (As per RDSO / T - 4732 this value is 25831mm)
NOTE : From RDSO / T - 4732 Switch Length is 10125mm

29
 Chapter 3

Connections to Diverging Tracks

3.1 Connections to Diverging Tracks

Connection to non parallel sidings from an existing line can be of three

types depending upon the comparative values of ‘θ’ and ‘F’. Where ‘θ’
is the angle of intersection between the two lines and ‘F’ is the angle
of crossing used for connection. There may be three situations viz;

θ=F
θ>F
and θ<F

Now because of the local obstructions on the existing line, there can be
further two sub categories namely; i.e Without obligatory points and
With obligatory points on the main line. Therefore, connections to
diverging tracks may have following situations;

For θ = F

Case I Without obligatory point on main line

Case II With obligatory point on the main line

For θ > F

Case III Without obligatory point on main line

Case IV With obligatory point on the main line

For θ < F

Case V Without obligatory point on main line

Case VI With obligatory point on the main line

30
Case I

Produce the divergent track to meet the existing main line at point ‘I’.
For making the connection, point ‘P’ should coincide with point ‘I’.
Now for locating SJ (Stock Joint) an offset equal to ‘A’ can be taken
from ‘P’. After locating the ‘SJ’,the turnout can be laid with reference
to ‘SJ’ (Fig 3.1)

Figure 3.1: θ = F & Without obligatory point on amin line

Case II

If because of some obstructions on the main line, the ‘SJ’ can not be
fixed as given in Case I, and ‘SJ’ can be located either on left or right
of ‘SJ’ as fixed vide Case I, then for making the connection, a reverse
curve will have to be introduced starting after back leg of crossing and
joining the divergent track. For this case, there can be numerous
solutions and we have to choose the optimum alignment to meet the
site conditions. (Fig 3.2)

31
 Figure 3.2: θ = F & With obligatory point on main line

Case III

In this case, if we are having the liberty in fixing the ‘SJ’, it should be
on the left hand side of point of intersection ‘I’. ( Fig 3.3)

Figure 3.3: θ > F & Without obligatory point on main line

32
Formulae
θ−F
T = Rtan (3.1)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + TCosθ (3.2)
OL = X + A (3.3)
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinθ (3.4)

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

Intersection angle ‘θ’ has to be found out from the field surveying. The
radius ‘R’ of the connecting curve has to be assumed. Normally the
value of connecting curve radius is taken equal to that of radius of turnout
curve. Now value of ‘T’ can be calculated from Eq:3.1. Once ‘T’ is
known, the value of ‘X’ & ‘Y’ can be calculated fron Eq:3.2 & 3.4
respectively. Having thus calculated the value of ‘X’ & ‘Y’, ‘TP2’ is
located first as the intersection point between the divergent track and a
line drawn parallel to the existing track at a distance ‘Y’ and the location
of ‘SJ’ is marked with reference to TP2 by drawing a perpendicular offset
at a distance ‘OL’ from ‘TP2.’ (Fig 3.3a)

Figure 3.3a

33
Now after locating ‘SJ’, the turnout is linked and then the connecting
curve is provided with radius equal to ‘R’. This connecting curve will
be starting from back of crossing (TP1) and ending at ‘TP2’, thus
establishing the full connection.

Case IV

In Case III, radius ‘R’ of the connecting curve was assumed and the
location of ‘SJ’ was so fixed. But, in certain circumstances, it may not
be possible to locate ‘SJ’ because of some obstructions/obligatory
points falling at that location. Position of ‘SJ’ will thus be fixed either
to left or right side of ‘SJ’ as fixed in Case III.

Figure 3.4: θ > F & With obligatory point on main line

When the ‘SJ’ is fixed to left of ‘SJ’ (Fig 3.4) as fixed vide Case III,
radius of connecting curve will be quite large and can be calculated by
the following formula;

T
R= (3.5)
θ−F
tan
2
by substituting the value of ‘T’, which will be calculated by field
surveying, i.e. by extending crossing leg on the turnout side to intersect

34
divergent track at ‘Z’. Thus TP1Z will be the tangent length ‘T’. Now
the connecting curve of radius ‘R’ can be laid at the site. In this case,
the radius ‘R’ of the connecting curve will be large, which can be
reduced by providing a straight after the heel of crossing and
connecting curve starting after this straight. For this case formulae can
be modified as follows;

θ-F
T = Rtan (3.6)
2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + TCosθ (3.7)
OL = X + A (3.8)
Y = (B + S + T)SinF + TSinθ (3.9)

Now in another situation, when ‘SJ’ is located on right of ‘SJ’ (Fig 3.4)
as fixed vide case III, there can be numerous solutions and an optimum
alignment can be decided keeping in view the site conditions. In this
case, connecting curve will have to be a reverse curve.

Case V

In this case, if we are having the liberty in fixing the ‘SJ’, it should be
on the right hand side of point of intersection ‘I’. (Fig 3.5)

Figure 3.5: θ < F & Without obligatory point on main line

35
Formulae

F-θ
T = Rtan (3.10)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + TCosθ (3.11)
OL = X + A (3.12)
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinθ (3..13)

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

Intersection angle‘θ’ has to be found out from the field surveying. The
radius ‘R’ of the connecting curve has to be assumed. Normally the
value of radius ‘R’ is taken equal to that of the radius of turnout radius.
Now value of ‘T’ is calculated from Eq 3.9. Once ‘T’ is known, the
value of ‘X’, ‘OL’ & ‘Y’ can be calculated from Eq 3.11, 3.12 & 3.13
respectively. ‘TP2’ is located first as the intersection point between the
divergent track and a line drawn parallel to the existing track at a
distance ‘Y’ and the location of ‘SJ’ is marked with reference to ‘TP2’
by drawing a perpendicular offset at a distance ‘OL’ from ‘TP2’
(Fig 3.5a)

Figure 3.5a

36
Now after locating ‘SJ’, the turnout is linked and then the connecting
curve is provided with a radius equal to ‘R’. Thus connecting curve will
be starting from back of crossing (TP1) and ending at ‘TP2’, thus
establishing the full connection.

Case VI

In case V, radius of ‘R’ of the connecting curve was assumed and the
location of ‘SJ’ was to be fixed. But in certain circumstances, it may not
be possible to fix ‘SJ’ because of some obstructions/obligatory points
falling at that location. Position of ‘SJ’ will thus be fixed either to the
left or right side of ‘SJ’ as fixed in Case IV. ( Fig 3.6)

Figure 3.6: θ < F & With obligatory point on main line

When the ‘SJ’ is to be located on right of ‘SJ’ as fixed vide Case V,

radius ‘R’ of connecting curve will be quite large and can be calculated
by the following formulae;

T
R= (3.14)
F-θ
tan
2

37
by substituting the value of ‘T’, which will be calculated by field
surveying, i.e by extending crossing leg of the turnout side to intersect
divergent track at ‘Z’. TP1 will be the tangent length ‘T’. Now the
connecting curve of radius ‘R’ can be laid at the site. In this case, radius
‘R’ of the connecting curve will be large, which can be reduced by
providing a straight after the heel of crossing and connecting curve
starting after this straight. For this case formulae can be modified as
follows:
F-θ
T = Rtan (3.15)
2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + TCosθ (3.16)
OL = X + A (3.17)
Y = (B + S + T)SinF + TSinθ (3.18)

Now, in another situation, when ‘SJ’ is located on right of ‘SJ’ as fixed

vide Case V, there can be numerous solutions and an optimum
alignment can be decided keeping in view the site conditions. In this
case, connecting curve has to be a reverse curve.

38
Example 3.1

A broad gauge siding is required to be connected to a main line track

using a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 T/O. The angle of intersection between the two
tracks being 100. Calculate the required distances for the layout
assuming that the connecting curve starts from the heel of crossing.

Given: F=4045’49”, A=16.953m, B=23.981m, R=441.282m

θ−F
T = Rtan
2
0 0 ' "
10 -4 45 49
= 441.282tan
2
= 20.179m
X = (B + T)CosF + TCosθ
0 ' " 0
= (23.981 + 20.179)Cos4 45 49 + (20.179)Cos10
= 44.007 + 19.872
= 63.879m
OL = X + A = 63.879 + 16.953 = 80.832m
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinθ
0 ' " 0
= (23.981 + 20.179)Sin4 45 49 + (20.179)Sin10
= 3.667 + 3.504
= 7.171m

39
Example 3.2

A broad gauge siding is required to be connected to a main line track

using 52 kg (PSC) (CMS) , 1 in 8.5 T/O. The angle of intersection
between the two tracks is 30. Calculate the required distances for the
layout.

Given: F = 6042’35”, A=12.025m, B=16.486m, R = 221.522m

F-θ
T = Rtan
2
0 ' " 0
6 42 35 − 3
= 221.522tan
2
= 7.174m
X = (B + T)CosF + TCosθ
0 ' " 0
= (16.486 + 7.174)Cos6 42 35 + (7.174)Cos3
= 23.495 + 7.164 = 30.659
X = 30.659m
OL = X + A = 30.659 + 12.025 = 42.684m
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinθ
0 ' " 0
= (16.486 + 7.174)Sin6 42 35 + (7.174)Sin3
= 2.764 + 0.375
= 3.139m

40
 Chapter 4

Connections to Straight Parallel Tracks

4.0 Introduction

Type of Layout connections between the straight parallel tracks will

depend upon the distance between the two tracks and the space
availability in the yard. Accordingly distance between the two tracks
may be treated as Normal or Large distance.

4.1 With Normal Distance between the Straight Parallel

Tracks

Figure 4.1: Normal distance between the straight parallel tracks

Formulae

F
T = Rtan (4.1)
2
X = DCotF + T (4.2)

41
OL = X + A (4.3)
(B + S + T)SinF = D
D
∴ S= − (B + T) (4.4)
SinF

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

First of all, radius of connecting curve ‘R’ has to be assumed keeping

in view the content of Para 410 of IRPWM. Distance between the two
straight parallel track will be found out from the field. Now after having
the values of ‘R’ and ‘D’, calculate the values of ‘T’, ‘X’, ‘OL’ and ‘S’
from Eq 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 respectivly.

Now, in the field, either of the two points i.e. TP2 and ‘SJ’ will be
decided from the site conditions. With respect to one point, the other
point will be fixed which will be at a distance ‘OL’ apart. After that,
entire layout i.e. turnout, straight after heel of crossing and the
connecting curve can be laid by field surveying.

Note:

In the above connection, it is evident that for a given value of ‘D’, if we

increase/decrease the value of straight ‘S’ after heel of crossing, value
of connecting curve ‘R’ decreases/increases respectively. Therefore, by
controlling the value of ‘S’, value of ‘R’ can be controlled. For a given
value of ‘D’, less the value of ‘S’, more will be the value of ‘OL’ i.e.
overall length requirement. More the value of ‘S’, less will be the value
of ‘OL’. For S=0, ‘OL’ will be the maximum. ‘S’ can be increased to
a maximum value till the value of ‘R’ reduces to R=R recommended.

Correctness of Layout dependes basically on the correctness of the

values of different variables as used in the above formulae. Any wrong
value will disturb the geometry of layout at the field.

42
4.2 Layout Calculations with Fanshaped PSC Layout

Due to introduction of latest versions of 52 Kg and 60 Kg BG

(1673 mm), 1 in 16, 1 in 12 and 1 in 8.5 turnouts on PSC sleepers to
drawing Nos RDSO/T-5691, RDSO/T-4732, 4218 and RDSO/T-4865
respectively. Values of various turnout parameters have been given at
the end of the book in Table of Detailed Dimensions.

Values of these turnout parameters can easily be calculated from the

relevant RDSO drawings.

If we take the value of ‘B’ from the table of dimensions for performing
the calculations, we are inadvertently making a mistake and our final
layout will become wrong. The same is explained as detailed below;

The value of ‘B’ as per usual convention for these versions of the
turnout is slightly more than for conventional CMS crossing and less
than that for Built UP crossing. It will be much longer for all practical
purposes, as the entire layout becomes rigidly straight up to the last
common PSC sleeper of the turnout due to prepositioned inserts for
straight alignment behind the heel of crossing.

Due to situation as explained above, it may not be possible to start the

connecting curve just behind the heel of crossing as was done earlier for
IRS layouts.

Therefore, by default, the geometry of PSC layouts will be having a

certain straight ‘S’ after the heel of crossing which should be accounted
for modifying the value of ‘B’ as given in the Table of Detailed
Dimensions given at the end of this book. The value of default straight
should be determined from the relevant drawings. Because of the
above, calculations for the various PSC layouts if done as per earlier
values of the turnout parameters is likely to generate kinky alignment,
especially for the connecting curve which will tend to become sharper
due to reduction in tangents lengths.

43
Example 4.1

A BG main line track is required to be connected to a loop line which

is parallel at 4.725m distance by using a 52 Kg, 1 in 8.5 PSC (CMS)T/
O. Calculate the required distances for the layout, assuming the
connecting curve radius as the same as turnout curve radius.

Given: F=6042’35”, D=4.725m, R=221.522m, A=12.025m,

B=16.486m

F
T = Rtan
2
0 ' "
6 42 35
= 221.522 tan = 12.991m
2
0 ' "
X = DCotF + T = 4.725Cot6 42 35 + 12.991 = 53.137m
OL = X + A = 53.137 + 12.025 = 65.162m
D 4.725
S = − (B + T) = − (16.486 + 12.991) = 10.963m
SinF 0 ' "
Sin6 42 35

Note :

In the above example, the turn-in-curve (connecting curve) radius has

been assumed to be the same as that of the turnout curve radius i.e.
221.522m, which is quite sharp curvature from the point of view of
maintainability. It is, therefore, desirable to flatten this curve and this
can be achieved by reducing the straight after the heel of crossing.
However, by doing so, overall length i.e. ‘OL’ will become more, which
may not be available in the loop line.

44
Example 4.2

In the above example 4.1, calculate radius of the flattest turn-in-curve

to maintain it satisfactorily. Also calculate the over all length of the
layout.

Given: F=6042’35”, D=4.725m, A=12.025m, B=16.486m

For the flattest turn-in-curve, the straight ‘S’ after the heel of crossing
will be equal to zero.

D
S = − (B + T)
SinF
substituting S = 0,
D
= (B + T)
SinF
D 4.725
T = −B= − 16.486 = 23.954m
SinF 0 ' "
Sin6 42 35
F
now from equation, T = Rtan ,
2
T 23.954
R = = = 408.629m
F 0 ' "
tan 6 42 35
tan
2 2
X = DCotF + T
0 ' "
= 4.725Cot6 42 35 + 23.954 = 63.817m
OL = X + A = 63.817 + 12.025 = 75.842m
which is more by 75.842-65.162 = 10.068m, in comparison with
overall length requirement as in the previous example 4.1

45
Example 4.3

Calculate the minimum track centre for a connection between two

straight parallel track with the turnout on PSC layout (52 Kg, 1 in 8.5,
BG 1673mm gauge) and the recommended radius of turn-in-curve
being 440m

Given: A=12.025m, B=16.486m

a) Calculate as if turn-in-curve is starting just after the heel of

crossing.
b) Calculate, when ‘B’ is modified because of a default straight
after the heel of crossing due to prepositioned inserts for
straight alignment behind the heel of crossing.

a) For minimum track centre, ‘S’ has to be zero.

F
T = Rtan
2
0 ' "
6 42 35
= 440 × tan = 25.793m
2
D
S = − (B + T)
SinF
substituting S = 0,
Dmin
0= − (16.486 + 25.793)
0 ' "
Sin6 42 35
0 ' "
∴ Dmin = (16.486 + 25.793)Sin6 42 35
= 4.940m

Note:
Same calculation is appliable for 60kg in 8.5 TI out as values
A 12.025 & B 16.486 are same.

46
 b) The default length of straight, because of prepositioned
inserts in PSC layouts after the heel of crossing, should be
determined from the relevant drawings. For 52 Kg, 1 in
8.5 BG 1673mm gauge PSC layout, this straight can
safely be taken as 3.3m.

D
= (B + S + T)
SinF
0 ' "
D = (16.486 + 3.300 + 25.793)Sin6 42 35
= 5.325m

Therefore, minimum track centre should be say 5.3m to accommodate

completely the 1 in 8.5 turnout on PSC sleepers, so as to satisfy all the
geometrical conditions.

It is worth mentioning that either because of lesser track centre or

wrong calculations, at several yards, last common sleepers are being
removed so as to start connecting curve slightly earlier. It is therefore
recommended that to accommodate PSC turnouts, the minimum track
centre must be equal to 5.3m, otherwise either common sleepers will
have to be removed or sharper turn-in-curve will be required to make
the connection.

47
4.3 With Large Distance between Straight Parallel Tracks

When the distance between the two straight parallel tracks increases
and if we go for the layout connections as per para 4.1, overall length
‘OL’ requirement will become too large, which may not be available at
site. It is, therefore, desirable to introduce a connecting reverse curve
starting from the heel of crossing so as to keep the overall length of the
layout to the minimum. Now there can be two sub cases as explained
below;

Case I With no straight in the reverse curves

Case II With a straight in the reverse curves

Case I With no straight between reverse curves. (Fig 4.2)

Figure 4.2: With large distance between straight parallel tracks

having no straight in the reverse curves

48
Formulae

In Δ O1 NO
O1 N O1M + MN O1L + LM + MN
Cosθ = = =
O1O 2R 2R
O1L = RCosF, LM = BSinF, MN = R-D
RCosF+ BSinF+ R-D
∴ Cosθ =
2R

∴ θ = Cos
-1
{RCosF + BSinF+ R-D
2R } (4.5)

θ −F
T = Rtan (4.6)
2
θ
T1 = Rtan (4.7)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + T1 )Cosθ + T1 (4.8)
OL = X + A (4.9)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all, value of radius of connecting curve is to be assumed, which

is generally the same as that the radius of lead curve. Distance ‘D’ will
be known from the field. Value of various turnout parameters will be
known once we have decided the type of turnout.

Now from Eq 4.5, value of ‘θ’ will be calculated. Then from Eq 4.6 &
4.7, tangent lengths ‘T’ & ‘T1 will be calculated. Value of ‘X’ and
finally ‘OL’ will be calculated from Eq 4.8 & 4.9 respectively. Now
with respect to ‘TP3’, the location of ‘SJ’ can easily be fixed which will
be at a distance equal to ‘OL’. (Fig 4.2)

In the above case several variations can be made such as, different radii
of curvature for two legs of the reverse curve or a straight between the

49
heel of crossing & start of the reverse curve. Various formulae as
derived in the previous case can be modified as follows;

Figure 4.3

In Δ O NO
1
O N O M + MN O L+ LM+ MN
1 1 1
Cosθ = = =
OO R +R R +R
1 1 2 1 2
O1L = R 2 CosF, LM = (B+ S) SinF, MN = R - D
1
R CosF+ (B+ S) SinF+ (R - D)
2 1
∴ Cosθ =
(R + R )
1 2

50
∴ θ = Cos
-1
{
R 2 CosF+(B+S)SinF+(R1 -D)
(R1 + R 2 ) } (4.10)

θ −F
T = R 2 tan (4.11)
2
θ
T1 = R1tan (4.12)
2
X = (B + S + T1 )CosF + (T + T1 )Cosθ + T1 (4.13)
OL = X + A (4.14)

Purpose of these variations in the above formulae is to show that, by

altering one or other parameters, a layout connection can be designed
to suit the diverse site conditions. Yard designer can design better
layouts with this understanding. It is worth mentioning that, no
trigonometrical formulae can solve a layout because of diverse site
conditions and variety of obligatory points. Several trial & error
calculations will be required for designing an optimum layout.

51
Example 4.4

A BG track is required to be connected to a siding which is parallel at

15m distance. By using a 52kg PSC, 1 in 8.5 turnout and the radius of
the connecting curve being the same as that of the lead curve of 1 in 8.5
turnout and without a straight between the reverse curve. Calculate the
required distances for the layout connection.

Given: F=6042’35”, D=15.000m, A=12.025m, B=16.486m,

R=221.522

RCosF + BSinF + R-D

Cosθ =
2R
221.522Cos 6 42 35 +16.486Sin 60 42'35" + 221.522−15.0
0 ' "
= =
2×221.522
428.452
= 0.967
2×221.522
0 ' "
∴ θ = 14 45 37.2
θ −F
T = Rtan
2
140 45'37.2" − 60 42'35"
= 221.522 tan = 15.588 m
2
θ 140 45'37.2"
T1 = Rtan = 221.522 tan = 28.692 m
2 2
X = (B + T) CosF + (T + T1 ) Cosθ + T1
0 ' " 0 ' "
= (16.486 + 15.588) Cos 6 42 35 + (15.588 + 28.692) Cos 14 45 37.2
+ 28.692
= 31.854 + 42.819 + 28.692 = 103.365 m
OL = X + A = 103.365 + 12.025 = 115.39 m

52
Case II With a Straight between Reverse Curves

When as per Case I, it may be possible, that space available is less in

comparison with what is required for making the connection then
overall length ‘OL’ can be further reduced by introducing a straight
between the reverse curve. In this Case, it is presumed that reverse
curve is starting just after the heel of crossing.

Figure 4.4: With large distance between straight parallel tracks

having a straight in the reverse curve

Formulae

In Δ O1TP2 Z3
TP2 Z3 S 2 S
tanψ = = =
O1TP2 R 2R

ψ = tan
−1
( )
S
2R
(4.15)

53
In Δ O NO
1 2
ON O M + MN O L + LM + MN
1 1 1
Cos(θ + ψ) = = =
OO OO OO
1 2 1 2 1 2
O1L = RCosF, LM = BSinF, MN = R - D
In Δ O O O
1 3 2
O O S
2 3
Sinψ = =
OO OO
1 2 1 2
S
∴ O1O 2 =
Sinψ

Cos(θ + ψ) =
(RCosF + BSinF + R - D )Sinψ
S
- 1⎧ (RCosF + BSinF + R - D )Sinψ ⎫ − ψ
∴ θ = Cos ⎨ ⎬
⎩ S ⎭
substituting the value of ' ψ' from Eq 4.15,

- 1⎧ (RCosF + BSinF + R - D )Sinψ ⎫ − tan − 1⎛ S ⎞

θ = Cos ⎨ ⎬ ⎜ 2R ⎟ (4.16)
⎩ S ⎭ ⎝ ⎠
θ-F
T = Rtan (4.17)
1 2
θ
T = Rtan (4.18)
2 2
X = (B + T )CosF + (T + S + T )Cosθ + T (4.19)
1 1 2 2
OL = X + A (4.20)

54
If we start the reverse curve after introducing another straight ‘S1’ after
the heel of crossing and different degree of curvature of the two legs of
the reverse curve (R1 & R2).

Figure 4.5

For the above variation (Fig 4.5) various formulae can be modified as
explained under.

− 1⎛
S⎞
ψ = tan ⎜ ⎟ where R = R 1 + R 2
⎝ ⎠
R

-1⎪
θ = Cos ⎨ 1
[ ]
⎧ R CosF+ (B+ S1 ) SinF + R 2 - D Sinψ ⎫⎪ − 1⎛ S ⎞
⎬ − tan ⎜ R ⎟ (4.21)
⎪⎩ S ⎪⎭ ⎝ ⎠
θ- F
T = R tan (4.22)
1 1 2
θ
T = R tan (4.23)
2 2 2
X = (B+ S + T ) CosF+ (T + S+ T ) Cosθ + T (4.24)
1 1 1 2 2
OL = X + A (4.25)

55
Example 4.5

In the Example 4.4, if a straight of 10m has to be introduced between

the reverse curves, the calculate the required distances for the setting
the layout.

ψ = tan
−1
( )
S
2R

= tan
−1
(
10
2×221.522
0 ' "
= 1 17 35 )
( RCosF+BSinF+R-D)Sinψ
Cos(θ + ψ) =
S

=
( 221.522Cos6 42 35 +16.486Sin6 42 35 +221.522-15)Sin1 17 35
0 ' " 0 ' " 0 ' "

10
( 220.004+ 1.926+ 206.522 )× 0.0225661
= = 0.9668
10
−1 0 ' "
θ + ψ = Cos (0.99668) = 14 -47 -39.26

θ = 14
0
− 47' − 39.26" − 1017'35" = 130 − 30' − 42.6"
0 ' " 0 ' "
θ-F 13 30 42.6 -6 42 35
T1 = Rtan = 221.522tan = 13.144m
2 2
0 ' "
θ 13 30 42.6
T2 = Rtan = 221.522tan = 26.242m
2 2
X = (B + T1 )CosF + (T1 + S + T2 )Cosθ + T2
0 ' "
= (16.486 + 13.144)Cos6 42 35
0 ' "
+ (13.144 + 10 + 26.242)Cos13 30 42.6 + 26.114
= 29.427 + 48.019 + 26.242 =103.688
OL = X + A = 104.152 + 12.000 = 116.152m
= 103.688+12.025=115.713 mtr (Ans)

56
 Chapter 5

Crossover Connection between Straight Parallel Tracks

Type of Crossover connection between the straight parallel tracks will be

dependent upon the distance between the two tracks and the space
availability. Accordingly distance between the two tracks may be treated
as Normal distance and Large distance. Concept of Normal distance and
the Large distance is not decided by the spacing between the two tracks,
it is the arrangement of layout and accordingly trigonometric formulae.

5.1 With Normal Spacing between the Tracks and with Same Angle
of Crossing

Figure 5.1: With normal spacing between the tracks and

with same angle of crossing

57
Formulae

(B + S + B)SinF = D
D
∴ S= − 2B (5.1)
SinF
X = DCotF = DN (5.2)
where N is the number of Xing. (CotF = N )
OL = X + 2A (5.3)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all the value of ‘D’ will be known from the field surveying. Turnout
prarmeters ‘A’, ‘B’ will be known once we have decided the type of
turnout. Then from Eq 5.2 & 5.3, the values of ‘X’ & finally ‘OL’ will be
calculated. Now with these values in the hand, location of one of ‘SJ’ can
be fixed by keeping it at a distance ‘OL’ apart in refernce to another ’SJ’.
After fixing the location of ‘SJ’, rest of the turnout can be set out by field
surveying.

For the correctness of the crossover connection, it is very important that

the distance ‘D’ must be same in the vicinity of turnouts and must be
accurate. A small error in ‘D’ will get magnified by ‘N’(number of crossing)
times. It is therefore very important that the value of ‘D’ must be arrived
at by field surveying and not from the yard drawings which might have
been prepared long back and necessary corrections might not have been
done.

For example, if ‘D’ used for layout calculations is not equal to the
actual distance available at the site, then two conditions may be thought
of i.e;

Dcal<Dactual
or
Dcal>Dactual

58
In both the cases, ‘SJ’ will be fixed wrongly and the connection, instead
of a straight,will become a reverse curve or a kink will be formed at the
heel of crossing.

a) Dcal<Dactual

b) Dcal>Dactual

Figure 5.2

Now, when the train negotiate the crossover, it will try to straighten up
the reverse curve, which will finally result into alignment kink in the main
line and will result into bad running.

59
5.2 With Large Spacing between the Tracks with the Same
Angle of Crossing

When the distance between the two straight parallel tracks increases and
if we go for the layout connection as per para 5.1, overall length ‘OL’
requirement will become two large, for which space may not be available
at the site. Space being the costly item in an yard, it is therefore desirable
to introduce a connecting reverse curve starting `from the heel of crossing
so as to keep the overall length of the layout to the minimum. In this type
of layout, further there can be two sub cases i.e;

Case I With no Straight in the Reverse Curves

Case II With a given Straight in the Reverse Curves

Case I With no Straight in the Reverse Curves (Fig 5.3)

Figure 5.3: With no Straight between Reverse Curve

60
Formulae

Δ O TP N
2 2
O N O M − NM O L + LM − NM
1 1 1
Cosθ = = =
O TP O TP O TP
1 2 1 2 1 2
O L = RCosF, LM = BSinF, NM = D 2 , O TP = R
1 1 2
RCosF + BSinF - D 2
∴ Cosθ =
R
− 1 ⎛ RCosF + BSinF − D 2 ⎞
∴ θ = Cos ⎜ ⎟ (5.4)
⎝ R ⎠
θ-F
T = Rtan (5.5)
2
X = 2[(B + T)CosF + TCosθ ] (5.6)
OL = X + 2A (5.7)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all, value of radius of connecting reverse curve is to be assumed,

which is generally the same as that of lead curve radius of the turnout.
Distance ‘D’ between the two straight parallel track will be known from
the field. Value of turnout parameters will be known once we have decided
the type of turnout.

Now from Eq 5.4, value of 'θ' can be calculated. Then from Eq 5.5, 5.6
& 5.7, value of ‘T’, ‘X’ ann hence ‘OL’ can easily be calculated
respectively. Now the location of ‘SJs’ can easily be fixed which will
be at a distance equal to ‘OL’.

61
In the above case, several variations can be made such as , different radii
of curvature of two legs of reverse curve or a straight between the heel
of crossing and start of the reverse curve or different angle of crossing at
the two ends. (Fig 5.4)

Figure 5.4
Formulae

In Δ O1N1TP2
O1N1 O M −N M O L +L M −N M
Cosθ = = 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 1 1
O1TP2 O1TP2 O1TP2
O1L1 = R1CosF1, L1M1 = (B1 + S1 )SinF1 , O1TP2 = R1
R CosF1 +(B1 +S1 )SinF1 − N1M1
∴ Cosθ = 1
R1
∴ N1M1 = R1CosF1 + (B1 + S1 )SinF1 − R1Cosθ

62
In Δ O N TP
2 2 2
O N O M −N M O L +L M −N M
Cosθ = 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2
O TP O TP O TP
2 2 2 2 2 2
O L = R CosF , L M = (B + S )SinF , O TP = R
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R CosF + (B + S )SinF − N M
∴ Cosθ = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R
2
∴ N M = R CosF + (B + S )SinF − R Cosθ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
N M + N M = R CosF + (B + S )SinF − R Cosθ
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ R CosF + (B + S )SinF − R Cosθ
2 2 2 2 2 2
N M +N M =D
1 1 2 2
R CosF + R CosF + (B + S )SinF + (B + S )SinF − D
∴ Cosθ = 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
R +R
1 2

⎪ R1CosF1 + R 2 CosF2 + (B1 + S1 )SinF1 + (B2 + S2 )SinF2 − D ⎫⎪

- 1⎧
= Cos ⎨ R +R
⎬ (5.8)
⎪⎩ 1 2 ⎪⎭
θ−F
T = R tan 1 (5.9)
1 1 2
θ−F
T = R tan 2 (5.10)
2 2 2
X = (B + S + T )CosF + (T + T )Cosθ
1 1 1 1 1 2
+ (B + S + T )CosF (5.11)
2 2 2 2
OL = X + A + A (5.12)
1 2

Now, these formulae have become more versatile and generalized by

incorporating these variations.

63
Example 5.1

A crossover is required to be laid between the two parallel BG tracks at

15m distance by means of a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 turnout with no straight
portion in the connection. Calculate the required parameters for the
layout. Also calculate the saving in overall length in this layout over a
layout with straight line connection between the crossing.

Given: F=4045’49”, A=16.953m, B=23.981m, R=441.282m

RCosF + BSinF - D 2
Cosθ =
R
441.282Cos 4 0 45 ' 49 " + 23.981Sin4 0 45 ' 49 " - 15 2
Cosθ =
441.282
= 0.9840628
0 ' "
θ = 10 14 34
θ-F
T = Rtan
2
10 014 ' 34 " - 4 0 45 ' 49 "
= 441.282 × tan
2
= 21.116m
[
X = 2 (B + T)CosF + TCosθ ]
[
= 2 (23.981 + 21.116)Cos 4 0 45 ' 49 " + 21.116Cos1 0 014 ' 34 " ]
= 2(44.941 + 20.779) = 131.441m
OL = X + 2A = 131.441 + 2 × 16.953 = 165.347m
Overall length if straight line connection is provided between
the crossing;
OL = DCotF + 2A = 15 × 12 + 2 × 16.953 = 213.906m
Therefore saving in the overall length = 213.906 - 165.347 = 48.559m

64
Case II With a given Straight in the reverse curves

Figure 5.5 : With a given Straight in the reverse curve

Formulae

In Δ O TP Z
1 2
TP Z S2 S
2
tanψ = = =
O TP R 2R
1 2

− 1⎛S ⎞
ψ = tan ⎜ ⎟ (5.13)
⎝ ⎠
2R
In Δ O LZ
1
OL O M - LM O N + NM − LM
1 1 1
Cos(θ + ψ) = = =
OZ OZ OZ
1 1 1
O1N = RCosF, NM = BSinF,

65
In Δ O TP Z
1 2
S
OZ=
1 2Sinψ
2 × (RCosF + BSinF + R - D 2 )Sinψ
Cos(θ + ψ) =
S
- 1⎧2 × (RCosF + BSinF − D 2 )Sinψ ⎫ − ψ
∴ θ = Cos ⎨ ⎬
⎩ S ⎭
- 1⎧2 × (RCosF + BSinF − D 2 )Sinψ ⎫
∴ θ = Cos ⎨ ⎬
⎩ S ⎭
− 1⎛ S ⎞
− tan ⎜ ⎟ (5.14)
⎝ 2R ⎠
θ-F
T = Rtan (5.15)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + S + T)Cosθ + (T + B)CosF
= 2(B + T)CosF + (2T + S)Cosθ (5.16)
OL = X + 2A (5.17)

66
Now, In the above case, several variations can be made such as, different
radii of curvature of the two legs of reverse curve or a straight length
introduced between the heel of crossing and the start of the reverse
curve on the two ends or different angle of crossing at the two ends.

Figure 5.6

For this case , various formulae can be revised as follows:

Formulae

In Δ O TP Z
1 2
TP Z TP Z
2 2
tanψ = =
O TP R
1 2 1
In Δ O TP Z
2 3
TP Z TP Z
3 3
tanψ = =
O TP R
2 3 2
TP Z + TP Z = (R + R )tanψ
2 3 1 2

67
S = (R + R )tanψ (where TP Z + TP Z = S)
1 2 2 3
S
∴ tanψ =
(R + R )
1 2

- 1⎜
⎛ S ⎞
∴ ψ = tan ⎟ (5.18)
⎜R +R ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
In Δ O ZN
1 1
O N O M -N M O L +L M -N M
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cos(θ + ψ) = = =
O Z O Z O Z
1 1 1
(R CosF
1 1
+ (B + S )SinF - N M
1 1 1 1 1
)
Cos(θ + ψ) = (5.19)
O Z
1
In Δ O ZN
2 2
(R 2
CosF + (B + S )SinF - N M
2 2 2 2 2 2
)
Cos(θ + ψ) = (5.20)
O Z
2
From Eq 5.19 & 5.20,
N M = R CosF + (B + S )SinF - O ZCos(θ + ψ)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
N M = R CosF + (B + S )SinF - O ZCos(θ + ψ)
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D =N M + N M
1 1 1 2
D = R CosF + R CosF + (B + S )SinF + (B + S )SinF
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
- (O Z + O Z)Cos(θ + ψ) (5.20a)
1 2
where O Z + O Z = O O
1 2 1 2
In Δ O TP Z
1 2
TP Z
2
Sinψ =
O Z
1

68
In Δ O TP Z
2 3
TP Z
3
Sinψ =
O Z
2
TP Z + TP Z = (O Z + O Z)Sinψ
2 3 1 2
∴ S = O O Sinψ
1 2
considering Eq (5.20 a), Cos(θ + ψ) is equal to :
[
⎧⎪ R CosF1 + R 2 CosF2 + (B1 + S1 )SinF1 + (B 2 + S2 )SinF2 − D Sinψ ⎫⎪
=⎨ 1
]
⎬
⎪ ⎩
S ⎪ ⎭
− 1⎪
[ ]
⎧ R1CosF + R 2CosF + (B1 + S1 )SinF1 + (B 2 + S2 )SinF2 − D Sinψ ⎫⎪
θ = Cos ⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ S ⎪⎭

− 1⎛
⎜ S ⎞
⎟
− tan (5.21)
⎜R + R ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
θ−F
1
T = R tan (5.22)
1 1 2
θ−F
2
T = R tan (5.23)
2 2 2
X = (B + S + T )CosF + (T + S + T )Cosθ
1 1 1 1 1 2
+ (T + S + B )CosF (5.24)
2 2 2 2
OL = X + 2A (5.25)

Now these formulae have become more generalized by incorporating

these variations.

69
Example 5.2

A crossover is required to be laid between two parallel BG tracks at 15m

distance by means of 60Kg PSC, 1 in 12 turnout and with a straight of 40m
in connection. Calculate the required parameters for the layout. Also
calculate the saving in overall length in this layout over a layout with
straight line connection between the crossing.

Given: F=4045’49” , A=16.989m, B = 22.912m, R = 400m, S = 40m

ψ = tan
−1
( ) S
2R
= tan
−1 40
(
2× 400
0 ' "
= 2 51 45 )
θ = Cos
-1
{ 2×( RCosF + BSinF− D 2 )Sinψ
S
−ψ }
= Cos ⎨
-1 (
⎧ 2× 400Cos40 45'49" + 22.912Sin40 45' 49" −15 2 Sin20 51' 45" ⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎬
)
40
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
0 ' "
0 ' " -1 ⎧ 2 ( 398 + 1.902 −15 2 )Sin2 51 45 ⎫ 0 ' "
− 2 51 45 = Cos ⎨ ⎬ = 8 13 6.47
⎩ 40 ⎭
= Cos
-1
{ } 39.25
40
0 ' ''
− 2 51 45

0 0 ' '' 0 ' '' 0 ' ''

= 11 − 4 − 51 47 - 2 51 45 = 8 13 6.47
0 ' " 0 ' "
θ-F 8 13 6 - 4 45 49
T = Rtan = 400tan = 12.063m
2 2
X = 2(B + T)CosF + (2T + S)Cosθ
0 ' " 0 ' "
= 2(22.912 + 12.063)Cos4 45 49 + (2 × 12.063 + 40)Cos8 13 6
= 69.708 + 63.467 = 133.175m
OL = X + 2A = 133.175 + 2 × 16.989 = 167.153m (When limited
straight 40 m consider)
Overall length, if straight line connection is given between the crossing,
OL = DCotF + 2A = 15 ×12 + 2 × 16.989 = 213.979m (When only straight)
Therefore saving in overall length = 213.979 -167.153 = 46.82m

70
5.3 With Different Angles of Crossing and Normal Distance
between the two Straight Parallel Tracks

Figure 5.7 : With different Angles of crossing and normal distance

between the two straight parallel tracks

Formulae

(B + T)SinF + (T + B )SinF = D (5.26)

1 1 2 2
D - (B SinF + B SinF )
∴T = 1 1 2 2 (5.27)
SinF + SinF
1 2
F −F
T = Rtan 1 2 (5.28)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + B )CosF (5.29)
1 1 2 2
OL = X + A + A (5.30)
1 2

71
In the derivation of the various formulae for the above case, it is assumed
that connecting curve is starting just after the heel of crossing. It may
also happen, to suit the varied site conditions, that a straight after the
heel of crossing is required. Those formulae can be modified as follows;
(Fig 5.8)

Figure 5.8

(B + S + T)SinF + (T + S + B )SinF = D (5.31)

1 1 1 2 2 2

∴T =
[
D - (B + S )SinF + (B + S )SinF )
1 1 1 2 2 2
] (5.32)
SinF + SinF
1 2
F −F
T = Rtan 1 2 (5.33)
2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + (T + S + B )CosF (5.34)
1 1 1 2 2 2
OL = X + A + A (5.35)
1 2

72
Example 5.3

A crossover is required to be laid between the two straight parallel tracks

at 4.725m centres by using a 52 Kg, 1 in 8.5 & 1 in 12 turnouts. Calculate
the required parameters for the layout.

Given: Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.000m 17.418m 6 42’35”
0

1 in 12 16.953m 23.981m 4045’49”

First of all, value of ‘T’ tangent length will be calculated from,

D - (B SinF + B SinF )
1 1 2 2
T =
SinF + SinF
1 2

4.725 - (17.418Sin6 0 42 '35" + 23.981Sin4 0 45'49" )

=
Sin6 0 42'35" + Sin4 0 45'49"
4.725 - (2.035 + 1.992)
= = 3.492m
0.19988
T 3.492
R = = = 205.597m
F −F 0 ' " 0 '
6 42 35 − 4 45 49"
1 2
tan tan
2 2

Note:

Radius of connecting curve, thus, coming is prohibitive for negotiating

the passenger trains. It is recommended that radius of connecting curve
should be at least equal to the radius of lead curve of 1 in 12 turnout,
which can be taken as 440m.

73
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + + B )CosF
1 1 2 2
' " 0 0 ' "
= (17.418 + 3.492)Cos6 42 35 + (23.981 + 3.492)Cos4 45 49
= 20.767 + 27.378 = 48.145m
OL = X + A + A
1 2
= 48.145 + 12.000 + 16.953 = 77.098m

Example 5.4

In the foregoing example 5.4, if the radius of connecting curve radius is

required to be the same as that of the radius of lead curve of 1 in 12
turnout, calculate the minimum distance ‘D’ between the two tracks and
the various parameters for the layout. Radius of connecting curve can be
taken as equal to 441.282m.

F −F 6 0 42 '35" − 4 0 45 ' 49"

1 2
T = Rtan = 441.282 × tan = 7.495m
2 2
D = (B + T)SinF + (T + B )SinF
1 1 2 2
0 ' " 0 ' "
= (17.418 + 7.495)Sin6 42 35 + (23.981 + 7.495)Sin 4 45 49
= 2.911 + 2.614 = 5.525m
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + B )CosF
1 1 2 2
0 ' " 0 ' "
= (17.418 + 7.495)Cos6 42 35 + (23.981 + 7.495)Cos 4 45 49
= 24.742 + 31.367 = 56.110m
OL = X + A + A
1 2
= 56.110 + 12.000 + 16.953 = 85.062m

Ans : Hence D= 5.525m when minimum connecting curve radius is taken

on 441 mtr.

74
Example 5.5

In the foregoing example 5.4, if the layout is on PSC sleepers, then

calculate the minimum distance ‘D’ between the two tracks and other
parameters for correctly laying the layout in the field. Minimum radius
of connecting curve to be taken as that of the lead curve radius of 1 in
12 turnout.

Given: Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.025m 16.486m 6 42’35”
0

1 in 12 16.989m 22.912m 4045’49”

(These turnout parameters are for PSC layouts, 1673mm Gauge)

For the PSC Fan Shaped Layout, the layout becomes rigidly straight up
to the last common PSC sleepers(S.No 83 for 1 in 12, & S.No 54 for 1 in 8.5)
of the turnout due to the prepositioned inserts for straight alignment
behind the heel of crossing. These straight for 1 in 8.5 & 1 in 12 turnouts
are 3.3m & 5.688m respectively.

F −F 6 0 42 '35" − 4 0 45'49"
1 2
T = Rtan = 441.282 × tan = 7.495m
2 2
D = (B + S + T)SinF + (T + S + B )SinF
1 1 1 2 2 2
' " 0
= (7.495 + 16.486 + 3.3)Sin6 42 35
0 ' "
+ (7.495 + 22.912 + 5.688)Sin4 45 49 = 3.187 + 2.998 = 6.185m
0 ' "
X = (7.495 + 16.486 + 3.3)Cos6 42 35
0 ' "
+ (7.495 + 22.912 + 5.688)Cos4 45 49 = 27.094 + 35.970 = 63.064m
OL = X + A + A = 63.064 + 12.025 + 16.989 = 92.078m
1 2

75
Note:

It is therefore, very important that when yard layout is on PSC Fan

Shaped layout and track centre is less, then section engineer should
remove long common sleepers from the Fan Shaped layout so that the
connecting curve can be started earlier. It may also happen that, while
performing the layout calculations, default straight behind the heel of
crossing might not have been taken into consideration and therefore
during laying the turnout, geometry of the layout will be disturbed
because of mismatch of calculations and the actual site parameters.
Because of this mismatch, alignment will become kinky in the connecting
curve, which in turn will be reflected as the kink in main line.

5.4 Crossover between a Loop Line and the Main Line with the
Symmetrical Split on the Loop Line

Figure 5.9 : Crossover between a loop line and the main line with the
symmetrical split on the loop line

76
Formulae
F
(B + S + T)SinF + (T + B )Sin 2 = D
1 1 2 2
F
2
D - (B + T)Sin
∴S =
2 2 - (B + T) (5.36)
SinF 1
1

⎛ F ⎞
⎜F − 2 ⎟
⎜ 1 2⎟
T = Rtan
⎝ ⎠ (5.37)
2
F
2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + (T + B )Cos (5.38)
1 1 2 2
OL = X + A + A (5.39)
1 2
Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field, value of ‘D’ will be known. Radius of connecting curve
will be assumed as per the guidelines. From Eq 5.37 value of ‘T’ can be
calculated and the from Eq 5.36, 5.38 & 5.39, valus of ‘S’, ‘X’ & ‘OL’ can
be calculated respectively. Now the work left is locating one Stock Joint
with respect to another by keeping it at a distance ‘OL’ apart.

The same formulae can be used differently, when ‘S’ is given. Then from
Eq 5.36 value of ‘T’ can be calculated and then from Eq 5.37, value of ‘R’
can be calculated. Value of ‘R’ thus arrived may or may not satisfy the
recommended radius of connecting curve.

Several variations can also be thought of like a straight after both

the Turnouts or a reverse curve between the heel of crossing. Purpose
of incorporating these variations is basically for designing an optimum
layout keeping in view the space constraints, infringements or obligatory
points.

77
Example 5.6

A crossover is required to be laid between a Loop Line and a parallel

main line at 4.725m track centres by using a 52 Kg PSC, 1 in 8.5 symmetrical
split turnout on the Loop Line and 52Kg PSC, 1 in 12 turnout on the main
Line. Radius of the connecting curve being equal to the lead radius of the
1 in 8.5 symmetrical split. Calculate the required parameters for the layout.

Given: Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.025m 16.4486m 16 42’35”
0

1 in 12 16.989m 55.914m 4045’49”

Radius of the connecting curve will be ‘R’=443.882m

⎛ 0 ' " 60 42'35" ⎞

⎛ F2 ⎞
⎜ F1− ⎟ ⎜ 4 45 49 − 2 ⎟
T = Rtan ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 443.882 × tan
⎝ ⎠ = 5.457m
2 2
F
D-(B2 +T)Sin 2
S= 2 - (B + T)
SinF1 1

60 42'35"
4.725-(16.486+5.457)Sin
= 2 - (22.914 + 5.457) = 13.089m
Sin40 45'49"
F2
X = (B1 + S + T)CosF1 + (T + B2 )Cos
2
0 ' "
0 ' " 6 42 35
= (22.914 + 11.349 + 5.457)Cos4 45 49 + (5.457 + 16.486)Cos
2
= 39.609 + 21.905 = 61.515m
OL = X + A1 + A 2 = 61.515 + 16.989 + 12.025 = 90.529m

78
5.5 Crossover in Multi Track Area

Crossover in Multi Track area known as ‘Double Junctions’ involve

provision of a diamond crossing in between two Turnouts. Such layouts
permit diversion of UP/DN directional train from fast corridor to the
slow corridors and vice versa. The turnouts are normally of 1 in 12
spread, while the diamond crossing is of 1 in 8.5 spread. Hence the
connection will involve a connecting Curve.

It will be seen that for such a connection, the minimum track centre
distance required for introducing a connecting curve of 1 in 12 turnout
lead curve radius is 5.5m on BG which is not always available. The following
alternatives are recommended in such layouts;

• At locations where such layouts are already laid with the

existing distance between track centres , it is preferable to
replace the existing 1 in 12 turnout with 1 in 8.5 turnout with
curved switches to have a straight line connection i.e. without a
curve between the heel of crossings. This will not only improve
the layout alignment but also result in saving in the overall
distance which may be of a great advantage in the restricted
suburban area. If the replacement as suggested above can not
be effected for some reason or other, then existing layout can be
improved by correctly calculating the resultant radius of
connecting curve after properly assessing the track centres
distance and providing the same with accuracy and care.

• Whenever such crossovers are newly introduced, intermediate

diamond crossings should be of the same spread as that of the
turnout. Therefore, for 1 in 12 turnout, the diamond crossing in
between shall be of movable type so that the connection will
be by means of straight line connection between the heel of
crossings.

79
80
Figure 5.10 : Crossover in multi track area
 Chapter 6

Scissors Cross-Over between Straight Parallel

Tracks

6.1 Scissors Cross-Overs

When two cross-overs overlap each other, preferably exactly opposite to

each other, a scissors cross-over is said to have been formed. A diamond
is formed where the cross-over cross each other in addition to the four
turnouts. The same function can be achieved by two cross-overs facing
each other.( Fig 6.1)

Figure : 6.1 : Scissors cross-overs

The advantage of providing a scissors cross over is the saving of space

in an important congested yard, but this involves having an additional
diamond crossing in the yard. A scissors cross-over is equated to three
cross-overs for the purpose of assessing the maintenance cost.

The angle of diamond crossings are twice the crossing angle of turnout.
They are also commonly called by half the number of the turnout
crossing e.g. for 1 in 8.5 turnouts the diamond crossing is listed as

81
1 in 4.25, though it is strictly incorrect because cot (2F) will not be half
that of cot (F). On Broad Gauge, scissors cross-over layouts have been
finalized only for two track centers (on wooden layouts) viz: 4.725 m
(15’6”) and 5.180 m (17’0”). They can not be laid at track centers in
between these distances due to difficulty in providing effective check
rail guidance over the unguided gap in front of the ANCs of acute
crossings for a wheel movement over the cross-overs.

6.2 Broad Gauge Scissors Cross-Over at 4.725m Track

Centers

At 4.725 m track centers, the distance between the TNCs of the acute
crossings of the diamond (Ld) formed in between the tracks is greater
than the distance between the TNCs of the main line acute crossings (X).
Hence the acute crossings of diamond lie outside the acute crossing of
the main line turnouts as can be seen from the Fig 6.2.

Figure : 6.2 : Broad gauge scissors cross-over at 4.725m track centers

The distances involved for negotiating 1 in 8½ crossovers at 4.725 m

track centers are as under-

82
Distance between TNCs of crossings on main line (X),
F
X = DCotF - GCot = 11572mm
2
The long diagonal of the diamond (L ),
d
G
L = = 14345mm
d SinF
Hence distance between the TNCs of the acute crossings on
L -X
d
main line and diamond (X ) is = = 1386mm
1 2
Distance between ANCs along the straight (X ) ,
2
X = 1386 + 118 ( for 1 in 8.5) + 59 ( for 1 in 4.25) = 1563mm
2
The distance between ANCs along the cross - over as would be
traversed by a vehicle moving over the cross - over (X ),
3
1563
X = = 1377mm
3 CosF - GtanF

The distance 1377 mm includes two gaps of 496 mm and 248 mm in front
of 1 in 8.5 and 1 in 4.25 acute crossings respectively, which are required
to be protected by provision of check rails opposite them. Since the
distance between ANCs (X3) i.e. 1377 mm is greater than total unguided
gap (744 mm) at 4.725 m track centers, it is possible to provide special
check rails for guiding the movement of wheels along the cross-over.

As the track center distance increases the distance between TNCs of

main line turnouts (X) also increases while the dimensions of the
diamond (Ld) remains constant with the result that the distance between
ANCs of the acute crossings of main line and diamond (X2 and X3) get
progressively reduced making it difficult to provide check rails opposite
unguided gap. If the distance (X3) comes closer to 744 mm, the total
unguided gap, or lower than 744 mm then provision of check rail is not
possible. This aspect would be clear from the following table 6.1 for 1 in
8.5 scissors cross-overs.

83
 Table : 6.1
D 4725 4800 4900 5000 5015 5100 5200 5300

X 11572 11210 13060 13910 14037 14760 15610 16460

Ld 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344

X1 1386 1067 642 217 153 -208 -633 -4158

X2 1563 1244 819 394 330 -31 -456 -881

X3 1377 1056 628 200 136 -228 -656 -1084

As the track center increases the position becomes safe when ANCs of
the diamond and ANCs of the main line crossings fall opposite each
other i.e. when distance X2 becomes zero ( Fig 6.3). This occurs when
the track centers become 5.015 m beyond which the wing rails of the
crossing on main line and that of acute crossing of than diamond can be
so extended that they perform the function of check rail opposite the
crossings and give the effective guidance. This is possible till such
increased track center is obtained when independent check rails can be
placed opposite the respective gaps. The position is identical
with 1 in 12 and 1 in 16 turnouts.

Figure : 6.3

84
For this purpose, Indian railways have finalized standard designs
for 4.725 m (15’6”) and 5.18 m (17’) track centers on wooden layouts
with extended wing rails for use on all new constructions. The design
for 4.725 m track center is to cover existing situation since majority of
the yards are laid at 4.725 (15’6”) track centers.

A design for scissors cross-over on concrete sleeper layout at 4.725m

track centre has been finalized for use in the field. However no design has
been finalized for 5.18m track centres on concrete sleepers.

No designs have been finalized for 5.3 m track center which is now the
recommended track center for new constructions because as per the
recommended guidelines, use of scissors cross-over is to be avoided
and on new constructions, layouts should be designed with the use of
normal cross-overs.

For the Meter Gauge, effective independent check railing arrangements

are possible even when they are laid at 4.265 m track centers as the
distances between the TNCs are 5317 mm and 7548 mm in the case of 1 in
8.5 and 1 in 12 scissors cross overs respectively. This is large enough to
place indepent checkrails opposite the nose of crossings.

85
 Chapter 7

Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks

7.1 Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks

In the field, several situatios may arise where crossovers are to be laid
between two non parallel straight tracks. Depending upon the site
conditions, variety of connections can be made like with same or
different angle of crossing, connecting curve being simple or reverse
curve starting just after the heel of crossing or after a straight behind
the heel of crossing. If the connecting curve being the reverse curve
then it may be with or without a straight in between. It means that,
there can be several permutations & combinations and variety of
formulae can be generated.

Let us derive the set of formulae for a crossover connection between two
non parallel straight tracks with the following conditions;

Connecting curve being simple circular curve between the heel of

crossing and angle of crossings being different on the two ends.

Figure 7.1 : Crossover between non parallel straight tracks

86
Formulae

Δ+F −F
1 2
T = Rtan (7.1)
2
(B + T)SinF + (T + B )Sin(F − Δ) − A SinΔ = D (7.2)
1 1 2 2 2
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + B )Cos(F - Δ) (7.3)
1 1 2 2
OL = X + A + A CosΔ (7.4)
1 2

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

Δ’ and
Given ‘R’, Angle between two non parallel straight tracks ‘Δ
turnout parameters;

Eq 7.1 will be used for calculating the value of ‘T’. Once ‘T’ is known,
Min ‘D’ (Where ‘SJ2’ will be fixed) will be calculated from Eq 7.2 and
finally ‘X’ & ‘OL’ will be calculated from Eq 7.3 & 7.4 respectively.
Now ‘SJ1’ can be fixed at a distance ‘OL’ from ‘SJ2’.

Given ‘D’(where‘SJ2’ is fixed), Angle between two non parallel straight

Δ’ and turnout parameters;
tracks ‘Δ

Eq 7.2 will be used for calculating the value of ‘T’. Once ‘T’ is known,
value of ‘R’ can be calculated from Eq 7.1 which may or may not
satisfy the recommended radius of turn-in-curve. After that the value of
‘X’ & ‘OL’ can be calculated from Eq 7.3 & 7.4 respectively.

87
Example 7.1

A crossover consisting of 52 Kg, 1 in 12 and 1 in 8.5 turnouts is

required to be laid between non parallel straight tracks at a minimum
distance between the two track centres. The angle between he two non
parallel straight tracks is 3050’0”. Calculate the various parameters
required to lay the crossover connection assuming the connecting curve
radius equal to 400m.

Given: Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.000m 17.418m 6 42’35”
0

1 in 12 16.953m 23.981m 4045’49”

Δ+F −F
1 2
T = Rtan
2
3 0 50 ' 0" + 6 0 42 ' 35" − 4 0 45 ' 49"
= 400 × tan = 20.191m
2
0 ' "
Dmin = (B + T)Sin6 42 35 + (T + B )Sin(F − Δ) − A SinΔ
1 2 2 2
0 ' "
= (17.418 + 20.191)Sin6 42 35
0 ' " 0 ' " 0 ' "
+ (20.191 + 23.981)Sin(4 45 49 − 3 50 0 ) − 16.953Sin3 50 0
= 4.394 + 0.717 - 1.133 = 3.978m
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + B )Cos(F - Δ)
1 1 2 2
0 ' "
= (17.418 + 20.191)Cos6 42 35
0 ' " 0 ' "
+ (20.191 + 23.981)Cos(4 45 49 − 3 50 0 )
= 37.351 + 44.166 = 81.517m
OL = X + A + A CosΔ
1 2
0 ' "
= 81.517 + 12.000 + 16.953Cos3 50 0 = 110.432m

88
 Chapter 8

Connection between Curved Track to Parallel Curved

Track or Divergent Straight Track

Connections have at times to be laid from Curved Track to either

parallel track or divergent straight track. Understanding about such
connections is very important for a field engineer so that the same can
be applied for proper design of such layouts. Several situations can be
thought of such that;

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main Line curve without a straight between
the heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main Line curve with a straight between the
heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on inside of main Line curve

• Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the inside of the main line curve.

• Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the outside of the main line curve.

89
8.1 Connection between two Curved Parallel Tracks.
Connection being on Outside of Main Line Curve without
a Straight between the Heel of Crossing and the
Connecting Curve.

Figure 8.1 : Connection between two curved parallel tracks. connection

being on Outside of main line curve without a straight
between the heel of crossing and the connecting curve

Formulae
Join G with E and Draw a Line AB Parallel to GE
R = radius of curved main line (outer rail)
m
R = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
90
From the Geometry of the Fig 8.1,
∠O AO = F
1 2
In Δ O G E (Isoceles Triangle)
2
∠O G E = ∠O EG
2 2
∴ ∠ O A B = ∠ O BA (AB is Parallel to GE)
2 2
In Δ O A B, Applying tan Formula,
1
∠O A B - ∠O B A O B−O A ∠A O B
1 1 1 1 1
tan = Cot
2 O B+O A 2
1 1
∠O A B - ∠O B A = ∠O AO + ∠O A B - ∠O BA
1 1 1 2 2 1
= ∠O AO + ∠O A B - ∠O A B (where ∠O A B = ∠O B A)
1 2 2 2 1 2
= ∠O AO = F
1 2
F
O B = O L - L E - EB = R + D - G - Ktan
1 1 1 1 m 2
F
where EB = GA = Ktan
2
F
O A = O H + HA = R + Ktan
1 1 m 2
F F
∴ O B-O A= R + D - G - Ktan −R − Ktan
1 1 m 2 m 2
F
= D - G - 2Ktan
2

91
 F F
O B+O A= R + D - G - Ktan +R + Ktan
1 1 m 2 m 2
= 2R +D-G
m
⎛ D - G - 2Ktan F ⎞
⎜ F ⎟
∴ tan = ⎜ 2 ⎟Cot θ
2 ⎜ 2R + D - G ⎟ 2
⎜ m ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ D - G - 2Ktan F ⎞
θ ⎜ ⎟
2 Cot F
∴ tan = ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜ 2R + D - G ⎟ 2
⎜ m ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎧⎛⎜ F⎞ ⎫
⎪ D - G - 2Ktan ⎟
-1 ⎜
∴ θ = 2tan ⎨⎜ 2 ⎟Cot ⎪
F
⎟ ⎬ (8.1)
⎪⎜ 2R m + D - G ⎟ 2 ⎪
⎩⎝ ⎠ ⎭
ΔO AO Apply Sine Formula,
1 2
Sin∠O O A Sin∠A O O
1 2
= 1 2
O A O A
1 2

F
O A=R + Ktan
1 m 2
F
O A = O L - L G - GA = R − G − Ktan
2 2 2 2 c 2
Sin(180 - φ) Sinθ
∴ =
F F
R + Ktan R − G − Ktan
m 2 c 2

92
 Sin(θ + F) Sinθ
= where φ = θ + F
F F
R + Ktan R − G − Ktan
m 2 c 2
⎛ F⎞
Sinθ⎜⎜ R + Ktan ⎟⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ F
∴R = + G + Ktan (8.2)
c Sin(θ + F) 2
X = NH + HL = K + R θ where ' θ' is in radians
m
πR θ
=K+ m where ' θ' is in degrees (8.3)
180

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

When the connections pertaining to curved lines are required to be laid

in the field, it will be prudent to fix the crossing first and then the entire
turnout and connecting curves are being laid.

Distance ‘D’ between the two curved parallel tracks and radius of main
line ‘Rm’ will be known from field surveying. Value of turnout parameters
will be known once we have decided the turnout.

Now from Eq 8.1, value of ' θ' will be calculated. Eq 8.2 will be used for
calculating the value of radius of connecting curve ‘Rc’. And Finally ‘X’
will be calculated from Eq 8.3. Point ‘L1’ and hence Point ‘L’ will be
decided from field surveying. Now with refernce to ‘L’, distance ‘X’ will
be measured along the outer rail of curved main line to fix the TNC. It may
also happen that TNC is already fixed, then Point ‘L’ can be fixed by
measuring a distance ‘X’ along the outer rail of the curved main line.
After ‘L’ being fixed, ‘L1’ can easily be fixed by field surveying.

It is evident from the formulae, that value of connecting curve radius ‘Rc’
will be fixed for a given set of boundary conditions like ‘Rm’, ‘D’ &
turnout parameters. It may so happen that ‘Rc’ may or may not satisfy the
recommended radius of connecting curve.

93
Example 8.1

Calculate the radius of connecting curve ‘R’ and layout distance ‘X’ for
a connection between a curved main line and a curved parallel track at
4.725m distance. Connection being on the side of the main line without
a straight after the heel of crossing by using 1 in 8.5 crossing.

Given; K=3.123m, F=6042’35”, R=450m

⎧⎛⎜ F⎞ ⎫
⎪ D - G - 2Ktan ⎟
-1 ⎜
θ = 2tan ⎨⎜ 2 ⎟Cot ⎪F
⎟ ⎬
⎪⎜ 2R m + D - G ⎟ 2 ⎪
⎩⎝ ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛⎜ ⎞
6 0 42 ' 35" ⎟ ⎫
⎪⎪⎜ 4.725 - 1.676 - 2 × 3.123tan ⎟ 0 ' "
6 42 35 ⎪
⎪
-1
= 2tan ⎨⎜ 2 ⎟Cot ⎬
2 × 450 - 4.725 - 1.676 2
⎪⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎪
⎪⎩⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎭
- 1 ⎛ 2.682857 × 17.0589 ⎞ 0 ' "
= 2tan ⎜ ⎟ = 5 49 33
⎝ 903.049 ⎠
⎛ F⎞
Sinθ⎜⎜ R + Ktan ⎟⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ F
R = + G + Ktan
c Sin(θ + F) 2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 6 0 42 ' 35" ⎟
Sin5 0 49 ' 33" × ⎜ 450 + 3.123 × tan ⎟⎟
⎜ 2
⎝ ⎠
=
0 ' " 0
Sin(5 49 33 + 6 42 35 ) ' "

6 0 42 ' 35"
+ 1.676 + 3.123 × tan = 212.395m
2
πR θ π × 450 × 5 0 49 '33"
X= K + m = 3.123 + = 48.877m
180 180

94
Note:

Calculations as performed above are the direct calculations. But in

case of designing a layout connection, limiting the radius of the
connecting curve ‘Rc’, it will be required to calculate the required
radius of curved main line so as to satify the predecided radius of
connecting curve. For such calculations, problem can best be solved by
‘Trial & Error’ process with a number of values of ‘Rm’. A ready made
graph can also be prepared between ‘Rm’ & ‘Rc’ for different track
centres for a given turnout, connection being on outside of main line
without a straight after the heel of crossing.

95
8.2 Connection between two curved parallel tracks.
Connection being on outside of main Line curve with a
straight between the heel of crossing and the connecting
curve

The author is against this type of layout unless ‘D’ is very large as
otherwise the ‘Rc’ is reduced considerably because of a straight
between the heel of crossing and the connecting curve. For normal
distances of the loop line, the ‘Rc’ will have prohibitive values unless ‘D’
is very very large. This layout as well as the layout discussed in previous
clause, three curves i.e. lead curve, connecting curve & parallel curved
line are laid and for good maintenance, it is very much desirable to have
the curves as large as possible.

Figure 8.2: Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main line curve with a straight between
the heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

96
Formulae

Join G with E and Draw a Line AB Parallel to GE

R = Radius of curved main line (outer rail)
m
R = Radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
S = Straight after the heel of crossing
From the Geometry of the Fig 8.2,
In Δ O P O
1 2
O O = O L - L O = O L + LL − L O
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
=R +D-R
m c
O P = O Q + QP = O ASinF + S where QP = GL = S
1 1 1 4
F F
= (R + Ktan )SinF + S where O A = R + Ktan
m 2 1 m 2
O P = L P − O L = GQ − O L = GA + AQ − (O L − L L )
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4
F F
= Ktan + (R + Ktan )CosF - (R - G)
2 m 2 c
F F
∴ O P = (R + Ktan )CosF + Ktan − (R - G)
2 m 2 2 c
2 2 2
O O =O P +O P
1 2 1 2
Substituting the values of O O , O P & O P in the above Equation;
1 2 1 2
2
(R 2 ⎧ F ⎫
+ D - R ) = ⎨(R + Ktan )SinF + S⎬
m c ⎩ m 2 ⎭
2

+ ⎧⎨(R + Ktan )CosF + Ktan + G − R ⎫⎬

F F
⎩ m 2 2 c⎭

97
 2
2 2 ⎧ F ⎫
(R + D) + R − 2(R + D)R = ⎨(R + Ktan )SinF + S⎬
m c m c ⎩ m 2 ⎭
2
⎧
+ ⎨(R
F F ⎫
+ Ktan )CosF + Ktan + G ⎬ + R
2
⎩ m 2 2 ⎭ c

⎧ F F ⎫
− 2R ⎨(R + Ktan )CosF + Ktan + G ⎬ now solving for R
c⎩ m 2 2 ⎭ c
2
⎧ F ⎫
+ D) 2 − ⎨(R + Ktan )SinF + S⎬
(R
m ⎩ m 2 ⎭
R =
c ⎧ F
2⎨R + D - (R + Ktan )CosF - G - Ktan ⎬
F⎫
⎩ m m 2 2⎭
2
⎧ F F ⎫
⎨ (R + Ktan )CosF + Ktan + G ⎬
⎩ m 2 2 ⎭
- (8.4)
⎧ F
2 ⎨R + D - (R + Ktan )CosF - G - Ktan ⎬
F⎫
⎩ m m 2 2⎭
F
O P (R + Ktan )SinF + S
1 m 2
Cosφ = = (8.5)
O O R +D-R
1 2 m c
In Δ AQ O , F + θ + φ + 90 = 180 & hence θ = 90 - (F + φ)
1
πR θ
m =K+
πR
m
{90 - (F + φ)}
X = NH + HL = K + (8.6)
180 180

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

Distance ‘D’ between the two curved parallel tracks and radius ‘R’ of
main line will be known from field surveying. Value of turnout parameters
will be known once we have decided the type of turnout. Now value of
‘S’ will have to be assumed. Then from Eq 8.4 value of ‘Rc’ will be
calculated. Value of ‘ϕ’and finally ‘X’ can be calculated from Eq 8.5 & 8.6
respectively. Now TNC can be fixed easily as discussed in the previous
clause.

98
Example 8.2

A curved main line track of 600m radius is required to be connected to a

parallel siding at 4.725m distance on the outside by using a 60 Kg PSC,
1 in 12 turnout and with a straight portion of 10m behind the heel of
crossing. Calculate the various parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4045’49”, K=2.803m

{ }
F 2
(R m + D)2 − (R m + Ktan )SinF+S
2
Rc =
{ F
2 R m + D-(R m + Ktan )CosF-G-Ktan
2
F
2 }
{ }
F F 2
(R m + Ktan )CosF+ Ktan +G
2 2
-
{ F
2 R m + D-(R m + Ktan )CosF-G-Ktan
2
F
2 }
2
2 ⎧ 0 ' "
4 45 49 0 ' " ⎫
(600+ 4.725) − ⎨(600 + 2.803× tan ) Sin4 45 49 +10⎬

=
⎩ 2
⎭
⎧ 0 ' "
4 45 49 0 ' "
0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎫
⎨
2 600 + 4.725 - (600 + 2.803 × tan ) Cos4 45 49 -1.676 - 2.803 × tan ⎬
⎩ 2 2
⎭
2
⎧ 0 ' "
4 45 49 0 ' "
0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎫
⎨(600+ 2.803 × tan 2 )Cos4 45 49 + 2.803×tan 2 +1.676⎬
-
⎩ ⎭
⎧ 0 ' "
4 45 49 0 ' "
0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎫
⎨
2 600 + 4.725-(600 + 2.803× tan )Cos4 45 49 -1.676-2.803× tan ⎬
⎩ 2 2
⎭

99
 F
(R m + Ktan )SinF+S
Cosφ = 2
R m + D-R c
40 45'49"
(600+ 2.803×tan )Sin40 45' 49" +10
= 2 = 0.15952055
600+ 4.725
0 ' " 0 ' "
∴ φ = 80 49 15 , therefore θ = 90 - (4 45 49 )
π R m (90-(F+φ))
X=K+
180
π×600
= 2.803 +
180
= 13.280 m

From the above examples, it is evident that introduction of straight

behind the heel of crossing is not desirable, since it reduces the
radius of connecting curve.

100
8.3 Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection
being on inside of main Line curve

Figure 8.3 : Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on inside of main Line curve

101
Formulae

Join G with E and Draw a Line AB Parallel to GE

R = radius of curved main line (outer rail)
m
R = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
From the Geometry of the Fig 8.3,
In Δ O G E (Isoceles Triangle) ∠ O G E = ∠ O E G
2 2 2
In Δ O A B,
1
∴ ∠ O A B = ∠ O BA (AB is Parallel to GE)
1 1
In Δ O A B, Applying tan Formula,
1
∠O B A - ∠O A B O A−O B θ
1 1 1 1
tan = Cot
2 O A+O B 2
1 1
∠O B A - ∠O A B = ∠O B A - ∠O A B - ∠O A O
1 1 1 2 2 1
( )
= ∠O B A - ∠O A B + ∠O A O = F
2 2 2 1
F
O A = O M − MH - HA = R − G − Ktan
1 1 m 2
F
O B = O L - LE + EB = R - D + Ktan
1 1 m 2
F F
O A-O B = R − G − Ktan − R + D − Ktan
1 1 m 2 m 2
F
= D − G − 2Ktan
2
F F
O A+O B=R − G − Ktan + R − D + Ktan = 2R − D − G
1 1 m 2 m 2 m

102
 F
F D − G − 2Ktan
∴ tan = 2 Cot θ
2 2R −D−G 2
m
⎧⎛ D − G − 2Ktan F ⎞ ⎫
⎜ ⎟
− 1 ⎪⎝2⎠ F⎪
∴ θ = 2tan ⎨
⎪
2R − D − G
m
(Cot ⎬
2
⎪
) (8.7)

⎩ ⎭
In Δ O O A, θ = F + φ ∴φ = θ − F
1 2
applyingSin Formula,
Sin(θ − F) Sin(180 - θ)
=
OA O A
1 2
F
O A=R - G - Ktan
1 m 2
F
O A = R + Ktan
2 c 2
Sin(θ − F) Sinθ
∴ =
F F
R - G - Ktan R + Ktan
m 2 c 2
F
Sinθ(R - G - Ktan )
∴R =
m 2 − Ktan F (8.8)
c Sin(θ − F) 2
X = NH + HL
π(R - G)θ
=K+ m where θ is in degrees (8.9)
180
Note:
It may be observed that value of Sin(θ − F) can have a positive, zero
or a negative value depending on ‘Rm’ & ‘D’, other variables like ‘K’,
‘F’ & ‘G’ being constant. Three type of connections are possible in
such layouts namely;

103
Type I θ − F > 0 , ‘Rc’ will be positive and then ‘Rc’ & ‘Rm’ are
in similar flexure.

Type I

Type II θ − F = 0 , ‘Rc’ will be infinite, i.e. there will be no

curve between the heel of Xing and the siding and the
connections will be by means of a straight track.

Type II

Type III θ − F < 0 , ‘Rc’ will be negative, and therefore it will be

in reverse direction to the main line curve.

Type III

104
Example 8.3

A curved main line track of 500m radius is required to be connected to

a curved parallel siding at 4.725m distance, the connection being on the
inside of the curve by means of a 52 Kg, 1in 12 turnout. Calculate the
various parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4045’49”, K=3.834m

⎧⎛ F⎞ ⎫
⎪ ⎜ D − G − 2Ktan ⎟
F⎪
2
( )
−1
θ = 2tan ⎨⎜ ⎟Cot ⎬
⎜ 2R − D − G ⎟ 2
⎪ m ⎪
⎩⎝ ⎠ ⎭
⎧⎛ 4045'49" ⎞ ⎫
⎪⎜⎜ 4.725 − 1.676 − 2 × 3.834 × Ktan 2 ⎟⎟ ⎪
− 1 ⎪⎝ ⎠ 4045'49" ⎪
= 2tan ⎨ Cot ⎬
⎪
(2 × 500 − 4.725 − 1.676) 2
⎪
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭

= 7 0 33'31" > F (Type I)

F
Sinθ( R - G - Ktan )
R =
m 2 − Ktan F
c Sin(θ − F) 2

4 0 45 ' 49"
Sin7 0 33'31" (500 - 1.676 - 3.834 × tan )
R = 2
c
Sin(7 0 33'31" − 4 0 45 ' 49" )
0 ' "
4 45 49
− 3.834 × tan = 1343.672m
2
π(R - G)θ π(500 - 1.676) × 7 0 33' 31"
X=K+ m = 3.843 + = 69.574m
180 180

105
Example 8.4

In the previous example 8.3, if the connection is to be made with a straight

between the heel of crossing and the curved parallel track, calculate the
radius of curved main line and other parameters for the layout.

If it is to be with a straight line connection, then θ =F. Substituting this

value in the equation 8.7.

⎧ ⎛ D − G − 2Ktan F ⎞ ⎫
⎜ ⎟
− 1 ⎪⎝ 2⎠ F⎪
θ = 2tan
⎪
(
⎨ 2R − D − G Cot 2 ⎬
m
)⎪
⎩ ⎭
F
Cot
⎛ F⎞
∴ 2R − D − G = ⎜ D − G − 2Ktan ⎟ 2
m ⎝ 2⎠
tan
θ
2
2
⎛ F ⎞⎛ F⎞
⎜⎜ D − G − 2Ktan ⎟⎟⎜⎜ Cot ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠ D+G
∴R = +
m 2 2
2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜ 4 0 45 ' 49 " ⎟⎜ 4 0 45 ' 49 " ⎟
⎜⎜ 4.725 − 1.676 + 2 × 3.834 × tan ⎟⎟⎜⎜ Cot ⎟⎟
2 2
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
=
2
4.725 + 1.676
+ = 976.574m
2
π(R - G)θ π(976.574 - 1.676) × 4 0 45 ' 49 "
X=K+ m = 3.843 +
180 180
= 84.929m

106
Example 8.5

A curved main line track of 2000m radius is required to be connected to a

curved parallel siding at a distance 4.725m apart. The connection being
on the inside of the main track by means of a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 turnout.
Calculate the various parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4045’49”, K=3.834m

⎧⎛ F⎞ ⎫
⎪ ⎜ D − G − 2Ktan 2 ⎟
−1 ⎝ ⎠ Cot ⎪
F
θ = 2tan ⎨
⎪
(
2R − D − G
m
) 2
⎬
⎪
⎩ ⎭
⎧⎛ 4045'49" ⎞ ⎫
⎪ ⎜⎜ 4.725 − 1.676 − 2 × 3.834 × Ktan 2 ⎟⎟ ⎪
− 1 ⎪⎝ ⎠ 4045'49" ⎪
= 2tan ⎨ Cot ⎬
⎪
(2 × 2000 − 4.725 − 1.676 ) 2
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
= 10 52 '59" < F (Type III)
F
Sinθin - G - Ktan )
R =
m 2 − Ktan F
c Sin(θ − F) 2

4 0 45 ' 49"
Sin10 52 ' 59" (2000 - 1.676 - 3.834 × tan ) 0 ' "
2 4 45 49
R = − 3.834 × tan
c
Sin(10 52 ' 59" − 4 0 45 ' 49" ) 2

= −1306.381m (- indicates the reverse curve)

π(R - G)θ π(2000 - 1.676) × 10 52 '59"
X=K+ m = 3.843 + = 69.510m
180 180

107
8.4 Connection between a curved track to straight track, the
intersection being on the inside of the main line curve

Figure 8.4 : Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the inside of the main line curve

108
Formulae

R = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

m
R = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
F
O A = O H + HA = R + Ktan = R (say)
2 2 c 2 1

F
O A = O L - L G - GA = R - G - Ktan = R (say)
1 1 1 1 m 2 2

In Δ O O A, apply Cos formula

1 2
2 2 2
O O = O A + O A - 2 × O A × O A × CosF
1 2 1 2 1 2

2 2 2
∴O O = R +R − 2R R CosF (8.10)
1 2 1 2 1 2

now applying Sine formula,

Sinθ SinF
=
O A O O
2 1 2
R SinF
1
∴ Sinθ = (8.11)
2 2
R +R − 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

In Δ O L O ,
1 2
O L = O M - LM = R - PO = R - O QCosΔ
2 2 c 1 c 1
= R - (O L - L Q)CosΔ
c 1 2 2
= R - (R - G)CosΔ
c m
O L R - (R - G)CosΔ
2 c m
Sinφ = = (8.12)
O O 2 2
1 2 R +R − 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

109
From the geometry of the figure,
0 0
∠ P O L = 90 therefore, Δ + ψ + θ - φ = 90
1
0
∴ ψ = (90 + φ) - (θ + Δ)
X = NG + GQ
π(R - G)ψ
m 0
=K+ where ψ = (90 + φ) - (θ + Δ) (8.13)
180
Y = PQ - PM
= (R − G)SinΔ − O L
m 1
= (R − G)SinΔ - O O Cosφ
m 1 2

⎛ 2 2 ⎞
= (R − G)SinΔ - ⎜ R +R − 2R R CosF ⎟ Cosφ (8.14)
m ⎝ 1 2 1 2 ⎠

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field survey, value of Δ ' , Rm will be known. Once we have
decided the type of turnout, turnout parameters will also be known.
Assume suitable value of radius of connecting curve ‘Rc’. From Eq 8.13
& 8.14 , value of ‘X’ & ‘Y’ can easily be calculated. From the field survey,
point Q on the inner rail of curved main line can be established. Then by
measuring along the inner rail of curved main line, a distance equal to ‘X’,
TNC can be fixed. After TNC getting fixed, rest of the layout can be laid
in the field.

110
Example 8.6

A curved track of 450m radius is required to be connected to a straight

track intersecting on the inside rail of the curved track at an angle of 500.
The connection is to laid by means of 52 Kg, 1 in 12 turnout with a
connecting curve radius of 300m. calculate the various parameters for the
turnout.

Given: F=4045’49”, K=3.834m

F
R = R + Ktan
1 c 2
4 0 45 ' 49 "
= 300 + 3.834 × tan = 300.159m
2
F
R =R - G - Ktan
2 m 2
4 0 45 ' 49 "
= 450 - 1.676 - 3.834 × tan = 448.165m
2
R SinF
1
Sinθ =
2 2
R +R − 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

300.159 × Sin4 0 45 ' 49"

=
300.159 2 + 448.165 2 − 2 × 300.159 × 448.165 × Cos4 0 45 ' 49"
24.927
=
22835.0985 5
0 ' "
∴ θ = 9 29 40
R - (R - G)CosΔ
c m
Sinφ =
2 2
R +R − 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

300 - (450 - 1.676)Cos50 0

Sinφ =
22835.09855

111
 0 ' "
∴ φ = 4 29 14
0 ' " 0 ' " 0 0 ' "
ψ = 90 + 4 29 14 − (9 29 40 + 50 ) = 34 59 34
π(R - G)ψ π(450 - 1.676) × 34059'34"
X=K+ m = 3.834 +
180 180
= 277.644m
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
Y = (R − G)SinΔ - ⎜ R +R − 2R R CosF ⎟Cosφ
m ⎝ 1 2 1 2
⎠
0
= (450 - 1.676)Sin50 - ( 22835.09855 )Cos4029'14"
= 192.786m

112
8.5 Connection between a curved track to straight track, the
intersection being on the outside of the main line curve

Figure 8.5 : Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the outside of the main line curve

113
Formulae

R = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

m
R = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
F
O A = O G + GA = R + Ktan = R (say)
1 1 c 2 1

F
O A = O H + HA = R + Ktan = R (say)
2 2 m 2 2

In Δ O O A, apply Cos formula

1 2
2 2 2
O O = O A + O A - 2 × O A × O A × CosO A O
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
=R +R − 2R R Cos(180 - F)
1 2 1 2

2 2
∴O O = R +R + 2R R CosF (8.15)
1 2 1 2 1 2

In Δ O O O ,
1 2
O O O L +L O R + LL
1 1 1 1 c 2
Cosφ = = =
O O O O O O
1 2 1 2 1 2
where LL = R CosΔ
2 m
R + R CosΔ
c m
∴ Cosφ = (8.16)
2 2
R +R + 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

In Δ O A O ,
1 2
Sinθ Sin(180 − F)
=
O A O O
1 1 2

114
 ⎛ R + Ktan F ⎞SinF
⎜ c ⎟
∴ Sinθ =
⎝ 2⎠
(8.17)
2 2
R +R + 2R R CosF
1 2 1 2

OO
In Δ O O O , Sinφ = 2
1 2 O O
1 2

⎛ 2 2 ⎞
∴ OO = ⎜ R +R + 2R R CosF ⎟Sinφ
2 ⎝ 1 2 1 2 ⎠
Y = OL = OO − L O
2 2 2 2
= O O Sinφ − R SinΔ
1 2 m
⎛ 2 2 ⎞
=⎜ R +R + 2R R CosF ⎟Sinφ - R SinΔ (8.18)
⎝ 1 2 1 2 ⎠ m

In Δ O O O , 90 + θ + ψ + 90 - Δ + φ = 180
1 2
∴ ψ = Δ - (φ + θ)
πR ψ
X = NH + HL = K + m (8.19)
180
where ψ = Δ - (φ + θ)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field survey, value of ‘Rm’ and ' Δ ' will be known. Once we have
decided the type of turnout, turnout parameters will also be known.
Assume suitable value of radius of connecting curve i.e. ‘Rc’. Now
calculate O1O2 from Eq 8.15. Once O1O2 is known, calculate φ' from Eq
8.16. Calculate the value of From ' θ ' Eq 8.17. Value of ‘Y’ & ‘X’ can be
calculated from Eq 8.18 & 8.19 respectively. From the field survey, point
‘L’ on the outer rail of main line can be established. Then measuring
along the outer rail of main line a distance of ‘X’, TNC can be easily fixed.
After TNC getting fixed, rest of the layout can be laid in the field.

115
 Example 8.7

A curved track of 450m radius is required to be connected to a straight

track intersecting the outer rail of the curve at an angle of 300. The
connection is to be laid by means of 60Kg (PSC), 1 in 8.5 turnout and a
connecting curve of 300m radius.

Given: F=6042’35”, K=2.803m

F 6 0 4 2 '3 5 "
R 1 = R c + K ta n = 3 0 0 + 2 .8 0 3 × ta n = 3 0 0 .1 6 5 m
2 2
F 6 0 4 2 '3 5 "
R 2 = R m + K ta n = 4 5 0 + 2 .8 0 3 × ta n = 4 5 0 .1 6 5 m
2 2
R c + R m C o sΔ
C osφ =
R 1 + R 2 2 + 2R 1R 2 C osF
2

3 0 0 + 4 5 0× C o s3 0 0
=
3 0 0 .1 6 5 2 + 4 5 0 .1 6 5 2 + 2 × 3 0 0 .1 6 5 × 4 5 0 .1 6 5 × C o s 6 0 4 2 ' 3 5 "
= 5 6 1 1 4 4 .1 3 9 6
6 8 9 .7 1 1 0 ' "
= 0 .9 2 0 7 hence φ = 22 58 63
7 4 9 .1 0

S in θ =
( R c + K ta n F2 )S in F
R 12 + R 2 2 + 2 R 1R 2 C o sF

3 0 0 .1 6 5 × S in 6 0 4 2 ' 3 5 "
= = 0 .0 4 6 8 1 8 3 9 8
5 6 1 1 4 4 .1 3 9 6
0 ' "
∴ θ = 2 4 1 5 6 .7 2

ψ = Δ − (φ + θ ) = 30
0
− ( 2 2 0 5 8 ' 6 3 + 2 0 - 4 0 ' 5 6 .7 2 " )
0 ' "
= 4 2 0 0 .2 8
πR m ψ π × 4 5 0 × 4 0 2 0 ' - 0 .2 8 "
X = K + = 2 .8 0 3 + = 3 6 .8 3 7 m
180 180

116
 Chapter 9

Crossover Connection between two Curved Parallel

Tracks

9.1 Crossover Connection between two Curved Parallel Tracks

Figure 9.1 : Crossover connection between two curved parallel tracks

117
Formulae

R = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

m
R = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)
c
In Δ O A O , ∠ O A O = F
1 1 2 1 1 2
F
O A =O H +H A =R + Ktan
1 1 1 1 1 1 m 2
F
O A = O L − L G − G A = R − G − Ktan
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 c 2
2 2 2
O O =O A +O A − 2 × O A × O A CosF
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
2 2
⎛
= ⎜R
F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
+ Ktan ⎟ + ⎜ R − G − Ktan ⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ c 2⎠

- 2 × ⎛⎜ R + Ktan ⎞⎟ × ⎛⎜ R − G − Ktan ⎞⎟ × CosF

F F
⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ c 2⎠
2 2
⎛
= ⎜R
F⎞ 2 ⎛ F⎞ ⎛
+ Ktan ⎟ + R + ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟ − 2R ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟
F⎞
⎝ m 2⎠ c ⎝ 2⎠ c ⎝ 2⎠

- 2R ⎛⎜ R + Ktan ⎞⎟CosF + 2CosF⎛⎜ G + Ktan ⎞⎟⎛⎜ R + Ktan ⎞⎟

F F F
c⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ m 2⎠
2
2 ⎡⎛⎜ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤ ⎛ F⎞
=R − 2R G + Ktan ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ R + Ktan ⎟⎟CosF⎥ + ⎜ R + Ktan ⎟
c c ⎢⎣⎜⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ m 2⎠ ⎦ ⎝ m 2⎠
2
⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ F⎞
+ ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟ + 2CosF⎜ G + Ktan ⎟⎜ R m + Ktan ⎟ (8.20)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠

118
In Δ O A O , ∠O A O =F
1 2 2 1 2 2
F
O A = O L -L G −G A = R + D - G - Ktan
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 m 2
F
O A = R + Ktan
2 2 c 2
2 2 2
OO =O A +O A + 2 × O A × O A × CosF
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
2 2
⎛
= ⎜R
F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
+ D - G - Ktan ⎟ + ⎜ R + Ktan ⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ c 2⎠
⎛ F ⎞⎛ F⎞
- 2⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟⎜ R + Ktan ⎟CosF
⎝ m 2 ⎠⎝ c 2⎠
2 2
2 F ⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
=R + 2R Ktan + ⎜ Ktan ⎟ + ⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟
c c 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ m 2⎠
⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞ F
− 2R
c⎝
⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟ − 2CosF⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟Ktan
m m
2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2

2 ⎡⎛ F⎞ F⎤
= R − 2R ⎢⎜⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟⎟CosF - Ktan ⎥
c c ⎣⎝ m 2⎠ 2⎦
2 2
⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
+ ⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟ + ⎜ Ktan ⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ F⎞ F
− 2CosF⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟Ktan (8.21)
⎝ m 2⎠ 2

119
Equating the Eq 8.20 & 8.21 for solving R
c
⎡⎛⎜ F⎞ F ⎛ F⎞
2R R + D - G - Ktan ⎟⎟ CosF - Ktan − ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟
c ⎢⎣⎜⎝ m 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠
2 2
⎛ F⎞ ⎤ ⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
− ⎜⎜ R + Ktan ⎟⎟CosF⎥ = ⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟ − ⎜ R + Ktan ⎟
⎝ m 2⎠ ⎦ ⎝ m 2⎠ ⎝ m 2⎠
2 2
⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F⎞
+ ⎜ Ktan ⎟ − ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ F ⎞⎛ F⎞
− 2CosF⎜ Ktan ⎟⎜ R + D - G - Ktan ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ m 2⎠
⎛ F ⎞⎛ F⎞
+ ⎜ G + Ktan ⎟⎜ R + Ktan ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ m 2⎠

⎛⎜ 2R + D - G ⎞⎟⎛⎜ D - G - 2Ktan F ⎞⎟ − G ⎛⎜ G + 2Ktan F ⎞⎟

⎝ m ⎠⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
R =
c ⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
2 ⎢DCosF - ⎜⎜ G + 2Ktan ⎟⎟(1 + CosF )⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
2CosF ⎢⎛⎜ 2R + D ⎞⎟⎜ Ktan ⎟ + R G ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ m ⎦⎥
- (8.22)
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
2 ⎢DCosF - ⎜⎜ G + 2Ktan ⎟⎟(1 + CosF )⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
In Δ O A O , applying Cos formula
1 1 2

∠A O O S (S − a)
1 1 2 1 1
Cos = (8.23)
2 bc
∠A O O = 180 − ( ∠A O O + F) (8.24)
1 2 1 1 1 2
A O +O A +O O
1 2 1 1 1 2
where S =
1 2

120
In Δ O A O , applying Cos formula,
1 2 2

∠A O O S (S − a)
2 1 2 2 2
Cos = (8.25)
2 bc
∠A O O = 180 - ( ∠A O O + F) (8.26)
2 2 1 2 1 2
A O +O A +O O
2 2 1 2 1 2
where S =
2 2
∴ θ = ∠A O O − ∠A O O
1 1 2 2 1 2
∴ φ = ∠A O O − ∠A O O
2 2 1 1 2 1
πR θ
X= m + 2K − KD (8.27)
180 R
m
where ' θ' is in Degrees
⎛ KD ⎞
⎜ ⎟ is the projection of values of ' K' from the outer curve
⎜R ⎟
⎝ m⎠
to inner curve
π×R ×φ
c
S= where ' φ' is in Degrees
180
Note:

When we introduce straight crossing on curves, we introduce kinks on

the junction of the crossings on either end. The curve is allowed to
maintain same curve outside. Similar kinks will appear on the ends of
crossings on the connecting track. In some countries the main line
curves are realigned after introducing crossings. This type of layouts
are only suitable when the main line curve is fairly easy. It is found that
if thee calculations are being done by assuming them as that for
crossover connection between two straight parallel tracks, the
difference between them is negligible. If we calculate for ‘X’ assuming
them as two straight parallel track at a track centre of ‘D’, then,
F
X = DCotF − GCot
2

121
Example 9.1

A 60 Kg PSC, 1 in 12 cross-over is required to be laid between two curved

parallel tracks. Assuming the radius of the outer rail of the inner track as
1000m and the track centre as 5m. Calculate the various parameters for
the layout.

Given: F=40 45’ 49”, K = 2.803m

Rc =
⎢⎣ (
⎡( 2R m + D-G ) D-G-2Ktan F −G G + 2Ktan F ⎤
2 2 ⎥⎦ ) ( )
⎣⎢
F
2(
2 ⎡DCosF- G + 2Ktan (1+CosF )⎤
⎦⎥ )
-
2CosF⎡( 2R m + D ) Ktan
⎢⎣ ( F
2)+R mG⎤
⎥⎦

⎢⎣ (
2⎡ DCosF- G + 2Ktan
F
2 )
(1+CosF)⎤
⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎛ F ⎞⎤
⎢( 2R m + D - G ) ⎜⎝ D - G - 2Ktan 2 ⎟⎠ − G ⎜⎝ G + 2Ktan 2 ⎟⎠⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎞
( 2 × 1000 + 5 -1.676) ⎜ 5 -1.676 - 2 × 2.803 × tan
⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎞
−1.676 ⎜ 1.676 + 2 × 2.803 × tan ⎟⎟
⎜ 2
⎝ ⎠
= 6190.27 − 3.200 = 6189.07
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
2CosF ⎢( 2R m + D ) ⎜ Ktan ⎟ + R mG ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦

122
 0 ' "⎡ ⎤
⎛ 0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎞
2 × Cos4 45 49 ⎢( 2 × 1000 + 5) ⎜ 2.803 × tan ⎟ + 1000 × 1.676⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= 3805.97
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
2 ⎢DCosF - ⎜ G + 2Ktan ⎟ (1 + CosF)⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
⎡ 0 ' " ⎛
0 ' "
4 45 49 ⎞ 0 ' " ⎤
2 ⎢5 × Cos4 45 49 - ⎜1.676 + 2 × 2.803 × tan
⎢
⎜ 2
⎟
⎟ (
1 + Cos4 45 49 ⎥
⎥
)
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
= 2.341
6189.07−3805.97
Rc = = 1017.98m
2.341
for solving 'θ'

F 4045'49"
O1A1 = R m + Ktan = 1000 + 2.803 × tan = 1000.12m
2 2
F 4045'49"
O2A1 = R c − G − Ktan = 1017.98 − 1.676 − 2.803 × tan
2 2
= 1016.18m

O1O2 = (1000.12)2 +(1016.18)2 −2×1000.12×1016.18×Cos4045'49"

= 85.312m
1000.12+1016.18+85.31
S1 = = 1050.80m
2
∠A1O1O2 1050.80(1050.8−1016.18)
Cos =
2 1000.12×85.13
0 ' "
∴∠A1O1O2 = 98 − 21 - 46.01

123
 F
O1A 2 = R m + D − G − Ktan
2
40 45'49"
= 1000 + 5 − 1.676 − 2.803 × tan = 1003.20
2
F 40 45'49"
O 2 A 2 = R c + Ktan = 1017.98 + 2.803 × tan = 1018.10
2 2
1003.2 +1018.10+85.31
S2 = = 1053.30
2
∠A 2 O1O 2 1053.3(1053.3−1018.10)
Cos =
2 1003.20×85.13
0 ' "
∴ ∠A 2 O1O 2 = 97 40 31.8
0 ' " 0 ' "
θ = ∠A1O1O 2 − ∠A 2 O1O 2 = 98 - 21 46.0 − 97 40 31.8
0 ' "
= 0 4114.8
π R mθ KD
X= + 2K −
180 Rm
'
π×1000×00 4114.8" 2.803×5
= + 2 × 2.803 − = 17.60m
180 1000
If we solve the above problem as that for crossover connection
between straight parallel tracks, then

F 40 45'49"
X = DCotF - GCot = 5 × 12 − 1.676 × Cot = 19.71m
2 2
The difference between the two values is (17.60-19.71) = 2.11m

124
 Chapter 10

Software on Layout Calculations

10.1 Introduction

In their day to day work P. way officials have to deal with complicated
yard layouts. The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout depends
largely on how accurately it is laid and maintained. Kinks in points and
crossings can be avoided if adequate care is taken at the time of laying
itself.

For ensuring correct laying it is essential that necessary calculations are

correctly done before layouts are laid in the field. These calculations are
intricate in nature and require considerable efforts on the part of P. Way
officials .Due to their remaining busy in routine works on many occasions
this item of work does not get the attention it deserves.

10.2 Layouts

While the insertion of crossover, diamonds in existing layouts, yard

remodelling etc. are being taken up, errors in calculations may result in:

• Incorrect laying (i.e. incorrect TNC distances) – Results in

bad running and in extreme cases unsafe conditions may
occur on defective/bad layouts.

• Long crossovers at angle ‘F’ being laid even though space

could be saved by having curves in between two turnouts.

• During doubling/gauge conversion projects new layouts are

being inserted forcible resulting into undesirable curvatures
which give bad running and are potential locations needing
frequent attention.

• It is suggested that even while replacing an old layout an

opportunity be taken to correct all known defective layouts.

125
The book on “Layout Calculations” gives all the formulae and sample
calculations and is of great help in ensuring correct laying of crossovers
and other connections. For assisting the field engineers, a software has
been developed in Visual Basic for all the cases presented in the book on
“Layout Calculation”. The salient features of the Software are:

• Highly interactive
• No need to refer to any book
• All data on standard dimensions stored in subroutines
• Crossings can be fixed straight away based on these
calculations

10.3 Scope

The Software covers the following:

Connections between

• Diverging Tracks
• Straight Parallel Tracks
• Curved Parallel tracks
• Curved and straight Tracks

Cross-overs between

• Straight Parallel Tracks

• Non Parallel Straight Tracks
• Curved Parallel tracks
• Sanded Dead End and Main Line
• Double Junction

The Software generally follows the pattern as given in the book on

“Layout Calculations”.

While running the Software for a particular case, the user has to give the
data on section, Details of crossing from a drop down menu, track
centers, Radius of connecting curve etc and the results are obtained
instantaneously.

126
10.4 Instructions for Using the Software

Installation

For installing the Software insert the CD in your CD drive. Go to “My

computer” select the drive containing the CD; locate the “set up” file
from the “Layout” folder or subfolder and double click the setup icon.
The Software will be installed instantaneously on your computer and will
be available in your “start” menu.

Alternately if you do not wish to install the Software go to start menu

select the ”Run” command and on browsing locate the file
“Layout_Calculations.exe” in your CD and Click “OK” and the Software
will get loaded.

10.5 Illustration

As soon as the Software is loaded, the following screen is visible:

You can select either “Connections” or “Crossovers” from amongst the

two option buttons. “Connections” or “Crossovers” as referred earlier.

Since running the Software is similar in almost all cases of “Connections”

and “Crossovers’,only two cases of each type will be described for
illustration.

127
Let us first take “Connections”. After choosing the “Connections” option
button and clicking “Proceed” Button next to screen opens as given
below giving list of options under “Connections”.

Let us select “Connections to straight parallel track” and click “Proceed”

Button .It opens the next Screen which gives a sketch and text boxes for
data entry.

Certain features of the Software are common to all the cases and are listed
below:

• Selecting the appropriate Gauge option opens a drop menu for

standard turnout dimensions on BG or MG as the case may be.
The labels of the items needing data entry have been shaded
white. Other text boxes are locked and will not accept any data.
They will only display results.

• Units of dimensions have to be in mm except where specifically

mentioned.

• Please ensure that data in all text boxes requiring data entry are
correctly entered and the type of turnout is selected from the
drop down menu before clicking “Compute” Button else you
will get run time errors.

128
 • For non Standard turnouts the red label is required to be clicked
as indicated on the screen and it opens text boxes for giving
data on turnouts viz. description, turnout number (e.g. 12 in
case of 1 in 12 turnouts) and centre line dimensions A,M,K etc.

• The most ideal type of suggested output is to take a print of

the form displaying the results by clicking “Print” Button.
Alternately textural output on a file is also possible. For this
purpose the Button “Copy results in a file” is to be clicked
which will open an input box to give the file name for output.
Please be sure to enter the complete file name with drive name
and folder where you want the output. The output file so
created can be easily opened in any text editor such as Word
pad.

• The Software also gives warnings by way of displaying

message boxes – when results are unacceptable such as
resulting curvatures being sharp and beyond permissible limits
specified of Schedule of dimensions.

On getting the Screen as mentioned above, the values have to be

entered. We have to select the appropriate turnout from drop down menu
and on clicking compute button results in the screen to appear as under:

129
The second case for demonstration in “Connections” is taken as
“Connections between Curved and straight track”. On Clicking the
“Proceed” Button it opens the appropriate screen which has separate
frames for Gauge selection and for whether the intersection on the inside
or outside of the curve. After you select appropriate Gauge and then
type of intersection would display appropriate sketch and after complete
data entry and clicking “Compute” Button would give the results as
shown below:

Next we take the Cases of “Cross-overs”. On selecting Crossovers from

the first screen as described in Para 5.3 and clicking “ Proceed Button
takes us to the screen showing the choices under “ Crossovers”

130
Let us first take the case “Cross-overs at large spacing with no straight in
between” On selecting Gauge, appropriate Turnout from the drop down
menu and entering all the data we get following screen after clicking
Compute Button.

If the same case is solved treating it as a case for non standard turnout
then the text of the drop down menu is to be changed as “other type” in
lower case and it opens the new text boxes for entering the data for the
turnouts. On entering a sample data and clicking the “ compute” button
gives the following results.

The above feature is available in all the cases.

131
We take the next case of Crossovers between inclined tracks. The final
results after entering data etc is as below:

10.6 Conclusions

It is considered that the Software explained above would be of

considerable help to the field Engineers in improving the running quality
over turnouts and ensuring safety by way of correct laying.

132
 TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS

Crossing No Section Type Dimensions (mm)

L TSL SL d w F β R
Broad Gauge
1 in 8 ½ 60 kg C, FH. 18424 7872 7135 182.5 880 60-42’-35” 40-35’-0” 231440
1 in 8 ½ 52 kg S, LH 20730 4950 4725 136 864 60-42’ 35” 10-34’-27” 222360
1 in 8 ½ 52 kg C, FH 18395 6835 6400 182.5 864 60-42’ 35” 00-47’-27” 232320
1 in 8 ½ 90R S, LH 20730 4950 4725 136 864 60-42’ 35” 10-34’-27” 222360
1 in 8 ½ 90R C, FH 18395 6835 6400 182.5 864 60-42’-35” 00-47’-27” 232320
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 11156 10125 175 1877 0 0 441360
4 -45’-49” 0 -20’-0”
1 in 12 52 kg C, FH 29200 6724 6400 133 1232 0 0 442120
4 -45’-49” 1 -0’44”
1 in 12 52 kg S, FH 27870 8478 10125 133 1232 0 0 458120
4 -45’-49” 0 -27’-35”
1 in 12 90 R C, FH 29200 6724 6400 133 1232 0 0 442120
4 -45’-49” 1 -8’-0”
1 in 12 90 R S, FH 27870 8487 7730 133 1232 0 0 458120
4 -45’-49” 0 -17’-11”
1 in 16 52 kg C, FH 37170 10594 6500 153 1377 0 0 824225
3 -34’-35” 0 -24’-27”
1 in 16(HS) 52 kg C, FH 37565 12320 7730 133 1377 0 0 816480
3 -34’-35” 0 -24’-27”
1 in 16) 90R C, FH 37170 10594 9750 133 1377 30-34’-35” 00-46’-59” 824225
1 in 20 90R C, FH 46210 11194 11150 133 1377 0 0 1303810
2 -51’-45” 0 -46’-59”
Broad Gauge (1673 mm) on PSC Sleepers
1 in 8 ½ 60 kg C, FH 18395 6839 6400 182.5 1225 60-42’-35” 00-46’-59” 232260
1 in 8 ½ 52 kg C, FH 18395 6839 6400 182.5 1225 60-42’-35” 00-46’-59 232260
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 10125 10125 175 1877 40-45’-49” 00-20’-0” 441360
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 10125 10125 175 1877 40-45’-49” 00-20’-0” 441360
1 in 16 60 kg C, FH 35720 11200 11200 145 2526 30-34’-35” 00-20’-0” 784993
1 in 20 60 kg C, FH 46027 12460 12460 133 1877 20-51’-45” 00-20’-0” 1283100
Metre Gauge
1 in 8 ½ 90R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 0- 0 130210
6 42’-35” 0 -29’-13”
1 in 8 ½ 75R S, LH 11560 4320 4115 120 915 0 0 119610
6 -42’-35” 1 -35’-30”
1 in 8 ½ 75R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 0 0 130210
6 -42’-35” 0 -29’-14”
1 in 8 ½ 60R S, LH 11560 4320 4115 120 915 0 0 119610
6 -42’-35” 0 -24’-27”
1 in 8 ½ 60R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 0 0 130210
6 -42’-35” 1 -9’-38”
1 in 12 90R Partly C, FH 14678 7974 7130 130 1220 0 0 258300
4 -45’-49” 0 -24’-27”
1 in 12 75R S, FH 16323 5777 5485 117 1220 40-45’-49” 0
1 -9’-38” 240600
1 in 12 75R Partly C, FH 15108 7544 6700 117 1220 40-45’-49” 0
0 -24’-27” 258300
1 in 12 60R S, FH 16323 5777 5485 117 1220 40-45’-49” 10-9’-38” 240600
1 in 12 60R Partly C, FH 15108 7544 6700 117 1220 40-45’-49” 0
0 -24’-27” 258300
1 in 16 60R C, FH 20060 8264 7420 117 1378 30-34’-35” 00-24’-27” 46240
Metre Gauge on PSC Sleepers
1 in 8 1/2 HTC 52 Kg C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 1047 60-42'-35" 00-29'14" 130205
1 in 12 CMS 52 Kg Partly C, FH 14678 7974 7130 130 1405 40-45'-49" 00-24'-27" 258310
Narrow Gauge
1 in 8 ½ 60R S, LH 8280 4320 4115 120 915 60-42’-35” 10-35’-30” 82800
1 in 12 60R S, LH 11723 5777 5485 117 1220 40-45’-49” 10-9’-389” 167340
Note: C Curved
FH Fixed Heel
LH Loose Heel
CMS Cast Manganese Steel Crossing
HTC Heat Treated Crossing
HS High Speed

133
 TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS

CENTRE LINE LAYING ( FOR BG WITH ORDINARY CROSSING)

Section Gauge crossing No Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

A B C M K No
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 16274 840 14295 1979 RDSO T/285
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 16274 1500 14295 1979 RDSO/T-286
90 R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 16260 840 14295 1965 RDSO/T-360
90 R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 16260 1500 14295 1965 RDSO/T-307
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 22706 1500 20147 2559 RDSO/T-32
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 22706 1500 20147 2559 RDSO/T-184
90 R BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 22687 1500 20147 2540 RDSO/T-184
90 R BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 22687 1500 20147 2540 RDSO/T-31
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 C,FH 20922 30750 844 26842 3908 RDSO/T-135
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 (HS) C,FH 22693 30750 850 26842 3908 RDSO/T-231
90 R BG 1 IN 16 C,FH 20922 30750 844 26842 3882 RDSO/T-67
90 R BG 1 IN 20 C,FH 24664 38118 844 33540 4578 RDSO/T-98

CENTRE LINE LAYING (FOR BG WITH CMS CROSSING)

Section Gauge Crossing No Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

A B C M K No
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 17418 840 14295 3123 TA-20122,
TA-20804
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 17418 1500 14295 3123 TA-20196,
TA-20835
90R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 17404 840 14295 3109 TA20110,
TA-20198,etc
90R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 17404 1500 14295 3109 TA-20148,
TA-20822
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 23981 1500 14295 3834 TA-5268(M),
TA-20222,
TA-20801
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 23981 1500 20147 3834 TA-20171,
TA-20831
90R BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 23962 1500 20147 3815 TA-5044(M),
TA-20184, etc
90 R BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 23962 1500 20147 3815 TA-20125,
TA-20839
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 C, FH 20922 31447 844 20147 4605 TA-20141,
TA-20828
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 (HS) C, FH 22693 31447 850 26842 4605 RDST/T-403
90 R BG 1 IN 16 C, FH 20922 31421 844 26842 4579 TA-20138,
TA-20813
90 R BG 1 IN 20 C, FH 24664 39470 844 26842 5930 TA-20122,
TA-20804
60 KG BG (PSC)1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12025 16486 1500 14270 2216 RT-4865
52 KG BG (PSC)1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12025 16486 1500 14270 2216 RT-4865
60 KG BG (PSC)1 IN 12 C, FH 16989 22912 1141 20111 2803 RT-4218
52 KG BG (PSC)1 IN 12 C, FH 16989 22914 1141 20111 2801 RT-4218
60 KG BG(PSC) 1 IN 16 C,FH 20970 30558 844 26794 3764 RDSO/T-5691
60 KG BG(PSC) I IN 20 C, FH 25850 38031 844 33480 4550 RDSO/T-5858

134
 TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS

CENTRE LINE LAYING (FOR METRE GAUGE)

Crossing No Section Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

No
A B C M K RDSO/T
Metre Gauge ( with CMS crossing)
1 in 8.5 75R S, LH 7986 10376 840 8529 1847 393
1 in 8.5 75R C,FH 7986 10376 1500 8529 1847 386
1 in 8.5 60R S, LH 7986 10360 840 8529 1831 379
1 in 8.5 60R C, FH 7986 10360 1500 8529 1831 372
1 IN 12 75R S, FH 11287 14321 1500 12021 2300 394
1 IN 12 75R PARTLY C, FH 11287 14321 1500 12021 2300 401
1 IN 12 60R S, FH 11287 14296 1500 12021 2275 367
1 IN 12 60R PARTLY C, FH 11287 14296 1500 12021 2275 423
1 IN 16 75R C, FH 12309 19054 844 16015 3039 189
1 IN 12 (PSC) 52KG Partly C, FH 11287 14489 1500 12021 2468 T-6450
Meter Gauge (with Heat Treated crossing)
1 IN 8.5 (PSC) 52 KG C, FH 7986 11932 1500 8529 3403 T-6327

Metre Gauge ( with Ordinary crossing)

1 IN 8.5 90R C, FH 7981 11638 1500 8530 3108 TA-20497
1 IN 8.5 75R S, LH 7986 11632 840 8529 3103 TA-20404,
TA-21004
1 IN 8.5 75R C, FH 7986 11632 1500 8529 3103 TA-20451,
TA-21019
1 IN 8.5 60R S, LH 7986 11615 840 8529 2086 TA-204007,
TA-20460
1 IN 8.5 60R C, FH 7986 11615 1500 8529 2086 TA-20463,
TA-21007
1 IN 12 90R Partly C, FH 1286 15176 1500 12021 3155 TA-20416
1 IN 12 75R S, FH 11287 15166 1500 12021 3145 TA-20466
1 IN 12 75R Partly C, FH 11287 15166 1500 12021 3145 TA-20401,
TA-21001
1 IN 12 60R S, FH 11287 15143 1500 12021 3122 TA-20464,
TA-21016
1 IN 12 60R Partly C, FH 11287 15143 1500 12021 3122 TA-21410,
TA21410,
TA-21010
1 IN 16 60R C, FH 12309 19635 844 16015 3680 TA-20466
TA-20413,
TA-21013
Narrow Gauge (with Ordinary crossing)
1 in 8.5 60R S, L H 6736 9585 840 6499 3086 TA-20604
1 in 12 60R S, FH 9548 12282 1500 9160 3122 TA-20601

135
80