Nonverbal Communication

Eka Wahyu Harsawardhani

What is nonverbal communication?

• “Oral and nonoral messages expressed
by other than linguistic means.”
• Messages transmitted by vocal means
that do not involve language
• Sign language and written words are
not considered nonverbal
communication

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Nonverbal communication is powerful
• 60% of all communication is
nonverbal
(Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall,1989)

There are 7 types of nonverbal

behavior
• Proxemics
• Haptics
• Chronemics
• Kinesics
• Artifacts
• Vocalics or Paralanguage
• Environment

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PROXEMICS (distance)
• Different cultures have different
comfort levels of distance
• As children grow older and become less
dependent on parents they require more
space
• Men tend to take up more space than
women
Example: When you go to the movies with
someone of the opposite sex who usually
gets the armrest?

Edward T. Hall’s 4 levels of distance

• Intimate: 0 to 18 inches
• personal: 18 inches to 4 feet
• social: 4 to 10 feet
• public: 10 feet to infinity

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HAPTICS (touch)
The power of touch:
• A (1997) study found that strangers that
were touched were more likely to return
change left in a phone booth(Klienke)
• A (1992) study found that food servers who
used touch received larger tips (Hornick)
• Library study (1976) found that students who
were slightly touched by clerk while checking
out library books evaluated the library much
more favorably than those who were not
touched.

CHRONEMICS (time)

How is time used to communicate?

What does it mean to you when someone is
always late?
A study conducted by Burgoon (1989) found
that people who arrive 15 minutes late are
considered dynamic, but much less
competent, composed and sociable than
those that arrive on time.

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KINESICS (behavior)
• Facial expressions
• Eye contact
• Body language
• Gestures
• Physical appearance

Facial expressions
• The face is capable of conveying
250,000 expressions (Birdwhistle, 1970)
• Smiling increases sociability, likeability,
and attraction(LaFrance & Hecht, 1995)
• Food servers who smile more often earn
increased tips (Heslin & Patterson, 1982)
• Studies conducted on students caught
cheating found that students who
smiled were treated with more leniency
(LaFrance & Hecht, 1995)

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Eye contact
• Successful pan handlers establish
eye contact (Beebe, 1974)
• People are more likely to comply
when more eye contact is used
• Eye contact conveys a sense of
sincerity
• Eye contact establishes a
connection between persons

Body language
• Mirroring – building rapport with others
by mimicking their nonverbal cues
• People like those who are similar or
equal to them
• “Mirroring” body language facilitates
compliance
• Many self-help books suggest mirroring
techniques to get people to like them
Example: The book Unlimited Power by,
Anthony Robbins

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Gestures
• Gestures can be seen as subtle or not
so subtle cues
• We use gestures to take the place of
words, or help us to increase
understanding of what is being said

Physical Appearance
• More attractive people are judged to be
happier, more intelligent, friendlier, stronger,
and kinder and are thought to have better
personalities, better jobs, and greater marital
competence (Knapp, 1992)
• Attractive people get more dates, higher
grades, higher tips, and lighter court
sentences than unattractive people (Dunn,
2000)

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• Example:
– In a 1980 study 73 defendants who had
been rated on physical attractiveness went
to trial. Results showed that the more
attractive defendants received
significantly lighter sentences
(Stewart).

ARTIFACTS (Dress, Belongings, etc.)

• Material objects as an extension of
oneself
• Clothing has the power to influence
• Change left in a phone booth was returned to
well dressed people 77% of the time, poorly
dressed people only 38% of the time
• Several studies show that fancy suits,
uniforms and high-status clothing are related
to higher rates of compliance.
• The situation governs appropriate dress

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VOLCALICS (Paralanguage)
• Use of voice to communicate
includes elements such as pitch,
rate, pauses, volume, tone of voice,
silences, laughs, screams, sighs,
etc.

• Studies have found that people who talk

louder, faster, and more fluently are
more persuasive
• Deep voices are often viewed as more
credible
• Powerless style of communication
(pauses, umhs, uhs, tag questions) lowers
perceptions of credibility

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ENVIRONMENT
• What we surround ourselves with
• Example: The way we decorate our
house tells others a lot about us

Environment is often used to

influence nonverbally
• Several researchers have found that
supermarkets strategically place
products

• Staples such as dairy, meat and produce are

in the back or on opposite sides of the store,
in order to force shoppers to meander
through aisles where they’ll be tempted to
buy all kinds of other products

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• Children’s products are usually placed on
lower shelves where they can easily be
viewed

• Snack foods, which appeal to impulsive

buyers are usually placed near check-out
areas and at the end of isles where they are
more likely to be snatched up

(Field, 1996; Meyer, 1997: Tandingan, 2001)

Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Repeating
• Substituting
• Complementing
• Accenting
• Regulating
• Contradicting
• Deceiving

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Repeating
• The use of nonverbal behavior to say
what you are saying in words
• Emblems- are the nonverbal behaviors
that we use to display what we mean
• Example: head nods at the same time
as someone saying “yes”

Substituting
• The use of nonverbal behaviors to say
things rather than words
• We often answer questions others ask
by responding nonverbally rather than
verbally
Example: Nodding your head to answer a
question rather than saying “yes”

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Complementing
• The use of nonverbal behaviors to strengthen
what is being said with words.

• Illustrators- nonverbal behaviors that

support what is being said verbally

• Example: A friend says “I am so sorry” and

at the same time makes a sincerely sad face

Accenting
• The way we emphasize certain words in
order to clarify what we mean.

Example: “NO!” or “No????”

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Regulating
• Nonverbal behaviors that control the
flow of the conversation, and tell us
when it is our turn to talk, or when the
other person is finished talking.
Example: while telling a story to a friend,
one may pause to allow room for
comments

Contradicting
• When people are saying one thing yet
their nonverbal behavior is telling us
something completely different.

Example: A friend says, “I am so sorry”

while smiling

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In conclusion
• A knowledge of the several factors
involved with nonverbal communication,
and an awareness of its power will
improve our ability to communicate with
others.

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