Unit 6.

Materials Science and

Engineering Package:
an overview

Mike Ashby
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge

© M. F. Ashby and Granta Design, 2017

For reproduction guidance see back page

This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.

The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack. www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com
 Learning objectives for this Lecture Unit

Intended Learning Outcomes

Knowledge and
Understanding what is available in the MS&E Package
Understanding
Skills and
Ability to plot property trajectories as function of processing
Abilities
Values and Appreciation of the connections between Structure, Processing, Materials and
Attitudes Properties

Resources
• Text: “Materials: engineering, science, processing and design” 3rd edition by M.F.
Ashby, H.R. Shercliff and D. Cebon, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford 2014, Chapter 19.
• Text: Callister, Budinski, Askeland and others – recommended reading in CES records
• Software: CES EduPack (Grantadesign.com)
• Paper: The CES EduPack Materials Science and Engineering Package

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2018 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Teaching 1st year Materials –
What are the challenges?

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 • Large classes, varied backgrounds

• Divergent aspirations
Understanding materials – the science
Using materials – selection and design

• Vast range of scale and concept

Electrons (quantum mechanics) to
Spacecraft (Newtonian mechanics)

(teddy-rised CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Materials Science and Engineering: the approaches

Science-
driven
approach

10-14 m 10-2 m

Design-
driven
approach

CES EduPack MS&E Package: a set of resources to support both approaches

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com
The CES EduPack MS&E Package:
What is it?
What does it look like?

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

The CES EduPack Materials Science and Engineering Package

A linked set of resources

to support 1st year teaching of MS&E

- for the Instructor

- for the Student

• A comprehensive database of Materials and Processes

• Teach yourself units for Phase Diagrams and Crystallography
• Micro-projects to stimulate self-motivated discovery
• Material Selection and Eco-audit tools for more advanced projects
• Teaching resources: lecture units, exercises with solutions

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Basic insight of Materials Science

The basic insight of Materials Science:

The Process – Structure – Properties – Performance tetrahedron

Structure What do we mean by structure?

Properties
Processes

Pre-1900:
Performance
Empiricism

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 What do we mean by “Structure”?

Structure at electronic and Structure at the lattice and

atomistic levels phase levels

Nucleus and Bonding-sensitive properties Microstructure-sensitive properties

Density Strength
Modulus Toughness
Specific heat Elongation
Expansion coefficient Electrical, thermal conductivities
Saturation magnetization Coercive field, Energy product

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 MS&E Main Home page

All-in-one
homepage

• Main interaction
point for the user.
• Friendly navigation,
everything
accessible from one
place.

Science notes
Material science notes >>
Process science notes >>
Mechanisms science notes >>

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Elements Data-table

Elements Part of a record

Properties of the Elements
▪ Nuclear
▪ Mechanical
Structure
▪ Thermal
▪ Electrical and superconducting
▪ Electronic structure
▪ Magnetic
▪ Environmental
Properties
Processes

Performance

Explore
Nucleus and Bonding-sensitive
properties

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Variation of properties across Periodic table

Bonding-packing sensitive
properties
10-9 m

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Electronegativity and Bonding

Low electronegativity :
Metallic bonding

Alloys
Difference in electronegativity > 1.7
Ionic bonding
Difference in electronegativity < 1.7
Covalent bonding

Hume-Rothery rules for solid solutions:

• Atoms size difference less than 15%
• Similar electronegativity
• Valence is similar

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Materials Data-table

Elements

Materials
Links
Structure

Properties
Processes

Performance

Science notes
Material science notes >>
Process science notes >>
Mechanisms science notes >>

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Easier Access to Science Notes

Directly from the

Home Menu
• Navigate from the Home Page
• Easier to Browse

Science notes
Material science notes >>
Process science notes >>
Mechanisms science notes >>

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Materials records
227 Materials

92 Engineering materials
89 Biological materials
46 Functional materials

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Engineering and Natural Materials

Carbon steel

Coral

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Magnetic and Thermoelectric materials

Magneto-strictive actuator

Thermo-electric energy harvester

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Processes Data-table
Elements

Processes Materials
Links
Structure

Properties
Processes

Performance

Science notes
Material science notes >>
Process science notes >>
Mechanisms science notes >>

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Phase Diagrams Data-table and Tool

Elements 12 of the most-used phase diagrams

Processes Materials

Links Structure

Properties
Processes
Performance Links

Phase
Diagrams

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Glossary, Phase structure

Illustrates phase-fields
Liquid
(Pb) + Liquid (Sn) + Liquid

(Pb) Solid (Sn) Solid

• Copper – Nickel
Eutectic
• Lead – Tin
• Iron – Carbon
© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education
 Cooling paths

Lead Tin diagram

Path 2 Path 1

Illustrates microstructure formation

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Lever rule

Reports liquid
composition and Dynamic – Schematic of
weight fraction pull bar down phases present

Liquid Solid

Teach Yourself
Phase
Diagrams

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Process-Property Profiles Data-table
Elements
Selected data sets that show
Processes Materials the effect of processing on properties

Structure
1. Alloying and working: copper alloys

2. Heat treatment: carbon steels

Properties 3. Alloying and heat treatment (1) : stainless steels

Processes
4. Alloying and heat treatment (2): aluminum alloys
Performance
5. Filling and reinforcement: thermoplastic polymers
Phase Process-
Diagrams Property 6. Powder processing: sintered ceramics
Profiles
Science notes 7. Foaming: polymers, metals, ceramics
Material science notes >>
Process science notes >>
Mechanisms science notes >>

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Process-Property Profiles Data-table

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Solution hardening, work hardening, ppt hardening

Work
hardening

Precipitation
hardening

Solid solution
hardening

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Filling, Blending, Reinforcement (composition)

Fiber
reinforced

Mineral
filled

Blending

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Systematic Selection for Performance, Environment

Elements

Processes Materials

Structure

Properties

Processes

Performance
2
Phase Process-
Diagrams Property
Profiles
Selection

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

Wider resources to support MS&E
teaching and learning

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Learning Resources

Learning resources to engage students – Accessed via CES EduPack

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Teaching Resources
White Paper Lecture Units Exercises with Worked solutions

Micro-projects
Multiple Choice Questions

The Micro-projects
1. Zirconia, a ceramic that thinks it’s a metal
2. Are biopolymers really greener than oil-based plastics?
3. Nichrome – the glowing heart of dryers and toasters
4. Is spider silk really stronger than steel?
5. What’s special about egg shell?
6. Materials for acoustics guitars
7. Shields for Viking invaders
8. Are Additive Manufactured materials any good? (1) Polymers
9. Are Additive Manufactured materials any good? (2) Metals
10. Why don’t things stick to Teflon?
GIFT format for Moodle
11. Exploring solid-solutions using Process-Property Profiles
12. Which elements form extensive solid-solutions with copper?
13. Designing high-entropy alloys
14. Harvesting waste energy without regulatory risk

© Mike Ashby, 2018 www.grantadesign.com/education

 Lecture Unit series

These PowerPoint lecture units, as well as many other types of resources, are on the Teaching Resource Website.

Finding and Displaying Information Sustainability

Unit 1 The materials of engineering What is a sustainable development? a materials perspective
Unit 2 Material property charts: mapping materials Materials for low carbon power
Unit 3 The Elements database: properties, relationships and resources Special Topics
Material Properties Architecture and the built environment: materials for construction
Unit 4 Manipulating properties: composition, microstructure, architecture Structural sections: shape in action
Unit 5 Designing new materials: filling the materials-property space Materials in industrial design: Why do consumers buy products?
Unit 6 Materials Science and Engineering The Products, Materials and Processes database
Selection Materials for Bioengineering
Unit 7 Material selection: translation, screening, ranking, documentation Advanced Teaching and Research
Unit 8 Objectives in conflict: trade off methods and penalty functions Advanced databases: a lightning tour
Unit 9 Material and shape: materials for efficient structures The Aerospace edition
Unit 10 Manufacturing processes and cost modeling The Polymer edition
Unit 11 Eco-informed material selection The Synthesizer tool: hybrids and other models
Unit 12 Eco design and the Eco Audit tool Editing and creating new databases: CES Constructor
CES Selector and Constructor in research

Mike Ashby and Granta Design, 2017 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

 Authors
Mike Ashby
University of Cambridge, Granta Design Ltd.
www.grantadesign.com
www.eng.cam.ac.uk

Reproduction
There are 300+ resources
These resources can be reproduced for teaching purposes provided
you have purchased access to Granta’s Teaching Resources (usually as (Available to Educators)
part of a CES EduPack license). Please make sure that Granta Design is
credited on any reproductions. You cannot use these resources for
commercial purposes. Including:
 PowerPoint lecture units
Accuracy  Exercises with worked solutions

We try hard to make sure these resources are of a high  Recorded webinars
quality. If you have any suggestions for improvements,  Posters
please contact us by email at  White Papers
 Solution Manuals
[email protected]
 Interactive Case Studies

© M. F. Ashby and Granta Design, 2017

This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.

The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack. www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com