Petrel 2013 Reservoir

Engineering
Module 2: Making a Simple Simulation
Lesson 1: Make a simple simulation grid
Create a Simple Simulation Model

• Create a simple grid

• Define grid properties
• Insert a “simulation fault”
• Assign fault transmissibility
multiplier
Make Simple Grid Process
Make a grid without faults
Make Simple Grid: Result

Skeleton:
A top, mid, and base skeleton
grid is generated.

Further subdivision in the

vertical direction is needed.
Make Simple Grid: Insert Horizons
Skeleton with horizons: If you have
surfaces that describe the horizons,
you can enter them as input.
Make Simple Grid: Vertical Subdivision

Make horizons:
Insert a horizon in the grid to define
different zones.

Layering:
Further subdivision is done using the
Layering process.
Make Horizons

1. Append the desired number of horizons in the

table.

2. Drop in interpretations or surfaces using the

blue arrow.
1

2
Make Horizons: Result

The horizons appear in the Models Available for displaying:

pane. Toggle on the check box to 1. Edges - to see the zone division
view in a 3D window. 2. Zone filter - to view selected layers
Define Grid Properties

Import 3D grids and properties

generated outside Petrel.

Use the Geometrical modeling

process to create Constant
properties.

Use the Property calculator to

define 3D grid properties.
Layering

Specify the number of layers (Proportional), cell Specify the Zone division:
thickness (Follow top/Base) or Fractions.
Proportional

Follow Base

Follow Top

Fractions

Follow Base with

Reference
Layering
Result – Types of zone division

Proportional

Fractions

Follow base
Model a Fault: Digitizing

Make/edit polygons process

can be used to digitize a line
that defines the fault plane.

The new polygon appears at

the bottom of the Input pane.
Model a Fault: Create Simulation (Grid) Fault

The polygon can be converted

into a fault in the active grid.
Model a Fault: Define Transmissibility Multiplier

Use the Structural and fault

analysis process to assign a
transmissibility multiplier to the
fault.
Exercise

Dataset > Projects > Modules-3 Simple simulation model >

Simple_simulation_model_exercise.pet

Pg. 89 - 94
Lesson 2: Rock Physics Functions
Make Rock Physics Functions

Capillary pressure curves Relative permeability Rock compaction

Saturation Functions
Purpose of Saturation Functions

Used to calculate fluid

Used to calculate the
mobility to solve the flow
initial saturation for each
equations between cells
phase in each cell.
and from cell to well.

Used to calculate the

initial transition zone
saturation of each phase.
Saturation Function

Make relative permeability curves

based on Corey correlations. 1

2
1. Preset values are available for
sand, shaly sand and fracture
(for dual permeability models).

2. The number of table entries

controls the size of the tables
passed to the simulator.
Oil-Water Relative Permeability

Krw@Sw=1
Kro@Somax
Krw@Sorw

Swmin Swcr
1-Sorw
Capillary Pressure Data: Oil-Water

You can make oil-water capillary pressure curves using correlations.

Capillary Pressure Data: Gas-Oil

Petrel does not have a correlation

for gas-oil capillary pressure data.
The data can be entered in the
spreadsheet.
Rock Compaction Function (1)
Used to make rock compaction tables from a
choice of correlations to model compaction drive.
Rock compaction function
Use presets: There are three preset
compaction functions to select from.

The red boxes indicate the

minimum input data required
for the selected correlation.

Or specify: Correlation and Rock type.

Plotting Rock physics functions

To display a Rock physic function,

open a Function window and
select the check box in front of the
function on the Input pane.

Rock physics functions are stored in the Input pane.

Spreadsheets
Right click on the Rock
physics functions folder
and select Spreadsheet…

You can view/edit rock physics

functions in a spreadsheet.
Import Rock Physics Functions

Functions can be imported to the

Rock physics function folder.

The status of the import is

reported in the message log.
Exercise

Continue using the project from the previous exercise.

Pg. 113 - 119

Lesson 3: Make a Fluid Model
Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT)

Why is PVT needed?

 Simulate reservoir fluid behavior during production process.
 Convert produced volume to reservoir conditions.
Where do PVT data come from?
 Laboratory experiments – Equation of state (EoS) model
 Correlations
 Processed in PVTi.
Fluid information required by simulator:
 Fluid PVT
 Density or gravity.
Make Fluid Model
Black Oil and Compositional Models

One component of gas and one of Both the vapor and the liquid phase
oil in both vapor and liquid phase. consist of several components.

ECLIPSE Black oil and FrontSim ECLIPSE Compositional

INTERSECT
Appropriate Black Oil Models

Fits the Black Oil model.

G: Near
Unsuited for black oil simulation Critical Fluid
(use Compositional simulation). Pressure
F: Wet Gas,
A: Dead Oil
Retrograde
Approximated by Black Oil varying C: Live D: Dry
gas/oil and oil/gas ratios to mimic Oil, Gas
small compositional changes. Saturated

E: Wet
B: Live Oil,
Gas
Initially
Undersaturated

Temperature
Make a Fluid Model

1. Select Create new to

define a new fluid model.
1
2. Specify Model type.
2

All fluid models will be stored in the Input pane.

Make a Default Black Oil Model

1. Select Black oil as Model

type. 3

2. On the General tab, specify 1

which phases are required.

3. Enter required properties in 2

5 4
the Gas, Oil and Water tabs.

4. Or use one of the defaults

presets.

5. Specify an initial condition.

Make a Fluid Model: General Tab

• Select phases.
• Enter pressure and temperature in the reservoir.

2
Make a Fluid Model: Gas Tab

Gas tab: Information on the

gas phase composition
entered here is used to
select correlations.

Correlations: Leave as
default to allow Petrel to
select correlations based on
your input.
Make a Fluid Model: Oil Tab

Specify gravity and

bubble point pressure.

Correlations, are reported on the

Statistics tab of the fluid model.
Make a Fluid Model: Water Tab

Leave as default to allow Petrel create

tables from correlations.

De-select Create tables from correlations

if you have specific water information.
Make a Fluid Model: Initial Conditions Tab

1. From Contact set. 1

2. Define in the table.

2
Make Contacts

Make contacts is the process where the contacts to be used in

the Volume calculation and Simulation processes are made.
Make Contacts: Define Fluid Contacts

1. Append the number of contacts. 1

2
2. Define the contact type and
name.

3. Define the contact level. It 3

can be a different
value/surface for each
segment and zone.
Fluid Variations with Depth
Vertical variations in PVT must
be given in a spreadsheet. Specify the bubble point or the Rs value
at each depth. If you specify one, then the
other is calculated using the correlations.

Right-click an Initial condition and select

Spreadsheet to enter a depth table.
Spreadsheets
You can view/edit a fluid
model in spreadsheet format.

You can copy and paste

to/from existing tables.
Plotting a Fluid Model
Fluids data can be plotted in a function window.
Import Fluid Model

Black oil models exported from PVTi can be imported to Petrel.

The status of the import is

reported in the message log.
Exercise

Continue using the project from the previous exercise.

Pg. 138 - 142