A project report on

GPS ENABLED QUADCOPTER WITH ALTITUDE HOLD

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B. Tech
In
Electronics and Electrical Engineering
By
NISHANT SWARAJ 1522019
GOURAV DUTTA 1522010
RUPAM RASHMI 1522032

under the guidance of

Prof. ISRAJ ALI

School of Electronics Engineering

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University)
BHUBANESWAR

APRIL 2019
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “DESIGN OF QAUDCOPTER”
submitted by
NISHANT SWARAJ 1522019
GOURAV DUTTA 1522010
RUPAM RASHMI 1522032

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electronics and Electrical Engineering is a bonafide record of
the work carried out under my(our) guidance and supervision at School of
Electronics Engineering, KIIT (Deemed to be University).

Signature of Supervisor 1 Signature of Supervisor 2

Prof. Israj Ali XXXXXXXX
School of Electronics Engineering School of Electronics
KIIT (Deemed to be University) Engineering
KIIT (Deemed to be
University)

The Project was evaluated by us on _____________

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2
EXAMINER 3 EXAMINER 4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We feel immense pleasure and feel privileged in expressing our deepest and most sincere
gratitude to our supervisor Professor Israj Ali, for his excellent guidance throughout our
project work. His kindness, dedication, hard work and attention to detail have been a great
inspiration to us. Our heartfelt thanks to you sir for the unlimited support and patience
shown to us. We would particularly like to thank him for all his help in patiently and carefully
correcting all our manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received from Aeronautical
Society of KIIT University for the use of Quadcopter hardware.
We are also very thankful to Professor Suman Roy B.tech project coordinator (EEE), Associate
Dean Professor Dr. Amlan Datta and Professor Dr. Arun Kumar Ray, Dean (School Of
Electronics) for their support and suggestions during our course of the project work in the
final year of our undergraduate course.

NISHANT SWARAJ (1522019)

GOURAV DUTTA (1522010)

RUPAM RASHMI (1522032)

 PREFACE

In today’s scenario, where the field of Electronics and Communication has

revolutionized and where the innovations are taking place at the blink of an eye, it is
probably impossible to keep up with the emerging trends. Excellence is attained if you
care more than others think is wise, risk more than others think is safe, dream more
than others think is practical, & expect more than others think is possible. That very
attitude is what gives rise to various innovations plus, the new changes to the existing
technology. A well planned & properly executed project done with the latter attitude
will help this world to experience the power of knowledge.

A team of three students with complementary skills committed to a common idea of

the project have applied there approach for which we hold ourselves completely
accountable. During this project, the aforementioned team gets the real, firsthand
experience for working in an actual environment of communicating electronics. Most
of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies
is put to test here. We had the opportunity to have a real experience, which increased
our sphere of knowledge to a great extent.

Many people say the leadership cannot be taught, which may be true but is absolutely
irrelevant and that our supervisor Mr. Sandeep Arora proves to be true. His
supervision plus the knowledge has substantially directed our projected on a bright
path. Thus we were entrusted with a real life project, working on which had finally
made us step into the ongoing innovations and revolution in the world of
communication.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Quadcopter can achieve vertical flight in a stable manner and be used to monitor or
collect data in a specific region such as mapping terrains. Technological advances have
reduced the cost and increase the performance of the low power microcontrollers
that allowed the general public to develop their own Quadcopter.
The goal of this project is to build, modify, and make improvements in Quadcopter
design to obtain stable flight. The project used a Quadcopter that included a frame,
motors, electronic speed controllers, batteries, a transmitter, a receiver quadcopter’s
frame. Individual components were tested and verified to work properly. Calibration
and tuning of the PID controller was done to obtain proper stabilization on each axis
using custom PID test benches. Currently, the Quadcopter can properly stabilize itself,
determine its location. This report also described the auto-commands, and live video
streaming that can be implementing at a later stage. Most of the goals in this project
have been achieved, resulting in a stable and maneuverable Quadcopter.
The aim of this project was to build and program a Quadcopter that can be used for
surveillance information of a surrounding area. A secondary goal of this project is to
use this platform for future innovative projects that could include stabilization, image
processing and artificial intelligence.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS Page
No
Certificate i

Declaration ii

Preface iii

Abstract iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of x
figures List xii
of Tables xiii
Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Basic Introduction 1
1.2 About the Project 2
1.3 Block Diagram 3
1.4 Components Used In Project 3
1.5 Literature Review 4
1.6 Motivation 4
1.7 Objective 4
1.8 Need of Project 5
1.9 Project Plan 5
1.10 System Over view 5
1.11 Controls 6

Chapter 2: Component Specifications 8

v
2.1 HJ 450 frame 8
2.1.1 Types of Frame 9
2.2 Electronic Speed Controller 10

2.3 Brushless DC motor 11

2.3.1 Types of Motors 13
2.4 Propellers 15
2.5 Flight Controller 16
2.6 Fly Sky Transmitter and Receiver 17
2.7 Lipo Battery 22

Chapter 3: Project Description 24

3.1 Principle of Operation 24
3.1.1 Flying Principle 25
3.1.2 Mechanism 26
3.1.3 Taking off and Landing Motion Mechanism 26
3.1.4 Processing of Received Signal 27
3.2 Hardware Analysis 29
3.2.1 Frame 29
3.2.2 Soldering 30
3.2.3 Connection of ESC’S 31
3.2.4 Fixing of Brushless motors 31
3.2.5 Fixing of Propellers 32
3.2.6 Flight Control NAZA M-Lite 32
3.2.7 Synchronization of Transmitter and Receiver 34
3.2.8 Receiver Test 34
3.2.9 Receiver Parameters set to IDLE 34
3.2.10 Testing 34

3.3 Static thrust Calculation 35

vi
3.4 Trouble Shooting of the Project and difficulties faced 36
 3.5 Disadvantages 36

Chapter 4: Project Over view

4.1Software Used 45
4.1.1 NAZA Assistant
4.2 Applications 47
4.2.1 Civil and Commercial Applications 47
4.2.2 Military Applications 49
4.2.3 Environmental Applications 49
4.2.4 Industrial Applications 50
4.2.5 Agriculture Applications 50
4.2.6 Recent real time applications 50
4.3 Limitations 50
4.4 Modifications 51

Chapter 5: Result and Conclusion 52

5.1 Result Analysis 52
5.2 Conclusion 53
5.3 Future Scope 53

References 54

vii
 List of Figures

Sr.No Figure Name Page No.

.
1.1 Quadcopter Configurations 1
1.2 Block Diagram 3
1.3 Flight Controller Setup 5
1.4 Example of a quadcopter rolling left and right 6
1.5 Example of a quadcopter pitching forwards and 7
1.6 Simple sketch of roll, pitch, yaw, and throttle 7
2.1 HJ-450 8
2.2 Aerial Quadcopter 9
2.3 Sport Quadcopter 9
2.4 Sport FPV Quadcopter 9
2.5 Mini Quadcopter 10
2.6 Frequency in variation Motors 11
2.7 ESC-30A 11
2.8 Brushless motor winding 12
2.9 Brushless Dc motor 1000 kv 13
2.10 Brushed Dc Motor 13
2.11 Brushless Dc motor-Permanent Magnet 14
2.12 Three-Phase Induction Motor 15
2.13 Single-Phase Induction Motor 15
2.14 Propellers 16
2.15 Flight Controller Naza M-Lite 17
2.20 Lipo Battery 2200 mah 11.1 v 23
3.1 Take off Motion 24
3.2 Landing Motion 24

x
3.3 Forward Motion 25
3.4 Back Ward Motion 25
3.5 Right Motion 25
3.6 Left Motion 25
3.7 Pitch direction 26
3.8 Roll direction 26
3.9 Yaw direction 26
3.10 Pulse width Modulation 27
3.11 Pulse Position Modulation 27
3.12 PWM to PPM conversion 28
3.13 Digital Radio Software 29
3.14 HJ-450 4 axis Frame 30
3.15 Chassis 30
3.16 ESC Wiring 31
3.17 Over View of HJ 450 31
3.18 Brush less Dc Motor 1000 kv 32
3.19 Propellers 32
3.20 Flight Controller Naza M-Lite 34
6.1 Pick and drop Quadcopter 47
6.2 Air Inspection Quadcopter 48
6.3 Aerial Quadcopter 48
6.4 Ambulance Quadcopter 49
6.5 Fire Control Quadcopter 49
6.6 Agriculture Quadcopter 50
7.1 Quadcopter 53

xi
 List of Tables

Sr.No Table Name Page No.

1.1 List of Components 3
4.1 Specifications of GSM Module 38
4.2 Operation Conditions of GSM 39
4.3 Operating Modes of GSM 39
4.4 Serial Interfacing 39

xii
 Abbreviations

Tx Transmitter
Rx Receiver
AP Acronym for Aerial Photography
FPV First Person View
ARA Almost ready to fly
BEC Battery Eliminator Circuit
BNF Bind N Fly
RTF Ready to Fly
APM Auto Pilot Mega

xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Basic Introduction

Over the last few years we have seen a massive growth in the manufacture and
sales of remote control airborne vehicles known as Quadcopters. These Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles have four arms and fixed pitch propellers which are set in an X or +
configuration with X being the preferred configuration.

Figure 1.1 Quadcopter Configurations

They are sometimes referred to as Drones, Quadrotors or Quadrocopters. In the

standard format two propellers will spin in a clockwise direction with the other two
spinning in an anticlockwise direction allowing the craft to vertically ascend, hover in the
air and fly in a designated direction. The Quadcopter is a simple format with very few
moving parts and has rapidly become a favorite vehicle for remote control enthusiasts
and is widely being used as an effective Aerial photographic platform. A large majority of
the Quadcopters were originally built by hobbyists who understood the simplicity of the
vehicle. By adding four motors and four propellers to a lightweight frame constructed of
light wood, carbon fiber, or fiber glass then connecting it to a remote control transmitter
via a small control board fitted with a gyroscopic stabilization system and connected to a
Lipo battery these craft were relatively simple to construct. Experimentation has led to
the configuration of variations of the Quadcopter by using different amounts of arms we
have seen Tricopters, Hex copters and Octocopters (with eight arms). Other
configurations include a Vtail and an H frame variation.
The rapid advances in computing power, the efficiency of the coreless or brushless
motors, smaller microprocessors the development of batteries and gyroscopic and
accelerometer technology has all led to a proliferation of Quadcopter designs. The first
Quadcopters were not designed for acrobatic flight as the development was
concentrated on simple stable flight patterns but now this has all changed. Micro and
even Nano Quadcopters are being produced mainly in China that can perform intricate
aerobatic moves, flips and barrel rolls that years ago would have been unthinkable.
Chinese companies like Hubsan have made tiny Nano Quadcopters. Quadcopters differ
1
from conventional helicopters which use rotors which are able to vary the pitch of their
blades dynamically as they move around the rotor hub. In the early days of flight,
quadcopters (then referred to as 'quadrotors') were seen as possible solutions to some of
the persistent problems in vertical flight; torque-induced control issues (as well as
efficiency issues originating from the tail rotor, which generates no useful lift) can be
eliminated by counter-rotation and the relatively short blades are much easier to
construct.

2
1.2 About the Project
Quadcopter, also known as quadrotor helicopter or quadrotor, is a multirotor
helicopter that is lifted and propelled by four rotors. Quadcopters are classified as
rotorcraft, as opposed to fixed-wing aircraft, because their lift is generated by a set
of rotors. In a quadcopter, two of the propellers spin in one direction (clockwise)
and the other two spin the opposite direction (counterclockwise) and this enables
the machine to hover in a stable formation.
Firstly the motors which we used have an obvious purpose: to spin the propellers.
Motors are rated by kilovolts, the higher the kV rating, the faster the motor spins at
a constant voltage. Next the Electric Speed controller or ESC, is what tells the motors
how fast to spin at any given time. We need four ESCs for a quadcopter, one
connected to each motor. The ESCs are then connected directly to the battery
through either a wiring harness or power distribution board. Many ESC1s come with
a built in battery eliminator circuit (BEC), which allows you to power things like your
flight control board and radio receiver without connecting them directly to the
battery. Because the motors on a quadcopter must all spin at precise speeds to
achieve accurate flight, the ESC is very important.
Our Quadcopter uses four propellers, each controlled by its own motor and
electronic speed controller. Using accelerometers we are able to measure the angle
of the Quadcopter in terms of X<Y and Z and accordingly adjust the RPM of each
motor in order to self-stabilize itself. the Quadcopter platform provides stability as
a result of the counter rotating motors.
For Hovering over the skies the flight controller which is used is the ‘brain’ of the
quadcopter. It houses the sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometers that
determine how fast each of the quadcopter’s motors spin. Its purpose is to stabilize
the aircraft during flight and to do this, it takes signals from on-board gyroscopes
(roll, pitch and yaw) and passes these signals to the Atmel644PA processor, which
in-turn processes signals according the users selected firmware (e.g. Quadcopter)
and passes the control signals to the installed Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs)
and the combination of these signals instructs the ESCs to make fine adjustments to
the motors rotational speeds which in-turn stabilizes the craft.
For measuring the amount of Carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere we used
carbon dioxide gas sensor. The most common principles for CO2 sensors are
infrared gas sensors (NDIR) and chemical gas sensors. Measuring carbon dioxide is
important in monitoring indoor air quality, the function of the lungs in the form of
a capnography device, and many industrial processes. Quadcopter hovering over
skies installed with gas sensor measure the amount of carbon dioxide present.

3
1.3 Block Diagram

Figure 1.2 Block Diagram

1.4 Components Used

1. Quadcopter HJ450 Frame 1

2. ESC-30A 4
3. Brushless motor-1000kv 4
4. Propeller 4
5. Flight controller Naza M-Lite 1
6. Fly sky transmitter and Receiver-CT6B 1
7. Battery and charger 1
8. Connectors 8

Table 1.1: Components

4
1.5 Literature review
The quad rotor project required extensive research into similar systems. By reviewing
others work, we used this insight to develop our system. To this end, research papers
from various quadrotor groups were used as guides in the early development of the
dynamics and control theory.
Quad rotor platforms used in research remain somewhat the same, having four
electric motors pointed vertically upwards and equally spaced in a square fashion.
However, there were some groups whom designed their own platforms, whereas
commercial models available to the consumer were the Dragan Flyer, the X-UFO and
the MD4-200.
1.6 Motivation
This project created a platform to learn about the unmanned aerial vehicles such as a
Quadcopter. This expands the scope of the electrical engineering education to include
the control and the understanding of the mechanical components. The Quadcopter
has many applications that we are interested to develop like mapping and video
streaming especially in a disaster and dangerous area. It also open up the possibilities
to broaden the understanding and applications of control systems, stabilization,
artificial intelligence and GPS navigation as it applies to the Quadcopter
Quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicles are used for surveillance and reconnaissance by
military and law enforcement agencies, as well as search and rescue missions in urban
environments. The military use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has grown
because of their ability to operate in dangerous locations while keeping their human
operators at a safe distance. The larger UAVs also provide a reliable long duration, cost
effective, platform for reconnaissance as well as weapons. They have grown to
become an indispensable tool for the military. One such example is the Aeryon Scout,
created by Canadian company Aeryon Labs which is a small UAV that can quietly hover
in place and use a camera to observe people and objects on the ground.
In addition to the military uses of the small UAV, we were interested in evaluating
applications in the commercial and industrial sector. Our premise was that if smaller
and cheaper UAVs become readily available, new markets and uses will emerge.
Potential new markets in commercial and industrial applications include inspecting
pipelines or even inspecting dangerous areas like a meltdown site at a nuclear power
plant. Disaster relief or crop assessment seems also to be likely areas where small
UAVs could be useful. We were also motivated by on-campus uses such as monitoring
parking or quick-look video of an incident, or monitoring hard to reach locations, or
exploration of a collapsed building or other dangerous location.
1.7 Objective
The goal of our project is to design, implement, and test a stable flying Quadcopter
that can be used to collect and save Carbon dioxide gas sensing data along with the
location using GSM module. Our plan was to choose an existing Quadcopter kit and
5
add the required components to give the Quadcopter the capabilities to gather and
log data autonomously. A GSM module will be used to determine the current position
and an SIM card will be used to track location. If this goal is accomplished, our team
would also like to design and implement some autonomous commands that may help
aid a user in collecting the data. These commands include the auto-landing command,
auto-move command, auto-homing command, and hold position command.
The final Quadcopter design had to meet the following specifications:
1. The Quadcopter must be capable of flying and landing in stable manner.
2. The Quadcopter must be capable of determining its current location using GSM data.
3. The Quadcopter must be capable to storing and logging data.
4. The Quadcopter must be able to perform the following commands:
• Auto-landing
• Auto-move
• Auto-homing
• Hold position

1.8 Need of Project

Personal Drones have been all the rage for the past few years, as toys, and primarily
as new devices for capturing amazing aerial photography. As the technology has
matured and become more mainstream, a number of practical and very interesting
uses of Drone technology have emerged. In the past few months we have seen some
amazing developments in the flying drone industry. Amazon has announced a service,
which will deliver your orders right to your door, and 3D Robotics, a commercial drone
maker, has received $36 million in funding. The future of drones flying around
everywhere is coming closer and closer to us.
1.9 Project Plan
The project plan was divided into five major milestones each spaced
approximately Ten days apart.
1) Project Description and Plan of Work
2) System Model
3) Components Purchasing
4) Implementation / Hardware / Software
5) Project Demonstrations

The sequence that we met these milestones was out of sequence with the
required milestones. Experience told us to get the hardware done as soon as
possible as this is often requires a lot of time. By doing so, and because of
unforeseen difficulties, we fell behind slightly with the System Modeling and flight
Controller. After working closely we were able to complete the milestones only
slightly behind schedule.

6
1.10 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Figure 1.3 Flight Controller Setup

7
1.11 Controls
Roll – Done by pushing the right stick to the left or right. Literally rolls the
quadcopter, which maneuvers the quadcopter left or right.
Pitch – Done by pushing the right stick forwards or backwards. Tilts the
quadcopter, which maneuvers the quadcopter forwards or backwards.
Yaw – Done by pushing the left stick to the left or to the right. Rotates the
quadcopter left or right. Points the front of the copter different directions and
helps with changing directions while flying.
Throttle – Engaged by pushing the left stick forwards. Disengaged by pulling the
left stick backwards. This adjusts the altitude, or height, of the quadcopter.
Trim – Buttons on the remote control that help you adjust roll, pitch, yaw, and
throttle if they are off balance.
The Rudder – You might hear this term thrown around, but it’s the same as the
left stick. However, it relates directly to controlling yaw (as opposed to the
throttle).
Aileron – Same as the right stick. However, it relates directly to controlling roll
(left and right movement).
The Elevator – Same as the right stick. However, it relates directly to controlling
pitch (forwards and backwards movement).
Maneuvering:
Bank turn – A consistent circular turn in either the clockwise or counterclockwise
direction.
Hovering – Staying in the same position while airborne. Done by controlling the
throttle.
Roll
Roll moves your quadcopter left or right. It’s done by pushing the right stick on
your transmitter to the left or to the right.
It’s called “roll” because it literally rolls the quadcopter.
For example, as you push the right stick to the right, the quadcopter will angle
diagonally downwards to the right.

Figure 1.4 Example of a quadcopter rolling left and right. Notice the tilt of the drone

67
Pitch is done by pushing the right stick on your transmitter forwards or backwards.
This will tilt the quadcopter, resulting in forwards or backwards movement.

Figure 1.5 Example of a quadcopter pitching forwards and backwards

Yaw
This is done by pushing the left stick to left or to the right.

Throttle
Throttle gives the propellers on your quadcopter enough power to get airborne. When
flying, you will have the throttle engaged constantly. To engage the throttle, push the
left stick forwards. To disengage, pull it backwards.

Figure 1.6 Simple sketch of roll, pitch, yaw, and throttle on a transmitter (left image)
and quadcopter (right image).
8
Chapter 2: Component Specifications

2.1. HJ450 Frame

This is the glass fiber quadcopter frame which is very simple and easy to build
frame This Flame wheel is one of the most popular frames out there for a number
of good reasons:
1. It’s relatively inexpensive
2. It is famously durable
3. The centre plate doubles as a power distribution board which tidies things up
quite a bit and allowed me to get rid of my ugly DIY wiring harness.
4. The design is really well thought out – it’s a compact frame. Plenty of room for
receiver, control board, ESCs, and battery, with mounting options and room to
spare for a GoPro or other camera setup.
5. As one of the most popular quadcopter frames on the market, there is a wide
variety of spare parts and accessories to choose from such as landing gears,
gimbals, etc

Figure 2.1 HJ-450

Every quadcopter or other multirotor aircraft needs a frame to house all the other
components. Things to consider here are weight, size, and materials. They’re strong,
light, and have a sensible configuration including a built-in power distribution board
(PDB) that allows for a clean and easy build. There are also a ton of spare parts and
accessories available from many different websites. There are also a ton of clones out
there, most of which include the same built-in PDB and durable construction as the
original. Parts and accessories are 100% compatible and interchangeable.
Frames can also be built at home using aluminium or balsa sheet. But results will vary
from manufactured frames, both aesthetically and in terms of flight attributes.

2.1.1. Types of Frame

 Aerial cinematograph: Big enough to lift a specific camera with tall landing gear.

Figure 2.2 Aerial Quadcopter

1. Sport:
Super light-weight and extremely stiff for crisp and responsive control.

Figure 2.3 Sport Quadcopter

2. Sport FPV:
Lots of mounting surfaces for extra electronics and action cameras.

1
1
3. Mini: Very small and virtually indestructible

1
2
 2.2. Electronic Speed Controller
The electronic speed control, or ESC, is what tells the motors how fast to spin at
any given time. You need four ESCs for a quadcopter, one connected to each
motor. The ESCs are then connected directly to the battery through either a wiring
harness or power distribution board. Many ESCs come with a built in battery
eliminator circuit (BEC), which allows you to power things like your flight control
board and radio receiver without connecting them directly to the battery. Because
the motors on a quadcopter must all spin at precise speeds to achieve accurate
flight, the ESC is very important. These days if you are building a quadcopter or
other multirotor, it is pretty much standard to use ESCs that have the SimonK
firmware on them. This firmware changes the refresh rate of the ESC so the motors
get many more instructions per second from the ESC, thus have greater control
over the quadcopter’s behavior.
ESCs are normally rated according to maximum current. We are using 30
A.Generally the higher the rating, the larger and heavier the ESC tends to be which
a factor when calculating mass is and balance in airplanes. Many modern ESCs
support nickel metal hydride, lithium ion polymer and lithium iron phosphate
batteries with a range of input and cut-off voltages. The type of battery and
number of cells connected is an important consideration when choosing a Battery
eliminator circuit (BEC), whether built into the controller or as a stand-alone unit.
A higher number of cells connected will result in a reduced power rating and
therefore a lower number of servos supported by an integrated BEC, if it uses a
linear voltage regulator. A well designed BEC using a switching regulator should not
have a similar limitation.
Working:
The ESC controls the speed of an AC motor with frequency, not voltage. If you plug
an
11.1 volt battery into your power system, you have 11.1 volts going to the motor
with the full amperage potential of the battery backing that voltage. The AC
brushless motors we use are true 3-phase AC motors. The motors DO run on AC
current. The ESC is a trapezoidal wave generator. It produces 3 separate waves
(one for each wire to the motor). The speed of the motor has nothing to do with
voltage or amps, but instead the timing of the current fed into it. By increasing and
decreasing the wave length (frequency) of the trapezoidal wave on the 3 phases,
the ESC causes the motor to spin faster and slower. The ESC switches the polarity
of the phases to create the waves. This means that the voltage through any given
winding flows 'Alternately' one direction then the other. This creates a push-pull
effect in the magnetic field of each winding, making the motor more powerful for
its size and weight. The motor and the load that is placed on it, is what determines
the

10
 amp draw from the ESC and the battery.
In the below picture, we have 2 motors with 3 poles each. Their winding are
labelled as poles “A”, “B”, and “C”. The graph (under the 2 motors) shows the 3
separate waves that the ESC generates to drive a motor. The graph shows the
signals time to voltage relationships. The black wave on the graph is the signal that
is sent to winding “A”. The red signal goes to winding “B”, and the blue signal goes
to winding “C”. If you look at "AC Motor 1" and "AC Motor 2", and the signals
shown on the graph that are sent to the windings; it is easy to see that when we
swop any two motor connections, we change the order that the waves hit the
windings, and that changes the direction of the motor.

Figure 2.6 Frequency in variation Motors

Specifications
Current Draw: 30A Continuous/35A Burst
•Voltage Range: 2-4s Li poly
•BEC: 5V3A Linear
•Weight: 35g

Figure 2.7 ESC-30A

2.3. Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically
commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous motors that are powered
by a DC electric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which
11
produces an AC electric signal to drive the motor. In this context, AC, alternating
current, does not imply a sinusoidal waveform, but rather a bi-directional current
with no restriction on waveform. Additional sensors and electronics control the
inverter output amplitude and waveform (and therefore percent of DC bus
usage/efficiency) and frequency (i.e. rotor speed).The rotor part of a brushless motor
is often a permanent magnet synchronous motor, but can also be a switched
reluctance motor, or induction motor.
Brushless motors may be described as stepper motors; however, the term stepper
motor tends to be used for motors that are designed specifically to be operated in a
mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined angular position.
This page describes more general brushless motor principles, though there is overlap.
Two key performance parameters of brushless DC motors are the motor constants
KV and Km.

Working:
In a brushless DC motor (BLDC), you put the permanent magnets on the rotor and
you move the electromagnets to the stator. Then you use a computer (connected to
high-power transistors) to charge up the electromagnets as the shaft turns. This
system has all sorts of advantages:
Because a computer controls the motor instead of mechanical brushes, it's
more precise. The computer can also factor the speed of the motor into the
equation. This makes brushless motors more efficient.
There is no sparking and much less electrical noise.
There are no brushes to wear out.
With the electromagnets on the stator, they are very easy to cool.
You can have a lot of electromagnets on the stator for more precise control.

The only disadvantage of a brushless motor is its higher initial cost, but you can often
recover that cost through the greater efficiency over the life of the motor. The poles
on the stator of a two-phase BLDC motor used to power a computer cooling fan.

Figure 2.8 Brushless motor winding

12
Specifications:

KV: 1300KV/1000KV/850KV/750KV
Pull: 930g/890g/875g/866g
Motor size(mm): Ф28*30
Battery: 2-4s Li po

Figure 2.9 Brushless Dc motor 1000 kv

2.3.1. Types of Motors

Brushed DC Motor
Since this type of motor is driven by a DC power supply, it is also called simply a DC
motor. To distinguish it from a permanent magnet synchronous motor (brushless
DC motor), here we will call it a brushed DC motor. Since it is comparatively
economical and easy to drive, the brushed DC motor is used for a broad range of
applications.
A brushed DC motor generates torque by mechanically switching the direction of
current in coordination with rotation using a commutator and brushes.
Shortcomings of a brushed DC motor include the need for maintenance due to wear
down of the brushes and the production of electrical and mechanical noise. The
PWM duty ratio can by adjusted using a microcontroller, etc. to change the applied
voltage, thus allowing the speed of rotation and position to be controlled.

13
 Figure 2.10 Brushed Dc Motor
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (Brushless DC Motor)
Take away the commutator and brushes that are the shortcomings of the brushed
DC motor and you have a permanent magnet synchronous motor (brushless DC
motor). Due to the lack of brushes, a brushless DC motor has excellent device life and
low-noise characteristics. Also, it can achieve great efficiency, so it is used in a broad
range of applications including energy- saving home appliances and long-running
industrial applications.
There are two major types of structure, differing by how the magnet is equipped on the
rotor.

Surface Permanent Magnet (SPM): This type has a permanent magnet affixed to the
outside of the rotor, and magnetic permeability is constant through all positions.

Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM): This type has a permanent magnet embedded
inside the rotor, and since the magnetic permeability varies with position, reluctance
torque can be used. Since there is no structure for mechanically switching the
direction of current, this needs to be performed electronically using an inverter
circuit. By driving an inverter circuit using a microcontroller, etc., a three-phase
alternating-current voltage is applied to the stator, generating a rotating magnetic
field.
Driving waveforms can be divided into the following two main types.
Trapezoidal wave drive: Drives by applying trapezoidal (rectangular) wave voltage.
Sinusoidal wave drive: Drives by applying sinusoidal wave voltage in order to
suppress the vibration, noise, and torque ripple which are issues encountered with
trapezoidal wave drive. In many cases, vector control (fields oriented control) is use
to control torque and phase in a linearly independent manner. Since torque is
proportional to drive current, high-speed and high-precision position and speed
control is possible by adding position and speed sensors. In order to drive
efficiently, it is necessary to detect the rotor (magnet) position. Hall sensors,
encoders, and resolvers are used for detecting position. Due to temperature
limitations of sensors and cost considerations, there are cases where rotor
(magnet) position is estimated from three-phase current or induced voltage
without using sensors (sensor less position estimation).

In general, industrial systems mainly use a sensor method and home appliance
systems use a sensor less position estimation method.

14
 Figure 2.11 Brushless Dc motor-Permanent Magnet
Three-Phase Induction Motor
A three-phase induction motor is an induction motor driven on a three-phase
alternating- current power source. A rotating magnetic field is produced by passing
a three-phase alternating current through a stator, and an induced current is
generated in the rotor by electromagnetic induction. This rotating magnetic field and
induced current generate an electromagnetic force, which causes the rotor to rotate.
Since the magnetic field needs to move in respect to the rotor in order to generate an
induced current, the speed of rotation of the rotor is always slower than the
synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field. The difference between the
frequency of the rotating magnetic field and the frequency equivalent to the speed of
rotation is called the slip frequency. The generated torque is proportional to the slip
frequency.
The structure of a three-phase induction motor is simple and sturdy. Because it is
easy to use for large power motors and has relatively good efficiency, it is often used
in industrial segments. However, due to the aforementioned slip frequency, it is
unsuitable for position control. In many cases, the three-phase alternating-current
used at factories and so on is input directly to drive the motor at a constant speed.
For adjustable-speed energy-saving applications which value efficiency, the motor
can be inverter driven to control torque.

Fig ure 2.12 Three-Phase Induction Motor

-Phase Induction Motor (Universal Motor)

Single-phase induction motors are a type of induction motor which as the name
implies operate on a single-phase alternating-current power source. Since self-
starting is not possible with single-phase alternating current, the motor needs a way
to start.
Single-phase induction motors can be divided into the following three main types,
depending on the way they start.
Capacitor: A capacitor splits phases to produce a two-phase alternating current to
obtain a starting torque.
Split Phase: A starter coil with low inductance is used to obtain a starting torque.
15
Shaded Pole: A shaded pole produces an induced current, which is used to obtain a
starting torque.
In many cases, the single-phase alternating-current used in homes and so on is input
directly to drive the motor at a constant speed. The AC voltage phase can be
controlled using a triac to control the speed of rotation.

Figure 2.13 Single Phase Induction Motor

2.4. Propellers
Here in this project quadcopter there arises the need of two types of propellers to
need the purpose of flight. A pair of clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW)
propellers are needed. The care should be taken in finalizing the dimensions of the
propellers.
A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into
thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of
the air foil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated behind the
blade. Propeller dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli's principle and
Newton's third law. A marine propeller is sometimes colloquially known as pitch of
the screw. Generally, increased propeller pitch and length will draw more current.
Also the pitch can be defined as the travel distance of one single prop rotation. In a
nutshell, higher pitch means slower rotation, but will increase your vehicle speed
which also use more power.
When deciding on length and pitch, you need to find a good balance. Generally a
prop with low pitch numbers can generate more torque. The motors don’t need to
work as hard so it pulls less current with this type of prop. If you want to do
acrobatics, you will need torque propellers which provide more acceleration and it
puts less pressure on the power system. Lower pitch propellers will also improve
stability.
A higher pitch propeller moves greater amount of air, which could create turbulence
and cause the aircraft to wobble during hovering. If you notice this with your
quadcopter, try to choosing a lower pitched propeller.
16
When it comes to the length, propeller efficiency is closely related to the contact area
of a prop with air, so a small increase in prop length will increase the propeller
efficiency. (Pretty much like swimmers with larger hands and feet can swim faster, but
also more tiring for them)

Figure 2.14 Propellers

17
2.5. Flight Controller

Figure: NAZA M-Lite with GPS module, LED

module and BEC Module

The NAZA M-Lite is next big evolution of the second generation stable flight control
boards. The NAZA M-Lite was engineered from the ground up to bring multi-rotor
flight to everyone, not just the experts. A host of multi-rotor craft types are pre-
installed, simply select your craft type, check motor layout/propeller direction, and
calibrate your ESCs and radio.
The original NAZA M-Lite gyro system has been updated to an incredibly sensitive
MPU system making this the most stable board and allowing for the addition of an
18
 auto-level function. At the heart of the NAZA M-Lite is an Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based
microcontroller with 64k of memory. An additional polarity protected header has
been added for voltage detection, so no need for on-board soldering. A handy LED
indicator is also included for audio warning when activating and deactivating the board.
The NAZA M-Lite added polarity protection to the voltage sense header and a fuse
protected buzzer outputs, in case something is accidentally plugged in incorrectly.
The voltage sense line has been updated for better accuracy. The board is clearly
labeled and the voltage sense line color has been changed to red for easy
identification, making installation.
Working:
Its purpose is to stabilize the aircraft during flight. To do this it takes the signal from
the gyro/acc (roll, pitch and yaw) then passes the signal to the NAZA M-Lite unit. Then
the unit processes these signals according the users selected firmware and passes
control signals to the installed Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs). These signals
instruct the ESCs to make fine adjustments to the motors rotational speed which in
turn stabilizes your multi-rotor craft.

2.6. Fly sky Transmitter and Receiver

Fly sky Transmitter and Receiver which we are using is Flysky i6x which has 6
channels. It Requires a PC to change the channel variables, mixing and servo
reversing. The radio transmitter and receiver allow you to control the quadcopter.
There are many suitable models available, but you will need at least four channels
for a basic quadcopter with the KK2.1.5 control board. In electronics and
telecommunications a radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid
of an antenna, produces radio waves.
Transmitter
The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to
the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for
communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters.
A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit
within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called
a transceiver. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information
over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic
signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone, a video (TV) signal from a TV
camera, or in wireless networking devices a digital signal from a computer. The
transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal
which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called
19
modulation. A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit, which transforms electric power
from a battery or electrical mains into a radio frequency alternating current, which
reverses direction millions to billions of times per second. The energy in such a rapidly
reversing current can radiate off a conductor (the antenna) as electromagnetic waves
(radio waves).
Receiver:
A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses
electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up
by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally
converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the
consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational
positions, etc. The receiver is the receiving end of a communication channel. It
receives decoded messages/information from the sender, who first encoded them.
Sometimes the receiver is modelled so as to include the decoder. Real-world
receivers like radio receivers cannot be expected to receive as much information as
predicted by the noisy channel coding theorem.
In the given figure below

Right Stick: The right stick controls roll and pitch. In other words, it moves your
quadcopter left/right and backwards/forwards.

Left Stick : The left stick controls yaw and throttle. In other words, it rotates your
quadcopter clockwise or counterclockwise, and it adjusts the height at which you
are flying.

Figure 2.16 Fly transmitter and receiver – Flysky i6x 20

When you first push your throttle to get your quadcopter off the ground, you may notice
that the UAV automatically tilts and flies to one direction (or multiple). This happens when
the controls are unbalanced. To balance them out, certain controls need to be trimmed.
Specifications

Channels: 6channels
Model type: Heli, Airplane, Glider
RF power: less than 20db
Modulation: GFSK
Code type: PCM
Sensitivity: 1024
Low voltage warning: LED warning
DSC port: yes
Charger port: yes
Power: 5V DC(1.5AAA*4)
Weight:680g
ANT length:26mm

21
2.7. LIPO Battery
A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery
(abbreviated variously as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly and others), is a rechargeable battery of
lithium-ion technology in a pouch format. Unlike cylindrical and prismatic cells,
LiPos come in a soft package or pouch, which makes them lighter but also less rigid.
Quadcopters typically use LiPo batteries which come in a variety of sizes and
configurations. We typically use 3S1P batteries, which indicates 3 cells in parallel.
Each cell is 3.7 volts, so this battery is rated at 11.1 volts. LiPo batteries also have a
C rating and a power rating in mAh (which stands for milliamps per hour). The C
rating describes the rate at which power can be drawn from the battery, and the
power rating describes how much power the battery can supply. Larger batteries
weigh more so there is always a tradeoff between flight duration and total weight. A
general rule of thumb is that doubling the battery power will get you 50% more flight
time, assuming your quadcopter can lift the additional weight.
Li Po batteries have three main things going for them that make them the perfect
battery choice for RC planes and even more so for RC helicopters over conventional
rechargeable battery types such as NiCad, or NiMH.
Li Po batteries are light weight and can be made in almost any shape and size.
Li Po batteries have high discharge rates to power the most demanding electric
motors.
Li Po batteries hold lots of power in a small package

Just as with other lithium-ion cells, LiPos work on the principle of intercalation and
de- intercalation of lithium ions from a positive electrode material and a negative
electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte providing a conductive medium. To
prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a microporous separator
is in between which allows only the ions and not the electrode particles to migrate
from one side to the other.

Unlike lithium-ion cylindrical and prismatic cells, which have a rigid metal case, LiPo
cells have a flexible, foil-type (polymer laminate) case, so they are relatively
unconstrained. By themselves the cells are over 20% lighter than equivalent
cylindrical cells of the same capacity.

22
Being lightweight is an advantage when the application requires minimum weight,
such as in the case of radio controlled models. However, it has been investigated
that moderate pressure on the stack of layers that compose the cell results in
increased capacity retention, because the contact between the components is
maximized and delamination and deformation is prevented, which is associated
with increase of cell impedance and degradation

Figure 2.20 Lipo Battery 2200 mah 11.1 v

23
 Chapter 3: Project Description

3.1 Principle of Operation

Frame principle: Frame is the structure that holds all the components together. The
Frame should be rigid, and be able to minimize the vibrations coming from the
motors. Quadcopter frame consists of two to three parts which don’t necessarily
have to be of the same material:
• The center plate where the electronics are mounted
• Four arms mounted to the center plate
• Four motor brackets connecting the motors to the end of
the arms Most available materials for the frame are:
• Carbon Fiber
• Aluminum
• Wood, such as Plywood or MDF (Medium-density fiberboard)
Carbon fiber is most rigid and vibration absorbent out of the three materials but also
the most expensive.
Hollow aluminum square rails are the most popular for the Quadcopters’ arms due
to its relatively light weight, rigidness and affordability. However aluminum could
suffer from motor vibrations, as the damping effect is not as good as carbon fiber.
In cases of severe vibration problem, it could mess up sensor readings.
Wood board such as MDF plates could be cut out for the arms as they are better at
absorbing the vibrations than aluminum. Unfortunately the wood is not a very rigid
material and can break easily in Quadcopter crashes.
As for arm length, the term “motor-to-motor distance” is sometimes used, meaning
the distance between the centers of one motor to that of another motor of the
same arm in the Quadcopter terminology. The motor to motor distance usually
depends on the diameter of the propellers. To make you have enough space
between the propellers and they don’t get caught by each other.

Figure 3.1 Take off Motion Figure 3.2 Landing Motion

24
 Figure 3.3 Forward Motion Figure 3.4 Back ward Motion

Figure 3.5 Right Motion Figure 3.6 Left Motion

3.1.1 Flying Principle

A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting motion into thrust.
Propeller dynamics can be modelled by both Bernoulli’s principle and Newton’s
third law.
Principle and Working
The principle and working of a propeller is based on Bernoulli’s Principle and
Newton’s Third Law Bernoulli’s principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase
in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid’s potential energy. Newton’s third law states that every action
has an equal and opposite reaction. 25
An aero foil of a propeller is shaped so that air flows faster over the top than under
the bottom. There is, therefore, a greater pressure below the aero foil than above
it. This difference in pressure produces the lift. Lift coefficient is a dimensionless
coefficient that relates the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as a wing
or complete aircraft, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the body, and
a reference area associated with the body.

3.1.2 Mechanism
Quadcopter can be described as a small vehicle with four propellers attached to
the root located at the cross frame. This aim for fixed rotors is used to control the
vehicle motion. The speeds of these four rotors are independent. By independent
pitch, roll and yaw attitude of the vehicle can be controlled easily. Pitch, roll and
yaw attitude of Quadcopter.

Figure 3.7 : pitch direction Figure 3.8 : roll direction

26
 Figure 3.9 Yaw direction

3.1.3 Taking-off and landing motion mechanism

Quadcopter can be described as a small vehicle with four propellers attached to the
root located at the cross frame. This aim for fixed rotors is used to control the vehicle
motion. The speeds of these four rotors are independent. By independent pitch, roll
and yaw attitude of the vehicle can be controlled easily. Pitch, roll and yaw attitude
of Quadcopter.

Hovering or static position

The hovering or static position of the Quadcopter is done by two pairs of rotors, by
rotating in clockwise or counter-clockwise respectively with the same speed. By two
rotors rotating in clockwise and counter-clockwise position, the total sum of reaction
torque is zero and this allows the Quadcopter to be in a hovering position.

PWM to PPM conversion

Pulse position modulation (PPM) is a pulse modulation technique that uses pulses
that are of uniform height and width but displaced in time from some base position
according to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. PWM refers to a
pulse width modulation signal, where the width of each pulse changes according to
the amplitude of an analog signal. PPM on the other hand refers to a pulse position
modulation signal, where the width of each pulse remains the same, but each pulse
is displaced by a certain position based on the analog signal amplitude. The basic
need for conversion of a PWM signal received from a transmitter into a PPM signal
arises due to the fact that the main controller board used (ArduIMU) on a
Quadcopter can’t process a PWM signal and hence a converter is required to convert
a PWM signal to a PPM signal.

Figure 3.12: PWM to PPM conversion

27
3.2 Hardware Analysis
There are different steps to be followed in this analysis.
1. Assembling of Frame
2. Soldering for Chassis
3. Connection of ESC’S
4. Fixing of Brushless motors
5. Propellers fixing
6. Attachment of Flight controller Naza M-Lite
7. Calibrating the GPS
8. Synchronization of Transmitter and Receiver
9. Checking receiver test and calibration
10. Adjusting the receiver parameters to IDLE
11. Testing the Quadcopter

There are different steps to be followed in this analysis.

12. Assembling of Frame
13. Soldering for Chassis
14. Connection of ESC’S
15. Fixing of Brushless motors
16. Propellers fixing
17. Attachment of Flight controller Naza M-Lite
18. Calibrating the GPS
19. Synchronization of Transmitter and Receiver
20. Checking receiver test and calibration
21. Adjusting the receiver parameters to IDLE
22. Testing the Quadcopter

28
Forward and backward motion
Forward (backward) motion is controlled by increasing (decreasing) speed of rear
(front) rotor. Decreasing (increasing) rear (front) rotor’s speed simultaneously will
affect the pitch angle of the Quadcopter.

Left and right motion

For left and right motion, it can be controlled by changing the yaw angle of the
Quadcopter. Yaw angle can be controlled by increasing (decreasing) counter-
clockwise rotors speed while decreasing (increasing) clockwise rotor speed.

3.2.1 Processing of Receiving Signal

Modulation Technique in Quadcopter
Pulse Width Modulation
Modulation Technique in Quadcopter: Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse width modulation is a way of simulating an analog output by varying HIGH and
LOW signals at intervals proportional to the value. Width of each pulse varies
according to the amplitude of the analog signal.

Figure 3.10 Pulse width Modulation

Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse-position modulation is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits
are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of 2M possible time-shifts. This is
repeated every T seconds, such that the transmitted bit rate is M/T bits per second.
.

29
 Figure 3.11 Pulse Position Modulation

3.3.1 Frame
Quadcopter frame can be called as the chassis of the quadcopter. The frame can be
achieved in different configurations such as +, X, H, etc…the selection of the frame
is totally a user defined choice based on his own purposes.
We used HJ 450 Frame. FlameWheel450 (F450) is a multi-rotor designed for all
pilots for fun. It can achieve hovering, cruising, even rolling and other flight
elements. It can be applied for entertainment, aerial photography, FPV and other
aero-modeling activities.
When flying, the fast rotating propellers of FlameWheel450 will cause serious damage.
Safety precautions to be taken are:
1. Keep flying multi-rotor away from objects, such as obstacles, human beings..
2. Do not get close to or even touch the working motors and propellers, which
will cause serious injury.
3. Do not over load the multi-rotor.
4. Check that the propellers and the motors are installed correctly and firmly before
flight.
5. Make sure the rotation direction of each propeller is correct
6. Check whether all parts of multi-rotor are in good condition before flight. Do not
fly with old or broken parts.
7. Use DJI parts as much as possible.

Figure 3.14 HJ-450 4 axis Frame

3.3.2 Soldering
Chassis which is inbuilt with HJ-450 frame has to be soldered for connecting ESC’S.
Chassis works as a PCB printed Board for power supply.
30
We have used Insulating material for soldering. While soldering we must make
sure that there is no open circuit.

31
3.3.3 Connection of ESC’S
After Soldering is done 4 ESC’S has to be connected to Chassis of HJ-450 frame.
Proper Care should be taken so as not to get short circuit.

Figure 3.16 ESC Wiring

Screw M2 .5x6
1
Top board

Screw M3x8
4

Bottom Board

Figure 3.17 Overview of HJ 450

32
3.3.4 Fixing of Brushless motors
After fixing of ESC’S we need to attach 4 brushless motors of 980KV each.
Attachment of Brushless motor to ESC’S is to be done carefully so as not to get burst
of winding. The three bullets which are attached to brushless motor is to be
connected with ESC’S.

Figure 3.18 Brushless DC motor 980 kv

3.3.5 Fixing of Propellers

After attaching brushless DC motors we need to 4 propellers. Two of them in
clockwise and two of them in counter clock wise direction.

33
3.3.6 Flight controller Naza M-Lite

Figure: Naza M-Lite Flight Controller

All-In-One Design
The innovative All-in-one design simplifies installation and saves space and weight. It
contains inner damping, controllers, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer and barometer
in its light and small Main Controller. It can measure flying altitude, attitude and therefore
can be used for autopilot/automatic control.

Advanced Attitude Stabilize Algorithm

The advanced attitude stabilization algorithm not only inherits the outstanding flight stability
of DJI products, but also provides excellent maneuverability. It is more flexible and stable,
and gives the hobbyists a wonderful flight experience.

Multiple Flight Control Mode/Intelligent Switching

It offers three types of control modes: GPS Atti. Mode (with GPS module), Atti. Mode,
Manual Mode. The pilot can switch between the three modes to achieve different flight
characteristics. It also can adjust automatically within the flight environment and intelligently
switch between GPS Atti. Mode and Atti. Mode to make sure the flight is safe and secure. .

GPS Module Available/Accurate Position Hold

The plug and play GPS module will greatly enhance the performance for Aerial Photography
with accurate Position Hold, Return-To-Home and Intelligent Orientation Control
functionalities. With the GPS Module, the multi-rotor will have position and altitude locked
accurately even in windy conditions. Hovering accuracy is approximately 2.5m horizontal and
0.8m vertical.

34
Failsafe Mode
If your transmitter supports failsafe, then you can set failsafe through port-U. Naza controller
has built-in auto level failsafe function, which means when the communication between MC
and the transmitter is disconnected, the outputs of all command sticks from controller will
go to center position. If the GPS module is used, you can also set RTH on failsafe. If your
transmitter has only 4 channels, then MC will work in Atti. Mode by default without the
failsafe function.

Low Voltage Protection

In order to prevent your multi-rotor from crashing or other harmful consequences caused by
low battery voltage, we have designed two levels of low voltage protection. You can choose
not to use this, however we strongly recommend you to enable the protection. Both levels of
protection have LED warning as default. The first level will blink the red light continuously;
the second level will blink red light continuously and the multi-rotor will descend and land. In
manual mode when low voltage protection is triggered the LED warning will be active only.

Built-In Gimbal Stabilization Function

The gimbal stabilization module is compatible with almost all 2-axis gimbal systems. The
system will adjust the gimbal and camera according to the attitude of the aircraft after
setting the parameters the first time.

Remote Adjustment
The default parameter settings are OK for you to achieve a normal flight, and it also supports
remote parameter adjustment by using a control slider on the TX during flight, in order to
obtain better performance.

3.3.7 Synchronization of Transmitter and Receiver

Receiver which is connected to Flight controller has to be synchronized with
transmitter fly sky-CT6B.
Receiver has Six channels and BAT. Each has three pins as:
1. Signal
2. Ground
3. Supply
Dummy Wire has to be connected to BAT Of Signal and Supply. After connecting it has
to be synchronized with transmitter by pressing the BEEP button present. Along with
it any one of the four ESC’S has to be connected to any of the channel present in the
receiver.
35
3.3.8 Receiver Test
Once it is synchronized, in the flight control board the receiver parameters will start
changing according to adjustment in the fly sky transmitter-CT6B.
Aileron
Elevator
Throttle
Rudder
AUX

3.3.9 Testing
After all the operations are performed, transmitter should be On and then moving the
throttle up and down for about 3 times and then moving left to right, will make the flight
controller to change to ARMED state and hence quadcopter hover the skies.

3.4 Static thrust Calculation

Calculations of static thrust are needed in order to ensure that the proper propellers
and motors have been selected.
Static thrust is defined as the amount of thrust produced by a propeller which is
located stationary to the earth. This calculation is particularly important for this
project because Quadcopter are more likely to perform at low speeds relative to the
earth. This low-speed performance ensures that the calculations of static thrust can
be applied to a wide range of flight conditions. Also, it is important to note that the
final calculations of static thrust are estimates and not actual values.
The first step in calculating static thrust is determining the power transmitted by the
motors to the propellers in terms of rpm. To calculate power, the formula used for
their datasheet is given in Equation 1.

Where power is in watts and rpm is in thousands. For example, a 6X4 APC propeller
has a propeller constant of 0.015 and a power factor of 3.2. Given a rotational speed
of 10,000 rpm, the calculation goes as follows:
Power=0.015X103.2=24 W.
The next step is to determine the thrust produced by a propeller. Equation 2 gives
thrust based on the Momentum Theory.

36
A commonly used rule is that velocity of the air at the propeller is v=½Δv of the total
change in air velocity: Therefore, and equation 3 is derived.

Equation 4 gives the power that is absorbed by the propeller from the motor. Equation
5 shows the result of solving equation 4 for Δv and substituting it into equation 3. In
doing so, Δv is eliminated and torque can be calculated.

Finally, it is advantageous to express the results of equation 5 in terms of mass.

Newton’s Law, F=ma, is used to obtain equation 6.

Solving for mass is useful for Quadcopter because it can be directly related to the
mass of the aircraft. In particular, a thrust (mass) that equals the mass of the aircraft
is needed for hovering.

3.5 Trouble shooting of the project and Difficulties Faced

We faces several problems through the journey of making this project which
demanded our proper attention towards the project. Some of them are discussed in
this section.
Arming the motors
Building the frame
Interfacing of the board
Achieving the stability
Arming the motors:
We are not aware of arming the motors and how to do it at the initial stage of the
project and for this reason we ended up with an ideal copter without any response
on throttle. So we went looking back on our work and found no troubles. After
watching several videos from internet we came to learn about the process of arming
and the problem is solved.
37
 Building the frame:
Several hurdles are passed in building the frame for achieving the center of gravity,
center of mass at the desired positions designed. The problem faced even in selecting
the material for building the frame. When we went on building the frame using balsa
wood we ended up with a hung frame on mounting the frames. So made some
research and finally decided to build frame using Al foils.

Interfacing the board:

To program the board as per our purpose we need to interface it to the PC which
needs a cable and a burner. In the beginning we were in search of board drivers and
ended up with an error message on PC. After looking through the manual properly
we understood about looking for the drivers of burner instead of board, problem
solved.

Achieving the stability:

Once we were ready with our drone we started to take trials and we ended up with unstable
flight which kept went around without giving any directional inputs other than throttle this is
the major problem that we were stuck with. So we looked back on shifting the weights on
frame and taking trial and from each trial we used to take feedback of the performance and
after such several trials we were able to achieve up to the mark.
3.6 Disadvantages

Limited Abilities: Drones have obvious limitations. For example, they cannot
communicate with civilians for more detailed intelligence. Drones cannot capture
surrendering military personnel, abandoned hardware, or military bases. Drones
cannot go from door to door, at least, not yet.
1. Civilian Losses: Drone warfare often causes collateral damages in civilian lives and
property, as well as traditional warfare too.
2. Counterproductive and Destabilizing: Civilian opinions about drones are typically
negative, since they are viewed as an invasion force. The mere presence of drones
has been known to convert civilians into military combats. Furthermore, when
drones cause collateral damage, such as killing civilians and damaging civilian
property, the opinions of civilians decrease even more so. Additionally, some cultures
believe the use of drones as not brave and cold hearted. As a result, drones are
sometimes counterproductive by more destabilizing some regions.
3. Too Easy: By making drone warfare very similar to video games, drone warfare
makes combat too easy by diminishing ethical decisions.
4. Work and Personal Life Balance: Some drone pilots or operators have difficulty
switching between combat mode at work and civilian mode while not working. This
is especially difficulty when drone pilots have minimal transition periods between
work and personal, if any at all.
38
5. Take Over: Finally, the worst case scenario is when drones or a fleet of drones have
been commandeered or taken control by the enemy. While security measures help
make this possibility more difficult, it will never be impossible.

39
 CHAPTER 6: Project Overview
6.1. Applications
6.1.1 Civil and commercial applications
 Pick and drop

This is the modern era application of drones, they can carry weights up to certain
limit and delivery them to the destination. Best example amazon and DHL are
considering drone based delivery services for

 Toys for children

Micro or mini drones are specially designed for kids that are easy to control and use.
 Air inspection
Drones are used in aircraft companies in inspecting the aircraft before takeoff &
landing
 Communication Purpose
Now a days drones are used for Telecom relay and signal coverage survey.

 Aerial Photography
This application is widely used now a days. Music concerts or any functions where
there is a large gathering of people, they can be photographed using aerial only.

40
Figure 6.3 Aerial Quadcopter
 Ambulance Drone
Ambulance drones was implemented successfully in Finland, these drones carry the
equipment necessary for emergency condition. The basic fir aid kit will also be present in
this drone.

Figure 6.4 Ambulance Quadcopter

6.1.2. Military Applications

Tracking
Drones with the help of gps can track particular person or vehicle movement.
Identifying enemy movements
In search and rescue operations
Many military operations uses drones for live coverage of the mission .Rescuing
hostages and civilians is the main objectives of these operations. Drones are
used to check the condition of the hostages
Video surveillance

6.1.3. Environmental Applications

Agricultural Advancements
Fire Control

Figure 6.5 Fire Control Quadcopter

41
 Fires caused in forests due to various reasons are very difficult to control. These can be
controlled effectively by means of drone. Drones will carry water of some sort of solutions.
Drone installed with gas sensors helps to detect the amount of gases present in the
particular area in the atmosphere. These figures can be stored in the memory card or
send to the base station by using gsm module. For using gas sensors we need to use
Arduino for interfacing.

Wild life surveillance

Many wild life species are going to extinct now a days due to radiation, hunters etc. .
.this can be prevented by tracking and surveillance of wild life animals.

6.3.2. Industrial Applications

Inspection in areas where humans can't go
Spotting leakages
Construction/Surveying

6.3.3. Agriculture Applications

Pesticide sprinkler
The revolutionizing concept of drone farming was being developed in many countries
in which drones with the help of sprinklers sprinkle the pesticide in the fields and also
used for video surveillance of the fields.

Figure 6.6 Agriculture Quadcopter

6.3.4. Recent Real time Applications

Indian army develops 'Netra' UAV against terrorists

The 1.5 kg UAV, called 'Netra', is a collaborative development project between idea
42
 Forge, a company formed by a group of Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, alumni
and one of Defense Research and Development Organization’s Pune-based labs,
Research and Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE) Pune.
An EYE in the sky during the Jharkhand flood
.An ultrasonic human detection camera was used to find the bodies of the people
under the buildings and mud

6.4 Limitations
They do however, have a few disadvantages. Not having a pilot on board means that
human intuition is lost which can sometimes be a helpful tool in a number of the UAVs
uses.
Also in warfare, not being on the aircraft and seeing the destruction and killing first
hand has been argued to desensitize the UAV operators as they see people only as a
blip on a screen and therefore can become ‘trigger happy’ and not worry so much
about the civilian casualties. ‘Analysis by an American think tank The Brookings
Institution on drone attacks in Pakistan has shown that for every militant leader killed,
10 civilians also have died. Keith Shurtleff, an army chaplain and ethics instructor at
Fort Jackson, South Carolina worries “that as war becomes safer and easier, as soldiers
are removed from the horrors of war and see the enemy not as humans but as blips on
a screen, there is very real danger of losing the deterrent that such horrors provide.”
6.5 Modifications / Future References
Other plans in the future include adding a sonic sensor for more accurate altitude
determination. Currently the only methods to determine altitude is by using the
barometric pressure sensor and the GPS receiver. There is no actual way to safely
determine the quadcopters altitude relative to its landing surface. A sonic sensor could
solve this problem, and be used to help aid the auto- landing command. Another
modification can be done by adding more methods of collecting data. Many ports still
remain unused on the control board. Adding a camera could allow for digital photo or
video to be taken. Adding some way to stream data from the quadcopter to the
controller could be another great feature to add to our quadcopter, this would allow
for even easier access to the data collected by the quadcopter. Smart phone capabilities
could be another feature our group may want to add in the future.

43
CHAPTER 7: Result and conclusion
7.1 Result Analysis
After configuring all the parts, assembling as required, configuring Software, finally we
obtained our quadcopter which is shown below. We need to test the Acceleration
Calibration every time when we change the ground surface area.

Figure 7.1 Quadcopter

Figure 7.2 Quadcopter along with transmitter

44
7.2 Conclusion
As per the design specifications, the quad copter self stabilizes using the array of
sensors integrated on it. It attains an appropriate lift and provides surveillance of the
terrain through the camera mounted on it. It acts appropriately to the user specified
commands given via a remote controller .Its purpose is to provide real time audio/video
transmission from areas which are physically in-accessible by humans. Thus, its
functionality is monitored under human supervision, henceforth being beneficial
towards military applications. It is easy to manoeuvre, thereby providing flexibility in its
movement. It can be used to provide surveillance at night through the usage of infrared
cameras. The system can further be enhanced for future prospects. The GPS data logger
on the quadcopter stores its current latitude, longitude, and altitude in a comma
separated value file format and can be used for mapping purposes. This project required
members not only to interface and program the components of the quadcopter, but
also exposed them to mechanical components and reality of project management to
accomplish the project objectives.

7.2 Future Scope

Future of a quad-copter is quite vast based on various application fields it can be
applied to. Quad-copter can be used for conducting rescue operations where it’s
humanly impossible to reach. In terms of its military applications it can be more widely
used for surveillance purposes, without risking a human life. As more automated quad-
copters are being developed, there range of applications increases and hence we can
ensure there commercialization. Thus quad-copter can be used in day to day working
of a human life, ensuring their well-being.

45
References
[1]. Hoffmann, G.M.; Rajnarayan, D.G., Waslander, S.L., Dostal, D., Jang, J.S., and Tomlin,
C.J. (November 2004). "The Stanford Test bed of Autonomous Rotorcraft for Multi
Agent Control (STARMAC)"
[2]. Leishman, J.G. (2000). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Anderson, S.B. (1997). "Historical Overview of V/STOL Aircraft Technology .NASA
Technical Memorandum 81280.
[4]. Pounds, P.; Mahony, R., Corke, P. (December 2006). "Modelling and Control of a
Quad-
Rotor Robot".
[5]. Hoffman, G.; Huang, H., Waslander, S.L., Tomlin, C.J. (20–23 August
2007)."Quadcopter
Helicopter Flight Dynamics and Control: Theory and Experiment"

Websites
[6] http://www.as.northropgrumman.com/products/ghrq4a/index.html
[7] http://www.ga-asi.com/products/aircraft/predator.php
[8] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110701203725.html
[9] http://www.uavforge.net/
[10] http://diydrones.com/

[11] http://dlnmh9ip6v2uc.cloudfront.net/images/products/10061-01b_i_ma.jpg

[12] http://www.digi.com/products/wireless-wired-embedded-
solutions/zigbee-rf- modules/pointmultipoint-rfmodules/xbee-pro-
xsc#overv

46
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58