A

Technical Seminar Report On

COMMUNICATION USING CDMA
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

PASULA AKHIL RAJ(15911A04C4)

Under The Co-ordination of,

Mr. A. Laxman

Asst. Professor Dept of ECE

Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

VIDYA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution)
Aziznagar Gate, C.B Post, Chilkur Road
2018-2019
 COMMUNICATION USING CDMA

ABSTRACT

Third generation and is a wireless industry term for a collection of

international standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and
improving the performance of mobile wireless networks.
Wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including
greater data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and the advent
of packet data networks versus today’s switched network.
It is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of
high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, and other
equipment to allow mobiles to offer high-speed internet access, data and
video and CD-quality music services.
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

We are moving into a new era of communications and information technology.

Personal competitiveness in business in relies more and more on increase
personal productivity and responsiveness. Today everybody is on the move and
mobile is the only way to keep in contact with that person. But nowadays
peoples want multimedia facilities from their mobile handset. But it requires a
high data rate, hi-efficiency, and many more technical things, which are
available in the third generation. (CDMA) so the CDMA TECHNOLOGY makes
existing mobile handset more efficient and attractive. CDMA (3G) mobile
devices and services will transform wireless communications into online, real-
time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have
immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on
demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog models
that emerged in the early 1980s. The second generation of digital mobile phones
appeared about ten years later along with the first digital mobile networks.
During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry
experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new
types of value-added services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the
preferred means of personal communication, creating the world's largest
consumer electronics industry. The rapid and efficient deployment of new
wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority for
communications equipment manufacturers. Network components that enable
wireless data services are fundamental to the next-generation network
infrastructure. Wireless data services are expected to see the same explosive
growth in demand that Internet service and wireless voice services have seen in
recent years. This report presents an overview of current technology trends in
the wireless technology market, a historical overview of the evolving wireless
technologies and an examination of how the communications industry plans to
implement 3G wireless technology standards to address the growing demand
for wireless multimedia services.
 CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF CDMA

2.1 The Cellular Challenge

The world's first cellular networks were introduced in the early 1980s, using
analog radio transmission technologies such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System). Within a few years, cellular systems began to hit a capacity ceiling as
millions of new subscribers signed up for service, demanding more and more
airtime. Dropped calls and network busy signals became common in many
areas. To accommodate more traffic within a limited amount of radio
spectrum, the industry developed a new set of digital wireless technologies
called TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for
Mobile). TDMA and GSM used a time-sharing protocol to provide three to four
times more capacity than analog systems. But just as TDMA was being
standardized, an even better solution was found in CDMA.

2.2 Commercial Development

The founders of QUALCOMM realized that CDMA technology could be used in

commercial cellular communications to make even better use of the radio spectrum
than other technologies. They developed the key advances that made CDMA suitable
for cellular, then demonstrated a working prototype and began to license the
technology to telecom equipment manufacturers. The first CDMA networks were
commercially launched in 1995 and provided roughly 10 times more capacity than
analog networks - far more than TDMA or GSM. Since then, CDMA has become the
fastest-growing of all wireless technologies, with over 100 million subscribers
worldwide. In addition to supporting more traffic, CDMA brings many other benefits
to carriers and consumers, including better voice quality, broader coverage, and
stronger security
 CHAPTER – 3

3. METHODS OF MULTIPLE ACCESSES

There are three common technologies used to create an air interface:

• FDMA, Frequency Division Multiple Access

• TDMA, Time Division Multiple Access

• CDMA, Code Division Multiple Access

3.1 FDMA

FDMA (frequency division multiple access) is the division of the frequency band
allocated for wireless cellular telephone communication into 30 channels, each of
which can carry a voice conversation or, with digital service, carry digital data. FDMA
is a basic technology in the analog Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), the
most widely-installed cellular phone system installed in North America. With FDMA,
each channel can be assigned to only one user at a time. FDMA is also used in the
Total Access Communication System (TACS).

The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) also uses FDMA but adds
time division multiple access (TDMA) to get three channels for each FDMA channel,
tripling the number of calls that can be handled on a channel.

3.2 TDMA

TDMA (time division multiple access) is a technology used in digital cellular

telephone communication that divides each cellular channel into three-time slots in
order to increase the amount of data that can be carried.

TDMA is used by Digital-American Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS), Global System

for Mobile communications (GSM), and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). Each of
these systems implements TDMA in somewhat different and potentially incompatible
ways. An alternative multiplexing scheme to FDMA with TDMA is CDMA (code
division multiple access), which takes the entire allocated frequency range for a
given service and multiplexes information for all users across the spectrum range at
the same time.

TDMA was first specified as a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54). IS-
136, an evolved version of IS-54, is the United States standard for TDMA for both
the cellular (850 MHz) and personal communications services (1.9 GHz) spectrums.
TDMA is also used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT).

3.3 CDMA

CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access, is popularly known as IS-95... figure 4: code
division multiple access CDMA was developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated, a company in
San Diego, California. QUALCOMM engineers decided to do something different and applied
spread spectrum techniques to a multiple access system, which ultimately became CDMA. In
spread spectrum, instead of giving each person a channel, or each group of 3 or 8 people a
time slot, CDMA puts everyone in the same channel at the same time. At first thought, it
would seem to be an impossible task to make work, but it does work. The reason it works is
explained in the first two words of CDMA, Code Division. Each user in the system is
separated from every other user by a unique digital code. And, to make sure everyone could
have one of these codes of their own, engineers designed 4.4 trillion of them into the
system specification. The fact is, each user is provided their own code for the reverse link.
On the forward link, a group of codes is available for users of the system. There is a little
more digital processing going on here that will be explained in more detail later. For now,
once CDMA processing is complete, the information is converted to an RF signal and sent
out over the air link.
 CHAPTER – 4

4.Multiple Access Wireless Communications

The goals of multiple access communications systems, meaning cellular and PCS, are:

• Near-wireline quality voice service

• Near-universal geographical coverage

• Low equipment cost, both subscriber stations, and fixed plant

• Minimum number of fixed radio sites

Regulatory agencies have allocated limited bandwidth to these services, so that the
solutions must achieve high spectral efficiency, measured in Erlangs per unit service area,
per MHz. Cellular operators have 25 MHz each, split between the two directions of
communications. When a subscriber moves between cells, over-the-air messaging is used to
transfer control from the old cell to the new cell. This transfer of control is termed handoff
or handover. Several hundred channels are available within the spectrum allocation. One
channel of one base station is used for each conversation. Upon handoff, the subscriber
station is directed via messaging to discontinue use of the old channel and tune to the new
one, on which it will find the new cell.

4.1 Frequency Reuse

Central to the cellular concept is the concept of frequency reuse. Although there are
hundreds of channels available, if each frequency were assigned to only one cell, total
system capacity would equal to the total number of channels, adjusted for the Erlanger
blocking probability: only a few thousand subscribers per system. By reusing channels in
multiple cells the system can grow without geographical limits. Typical cellular reuse (pre-
CDMA, that is!) is easily rationalized by considering an idealized system. The cell boundaries
are at the equisignal points, then a planar service area is optimally covered by the classical
hexagonal array of cells ... Seven sets of channels are used, one set in each colored cell. This
seven-cell unit is then replicated over the service area. No similarly colored cells are
adjacent, and therefore there are no adjacent cells using the same channel. While real
systems do not ever look like these idealized hexagonal tilings of a plane, the seven-way
reuse is typical of that achieved in practice.

4.2 The CDMA Revolution

Historically, the capacity was calculated using simple arguments. The reality, of course, is
much more complicated than the idealized models. Real cell coverage areas are highly
irregular, not the neat hexagons found in textbook models. The offered load is not spatially
uniform, changes dramatically with time-of-day, and is often subject to other uncontrollable
influences.

4.3 Background

An idealized multiple access mobile radio system consists of a family of base stations, or
"cells," geographically distributed over the service area, and mobile stations. We use the
term "mobile" generically to mean any subscriber station, whether it moves or not. The
majority of new cellular sales are now, in fact, handheld portable units, and the market
outlook is for that trend to continue for the foreseeable future. Communication between
base stations and mobile stations is established by a negotiation upon call origination. Once
communication is established between base and mobile, movement of the mobile is
detected and the service is handed over from one base station to another. One cell at a time
services each mobile in the narrowband services. The concept of handoff is extended to a
multi-way simultaneous "soft" handoff in the CDMA standards

4.4 Traditional Multiple Access Communication

Traditionally radio communication systems have separated users by either frequency

channels, time slots, or both. These concepts date from the earliest days of radio. In large
systems, the assignments to the time-frequency slots cannot be unique. Slots must be
reused in multiple cells in order to cover large service areas. Satisfactory performance in
these systems depends critically on control of the mutual interference arising from the
reuse. The reuse concept is familiar even in television broadcasting, where channels are not
reused in adjacent cities. An idealized system geometry is shown in the figure. The same
frequency obviously cannot be reused in any adjacent pair of cells because a user on the
boundary between those cells would receive both signals with equal amplitude, leading to
an unacceptably high interference level. A plane can be tiled with hexagonal cells, labeled in
accordance with the seven-way pattern shown in the figure. Thus, if a unique set of
channels is assigned to each of the seven cells, then the pattern can be repeated without
violating the adjacency requirement. Although this idealized pattern is not strictly applicable
in all real systems, the seven-way reuse pattern is approximately correct. The capacity of
systems built in this way is determined by the bandwidth per channel and the seven-way
reuse pattern.

4.5 CDMA EVOLUTION

 CHAPTER 5

CDMA TECHNOLOGY

The whole idea behind CDMA technology is to send digital information, ones, and
zeros, over the air. CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access", so what we're
trying to do is to allow multiple independent streams of digital data to exist in a given
piece of bandwidth ("spectrum", in the case of wireless) simultaneously. So, what we
do is "code" each zero and one as a much longer string of bits -- up to 64 bits in the
case of CDMA technology. We choose these codes (also called "chipping codes" or
"Walsh" codes) so that they cause only minimal interference to one another. The
technical term for this is the codes are "orthogonal." We can, therefore, send some
number of these over the air, at the same frequency, at the same time, with very little
degradation or interference. A given receiver just looks for the codes of its
corresponding transmitter, converts the codes back to ones and zeros, and that's
about it. In practice, though, this is very, very complex, with many difficult issues --
no wireless technology, even CDMA, works all the time.

I've found the best way to explain CDMA technology is via the following analogy.
Suppose you're at a cocktail party at the United Nations. Dozens of languages are
being spoken simultaneously, but someone who speaks only English, for example,
will have little trouble hearing and understanding someone speaking English even
among all the noise that the other traffic represents. As long as you're listening for
what you're interested in, this usually works. Of course, the surrounding noise might
eventually drown out whomever you're listening to -- but, you get the point. Finally,
note that all 3G technologies are based on CDMA -- a real testament to the power of
what many thought, back in the early '90s, would never work in commercial
applications.
 CHAPTER – 6

6. APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW OF CDMA

CDMA was designed with the Internet in mind, making it the ultimate platform on which to
build innovative applications. Already CDMA users are experiencing a host of advanced
services, including web browsing, m-commerce, MMS (multimedia messaging services),
streaming video, games, enterprise solutions and email. To meet future demand for data
services, CDMA operators are building their portfolios at a rapid pace, creating enormous
opportunities for applications developers and content providers. One of the newest
offerings is the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), which is already emerging as a very
popular application. MMS allows mobile phone subscribers to attach graphics, photos, audio
or video to a text message. Users are usually first introduced to MMS through person-to-
person applications such as photo and video messaging. Future MMS applications will
include multi-player games that have a messaging component, interactive video-and-text
advertisements, and much more. The experiences of CDMA operators show that MMS has
arrived in the wireless world. As it evolves from the nascent photo and video messaging
services, MMS will take on an increasingly pivotal role in bringing enhanced mobile data
services to the masses. Ongoing technological developments, as well as marketing lessons
learned from offering these early services, promise to yield a vibrant business and multiple
revenue streams that CDMA operators will enjoy for years to come.
 CONCLUSION

In view of the explosive growth of wireless communication over recent decades and the
lead-time required for the introduction of new technologies, the time has come to develop
a clear perspective of CDMA(3G) wireless systems and services. This CDMA(3G) vision
should exploit to complementary approaches. One based on evolution through a network-
centric view and the other based on the recently introduced user-centric view. The person
to person communication concept needs to be enhanced to include the person to machine
and machine to machine networking for ubiquitous connectivity to Internet services.
Interworking between access networks implementing enhanced versions of current
technologies for broadcast cellular and short-range communications should provide a good
first solution for CDMA(3G) services. This technology map can be extended to include access
technologies for transmission at more than 50 Mbit/s for fast moving users as well as ultra-
wideband systems for wide area coverage. However several interesting technologies
challenges and regulatory issues to need to be addressed before the CDMA(3G) vision
becomes a reality.
 REFERENCES :

 Web sites: http://www.palowireless.com

 Search Engines

1. http//.www.google.com

2.http//www.ask.com

 Magazines and Journals

1. Telecommunications

2. Electronics for you.