Final Na
Final Na
INTRODUCTION
accredited and government recognized medical schools in the country. The Philippine
medical schools are graduate schools offering the Doctor of Medicine (M.D) degree.
The M.D is a four-year professional degree program which qualifies the degree holder
The medical school also offers 12 joint degree programs in collaboration with the
faculty of arts and Sciences and schools of Management, Forestry and Environment
Studies, Divinity and Law. Through these programs, students can study the role
accomplish these ambitions; however, some aspects of training may have unintended
negative effects on medical students' mental and emotional health that can undermine
these values.
A lot of students consider working with people as their primary reason to study
medicine this means having a great deal of patience and understanding towards
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vulnerable social group like the elderly and disabled. Empathy is the key towards good
quality healthcare and patient satisfaction while it is mostly a natural trait, there are
courses throughout medical school which are designed to refine your personal bedside
manners in the way of keeping you focused while being open and straight forward this is
not only necessary when dealing with patients but also with their families.
experience, research, and the application process. Some medical programs providing
students for entry into a variety of first professional degree or graduate school programs
This study attempted to distinguish the motivational factors that influence the
future college students in landing any medical career programs. The main purpose of
the study was to identify the factors why students take medical program in college.
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
2. What are the motivational factors influencing the students in terms of:
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2.1 Altruistic
influencing students’ preference for medical programs according to gender, age and
grade level?
Definition of Variables
For clarify and common frame of references, constructs and concepts used in this
Age- This refers to the period of life, measured by years from birth and age of
Grade level - This refers to the particular level or degree of the students in which
they belong.
of science.
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Students – The students would benefit in this study because they are the
STEM Teachers – The output of this study would make the teachers realize and
Researchers – The result of this study can be a basis for the other researchers’
future references. It would also give them an idea on how motivational factors can
Conception Archdiocesan School Senior High Department. This study would look
into the factors that motivate students to take medical courses. These
Reasons.
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CHAPTER II
This chapter presents a review of the related literature and studies of the
concepts, theories and information that become the guide in formulating the theoretical
Related Literature
physician’s career and life. Therefore, the motives affecting this choice are of great
interest. Although there has been some research in this area of interest, there has not
been much research where the profession has been researched as a whole, or where
trend data over different generations have been presented. Also, there has been a quite
Finland where more than a half of the doctors are already women (Finnish Medical
Association 2012). This also gives a good opportunity to analyze the possible changes
in motives when choosing a medical specialty It has previously been found that an
interest in people is the most important factor when a young student is entering
medicine (Hyppo ̈la ̈ et al. 2014). In other words, the most important motive in taking up
medical studies is the content of the field. Furthermore, the content of the work also
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seems to direct the choice of specialty during studies (Maiorova et al. 2013). This
choice is also seen as a process evolving during medical training (Mihalynuk et al.
2012). Experiences during basic medical education are especially important for the
majority of students, who are uncertain as to their career choice when entering medical
school.
Nowadays, differences in on-call work and work–family balance play a more significant
graduate programmed usually last 5 to 6 years, although after graduation from medical
al. 2009). Almost all young Finnish doctors are specializing or intend to specialize
(Heikkila ̈ et al. 2009). In Manila, there are 49 medical specialties, general practice
student can work as a substitute for a physician after 4 years of study in a medical
school.
described for medical students. Some factors, such as social standing and high
Maiorova (2009) identified several factors which influence the specialty choice in
general practice. For example, early interest and experience in primary cane
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profession. Medical students plan to enter general practice more frequently after having
been exposed to primary care and after having done a clerkship in a general practice
setting. Clerkships are important stage for students to put up their specialty preference.
Howey (2008) stressed that students who are lack the motivation are not limited
to academically weak. Successful remedial and study strategies courses aimed at the
under prepared students have demonstrated that students who really want to improve
their skills can do so when motivated. When students have both lack of academic skills
Related Studies
professional plans and expectations. The same cohort of students responded to the
same questionnaire, at the end of the year 1 and year 6. The Chi-square, Mann-
Whitney U tests and logistic regression were used in analyses. The results showed that
altruistic and scientific reasons were the main motives for choosing a medical career.
The motives remained stable over time. The effect of gender on altruistic motivation was
stronger at the end of the study, with females’ rating higher. The most favored career
paths were associated with non-primary care specializations and work in a hospital.
Results of the multivariate logistic regression showed that primary care specializations
were more attractive to females, final year students, those from small agglomerations,
and those less concerned about high earnings. Preferences regarding sector of work
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were formed at later stages of training. A preference shift was observed, between Year
1 and Year 6, towards favoring work in the public sector. Predictors of the desire to work
in the public sector were: being a male and the final year student, paying less attention
to high earnings, wanting certainty of finding work, having a stronger need for
interesting and socially important work. A significant decline in the level of interest in
seeking employment abroad was observed with the progress of studies. Our findings
are likely to provide useful information for educators. Policy planners and policy makers.
considered important in their choice of specialty, students ranked the ability to help
patients the highest (rating of 1.44), along with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease
pediatrics< 10 (7.4%) family practice and 4 (2.9%) psychiatry as their chosen career.
Students begin their medical raining with the view that a career in psychiatry is less
attractive than other specialties surveyed. The average attractiveness was estimated as
surgery 1.64, medicine, 1.82, pediatrics 1.95 and psychiatry 2.57. The differences between
the averages were highly significant (F =57.6, P<0.001). The treatment of disease and the
ability to help patients as the greatest influence in the choosing a specialty, internal
medicine was the most popular chosen career, while the surgical specialties were
identified as the most attractive. Medical students have serious reservation about
Theoretical Framework
as “the processes through which a person developed a sense of professional self, with
characteristic values, attitudes, knowledge, and skill which governed his/her behavior in
Kendall,1991).
Embedded in the model was the Pathways to college Network concept of high
flexible resources, and, and professional development. The uniqueness of this model is
its grounding in epistemological framework with adaptability and applicability for use in
reported use and cost-benefit features of nine knowledge resources. The subjects
reported most frequent use of clinical colleagues, intermediate use of textbooks and
journals, and least use of indexing systems. Resources' benefit-related qualities (ex
credibility) were not related to reported use. In contrast, the model's access cost
significantly related to use. Results were generally favorable to the model's framework
level of training, availability, applicability, and the resource medium (colleague, index, or
text/journal).
Conceptual framework
This figure shows the paradigm of the study. The respondents will be the Senior
High School students of Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School. This study will
seek the motivational factors influencing students’ preference for medical program.
The connection between Gender and altruistic, Andreoni (1995) A natural place
has emerged on gender as an explanatory variable. In public good games, for example,
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some have found all-male groups to be more cooperative than all-female groups, and
The connection between age and scientific reason, Kyvik (1990) Cross-sectional
data indicate that publishing activity reaches a peak in the 45-49 year old age group and
declines by 30 per cent among the researchers over 60 years old. Large differences
exist, however, between fields of learning. In the social sciences productivity remains
more or less at the same level in all age groups, but it reaches a new peak in the group
60 years old and over. Productivity declines in the medical sciences among the faculty
members who are older than 55, while in the natural sciences, productivity continually
The connection between Grade level and Career opportunities, May (2006)
study-related work in federal agency. The periods of work and study together must
satisfy the requirements for graduation and must provide the experience necessary for
weeks or 1040 hours of study-related work in a Federal agency. The periods of work
the Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation and the employing agency and provide the
Hypothesis
factors influencing students’ preference for medical programs when categorized to age,
in that study. Another study might measure the same conceptual measure differently.
Clearly the operational definition of the dependent variable used is an important step in
the design of the study. Age – the state of determining the respondents age if he/she is
intrinsicnature.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology would include research design, research locale, population and
sampling techniques, research instrument, validity, data gathering procedure and data
analysis.
Research Design
This study adopted the survey method. Based on a survey methodology the
sampling of individual units from a population and the associated survey data collection
techniques, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number
interviews for data collection – with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a
This study aims to determine the motivational factor of influencing the students
Research Locale
located at Fr. Barua St. Tetuan, Zamboanga City. A catholic school, established June
1980 with Rev. Fr. Peter Garces as its Founder-Director, which offers Elementary,
Junior, Senior, and Tertiary. Senior high school offers five strands; these are STEM,
There are 209 total STEM students in senior high school in Immaculate Conception
Grade 12. The senior high school STEM students are separated in three sections in
sections and it shows the biggest number of students enrolled which are in grade 11
STEM with 137 students and the smallest number of students enrolled are in Grade 12
This study used the stratified random sampling in which the researchers are
randomly given among the senior high school STEM students in each section of the
student.
Research Instrument
survey questionnaires are categorized into two parts the profile and the Motivation
opportunities. Under profile the respondents need to fill up the following: Name
(optional), gender, age and grade level. The statements in the second part are Checklist
type were you Check 5 if you strongly agree, 4 if you agree, 3 if undecided, 2 if you
Table 1
STEM A 5O 46 96
STEM B 48 22 70
STEM C 39 0 39
STEM A 5O 37 46 42
STEM B 48 36 22 19
STEM C 39 29 0 0
problems. The researchers sent the questionnaire to the panel of experts to let the
panel examine the research instrument. After the validation is completed, the
researcher tested the research instrument to the random people if the paper was
accurate.
Archdiocesan School Tetuan. First, the researcher was given a consent letter to the
principal before distributing the questionnaire to the Grade 11 and Grade 12 STEM
student. If the principal approves, the researchers asked permission to the subject
teachers for gathering data and have given random survey questions to the senior high
school students to answer the questionnaires that have given to them. Any vacant time
in the school days of the researchers have use to conduct the study because these are
The questions under this study are treated by using descriptive and inferential
statistics:
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Frequency and Percentage have been used to determine the proportion of the
Weighted Mean has been used to measure the motivational factor influencing
ANOVA is used to analyze the differences among group means and their associated
procedures.
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CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the discussion of the results. The discussion is carried out
Table 2 shows the majority (50.2%) of respondents were the rest consisted of the
female (49.8%).
Frequency Percentage
15& below 77 37.6
16-18 124 60.5
19 & above 4 2.0
Total 205 100.0
Table 3 shows most (60.5%) of the students 16-18 years old and the least
Table 4. Profile of the senior high school students in terms of year level
Frequency Percentage
Grade 11 136 66.3
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Grade 12 69 33.7
Total 205 100.0
grade 12.
Medical Program by Altruism. The two highest statements are 1 and 2 helping others is
their passion and feeling at peace with their self when they helped others. The lowest
statement is number 5 it’s easy for them to help others. The over-all weighted mean of
5.2512 which the respondent to “strongly agree”, shows that the altruism towards the
In the study of Joanne Harris (2017), it stated that Altruism has significant in the
to this study, altruism has the practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-
being of others. However, many studies use the somewhat gentler of unselfish caring
for others.
Program by Scientific Reason. The data revealed that the respondent has agreed they
wanted to have their own clinic. Similarly, the respondent has agreed on the statements
6,7and 9 they wanted to ... while the rest of the statements were raised as undecided.
The over-all weighted mean of 4.6512 % which the respondent to “strongly agree”,
shows that the Scientific Reason towards the Motivational Factors Influencing Students’
In the study of Daniela Luminita Barz(2016 ), stated that Scientific Reasons has
Program. According to this study, scientific reason has been studied defined as a
and epistemic knowledge and across several distinct domains cognitive sciences,
Table 5.2 Motivational factors influencing students’ preference for Medical Program by
career opportunities
no. 15 which states that They wanted to earn much in. The over-all weighted mean of
5.0683 which the correspondent to “strongly agree”, shows that the Career
Medical Program.
reason and career opportunities are 5.2512, 4.6512 and 5.0683 respectively.
Table 7 shows that the significance of F-obs, is quale than the alpha level is (p.
Value> .05), df 2 and 202 It implies that there is no significant difference on motivational
factors influencing students’ preference for medical program when data are categorized
according to age. The students, regardless of age, should similar motivational factors
P-
Gender x sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Male
4.1223 .73257 -1.666 203 .097 Not Significant
Table 9 shows that the female students obtained a slightly higher mean than the
male students on the motivational factor influencing students’ preference for medical
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program p-values are above 0.05. thus, there is no significant difference on the
altruism . However,(p value 7.05), df = 206 suggest that there is no significant difference
on the motivational factors influencing students’ preference for medical program when
P-
Gender x sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Grade 11
4.1735 .61767 -.808 203 .420 Not Significant
Table 10 shows the grade 12 students obtained a slightly higher mean than the
grade 11 students on the motivational factors influencing the students’ for medical
program in terms of altruism. However, the p-value of t-obs is greater than the assumed
motivational factors influencing the students’ preference for medical program when
Table 11. shows that the significance value .489 is above 0.05. thus there is no
medical program in terms of scientific reason when data categorized according to age.
P-
Gender X sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Male Not
3.6427 .81151 -1.426 203 .155
Significant
Female Not
3.8000 .76663 -1.427 202 .155
Significant
Table 13 show that the p-values are below 0.05; this implies that there is no
motivational factors influencing the students’ preference for medical program when
P-
Gender x sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Grade 11
3.7015 .74277 -.494 203 .622 Not Significant
Table 14 show that the p-values are below 0.05; this implies that there is a
medical program in terms of scientific reason when data categorized according to grade
level.
Table 15 shows that the significance value .0.024 is below 0.05. thus there is
age.
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P-
Gender X sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Male
4.0912 .83155 .813 203 .417 Not Significant
Table 16 shows that the p-values are below 0.05. thus, there is no significant
program terms of career opportunities when data are categorized according to gender.
P-
Gender X sd t-obs df value Interpretation
Male
3.7903 .96014 -4.399 203 .000 Not Significant
Table 17 shows that the p-values are above 0.05. thus, there is no significant
program terms of career opportunities when data are categorized according to grade
level.
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Multiple Comparisons
CHAPTER V
Summary of findings
The responses gathered by the researchers from the participants of this study
varied in different forms. To make a synthesis, the researchers decided to cluster similar
responses according to the motivational factors items given. For reference, Table 5
influenced by the Altruism, Table 5.1 influenced by the Scientific Reasons and Table 5.2
the respondents. According to the data obtained from table 5 influenced by Altruism all
of the participants agreed on the items given. The five items were the following,
“Helping others is my passion, Feeling at peace with myself when I helped others,
Doing volunteer work make me feel happy, Willing to spend my time to the people who
are in need, it’s easy for me to help others.” The Table 5.1 influenced by Scientific
Reason on the other hand, shows some varied responses, apparently there were three
items form this table that had similar positive responses, meanwhile the two have the
otherwise, these two are the following. “My parents advised to take this program and
Peer pressure”. Finally the last table, which is the Table 5.2 of the Chapter present a
strong responses on the items asked. All of the items were answered optimistically. The
want to have my own clinic, I want to go to abroad, I want to manage a hospital, I want
Moreover, Table 6 of the same chapter explains that 5.2512 is the Over-
all Summative Mean of the first factor- the Altruism which has a description of Strongly
Agree. While the second factor – Scientific Reasons claims 4.6512 Over-all Summative
recommendation are expected to present on this final chapter. To make a recall, the
study sought to find out the motivational influencing STEM students’ in choosing
medical programs. It also aims to see significant discrepancies if there are any on the
preferences of the selected respondents categorically aligned on their age, gender and
grade level.
Conclusion
influences of the future college students in landing any medical career programs vary in
many ways. The study shows that we have many factors that influence one’s
preference. More so, the researchers are recommending the institution concerned to
intensify the Guidance and Counselling programs for those students who are about to
undertake higher education specifically on Career pathway programs, for this is the
stage where one’s future is being planned and undertaken. Finally , the study aims to be
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an eye opener for all individuals involved. May the future researchers use the findings of
this study as their instrument to come up with more specific researchers that may be of
help to the institution, society and community also, may all stakeholders in all learning
institutions play part their role effectively, such as the parents, teacher, etc.
Recommendation
2. The student should not feel pressure in choosing the course when they get in
college.
References:
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investigate the factors that influence career decisions. Br J Gen Pract 50:483–485.
Department of Health, National Health Service. 2001. Improving working lives for
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Drinkwater J, Tully MP, Domann T. 2008. The effect of gender on medical students’
Dumelow C, Littlejohns P, Griffiths S. 2000. Relation between a career and family life for
320:1437–1440.
Goldacre MJ, Turner G, Lambert TW. 2004. Variation by medical school in career
Heikkila ̈ T, Va n
̈ ska ̈ J, Hyppo l̈ a ̈ H, Halila H, Virjo I, Mattila K, Kujala S, Isokoski M.
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and its administrative sector. Publications 2009:19.
Heiligers PJM, Hingstman L. 2000. Career preferences and the work-family balance in
medicine: Gender differences among medical specialists. Soc Sci Med 50:1235–1246.
Halila H, Isokoski M. 1998. Becoming a doctor – was it the wrong career choice? Soc
Lambert TW, Davidson JM, Evans J, Goldacre MJ. 2003. Doctors’ reasons for rejecting
Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ, Turner G. 2006. Career choices of United Kingdom medical
Lawrence J, Philippa P, Diener S. 2003. Critical factors in career decision making for
Leigh JP, Tancredi DJ, Kravitz RL. 2009. Physician career satisfaction within
specialties: Changes in career intentions from medical student to newly qualified doctor.
Maiorova T, Stevens F, Scherpbier A, van der Zee J. 2008. The impact of clerkships on
Mihalynuk T, Genton L, Fraser J, Bates J, Snadden D. 2006. Free choice and career
S, Isokoski M. 1993. More women entering medicine: Young doctors’ family origin and
Sheldon GF. 2003. Great expectations: The 21st century health workforce. Am J Surg
185:35–41.
Stitzenberg KB, Sheldon GF. 2005. Progressive specialization within general surgery:
Taylor KS, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ. 2009. Career progression and destinations,
comparing men and women in the NHS: Postal questionnaire surveys. BMJ 338:b1735.
Vaidya NA, SIerles FS, Raida MD, Fakhoury FJ, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. 2004.
Relationship between specialty choice and medical student temperament and character
Dex S (editor). 1991. Life and work history analyses: Qualitative and quantitative
Drinkwater J, Tully MP, Domann T. 2008. The effect of gender on medical students’
Dumelow C, Littlejohns P, Griffiths S. 2000. Relation between a career and family life for
320:1437–1440.
Goldacre MJ, Turner G, Lambert TW. 2004. Variation by medical school in career
Heikkila ̈ T, Va n
̈ ska ̈ J, Hyppo l̈ a ̈ H, Halila H, Virjo I, Mattila K, Kujala S, Isokoski M.
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and its administrative sector. Publications 2009:19.
Heiligers PJM, Hingstman L. 2000. Career preferences and the work-family balance in
medicine: Gender differences among medical specialists. Soc Sci Med 50:1235–1246.
37
Halila H, Isokoski M. 1998. Becoming a doctor – was it the wrong career choice? Soc
Lambert TW, Davidson JM, Evans J, Goldacre MJ. 2003. Doctors’ reasons for rejecting
Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ, Turner G. 2006. Career choices of United Kingdom medical
Lawrence J, Philippa P, Diener S. 2003. Critical factors in career decision making for
Leigh JP, Tancredi DJ, Kravitz RL. 2009. Physician career satisfaction within
specialties: Changes in career intentions from medical student to newly qualified doctor.
Maiorova T, Stevens F, Scherpbier A, van der Zee J. 2008. The impact of clerkships on
Mihalynuk T, Genton L, Fraser J, Bates J, Snadden D. 2006. Free choice and career
S, Isokoski M. 1993. More women entering medicine: Young doctors’ family origin and
Sheldon GF. 2003. Great expectations: The 21st century health workforce. Am J Surg
185:35–41.
Stitzenberg KB, Sheldon GF. 2005. Progressive specialization within general surgery:
Taylor KS, Lambert TW, Goldacre MJ. 2009. Career progression and destinations,
comparing men and women in the NHS: Postal questionnaire surveys. BMJ 338:b1735.
Vaidya NA, SIerles FS, Raida MD, Fakhoury FJ, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. 2004.
Relationship between specialty choice and medical student temperament and character
Dear Madam:
We, the senior high school student of Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School, are
presently working on our research paper, “Motivational factors influencing students’ preference for
medical program”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2.
We are hoping for your approval to permit us in gathering data from the selected senior high
school student of this institution. Data will be used to answer specific problems in our study. The
identity and information gathered from students will be strictly kept confidential and will be used for the
research study purpose only.
Khate Angeles
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Researchers
We, the senior high school students of ICAS Tetuan are currently working on our research paper
entitled as, “Motivational factors influencing students’ preference for medical program”, in partial
fulfillment for course in Practical Research 2.
You have been chosen as one of our respondents because you are officially enrolled in the
senior high school program of ICAS in school year 2017-2018, we hope that you will be able to give your
precious time to answer the items in our questionnaire. The data gathered will be kept confidential and
will be used for academic purpose only. We attached our questionnaire so that you will be able to
answer it the soonest possible time.
Respectfully yours,
Hannah Saavedra
Alyson Perias
Khate Angeles
Researchers
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Survey Questionnaire
I. Personal Data
Name: _________________________________
(Optional)
Altruistism 5 4 3 2 1
education/career.
3. My parents advised to take this program.
4. It is highly accepted and respected by the society.
5. Peer pressure
Career Opportunities
1. I want to have my own clinic.
2. I want to go abroad
3. I want to manage a hospital.
4. I want to have a stable profession.
5. I want to earn much.