PHI

LI
PPI
NELI
TERAT
URE
 F
ormsofLy
ricPoet
ry

 LI
TERATURE

- der
ivedf
romLat
inwor
d“l
i
ter
a”whi
chmeansl
ett
er. 1.SONNETisaly
ricpoemdis t
ingui
shedbyi
tsex
actf
orm-
fourt
eeni
ambi
c
pentameterl
i
nes.Thel
inesarearrangedintwowavesoft
hought,
theri
si
ngi
n
- defi
nedasapi
eceofpri
ntedwor
krel
atedt
otheideasofthepeopl
e, theoctaveandfal
l
ingi
nt hesest
et.
thatmaybet
rueorj
ustaproduc
toft
hewri
ter
simaginat
ion

 KI
NDSOFSONNET
 T
heor
iesofLi
ter
atur
e
a.Petr
archanSonnet(I
tal
ian)–c ont
ainsanoctavewherethetheme,
1
. Mi
met
icT
heor
y/T
heor
yofI
mit
ati
on probl
em,hope,ordesi
reispresentedandas estetwhereares
olut
ion
orconcl
usi
onisr
eached.I
trimesareabba-abba-
cdecde.
2.Cat
har
ti
cTheor
y/T
heor
yofPur
if
ic
ati
on

3.T
heor
yofEx
pres
sion
b.Shakespeari
an Sonnet(Engl
ish)
,iambicpentameter– abab- c
dcd-
efef-
gg.I
t’sty
pic
alform,t
hesonnet,pres
entsanddevelopsitst
hemei n
 TheGenr
esofLi
ter
atur
e thefir
stthreequatrai
nsands t
atesac oncl
usi
oninthec oupl
et,orthe
l
as tt
wolines.

 POETRY is a br
anch ofthe humani
ti
es t
hatr ender
s ar
ti
sti
cal
l
y,
i
maginat
ivel
ythebestofman’
sthought
sandfeel
i
ngs . 2.ODEisalyr
icpoem deal
swithas eri
oust hemes uchasimmortal
i
ty.
Sai
dt obemostmajest
icofl
yri
ctypes,theodeex pr
essesenthus
ias
m,
A.Ly
ricPoet
ry l
oft
yprai
seofsomepersonorthing.I
nit,t
heaut horisi
nexalt
edmood
andhefeel
sdeepl
ywhathes ays;hence,thes ubj
ectmatt
ercannever
-ex
pres
sesper
sonal
thought
sandf
eel
i
ngs
.
betri
vi
al
.

3.ELEGYi
sal
yr
icpoem whi
chex
pres
sesmour
ning,us
ual
l
yovert
he
 deathofani
ndi
vidual
.Anelegymayal
sobealamentovert
hepas
sing
ofl
if
eandbeaut
y,ormedit
ationont
henat
ureofdeat
h.
3.BALLADisashortnarr
ati
vepoem i
ntendedt
obes
ung.T
ype
canei
therbef
olkorl
it
erar
yasint
heepic.

4.SONGisashor
tlyr
icpoem i
ntendedt
os ung,i
thast
hatpar
ti
cul
arl
y
mel
odi
ousqual
i
tyr
equi
redbythes i
ngi
ngvoi
ce.

 SECULAR songshave nonr

eli
gi
oust
heme,ex
ampl
e oft
hisi
s
marr
iagesongs.

 SACREDs ongsar
esongsi
npr
ais
eofGods
uchasor
ator
iosand
cant
atas  KI
NDSOFBALLAD
5.SI
MPLELYRI
Cisanyshor
tpoemwher ethever
seisespec
ial
l
ymus
ical
orwher
ether
eisamarkedsubj
ect
iveoremoti
onalt
one.
1.F
OLKBall
ad–or i
gi
natedasanony
mouss
ongsandar
e
B.Nar
rat
ivePoet
ry passedor
all
ybef
orebei
ngwri
tt
endown.
-aty
peofpoet
ryt
hatnarr
atesastor
y.Anarr
ativepoemc
anbel
ongas 2.LI
TERARYBal
l
ad–i sc
ompos
edbyknownwr
it
ersandi
t
anepi
candi
tcanbeasshortasapopul
arbal
lad. mayornotbesung.
 F
ormsofNar
rat
ivePoet
ry 4.METRI
CALTALEisanarr
ati
vepoetrywri
tteninver
seandi
tdeal
s
wi
thanyemoti
onorphraseofl
if
eandi t
ss t
oryist
oldi
nasi
mple,
st
rai
ght
for
ward,andr
eali
sti
cmanner.
1.EPICisa nar rati
ve poem thatusual
l
yc enterson a si
ngle
i
mpor t
antc harac
terwho embodi esthe valuesofa parti
cul
ar C.Dramati
cPoetr
yport
ray
sli
f
eandc haracterthroughac
ti
oni
npower
ful
,emot
ion-
soci
ety.I
ti
sals oalong,nar
rat
ivepoemdividedint
odist
inc
tparts pac
kedli
nessuc
hasthosei
nShakes
peare’splay
s .
andepisodesboundt oget
herbyacommonr el
ati
ons
hiptosome  Poet
icPl
ays
greather,
ac t
ion,
andt ime.
1
. Comedyisat ypeofdr
amawhichaimspri
mari
lytoamuseandwhich
endshappil
y.Thecomedypresent
sinc
ongruousaspec
tsofhuman
2.METRICALROMANCEi salong,rambl
i
ngloves t
oryi
nverse. speec
h,charac
ter,
andconduc
tastheyaredi
splay
edinsoc
ial
li
fe.
I
deal
s of c hi
val
ry,romanti
clove, and rel
i
gious el
ements 2.Tr
agedyi
satypeofdramainwhi
chthechi
efcharac
terunder
goesa
pr
edominateint
hist
ypeofl
it
erat
ure. moral
l
ysi
gni
f
icantst
ruggl
e whi
ch endsdis
as t
rousl
y.The t
ragedy
 assumest
hathumani
tyhasas ens
eofit
sowndigni
tyandf
reewi
ll
,a
senseofamorall
aw,andfor
ceswhic
hli
eout
sideofandarebi
gger
1.NARRATI
VEESSAYmakesus
eofani
nci
dentt
oil
l
ust
rat
eani
dea
thanani
ndi
vi
dual
.
orat heme.
3.F
ar c
ei s an ex
agger
ated c
omedy bas
ed on br
oadl
y humor
ous
s
ituati
ons
.
2.DESCRIPTI
VEESSAYhass omenarrat
iveel
ement
saswel
las
4.His
tori
cal
Playi
sadr amathatthemateri
al
sofwhi
char
etakenf
rom
col
or,
vivi
dness,
andreal
i
sti
cport
ray
als
.
theli
vesofout
standi
ngf
iguresi
nhi
story
.

5.Melodramaisapl aywithsens
ati
onalacti
ons,asenti
ment
all
ove
st
ory,extr
avagantemot
ions
,andgeneral
l
y,ahappyendi
ng. 3.REFLECTI
VE ESSAY analyzes and i
nter
prets wor
ks ofar
t,
pai
nti
ng,arc
hitec
tur
e,scul
ptur
e,mus i
c,t
heater
,tel
evis
ion–and
hi
ghl
ight
stheirmeri
tsanddemeri
ts.

4.SPECULATIVE ESSAY makes as

sumpti
ons orhypothet
ic
al
2.PROSE st
atementsoncert
aini
s s
uesli
ket
hepres
enceofli
f
eintheother
pl
anetsorthest
ockexchange.
A.ESSAYisashortli
terarycomposit
ioninprosedeal
ingwi
thas i
ngle
matt
erusual
l
yfrom aper s
onalpointofview.Ess
ayisusetoenter
tain,
toexpl
ai
nandtopersuade.Itmakesus eofal
lmaj
orfor
msofdi
scourse;
5.EDITORIAL ESSAY int
erpret
s,cr
it
ic
izes,i
nci
tes
,and s hapes
 Desc
ript
ion reader
sopi ni
onont hevitalis
suesont hedayt hataf
fectthe
nati
onalandint
ernat
ionalsc
ene.
-
prevent
spi
ct
urest
obeus
edasani
mpr
ess
ionofa
s
ubj
ect
.

 Nar
rat
ion 6.NATUREESSAYpres
entsthebeautyofc
reati
on,tr
avelf
rom
wi
thi
nandwit
houtt
oaff
ectandi
ll
ust
rat
eawareness.
-r
elat
esas
eri
esofevent
s

 Ex
posi
ti
on/
Per
suasi
on
7.DI
DACTI
CorAPHORI
STI
CSESSAYmor
ali
zesorpr
eac
hesi
fnot
 at
tempt
stoi
nfl
uenc
epeopl
e’
sideasorac
ti
on. i
nspi
res
.
 CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFESSAY
 1
.3LEGENDS ar
estor
iesofsome wonderf
ulevent
spopularl
y
bel
ievedtohavesomehis
toric
albas
isandpasseddownthroughthe
8.CRITI
CALESSAYi ncl
udesbiogr
aphi
calc
ri
ti
cis
m,li
ter
arycr
it
ic
ism,
ages.
andbookr evi
ews.I
tisarecordofananal
yti
calmi
ndweighi
ngthe
vi
rtuesandfaul
tsofali
terar
ypiec
e. 1.
4.PARABLES ar
es hortt
ale,usual
l
yaboutor
dinar
y,f
ami
l
iar
event
sforwhi
chamoralorr
eli
gi
ousless
onisdrawn.

2.PROSEROMANCESaretypesofstor
iesi
nwhi
chs
omes
uper
nat
ural
or
9.I
NFORMATI
VEESSAYgi
vesusi
nfor
mat
ionoff
act
sthatc
atc
hes
magi
calevent
s,f
ant
ast
ic
,andunr
eali
sti
c,oc
cur.
one’
sfanc
y.
2.1.FAIRY TALES,which use offolkl
ore moti
fs,commonplace
expressions
,andt ypi
calthemesaret hosewhichdevelopf rom st
ock
10.BI
OGRAPHI
CAL ESSAY s
ket
chesl
i
fe orpr
esent
schar
act
er char
ac terss uch as c r
uelking,c r
uels tepmother
,naught ysis
ter
,
anal
ysi
s. substi
tutebride,magic,super
natur
alchanges,andrestorat
ion.Vi
rt
ueis
rewardedandf ai
rytal
esalwaysendhappil
y.

2.
2.FOLKTALESi
sastorywhic
hc ons
ist
sofoneoracombinat
ion
B.FI
CTI
ONisthel
i
ter
arypr
oduc
ti
onofman’
simagi
nat
ionf
i
ndi
ngs
hapei
n ofmany fol
kl
orethemes.Fol
kt al
es easi
ly pas
sfrom l
anguage to
st
ori
esofpeopl
eorevent
s. l
anguageandspr
eadall
overtheworl
d.

3.NOVELi salongfic
ti
onalnarrat
ivewrit
teninpros
eus ual
l
yhaving
manycharacter
sandstorypl
ots.Becauseiti
slongerthanas hortstor
y,t
he
1
.PROSEALLEGORYaprosef
ormi
nwhic
hthecharac
ters,i
deas
novel
usuall
yall
owsf
orgreat
ercomplexi
tyofchar
acter
sandplotdevelopment.
andacti
onsstandf
orsomet
hingel
seorforasys
tem ofideaswith
meani
ngsimpl
i
ed.

1.
1FABLEi
sas hortal
legor
icalt
aleconveyi
ngamor alorpr
inc
ipl
e  TYPESOFNOVEL
ofbehavi
or.T
hechar
actersareusuall
yani
malstal
ki
ngl
ikehumanbeings
butkeepi
ngthei
rani
maltrai
ts.Of
ten,themorali
sappendedintheform
ofaprover
b.
1.GOTHI
C NOVELisoneoft heear l
ies
tf orms,and i
tremains
1.
2MYTHS ar etr
adit
ionaltalesc ommont othemember sofa popul
art
oday.Gothi
cnovel scr
eat eanat mosphereofmystery
tr
ibe,race,ornat
ionusual
l
yi nvol
vingt hes upernat
uralands er
vingt
o anddangerinapictur
es quesett
ing;usuall
yinvol
vi
ngat hreat
explai
nnatural
phenomenaors ugges tarel
igiousormoraltr
uth. combi
nedwit
hlove,i
ntr
igueforaromanticyoungheroi
ne.
 2.HISTORICALNOVELc reat
est he at
mospher
e,c
ust
oms,and 2.CHARACTERS – t he per
sonagesinal i
ter
aryworkwho i s
eventsofanactual
his
tor
ical
per
iod,andmayeveni
ncl
udeac
tual reveal
edbymeansof1 )whathes aysordoes ,2)whatother
hi
stori
cal
fi
gures
. charac
ter
sr evealabouthim,3)thewayher eact
stoc er
tain
sit
uati
onorprobl
eminthes t
oryand4)f
oil
.

3.PSYCHOLOGI
CALNOVELex
plor
est
hec
ompl
exemot
ional
li
ves
ofthec
harac
ter
s. 3.SETTI
NG – t
heti
meandpl
acewher
etheac
ti
onofapl
ayor
nar
rati
veocc
urs.

4.SHORTSTORY isa prose narr

ati
ve ofli
mit
ed l
engt
h which mus
thave
char
act
eri
zat
ion,
uni
ty,
cumul
ati
veint
erest
,cl
i
max ,
andaresol
uti
on. 4.POI
NTOFVI EW –theoutl
ookorpos
iti
onf
rom whi
chas
hor
t
st
oryornovel
ispr
esent
ed.
5.NOVELETTESar eprosenarr
ati
vesthatareint
ermediatebetweenthes hor
t
stor
yandthenovel s.I
tisabout50to150or di
narypageslong,butnotex ac
t
l
imit
scanbegi venast ol
engt
h.Iti
smoreelaboratethanas hor
tstorybutcan
5.THEME– theidea,generalt
rut
hsorc
omment
aryonl
i
feor
bereadinas i
nglesi
tti
ngandcanproduceas i
ngl
e,concentr
atedeff
ect.
peopl
ebr
oughtbytheli
ter
arywork.
C.DRAMAi salit
eraryworkwrit
tenindial
ogueandintendedforpresent
ati
on
byac t
ors.The essence ofdrama isthe make-
beli
eve bywhi c
h an actor
i
mpersonates a charac
teroft he pl
ay.Dramas ofanyper iod have t
heir 6.SYMBOL– anobjectthatstandsfororrepresent
sani
dea,
di
ff
erentsetsofconventi
onsandtheplaygoermus
tbec onsc
iousofthem. bel
i
ef,
andsuper
sti
ti
onsofsoci
alorpol
i
tic
ali
nsti
tut
ions.

7.TONE–t hewr i
ter
’satt
it
udetowardshissubjectt
hataff
ectshis
styl
eofwr i
ti
ngandc hoi
ceofwor ds.Thetonemaybef l
i
ppant,
cyni
cal, sat
ir
ic
al, protest
ing, angry
, det ached, objecti
ve,
 ELEMENTSOFDRAMA sympatheti
c, s t
oic
al, surpri
sed, shocked, c ondesc
ending,
patroni
zi
ng,bored,t
ender,tr
agic,
humorous,andaccusi
ng.

1
.PLOT–thecaus
ali
tyofevent
sthatmakesupt
heac
ti
onofa
wor
koff
i
cti
on. 8.MOOD–t
hes
tat
eoff
eel
i
ngsc
reat
edbyt
hel
i
ter
arywor
k.
 CONTEMPORARYAPPROACHESTOTHE
9.ATMOSPHERE–t hegeneraloveral
l f
eel
i
ngoft
hel
it
erar
ywor
k,
convey
edinthel
argepartbythes ett
ingandt
hemood. READI
NGOFLITERATURE

 FRYTAG’ SPYRAMI D–at ermi nt

roduc edbyGer mancri
ti
c,
Gus tavF r
ytag( 1863),whenhec haract
eriz
edt hetypi
cal 1.STRUCTURALI SM isareadingappr oacht hatidenti
fi
ess tr
uct
uresofthought
plotasapy ramids hape,cons i
sti
ngofar is
ingac ti
on,c
li
max, i
nthewaywer ead.Putmor esi
mply,i
tisaper s
pec ti
vet hatshowst hereaderwaysin
andf al
li
ngac ti
on. whic
hhet hinksasher eadspat ternsofdeeps t
ructur
e.St ruc
tur
ali
sm doesnot
cat
egoriz
el i
teratur
ei nto pl
ot,character
,s et
ting,et c.butr atherrelat
est extto
1
.EXPOSI TI
ON – t he background informati
on t hatreveals l
anguage,lands c
ape,kinshi
psystems,mar r
iagec ustoms ,f
ashion,menu,archi
tec
tur
e,
whathasoc curr
edpr iortothetimec overedinal iter
arywork; f
urni
tur
eandpol i
ti
cs.
whot hemai nc haracter
sar e;andwhats it
uationhasr is
en
t
hatwi l
ll
eadtoapr oblemrequir
ingas oluti
on.

2.RISI
NG ACTI
ON– al
soc al
ledcompl
i
cat
ion.I
tiswhent
he 2.POST–MODERNI SM ist hemostthought–pr ovoki
ngappr oac htolit
erary
conf
l
ictorpr
obl
emi
sint
roduced. i
nterpretat
ion.Itisc al
ledPost– Moder nbec auseitquesti
onsal louras sumptions
aboutt he ac cumulated experience ofmoder n Wes t
erntradit
ions,ofc i
vil
i
zati
on,
3.CLIMAX–thepointofhi
ghesti
nter
estordramati
cint
ensi
ty. rat
ionali
zati
on,ur banizati
on,liberaldemoc r
ac y and advanced t echnology.Pos t
Usual
lyi
tmarksaturni
ngpoi
ntintheact
ionsi
ncethereaderi
s Moder ni
s ms eekst o“ de-
center”anywor l
dview (l
ogocentr
icoranyt otal
i
z i
ngmet a-
nolongeri
ndoubtabouttheoutc
ome. narrat
ivethatgi vespre-deter
mi nedanswers)andt hento“deconstruc
t”thet ext
.

4.DENOUEMENT– t heunravel
ingoft
heplotf
oll
owi
ngt he
cl
imaxinwhichthewr i
terexpl
ai
nshow andwhyeveryt
hing
turnedoutasi
tdid. 3.F EMINISM is anotherappr oach whic hseeks t o discoverawar enes s
,
consci
ous ness,and r e-eval
uation of women – t hei
rr ol
es i nl i
fe and their
5.END–t hepoi ntwhentheacti
onori
ntr
igueendsi
nsuc
cess consci
ous nessinli
terat
ure.Feminism,f ur
ther
mor e,of
fer
soneoft hemos timport
ant
or f ai
l
ure f or t he protagoni
st i
s s ol
ved or t he soci
al,ec onomic
,and aes thet
icr evoluti
onsofmoder ntimes.I tnotonl yexpos es
misunders
tandingclear
edaway . prej
udicesofmas c
uli
nes uper
iorit
ybuthasal s
o penetrated i
nt otheunc onsci
ous
psychoanalyti
calreal
msofex pressionsandf ocusedont hes ignif
icanceofli
terary
prot
ot ypes.

4.
MARXI
SM i
sanappr
oac
hthats
howst
her
elat
ions
hipbet
weenl
i
ter
atur
eand
t
hepolit
icals
t r
uggle.Itpr
esentspat
ternsofinferi
ori
tyandoppressi
onbyreasonof
c
lass
,race,ethnici
tyandevenofgender .Theproducti
ontheor
ystat
esthecapi
tal
i
sti
c
02 Lumi pasangpanahon.SiLam- angaykinakitaanngpambi hi
ranglakas.
i
deol
ogyhaspr edeter
minedthought
,feeli
ngs,
taste,andbehavi
orofpeopl
e.
I
sangar aw aynaitanongniLam- angs ai nakungnas aanangkany angama.
Nangmal amanniLam- angangpi nagtunguhanngamaayi pi
nasy ani
yang
sundan i t
o.T aglay niya ang i sang s andatang pananggols as ar
il
i
.Sa
5.CULTURALCRITI
CI
SM i
sac ombinati
onofelementsofthes
ec r
it
ic
altheor
ies–
kal
agitnaanngkany angpaglalakbayaynakar amdam siyangpagodkay a’t
thatisgenders t
udi
es,fi
lmtheory ,pop cul
tur
e,post -
col
oni
alstudi
es.Itpresent
s
nakatulog s i
ya. Napanaginipan ni yang ang ama ay nas a pangani b.
cul
tur
alf or
cesthatdi
videandalienatec ommuniti
esfr
om eachot her
,oronamor e
Nagmamadal i
siy
angumal isatipinagpatuloyangpagl al
akbay.
hopefulnote,
creat
eandunitecommuni t
ieswitheachother.

03 Gay onnal amangangkanyangpanl

ul
umonangs api
ti
nniy
aanglupain
ngmgaI gorot
e.Pataynaangkanyangamaatipi
nagdir
iwangngmgaIgorote
angpagkakapatayrit
o.Gal
i
tnagali
tnapi
nuks
ani Lam-angangmgakaaway .
LI
TERARYPI
ECE01 Napat
ayni y
anglahatangmgakaawayatnaipaghigant
iniyaangkamat
ay an
ngkanyangama.

BI
AGNI
LAM–ANG 04 Umuwina s iLam- ang sa kanil
ang l
upain.Ipinat
awag niya ang mga
dalaga.Si ya’
ypinal
i
guanngkadal agahans ailogAmbur ayan.Maramingisda
Pedr
oBuc
aneg sailogangnangamat aydahilsakapal ngkanyanglibagats amangamoyna
nahugas ans akanyangkat awan.Mat apossiyangpal i
guanaypi nagbibi
gyan
Probabl
ythebestknownamongPhi li
ppi
neepi
cs,Lam-
angi
stheepicof niyangt ig-
ii
sanggi
nt ongs al
apiangmgadal aga.Nabal i
taannilam-angang
theChr
isti
ani
zedI
locanosofIl
ocosNort
eandIl
ocosSur
,LaUni
onandAbra.I
tis taglaynakagandahanni I
nesKannoy an.Si
ya’yhumandanaupangmagt ungo
sungi
nIloc
anoduringfest
ival
seventoday
. sat ahanan ng dal
aga.Kas ama niya ang kanyang dal awang matapatna
alagad, angkanyangput t
ingtandangatangkany angas o.

01 Angmag- asawangDonj uanatnamonganaynani nir

ahans aNalbuan.
I
sang araw ay napasabundok siDon Juan upang parusahan ang is
ang 05 Nangs iy
a’ypatungonas atahananninaInesaynakas alubongniyasi
pangkatngmgaI gor
ote.NoonaykabuwanannaniNamongans akanil
ang Sumar ang,
isangmas ugidnamanli
l
igawngdalaga.KinutyaniSumarangs i
Lam
unanganak.Hindipanakakabali
ksiDonJuanaynags il
angnas iNamongan. -angnangmal amanni toangkany angpakays apagt ungosat ahananng
Pagkasil
angpalamangngs anggolaynagsal
i
tanaathinil
ingnaLam- angang dalaga.Nag- away ang dalawa atnas awisiSumar ang.Sinasabing ang
i
pangalansakanya. kanyangbangkayayhumagi ssal
ayonganimnabur ol.
06 Angbakur anninaInesaypunung- punongmgamanl i
li
gaw.Nahi
rapang
makapasoks iLam-angs adaming mgat aong naghahangad makas i
l
ays a
pambihi
rangkagandahanngdal aga.Inut
usanniy
aangkany angmgaalagana
gumawangpar aanupangmapans insi
yangmagandangdi lag.Tumi
l
aokang
tandangatisangbahays adi-kalayuanangnabuwal.Tumahol angasoatang
nabuwalnabahayaynai bali
ks adat i
ngpagkakatayo.Nakit
angi nangdalaga
angmgapangy ayar
ikay a’
tipi
nat awagniLam-angatt inanongangkany ang
pakay.I
pinahayagngt andangangpakayniLam- ang.Angmgamagul angni
I
nes ay s umang- ay
ong makas alkay Lam- ang ang kani l
ang anak kung
mapapant ay
anngbi nataangkani l
angkayamanan.

07 Magal ang nanagpaal am siLam-ang atumuwis akani

lang t
ahanan.
Nangsi
ya’
ybumal
punonggint
i
ks at
onganghal
ahananngdal
agaayl
agaaynakas
ampaspas akay
akaysi
yasai
s angkas
amananngmgamagul
kong
ang
LI
TERARYPI
ECE02
ngdal
aga.Si
l
a’yi
kinasalatis
angmalaki
ngpagdiri
wangangginanap.
NALPAYANAMNAMA
08 Sa kai lukuhan aymayi sang kaugali
an na ang lalakiaykai l
angang LeonaF
lor
ent
ino
sumis
ids ailog pagkat aposng kas al
.Si y
a’yhuhul ing raring ( i
sda).May
Ti
nagur
iang“
UnangTermini
stangmakat
angPi l
i
pinas”
.Nal
athal
aang
pangambas iLam- angnas i
y a’
ymalalamonngber kakan( pating).Ipi
nagtapat
kany
angmgagawasaBibl
i
othequeI
nter
nati
onal
deOuvresdeFemmesnoong1884.
ni
yaitos aasawa.Nagkat otooangpangambaniLam- ang.Gay onnal amang
angpagdadal amhat iniIness apagkamat ayngas awa.Tinawagngt andang
ang isang maninisi
d ati pi
nakuha ang kal ansay niLam- ang.Sa bi as ng
engkantongkany angt andangatas oaymul i
ngnabuhays iLam- ang.Simula Amanganar
acsackent
alec
da
noonaynamuhaynangmal i
gayaangmag- asawa.
dagi
ti
addac
aay
anay
atda

t
aaddapi
manmangr
ic
na

c
adagi
ti
isuami
naasugda.
 Ni
gasat
coanababa Ngemumanay
ent
onal
i
oli
oac

aoanenngat
atc
apadana, t
ipannac
aammoni
toyapanagay
at,

t
acunacdi
acagduadua t
aic
ari
ckenc
aketi
sapat
ac

t
aagdamangar
udngai
nnacagsagaba. ngasi
caaoansabal
it
ipac
atay
ac.

Tanupaynoagay
atac

i
ti
may
saai
mnas

aoanl
atpangr
ipr
ipi
ri
pac

ngaaddapac
aibat
ugac
.  Sugges
tedSt
udyGui
de

I
l
unodc
ont
oti
hor
as 1
.Des
cri
bet
heper
sonaoft
hepoem?

ngai
nnacpannac
ayanac 2.Howdoest
heper
sonaas
ses
sthec
ondi
ti
onhe/
shei
sin?

t
amamenr
iboc
omanaseseat 3.Whydoest
heper
sonaas
soc
iat
ehi
s/herf
rus
trat
ionswi
thbi
rt
h?

nonat
ayaci
di
ntanay
anac
ac. 4.I
slovi
nganot
herc
ondi
ti
onedbys
oci
o–ec
onomi
c,r
eli
gi
ousoret
hni
cst
atus
?
Just
if
y.

5.I
fyouweret
ofur
thercri
ti
ci
zet
hepoem usi
ngtheappr
oac
hest
oli
ter
atur
e,
Gay
agay
ecc
omaai
pal
aoag
whi
choft
hes
eapproac
heswouldy
ouemployandwhy?
ngembumdengmett
oydi
l
ac,

at
amaqui
tacmetasi
babat
ad

ngani
paayt
ical
ac–amac
. LI
TERARYPI
ECE03
 f
oreheadnow.
”

HowMyBr
otherLeonBr
oughtHomeaWi
f
e
Manuel
E.Ar
gui
l
la (
5) Shehesi
tat
edandIsawthathereyeswereonthel
ong,curvi
nghorns.Butshe
cameandtouc
hedLabang’sf
oreheadwit
hherl
ongfinger
s,andLabangnever
ManuelE.Arguil
lawasborninNagr ebcan,BauangLaUnion,wher ehespent evenst
oppedchewi
nghiscudexceptt
hathi
sbigeyeswerehalf–closed.And
muchofhi schi
ldhoodamongpeasantf olk.Thi
speacefulpl
aceheimmor t
ali
zedinhi
s byandbyshewasscrat
chi
nghisfor
eheadver
ydainti
l
y.
stor
ies.Heobt ai
nedhi sBSEdegreeatt heUniversi
tyofthePhil
i
ppines.Duri
ngthe
war,he joined the guer
il
l
as,wasc aptured bythe Japanese short
lybeforethe
l
iber
at i
on,
andwasex ecut
edbythem. (
6) Mybrother,Leon,putdownthetrunksont hegrassys i
deoft heroad.Hepai d
CaCeli
ntwi cetheusualf
arefr
om t hestat
iontotheedgeofNagr ebcan.Then
hewass tandingbesi
deus ,
andshet ur
nedtohimeager l
y.IwatchedCaCel in,
wher
ehes toodinfr
ontofhishor
s e,andher anhi
sfingersthroughitsforel
ock
andcoul
dnotkeephi seyesawayf romher.
(
1) Shest
eppeddownf r
om thecar
ret
elaofCaCel
inwi
thaqui
ck,del
i
cat
egr ace.
Shewaslovel
y.Shelookeduptomybr ot
herwi
thasmi
leandherforehead
wasonalevel
wit
hhismouth.
(
7) “
Mar
ia”mybr
otherLeons
aid.

(
2) “YouareBaldo,
”s hesai
dandpl
acedherhandli
ghtl
yonmys houl
der.Hernai
l
s
(
8) HedidnotsayMari
ng.HedidnotsayMayang.I
knewthent
hathehadal
ways
werelong,buttheywerenotpai
nted.Shewasfragrantl
i
keamor ningwhen
cal
l
edherMar i
aandthattousallshewouldbeMari
a;andinmymindIsai
d
papayasareinbloom.Andasmal
ldi
mpleappear
edmoment ar
il
yhi
ghuponher
“Mari
a”andi
twasabeauti
fulname.
cheek.
(
9) “
YesNoel
.
”

(
10) Now wher
edi dshegetthatname?Iponderedthematt
erqui
etl
ytomy sel
f
,
(
3) “Andthi
sisLabangofwhom I haveheards omuch.
”Shehel
dthewr i
stofone
thi
nki
ngFathermi
ghtnotli
kei
t.Buti
twasonlythenameofmybrotherLeon
hand wi
tht he otherand l
ooked atLabang,and Labang neverstopped
sai
dbackwardsandi
tsoundedbett
erthatway.
chewi
nghisc ud.Heswal
lowedandbr oughtuptohi
smouthmorec udandthe
soundofhisi
ns i
deswasli
keadr um.

(
11
) “
Therei
sNagr
ebc
anMar
ia,
”mybr
otherLeons
aid,
ges
tur
ingwi
del
ytowar
dthe
west
.
(
4) I
lai
dahandonLabang’
smas
sivenec
kands
aidt
oher
:“Youmays
crat
chhi
s
(
12) Shemovedclos
etohi
mands
li
ppedherar
mthr
oughhi
s.Andaf
terawhi
l
eshe (
18) “
Whydoeshemaket
hats
ound?
”sheas
ked.“
Ihaveneverhear
dthel
i
kesof
sai
dqui
etl
y: i
t.
”

(
13) “
Youl
oveNagr
ebc
an,
don’
tyou,
Noel
?” (
19) “T
herei
snotanotherl
i
keit,
”mybrot
herLeonsaidl
aughing,
Ihaveyett
ohear
anot
herbul
lcal
ll
i
keLabang.I
nal
lt
heworl
dt her
eisnootherbul
ll
i
kehim.
”

(
14) CaCelindroveawayhi–yi –ingt
ohishorsel
oudl
y.Att hec
hebendoft amino
realwher
et gduhatt
hebi reegrew,herat
tl
edthehandl
eofhi
sbrai
dedrat
tan (
20) Shewass mil
i
ng,andIs t
oppedintheactoftyi hes
ngt int
aacrossLabang’s
whipagainstt
hespokesofthewheel. necktotheopposi
teendoftheyoke,bec
ausehert
eet
hwer ever
ywhite,her
eyesweresof ul
lofl
aughter
,andtherewasthedi
mpl
ehighuponherr i
ght
cheek.
(
15) Wes
toodal
oneont
her
oads
ide.

(
21) “I
fyoucont
inuetotalkabouthi
mli
ket
hat
,ei
therIs
hal
lf
alli
nlovewi
thhi
m or
(
16) Thes unwasi nourey es,foritwasdr ippingintot hebr i
ghts ea.T hes kywas becomegreatl
yjeal
ous.
”
wideanddeepandver yblueaboveus ;butalongt hes aw–t oothr i
m ofthe
(
22) Mybr otherLeonlaughedands helaughedandt heylookedateac hot herand
Katayaghanhill
stot hes outhwes tfl
amedhugemas sesofc l
ouds .Bef oreus
i
tseemedt omet her
ewasawor l
doflaught erbetweenthemandi nthem.
thefi
eldsswami nagol denhaz et hr
oughwhi chf l
oatedbi gpur pleandr edand
yel
low bubbleswhenIl ookedatt hes i
nkings un.Labang’ swhi tecoatwhi c
hI
had was hed and brushed t hatmor ning withc oc onuthus k,glistened li
ke
(
23) Icl
i
mbedi nt
ot hecartoverthewheelandLabangwoul dhavebol t
ed,f orhe
beatenc ot
tonundert helumplightandhi shornsappear edt i
ppedwi thfi
re.He
wasal waysli
ket hat
,butIkeptaf ir
m holdonhi srope.Hewasr estl
es sand
facedthes unandf rom hismout hcameac allsoloudandvi brantt hatthe
wouldnots t
ands ti
l
l,s
ot hatmybr otherLeonhadt osay“ Labang”s everal
earthseemedt ot r
embleunder f
oot.Andf arawayi nthemi ddleoft hef i
eldsa
ti
mes.Whenhewasqui etagai
n,mybr otherLeonlif
tedthetrucksint
ot hec ar
t,
cowloweds oftl
yinanswer .
pl
aci
ngt hes mall
erontop.

(
17) “
Hitchhi
mthecar
tBal
do,”mybrot
herLeonsai
d,l
aughing,andshelaughed
(
24) Shelookeddownonceatherhi gh– heel
edshoes
,thenshegaveherl
eft
wit
hhim abi
tuncer
tai
nl
y,and Is
aw thathehad puthisarm ar
ound her
handtomybr ot
herLeon,pl
acedafootonthehubofthewheel
,andi
none
shoul
der
.
 breat
hs hehadswungupi
ntothecar
t.Oh,t
hefr
agranceofher
,butLabang
wasf ai
rl
ydanc
ingwi
thi
mpati
enceanditwasal
lIcoul
ddot okeephi
mf rom
(
30) “
Whot
oldy
out
odr
ivet
hrought
hef
i
eldst
oni
ght
?”
runni
ngaway.

(
25) “Gi
vemet herope,Baldo,”mybrotherLeons ai
d.“Mari
a,s i
tdownont hehay
andholdont oanythi
ng.”T henheputaf ootont hel
eftshaftandthati
nstant (
31) Hi
shandwasheavyonmys houl
der
,butI
didnotl
ookathi
m orut
terawor
d
Labangleapedforward.Mybr ot
herLeonlaughedashedr ewhimsel
fuptot he unt
il
wewereonther
ockybott
omoftheWai
g.
topofthes i
deofthec artandmadet heslackofther
opehi ssabovethebac k
ofLabang.Thewindwhi stl
edagainstmyc heeksandtherattl
ingofthewheels
onthepebblyroadechoedi nmyear s.
(
32) “
Baldo,
youf
ool
,answermebef
oreIl
aytheropeofLabangony
ou.Whydoy
ou
f
oll
owtheWai
ginst
eadoft
heCaminoReal?
”

(
26) Shesatupst
rai
ghtont
hebottom ofthecart
,legsbentt
oget
hert
oones i
de,
herski
rt
sspr
eadoverthem s
ot hatonlytoesandheelsofhers
hoeswer e
(
33) Hi
sfi
nger
sbi
ti
ntomys
houl
der
.
vi
si
bl
e.Herey
eswereonmybrotherLeon’sback,I
sawthewi
ndonherhai
r.

(
34) “
Fat
her–het
oldmet
ofol
l
owt
heWai
gtoni
ght
,Manong.
’
(
27) WhenLabangsloweddown,mybrot
herLeonhandl
edtomet her
ope.I
knel
t
onthestr
aw i
nsidet
hecartandpul
l
edont heropeunt
ilLabangwasmerel
y
shuf
fl
i
ngal
ong,t
henImadehimtur
naround.
(
35) Swif
tl
y,hi
shandfel
tawayfrom myshoul
derandher eac
hedfortheropeof
Labang.Thenmybr
otherLeonl
aughed,andhesatbackandl
aughingst
il
l
,he
sai
d:
(
28) “Whatisityouf or
got
tennow,Baldo?”mybr otherLeonsaid.Ididnotsay
anyt
hingbutt i
ckledwi
thmyfi
ngerstherumpofLabang;andawaywewent–
backtowher eIhadunhi t
chedandwai tedforthem.Thes unhads unkand
downf r
om thewoodeds i
desoftheKat ay
aghanhi l
l
sshadowswer esteal
i
ng (
36) “
AndIsuppos
efat
heral
sotol
dyout
ohitchLabangt
othec
artandmeetus
i
ntothefi
elds.Highupover
headthes kyburnedwithmanysl
owf i
res
. wi
thi
nst
eadofwi
thCas
tañoandt
hec
ales
a.”

(
29) WhenIs entLabangdownthedeepcutthatwoul
dt akeustothedrybedof (
37) Withoutwai
ti
ngf ormetoans wer,hetur
nedt oherandsai
d,“Mar
ia,whydo
theWaigwhichcoul
dbeusedasapathtoourplac
edur i
ngthedrys
eason,my yout hi
nkf
athershoul
ddot hatnow?”Helaughedandadded,“
Havey ouever
brot
herLeonlai
dahandonmys houl
derandsai
ds t
ernly
: seens omanystarsbef
ore?
”
(
38) Ilookedbac kandt heywer es i
tt
ings i
debys i
de,leani
ngagai nstt
het runks
, (
45) Shelaughedt
henandt heyl
aughedt
ogetherands
hetookmybr ot
herLeon’
s
handsc l
as pedac r
os sknees.Seemi ngly,butaman’ sheightabovet het opsof handandputi
tagainstherf
ace.
thes teepbanksoft heWai g hung thes t
ars.Butint hedeepgor get he
shadowshadf al
l
enheavi l
y,andevent hewhi t
eofLabang’ sc oatwasmer elya
dim,gray i
shblur.Cri
cketschirpedf r
om theirhomesi nthecr acksinthebanks. (
46) Ist
oppedLabang,cli
mbeddown,andli
ghtedthel
ant
ernthathungfrom t
he
Thent het hic
k,unpleasants mellofdangl ebushesandc oolingsun–heat ed car
tbetweenthewheels.
earthmi ngledwiththec l
ean,s harps entofar
c rai
srootsex pos edtothenight
airandoft hehayi nsi
dethec art.
(
47) “Goodboy,
Bal
do,
”mybr
otherLeons
aidasI
cli
mbedbac
kint
othec
artandmy
hearts
ang.
(
39) “Look,Noel
,yonderi
sourstar
!”Deeps ur
pri
seandgl
adnes
swereinhervoi
ce.
Verylowint hewest,al
mosttouc
hingtheraggededgeofthebank,wast
he
star
,thebiggestandbri
ght
estint
hes ky.
(
48) Nowthes hadowst ookf
ri
ghtanddidnotcrowds onear,c
lumpsofandadasi
andarrai
sfl
ashedintovi
ewandquickl
ydi
sappearedaswepas sedby.Ahead,
theel
ongatedshadowofLabangbobbedupanddownands wayeddr
unkenly
(
40) “
Ihavebeenlooki
ngatit
,”mybr
otherLeonsai
d.“Doyour
ememberhow I fromsi
detos i
de,
forthel
anter
nroc
kedjer
kil
ywit
ht hecar
t.
woul
dtel
lyout
hatwheny
ouwantt
os eestar
syoumustc
ometoNagr
ebc
an?

(
49) “
Havewef
art
ogoy
et,
Noel
?”s
heas
ked.
(
41) “
Yes,Noel
,
”shesai
d.“Lookati
t,
”shemurmured,hal
ftoher
sel
f
.“I
tiss
omany
t
imesbi
ggerandbr
ightert
hati
twasatEr
mit
abeac h.
”
(
50) “
AskBal
do,
”mybr
otherLeons
aid,
“wehavebeennegl
ect
inghi
m.”

(
42) “
Theai
rher
eisc
lean,
freeofdus
tands
moke.
”
(
51) “
Iamas
kingy
ou,
Bal
do,
”shes
aid.

(
43) “
Soi
ti
s,Noel
,
’shes
aiddr
awi
ngal
ongbr
eat
h.
(
52) Wi
thoutl
ooki
ngbac
k,I
ans
wer
ed,
pic
kingmywor
dss
lowl
y:

(
44) “
Maki
ngf
unofme,
Mar
ia?
”
(
53) “Soonwewi
l
lgetoutoft
heWai
gandpas
sint
othef
i
elds
.Af
tert
hef
i
eldsi
s (
59) “
Yes
,buti
nadi
f
fer
entway
.Iamgl
adt
heyar
enother
e.”
home–Manang.
”

(
60) Wi
thdif
fi
cult
yItur
nedLabangtothel
eft
,forhewantedtogos tr
aighton.He
(
54) “
Sonearal
ready
.” wasbreathi
nghard.ButI
knewhewasmor ethir
styt
hanti
red.I
nal i
tt
lewhi
le,
wedroveupt hegras
sysi
deont
othecaminoreal
.

(
55) Idi
dnots ayanythingmorebec auseIdidnotknowwhatt omakeoft hetoneof
hervoiceasshes aidherlastwords.All
thelaughterseemedt ohavegoneout ( 61) “–Yous ee,
”mybrotherLeonwasexplai
ning,”t
hecami
noreal
curvesar
ound
ofher.Iwait
edf ormybr otherLeont os aysomet hi
ng,buthewasnots aying thef
ootoftheKatay
aghanhil
lsandpas s
esbyourhous e.Wedrovethr
ough
anythi
ng.Suddenlyhebr okeouti nt
os ongandt hesongwas“ SkySownwi th thef
i
eldsbecaus
e–butI’l
lbeaski
ngf
athers oonaswegethome.”
Stars”–thes ames ongthatheandf athersungwhenwec uthayinthef i
elds
atnightbeforehewentawayt os tudy.Hemus thavet aughthert hes ong
becauses hejoinedhim,andhervoi cef l
owedi ntohisli
keagent lestream (
62) “
Noel
,
”shes
aid.
meet i
ngas t
rongerone.Andeac hti
met hewheelsencounteredabigr ock,her
voic
ewoul dc atchinhert hroat,butmybr otherLeonwoul ds i
ngon,unt i
l
,
l
aughingsoft
ly,shewouldjoinhi
magai n.
(
63) “
Yes
,Mar
ia”

(
56) T
henwewer ec
li
mbingint
ot hefi
el
ds ,andthroughthespokesofthewheel
s
(
64) “
Iamaf
rai
d.Hemaynotl
i
keme.
”
t
heli
ghtofthel
att
ernmoc kedtheshadows ,Labangqui
ckenedhisst
eps
.The
j
ol
ti
ngbecamemor efr
equentandpainfulaswec r
ossedt
helowdikes.

(
65) “Doesthatworr
yyous t
il
l,
Maria?
”mybrotherLeonsaid.“
Fromt hewayy out
alk,
hemightbeanogre, f
orallt
heworl
d.Exc
eptwhenhi slegthatwaswoundedi n
(
57)“
Butiti
ssoverywi
dehere,
”shesai
d.Thel
ightoft
hestar
sbrokeandscatt
ered
theRevolut
ioni
stroubl
inghim,Fat
heri
st hemil
des
tt emper ed,gent
les
tmanI
thedarknes
ssot
hatonecoul
dseefaroneverysi
de,
thoughi
ndi
sti
nct
ly
.
know.”

(
58) “
Youmissthehous
esandthecar
s,andt
hepeopl
eandt
henoi
se,don’
tyou?
”
(
66) Wecametothehous
eofLac yJul
ianandI s
poketoLabangloudl
y.ButMoning
Mybr
otherLeonst
oppeds
ingi
ng.
di
dnotc
omet othewindow,soIsurpr
isedshemustbeeati
ngwiththerestof
herf
ami
l
y.AndIt
houghtofthefoodbeingmadereadyathomeandmymout h
 watered.Wemetthet wi
nsUr
ongandCel i
n,andIsaid“Hoy
!”cal
l
ingt
hem by (
72) Ther
ewasnol i
ghti
nF ather
’sroom.Therewasnomovement.Hes ati
nthebi
g
name.Andmybr otherLeonshoutedtothem andthentol
dt ometomake armchairbythewesternwindow,andas t
arshonedir
ect
lyt
hroughit
.Hewas
Labangrun;t
hei
ranswerswer
elostint
henois
eofthewheels. smoking,butheremovedt her ol
loft
obaccofr
om hi
smouthwhenhes awme.
Hesaiditcar
eful
l
yont hewindows i
l
lbef
orespeaki
ng.

(
67) Ist
oppedLabangont heroadbefor
eourhous eandwoul dhavegot tendown,
butmybr otherLeontooktheropeandt ol
dmet os t
ayinthec ar
t.Heturned (
73) “Di
dyoumeetany bodyontheway ?
”heas ked.
Labangintotheopengat eandwedas hedi ntooury ar
d,Ithoughtwewoul d
cr
ashintotheboleofthecamachi
letr
ee,
butmybr otherLeonrei
nedi nLabang
i
nt i
me.T herewaslightdownstai
rsintheki t
chenandmot herstoodi nthe (
74) “No,
fat
her.”Is
aid.“Nobodypassesthr
ought heWaigatni
ght
.”
doorways,andIcoul
ds eehers
mili
ngshy
ly.Mybr otherLeonwashel pi
ngMar i
a
overthewheel. (
75) Hereachedforhisrol
loft
obacc
oandhi tc
hedhi ms
elfupi
nthechai
r.

(
68) T
hef
i
rstwor
dst
hatf
ell
fromhi
sli
psaf
terhehadki
ssedMot
her
’shandwer
e: (
76) “
Shei
sver
ybeaut
if
ul
,Fat
her
.”

(
69) “
Fat
her–wher
eishe?
” (
77) “Wassheafr
aidofLabang?”Myfatherhadnotrais
edhisvoi
ce,buttheroom
seemedtoresoundwit
hit.Andagai
nIsawherey esonthel
ongc ur
vinghorns
andthear
mofmybr otherLeonaroundhershoul
ders.
(
70) “Heisi
nhisroom upst
air
s,”Mot
hers
aid,herf
acebec
omi
ngs
eri
ous
.“Hi
slegi
s
bother
inghi
magain.”
(
78) “
NoF
ather
,shewasnotaf
rai
d.”

(
71) Idi
dnothearany t
hingmor ebecauseIhadtogobac ktothecarttounhi
tc
h
Labang.ButIhadhar dl
yti
edhimunderthebarnwhenIheardF
athercal
l
ingme. (
79) “
Ontheway-.”
Imetmybr otherLeongoi ngtobringupthetrunks
.AsIpassedthr
oughthe
ki
tchen,t
herewer eMot herandmys is
terAur
eli
aandMar i
aanditseemedto
met heywerecry
ing,all
ofthem. (
80) “
Shelookedatt
hes
tar
s,F
ather
,andManongLeons
ang.
”
 LI
TERARYPI
ECE04
(
81) “
Whatdi
dhes
ing?
”

(
82) “
SkySownwi
thSt
ars
.Shes
angwi
thhi
m.” WEDDI
NGDANCE
AmadorT.Dagui
o
(
83) Hewass i
lentagai
nI couldhearthel
owvoicesofMot herandmys ist
erAureli
a
AmadorT.Daguiowasbor ni
n191
2i nt
heMount ai
nprovinc
ewhichbecamethe
downstai
rs.Ther
ewasal sothevoic
eofmybr ot
herLeon,andIt houghtthat
set
ti
ngf ormostofhi
sstor
ies.Hest
udi
edatt heUni
versi
tyofthePhi
l
ippi
nesandtook
Fat
her’
svoi c
emus thavebeenl ikei
twhenf at
herwasy oung.Hehadl ai
dt he
upagr aduatecour
seatSt anf
ordUni
versi
ty.Hi
sworkshavebeeninc l
udedinmany
rol
loft
obac c
oont hewi ndowsi
l
loncemore.Iwatchedthesmokewaverf aintl
y
ant
hologies.
upwardfr
omt heli
ghtedendandvani shs
lowlyi
ntothenightout
side.

(
84) T
hedooropenedandmybr
otherLeonandMar
iac
amei
n. (
1) Awiyaoreachedf ortheupperhori
z ontal
logwhi c
hs ervedast heedgeofthe
head–hi ghthreshol
d.Cl i
ngi
ngtothelog,hel i
ftedhims el
fwi
thoneboundthat
carr
iedhim acr
os stot henarr
owdoor .Hes l
idbac kt hecover,st
eppedi
nsi
de,
thenpushedt hec overbac kinplace.Afters omemoment sdur i
ngwhi
chhe
(
85) “
Havey
ouwat
eredLabang?
”Fat
hers
poket
ome.
seemedt owait,hetalkedtothel
is
t eni
ngdar knes s
.

(
2) “
I’
msor
ryt
hishadt
obedone.I
amr
eal
l
ysor
ry.Butnei
therofusc
anhel
pit
.”
(
86) I
tol
dhi
mthatLabangwasr
est
ingundert
hebar
n.
(
3) Thes oundsoft he gangsasbeatt hrought hewal lsofthedarkhouse,li
ke
muff
l
edr oarsoft hefal
li
ngwater
s .Thewomanwhohadmovedwi ththestar
t
whent hesl
idingdooropenedhadbeenhear i
ngt hegangsasforshedidnot
(
87) I
ti
sti
mey
ouwat
eredhi
m,mys
on,
”myf
athers
aid. know how l
ong.T hes uddenrus
hoft her i
chs oundswhent hedooropened
wasli
keas harpgus hoffi
rei
nher .Shegavenos i
gnthatsheheardAwiy
ao,
butconti
nuedt ositunmovi
nginthedar kness.
(
88) Il
ookedatMari
aands hewasl
ovel
y.Shewastall
.Besi
demybrotherLeon,she
(
4) ButAwiyaoknewt hatsheheardhimandhisheartpiti
edher.Hecrawl
edonall
wastal
landver
ysti
l
l
.T henI
wentout,andi
nthedarkenedhal
lt
hefragranc
eof
four
stot hemi ddl
eofther oom;heknewexactl
ywher ethestovewas.Wi
thhis
herwasli
ket
hemorningwhenpapayasarei
nbloom.
fi
ngerhes t
ir
redthec overeds moul
deri
ngember s,andblewthem i
ntothem.
Whent hec oal
sbegant oglow,Awiy
aoputpi
ecesofpi newoodont hem,then
ful
lr
oundl ogsasbi gashisarms.Theroombr
ightened.
(
5) “Whydon’tyougoout
,”hes
aid,“
andjoi
nthedanc
ingwomen?”Hefel
tapang (
16) Thi
sti
methewomans t
ir
red,s
tret
chedherri
ghtl
egoutandbentherl
egi
n.
i
nsi
dehi m,becaus
ewhathes ai
dwasr eal
l
ynott her
ightt
hingt
os ayand Shewoundt
hebl
anketmoresnugl
yaroundher
sel
f
.
becaus
et hewomandi
dnottal
korst
ir
.
(
17) “
Youknowt hatIhavedonemybes t
,”s
hes
aid.“
Ihavepr
ay oKabuny
edt an
(
6) “Yous
houl
djointhedancer
s,”hes ai
d,“asi
f–asi fnothi
nghashappened.”He muc
h.Ihavesacr
if
ic
edmanychi
ckensi
nmypr
ayers
.”
l
ookedatt
hewomanhuddl edi nac or
neroftheroom, l
eani
ngagainstt
hewal l
.
(
18) “
Yes
,Iknow.
”
Thest
ovefi
replayedwit
hstrangedmovi ngshadowsandl i
ghtsuponherface.
Shewaspart
lysul
len,
buthersull
ennesswasnotbec auseofangerorhate. (
19) “Yourememberhow angryy ouwereonc ewheny oucamehomefrom y
our
workint he t
err
ace because Ibut
chered one ofyourpi
gswit
houtyour
(
7) “Goout–gooutanddanc e.I
fyoureal
l
ydon’that
emef ort
hissepar
ation,go
permi
ssi
on.Idi
dittoappeaseKabunyanbecausel
ikeyou,
Iwant
edsomuchto
outanddance.Oneoft
hemenwi l
lseeyoudancewel
l;hewi
lll
i
keyoudanc ing;
haveachil
d.Butwhatcoul
dIdo?”
hewil
lmarryyou.Whoknowsbutt hat
,wit
hhim,youwil
lbelucki
erthany ou
werewit
hme.” (
20) “Kabunyandoesnotseef
itf
orustohaveachi
l
d,”hesai
d.Hest
ir
redthef
ir
e.
Thes parksr
osethr
ought
hecrac
klesoft
hef
l
ames .T
hesmokeandsootwent
(
8) “
Idon’
twantanyman,
”shes
aids
har
ply
.“I
don’
twantanyman.
”
uptot hecei
l
ing.
(
9) Hefel
trel
i
evedt hatatl
astshetal
ked.“Youknowverywellt
hatIdon’twant
(
21) Lumnaylookeddownandunc onsci
ousl
ys t
artedtopullrat
tant hatkeptt
he
anywoman,ei
ther.Youknowthat
,don’
tyou?Lumnay
,youknowit,
don’tyou?
spl
itbamboofl
oori
nginplac
e.Shetuggedatt herat
tanfloor
ing.Eachti
meshe
(
10) Shedi
dnotans
werhi
m. didthi
sthes pl
i
tbamboowentupandc amedownwi thas l
i
ghtrattl
e.T
he
gongsofthedancer
sclamorousl
ycal
ledi
nherear st
hroughthewal l
s.
(
11
) “
Youknowi
t,
Lumnay
,don’
tyou?
”her
epeat
ed.
(
22) Awiyaowentt othec or
nerwhereLumnays at,pausedbeforeher,l
ookedat
(
12) “
Yes
,Iknow,
”shes
aidweakl
y.
herbr onzedands turdyfac
e,thentur
nedt owher ethej
arsofwat er
ss t
ood
(
13) “
Iti
snotmyfaul
t,
”hesai
dfeel
i
ngr
eli
eved.“
Youc
annotbl
ameme;I
havebeen pi
ledoneovert heother
.Awiyaotookacoconutcupanddippediti
nthetopjar
agoodhus
bandt oyou.
” and dr ank.Lumnayhad f i
l
led t
hejarsfr
om t hemountaincreekearlythat
evening.
(
14) “
Nei
therc
any
oubl
ameme,
”shes
aid.Shes
eemedaboutt
ocr
y.
(
23) “Icamehome, ”hesaid,“
becauseIdi dnotf i
ndy ouamongt hedancer
s.Of
(
15) “You,youhavebeenver ygoodt ome.Youhavebeenagoodwi f
e.Ihave course,Iam notforci
ngy out ocome,ifyoudon’ twantt ojoinmywedding
nothi
ngtosayagainstyou.”Hes etsomeoftheburni
ngwoodinpl
ace.“I
t’
sonl
y ceremony .Icametotelly
out hatMaduli
may ,alt
houghIam mar ry
ingher
,can
thatamanmus thaveac hi
ld.Sevenharvestsi
sjustt
oolongtowait
.Yes,we neverbec omeasgoodasy ouar e.Sheisnots t
rongi
nplanti
ngbeans,notas
haveanotherc
hanc e,bef
oreitistoolat
eforbot
hofus .
” fasti
nc l
eaningwaterj
ars,notasgoodi nkeepinghouseclean.Youareoneof
thebes twivesint
hewholevil
lages.”
(
24) “T
hathasnotdonemeanygood,
hasi
t?”s
hes
aid.Shel
ookedathi
mlovi
ngl
y. (
34) “
Lumnay ,
”hes
aidtender
ly.“
Lumnay.I
fIdi
dthi
siti
sbecaus
eofmyneedfora
Sheal
mostseemedtos
mil
e. chi
l
d.Youknowthatli
fei
snotwor t
hli
vingwi
thoutachi
l
d.Theyhavemoc
ked
mebehindmyback.Youknowthat
.”
25) Heputthec oconutcupasi
deont hefl
oorandc amec l
osertoher.Heheldher
f
acebet weenhi shands,andlookedlongi
nglyatherbeaut y
.Butherey es
l
ookedaway .Neveragainwoul
dhehol dherface.Thenex tdayshewouldnot
(
35) “
Iknowi
t,
”shes
aid.“
Iwi
l
lpr hatKabuny
ayt anwi
l
lbl
essy
ouandMadul
i
may
.”
behisanymor e.Shewouldgobac ktoherparents.Heletgoofherface,and
shebenttot hefl
ooragainandlookedatherfingersastheytuggedsoftl
yat
thespl
i
tbamboof l
oor.
(
36) Shebi
therl
i
pnow,
thens
hookherheadwi
l
dly
,ands
obbed.
(
26) “
Thi
shouseisyour
s,”hes ai
d,“
Ibui
lti
tforyou.Makei
tyourown,l
i
vei
nitas
l
ongasyouwis
h.Iwi
llbui
l
danotherhouseforMadul
i
may.
”

(
27) “Ihavenoneedforahouse,”s
hesai
dsl
owly
.“I
’
llgotomyownhouse.My (
37) Shet houghtoft hes evenhar ves t
st hathadpas s
ed,thehi ghhopest heyhad
parent
sareol
d.Theywi
llneedmyhel
pinthepl
anti
ngoft
hebeans,i
nthe i
nt hebegi nningoft heirnewl i
fe,thedayhel ookherawayf rom herpar ents
poundi
ngoft
heri
ce.
” acrossther oari
ngr iver,ontheot hers i
deofthemount ai
n,thet r
ipupt hetrai
l
whichtheyhadt oc l
i
mb, t
hesteepc anyonwhichtheyhadt ocross–t hewat ers
(
28) “
Iwi
l
lgi
veyout
hefiel
dthatIdugoutofthemountai
nduringt
hefi
rsty
earofour boil
edi nhermi ndi nf oamsofwhi teandj adeandr oar i
ngs il
ver;thewat ers
mar
ri
age,
”hes
aid.“YouknowI di
ditf
oryou.Youhelpedmet omakeitf
orthe roll
edandgr owled,res oundedint hunderousechoest hrought hewallsoft he
t
woofus.
” steepc l
if
fs;theywer ef arawaynow butl ouds ti
l
landr ecedi
ng;t hewat ers
viol
entl
ys mas heddownf r
oms omewher eont hetopsoft heot herranges,and
(
29) “
Ihavenous
eforanyf
i
eld,
”shes
aid.
theyhadl ookedc arefull
yatthebut tressesofrockstheyhadt os tepon–a
(
30) Hel
ookedather
,thent
urnedaway
,andbec
ames
il
ent
.Theywer
esi
l
entf
ora sli
pwouldhavemeantdeat h.
l
ongti
me.

(
31) “Gobacktothedance,
”shesai
dfi
nal
ly
.“I
tisnotri
ghtforyoutobeher
e.They
(
38) T
heybothdrankthewater
,thenr
est
edontheotherbankbef
oret
heymade
wil
lwonderwher
ey ouare,andMadul
imaywil
lnotfeelgood.Gobacktothe
t
hef
inal
cli
mbtotheothers
ideoft
hemount
ain.
dance.
”

(
32) “Iwoul
dfeelbett
erify
ouc
oul
dcome,anddanc
e– f
ort
hel
astt
ime.T
he
gangsasar
eplay
ing.
” (
39) Shel
ookedathi
sfac
ewiththefi
repl
ayi
nguponhi
sfeatures–har
dands tr
ong,
andki
nd.Hehadas enseofl
ight
nessinhi
swayofs ayi
ngthi
ngs,whi
choften
(
33) “
Youknowt
hatI
cannot
.”
madeherandthevi
l
lagepeoplel
augh.Howpr
oudshehadbeenofhi shumor.
 Themus cl
esweret autandfi
rm,bronzeandcompactintheirhol
duponhisskul
l (
45) “T
henyouhat
eme, ”hesai
d.“
Ify
oudi
eitmeansyouhateme.Youdonotwant
–howf r
ankhisbri
ghtey eswere.Shelookedathi
sbodyt hathadcar
vedout metohaveachi
ld.Youdon’
twantmynametoli
veoninourt
ri
be.
”
ofthemount ai
nsfivefi
eldsforher;hi
swideandsuppletorsoheavedasi fas
sl
abofs hinni
nglumberwer eheaving;hi
sarmsandlegsfloweddowni nfl
uent
mus c
les–hewass tr
ongandf orthatshehadl
osthi
m. (
46) Shewassi
l
ent.

(
40) Shef l
ung her s
elfuponhi skneesand c lung t ot hem.“Awiyao,Awiyao,my (
47) “
IfI
donott
ryasecondt
ime,
”heexpl
ai
ned,“i
tmeansI
’l
ldi
e.Nobodywil
lgett
he
husband,”shec ri
ed.“Idi
dever ythi
ngtohaveac hil
d,”shesai
dpassi
onatelyina f
i
eldsI
havecar
vedoutoft
hemountai
ns;nobodywi
l
lcomeafterme.
”
hoarsewhi sper.Shet ookawayt heblankett hatc overedher.“Lookatme, ”
shec r
ied.“Lookatmybody .Thenitwasfullofpr omise.I
tcoul
ddanc e;i
tc oul
d
workfas ti
nt hef i
el
d,i
tc oul
dc li
mbt hemount ainsfas t
.Evennowi tisfi
rm,ful
l
.
(
48) “
Ify
oufail–youfai
lthi
ss ec
ondti
me–, ”shes
aidt
hought
ful
l
y.T
henhervoi
ce
ButAwi yao,Kabuny anneverbl es
sedme.Awi yao,Kabuny aniscrueltome.
wasshudder
.“No–no, Idon’
twantt
ofai
l.
”
Awiyao,Iamus eless.I
mus tdie.”

(
49) “
IfIfai
l
,”hesai
d,“I
’
ll
bebac ktoyou.Thenbot
hofuswi
l
ldi
etoget
her
.Bot
hofus
(
41) “I
twil
lnotber i
ghttodie,”hesai
d,gather
ingherinhi
sarms.Herwhol
ewar m
wil
lvanishf
romtheli
feofourtr
ibe.
”
nakedbr eas
tquiveredagainsthi
sown;s heclungnow tohi
sneck,andher
headlayuponhisri
ghts houl
der
;herhairf
l
oweddowni ncasc
adesofgleami
ng
darkness
.
(
50) T
hegongst
hunder
edt
hrought
hewal
l
soft
hei
rhous
e,s
onor
ousandf
araway
.

(
42) “
Idon’tcar
eaboutt hefi
el
d,”shesai
d.“Idon’tc
areaboutt
hehous
e,Idon’
t
c
areforanythi
ngbutyou.I
’
ll
neverhaveanotherman.
” (
51)“
I’
l
lkeep mybeads
,”s
he s
aid.“
Awi
yao,l
etme keep mybeads
,”s
he hal
f–
whis
pered.

(
43) “
Theny
ou’
l
lal
way
sbef
rui
tl
ess
.”
(
52) “Youwil
lkeepthebeads.T
heycamefr
omfar–of fti
mes.Mygrandmot
hersai
d
theycamef rom wayupNort
h,f
rom t
heslant–ey edpeopl
eac r
ossthes
ea.
Youkeept hem,Lumnay
.Theyar
ewortht
went yf
i
elds.
”
(
44) “
I’
l
lgobac
ktomyf
ather
.I’
l
ldi
e.”
(
53) “I
’l
lkeepthembec ausetheyst
andfortheloveyouf
orme,”shesai
d.“
Il
oveyou. (
63) Hes t
oppedasi fsuddenl
yhitbyas pear.I
npainhet urnedtoher .Herfacewas
Il
ovey ouandhavenot hingt
ogive.” i
nagony .Itpainedhi mtoleave.Shehadbeenwonder f
ult
ohi m.Whatwasi t
thatmadeamanwi shf
orac hil
d?Whatwasi ti
nl i
fe,i
nthewor kint hefi
elds,i
n
theplant
ingandhar vest,i
nt hes i
l
enc eoftheni ght,i
nthec ommuni ngoft he
(
54) Shet ookhers el
fawayfromhim,f
oravoi c
ewasc al
l
ingouttohi
mfromouts
ide. husbandandwi fe,i
nthewholelif
eoft hetri
beit
s elft
hatmademanwi shforthe
“Awiyao!Awiyao!O, Awi
yao!T
heyarelooki
ngforyouatthedanc
e!” l
aughterands peechofac hil
d?Suppos ehec hangedhi smind?Whydi dthe
unwri
ttenlawdemand,any way ,t
hataman,t obeaman,mus thaveac hi
ldto
comeaf terhim?Andi fhewasf ruit
less– buthel ovedLumnay .Itwasl i
ke
taki
ngawayhal fofhisli
fetoleaveherl i
kethi
s.
(
55) “Iamnoti nhurry.
”

(
64) “
Awi
yao,
”shes
aid,
andherey
ess
eemedt
osmi
l
eint
hel
i
ght
.“T
hebeads
!”
(
56) “
Theel
der
swi
l
lsc
oldy
ou.Youbet
tergo.
”

(
65) Het urnedbac kandwal kedt othef arthestcorneroft heirroom,tothetrunk
(
57) “
Notunt
il
yout
ell
met
hati
ti
sri
ghtwi
thy
ou.
”
wher et heykeptt hei
rwor l
dl
ypos ses si
ons– hi sbat tl
e– ax eandhi sspear
points,herbetelnutboxandherbeads .Hedugoutf r
om t hedarknes
st he
beadswhi c
hhadbeengi venhimbyhi sgrandmot hertogivet oLumnayont he
(
58) “
Iti
sal
lr
ightwi
thme.
” dayofhi smarr
iage.Hewentt oherli
fe,li
ftedherhead,putt hebeadson,and
ti
edt hemi npl
ac e.Thewhiteandjadeanddeepor angeobs i
diansshoneinthe
fi
rel
ight.Shesuddenl ycl
ungt ohim,clungt ohi
snec k,asifshewouldneverlet
(
59) Hec
las
pedherhands
.“I
dot
hisf
ort
hes
akeoft
het
ri
be,
”hes
aid. hi
mgo.

(
60) “
Iknow,
”shes
aid. (
66) “Awi
yao!Awi
yao,i
tishar
d!”s
hegas
ped,ands
hec
los
edherey
esandbur
ied
herf
aceinhi
sneck.
(
61) Hewentt
othedoor
.

(
67) Thecal
lf
orhimfrom t
heout
sider
epeat
ed;hergr
ipl
oos
ened,andhehur
ri
ed
(
62) “
Awi
yao!
”
outi
ntotheni
ght
.
(
68) Lumnays atfors
omet i
mei
nt hedarknes
s.T
henshewenttothedoorand cl
amoredmor eloudlynow,andi tseemedt heywerec al
li
ngt oher .Shewas
openedit.Themoonl
i
ghtst
uckherface;t
hemoonl
i
ghts
pil
l
edit
s el
fupont
he nearatl
ast.Shec ouldseethedancer scl
earl
ynow.Themenl eapedlight
lywi
th
wholevi
l
lage. t rgangs
hei aast heyc i
rc
ledthedancingwomendec kedi nfeas tgarmentsand
beads,t
ri
ppingont hegr oundl
ikegrac ef
ulbi
rds,
fol
l
owingt heirmen.Herheart
warmedt othefl
ami ngc al
loft
hedanc e;st
rangeheatinherbl oodwell
edup,
(
69) She c ould heart he t
hrobbing ofthe gangs ac oming to hert hrough t he andshes t
artedtorun.
caver nsoft heotherhous es.Sheknewt hatal lthehous eswer eempt y;that
thewhol et r
ibewasatt hedance.Onlyshewasabs ent .Andy etwass henot
thebes tdanc erinthevil
lage?Didshenothavet hemos tli
ghtnes sandgr ac e? (
73) Butthef l
amingbri
ghtnessofthebonf
ir
ec ommandedhertos top.Di
danybody
Coul dshenot ,al
oneamongal lt
hewomen, danc eli
keabi rdt r
ippingf orgrai ns seeherappr oach?Shes t
opped.Whatifs omebodyhadbeens eenhercoming?
ont hegr ound,beaut i
f
ull
yt i
medt othebeatoft hegangs a?Di dnott hemen Theflamesoft hebonfi
rel
eapedincountlesssparkswhi
chspreadandroseli
ke
pr ai
sehers upplebody,andt hewomenenvyt heways hes t
retchedherhands yell
ow pointsand died outinthenight .Thebl az
ereached outherli
kea
l
iket hewi ngsoft hemount ai
neaglenowandt henass hedanc ed?Howl ong spreadingradianc
e.Shedi dnothavet hec our
aget obr
eakintothewedding
agodi ds hedanc eatherownweddi ng?T onight,allt
hewomenwhoc ount ed, feast.
whoonc edanc edi nherhonor,weredanc i
ngnowi nhonorofanot herwhos e
claimwast heper hapsshec oul
dgiveherhus bandac hil
d.
(
74) Lumnaywal kedawayfrom thedanc
inggr
ound,awayfrom t
hevi l
l
age.She
thoughtofthenew cl
eari
ngofbeanswhic
hAwiyaoands hehads tar
tedto
(
70) “I
ti
snotri
ght
.Iti
snotri
ght
!”shec
ri
ed.“
Howdoess
heknow?Howc
anany
body makeonlyfourmoonsbefor
e.Shefol
l
owedthet
rai
labovethevi
ll
age.
know?I
ti
snotr i
ght
,”s
hesaid.

(
75) Whens hecamet othemount ai
nstream s
hecrosseditcar
eful
ly
.Nobodyheld
(
71) Suddenlyshef oundcourage.Shewoul dgot othedanc e.Shewoul dgotothe herhands,andthes t
ream waterwasver yc
old.Thetrai
lwentupagain,and
chi
efofthevi l
lage,totheel ders,t
otel
lthemitwasnotr ight.Awiy
aowasher s; shewasi nthemoonlightshadowsamongt het r
eesands hrubs.Sl
owlyshe
nobodyc ouldt akehimawayf romher.Letherbethef i
rstwomant ocompl
ain, cl
imbedthemountain.
todenounc et heunwrit
tenr ulethatmanmayt akeanot herwoman.Shewoul d
breakthedanc ingoft
hemenandwomen.Shewoul dt ellAwiy
aot ocomeback
toher.Hes urelywouldrelent.Wasnottheirl
oveasstrongast heri
ver? (
76) WhenLumnayr eachedt hecl
eari
ng,shecoul
ds eefr
om wher eshestoodthe
blazi
ngbonfi
reattheedgeoft hevi l
l
age,wheret hedanci
ngwas .Shec ould
hearthefar–offcl
amorofthegongs ,s
til
lr
ic
hint hei
rsonorous
nes s,ec
hoing
(
72) Shemadef
ortheothers
ideofthevi
l
lagewheret
hedanc
ingwas.T
herewasa from mount
aint
omountain.Thes ounddidnotmoc kher;t
heys eemedt oc al
l
f
lami
nggl
ow overt
hewholeplace;agreatbonf
i
rewasburni
ng.Thegangs
a fartoher;s
peaktoheri
nt helanguageofuns peakingl
ove.Shef el
tthepullof
 t
hei
rcl
amor,al
mostthefeel
i
ngthattheyweretel
li
nghert
hei
rgrat
it
udef
orher
s
acr
if
ic
es.Herhear
tbeatbegant
os oundtoherlkemanygangs
i a.

(
77) Lumnayt houghtofAwiyaoast heAwiyaoshehadknownl ongago–as trong
mus cularboyc arr
yinghisheavyloadsoffuellogsdownt hemountaintohis
home.Shehadmethi monedayass hewasonherwayt of i
ll
hercl
ayjar
swith
water .Hehads toppedatthes pr
ingtodri
nkandr est
;ands hemadehimdr i
nk
thec ool mountai
nwat erfr
om hercoconutshel
l.Af
terthatitdidnottakelong
forhi
mt odec i
detot hr
owhisspearont hestai
rsofherfat
her ’
shouseintoken
ofhisdes ir
etomar ryher.

(
78) Themountai
nc l
ear
ingwascoldi
nthefr
eezi
ngmoonli
ght.Thewindbeganto
coughandsti
rthel
eavesofthebeanpl
ant
s.Lumnaylookedforabigr
ockon
whicht
os i
tdown.T hebeanplant
snow sur
roundedher,ands hewaslos
t
amongthem.

(
79) Afew moreweeks,afew moremont hs
,af ew moreharvest
s– whatdi di
t
matt
er?Shewouldbeholdi
ngt hebeanf l
owers,sof
tinthetext
ure,s i
l
kento
l
ookat,si
l
veronthel
ightbl
ue,bloomi
ngwhiteness,whenthemorningc omes
.
Thes
woul
tr
etc
hi
dgoon.
ngoft
hebeanpodsf ul
ll
engthfr
omt heheart
softhewil
t i
ngpetal
s
LI
TERARYPI
ECE05
F
OOTNOTETOYOUTH
(
80) Lumnay
’sf
i
nger
smovedal
ong,
longt
imeamongt
hegr
owi
ngbeanpods
.
JoseGar
ci
aVi
l
la

Vil
l
a,JoseGarcia,f
i
rsti
nternat
ional
l
yrec
ogniz
edF i
l
ipi
nopoetinEngli
sh,st
arted
wri
ti
ngseriousl
ywhil
east udentattheUniver
sit
yofthePhil
ippi
nes.Hewrotefic
tion,
cr
it
ic
ism,andofc our
se,poetry,butcl
aimedhewas,fi
rstofall
,apaint
er.Hiscol
lege
day satU.P.beforethewarwer eat ur
ningpointinhisli
fe;hemader adi
callit
erary bundl
esofgras
sbef
orei
tandt
hec
arabaobegant
oeat
.Dodongl
ookedati
t
pronouncements( f
orexample,that“artisneverameans;i tisanendi nitsel
f,
”as wit
houti
nter
est
.
pointedoutbyc r
it
icHer
bertSc hnei
der,S.J.I
nr ecogniti
onofVill
a’
scontri
but i
onto
Li
teratur
e,Presi
dentMarcosonJune1 2,1
973,Phil
i
ppineIndependenceDay,conferr
ed
uponVi l
l
atheawar dofNati
onalArti
st. (
5) Dodongs t
artedhomewar dthi
nkinghowhewouldbr eakhisnewstohisfather
.
Hewant edtomar r
y,Dodongdi d.Hewasseventeen,hehadpi mplesonhi s
face,t
hedownonhi supperl
ipalreadywasdark–t hes
emeanthewasno
(
1) Thesunwass almonandhaz yi
nt hewes t.Dodongthoughtt ohimsel
fhewoul d l
ongeraboy .Hewasgr owingintoaman–hewasaman.Dodongf el
tinsol
ent
tel
lhisfatheraboutT eangwhenhegothome,af t
erhehadunhi tc
hedt he andbigatthet houghtofital
thoughhewasbynat urelowinstat
ure.Thi
nking
car
abaof romt heplow,andledittoitsshedandf edit.Hewashes i
tantabout himsel
fman–gr own,Dodongfelthecoul
ddoanyt
hing.
sayi
ngi t
,buthewant edhisfat
hert oknow.Whathehadt os aywasofs er
ious
i
mpor tasitwoul dmarkac l
i
mac ter
icinhisli
fe.Dodongfinal
lydeci
dedt otelli
t,
butat houghtcamet ohimhisfathermightrefusetocons i
derit
.Hi
sfat herwas ( 6) Hewal kedfaster
,proddedbyt het houghtofhisviri
l
it
y.As mallangl
eds tone
asil
enthar d–wor ki
ngfarmer,whoc hewedar ecanut,whichhehadl earnedt o bl
edhi sfoot,buthedismiss
edi tcursori
l
y.Helif
tedhislegandl ookedatt he
dofromhi smot her
,Dodong’
sgr andmother . hurttoeandwentonwal ki
ng.Inthec oolsundownhet houghtwi l
ddreamsof
hi
ms el
fandT eang.Teang,hi
sgirl
.Shehadas mall
brownf ac
eands mall
black
eyesands t
rai
ghtglossyhair
.How des ir
ableshewast ohim.Shemadehi m
(
2) I
wil
lt
ell
itt
ohi
m.I
wil
lt
ell
itt
ohi
m. wantt otouc
hher ,
toholdher.Shemadehi mdreamevendur ingtheday .

(
3) The ground wasbr okenup i
nto manyf r
eshwoundsand f r
agrantwit
ha (
7) Dodongtens
ewithdesir
eandlookedatthemus c
lesofhisarms
.Dir
ty.Thi
s
sweeti
shear thysmell
.Manysl
enders of
twormsemer gedfr
omthefurr
owsand f
iel
dworkwasheal
thy
,invi
gor
ati
ng,buti
tbegr
imedy ou,
smudgedyouterr
ibl
y.
thenbur r
owedagai ndeeperi
ntot hes oi
l
.As hortcol
orl
essworm marc
hed Hetur
nedbackt
hewayhehadc ome,thenobl
i
quel
ytoac reek.
bli
ndl
yt oDodong’ sfootandcr
awledc l
ammil
yoverit.Dodonggotti
ckl
edand
j
erkedhi sfoot,fl
i
ngi
ngt hewormintotheair.Dodongdidnotbothertol
ook
whereitfell
,butthoughofhisage,seventeen,andhes ai
dtohi
ms el
fhewas (
8) Dodong st
ri
pped hi
mselfand lai
d hi
sc l
othes,a gr
ayunder shir
tand red
notyoungany more. kundi
manshort
s,onthegrass.T
henhewenti nt
othewater,wethisbodyover
,
andrubbedatitvigorousl
y.Hewasnotl ongi nbat
hing,thenhemar ched
homewardagai
n.Thebathmadehi mfeel
cool.
(
4) Dodongunhit
chedthecar
abaolei
surel
yandgaveitahealt
hytaponthehip.
Thebeasttur
nedit
sheadtolookathimwi
thdumpfai
thf
uleyes
.Dodonggave
i
tas l
ightpushandtheanimalwalkedal
ongsi
dehimtoitsshed.Hepl
aced (
9) I
twasdus
kwhenher
eac
hedhome.T
hepet
rol
euml
ampont
hec
eil
i
ngal
ready
 wasl i
ghtedandt helow unvar ni
sheds quar
et abl
ewass etfors upper
.His (1
3) “Iamgoi ngtomarryTeang,”Dodongsaid.
parentsandhes atdownont hef l
ooraroundthetabletoeat.Theyhadf ri
ed
fresh–wat erf i
sh,ric
e,bananas ,andc akedsugar.Dodongat efi
shandr i
ce,
butdidnotpar takeoft hefr
uit
.T hebananaswer eoverri
peandwhenonehel d (1
4) Hisfatherlookedathims il
entl
yands toppeds uc
kingt hebr okent oot
h.T he
them theyfeltmor efl
uidthans oli
d.Dodongbr okeoffapieceofcakeds ugar, sil
encebec ameintenseandc ruel
,andDodongwi shedhi sfatherwoulds uck
dippeditinhi sglassofwat erandat eit.Hegotanot herpi
eceandwant ed thattroubloustoothagain.Dodong wasunc omfortable and thenbec ame
somemor e,buthet houghtofleavingtheremainderf
orhisparents
. angrybec ausehi
sfatherkeptl
ookingathimwit
houtut teri
ngany thi
ng.

(
10) Dodong’smotherr emovedthedisheswhent heywer ethrough,andwentout (
15) “
Iwi
l
lmar
ryT
eang,
”Dodongr
epeat
ed.“
Iwi
l
lmar
ryT
eang.
”
tothebatal
ant owas hthem.Shewal kedwithslowcarefulst
epsandDodong
wantedtohelpherc arr
ythedis
hesout ,buthewast i
redandnowf el
tl
azy.He
wishedashel ookedatherthathehadas i
sterwhoc ouldhelphismot
herin
(
16) Hisf
atherkeptgaz
ingathi
mini
nfl
exi
bl
esi
l
enc
eandDodongf
i
dget
edonhi
s
thehousework.Hepiti
edherdoingall
thehous eworkal
one.
seat
.

(
11
) Hi
sfatherremainedintheroom,suckingadiseasedt
ooth.Itwaspaini
nghi m
(
17) “Iaskedherlas
tnighttomarrymeands hesaid…yes.Iwantyourper
missi
on.I
agai
n,Dodongknew.Dodonghadt ol
dhim oft
enandagai ntoletthet own
…want…i t…”Therewasimpati
entcl
amorinhisvoi
ce,andex ac
ti
ngprotestat
dent
istpulli
tout,buthewasaf r
aid,hisfat
herwas.Hedi dnott el
lthatto
thiscol
dness,t
hisi
ndif
fer
ence.Dodonglookedathi
sfathersourl
y.Hecrac
ked
Dodong,butDodonggues s
edit.Aft
er war
dDodonghimselfthoughthatifhe
hisknuckl
esonebyone,andt hel
it
tl
es oundsi
tmadebr okedulythenight
hadadec ayedtoothhewoul dbeafraidtogotothedenti
st;hewouldnotbe
sti
ll
ness.
anybolderthanhisf
ather
.

(
18) “
Mus
tyoumar
ry,
Dodong?
”
(
12) Dodongs aidwhi l
ehismot herwasoutt hathewasgoi ngtomar ryT eang.
Thereitwasout ,whathehadt osay,andoverwhichhehaddones omuc h
thi
nki
ng.Hehads ai
ditwit
houtanyeffor
tatal
landwit
houtsel
f-consc
iousness.
Dodong feltreli
eved and looked athisfat
herex pec
tant
ly
.A dec rescent (
19) Dodongresent
edhisfather
’sques
tion;hi
sfat
herhi
mselfhadmarri
ed.Dodong
moonoutsides hi
nesi t
sfeebleli
ghtintothewindow,grayi
ng thesti
llblack madeaquickimpas
sionedes s
ayinhismindaboutsel
f
ishness
,butl
aterhegot
templesofhi
sfather.Hi
sfatherl
ookedoldnow. conf
used.
(
20) “
Youar
ever
yyoung,
Dodong.
” (
30) “
Son,ift
hatisyourwi
sh…ofcour
se…”T her
ewasstr
angehel
pl
essli
ghti
nhi
s
f
ather
’seyes
.Dodongdidnotr
eadit
,tooabsor
bedwashei
nhimsel
f
.

(
21) “
I’
m…s
event
een.
”
(
31) Dodongwasi mmensel
ygladhehadassert
edhi msel
f.Helosthisresent
ment
f
orhisf
ather.Forawhi
leheevenfel
tsor
ryforhim aboutthediseasedtooth.
(
22) “
That
’sver
yyoung,
Dodong.
” Thenhec onf
inedhi
smindt odr
eamingofT eangandhi mself
.Sweety oung
dreams
…

(
23) “
I…I
wantt
omar
ry…T
eang’
sagoodgi
rl
…”
(
32) Dodongs t
oodint hes welteri
ngnoonheat ,s
weat i
ngpr ofusel
y,s ot hathis
camesi t
awasdamp.Hewasst i
ll
li
keat r
eeandhisthoughtswer ec onfused.His
mot herhadhol dhimnott oleavet hehouse,
buthehadl eft.Hehadwant edt o
(
24) “
Tel
lyourmot
her
,”hi
sfat
hers
aid.
getoutofi twit
houtc l
earr easonatal l
.Hewasaf raid,hef el
t.Afrai
doft he
hous e.I tseemedt oc agehi m,c ompresshisthoughtswi thseveret yr
anny .
Afraidal soofTeang.Teangwasgi vingbi
rt
hinthehous e;shegaves creaml i
ke
(
25) “
Yout
ell
her
,tat
ay.
” that,s hes eemedtober ebukinghi m.Hebegantowondermadl yifthepr ocess
ofc hi
ldbirthwasreall
ypainful
.Somewomen, whentheygavebi r
th,didnotc ry.

(
26) “
Dodong,
yout
ell
yourI
nay
.”
(
33) “
Dodong,
”hi
smot
herc
all
edagai
n,“
Dodong.
”

(
27) “
Yout
ell
her
.”
(
34) Het
urnedt
olookagai
nandt
hist
imes
awhi
sfat
herbes
idehi
smot
her
.

(
28) “
All
ri
ght
,Dodong.
”
(
35) “
Iti
saboy
,”hi
sfat
hers
aid.Hebec
konedDodongt
ocomeup.

(
29) “
Youwi
l
ll
etmar
ry,
Teang?
”
(
36) Dodongfel
tmoreembarr
assedanddi
dnotmove.Whatamomentforhi
m.Hi
s
par
ent’
seyesseemedtopiec
ehimthr
oughandhefel
tl
imp.Hewant
edtohi
de
 f
romt
hem,
tor
unaway
.

(
45) Howki
ndwer
ethei
rvoi
cest
heyf
l
owedi
ntomaki
nghi
mst
rong.

(
37) “
Dodong,
youc
omeup.Youc
omeup,
”hi
smot
hers
aid.

(
46) “
Teang?
”Dodongs
aid.

(
38) Dodongdi
dnotwantt
ocomeupands
tay
edi
nthes
un.

(
47) “
She’
ssl
eepi
ng.Buty
ougoi
n…”

(
39) “
Dodong,
Dodong.
”

(
48) Hi
sfatherl
edhi mint
os ls
mal awalir
oom.Dodongsaw Teang,hi
sgir
lwif
e,
asl
eeponthepapagwi t
hherblac
khairs
oftar
oundherf
ace.Hedidnotwant
(
40) “
I’
l
l…c
omeup.
”
hertol
ookthatpal
e…

(
41) Dodongt racedt r
emulouss t
epsont hedr yparchedy ard.Heas cendedt he
(
49) Dodongwant edtotouchher,t
oputawayt hest
raywi
spofhairt
hatt
ouched
bamboos t
epss l
owly
.Hisheartpoundedmer ci
les
s l
yinhim.Withi
n,heavoided
herli
ps,butagai
nthatf
eeli
ngofembar
ras
s mentcameoverhi
mandbefor
ehis
hisparents’ey
es .Hewalkedaheadoft hem s othattheys houldnots eehis
parentshedidnotwanttobedemonst
rat
ive.
face.Hefel
tguil
tyanduntrue.Hefel
tl
ikecry
ing.Hi
sey essmar t
edandhi schest
want edtoburst.Hewantedt oturnback,togobac kt othey ear.Hewanted
somebodyt opunishhim.
(
50) Thehi
l
otwaswr
appi
ngthechil
d.Dodonghear
ditcry.Thethi
nvoi
cepi
erc
ed
hi
mqueer
ly
.Hec
oul
dnotcont
rolthes
well
i
ngofhappi
nessinhi
m.

(
42) Hi
sfat
hert
hrus
thi
shandi
nhi
sandgr
ippedi
tgent
ly
.

(
51) “
Yougi
vehi
mtome.Yougi
vehi
mtome.
”Dodongs
aid.

(
43) “
Son,
”hi
sfat
hers
aid.

(
52) BlaswasnotDodong’
sonlychi
l
d.Manymorechil
drencame.F
orsi
xs ucc
essi
ve
yearsanewchi
ldcameal
ong.Dodongdidnotwantanymorechi
l
dren,butt
hey
(
44) Andhi
smot
her
:“Dodong…”
came.I
tseemedthecomingofchi
l
drenc
ouldnotbehel
ped.Dodonggotangry
withhi
msel
fsometi
mes.
 (
59) WhenBl asei ght
een,hec amehomeoneni ghtveryflust
eredandhappy .I
twas
l
at eatni ghtandT eangandt heotherc hi
ldrenwer eas l
eep.Dodonghear d
(
53) Teang did notcomplain,butt hebear i
ng ofc hil
drent ol
d onher .Shewas
Blas’s
teps ,f
orhec ouldnotsleepwellofnights.Hewat c
hedBl asundr
es si
nthe
shapelessandthinnow,eveni fs hewasy oung.Therewasi nterminablewor k
darkandl i
edowns oft
ly
.Blaswasr est
lessonhi smatandc oul
dnots leep.
tobedone.Cooki ng.Launder i
ng.Thehous e.Thechil
dren.Shec rieds ometimes ,
Dodongc al
ledhisnameandas kedwhyhedi dnotsl
eep.Blass ai
dhecouldnot
wishi
ngs hehadnotmar ri
ed.Shedi dnott ellDodongt his,notwi shi
nghi mt o
sl
eep.
dis
li
keher .Yets
hewi sheds hehadnotmar r
ied.NotevenDodong,whom s he
l
oved.T herehadbeenanot hers uit
or,Luci
o, ol
derthanDodongbyni ney ears,
andt hatwaswhys hehadc hosenDodong.YoungDodong. Sevent een.Luc i
o
(
60) “Youbet tergotos l
eep.Itisl
ate,”Dodongs aid.
hadmar ri
edanot herafterhermar ri
agetoDodong,buthewasc hil
dlessuntil
now.Shewonder ed,ifshehadmar r
iedLuc i
o,woul ds hehavebor nehi m
chi
ldr
en.May benoteither.Thatwasabet terlot.ButshelovedDodong…
(
61) Blasraisedhi msel
fonhi selbow andmut t
ereds omethinginal ow f
lutt
eri
ng
(
54) Dodongwhoml i
fehadmadeugl y
. voice.

(
55) Onenight
,ashelaybesi
dehiswi
fe,herose,andwentoutofthehouse.He (
62) Dodongdi
dnotans
werandt
ri
edt
osl
eep.
stoodi
nthemoonli
ght
,ti
redandquerul
ous
.Hewant edtoaskquest
ionsand
somebodytoans
werhim.Hewant
edt obewiseaboutmanyt
hings
.
(
63) “
It
ay…”Bl
asc
all
eds
oft
ly
.

(
56) Oneoft
hemwaswhyLif
edidnotful
f
il
lal
lofYout
h’sdr
eams
.Whyi
tmus
tbes
o.
Whyonewasf
ors
aken…aft
erLove.
(
64) Dodongs
tir
redandas
kedhi
mwhatwasi
t.

(
57) Dodong c
oul
d notfi
nd t
he ans
wer
.May be t
he ques
t i
on wasnotto be
(
65) “
Iamgoi
ngt
omar
ryT
ona.Sheac
cept
edmet
oni
ght
.”
answer
ed.I
tmustbesot
omakeYout
h.Youthmustbedreamful
l
ysweet
.

(
66) Dodongl
ayont
her
edpi
l
lowwi
thoutmovi
ng.
(
58) Dodongret
urnedt
othehous
ehumi
l
iat
edbyhi
msel
f
.Hehadwant
edt
oknowa
l
it
tl
ewis
dombutwasdeniedi
t.

(
67) “
It
ay,
yout
hinki
tover
.”
 (
02) I
nt he c ur
renti nves ti
gat i
on ofnat i
onall iterature,as wel las ini t
s
format i
on, regional l
it
erat ureshaveas sumedi mpor tance.Byr egional l
i
terature
(
68) Dodongl
ays
il
ent
.
i
smeantt hel i
teraryt r
adi ti
ons ,wr i
tt
enoror al,oft hevar iouset hno-l
inguistic
groupsi nt hec ount r
y,c ommuni ti
est hat,des pitemuc hinternalmi grati
on,c an
stil
lbes aidt ohavedi sti
nc tgeogr aphicals etti
ngsori dent iti
es .Of t
en,and
(
69) “
Il
oveT
onaand…I
wanther
.” l
egi t
imat el
ys o,thec onc eptofr egionalli
t eratur eisoppos edt ot hatoft he
l
iteratureofc ourtandc apital
,ther uli
ngl i
terat uresi nEngl ish,Spani shand,t o
an ex tent ,T agal
og.T hisi sa r efl
exofourl iterar yhi s
torywher er egional
(
70) Dodongrosefr
om hi
smatandt ol
dBlastofol
l
owhim.Theydes
cendedt
ot he l
iteratureshaveof tenbeenc ons i
gnedt ot hel evel ofs ubli
terat ures .Inpracti
c e,
yar
d,whereevery
thi
ngwasst
il
landquiet
.Themoonl
i
ghtwascol
dandwhit
e. therefore,t he c onceptofr egionall it
erat urei nt he Phi li
ppines i s of ten
subs umed undert hewi derc onc eptofver nac ularl i
terature,enc ompas sing
bot hc reativeand f olkt raditi
ons .Invi ew oft hef actsofPhi l
ippinel i
terar y
historypar ticul
arl
yt hei mbal anc escaus edbyt hec olonialex perienc e,regional
analys i
si snec ess ari
l
yi nvol vedi nas tudyoft heoppos i
tionbet weenc enter

LI
TERARYPI
ECE06 andper i
pher y ,
bet weendomi nantandmi nor it
yl i
terat ures.

(
03) Var i
ousc riti
cshaveas sertedt hatt odaywec annotasy ets peakofa
nat i
onall i
ter
at ure.Cons t
ant i
no and Si kat,ref err
ing to ourl iterat
ur e as
OnNat
iveGr
ounds: fragment ed( wat ak-wat ak),arguet hatwec annotasy etformal l
yc l
aimt hatwe
havea“ nati
onall i
terature”i nt hePhi l
ippines( SaPi l
i
pinasayhi ndipanat i
n
TheSi
gni
f
icanc
eofRegi
onal
Lit
erat
ure por mal namasasabi namay roonngpambansangl i
teratura).Theyc it
et hef act
thati nviewoft hel ackofs ustainedors yst
emat icregional orac ross-r
egi onal
studieswes ti
ll
havet odefinet het ot albodyofl iterarytraditi
onsint hec ount ry,
(
01) Overthepas tdec adetherehasbeenawi deningef f
ortatrevalui
ngt he as wel las br i
ng t heset raditions t ot he levelofpopul ar,i nterr
egi onal
conceptofa “ nati
onal”lit
eratur
eint he Phi
l
ippi
nes .Whil
et he image ofa appr eciati
on.T he need f ora br oadl y-based,s ystemat i
ci nves ti
gation of
nati
onalli
ter
aturehaspr eoccupi
edwriter
sands cholar
satvar i
oust urnsin ver nacularandr egionall i
terat uresi shi ghi nt heagendaoft oday ’
sliterary
Phil
i
ppine hi
story – dur i
ng the Japanese Oc c
upation withitsc ult
ivated sc holars.Rol ando S.T i
nioc omment s:“ att he moment ,iti s diff
icultt o
mysti
queofa“ Malayan”pas t–itcanperhapsbes ai
dt hatatnoot hert i
me char acterizet he nat ionall it
er arys ens i
bil
it
y bec auset he gr eat bul k of
hastheconceptbeens ubj
ectedtoasrigor
ousas cruti
nyast oday
. ver nacularl i
teraturehasr emai ned unc oll
ected.Henc e,its eemsi mper ati
ve
thatmas si
vebas i
cr es earchi nver nac ul
arl i
teraturet obeunder taken. ”The
i
mpor tanc eofs uc has t
udyi sunder sc oredbyBi enveni doLumber a:“hereinlies
 theimportanceofresearchi
nthehist
oryofr
egionalli
terat
ures–asitatt
ains c
ons
cious
nes
soft
oday
’swr
it
ers
.
thoroughnessandac cur
acy,
iti
sboundtoassi
stinrevi
s i
ngtheexi
sti
ngl
it
erary
hist
oryofthePhil
i
ppines.
”
(
06) Somet hingofwhatismi s
sedi salsos eenifwecons i
derthetremendous
volume ofl i
teraryproducti
onst o be f ound int he books,pamphl etsand
(
04) Suchinteres tderivesfromt herecogniti
onoft heimpor tanceofr egi
onal periodical
swhi chhavebeenpubl i
shedi nt hevar i
ousregional
languages .The
l
it
eratureasac omponentofnat i
onall
it
erature.I
nmanyc as esint hepas t
,the mas sivewor kofc ol
l
ecti
ngc at
alogui ng,andi ndexi
ngt hesewi del
ys catt
ered
nati
onalli
teraturehasbeenunc ri
ti
cal
lyequatedwi tht her uli
ngl i
teratures,the mat eri
alshasj ustbegun.Undoubt edly,thebulkofwor kstober ecoveredand
l
it
eratureof“ c
our tandc apit
al,
”onelargelyproducedandpat ronizedbyas mal
l studiedi slarge.Oneonl yhast onot et hatasagai nst64F il
ipi
nonovel sin
cul
turaleli
teandex ternal
lydefinedbyi tsus eofaf oreignmedi um ( Spanish Englishproduc edin1921–1966, some1 ,000T agal
ognovel swer epubli
shedin
andEngl i
sh)and, toac ertai
nex tent
,thelit
eratureofthepr i
mat er egi
onoft he thef i
rstquarterofthepresentcent uryalone.
countrythrought hismaybewr itt
eninanat i
velanguage( i.
e.T agalog)aswel l
aspopul arinc har acter.Becaus eofs uchunc ri
ti
calequat ions,judgment son
Phil
i
ppineli
teraturehaveof t
enbeendi st
ortedbydeduc ingf romal i
mitedar ea (
07) Furthermor e,t herei st he mat teroft he ric
h or alt r
aditions i nt he
tr
uthswhi char et henmadet ogener all
yapplyt othet ot alfi
eldof“ Phi l
i
ppine provinces ,af i
el
dwhi chliterar ys chol ar s,t otheirloss,havel argelyl eftfort he
l
it
erature.” ethnologis t
sandf ol
kloristst omi ne.I nter esti
nf olkl
oristi
cs tudieshasi nr ecent
yearsint ens i
f
iedasi thasal soadopt edanddevel opedmor es ophi s
ticated
i
ns t
rument sofanal ysis.Thishasr es ultedi n,amongot herthings ,ther ec overy
(
05) Suc hlapsesar es eri
ouswhenwec onsidert hatt hegr eaterbul koft he ofmanyor alt
ex t
sandofs uc hs urroundi ngdat aaswoul dbenec es saryf orthe
populationisinout l
yi
ngr egi ons,andt hatt heli
teraryex per i
enc eoft hepeopl e ful
lapprec iati
onofs uchf olkc r
eat ions .T heimpor tanceoft hes eef fortsc annot
ofthes er egi
onsl argelyoper ateswithinthelimitsoft heirres pec t
ivet raditi
ons beover emphas i
zedf orwehavei nt raditi
onalorf olkwor kst henec es s
ary
asex pres sedort rans mittedi ntheirownl anguages .Evenr eader s
hi pfi
gur es, foundationonwhi chanat i
onal li
ter at uremus ts t
andandas ourcef r
om whi ch
thoughi mprecisewi l
lt elluss omet hi
ng ofwhati smi s sed.T hepr estigi
ous writ
ersc andr aws us t
enanc ei nt hef or mofs ubjec t
s,insights,ands tyl
esi nthe
Englis
h– l anguagemagaz i
neoft he1 930s ,Phil
ippi neMagaz i
ne,edi t
ed by l
ightoft hef actthatmuc hc ont empor ar yPhili
ppinelit
er atureispal l
idf orhavi ng
A.V.H.Har tendrop,hadar egis t
eredmont hlyc i
rc
ul ationof6,500.T hiseas y beennour ishedont het hins urfaces oi ltobor rowedl i
teraryi deas .T hi
sdi gging
palesinc ompar i
s onwi ths uc hlocal
lycirc
ulatedr egional ver nacularmagaz i
nes i
ntot hedept hsoft raditi
onall it
er at ur es houldaugurwel lfort hef utureof
ofthes ameper iodast heCebuanoBag–ongKus ogwi thaweekl yc i
rculati
on Phil
i
ppinewr it
ingasi tsit
uat eswr i
t er smor efirmlyinamor er i
chlydef i
nedand
of10,975andBaby ewi thaweekl y8, 000;ort heIonggoYl
l ang–Yl angwi t
h7, better–under s
toodnat ivec ultural tradi ti
on.
795 and Banaag wi th1 0,560,bot h ofweekl yc i
rculati
on.Yet ,Phi li
ppine
magaz inei swell–mi ndedbyr esearchers,it
si mpor tanc easa“ HIGHPOI NT ”I
N
Phil
ippi
ne l etters memor iali
zed,t he r egionalver nac ular magaz ine j ust (
08) Theneglec
tofvernacul
arandfol
kli
ter
atur
emaybedue,inlar
gepart
,to
ment i
onedhaver emainedi nthebi nofl i
terarys c
hol ar shipandoft hec ult
ural acr
it
ic
alor
ient
ati
onfast
idi
ousl
ycult
ivat
edintheacademes
inc
et heendofthe
 Paci
fi
cWarwhi chf
oc usesi
nter estonahi s
torical
lystati
cor derof“ greatwor ks
” byt hegradualvar i
ati
onsint hes patialinterac
ti
onofphy s i
caland human
andt heanalysesoff ormalqualiti
es,andtol i
teraturepr ogramswhi chac c
ord element s
.”Att hesamet ime,amor edemoc rat
icapproac ht ol i
teraturewi l
l
onl
yt he mos t minimals har et ot he s t
udy ofnat i
ve l iter
atures.One enabl eustos eemor eful
l
ynotonl yapeopl e’sexperi
enceasi tisr eveal edin
consequenc eofthes it
uati
onhasbeenabi asagai ns
ts ociologicalst
udiesof artbutal sothegenes i
sandgr owthofi deasandf ormsinliterature.Whatwi l
l
l
it
erature;orwheres uchstudiesar eundertaken, anincapacityt oprobedeeply emer gef
romal l
thi
sisamor eaccuratees ti
mat i
onofPhili
ppinel i
terarytradi t
ion.
i
ntothes truct
ureandmeani ngsoft henati
veliteraryexper i
enc e. Whatneedt obepursuedas s
iduouslytodayar es ci
enti
fi
cregional andc ross–
regionalli
teraryst
udies.Suc hli
neament sofPhi li
ppi
ne lit
er ature orl i
terary
history,wil
lbe importantinsof
arast heyr eveals i
mil
arit
iesorc ontinuiti
es
(
09) Thes t
udyoft hec ountr
y ’
ssubli
ter atures’shouldr es ul
tinanumberof amongvar iousPhi
li
ppinel
it
erarytradit
ions,aswel lasvariati
onsamongt hese
cons equent i
alreadjustmentsinourunder standi
ngofPhi li
ppinel i
terature.For traditi
ons.
onet hing,itwi l
luncovert hei mportanc eofagr eatmas sofwor ksof ten
derisivelydismissedas“ popular”or“ hac k”wr i
ti
ng– t hef i
ct
ion,ver s
e,and
otherwor kspublishedinc ommer ci
alver nac ul
arperiodicals.Muc hoft hi
swor k (
12)
Cons tanti
noandSi katbeli
evet hatabas isforac ommont radi t
ioncanbe
i
sundoubt edl
ys ubli
teray.Yet,anunder s t
andingofPhi l
ippinel i
teratureinits foundi nt hes i
mil
ari
tyoft heli
nguisticstr
ucturesofPhi l
ippinel anguages ,of
totali
tywi l
lbeincompl et
eandf lawedifduec onsi
derationi snotac cordeds uch histor
icalexperi
ence,li
ter
arydevelopment ,moti
fsandc onvent i
ons .“Ingeneral
,
wor ksashavebeenc al
led“theundergr owt hoflit
erature.” itcan be s ai
dt hatitisonl yinlanguage t hatourl i
teraturesvar y
.”( Sa
pangkal ahatan,hal
ossawi kangal amangnagkakai ba–i baangat i
ngmga
li
terat
ur a)
.Thoroughon–goi ngr egionalandc ross–r egionals tudiesshould
(
10)
Therei sanot herval uet ot hes tudyofr egionalandver nacularli
ter
atur es, deepenourunder standi
ngoft heover al
lcontinui
tyoft hePhi li
ppinelit
erary
Phil
i
ppinel i
terat ureinEngli
shi sal i
teratur
edi sti
nctl
ybourgeoisint hecharac ter tradit
ion.
ofit
spr oducer s ,consumers,s tyl
esandpr eoccupati
ons.Bec auseoft hi
s ,the
real
it
yi tunfoldshasi tpecul
iarr efract
ions,l
imit
at i
onsandbi ases.Ont heot her
hand, vernacul arli
teratur
e,as sociatedasiti swit
hadi f
ferentl
owers oci
alclass, (
13)Ontheotherhand,amor edynamicki
ndofcont
inui
tyc
anbeappreci
atedi
fwe
li
escloset ot hes oil
,asitwer e,andpr ovidesuswi thinsight
si ntoadi f
ferent del
veintothevar i
ati
onst hatdi
versi
fyourcommonlit
erar
yexperi
enceasa
orderofr eali
tywi thitsownc har acteri
sti
cpat t
ernsoft hi
nkingandf eeli
ngand peopl
e.Inthi
srespect,onec anquoteFr
.H.del aCost
a’sobs
ervati
ononan
model sofex pr es s
ion. i
mportantaspec
tofPhi l
i
ppinecul
tur
e.

(
11
)As t
udyofr egionalandver nac ul
arl
it
erature,t
heref
ore,shoul
dl eadust oa …accult
urati
onvar i
ed hori
zontal
l
y,fr
om r egi
ont or egi
on,and ver t
ic
all
y,
full
erunders
t andi
ngoft hePhili
ppinecul
turall
andsc
apeaswec utac r
osssocial fr
om c l
asstocl
ass,resul
ti
ngi nsi
gni
fi
cantdif
ferenc
eswi thinarecognizabl
y
classesand geogr aphicalregions.Regionalanal
ysi
ss houl
dl ead ust o an commonc ul
tur
e… Thepi ecemealprocessbywhi c
ht heseislandswer e
under s
tandi
ngoft hec ul
turalconcomit
antsof“ t
herealdi
ff
erenti
ationscaused peopled,thevary
ingpatternsofourtradewithneighboringl
ands, andthe
 great
erorl esserdegr ee ofpenetrat
ionaffec
ted bythe Spanishand
Americ
anc olonialsyst
em –al lt
heseaspec t
sofourhist
or ysuggestthat
F
rom:Cont
empor
aryPhi
l
ippi
neLi
ter
atur
e
whil
eitispossibletospeakofanat i
onal c
ult
urecommontot hePhil
ippi
nes
asawhol e,wemustex pectsi
gni
fi
canthori
zontal
andvert
icalvar
iat
ions. Edi
tedbyI
sagani
R.Cr
uz

I
ntegr
atedRes
ear
chCent
er
(
14)
Thes tudyofr egionalliter
atur
es–andmor ei mportantl
y,theirentryint
oour DLSUT
aftAve.
Mla.
,1983
shar ed c ul
turalc ons c
iousness as a nat ion – s houl
d bot h defi
ne and
strengt hent r
adi t
ion.F orone,its houldleadust oajusteres ti
mat i
onofour
culturalhist
ory .I
nf act,af ewthemesi nthec ur r
entreevaluati
onofourl i
ter
ary
historyhave al readybeen of fered.T i
nios ays :“T
he tradit
ion ofPhi l
i
ppine
li
teraturemus tbes eenasver nacul
ar,withwr i
ti
ng inSpani shand Engl i
sh
wr i
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rafted ont o ourl iteraturebyWes ternc ol
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(
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(
16)
Whatweknow ofourl i
teraturetodayf ormsani dealorderwhi c
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teratures.Whatwi l
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shouldgo.
 s
peakofnat
ional
li
ter
atur
e?Doy
ouagr
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th?Whyorwhynot
?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
ACTI
VI
TYO1
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
OnNat
iveGr
ounds: ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
TheSi
gni
f
icanc
eofRegi
onal
Lit
erat
ure

Resi
lB.Moj
ares
3.Whyisi
tdif
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zethenati
onall
it
erar
ys ens
ibi
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o
Rol
andoS.Ti
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o?Doy outhinkthi
sisst
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lt
ruetoday?Proveyourans
wer.
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weranddi
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tions
.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
1
.Whati
sregi
onal
li
ter
atur
e? ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______ _________

______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________

______________________________
________________________________________ 4.Expl
ainthei
mpor
tanc
eofr
egi
onall
i
ter
atur
easac
omponentofnat
ional
______________________________
________ l
it
erat
ure.
______________________________
________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.Whydoy
out
hinkvar
iousc
ri
ti
cshaveas
ser
tedt
hatt
odaywec
annoty
et ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
___________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5.Ex
plai
nthedevel
opmentandi
nter
esti
nfol
kl
ori
sti
cst
udi
esi
nrec
enty
ear
s. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
_____________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________

6.Ci
teandex
plai
nthes
igni
f
icanc
eofr
egi
onal
li
ter
atur
e.

______________________________
________________________________________ 9.Summar
izei
ntwoort
hrees
ent
enc
est
hees
say
’smes
sage.
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

7.Whatdoy
out
hinki
stheaut
hor
’spur
pos
einwr
it
ingt
hises
say
?

______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
REF
ERENCES
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
______________________________
________________________________________
Basc
ara,
LindaR.( .Wor
2003) ldLi
ter
atur
e.Mani
l
a,Phi
l
ippi
nes:RexBookSt
ore

8.Doy
out
hinkt
hatt
heaut
hors
ucc
eededi
nhi
spur
pos
e?Whyorwhynot
?
Lac
ia,F
redi
l
yn C. et
.al
.(2003)
.The Li
tear
tur
esoft
he Phi
l
ippi
nes.Mani
l
a,
 Phi
l
ippi
nes
:RexBookSt
ore

Vi
ar,Orl
andoM.( 2006)Tr
. easur
esofPhi
l
ippi
neRegi
onalLi
ter
atur
es.Mani
l
a,
Phi
li
ppi
nes
:r exBookStore

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ademi
cYear

201
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