Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Ilagan, Isabela

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

COMPLIANCE
OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS TO
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Submitted by:

CLIFFORD R. GATERING
PRINCESS S. PRUDENCIO
REYLYN M. BAYUDAN
JENNY GRACE R. NORIEGA
KRISTELLE MAE S. VIERNES
MELVIN V. ESGUERRA

Submitted to:
Engr. Alex M. Balubal

1
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction:

Improving productivity in construction is a great challenge facing the construction industry

(Abdelhamid,2004). The advent of industrialization and the continuing introduction of technological

innovations in our country today have,however,correspondingly increased the number and types of

occupational hazards that our workers are exposed to.Viewed against this backdrop, it became

imperative that the standards be revised to make a truly responsive to the worker’s needs(DOLE,1990)

Improving safety in construction remains a priority in almost every country around the world,

because the construction industry stands out among all other industries as the main contributor to

severe and fatal accidents (Ahmed et al, 2000).

Increasing safety is critical in the context of improving productivity and efficiency in

construction industry. However improving occupational safety and health in the construction industry

is essential, not only because enlightened clients demand excellent safety performance from

contractors, but also due to continuous search for more economic benefit and increased productivity

(Gnosh and Young-Corbett 2009).

Due to the high number of accidents that occur in construction and the consequences this has

for workers,occupational safety and health (OSH) has become a very important issue for stakeholders

to take care of the human resource. For this reason, and in order to know how OSH research in the

construction sector has evolved over the time.

2
Statement of the Problem:

Although regulations in Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry are quiet

comprehensive and reinforced with structure safety inspection and audit of by the COSH at regular

time,the accidents at construction site is still alarming.There is need to determine why thw number of

accidents and fatality still at unacceptable figure.The level of compliance of the contractors will be

analyzed to determine the effectiveness in implementing the occupational safety and health issues at

constructions sites, these are few research problems that have been developed for this research in

addressing the issues and problems in the construction industry as the following.

1. What is the level of compliance of the construction workers towards safety provision of

COSH?

A. PPE

B. Working Platforms

C. Scaffoldings

D. Hand Tools

E. Power Tools

F. Heavy Equipment

G. Ladders

H. Motor Vehicles

2. How does the contractors implement the awareness on handling safety measurements in the

site?

A. Site Premises

B. Orderliness and Material Storage

C. Confined Space

3
3. What are the most concern practices that needs more improvements?

4. What are the methods of prevention for the safety and health of every workers?

A. Fire Protection/Prevention

B. Health Hazard Control

C. Emergency Exits

D. Barricades

5. Are there relevant OSH records during the construction phase?

A. Excavation

6. Does periodic inspections are being implemented?

4
Scope and Delimitation

The main purpose of this study is to assess the compliance of construction projects in the 2nd

district of Isabela with regard to OSH provisions. The data will be gathered from the on-going

construction projects in the year 2019 only.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to acquire a better understanding about the Occupational Safety

and Health (OSH) standards and to emphasize the importance of safety and health in the construction

industry. Accordingly, this study will be of significant use to the following:

To the Authority: The findings of this study may serve as an informative tool and as a baseline data

for a better implementation of the occupational safety and health standards.

To the Construction Firms: Constructions firms will be aware of status of compliance for them to

improve their compliance to the occupational safety and health standards.Companies that put safety

first turn out a higher quality of construction projects.

To the Workers and Clients: They will be benefited, as the safety performance is improving.

Clients want to work with companies that are safe and workers want to work in a safe environment.

5
Research Design

Figure 1 presents the interrelation of the input, process and the output.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Occupational
Safety and Extent of
Assessment
Health Compliance
Standard

Feedback
Mechanism

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

6
Definition of Terms

Barricades -is anything that prevents people or vehicles from getting through along construction sites.

Confined Space- work areas that are large enough for an employee to enter, have limited means of

entry or exit, and are not designed for continuous occupancy.

Emergency Exits-is a special exit allows for faster evacuation while it also provides an alternative if

the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.

Environmental Safety- is the practice of policies and procedures that ensure that a

surrounding environment, along site premises or facilities, is free of dangers that could cause harm to a

person working in those areas.

Excavations-a hole formed by digging.

Fire Protection/Prevention- a practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive

fires along site premises.

Flammable gases and liquids- substances in solid, liquid or gaseous forms known to constitute fire,

explosion or health hazard.

Hand Tools- is any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor.

Health hazard control- refers to workplace procedures adopted to minimize construction injury, reduce

adverse health effects.

Heavy Equipment-refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks,

most frequently ones involving earthwork operations.

Ladders- is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps used for climbing up or down.

Motor Vehicles- refers to all vehicles use in construction.

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Occupational Health-deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus

on primary prevention of hazards.

Orderliness and Material Storage-refers to the cleanliness and the right order along site premises and

Personal Protective Equipment-refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments

or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.

Power Tools- a tool that operates with an electric motor.

Powder-Activated Tools- a tool or device powered by powder charge. Such tools are used for various

assembly and fitting operations. They are used to drive fastening, such as studs, into concrete, brick,

metal, and other structural members so that electrical, plumbing, and other fixture can be attached.

Scaffoldings- a temporary structure on the outside of a building, made usually of wooden planks and

metal poles, used by workers while building, repairing, or cleaning the building.

Site Premises- means the work site or along the construction area.

Working Platforms- any surface from which work can be carried out, such as: a roof. a floor.

a platform on a scaffold.

8
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

According to the General Provisions of OSHS for the Site Premises, building premises shall

have adequate fire, emergency or danger sign and safety instructions of standard colors and sizes

visible at all times.Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such

as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the

establishment shall be used to increase safety especially during the night. Handicapped employees

should be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as practicable and feasible they should be

provided with facilities for safe and convenient movement with the establishment. Good housekeeping

shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards, machines, equipment, regular

waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of processes, operations, storage and filing of materials.

Personal Facilities: Adequate comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and female workers;

Adequate dressing rooms for female workers and locker rooms for male workers shall be provided.

For Stair’s Strength all stairs, platform, and landings shall be of sufficient strength to sustain

safely a live load of not less than 490 kg/m2 (100 lbs/ft2) with a factor of safety of four (4).No

stairway shall have a height of more than 3.6 meters (12 ft) between landings.

9
 Walks, runways, working platforms or open sided floors 2m (6.6 ft.) or more above the floor or

ground level, except platforms used for motor or similar equipment, which do not afford standing

space for persons, shall be guarded on all open sides by standard railing and toe boards. Runways used

for filling tank cars or for oiling purposes may have the railing on one side omitted if necessary but the

hazards of falling shall be reduced by the use of runways not less than 56 cm. (22 in.) in width. All

runways of platforms constructed over conveyors or machinery shall be guarded on all open sides by

standards railings and toe boards.

Roadways for automobiles, tractors, or other vehicles shall be soundly constructed with good

wearing surface. Roadways shall be of adequate width, and where used by, two-way traffic shall be at

least twice the width of the widest vehicle normally used plus 1.25 m. (4 ft.). Sufficient clearance from

overhead structures shall be provided.Where the installations of grade or level crossing cannot be

avoided such crossing shall be protected. Adequate railings or walls shall be provided along bridges,

slopes and sharp curves.

Walkways shall not be located under the eaves of buildings where they may become slippery.

Safe walkways shall be constructed along the shortest line between important points. Where it is

necessary for pedestrians to cross railroad tracks or vehicular roadways, bridges or underpasses shall

be provided, and the track or roadway should be fenced to prevent direct crossing at such

points.Walking along railroad tracks by unauthorized persons shall not be allowed. Walking along

railroad tracks by unauthorized persons shall not be allowed. Railings shall be installed along

walkways, on bridges on steep slopes, at slippery places and at places where pedestrians are liable`` to

injury by passing vehicles.

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 According to the General Provisions of OSHS for the Personal Protective Equipment, Shall at

his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes, face, hands and feet,

protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or

environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing

injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical

contact. According to the General Provisions of OSHS for the Hazardous Materials, all containers with

hazardous substances shall be properly labeled.According to the General Provisions of OSHS for

Construction Safety,at every construction site there shall be organized and maintained a Health and

Safety Committee. In Traffic Control construction sites where a worker’s safety is likely to be

endangered by a vehicular traffic, flagmen, warning signs, barriers or lane control devices shall be

installed. In Vehicular Loading, no person shall remain on or in a vehicle during loading or unloading

except those required to be there and only when all necessary protection against hazards are provided.

And in Vehicle Driving, no person shall operate any vehicle or equipment in a construction site unless

he has adequate training and experience to operate such vehicle or equipment and is authorized by his

immediate supervisor.

11
RELATED STUDIES

The construction industry is a very dangerous industry. The performance of the industry in

occupational health and safety is very poor. The standard of occupational health and safety is even

worse in developing countries. (S. Kanchana et al, 2015)

Ahmadon Bakri et al., (2006) suggested that there is a need to look into a new way of

improving the image of the construction industry by reducing the hazards at construction sites.

The Indian construction labor force is 7.5% of the total world labor force and it contributes to 16.4% of

fatal global occupational accidents

Every year, a considerable amount of time is lost due to work related health issues and site

accidents. There are several factors responsible for health problems and construction site accidents.

From the result of Occupational Safety and Health Administration examination on the causes of

construction fatalities, it was shown that 39.9% of fatalities in construction were caused by falls, 8.4%

were struck by objects, 1.4% were caught in between incidents, and 8.5% were electrocution.

(S.Kanchana et al, 2015)

According to Paringga (2010), education and training are designed to prevent human error that

may cause the accidents and to enable workers to perform a repetitive task with skill.

Kin and Bonaventura (2006) did a study on safety management practices in Buthanese construction

industry explained that safety policy is a written statement of principles and goals which can

demonstrate top management’s commitment to ensure safe working methods and environment at the

construction sites.

Ahmadon Bakri et al., (2006) stated that safety policy is a requirement of the safety and health

policy that reflects the management commitment towards the organization’s safety and health.

12
 According to Keng and Razak, 2014 in order to prevent the workers from repeating their

offences; they should be penalized.

(MohdKhairolden et al., 2008). Zhou et al., (2011) supported that heavier administrative

penalties should be imposed on the organization or any person in charge and these penalties include

warnings, charges of correction, confiscation of the legal income, charges to stop production,

temporary detainment or even detention

Masayuki (2006) identified one of the ways to inculcate safety culture at workplace is by

giving award to the workers. In Japan, the award approach honor of awards from Authority to Foremen

and Company, from Client to Foreman and Main Contractor as well as from Construction Company to

Foreman and Sub Contractor.

According to Abudayyeh et al., (2006) safety should not only be viewed as Occupational

Safety and Health Administration regulations that need to be adhered to, but it should be treated as

values and a cultures with clear commitment from all levels of management. Choudry et al., (2008)

discovered that one of the good practices by team management to promote safety and health is by

displaying safety materials on safety bulletin boards so that workers can read and understand them.

Other than that, the project managers can also display the project site accident statistic on safety

bulletin boards. This is one of the efforts that can be done by the managers to promote safety and

health to their workers. Alternatively, Masayuki (2006) suggested that there should be a safety board to

show the safety signs at the construction site provided by the management. As a result, workers will

always be aware by looking at the safety board. Moreover, Ghani et al., (2008) stressed that the

contractor and authorities need to collaborate to find the solution in reducing the hazards.

Lastly, Patrik (2008) suggested that the way to include the workers’ attitude is through regular

educational initiatives and MohdKhairolden et al., (2008) highlighted that contractors must allocate a

sum of money resources to organize safety programmes.

13
Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research and Methodology

To research is to studiously inquire or examine, especially to discover and interpret facts, to

revise accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical applications. (Merriam-Webster,

2006)

In order to discover facts or information about the study we need to know first what method to

be used. A researcher must consider which of the diverse method used in research are most appropriate

for answering the questions they want to investigate.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research was used in the study. Descriptive method of research is a

fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the finding. It describes what is.

The descriptive method of research was the right method used in the study regarding on

assessing the compliance in the occupational safety and health standards of construction projects in 1St

district of Isabela.

Selection of data source

Primary source of data gathered directly from observation on site visit and from the

information based on checklist. The researchers assessed a total of 18 construction projects within the

1st District of Isabela.

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Data gathering instrument

The researchers used a checklist to assess the construction projects.

Data Gathering Procedure

The study adopted checklist as a method to gather data on the extent of compliance of

construction projects within District 1 of Isabela. The checklist is divided into following; Site

Premises, Orderliness and material storage, Welding and Cutting, Emergency Exits, Working

Platform, Scaffolding, Ladders, Heavy Equipment, Motor Vehicle, Environmental Safety,

Occupational Health, Health Hazard Control, Hazard Communication, Flammable Gases and Liquids.

The researchers observed in construction site, interviewed person in charge and filled the

checklist whether the construction projects complied or not.

Statistical Treatment

Frequency and percentage distribution values were calculated and rank were given to each

factor accordingly. The significance of using ranking method identifies the importance of safety

management in construction industry.

∑𝑓
Percentage (%)= (100)
𝑛

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 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter covers the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the gathered data to accomplish the

objective of the study.

The researchers assessed a total of 18 construction projects within the 1st District of Isabela.

Table 1. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Site Premises

A) SITE PREMISES YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Free of slip, trip or fall hazards 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
b) Free of protrusions such as rebar, nails, etc. 7 38.88 11 61.11 0 0
c) Openings are barricaded or covered 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
d) Passageways are clear and unobstructed 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
e) Passageways have sufficient width for normal 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
movements (at least 28 inches wide)
f) No electrical flying connection 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
g) Tools materials and products are sorted and in 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
proper location
h) Unnecessary items are disposed off properly in 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
the work area
i) All stacks are stable and secure against sliding 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
and collapse
j) Ramps and stairways are of adequate width 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
and provide with handrails
k) Safe walkways are provided for pedestrians 12 66.67 6 33.333 0 0
l) Posters and safety signs are posted and 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
provided
m) High standard of cleanliness in the workplace 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
n) Illuminated adequately 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
o) Lighting fixtures are clean 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
p) Adequate ventilations 17 94.44 1 5.56 0 0
q) Portable fire extinguishers are available, 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
operational and properly mounted

16
r) Proper signage are installed where applicable 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
s) Clean and properly maintained welfare 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
facilities
t) First aid kit available and adequately stocked 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
u) Safety meetings held periodically 9 50 9 50 0 0
v) Job related safety training 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
w) Accident reporting procedures established 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
x) Substance abuse policy in-place 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
y) Injury records being kept 13 72.222 5 27.78 0 0
z) Emergency telephone posted 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
aa) Traffic routes identified 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
bb) New employee orientation completed 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
TOTAL 320 63.49 184 36.51 0 0

,As shown in Table 1, adequate ventilation has the highest rate of compliance of 94%,

however, free of protrusions has the lowest rate of compliance with only 39%. This shows that the

construction projects are more concerned on having an adequate ventilation but only few are free of

protrusions such as rebar,nails,etc..

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Table 2. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Orderliness and Material Storage

B) ORDERLINESS AND MATERIAL YES NO NA

STORAGE Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) General orderliness 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
b) Regular disposal of waste and trash 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
c) Trash containers 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
d) Nails remove or bent down 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
e) Spills cleaned up promptly 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
f) Drinking water available 17 94.44 1 5.56 0 0
g) Stability of material and storage 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
h) Control of combustibles 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
i) Men lifting properly 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
j) Correct use of material handling 18 100 0 0 0 0
equipment
k) Dust protection 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
TOTAL 135 68.18 63 31.82 0 0

In Table 2, Correct use of material handling equipment has the highest rate of compliance of

100%, however, dust protection has the lowest rate of compliance with only 22%. This shows that

most of the construction projects are using material handling equipment correctly but not giving

importance to dust protection.

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Table 3. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Fire Protection/Prevention

YES NO NA
C. FIRE PROTECTION/PREVENTION Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Adequate number and type of fire 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
extinguisher(s) available .
b) Fire extinguisher training accomplished 9 50 9 50 0 0
c) Phone number of fire department posted 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
d) Fire extinguisher(s) provided on appropriate 6 33.33 12 66.67 0 0
equipment
e) All flammable liquids in approved contain 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
f) Fuel supplies protected from accidental impact 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
g) Fire training to appropriate personnel 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
h) Equipment shut down prior to refueling. 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
i) Equipment properly grounded to fuel trucks 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
before refueling
j) “No smoking” signs posted and enforced 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
k) Hydrants clear, access to public to public 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
thoroughfare open
l) Flame and work permits 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
TOTAL 87 40.28 129 59.72 0 0

In Table 3, Flame and work permits has the highest rate of compliance of 61%, however,

adequate number and type of fire extinguisher(s) available has the lowest rate of compliance with only

22%. This shows that most of the construction projects are strict in implementing flame and work

permits but they haveinadequate fire extinguisher available at the site.

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Table 4. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Personal Protective Equipment

YES NO NA
D. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Hazard evaluation accomplished and certified 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
b) Proper equipment adequate for exposure 6 33.33 12 66.67 0 0
c) Employees issued PPE where needed 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
d) PPE is being used where needed 9 50 9 50 0 0
e) Employees trained in use of PPE 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
f) Inspections being accomplished 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
periodically/before and after use
g) Adequate maintenance and sanitary storage 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
available/utilized
h) Adequate fall protection, harnesses provided 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
i) Eye protection 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
j) Face Protection(glasses, goggles, shields) 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
k) Respirators 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
l) Respirators used for harmful dust, asbestos, 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
sand blasting, welding(lead paint and galvanized
zinc or cadmium )
m) Hearing protection 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
n) Foot protection 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
o) Hand protection, gloves 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
p) Head protection, hard hats 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
TOTAL 101 35.07 187 64.93 0 0

As shown in Table 4, it can be gleaned that more employees were trained with the use of

PPE.Also hand protection such as gloves have the highest rate of compliance of 56%. On the other

hand, adequate fall protection, harnesses, Face protection and Respirators used for harmful dust,

asbestos, sand blasting, and welding has the lowest rate of compliance with only 22%. This shows that

most of the construction projects are conducting orientation to employees about personal protective

equipment but the workers have only hand protection and all others such as fall protection,

harnesses,Face Protection, Respirators are not provided.

20
Table 5. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Emergency Exit

YES NO NA
E) EMERGENCY EXIT Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) All exit access, exit and exit discharge 18 100 0 0 0 0
are clear and unobstructed
b) Exit signs are properly illuminated 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
TOTAL 34 94.44 2 5.56 0 0

Table 5 shows that exit access, exit and exit discharge are clear and unobstructed in all

construction projects. Only few do not have properly illuminated exit signs.

Table 6. Compliance of Construction Projects regardingWorking Platforms

YES NO NA
F) WORKING PLATFORMS Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Working platforms are at least 24 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
inches
b) Standard guardrails and toe boards are 5 27.78 13 72.22 0 0
installed
c) Use of non-skid floors 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
d) Safety nets are installed below for 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0
platforms without standard guardrails
e) Proper and safe access 9 50 9 50 0 0
f) No accumulation of tools or materials 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
TOTAL 51 47.22 57 52.78 0 0

In Table 6, working platforms has the highest rate of compliance of 72%, however, safety has

the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%. This shows that most construction projects are providing

working platforms with at least 24 inches but safety nets are not installed below platforms without

standard guardrails.

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Table 7. Compliance of Construction Projects regardingScaffoldings

YES NO NA
G) SCAFFOLDINGS Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) All structural members free from defects 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
and meet safety requirements
b) All the uprights of the scaffold are 9 50 9 50 0 0
mounted on proper base plate/erected on solid
meeting
c) No parts of the scaffolds, including ties, 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
have been removed after it was erected
d) The scaffold is secured by bracings/tied 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
to the structure
e) The platforms are close boarded with 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
scaffold boards or planks or proper grade of
timber without obvious defect
f) Scaffold plumb and square, with cross- 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
bracing
g) Standard guardrails, mid rails and toe 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
board are installed
h) Proper access to all parts of the scaffold 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
platforms
i) Materials are evenly distributed over the 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
scaffolds design to carry materials, and they are
not over loaded
TOTAL 100 61.73 62 38.27 0 0

In Table 7,plumb and square scaffold with cross-bracing has the highest rate of compliance of

78%, however, standard guardrails, midrails and toe boards are installed has the lowest rate of

compliance with only 44%. This shows that most of the construction projects are setting up the

scaffoldings properly but standard guardrails, midrails and toe board are not provided.

22
Table 8.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Ladders

YES NO NA
H.LADDERS
Freq % Freq % Freq %

a) Ladders inspected and in good condition 13 72.22 3 16.67 2 11.11

b) Ladders used properly for type of exposure 12 66.67 4 22.22 2 11.11

c) Ladders secured to prevent slipping, sliding, or 12 66.67 4 22.22 2 11.11

falling
d) Side rails extended 36’’ above top of landing 8 44.44 8 44.44 2 11.11

e) No ladders spliced 9 50 7 38.89 2 11.11

f) Rungs or cleats not over 12’’ on center 6 33.33 10 55.56 2 11.11

g) Proper maintenance and storage 7 38.89 9 50 2 11.11

h) No painted ladders 9 50 7 38.89 2 11.11

i) Ladders exceeding 20ft have fall protection 8 44.44 8 44.44 2 11.11

j) Aluminum ladders of sufficient strength for task 10 55.56 6 33.33 2 11.11

k) Metal ladders not used near electrical equipment 11 61.11 4 22.22 3 16.67

l) Fixed ladders or permanent ladders are equipped 3 16.67 13 72.22 2 11.11

with cages
m) 3ft extension (handhold) above roof if used for 5 27.78 12 66.67 1 5.56
access
TOTAL 113 48.29 95 40.6 26 11.11

In Table 8, Ladders in good condition has the highest rate of compliance of 72%, however,

fixed ladders equipped with cages has the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%. This shows that

most of the construction projects are using well maintained ladders but only few are using permanent

ladders with cages.

23
Table 9. Compliance of Construction Projects regardingExcavations

I. EXCAVATION YES NO NA
Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Excavation permits executed. 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
b) Proper support structure is provided 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
c) No presence of water in the excavation 9 50 9 50 0 0
d) Ambient conditions is checked regularly for 9 50 9 50 0 0
hazardous substances
e) Shoring and sloping for soil type 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
f) Adjacent structures properly shored. 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
g) Adjacent roads and sidewalks supported and 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
protected
h) Soil, materials and/or equipment kept or stored at a 9 50 9 50 0 0
safe distance from edge of excavation, minimum 2 ft.
i) Ladders and ramps every 25feet 6 33.33 12 66.67 0 0
j) Excavation barricaded and lighting provided. 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
k) Equipment kept a safe distance from edge of 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
excavation
l) Equipment ramps adequate 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
m) Underground piping and electrical lines and 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
identified –adequate support provided
n) Proper supervision –including competent person 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
designated daily inspection
TOTAL 149 59.13 103 40.87 0 0

In Table 9, excavation permits has the highest rate of compliance of 83%, however, ladders

and ramps every 25feet has the lowest rate of compliance of only 33%. This shows that most of the

construction projects have permit to excavate but in their excavations ladders and ramps every 25feet

are not provided.

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Table 10. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Barricades

YES NO NA
J.BARRICADES Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Floor openings 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
b) Roadways, sidewalks, and stairs 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
c) Adequate lighting 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
d) Traffic controls 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
e) Trenches and excavations 14 77.78 3 16.67 1 5.56
f) Special work- overhead, sandblasting, 10 55.56 7 38.89 1 5.56
radiation, etc.
g) Signs are required 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
h) Elevator shaft openings 1 5.56 0 0 17 94.44
TOTAL 94 65.28 31 21.53 19 13.19

In Table 10, provision of barricades on floor openings has the highest rate of compliance of

89% which implies that most of the construction projects are providing barricades in floors openings.

Though there is only one compliant in providing barricade for elevator shaft openings, all other

projects do not have such openings.

Table 11. Compliance of Construction Projects regardingConfined Space

YES NO NA
K. CONFINED SPACE Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Confined space entry training conducted 13 72.22 3 16.67 2 11.11
b) Signs posted to identify confined spaces 7 38.89 9 50 2 11.11
c) Personal protective equipment specified 10 55.56 6 33.33 2 11.11
d) Standby person 11 61.11 5 27.78 2 11.11
e) Emergency equipment for standby 11 61.11 5 27.78 2 11.11
person
f) Permit required precautions taken 8 44.44 8 44.44 2 11.11
g) All required signatures for entry/testing 13 72.22 3 16.67 2 11.11
h) Permits posted prior to start of work 11 61.11 4 22.22 3 16.67
i) Permits retained a minimum of two 10 55.56 4 22.22 4 22.22
years
TOTAL 94 58.03 47 29.01 21 12.96

In Table 11,confined space entry training and all required signatures for entry/testing has the

highest rate of compliance of 72%, however, signs for identifying confined spaces has the lowest rate

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of compliance with only 39%. This shows that most of the construction projects are conducting

confined space entry training but only few are posting signs to identify confined spaces.

Table 12.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Hand Tools

L. HAND TOOLS YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a.) Proper tool for each job 17 94.44 1 5.56 0 0
b.) Correct use 18 100 0 0 0 0
c.) Inspection & maintenance 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
d.) Neat storage 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
e.) Safety carrying 15 78.95 4 21.05 0 0
f.) Tool defects – repair facilities 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
TOTAL 87 79.82 22 20.18 0 0

In Table 12, using hand tools correctly has the highest rate of compliance of 100%. This shows

that most of the construction projects are using hand tools correct.

Table 13. Compliance of Construction Projects regardingPower Tools

YES NO NA
M. POWER TOOLS Freq % Freq % Freq %
a.) Proper operator protection 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
b.) Tools and cords in good condition 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
c.) Proper instruction in use 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
d.) Mechanical guard in place 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
e.) Tools stored properly 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
f.) Correct tools for the job 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
g.) Inspected - maintenance and repair 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
h.) Adequate protection for nearby personnel 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
i.) Properly grounded or double insulated 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
j.) Damage or malfunctioning tools tagged out 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
until repaired or replaced
k.) All operators qualified 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
l.) Tools protected from unauthorized use 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
m.) Cords included in electrical inspections 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
TOTAL 164 70.09 70 29.92 0 0

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 In Table 13, correct tools for the job has the highest rate of compliance of 89%. This shows

that most of the construction projects are using correct tools for the job.

Table 14.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Powder-Activated Tools

N. POWDER-ACTIVATED TOOLS YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a.) Laws and ordinances complied with 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
b.) Operators qualified – vendors trained 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
c.) Controlled storage 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
d.) Competent instruction & supervision 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
e.) Inspection & maintenance 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
f.) Protection of other workers 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0
g.) Safety goggles or face shield 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0
TOTAL 66 52.38 60 47.62 0 0

In Table 14, complying laws and ordinances and controlled storage have the highest rate of

compliance of 72%, however, protection of other workers and having safety goggles or face shield

have the lowest rate of compliance of only 17%. This shows that most of the construction projects are

complying to the laws and ordinances regarding powder-activated tools and storage are controlled. On

the other hand, protection of other workers and safety googles or face shield are not provided.

Table 15. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Heavy Equipment

O.HEAVY EQUIPMENT YES YES % NO NO% NA

a) Proper operation 15 83.33 0 0 3
b) Operators qualified/tested 13 72.22 2 11.11 3
c) Regular monthly inspection, maintenance and service 8 44.44 7 38.89 3
d) All personnel seated 6 33.33 9 50 3
e) Correct parking procedures 8 44.44 7 38.89 3
f) Wheels chocked when necessary 13 72.22 2 11.11 3
g) Speed limit controls 14 77.78 1 5.56 3
h) Dump bed chocks and tie-downs 9 50 6 33.33 3
i) Compressed air safety valve 9 50 6 33.33 3
j) Noise arrestors used 5 27.78 10 55.56 3

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k) Back-up alarms 7 38.89 8 44.44 3
l) Flagmen where needed 11 61.11 4 22.22 3
m) Fire extinguishers installed on gas fueled equipment 10 55.56 5 27.78 3
n) Rollover protection and seatbelt use 9 50 6 33.33 3
TOTAL 136 53.97 74 29.37 42

In Table 15, proper operation has the highest rate of compliance of 83%, however, noise

arrestors used has the lowest rate of compliance with only 28%. This shows that most of the

construction projects are operating heavy equipment properly but only few are using noise arrestors.

Table 16.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Motor Vehicles

P. MOTOR VEHICLES YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Regular inspection, maintenance, and service 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
b) Licensed operators, on and off road 18 100 0 0 0 0
c) Current licenses maintained 18 100 0 0 0 0
d) Local and state vehicle laws and regulation 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
observed
e) Speed limit control 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
f) Weight limits and load sizes controlled 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
g) All personnel seated and seats provided 9 50 9 50 0 0
h) Glass in good condition 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
i) Back up alarms 9 50 9 50 0 0
j) Accident/Incident report forms in glove 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
compartment
k) Fire extinguishers installed 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
l) Parking not to obstruct traffic or work operations 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
m) Control of personal cars on site 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
TOTAL 170 72.65 64 27.35 0 0

In Table 16, licensed operators,on and off road and current licences maintained has the highest

rate of compliance of 100%. It implies that all the motor vehicle’s operators are licensed and current

licenses are maintained.

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Table 17. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Environmental Safety

YES NO NA
Q. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Posting temporary waste area properly 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
b) Hazardous waste management 6 33.33 12 66.67 0 0
c) Hazardous waste storage 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0
d) Certified shipper and ultimate disposal site 9 50 9 50 0 0
e) Proof of insurability of transporter and operations 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
disposal
f) Natural water waste protection 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
g) Personnel training and records 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
h) Personnel protection 9 50 9 50 0 0
i) Container integrity and packaging 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
j) Marking and labeling 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
k) Communication for emergencies and operations 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
l) Contingency plan 13 72.22 5 27.78 0 0
m) Inspection procedures 12 66.67 6 33.33 0 0
n) Waste storage and area fence integrity-locked gates 8 44.44 10 55.56 0 0
TOTAL 130 51.59 122 48.41 0 0

In Table 17, training and records of personnel has the highest rate of compliance of 78%,

however, hazardous waste storage has the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%. This shows that

most of the construction project’s personnel are trained and personnel’s records are checked. On the

other hand, only few are having hazardous waste storage.

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Table 18.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Occupational Health

R. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Health and safety program available 9 50 9 50 0 0
and reviewed with workers
b) Occupational health physician 0 0 18 100 0 0
c) Occupational health nurse 0 0 18 100 0 0
d) First aider 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
e) Clinic 3 16.67 15 83.33 0 0
f) Number of bed 10 55.56 8 44.44 0 0
g) First aid cabinet 9 50 9 50 0 0
h) Canteen 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
i) Drinking water station 16 88.89 2 11.11 0 0
j) Portlet 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
TOTAL 83 46.11 97 53.89 0 0

In Table 18, drinking water station has the highest rate of compliance of 89%, however, all are

failed to have an occupational health physician and nurse. This shows that most station of drinking

water in the sitesare provided.

Table 19. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Health Hazard Control

S. HEALTH HAZARD CONTROL YES NO NA

Freq % Freq % Freq %
a) Sampling and logging 17 94.44 1 5.56 0 0
b) Times and exposures on time cards 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
c) Medical records 7 38.89 11 61.11 0 0
d) Personal protection 4 22.22 14 77.78 0 0
TOTAL 43 59.72 29 40.28 0 0

In Table 19, sampling and logging has the highest rate of compliance of 94%, however,

personal protection has the lowest rate of compliance of22%. This shows that most of construction

projects are having sampling and logging while only few are using personal protection.

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Table 20. Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Hazard Communication

YES NO NA
T. HAZARD COMMUNICATION Freq % Freq % Freq 5
a) Written program 15 83.33 3 16.67 0 0
b) MSDS on file or available 14 77.78 4 22.22 0 0
c) Control and disposal measures established 9 50 9 50 0 0
d) Material properly stored and labeled 9 50 9 50 0 0
e) Labels legible 11 61.11 7 38.89 0 0
f) Log of all chemicals on site available 7 38.89 10 55.56 1 5.56
g) Employees trained in hazard communications 8 44.44 9 50 1 5.56
h) Documentation of training 9 50 9 50 0 0
TOTAL 82 56.94 60 41.67 2 1.39

In Table 20, written program has the highest rate of compliance of 83%, however, log of all

chemicals on site available has the lowest rate of compliance with only 39%. This shows that most of

the construction projects are providing written program while most of the log of all chemicals on site

are not available.

Table 21.Compliance of Construction Projects regarding Flammable gasses and Liquid

YES NO NA
U. FLAMMABLE GASSES AND Freq % Freq % Freq %
LIQUIDS
a) Correct containers used 10 55.56 5 27.78 3 16.67
b) Containers clearly identified 12 66.67 3 16.67 3 16.67
c) Proper storage-fire rated cabinets 8 44.44 6 33.33 4 22.22
d) Grounding and bonding systems 5 27.78 10 55.56 3 16.67
e) Fire extinguishers protection 5 27.78 10 55.56 3 16.67
f) Carts for moving cylinders-secured 7 38.89 8 44.44 3 16.67

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upright during moving
g) Dikes-bulk storage facilities 5 27.78 10 55.56 3 16.67
TOTAL 52 41.27 52 41.27 22 17.46

In Table 21, containers clearly identified has the highest rate of compliance of 67%, however,

grounding and bonding systems, fire extinguishers protection, and dikes-bulk storage facilities has the

lowest rate of compliance with only 28%. This shows that most of the flammable gases and liquids’

containers are clearly labeled while only feware using grounding and bonding systems, fire

extinguishers protection, and dikes-bulk storage facilities.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study was made to assess the compliance in the occupational safety and health

standards of construction projects in 1St district of Isabela 2017 onwards. Questionnaire survey was the

method used in gathering data.

The researchers visited 18 construction projects/sitesto inspect and observe for data gathering.

We used frequency and percentage distribution as our statistical treatment. We tallied each

classification base on its assessment whether the project is complying to the standard of safety.

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Based on the results presented, the researchers concluded the following:

1. Personal protective equipment has the lowest rate of compliance with only 34% of the

construction projects complies followed by Fire prevention with 39% and Occupational Health with

46%. Emergency Exit has the highest rate of compliance having 94% of the construction projects

complies followed by Hand tools with 80% and Motor vehicles with 73%.

2. In the classification of Site premises, adequate ventilation has the highest rate of compliance having

94%, however, free of protrusions such as rebar, nails, etc. has the lowest rate of compliance with only

39%. The total rate of compliance is 63%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding site

premises.

3. In orderliness and material storage,Correct use of material handling equipment has the highest rate

of compliance of 100%, however, dust protection has the lowest rate of compliance with only

22%.Thetotal rate of compliance is 68%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding

orderliness and material storage.

4. In Fire prevention/protection, Flame and work permits has the highest rate of compliance of 61%,

however, adequate number and type of fire extinguisher(s) available has the lowest rate of compliance

with only 22%.The total rate of compliance is 40%.Therefore, construction projects are not compliant

regarding fire prevention/protection.

5. In personal protective equipment, Employees trained in use of PPE, Hand protection, gloves have

the highest rate of compliance having 56% while Adequate fall protection, harnesses provided, Face

Protection (glasses, goggles, shields), Respirators, Respirators used for harmful dust, asbestos, sand

blasting, welding (lead paint and galvanized zinc or cadmium) available has the lowest rate of

compliance with only 22%.The total rate of compliance is 35%.Therefore, construction projects are

not compliant regarding personal protective equipment .

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6. In emergency exit, all exit access, exit and exit discharge are clear and unobstructed has the highest

rate of compliance having 100%. The total rate of compliance is 94%.Therefore, construction projects

are compliant regarding emergency exit .

7. In working platforms, working platforms are at least 24 inches has the highest rate of compliance

having 72%, however, safety nets are installed below platforms without standard guardrails available

has the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%.The total rate of compliance is 47%.Therefore,

construction projects are not compliant regarding working platforms.

8. In scaffoldings,Scaffold plumb and square, with cross-bracing has the highest rate of compliance

having 78%, however, Standard guardrails, midrails and toe board are installed has the lowest rate of

compliance with only 44%. The total rate of compliance is 62%.Therefore, construction projects are

compliant regarding scaffoldings .

9. In ladders, Ladders inspected and in good condition has the highest rate of compliance having 72%,

however, fixed ladders or permanent ladders are equipped with cages has the lowest rate of

compliance with only 17%.The total rate of compliance is 54.3%. Therefore, construction projects are

compliant regarding ladders.

10.In excavation, Excavation permits executed has the highest rate of compliance having 83%,

however, ladders and ramps every 25feet has the lowest rate of compliance with only 33%.The total

rate of compliance is 59%. Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding excavation.

11. In barricades, Floor openings has the highest rate of compliance having 89%. The total rate of

compliance is 65%. Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding barricades.

12. In confined space, Confined space entry training conducted and All required signatures for

entry/testing has the highest rate of compliance having 72%, however, permit required precautions

34
taken has the lowest rate of compliance with only 44%.The total rate of compliance is 61%.Therefore,

construction projects are compliant regarding confined space.

13. In hand tools, Proper tool for each job has the highest rate of compliance having 94%.The total rate

of compliance is 80%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding hand tools.

14. In Power tools, Correct tools for the job has the highest rate of compliance having 89%.The total

rate of compliance is 70%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding power tools.

15. In Powder Activated Tools, Laws and ordinances complied with, controlled storage, competent

instruction & supervision has the highest rate of compliance having 72%, however, protection of other

workers and Safety goggles or face shield has the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%.The total

rate of compliance is 52%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding powder activated

tools.

16. In heavy equipment, Proper operation supported has the highest rate of compliance having 83%,

however, all personnel seated and Noise arrestors used has the lowest rate of compliance with only

28%.The total rate of compliance is 78%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding

heavy equipment. 17. 17. In motor vehicles, Glass in good condition has the highest rate of

compliance having 89%.The total rate of compliance is 73%.Therefore, construction projects are

compliant regarding motor vehicles.

18. In Environmental safety, Personnel training and records has the highest rate of compliance having

78%, however, hazardous waste storage has the lowest rate of compliance with only 17%.The total

rate of compliance is 52%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding environmental

safety.

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19. In Occupational health, drinking water station records has the highest rate of compliance having

89%, however, occupational health physician andoccupational health nurse with 0%.The total rate of

compliance is 46%.Therefore, construction projects are not compliant regarding occupational health.

20. In health hazard control, Sampling and logging has the highest rate of compliance having 94%,

however, personal protection has the lowest rate of compliance with only 22%.The total rate of

compliance is 60%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding health hazard control.

21. In hazard communication, written program has the highest rate of compliance having 83%,

however, log of all chemicals on site available has the lowest rate of compliance with only 39%.The

total rate of compliance is 57%.Therefore, construction projects are compliant regarding hazard

communication.

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22. In flammable gases and liquids, Containers clearly identified has the highest rate of compliance

having 67%, however, grounding and bonding systems, Fire extinguishers protection, and Dikes-bulk

storage facilities has the lowest rate of compliance with only 28%.The total rate of compliance is

41.27%.Therefore, construction projects are not compliant regarding flammable gases and liquids.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the results presented, the Construction Projects in the 1st District of Isabela are

compliant to the following:

Site Premises, Orderliness and Material Storage, Emergency Exit, Scaffoldings,

Excavation,Ladders, Barricades, Confined Space, Hand Tools, Power Tools, Powder-Activated Tools,

Heavy Equipment, Motor Vehicles, Environmental Safety, Health Hazard Control, Hazard

Communication.

The Construction Projects are not compliant to the following: Fire Protection/Prevention,

Personal Protective, Equipment, Working Platforms, Occupational Health, Flammable Gases and

Liquids.

RECOMMENDATION:

Based on the results of the study, the researchers came up with the following recommendations:

1. To the construction industry, the following are recommended:

a) Conduct seminars and training for all workers about safety in construction.

b) Penalize workers who are not following the safety policy.

c) Conduct regular inspection by the management to secure the safety along the construction

sites.

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 d) Provide additional personal protective equipment, fire extinguishers,warning signs.

e) Install safety nets below platforms for those without standard guardrails.

f) Assign a first aider along the construction site.

g) Strictly check the workers in using personal protective equipment.

h) Use fall protection equipment and harness.

i) Consider giving rewards to workers who are following the safety policy.

2. To the Authority

a) Conduct regular inspection with regard to compliance of construction projects on the

Occupational Safety and Health standards.

b) Strictly implement penalties to erring construction companies.

38