2.

2 Example A: Roof sheeting

The roof to calculate is a roof with a slope of 20% and some insulation under the sheeting.
This example is based on an elastic behaviour of the sheeting.

2.2.1 Data of structure

Sheeting system: four span statical system of sheeting with cantilevers.

112 1387 1387 1387 1387 357

Slope of the roof: 20%

Sheeting profile: 35/207/0,55
hw = 35 mm tnom = 0,55 mm t = 0,51 mm
bottom width: bb = 119 mm top width: bt = 40 mm
pitch: bR = 207 mm rm = 5 mm

1035

207 40

35
119

Grade of steel: S280GD+Z with γM0 = 1,0

Sheet/purlin fasteners: 5,5 mm self-drilling screw with a washer of 16 mm; the design
value of the tensile resistance of the screw according to
manufacturers information is 11,0 kN.
The fasteners pattern is at the end supports in every trough and
at intermediate supports 3 screws per sheet width, according to
ordinary practice.
Purlin: grade of steel: S355 with fu = 510 N/mm2.
t = 1,76 mm.

2.2.2 Loads and internal forces

Loads: dead load: 0,1 kN/m2 with γg = 1,35 or 1,0

snow load: 0,65 kN/m2 (on the horizontal projection) with γq = 1,5
basic wind pressure: 0,5 kN/m2 with γq = 1,5
coefficient for suction + overpressure: (0,6 + 0,5) = 1,1
à uplift load: 0,5 x 1,1 = 0,55 kN/m2
line load: 2 kN/m2 with γq = 1,5

All the forces are calculated supposing the moment of inertia of the sheeting is constant along
the span, so neglecting any variation due to local buckling.

Load case I: dead load + snow load (component perpendicular to sheeting)

For ULS:
design load: 1,35x0,1(11800/(2x6017)) + 1,5x0,65(11800/(2x6017))2
= 1,07 kN/m2
maximum spanmoment: 0,146 kNm/m

Example A - 1 (10)
 unfavourable support: MSd = 0,217 kNm/m
RSd = 1,68 kN/m
For SLS:
design load: 1,0x0,1(11800/(2x6017)) + 1,0x0,65(11800/(2x6017))2
= 0,72 kN/m2
maximum spanmoment: 0,099 kNm/m

Load case II: dead load + line load (parallel to support, perpendicular to sheeting)
For ULS:
design load: dead load: 1,35x0,1(11800/(2x6017)) = 0,132 kN/m2
line load: 1,5x2,0(11800/(2x6017)) = 2,94 kN/m
maximum spanmoment: 0,834 kNm/m
unfavourable support: MSd = 0,436 kNm/m
RSd = 2,19 kN/m

For SLS:
design load: dead load: 1,0x0,1(11800/(2x6017)) = 0,098 kN/m2
line load: 1,0x2,0(11800/(2x6017)) = 1,96 kN/m
maximum spanmoment: 0,557 kNm/m

Load case III: dead load + wind load (perpendicular to sheeting)

For ULS:
design uplift load:1,0x0,1(11800/(2x6017)) – 1,5x0,55 = -0,727 kN/m2
maximum spanmoment: -0,0989 kNm/m
unfavourable support: MSd = -0,147 kNm/m
RSd = -1,14 kN/m

2.2.3 Values of symbols

General: E = 2,1x105 N/mm2

For sheeting: bottom width: bb = 119 mm
pitch: bR = 207 mm
top width: bt = 40 mm
fy = fyb = 280 N/mm2 with γM0 = 1,0
fu = 360 N/mm2
hw = 35 mm
rm = 5,0 mm
tnom = 0,55 mm t = 0,51 mm
φ = arct[35/{207 – (40+119)}2] = 56°
For purlin: fu = 510 N/mm2
tnom = 1,80 mm t = 1,76 mm
γM2 = 1,25
For fasteners: d = 5,5 mm
dw = 16 mm
thread pitch: s = 2 mm
γM2 = 1,25

2.2.4 Calculation of section properties

2.2.4.1 Effect of bending radius (clause 5.1)
r/t = (5 – 0,51/2)/0,51 = 9,3 > 5
à Cross section may not be assumed to be made up of plane elements with sharp
corners.

Example A - 2 (10)
gr = 5(tan28° - sin28°) = 0,31 mm
Notional flat widths Ip,.. :
Top flange: bp,t = 40 – 2x0,31 = 39,4 mm
Bottom flange: bp,b = 119 – 2x0,31 = 118,4 mm
Web: sp,w = (35/sin56°) – 2x0,31 = 41,6 mm
Tan (φ/2) = tan 28° = 0,532
Flat widths: top flange: bfl,t = 40 – 2x5,0x0,532 = 34,7 mm
bottom flange: bfl,b = 119 – 2x5,0x0,532 = 113,7 mm
web: sfl,w = (35/sin56°) – 2x5,0x0,532 = 36,9 mm
Arch length of corner: lc = 56(π/180)x5 = 4,9 mm.

2.2.4.2 Load case I and II: gravity load

2.2.4.2.1 Shear lag in span and at intermediate support (clause 6.1.4.3 refers to EN
1993-1-5)
The governing situation is load case II:
According to clause 3.1(1) of EN 1993-1-5 in span: Le = 0,85x1387 = 1179 mm
At tension side (bottom flange): bo = ½ x bb = 59,5 mm
Ratio bo/ Le =1/19,8 = 0,0505
Therefore for ULS (>0,05) and SLS (>0,02) shear lag shall be taken into
account.
At compression side (top flange): bo = ½ x bt = 20 mm
Ratio bo/ Le =1/59 = 0,0169
Therefore for ULS (<0,05) and SLS (<0,02) shear lag is not relevant.

According to clause 3.1(1) of EN 1993-1-5 at intermediate support: Le = 0,50x1387 =

694 mm
At tension side (top flange): bo = ½ x bt = 20 mm
Ratio bo/ Le =1/34,7 = 0,0288
Therefore for ULS (<0,05) shear lag is not relevant and for SLS (>0,02) shear
lag shall be taken into account.
At compression side (bottom flange): bo = ½ x bb = 59,5 mm
Ratio bo/ Le =1/12 = 0,0833
Therefore for ULS (>0,05) and SLS (>0,02) shear lag shall be taken into
account.

2.2.4.2.2 (a) Effective width of compression flange in span (ULS, clause 5.5.2 refers to EN
1993-1-5)
Clause 4.4 of EN 1993-1-5 gives the procedure for effective widths of plate elements without
longitudinal stiffeners.
Example A - 3 (10)
 _
39,4 / 0,51
λp = = 1,484
28,4 (235 / 280) × 4,0
1, 484 − 0,055(3 + 1)
ρ= = 0,574
1, 484 2
Shear lag not relevant for top flange in span as it has been checked before.
be1 = be2 = 0,5x0,574x39,4 = 11,3 mm
bfl,e1,t = bfl,e2,t = 11,3 – 5,0x0,532 + 0,31 = 9,0 mm
Yielding first occurs at compression side because beff,t < bp,b

2.2.4.2.2 (b) Effective width of tension flange in span (ULS, clause 5.5.2 refers to
EN 1993-1-5)
Clause 3.2.1 of EN 1993-1-5 gives the procedure for effective widths as a consequence of
shear lag.
beff = β bo = β x 59,5 (be aware, this beff is related to the half flange width)
Asl
Table 3.1: α0 = 1 + =1 because no longitudinal stiffener present Asl = 0
b0 t
κ = α0b0/Le = 1x0,0505 = 0,0505
1
sagging bending: β = = 0,984
1 + 6,4κ 2
Tension flange in span at ULS: beff = 0,984x59,5 = 58,5 mm
bfl;eff;b = 58,5 – 5,0x0,532 = 55,8 mm

2.2.4.2.3 Effective widths of web in span (ULS, clause 5.5.2 (3) )

seff,n (clause 5.5.3.4.3) may be measured from the position of the centroïdal axis calculated for
a reduced flange (inclusive shear lag at tension side: 55,8 mm) and a fully effective web. (Also
an iterative procedure according to clause 5.5.3.4.3 (16) is possible).
Per half corrugation:

4,9 9,0 l
1 1 n

36,9 56°

Z
cc

4,9
55,8 rm

Cc = rm (1 - sinφ/φ) = 5{1 – sin 56/(56/180)π} = 0,76 mm

Icorner / t= {1/2(φ + sinφ·cosφ) – sin2φ/φ}xr3m = {1/2((56/180)π + sin 56·cos 56) – sin2
56/(56/180)π}x53 = 2 mm3
I1-1 / t = ln2/12 = 36,9·30,62/12=2879 mm3

Example A - 4 (10)
 l z lz
55,8 0,0 0
4,9 0,76 4
36,9 17,5 646
4,9 34,24 168
9,0 35,0 315
111,4 mm 1133 mm2

For symbols see figure 5.14:

ec = 35 - 1133/111,4 = 24,8 mm
sn = 24,8/sin56 = 29,9 mm
seff,1 = 0,76x0,51(2.1·105/280)0.5 = 10,6 mm [see equations ... (5.32) and (5.33a)]
sfl,e1,w = 10,6 – 5,0x0,532 + 0,31 = 8,3 mm
seff,n = 1,5x10,6 = 15,9 mm [see equation … (5.33f)]
The not effective part of the web:
= 29,9 – 10,6 – 15,9 = 3,4 mm
The centre of gravity of the not effective part z is:
z = 35 – 24,8 + (15,9 + 3,4/2)sin56 = 24,8 mm

2.2.4.2.4 Calculation of section modulus of effective cross section in span (ULS)

Per half corrugation (103.5 mm)

l z lz lz2 Ipart
55,8 0,0 0 0 -
4,9 0,76 4 3 2
36,9 17,5 646 11301 2879
- 3,4 24,7 - 84 - 2074 -2
4.9 34,24 168 5745 2
9,0 35,0 315 11025 -
108,1 mm 1049 mm2 26000 mm3 2881 mm3

z = 1049/108,1 = 9,70 mm
Iy/t = 26000 + 2881 – 108,1x9,702 = 18710 mm3
Weff = (2x0,51x18710)/{207x(35-9,70)} = 3,64 mm3/mm (for fibers in compression).

2.2.4.2.5 (a) Effective width of compression flange at intermediate support (ULS, clause 5.5.2)
Clause 4.4 of EN 1993-1-5 gives the procedure for effective widths of plate elements without
longitudinal stiffeners.
_
118,4 / 0,51
λp = = 4,452
28,4 (235 / 280) × 4,0
4,452 − 0,055(3 + 1)
ρ= = 0,214
4,452 2
Shear lag is relevant; according to clause 3.3(1) NOTE 2 of EN 1993-1-5 the procedure for
effective widths as a consequence of shear lag is:
beff = βult bc,eff (be aware, this bc,eff is related to the half flange width and is
0,214x(118,4/2) + 0,31 = 13,0 mm)
bc, eff 13,0
NOTE 2: α ∗0 = = = 0,467
b0 59,5
Table 3.1 κ = α ∗0 b0/Le = 0,467x0,0833 = 0,0389
1
hogging bending: β = = 0,852
1
1 + 6,0(κ − ) + 1,6κ 2

2500κ
Compression flange at intermediate support at ULS:

Example A - 5 (10)
 beff1 = beff2 = 0,852x13,0 = 11,1 mm
bfl;eff1;b = bfl;eff2;b = 11,1 + 0,31 – 5,0x0,532 = 8,75 mm
Yielding first occur at compression side because beff;b < bp;t

2.2.4.2.5 (b) Effective width of tension flange at intermediate support (ULS, clause 3 of EN
1993-1-5)
The tension flange at intermediate support at ULS will not be influenced by shear lag (see
2.2.4.2.1).
bfl;1;t = bfl;2;t = 34,7 : 2 = 17,35 mm

2.2.4.2.6 Effective widths of web at intermediate support (ULS, clause 5.5.2 (3))

seff,n (clause 5.5.3.4) may be measured from the position of the centroïdal axis calculated for a
reduced flange and a fully effective web.
Per half corrugation:

4,9 17,35

36,9 56°

4,9
8,75

l z lz
8,75 0,0 0
4,9 0,76 4
36,9 17,5 646
4,9 34,24 168
17,35 35,0 607
72,8 mm 1425 mm2

For symbols see figure 5.14:

ec = 1425/72,8 = 19,6 mm
sn = 19,6/sin56 = 23,6 mm
seff,1 = 0,76x0,51(2,1·105/280)0.5 = 10,6 mm [see equations ...(5.32) and (5.33a)]
sfl,e1,w = 10,6 – 5,0x0,532 + 0,31 = 8,3 mm
seff,n = 1,5x10,6 = 15,9 mm
The not effective part of the web:
= 23,8 –10,6 – 15,9 < 0 mm
---> so the web is fully effective.

Example A - 6 (10)
2.2.4.2.7 Calculation of section modulus of effective cross section at intermediate support
(ULS)

Per half corrugation (103.5 mm)

l z lz lz2 Ipart
8,75 0,0 0 0 -
4,9 0,76 4 3 2
36,9 17,5 646 11301 2879
4,9 34,24 168 5745 2
17,35 35,0 607 21254 -
72,8 mm 1425 mm2 38303 mm3 2883 mm3

z = 1425/72,8 = 19,6 mm
Iy/t = 38303 + 2883 – 72,8x19,62 = 13210 mm3
Weff = (2x0,51x13210)/(207x19,6) = 3,32 mm3/mm (for fibers in compression).

2.2.4.2.8 Calculation of effective moment of inertia in span (SLS)

2.2.4.2.8 (a) Effective width of tension flange in span (SLS, clause 3.2.1 of EN 1993-1-5)
According to 2.2.4.2.1 shear lag at tension side shall be taken into account for SLS. The same
effectivity is valid as for ULS. According to 2.2.4.2.2 (b) the effective width will be:
bfl;eff1;b = bfl;eff2;b = 55.8 mm

2.2.4.2.8 (b) Effective width of compression flange in span (SLS, clause 3.2.1 of EN 1993-1-5)
According to 2.2.4.2.1 shear lag for the compression flange is not relevant. But the influence of
local buckling at the level of service stresses should be taken into account.
Assume the service stress: com,Ed = 280/1,35 = 207 N/mm2.
According to EN 1993-1-3 clause 5.5.2 (3) and (4):
− − σ com. Ed , ser 207
λ p , ser = λ p = 1,484 = 1,276
fy 280
1,276 − 0,055(3 + 1) (1,484 − 1,276)
ρ= + 0,18 = 0,691
1,276 2
(1,484 − 0,6)

be1 = be2 = 0,5x0,691x39,4 = 13,6 mm

bfl,e1,t = bfl,e2,t = 13,6 – 5,0x0,532 + 0,31 = 11,2 mm

For the effective widths of web seff,n may be measured from the position of the centroïdal axis
calculated for a reduced flange (inclusive shear lag at tension side : 55,8 mm) and fully effective
web.

Per half corrugation (103.5 mm)

l z lz lz2 Ipart
55,8 0,0 0 0 -
4,9 0,76 4 3 2
36,9 17,5 646 11301 2879
4,9 34,24 168 5745 2
11,2 35,0 392 13720 -
113,7 mm 1210 mm2 30769 mm3 2883 mm3

For symbols see figure 5.14:

ec = 35 - 1210/113,7 = 24,4 mm
sn = 24,4/sin56 = 29,4 mm
seff,1 = 0,76x0,51(2,1·105/207)0.5 = 12,3 mm [see equations ...(5.32) and (5.33a)]
sfl,e1,w = 12,3 – 5,0x0,532 + 0,31 = 9,9 mm
seff,n = 1,5x12,3 = 18,5 mm
The not effective part of the web:

Example A - 7 (10)
 = 29,4 -12.3 - 18.5 < 0 mm
---> so the web is fully effective.
z = 1210/113,7 = 10,6 mm
Iy/t = 30769 + 2883 – 113,7x10,62 = 20877 mm3
Iy = (2x0,51x20877)/207 = 102,9 mm4/mm
Weff = (2x0.51x20877)/{207x(35-10,6)} = 4,22 mm3/mm (for fibers in compression).
Bending moment belonging to Iy: M = 4,22 x 207 = 874 Nmm/mm
= 0,874 kNm/m
This is much larger than the maximum span bending moment in SLS: 0,557 kNm/m
(loadcase II).
Therefore assume the cross section being fully effective:
à than = 1,0 with λ p = 1,484 leads to λ p , ser ≈ 0, 27 ,
which gives com,Ed,ser = 9 N/mm2

Per half corrugation (103.5 mm)

l z lz lz2 Ipart
55,8 0,0 0 0 -
4,9 0,76 4 3 2
36,9 17,5 646 11301 2879
4.9 34,24 168 5745 2
34,7/2 35,0 607 21254 -
119,9 mm 1425 mm2 38303 mm3 2883 mm3

z = 1425/119,9 = 11,9 mm
Iy/t = 38303 + 2883 – 119,9x11,92 = 24207 mm3
Iy = (2x0,51x24207)/207 = 119 mm4/mm
Weff = (2x0,51x24207)/{207x(35-11,9)} = 5,16 mm3/mm (for fibers in compression).
Bending moment belonging to Iy: M = 5,16 x 9 = 46 Nmm/mm
= 0,046 kNm/m
This is smaller than the maximum span bending moment in SLS: 0,557 kNm/m
(loadcase II).
A good estimation of the effective moment of inertia to use for the deflection calculation
can be obtained by interpolation:

Iy , mm4/mm

119,0

107,6

102,9

0,046 0,557 0,874 M, kNm/m

Example A - 8 (10)
 ---> Iy,eff = 107,6 mm4/mm belonging to M = 0,557 kNm/m.

REMARK: EN 1993-1-3 clause 7.1 (3) and (4) provides more sophisticated procedures to
calculate the deflections, using the distribution of the effective moment of inertia
over the span of the sheeting.

2.2.4.3 Load case III: uplift load

2.2.4.3.1 Section modulus of effective cross section in span (ULS)

For local buckling and shear lag this is comparable with gravity load at the intermediate
support. This leads to a section modulus of Weff = 3,32 mm3/mm (for fibers in compressi-
on). See clause 2.2.4.2.7.

2.2.4.3.2 Section modulus of effective cross section at intermediate support (ULS)

For local buckling and shear lag this is comparable with gravity load in span. This leads
to a section modulus of Weff = 3,64 mm3/mm (for fibers in compression). See clause
2.2.4.2.4.

2.2.5 Checks in ULS and SLS

2.2.5.1 Load case I and II: gravity load

From both load cases the situation II is governing for ULS and SLS.

2.2.5.1.1 Check of span in ULS (see clause 6.1.4)

The bending moment capacity Mc,Rd = 280x3,64 = 1019 Nmm/mm
= 1,019 kNm/m
This is larger than Mspan = 0,834 kNm/m, so satisfactory.

2.2.5.1.2 Check of intermediate support in ULS

The bending moment capacity Mc,Rd = 280x3,32 = 930 Nmm/mm
= 0,93 kNm/m
This is larger than Msupp = 0,436kNm/m, so satisfactory.

The support reaction capacity (clause 6.1.7.3): category 2 with la = 10 mm because the
support is a cold formed purlin with less stiffness of the top-flange.

Rw,Rd = 0,15·0,512(280·2,1·105)0,5[1-0,1{(5-0,51/2)/0,51}0,5]·
[0,5+{0,02·10/0,51}0,5][2,4+(56/90)2]/1,0 [see equation… (6.18)]
= 652 N/web
Per unity of width: 652/103,5 = 6,30 N/mm.
This is larger than Rsupp = 2.19 kN/m, so satisfactory.

Check of combination of bending moment and support reaction (clause 6.1.11, equation
(6.28c)):

0,436/0,93 + 2,19/6,30 = 0,47 + 0,35 = 0,82 < 1,25 Satisfactory.

2.2.5.1.3 Check of deflection in end span in SLS

The deflection in the middle of the end span is calculated assuming elastic behaviour
(clause 7.3.(1), so with linear formulae:
= (0,0146F + 0,013ql) x l3/EI
with: F = 1,96 kN/m (line load)
q = 0,098 kN/m2 (dead load)
l = 1,387 m
E = 0,21·109 kN/m2
I = 107,6 mm4/mm = 107,6·10-9 m4/m (effective moment of inertia is a
conservative approach)

Example A - 9 (10)
 à = 0,0036 m = 3,6 mm < span/200 = 1387/200 = 6,9 mm.
Satisfactory.

2.2.5.2 Load case III: uplift load

2.2.5.2.1 Check of span in ULS (see clause 6.1.4)
The bending moment capacity Mc,Rd = 280x3,32 = 930 Nmm/mm
= 0,93 kNm/m
This is larger than Mspan = 0,0989 kNm/m, so satisfactory.

2.2.5.2.2 Check of intermediate support in ULS

The bending moment capacity Mc,Rd = 280x3,64 = 1019 Nmm/mm
= 1,019 kNm/m
This is larger than Msupp = 0.147 kNm/m, so satisfactory.

In EN 1993-1-3 no requirement is given concerning the combination of a bending

moment and a tensile support reaction, it is assumed that there is no interaction,
anyway.
It has to be checked that the support reaction can be hold by the fasteners (see table
8.2):
pull-through (pull-over) resistance:
Fp,Rd = 16x0,51x360/1,25 = 2350 N
in case of wind loading 50% ---> 1175 N

pull-out resistance (thread pitch s = 2 mm, purlin t =1,76 mm à tsup/s < 1) :

Fo,Rd = 0,45x5,5x1,76x510/1,25 = 1777 N

The requirement for tensile resistance is met::

11 kN > 2,35 kN and 11 kN > 1,777 kN

The design value for the support reaction under wind uplift is 1140 N/m. The number of
screws needed will be than: 1140/1175 = 0.97 screws per m.
There are screws in alternate troughs, which provide 3/1.035 = 2.90 screws per m
(except at the end support, where every trough is connected).
Satisfactory

Example A - 10 (10)