DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT 1

17BME0088
AMAN LALCHANDANI

FACULTY: PROF. RAGHURAMAN D R S

Q) Discuss the types of MEMs sensors in your cell phones individually owned
by you and talk about of their technical specifications and selection
parameters including their make. Also elaborate on the other applications of
those sensors (in your cell phones) apart from the above.

Sensors used in Redmi Note 5 pro:

1) Proximity Sensor
2) GPS
3) Ambient light sensor
4) Accelerometer
5) Compass
6) Gyroscope
7) Back illuminated sensor
8) Finger Print Sensor
9) Pedometer
10) Touch Screen
11) Gesture sensor
12) Microphone

1. Proximity Sensor
The function of this proximity sensor is to detect how close your smartphone's screen
is to your body. When you use your smartphone, it detects the position of ear with
respect to screen and turns off the light of screen and saves battery. Also proximity
sensor stops the accidental touch, unwanted input during talk. Thus, to sum up,
proximity sensor detect the presence of bodyparts like face or ear and stops the web
surfing, music or video during talk/calling and save the battery. After the conversation,
it resumes the same function again.

2. GPS (Global Positioning System) sensor

Global Positioning System was made available for everyone in 1980s by Government.
GPS is a system which tracks the target or 'navigate' the things by map or picture with
the help of GPS satellites. Nowadays smartphones come with assisted GPS or A-GPS
which does the same work with the help of intermediate server in case of
disconnection with main GPS satellite.

3. Ambient Light Sensor

This sensor optimize the light of screen when it exposed to normal light with different
intensity. Ultimate function of ambient light sensor is to adjust the display brightness,
 which at the end saves the battery power and life too. Ambient light sensor senses
and adjust the light based on principle of "superposition". They contains photo diodes
which are sensitive to different spectrum of light and combined mathematical effect
adjusts the gain and output changes of the light intensity on the screen.

4. Accelerometer
Function of accelerometer is to sense changes in the orientation
of smartphone with respect to datum and adjust the orientation to suit the viewing
angle of user. For example, when you are looking for web-page with increased width,
you can get this landscape view from changing the orientation of phone to horizontal.
Similarly camera mode also changes the portrait to landscape or landscape to portrait
mode when we change the orientation of phone/camera. Ultimately this
accelerometer sensor sense the change in orientation by 3D (X,Y & Z axis)
measurement of acceleration of the device with respect to free fall. One can better
use this feature/sensor while playing racinggames where he/she can steer the car in
the desired direction by leaning the phone in that direction.

5. Compass
Function of compass is to give right direction with respect to the north-south pole of
earth by use of magnetism. But due to interference in communication, smartphone
does not use the magnet as one of the component in compass sensor but it uses new
technology which does the same work as conventional compass does. Ultra low
frequency signal coming from specific directions like North or South are received and
with the help of accelerometer, the sensor can calculate the orientation and direction.
This can be possible by 'Hall effect'.
6. Gyroscope
This sensor's function is to maintain and control the position, level or orientation
based on the principle of angular momentum. Gyroscope used along with
accelerometer senses motion from six axes i.e. right, left, up, down, forward and
backward. It also detects the roll, pitch and yaw motions. Yaw, Roll and Pitch are the
angular moments seen from three axes i.e. X, Y and Z. Using MEMS technology,
gyroscopic sensors helps in navigation purpose and detecting the gesture recognition
systems used in smartphones and tablets.

7. Back-Illuminated sensor
Back-illuminated sensor is one of the new feature that every camera contains. It is a
type of digital image sensor which changes or increase the light captured while
capturing a photograph. Earlier it was designed for security cameras and
astronomical purposes.
.
8. Fingerprint Sensor
Fingerprint sensor doesn’t need any introduction. This sensor has become most
common these days and it is coming equipped even on a low-end smartphone.
 9. Pedometer
Pedometer calculates the number of steps taken by the user. But many smartphones
use accelerometer data instead of pedometer data as this data is not as accurate as
the real Pedometer sensor is. Only a few smartphones are equipped with real
Pedometer sensor; Google Nexus 5 is one of them.

10. Touch Screen

The touch screen of a smartphone is also a kind of sensor which response to human
contact. A touch screen is made of multiple layers of glass and works with the
pressure of your finger.

11. Gesture sensor

Air Gesture Sensor in some devices recognizes the hand gestures like moving your
hand left & right, up & down. These types of gestures allow the device to scroll and
move pages on the screen. Gesture sensor can detect infrared rays which are emitted
from hot objects; these rays are also electromagnetic rays like visible light. In some
material electrons are stimulated by visible light as we saw in light sensor and some
by ultraviolet and some by infrared. Working of infrared sensor is same as light sensor
only the material in the receiver used is responsive to infrared. As our hands are
warmer than the surrounding they emit infrared rays and sensor can detect the
movement of our hands.

12. Microphone
Microphone is the most primitive sensor in the phone, actually the second half of the
word smartphone describe this sensor. Microphone senses the sound waves in the air
and converts it into digital signal to transmit it to listener on another phone.This
sensor was typically used to talk with other peoples at distance but now this is used to
record sound, search web, open contacts, start apps etc. in short you can talk to your
smartphone and pass him orders simply by your commanding voice.

Above mentioned sensors have many other applications:

 GPS:
Aviation: All modern aircraft COME with multiple GPS receivers. This provides pilots with a real-
time aircraft position and map of each flight’s progress.

Marine: When high accuracy GPS is fitted to boats and ships, it allows captains to navigate
through unfamiliar harbours, shipping channels and waterways without running aground or
hitting known obstacles. Farming Farmers rely on repeat planting season after season to
maximise their crop productions. By putting GPS receivers on tractors and other agricultural
equipment, farmers can map their plantations and ensure that they return to exactly the same
areas when sewing their seeds in future. Science Scientists use GPS technology to conduct a
wide range of experiments and research, ranging from biology to physics to earth sciences.
The GPS system was originally developed by the United States Department of Defence for use
by the US military, but was later made available for public use.
Engineering:
Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. Accelerometers can be
used to measure vibration on cars, machines, buildings, process control systems and
safety installations.

Biology:
Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency
recordings of bi, tri-axial acceleration allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while
animals are out of sight.

Industry:
Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its
changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, pumps,
fans, etc. or bearing fault which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs.

Building and structural monitoring:

Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed
to dynamic loads.

 Gyroscope:
Gyroscopes can be for used inertial navigation systems, such as in the Hubble Telescope, or
inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Gyroscopes can be used to construct
gyrocompasses, which complement or replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and
spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used
as part of an inertial guidance system.

 Back illuminated sensor:

The technique was used for some time in specialized roles like low-light security cameras and
astronomy sensors, but was complex to build and required further refinement to become
widely used.

 Finger Print Sensor:

Airport Security:
Making the journey through airport terminals more seamless for passengers is a goal shared
by airports around the world. Biometric technology to verify passenger identities has been
used in several large international airports for a number of years and the technology is
quickly spreading to other locations across the globe.

Law Enforcement:
Organizations like the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and Interpol have been using
biometrics in criminal investigations for years.

Access Control & Single Sign On (SSO):

The primary reason behind more and more organizations and personnel across the globe
adopting biometric technology for access control and Single Sign On (SSO) is because
traditional authentication techniques like passwords are insufficient for personal
identification. Passwords only provide evidence or proof of knowledge while biometrics
provides unique advantages because it relies on identifying someone by “who they are”
compared to ‘what you know’ or ‘what you have.’

Banking:
Transaction Authentication: Biometrics in banking has increased a great deal in the last few
years and is being implemented by banks throughout the world. As global financial entities
become more digitally-based, banks are implementing biometric technology to improve
customer and employee identity management in an effort to combat fraud, increase
transaction security, and enhance customer convenience.

 Pedometer:

Used originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming
popular as an everyday exercise counter and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all
day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilo meters or
miles.

 Gesture sensor:

There are numerous applications of Gesture Recognition as such -

1. VR/AR Interaction – Able to use your hands and interact with objects in a digital
environment.
2. Smart TV - Gestures can be used to interact with the UI of a Smart TV.
3. Hardware Control - Gesture controllers can be used to control hardware like robots,
cars or drones even.
4. Smart Display - Interact with Displays/Kiosks at public spaces

 Microphone:

Microphones are used in many applications such as hearing aids, public address systems for
concert halls and public events, live and recorded audio engineering, two-way radios,
megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in computers for recording voice, speech
recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.