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Root Words Can Be Standalone Words

The document discusses sectional restrictions, which are semantic restrictions that words impose on their environment. An example is given of how the verb "eat" requires an animate subject and a concrete object. Violating these restrictions results in an anomalous sentence. It is debated whether sectional restrictions should be considered part of syntax, semantics, or knowledge of the world. Sectional restrictions are associated with word senses rather than entire words or lexemes. Examples are given showing how the restrictions vary depending on the sense when a word has multiple meanings.

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56 views3 pages

Root Words Can Be Standalone Words

The document discusses sectional restrictions, which are semantic restrictions that words impose on their environment. An example is given of how the verb "eat" requires an animate subject and a concrete object. Violating these restrictions results in an anomalous sentence. It is debated whether sectional restrictions should be considered part of syntax, semantics, or knowledge of the world. Sectional restrictions are associated with word senses rather than entire words or lexemes. Examples are given showing how the restrictions vary depending on the sense when a word has multiple meanings.

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The Analysis of Transitivity Process Analysis:

…..the story of the murderer’s sui-cide, mentioning only the country, not the town.
I said that no motive had been found for the crime, but that we had completely discounted any
idea that it was a revenge killing or that there had been some religious motive
…. (after all, the police can make mistakes too), the victim had been raped

I said that no motive had been found for the crime,


Participant Process Participant Process CircumstanceSayer Verbal Goal Material Cause: Purpose
but that we had completely discounted any idea
Participant Process Circumstance Process Participates Mental
Manner: Degree
Mental Phenomenon
that it was a revenge killing
Participant Process ParticipantCarrier Relational: Attributive Attribute
or that there had been some religious motive
Process

ROOT STACKING
ome examples of root words can be found in everyday language. The root for bicycle would
be cycle and the root for transactionswould be act. More root words can be found in
academic and scientific language, for example, the root of heterogeneous would be hetero.

Root Words Can Be Standalone Words


There are many root words that can be used on their own or as parts of other common
words in the English language. These are also referred to as base words. The following root
words are provided with their meaning and, in italics, an example of the root as part of
another word:
 Act - means to move or do. Acting
 Arbor - means tree. Arboreal
 Crypt - menas to hide. Cryptic
 Dress - means clothing. Undress
 Ego - mean "I". Egotist
 Form - means shape. Conform
 Legal - means related to the law. Illegal
 Normal - means typical. Normality
 Phobia - means to fear. Claustrophobia
 Sent - to feel, send. Consent
Root Words Can Be Partial Words
Some root words aren't full words but form the basis of many different words. Here are a
few examples or partial root words:
 Acri - means bitter. Acrimony
 Carn - means flesh. Carnivorous
 Corp - means body. Corporate
 Deca - means ten. Decade
 Erg - means work. Energy
 Gen - means birth. Genesis
 Lum - means light. Luminary
 Sen - means old. Senior
 Tele - means far. Telephone
 Vor - means eat greedily. Voracious
By knowing different root words, you may be able to understand what a word means even if
you don't know the word, since the meaning can be derived from a combination of the root
words. For example, therm means heat. Once you know that it will help you work out
what thermal or thermometer mean.

Meaning Does Not Always Equal the Definition


Be careful though, some root words make less sense. Take the word apology. The root
word logos means speech, and apo means from or off. So, if you interpret the meaning of
apology based on root words alone, you might think that it means "away from speech." Not
a very good explanation for a word that is used to express regret or remorse. So, knowing
the meaning of the roots can help you in gerneral but it won't always provide you with a
clear definition.

Examples of Root Words


Whether talking with friends or reading a book, you're constantly bombarded with root
words. Here are some more examples of roots, their meanings and other words that are
formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to these language building blocks:
 Ambul - means move or walk. Amble, ambulant, ambulate
 Auto - means self or same. Autocrat, automatic
 Bene - means good. Benefactor, benevolent
 Cardio - means heart. Cardiovascular, cardiology
 Cede - means go, yield. Intercede, recede, concede
 Counter - means against or opposite. Counteract, counterpoint, counterargument
 Dem - means people. Democracy, democrat, demographic
 Derm - means skin. Dermatology, epidermis
 Equi - means equal. Equity, equilateral, equidistant
 Hypno - means sleep. Hypnosis, hypnotic
 Intra - means within or into. Intrapersonal, intramural, intravenous
 Ject - means to throw. Reject, eject, inject
 Mal - means bad. Malignant, malfunction, malice
 Mangi - means big or great. Magnificent, magnify
 Multi - means many. Multiple, multifaceted, multilingual
 Omni - means all. Omnipotent, omnipresent, omnivore
 Poly - means many. Polygamous, polychrome, polytheist
 Script - means write. Manuscript, postscript
 Sect - means cut. Intersect, dissect, section
 Vis, vid - means see. Envision, evident
Every root word has a meaning and that meaning corresponds to the new word made from
it.
SECTIONAL RESTRACTION

sectional restrictions are the semantic restrictions that a word imposes on the environment in which it occurs.

Example
a verb like eat requires that its subject refers to an animate entity and its object to something concrete. A
violation of the selection restrictions of a word results in anomaly: in the mountain eats sincerity both
restrictions are violated, rendering the sentence anomalous. The question whether sectional restrictions should
be treated in syntax or semantics, or even outside grammar, as a matter of knowledge of the world, has been a
point of debate.

. Sectional restrictions are associated with senses, not entire lexemes. We can see this in the
following examples of the lexeme serve. The restaurant serves green-lipped mussels Which
airlines serve Denver? illustrates the offering-food sense of serve, which ordinarily restricts its
THEME to be some kind of food Example illustrates the provides a commercial service to sense
of serve, which constrains its THEME to be some type of appropriate location. Sectional
restrictions vary widely in their specificity. The verb imagine, for example, imposes strict
requirements on its AGENT role (restricting it to humans and other animate entities) but places
very few semantic requirements on its THEME role. A verb like diagonalize, on the other hand,
places a very specific constraint on the filler of its THEME role: it has to be a matrix, while the
arguments of the adjectives odorless are restricted to concepts that could possess an odor:

IN THE LIGHT OF ABOVE 2A-B-C I would select the transitivity hypothesis most correct in
way of its morphemes history.

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