Project on:

STAGES IN POLICY ANALYSIS

Assigned by:- Submitted by:-

Dr S. N. Singh ABHISHEK HANSDA
B.A.LLB
EN.NO.:- CUSB1513125003
 PREFACE
I am glad to present this project to Dr. S . N.Singh .This project
is about the STAGES IN POLICY ANALYSIS. This project
work attempts to bring under one cover the entire research and
information that, I have done and dedication put in by me in
completion of the project work on factor governing the
importance of circumstantial evidence. This Project is prepared
by Mr. ABHISHEK HANSDA as a student of 6th which is given
as a 3rd internal test.

ABHISHEK HANSDA
B.A.LLB
Introduction

What is Policy Analysis?

The term “policy analysis “ is made by two words “policy” and
“analysis”. There are various definition of policy analysis.

 “The process through which we identify and evaluate alternative

policies or programs that are intended to lessen or resolve social
economic or physical problems” Karl Patton
 Public policy focuses on ‘the public and its problems” – dewey
 The study of ‘ how, why and what effect governments pursue
particular courses of action and inaction’. –heidenheimer
 What governments do, why they do it, and what difference does
it make’ –dye
 The study of the nature, causes, and effects of public policies –
nagel
 Public policy concerned with: –

 How are problems and issues defined and constructed?

 How are they placed on political and policy agenda?
 How policy options emerge?
 How and why governments act or do not act
 What are the effects of government policy?

Stages in policy analysis

Based on the ideas and approach followed by Carl V. Patton there

exists a very simple pattern of ideas and points to be considered in
doing an actual policy analysis. The six steps are as follows:

1. Verify, define, and detail the problem. The most relevant and
important of them all because many times the objectives are not
clear or even contradictory from each other. A successful policy
analysis will have allocated and identified clearly the problem to
be resolved in the following steps. This is the foundation for an
efficient and effective outcome of the whole process. The analyst
must question both the interested parties involved as well as their
agendas of the outcome. Locating the problem in such a way that
eliminates any ambiguity for future references.

2. Establish evaluation criteria. In order to compare, measure

and select among alternatives, relevant evaluation criteria must
be established. In this step it must be considered cost, net
benefit, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, administrative ease,
legality, and political acceptability. Economic benefits must be
considered in evaluating the policy. How the policy will harm or
benefit a particular group or groups will depend on the number
of option viable Options more difficult than others must be
considered but ultimately decided through analyzing the parties
involved with policy. Political and other variables go hand in
hand with the evaluation criteria to be followed. Most of the time
the client, or person or group, interested in the policy analysis
will dictate the direction or evaluation criteria to follow.

3. Identify alternative policies. In order to reach this third step

the other two must have been successfully reached and
completed. As it can be seen, the policy analysis involves an
incrementalist approach; reaching one step in order to go on to
the next. In this third step understanding what is sought is very
important. In order to generate alternatives, it becomes important
to have a clear understanding of the problem and how to go
about it. Possible alternatives include the "do nothing approach"
(status quo), and any other that can benefit the outcome.
Combining alternatives generates better solutions not thought of
before. Relying on past experiences from other groups or policy
analysis helps to create a more thorough analysis and
understanding. It is important to avoid settling prematurely on a
certain number of options in this step; many options must be
considered before settling into a reduced number of alternatives.
Brainstorming, research, experiments, writing scenarios, or
concept mapping greatly help in finding new alternatives that
will help reach an "optimal" solution.

4. Evaluate alternative policies. Packaging of alternatives into

strategies is the next step in accomplishing a thorough policy
analysis. It becomes necessary to evaluate how each possible
alternative benefits the criteria previously established. Additional
data needs to be collected in analyzing the different levels of
influence: the economical, political and social dimensions of the
problem. These dimensions are analyzed through quantitative
and qualitative analysis, that is the benefits and costs per
alternative. Political questions in attaining the goals are analyzed
as to see whether they satisfy the interested parties of the policy
analysis. In doing this more concise analysis the problem may
not exist as originally identified; the actual problem statement
from the first step may suffer a transformation, which is
explained after evaluating the alternatives in greater detail. New
aspects of the problem may be found to be transient and even
different from the original problem statement. This modification
process allows this method of policy analysis to allow for a
"recycling" of information in all the steps. Several fast
interactions through the policy analysis may well be more
efficient and effective than a single detailed one. What this
means is that the efficiency is greatly increased when several
projects are analyzed and evaluated rather than just one in great
detail, allowing for a wider scope of possible solutions. Patton
further suggests to avoid the tool box approach: attacking
options with a favorite analysis method; its important to have a
heterogeneous approach in analyzing the different possible
alternatives. It becomes inefficient to view each alternative under
a single perspective; its clearly relevant the need to evaluate each
alternative following diverse evaluating approaches singled out
according to the uniqueness of each of them.
5. Display and distinguish among alternative policies. The
results of the evaluation of possible alternatives list the degree to
which criteria are met in each of them. Numerical results don't
speak for themselves but are of great help in reaching a
satisfying solution in the decision. Comparison schemes used to
summarize virtues are of great help in distinguishing among
several options; scenarios with quantitative methods, qualitative
analysis, and complex political considerations can be melded
into general alternatives containing many more from the original
ones. In making the comparison and distinction of each
alternative it is necessary to play out the economic, political,
legal, and administrative ramification of each option. Political
analysis is a major factor of decision of distinction among the
choices; display the positive effects and negative effects
interested in implementing the policy. This political approach
will ultimately analyze how the number of participants will
improve or diminish the implementation. It will also criticize on
how the internal cooperation of the interested units or parties
will play an important role in the outcome of the policy analysis.
Mixing two or more alternatives is a very common and practiced
approach in attaining a very reasonably justified policy analysis.
6. Monitoring the implemented policy. Assure continuity,
determine whether they are having impact. "Even after a policy
has been implemented, there may be some doubt whether the
problem was resolved appropriately and even whether the
selected policy is being implemented properly. This concerns
require that policies and programs be maintained and monitored
during implementation to assure that they do not change for
unintentionally, to measure the impact that they are having, to
determine whether they are having the impact intended, and to
decide whether they should be continued, modified or
terminated."
Conclusion

It is very important to analyse any public policy because it is for

the betterment, for the development, for the people. It is the
policy that help the people of the country to cope up or to tackle
any problem.

It is also the public policy that help the government to serve

people. For the development of the country it is very important to
choose or made the right policy and also important to analyse it.
So that it can be measured that how effective the policy is and it
also help to make certain changes to make the policy more
effective. In case of failure of the policy, ‘policy analysis’ help to
remove that policy.
 REFRENCES

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA .COM/policy analysis

 The challenges in policy formulation policy analysis and implementation

in developing countries. PDF.

 WWW.SCRIBD.IN/policyimplementation

 http//sunnypress.edu

 www.slideshare.net

 Public policy- R.K. SAPRU ;PHI publication -2015 2nd edition.

 www.britanica.com/policyanalysis

 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/policy