Language!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• The main proponent of • . According to this view, all
children are born with a universal
the view that biological grammar, which makes them
influences bring about receptive to the common features
language development is of all languages. Because of this
hard-wired background in
the well-known grammar, children easily pick up a
linguist Noam Chomsky. language when they are exposed
Chomsky argues that to its particular grammar.
human brains have a
language acquisition
device (LAD), an innate
mechanism or process
that allows children to
develop language skills
Noam Chomsky
• We learn language
too quickly for it to
be through
reinforcement and
punishment.
• Inborn universal
language acquisition
device
Language Acquisition
Stages that we learn • Video : CD
language…
1. Babbling Stage
2. Holophrastic Stage (one
word stage) 1 year
3. Telegraphic Speech
Stage
• After the telegraphic
stage we get
overgeneralization.
All languages contain….
• Phonemes • You tube: articulation of
• The smallest units of phonemes
sound in a language.
• English has about 44
phonemes
• Chug has three
phonemes, ch, u, g.
Morphemes
• The smallest unit of • You tube: 2:27
meaningful sound.
• Can be words like a or
but.
• Can also be parts of
words like prefixes or
suffixes…”ed” at the
end of a word means
past tense.
Overgeneralization/overregularization
• Overgeneralization • Ex: I knowed that.
• The application of • He gived me so water..
grammatical rules too • There are many foots…
widely and therefore
creating incorrect form.
Ex: Ed- A child may add
the suffix ed- to a word
in order to indicate the
past. “ I goed to the
store”
Computer metaphor
• Theory that states our
brains is an information
processeing organ, that
operates like a
computer.
Thought
Concepts
• In order to think about
the world, we form
concepts.
• A mental grouping of
similar objects, events,
ideas or people.
We base our concepts on ….
• Natural Concepts
• Prototypes
• A mental image or best
example of a category.
• If a new object is similar
to our prototype, we are
better able to recognize it
through direct experience
• If this is a prototype of a
man, then what are the
rest of us?
We base our concepts on ….
• Artificial Concepts ( ex:
math formulas or
grammar)
• Concept hierarchies:
• Representation from
general to specific.
• Ex: Animal= giraffe,
elephant, dog…
Schemas and Scripts
• Schemas: • Ex: A parent shows a
• General framework that picture of a dog to a
provides expectations child, the child will
about topics, events, create a schema of
objects, people and what a dog is….fur, tail,
situations. ears, smelly, no so
• Schemas can be stored intelligent, pees when it
and retrieved later. gets excited, sheds hair
all over the place….
Scripts
• Scripts: a knowledge of
events and actions
expected to occur.
• Ex: when you go to a
restaurant, go on a
flight, go to a movie…
How do we solve problems?
Problem solving
• Trial and Error
Problem solving
• Algorithms
• A methodical, logical
rule or procedure that
guarantees solving a
particular problem.
• Algorithms however, do
not solve all problems;
eg: what will make me
happy?
Heuristics
• A rule-of-thumb
strategy that often
allows us to make
judgments and solve
problems efficiently.
• A short cut (that can be
prone to errors).
• Ex: would you take a
ride on this train?
Obstacles to problem solving
• Mental set: • Example: A child opens the
• A tendency to approach a door to a store by pulling on it.
He later insists on pulling the
problem in a particular door handle of any
way, especially if it has similar-looking door to open it,
worked in the past. and is puzzled that some of
• May or may not be a good them must be pushed instead.
thing
Functional Fixedness
• The tendency to think
of things only in terms
of their usual functions.
• What are some things I
can do with this quarter
(other than spend it)?
Self imposed limitations
• Limitations put on
ourselves by “not thinking
outside the box”. We
follow our preconceived
notions and limit our
creativity in regards to
finding solutions.
• Ex: connect the dots
without lifting your
pencil. You can only use
four lines.
writing part: If you forgot hai explain how might your
your email password, sister say "taked
what are the advantages cupcake" may
and disadvantages of relate/explain the the idea
Algorithm and of phoneme +
___something hhahha mh***ophemm อะไรนั่น +
jum mai dai aa telegraphic stage มั้ง
• Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to: look for
information that is consistent with one’s belief
• Is a major obstacle to problem-solving
• English language has approx. 40 phonemes
• Babbling is NOT: imitation no adult speech
• Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of
FIXATION
• Best describes Chomsky’s view of language
development→ humans have a biological predisposition
to acquire language
• Failing to solve a problem that requires using an object
in an unusual way illustrates the phenomenon of:
functional fixedness→ tendency to think of things only in
terms of their usual functions
• Example of heuristics→ playing chess using defensive
strategy that has often been successful for you
• The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a
longer stick that was out of reach into his cage. He
then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit.
Researchers hypothesized that Sultan’s discovery of
the solution to his problem was the result of: insight
• Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language
until they are teenagers: → never become as fluent as
those who learn to sign at a younger age
• Language acquisition → interaction between biology
and experience
Infants as young as 6 months old display a remarkable
ability to learn statistical aspects of speech.
Specifically, research studies have shown that they →
are quickly able to recognize syllable sequences that
appear repeatedly.
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