Welcome
To
The
World
Of
‘C’
Introduction to C
M.Srikanth,
Project Engineer,
CDAC,Hyderabad.
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AGENDA
● History of C Language
● Low Level and High Level Languages
● Characteristics of C
● Simple C Program
● Preprocessor Directives
● C overview
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C: History
➢ Root of the modern language is
ALGOL 1960. It’s first computer
language to use a block structure.
➢ It gave concept of “structured
programming”.
➢ In 1967, Martin Richards developed
a language, BCPL (Basic Combined
Programming Language)
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C: History
➢ In 1970,by Ken Thompson created a
language called as ‘B’.
➢ It used to create early version of Unix.
➢ In 1972,by Dennis Ritchie introduced
new language called as ‘C’ .
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C: History
● Developed in the 1970s at AT & T Bell Laboratories by
Dennis Ritchie.
● Initially designed for programming in Unix operating
System.
● C Language was derived from B language. B language was
adopted from BCPL(Basic Combined Programming
Language).
● In 1989, the standard for C language was introduced which
is known as ANSI C.
● Most of the compilers confront to this standard.
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C Pitfall
C is not object oriented!
Can’t “hide” data as “private” or “protected” fields
You can follow standards to write C code that looks object-oriented,
but you have to be disciplined – will the other people working on your
code also be disciplined?
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Program:- A Set of instructions which
when carried out by processor for some
Specific input, generates specific output.
Programming language:- A specific
manner of writing a program with some
Predefined rules, symbols & their use as
a part of language.
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Programming Languages
● Machine Level Language
– 0’s and 1’s
– Not Portable
● Assembly Language
– Use english like words
● High Level Language
– Not concerened with low level details.
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Characteristics of C
● Middle Level Language and Robust.
● Efficient and general purpose programming
language.
● Powerful.
● Users can add their own library functions.
● Structured Programming Language.
– Improves clarity,quality by extensive use of
subroutines.
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Translators
● Assembler
● Compiler
● Interpreter
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Basic Structure of C Programs
Documentation Section
Preprocessor Directives
Global Variables
int main()
{
Local variables
--------------
}
func1()
{
--------------
}
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Basic structure of ‘C’
1) Documentation Section :-
It has set of comment lines(name of
program, author details).
What is Comment line??
To guide a programmer. To write a note for
function,operation,logic in between a
program.
Non-executable statement.
Can’t be nested.
e.g:- /* Hello /* abc */ Hi */
ERROR.
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Example for use of comments
/*
** This program reads input lines from the standard input and prints
** each input line, followed by just some portions of the lines, to
** the standard output.
**
** The first input is a list of column numbers, which ends with a
** negative number. The column numbers are paired and specify
** ranges of columns from the input line that are to be printed.
** For example, 0 3 10 12 -1 indicates that only columns 0 through 3
** and columns 10 through 12 will be printed.
*/
●
Only /* … */ for comments – no // like Java or C++
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Comments on comments
int main()
{
int a=5,b;
b=fun(a);
return 0;
}
/* Output of the following code
int fun(int x) {
return x+42; /* return the result */
}
*/
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15 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in
C
Comments on comments
●
Can’t nest comments within comments
– /* is matched with the very next */ that comes along
●
Don’t use /* … */ to comment out code – it won’t work if
the commented-out code contains comments
/* Comment out the following code
int f(int x) {
return x+42; /* return the result */ Only this will
} be
*/ commented
out
●
Single Line Comments //
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Preprocessor Directives
● # include
To access the functions which are stored in
library, it is necessary to tell the compiler ,
about the file to be accessed.
Syntax :
#include <stdio.h>
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Global Variables
➢ Some variables that are used in more than
one function, such variables (global
variables) declared in the global declaration
section.
➢ It also declares all the user-defined function.
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A Simple C Program:
1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
8
9 return 0;
10 }
Welcome to C!
• #include <stdio.h>
– Preprocessor directive
●
Tells computer to load contents of a certain file
– <stdio.h> allows standard input/output
operations
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A Simple C Program:
• int main()
– C programs contain one or more functions,
exactly one of which must be main
– Parenthesis is used to indicate a function
– int means that main "returns" an integer value
– Braces ({ and }) indicate a block
●
The bodies of all functions must be contained in
braces
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C Program Compilation
●
A C program consists of source code in one or more files
●
Each source file is run through the preprocessor and compiler,
resulting in a file containing object code
●
Object files are tied together by the linker to form a single
executable program
Source code Preprocessor/ Object code
file1.c Compiler file1.o
Source code Preprocessor/ Object code
file2.c Compiler file2.o
Libraries
Linker
Executable code
a.out
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Separate compilation
●
Advantage: Quicker compilation
– When modifying a program, a programmer typically edits only
a few source code files at a time.
– With separate compilation, only the files that have been
edited since the last compilation need to be recompiled when
re-building the program.
– For very large programs, this can save a lot of time.
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The preprocessor
●
The preprocessor takes your source code and – following
certain directives that you give it – tweaks it in various ways
before compilation.
●
A directive is given as a line of source code starting with the #
symbol
●
The preprocessor works in a very crude, “word-processor”
way, simply cutting and pasting –
it doesn’t really know anything about C!
Your Enhanced and
source obfuscated Object
code source code code
Preprocessor Compiler
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©1992-2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
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Memory Concepts
● Variables
● Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's
memory.
● Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value.
● Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through
scanf, for example), it replaces (and destroys) the
previous value.
● Reading variables from memory does not change them
● A visual representation.
integer1 45
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C OPERATORS, OPERANDS, EXPRESSION &
STATEMENTS
An operator specifies an operation to be performed that yields a
value.
Operators are symbols which take one or more operands or
expressions and perform arithmetic or logical computations.
Operands are variables or expressions which are used in conjunction
with operators to evaluate the expression.
Combination of operands and operators form an expression.
Expressions are sequences of operators, operands, and punctuators that
specify a computation.
Evaluation of expressions is based on the operators that the expressions
contain and the context in which they are used.
Expression can result in a value and can produce execution sequence .
Categories of operators
● Arithmetic operators
● Assignment operators
● Increment and decrement operators
● Relational operators
● Logical operators
● Conditional operators
● Sizeof operator
● Bitwise operators
● other operators
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Arithmetic operators
● Unary operators
+x -y
● Binary operators
+ - * / %
● % operator cannot be used with floating point numbers.
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● As in algebra, it is acceptable to place unnecessary
parentheses in an expression to make the
expression clearer.
● These are called redundant parentheses.
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Assignment operators
● =
● +=
● -=
● *=
● /=
● %=
●
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Increment and Decrement operators
● ++x
● --x
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Relational operators
● <
● <=
● ==
● !=
● >
● >=
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Logical and Boolean
● &&
● ||
● !
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Conditonal operator
● Test Expression ? expression1:expression2
● example
● Max= a>b ? a:b
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sizeof operator
● sizeof(int)
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Bitwise operators
● &
● |
● ~
● <<
● >>
● ^
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Precedence and Associativity
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Thank You
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