Turk J Engin Environ Sci

24 (2000) , 255 – 264.

c TÜBİTAK

Study of Aeration Efficiency at Weirs

Ahmet BAYLAR
Fırat University, Civil Engineering Department, Elazığ-TURKEY
Tamer BAĞATUR
Fırat University, Environmental Engineering Department, Elazığ-TURKEY

Received 17.09.1999

Abstract
The amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the waters of rivers and streams is very important to the quality
and existence of aquatic life. Hydraulic structures have an impact on the amount of dissolved oxygen in
a river system, even though the water is in contact with the structure for only a short time. The same
quantity of oxygen transfer that normally would occur over several kilometers in a river can occur at a
single hydraulic structure. The primary reason for this accelerated oxygen transfer is that air is entrained
into the flow, which produces a large number of bubbles. These air bubbles greatly increase the surface
area available for mass transfer. Plunging overfall jets from weirs are a particular instance of this, and the
aeration properties of such structures have been studied widely in the laboratory and field over a number
of years. This study investigates weirs having different cross-sectional geometry and how they affect the
aeration performance. It is demonstrated that the aeration efficiency of the triangular notch weir is generally
better than the other weirs.

Key Words: Oxygen transfer, Dissolved oxygen, Aeration, Aeration efficiency, Weirs

Savaklarda Havalandırma Veriminin İncelenmesi

Özet
Nehir ve akarsulardaki çözünmüş oksijen miktarı, hem suyun kalitesini gösteren bir özellik olarak hem
de suda yaşayan canlıların yaşamlarını devam ettirebilmeleri için gereken çok önemli bir kriterdir. Hidrolik
yapılar, akan su ile kısa bir süre için temasta olmalarına rağmen, bir nehir sistemindeki çözünmüş oksijen
miktarı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptirler. Bir nehirde doğal olarak birkaç kilometrede meydana gelebile-
cek oksijen transferi, tek bir hidrolik yapı ile hızlı bir şekilde meydana getirilebilir. Bu hızlandırılmış oksijen
transferinin asıl sebebi, çok miktarda kabarcık meydana getirerek akım içerisine havanın sokulmasıdır. Bu
hava kabarcıkları, kütle transferi için mevcut yüzey alanını çok miktarda arttırır. Savaklardan serbest düşen
jetler, bunun özel bir örneğidir ve birkaç yıldır laboratuvar ve arazide geniş bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Bu
çalışmada farklı enkesit geometrilerine sahip savaklar ve bunların, havalandırma verimini nasıl etkiledikleri
incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda üçgen enkesite sahip savakların diğer enkesitli savaklardan daha iyi
havalandırma verimine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Sözcükler: Oksijen transferi, Çözünmüş oksijen, Havalandırma, Havalandırma verimi, Savaklar

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Introduction of the downstream water pool can enhance the ab-

sorption because of the increased hydrostatic pres-
Currently there is much emphasis placed on water sure on the entrainment air bubbles. Avery and No-
quality and maintaining water quality parameters in vak (1978) found that the transfer efficiency is max-
our freshwater hydrosphere (rivers, lakes, and reser- imum at a tailwater depth of approximate 0.6 times
voirs). One of the most widely cited parameters is the drop height, indicating that a trade-off exists
that of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. DO is between bubble residence time, pressure, and tur-
often used as an indicator of the quality of water used bulence levels. Oxygen absorption efficiencies vary
by humans or serving as a habitat for aquatic flora widely, but for low-head overflow weirs, efficiencies
and fauna. It is maintained by many natural chem- of up to 70 % have been measured.
ical and biological processes that either increase or Gameson (1957) was the first to report on the
decrease local oxygen concentrations. Respiration by aeration potential of weirs in rivers. Since then a
aquatic life serves to reduce DO, as does biodegrada- number of laboratory investigations into weir aer-
tion of organic material in the sediments, along with ation have been carried out, notably by Van der
a host of the other oxygen-consuming chemical reac- Kroon (1969a, b), Apted and Novak (1973), Avery
tions. Photosynthesis by aquatic plant life can be a and Novak (1978), and Nakasone (1987). Investiga-
significant source of oxygen to a water body, as can tions also have been reported on the aeration perfor-
oxygen transfer with the atmosphere. mance of existing hydraulic structures and these are
Weir aeration occurs in rivers, fish hatcheries, reviewed by Wilhelms et al. (1992). Gulliver and
and water treatment plants. Often, the hydraulic Rindels (1993), in particular, discuss problems as-
head is naturally available and incurs no operating sociated with field measurements of oxygen transfer
cost. In some cases, however, weir aeration is eco- and the degree of uncertainty involved. Much of this
nomically competitive with alternative aeration tech- work has dealt with straight weirs and free overfalls,
nology such as surface aeration, even when energy among other structures, and none has concentrated
costs for pumping the water are included. specifically on the aeration performance of different
Before breaking up into drops, the flow over a shaped weirs.
weir or waterfall would be classified as a free jet This paper describes an experimental investiga-
as shown in Fig. 1. Typically, most of the oxy- tion into the performance of sharp-crested weirs (Fig.
gen transfer is accomplished in this type of struc- 2), and in particular, the effect of varying the shape
ture during the breakup of the jet, and the free jet’s of the weir. The shape of the weir dictates the be-
subsequent collision with the bottom of the chan- havior of the jet. This in turn is believed to alter
nel. If the free jet plunges into a downstream water the air entrainment and contact time in both the jet
pool, air entrainment and turbulent mixing will con- itself and the downstream water pool and hence the
tribute to oxygen transfer. Furthermore, the depth aeration performance of the weir as a whole.

Air entrainment

Figure 1. Free Jet over Weir

Background tion over time in a parcel of water as the parcel tra-

vels through a hydraulic structure can be expressed
Oxygen is a highly volatile compound with a gas- as
water transfer rate that is controlled entirely by the
liquid phase. Thus, the change in oxygen concentra-

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dC A is often called the specific surface area, a, or surface

= KL (Cs − C) (1)
dt V area per unit volume. Eq. (1) does not consider
where C = dissolved oxygen concentration; KL = sources and sinks of oxygen in the water body be-
liquid film coefficient for oxygen; A = surface area as- cause their rates are relatively slow compared to the
sociated with the volume V , over which transfer oc- oxygen transfer that occurs at most hydraulic struc-
curs; Cs = saturation concentration, or the dissolved tures due to the increase in free-surface turbulence
oxygen concentration at which equilibrium with the and the large quantity of air that is normally en-
gas phase is achieved; and t = time. The term A/V trained into the flow.

L L L L

b b b' b

s s s 4 s
. 1
b
W W W W

Figure 2. Weir Types Used for Experiments

The predictive relations described herein all as- dissolved-oxygen deficit.

sume that Cs is constant and determined by the
water-atmosphere partitioning. If that assumption Water Temperature
is made, Cs is constant with respect to time, and (1)
can be integrated in a moving coordinate system to Oxygen transfer efficiency is sensitive to water
result in an oxygen transfer efficiency, E (Gulliver et temperature, and investigators have typically em-
al., 1990). ployed a temperature correction factor. For hy-
draulic structures, the most often used temperature
Cd − Cu 1 correction factor has been that of Gameson et al.
E= =1− (2)
Cs − Cu r (1958), although some investigators have chosen to
where subscripts u and d = upstream and down- use an Arrhenius-type of water temperature correc-
stream locations, respectively and r = oxygen deficit tion (Holler 1970). Gulliver et al. (1990) applied the
ratio. A transfer efficiency value of 1.0 means that theories of Levich (1962), Hinze (1955), and Azbel
the full transfer up to the saturation value has oc- (1981) to mass transfer similitude and developed the
curred at the structure. No transfer would corre- relationship
spond to E = 0.0. The saturation concentration is
normally assumed to be known from charts or equa- 1 − E20 = (1 − E)1/f (3)
tions, and is typically chosen at the local atmosphere
where E = transfer efficiency at the water temper-
value. This is not always the proper choice because
ature of measurement and E20 = transfer efficiency
the saturation DO concentration for natural waters
at the 20◦ C. The exponent, f, was found to be de-
is often different from that of distilled, deionized wa-
scribed by
ter due to the salinity effects.
In this study, the saturation concentrations were f = 1.0+0.02103(T −20)+8.261×10−5(T −20)2 (4)(4)
determined by the chart of McGhee (1991). The
salinity effect would be insignificant because the salt
content of tap water used for the experiments was Water Quality
consequently low.
The presence of surface active agents, organic
substances, and suspended solids in water have all
Factors Affecting Aeration Efficiency been observed to affect the aeration process. Surface
The oxygen transfer that occurs at a given struc- active agents in particular appear to modify the pro-
ture is sensitive to water temperature, water qual- cess by reducing surface tension, forming diffusion in-
ity, tailwater depth, drop height, weir discharge, and hibiting films at the air-water interface, and affecting

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the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow. The ef- height, the jet eventually breaks up into discrete
fect of water quality often is generalized by the use of droplets and air entrainment prevails. The breakup
a “water quality factor” in equations for the deficit of the jet reduces its penetration depth into the pool
ratio, for instance in Gameson (1957) and Markofsky and hence also the depth of the biphasic zone. This
and Kobus (1978). Avery and Novak (1978) used a effectively reduces contact time tc between the bub-
similar constant to allow for the affects of different bles and the surrounding water, and so aeration is
concentrations of sodium nitrate in water. observed to have little effect. It should be noted that
Tap water was used for all of the experiments re- the “breakup length” of the jet (i.e., the difference in
ported in this paper. Salt content was consequently level between the weir sill and the point of breakup)
low and was monitored constantly during the exper- is not at all well defined and the jet breaks up over
iments to prevent any buildup of residues caused by a considerable length. Thus, the change of the jet
the deoxydant chemicals added to the water. There- to discrete droplets is sudden and takes place over
fore, the presence of chemicals or pollutants did not a range of drop heights. It does not entail a reduc-
affect the results. tion in aeration efficiency, but a significant decline in
the rate of increase in aeration efficiency with drop
height.
Tailwater Depth
The residence time of entrained air bubbles in a
Weir Discharge
water body directly affects the oxygen mass trans-
fer. The residence time is related to the bubble flow The aeration efficiency for weirs varies with dis-
path and hence the bubble penetration depth into charge. The aeration efficiency decreases with an in-
the downstream water pool. Tailwater depth would crease in discharge. Novak (1973 and 1978) and Van
be an important factor with regard to weir aeration der Kroon (1969a and 1969b) reported a constant
and aeration efficiency would increase with increas- increase in the aeration efficiency with decreasing
ing tailwater depth. There should be a limit, how- discharge. At low discharges, on the other hand,
ever, because the penetrating air bubbles will not go breakup of the jet is observed as drop height in-
to infinite depths. Actually, for each combination of creases. This leads to reduced penetration and bub-
discharge and fall height, there would be an approx- ble contact time into the downstream water pool and
imate maximum depth to which the bubbles would so reduced aeration efficiency.
penetrate, thus limiting the aeration efficiency and
possibly even defining its maximum value. Avery
Dissolved-Oxygen Deficit
and Novak (1978) found that the tailwater depth
of weirs should be approximate 0.6 times the drop Oxygen-transfer measurements are typically re-
height. They indicated that the aeration efficiency quired at a hydraulic structure to assess the potential
remained stable for tailwater depths greater than for low DO concentrations in the upstream reservoir
0.6h. For consistency, all tests reported in this pa- to continue downstream. For this situation, Mur-
per were carried out under these conditions. In all phy’s law dictates that the difference between the
of the experiments at all four weir types the writers upstream DO concentration and saturation concen-
determined that air bubbles did not generally reach tration (the upstream DO deficit) will not be large
the floor of the downstream water pool. on the day of the measurement, even though it may
be large at other times. From (2) it can be seen
that the measurement of transfer efficiency becomes
Drop Height
quite sensitive to measurement errors with a low DO
The oxygen transfer that occurs at weirs is sen- deficit upstream. Gulliver and Wilhelms (1992) have
sitive to drop height across the structure. Initially, stated that an upstream DO deficit of greater than
water jets with relatively smooth surfaces issue from 2.5 mg/L is normally required for any respectable
the weir and entrain air mainly at the surface of accuracy in an oxygen-transfer efficiency measure-
the downstream water pool. As the drop height in- ment. The primary source of measurement uncer-
creases, the surface of the jets first becomes rough- tainty was found to be uncertainty in the oxygen-
ened and then the jet oscillates during the fall, en- saturation concentration. In summer, when satura-
training air. This results in greater air flow into tion approximates 7 mg/L in most areas, this spec-
the downstream water pool. With increasing drop ification results in an upstream DO of less than 4.5

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mg/L. Wilhelms et al. (1992) found that a substan- deficit. It also reinforces the use of oxygen transfer
tial portion of the oxygen-transfer measurements at efficiency as a useful indicator of the aeration behav-
hydraulic structures given in the literature suffered ior of structures.
from the low upstream deficit problem. They were In this study, to insure that a minimum upstream
dropped from the database because an analysis of DO deficit of 2.5 mg/L was maintained, sodium sul-
measurement uncertainty propagation indicated that fite (Na2 SO3 ) was added to the water. Cobalt chlo-
the uncertainty in these measurements was above a ride (CoCl2 ) was used as a catalyst.
useful value.
DO deficit ratio, r[(Cs − Cu )/(Cs − Cd )] and
hence oxygen transfer efficiency E are independent of Experimental Setup
the upstream DO value Cu . Wormleaton and Soufi-
Aeration experiments were conducted using an
ani (1998) investigated the independence of oxygen
experimental channel in the Hydraulic Laboratory at
transfer efficiency and upstream DO level. A set of
the Civil Engineering Department of Fyrat Univer-
readings was taken of deficit ratio for a model linear
sity, Elazığ, Turkey. The experimental channel used
weir, with 320 mm sill length, under constant drop
in this study was 3.4 m long, 0.60 m wide, and 0.50
height, discharge, tailwater depth, and temperature
m deep with a maximum water flow rate of approx-
conditions. The upstream DO concentration Cu was
imately 4 L/s (Fig. 3). The water jet from the test
varied over a range from 0 to 80 % of its saturation
weir plunged into a downstream water pool, whose
value and variation in the downstream DO value Cd
height could be adjusted using a pulley arrangement.
was noted. The results showed a linear relationship
The water depth in the downstream water pool was
between Cu and Cd . A relationship between Cu and
controlled by an adjustable weir. The plan-view di-
Cd was derived from Eq. (2) as
mensions of the downstream water pool were 0.6 ×
Cd = (1 − E)Cu + ECs (5) 0.6 m. The system included a 3 m3 storage tank.
The test weir featured four exchangeable weir
The best-fit line between Cu and Cd was elements: rectangular weir, triangular notch weir,
Cd (%) = 0.289Cu(%) + 69.53 (6) trapezoidal (Cipolletti) weir, and semi-circular weir,
as shown in Fig. 2.
By comparison with Eq. (5), this gives values Each experiment was started by filling the stor-
for oxygen transfer efficiency E of 0.711 and for Cs age tank with clean water. Sodium sulfite and cobalt
of 97.8 %, confirming that the oxygen transfer effi- chloride were added to the water to increase the up-
ciency is sensibly independent of the upstream DO stream DO deficit (Cs - Cu ) to ≈ × 2.5 mg/L.

h - Dro p he ig ht
H - Ta ilwa t e r de pt h
DO - DO s a mp ling po int
Ho ne y-co m b ba ffle
De o xge nat ion
che m ica l inp ut DO Te s t we ir

We ir ove rfa ll
Water
Water channel
channel
DO h

Mix e r Flowrate
Flowrate
adjustment adjustment H
Release
Weir to adjust valve
Pum p water level
Storage tank Ad jus t a b le he ight
do wns t re am Flow measuring tank
wa t e r p o ol

Figure 3. Laboratory Weir Aeration Apparatus

259
 BAYLAR & BAĞATUR

During the experiments, dissolved oxygen and Experimental Program

temperature measurements upstream and down-
stream of the weir were taken using a calibrated The dimensions of the weirs tested are given Ta-
portable HANNA Model HI 9142 oxygen meter at ble 1. Each weir configuration was tested under flow
the locations identified in Fig. 3. The stirrer was rates Q varying from approximately 1.0 to 4.0 L/s.
necessary to obtain accurate and reproducible water- The drop height h, defined as the difference between
phase measurements. The DO meter was calibrated the water levels upstream and downstream of the
daily, prior to use, by the air calibration method. weir, was varied between 0.15 and 0.90 m. The
Calibration procedures followed those recommended depth in the downstream water pool was maintained
by the manufacturer. The calibration was performed throughout at greater than the bubble penetration
in humid air under ambient conditions. depth to ensure optimum aeration conditions.

Table 1. Experimental Program and Details

Weir Type L (cm) b (cm) s (cm) W (cm)
Rectangular weir 60 20 10 40
Triangular notch weir 60 20 10 40
Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) weir 60 15 (b0 =20) 10 40
Semi-circular weir 60 20 10 40

Results increased more than 90 cm. Because the jet eventu-

ally breaks up into discrete droplets, bubble penetra-
An experimental run consisted of establishing tion depth and contact times tc decrease and hence
target values for Q, h, and H within the experimen- aeration efficiency decreases.
tal channel followed by measurement of T, Cu , and The results of experiments involving changing
Cd . Experimental values of E20 were calculated from weir discharge were far less explicit than those in-
measured values using (2) and (3). volving drop height. Fig. 4 shows that weir discharge
The following sections discuss the oxygen transfer influencing oxygen uptake seems to be closely related
efficiency (E20 ) results, which vary with drop height to the cross-sectional weir geometry. The aeration ef-
(h), and discharge (Q) (Fig. 4.). ficiency of the triangular notch weir was reduced as
Experiments with all four weir types indicate that the discharge increased over the whole range of drop
the drop height is the most important factor influ- heights tested. In the other weirs the aeration effi-
encing aeration efficiency. Fig. 4 shows the oxygen ciency was generally greatest at a discharge of 1 L/s
transfer efficiency observed during experiments as a and the lowest values of the aeration efficiency were
function of drop height and discharge for four differ- observed at different discharge values. At all four
ent weir types. Fig. 5 also shows variation in aera- weir types, for the lower discharge, breakup of the
tion efficiency of four different weir types with drop jet was observed as the drop height increased. This
height while the change in discharge is constant. All decreases aeration efficiency.
of these graphs show an increase in aeration efficiency The rectangular weir produced the lowest values
with drop height. Generally, a greater drop height of oxygen transfer efficiency. The greatest rectan-
leads to greater bubble penetration depths into the gular weir oxygen transfer efficiency was 0.37, at a
downstream water pool and longer contact times tc . discharge of 1 L/s, and drop height of 0.90 m. The
This increases aeration efficiency. On the other hand, rectangular weir was found to have a poor perfor-
breakup of the jet was observed as the drop height mance as an aerator.

260
 BAYLAR & BAĞATUR

0.60 — 0.60 —

Rectangular weir Triangular notch weir

Q = 1 L/s Q = 1 L/s
Q = 2 L/s Q = 2 L/s
Q = 3 L/s Q = 3 L/s
Aeration Efficiency (E20)

Aeration Efficiency (E20)

Q = 4 L/s Q = 4 L/s
0.40 — 0.40 —

0.20 — 0.20 —
—

—
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05 0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05
Drop Height (m) Drop Height (m)
a b
0.60 —

Trapezoidal weir
Q = 1 L/s
Q = 2 L/s
Q = 3 L/s
Q = 4 L/s
0.40 —

0.20 —
—

0.00
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05
Drop Height (m)
c

Figure 4. Variation in Aeration Efficiency with Drop Height and Discharge for (a) Rectangular Weir; (b) Triangular
Notch Weir; (c) Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Weir; (d) Semi-Circular Weir

For the trapezoidal weir, the values of oxygen height of 0.90 m and 0.48, at a discharge of 1 L/s,
transfer efficiency were in general agreement with the and drop height of 0.90 m. Aeration efficiency was
values of the semi-circular weir. The greatest trape- greatest with the triangular notch weir because in
zoidal weir and semi circular weir oxygen transfer this weir air entrainment and turbulent mixing which
efficiency was 0.41, at a discharge of 1 L/s, and drop will contribute to the oxygen transfer were greater
height of 0.90 m. than in the other weirs. The primary reason for this
The triangular notch weir was found to have the difference may be jet shapes. The weir geometry de-
greatest values of oxygen transfer efficiency. The fines jet shapes that are unique to each weir, and the
greatest triangular notch weir oxygen transfer effi- oxygen transfer seems to strongly depend on these
ciency was 0.50, at a discharge of 2 L/s, and drop jet shapes.

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 BAYLAR & BAĞATUR

0.60 — 0.60 —

0.50 — Rectangular weir

0.50 — Rectangular weir
Semi-circular weir Semi-circular weir
Trapezoidal weir Trapezoidal weir
Triangular notch weir Triangular notch weir
0.40 — 0.40 —

0.30 — 0.30 —

0.20 — 0.20 —

0.10 — 0.10 —
—

—
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05 0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05
Drop Height (m) Drop Height (m)
a) Q = 1 L/s b) Q = 2 L/s
0.60 —

0.50 — Rectangular weir

Semi-circular weir
Trapezoidal weir
Triangular notch weir
0.40 —

0.30 —

0.20 —

0.10 —
—

0.00
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05
Drop Height (m)
c) Q = 3 L/s

Figure 5. Variation in Aeration Efficiency of All Four Weir Types with Drop Height for (a) Q=1 L/s; (b) Q=2 L/s; (c)
Q=3 L/s; (d) Q=4 L/s

Conclusions with drop height in all cases.

A series of laboratory experiments were carried
out to measure the aeration performance of different • The results of experiments involving changing
shaped weirs over a range of flows between 1 and 4 weir discharge were far less explicit than those
L/s with drop heights from 0.15 - 0.90 m. The to- involving drop height. The aeration efficiency
tal weir length was kept constant at 0.60 m. The of the triangular notch weir was reduced as
following conclusions may be drawn about weirs. the discharge increased over the whole range
of drop heights tested. In the other weirs the
• The drop height was confirmed to be the most aeration efficiency was generally greatest at a
important parameter influencing oxygen trans- discharge of 1 L/s and the lowest values of the
fer at weirs. The aeration efficiency increased aeration efficiency were observed at different

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 BAYLAR & BAĞATUR

discharge values. by Fırat University Research Fund (FÜNAF).

• At all four weir types, for the lower discharge,
breakup of the jet was observed as the drop
height increased. This decreases aeration effi- Symbols
ciency.
a : the specific surface area (A/V ), or sur-
• The weir shape was found to be an impor- face area per unit volume
tant factor influencing the aeration efficiency. A : surface area associated with the volume
The weir geometry defines jet shapes that are V , over which transfer occurs
unique to each weir, and the oxygen transfer b : crest width of weir
seems to strongly depend on these jet shapes. C : dissolved oxygen concentration
Cd : dissolved oxygen concentration down-
• The experimental values of the trapezoidal weir
stream of a hydraulic structure
for the oxygen transfer efficiency (E20 ) are in
Cs : saturation concentration
general agreement with the results of the semi-
Cu : dissolved oxygen concentration upstream
circular weir experimental values.
of a hydraulic structure
• The oxygen transfer efficiency was greatest E : transfer efficiency at the water tempera-
with the triangular notch weir and lowest ture of measurement
with the rectangular weir. The rectangular E20 : transfer efficiency at the 20◦C
weir generally would not therefore be recom- f : term to adjust from 20◦ C to T◦ C
mended. h : drop height
H : tailwater depth
• Tailwater depth as well as drop height and dis-
KL : liquid film coefficient for oxygen
charge is important for weir aeration. There-
L : the experimental channel width
fore, there should be a tailwater depth that air
Q : weir discharge
bubbles will penetrate to an approximate max-
r : oxygen deficit ratio
imum depth.
s : difference between crest and top of weir
t : time
Acknowledgements T : water temperature
The financial support of this work was provided W : difference between base and crest of weir

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