Computer Organization and Architecture: Chapter 1 - Introduction Sameer Akram
Computer Organization and Architecture: Chapter 1 - Introduction Sameer Akram
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - Top Level (Contd.)
• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; often simply referred to as
processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
• System interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among CPU, main memory,
and I/O. A common example of system interconnection
is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number of
conducting wires to which all the other components
attach.
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Arithmetic
Login Unit
System CPU
and
Bus Login Unit
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structure - The CPU (Contd.)
• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer.
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing functions.
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides
for communication among the control unit, ALU, and
registers.
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
The Control Unit (Contd.)
• The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's
central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation
of the processor. It tells the computer's memory,
arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how
to respond to a program's instructions.
• CU contains the Instruction Set of a micro-processor.
• The instruction set or the instruction set
architecture (ISA) is the set of basic instructions that
a processor understands. The instruction set is a portion
of what makes up an architecture