Key Topics for Essay, Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs

1. Foreign Policy and Relations

2. Democracy
3. Good Governance
4. Gender Issues/Women Rights in Islam/Women Empowerment
5. Energy issues
6. Economy
7. Terrorism, Militancy and Ethnicity
8. Socio-economic problems of Pakistan
9. Nation Integration
10. Judiciary
11. Media
12. Image of Islam in the West
13. Education
14. International organizations have failed to protect humanity/
UN a critical evaluation on its 70th anniversary
15. Global Warming/ Climate Change
16. Disaster Management
17. Accountability Reduces Corruption and this Leads to
progress and Development
18. Local government election and their role for democracy and
good governance
19. Literary or Argumentative Topics (36)

Foreign Policy and Relations

1. FP of Pakistan and its fundamentals
1. Protection of freedom and sovereignty 2.Cordial relation with
Muslim countries 3.Non-interfrrence in internal affairs of other
countries 4. Implementation of U.N charter 5.Promotion of world
peace 6.Non-allignment 7.Support for Self-determination
8.Nuclear Non-proliferation)
Challenges 1. Internal political stability 2.Poor economy 3.Non
proliferation 3.Couner terrorism 4.Islamic militancy 5.Poor relation
with neighbor 6. Alliance with big powers 7.Human right abuse)
Opportunities: 1.Geographicall location 2.Nuclear power 3.Role in
war on terror 4. Status of GSP+ 5.Abundant human resource)
Way-forward: 1.Economic revival and sustainable development
2.Peaceful neighborhood 3.Visionary and Self-centric policy
4.Safeguard Pakistan security 5.Eliminate growing culture of
extremism and violence)
1. FPP towards the West
A.USA
1.1.Era of close relation 1950-1964
1.2.Era of cold relation 1964-1978
1.3.Era of friendly relation 1979-1989
1.4. Era of sanctions 1989-2000
1.5.Era of Non-NATO Alliance )
B.UK (Commonwealth)
C. EU
D. Russia
E. FPP towards Middle East
F. FPP towards Neighbors
 Democracy
A. Parliamentary Form B. Presidential Form
Its Institutions (A. Legislature B. Executive C. Judiciary)
Key Characteristics
1.Educated Masses 2.National Political Parties 3.Party Election
4.Independent and Powerful Election Commission 4.Frequent
Election 5.Real Opposition 6.Active Civil Society 7.Responsible
Media 8.Free and Wise Judiciary)
Threats to the Future of Democracy in Pakistan:
1. Personalization of politics 2.Absence of meaningful electoral
reforms 3. Mass illiteracy 4.Intervention by Military 5.Unabated
corruption 6.Deadlocks on ethnic and regional issues
Positive Prospects for Future of Democracy in Pakistan
1.58-2B deleted 2.High treason redefined 3.Military becoming mature
4.Vibrant media and civil society 5.Dynamic role of social media
6.Improvement in education 7.A return towards local Government
system
Role of Local Body Elections for Good Governance
1.Educate masses 2.Alleviate poverty 3.Decentralization of power
4.Maintain law and order 5.Provision of basic human rights
6.Strict accountability at every level 7.Ensure active participation
of citizens 8.Make legal egalitarian society 9.Infuse political
freedom and liberty 10.Quick service provision 11.Promotion of
culture and sports

Good Governance in Pakistan: Need for Reforms and Institution

building
Prerequisites of Good Governance
 a. Rule of law
b. Decentralization of power
c. Accountability of affairs
d. Equal distribution of resources and opportunities
e. Efficient and effective institutions to deliverance of public
and private services
f. E-governance

Existing Crises of Governance in Pakistan

a. Absence of rule of law
b. Degradation of social structures
c. Politicization of administration
d. Contradiction between state organs and national institutions
e. Rampant extremism, terrorism and security concerns
f. Domestic and international political pressure
g. Nepotism and institutional corruption
h. Rising unemployment, poverty and inflation

Necessary Institutional Reforms to Restore Good Governance

a. Strong and independent parliament
b. Rule of law and prevention of institutional activism
c. Strengthening of security institutions
d. De-politicization of administration
e. Strict enforcement of law and accountability
f. Public-private partnership
g. Harmonious civil-military relations
h. Human resource building through training institutes
i. Planned urbanization and population controlling measures

Socio Economic Problems in Pakistan

Prevailing Socio-Economic Problems in Pakistan
a. Mass Poverty
 b. Extensive Corruption
c. Exponentially increasing population
d. Lack of education
e. Religious conflicts and sectarianism
f. Poor law and order situation
g. Destructive terrorism
h. Unequal wealth distribution
i. Resource deprivation
Repercussions of these Socio-Economic Problems
a. Unemployment explosion
b. Health deterioration
c. Infrastructure damage
d. Escalation in crime rate
e. Feeling of fear and frustration
f. Economic deterioration
Recommendations and Suggestions
a. Quality education
b. Progress for poverty alleviation
c. Employment through industrialization
d. Proper law enforcement agencies
e. Strict check on religious seminaries
f. Infrastructure reconstruction

Critical Analysis of United Nations

Obligations of United Nations

1. Ensuring international peace
 2. Settlement of regional conflicts/issues
3. Protection of basic human rights
4. Disarmament and non-proliferation
5. Mitigation of climate change
6. Development of third world countries
7. Improvement of health standards
8. Universal equality in treatment

Achievements of United Nations

1. Prevention of a global/world war
2. Establishment of democracy
3. Mitigation of adverse effects of disasters
4. Reduction in racial discrimination
5. Aid and rehabilitation of refugees
6. Protection of women and children‟s rights
7. Eradication of deadly diseases
8. Development of third world countries
9. Strengthening of international law
10. Protection of Earth
Failures of United Nations
1. Non-resolution of regional issues (Kashmir and
Palestine)
2. Inability to implement policies/decisions ( Kyoto
protocol)
3. Peace keeping delinquencies
4. Rampant pollution and global warming
5. Rise in terrorism (ISIS et)
6. US and its allies hegemony)
7. Proliferation of nuclear weapons (8 countries got NW
after 1945)
 8. Monopolization of security council (5 Permanent
Members)
9. Protection of minorities
Limitations of United Nations in 21st Century
a. Inadequate funding
b. Structural inadequacies
c. Corruption and incompetence
d. State sovereignty issues
e. Inability to enforce policies/decisions
f. Hegemonic nature of current world order
g. Non-familiarity with regional/cultural/religious
sensitivities

Status of Women in Islam/ Gender Equality/ Women

Empowerment
1. Equality in the biological creation of men and women
2. Vicegerents of Allah
3. Spiritual equality
4. Freedom of choice
6. Own property
7. Right to inheritance
8. Acquisition of education 9.Nomination for public offices
10.Dignified status of mother
11. Head of the family
12. Maker of society
13. Right to divorce
14. Ambassador of family
Efforts by Government of Pakistan for Women Empowerment:
a. Constitution grants equal rights (Article 25, 26 and 27)
b. Inheritance assured under laws (Article 23 and 24)
c. Separate educational institutions established
 d. Allocation of quotas in jobs and representative bodies
(Article 37e and 38a)
e. Adverse provisions of Hudood laws repealed (Women‟s
Protection Act)
f. Legislative initiatives on barbaric anti women customs
(Protection of Women against Violence Bill 2015 and Acid
Throwing Act)

g. Laws on harassment and cyber crimes formulated

(Harassment Act)
h. Introduction of first women bank
i. Encouragement in sports
j. Promotion of women participation in international
forums
i. BISP initiatives
Grey Areas Regarding women Empowerment in Pakistan:
a. Inheritance practically denied
b. Gender based violence still unabated
c. Political participation is not meaningful
d. Poor attention towards health and education of women
Suggestions for Women Empowerment:
a. Implementation of laws in letter and spirit.
b. Need to focus on educational attainment and health of
the women
c. Political participation should be made meaningful
d. Creating awareness in the society for the cause of
women empowerment

Education
1. Multidimensional Education Systems in Pakistan
(Government, Private and Madarsaas)
A. Private Education Systems
Strengths
i. Higher student to faculty ratio
 ii. Higher salary attracts more competent educators
iii. Higher collaboration with private corporations
iv. Flexible and expansive work Hours
v. More competition amongst private institutions
vi. More focus on extra-curricular activities
vii. Higher quality of research
Weaknesses
i. Range of students that can benefit is low
ii. Varying examination systems : Ed-excel , Cambridge ,
London Board
iii. Paucity of institutes in rural areas

B. Public Education Systems

Strengths
i. Responsibility of government under constitution
ii. Schools even in rural areas
iii. Affordable education
iv. More need based scholarships
Weaknesses
1.6.Apathetical role of government
i. Increasing population results in lack of resources
ii. Ineffective educational infrastructure
iii. Variations in Curriculum
iv. Examination system non reliable

C. Madrassa System
Strengths
i. Numerous institutes spread across the country
ii. Free education
 iii. Provision of food as well as accommodation
iv. Religious learning
Weaknesses
i. No regulation of curriculum
ii. Basic level education with a narrow focus
iii. Different Madrassas propagate different
ideologies
iv. Deprived from modern education
v. No defined career path
Problems/Hurdles
i. Lack of uniformity in education
ii. Parallel system of education
iii. Low literacy rate
iv. Higher dropout at primary level
v. Adult illiteracy
vi. Hostile socio-political environment
vii. Negligible enrollment at higher education
viii. Mass poverty
Causes:
i. Less importance to education
ii. Apathetical role of government
iii. Population explosion
iv. Lack of resources
v. Ineffective educational infrastructure
vi. Dogmatic curriculum
vii. Faulty examination system
viii. Political instability
ix. Feudalism
x. Overcrowded class rooms
xi. Untrained teachers
xii. Political polarization
Effects:
i. Mass Poverty
ii. Bad governance
iii. Corruption
iv. Lack of tolerance
Measurements:
i. Better infrastructure
ii. Friendly environment
iii. Teacher, students and parents triangle
iv. Constructive syllabus
v. Uniform system of examination
vi. Skill based
How Higher Education acts as an Agent of Change
a. Results in inventions and discoveries: scientific
advancements
b. Creates consciousness among citizens
c. Plays important role in challenging dogmas in society
d. Improve labor efficiency and GDP growth
e. Educational institutions act as a think tank.
f. Produces opinion leaders like Karl Marx
g. Emergence of USA as superpower owes everything
to Higher education
h. Accountability has direct link with Higher education:
Study of South Korea and Ireland
i. Change in Pakistan absent due to lack of attention
towards Higher education
 Water Management
Introduction:
1. Water is a natural and indispensable gift for survival
2. Capacity 141.7 MAF (Rains, Snow and Melting of
glaciers).However, in 1947 it was 170 maf and in 1990 it
was 160 maf.
3. Out of 141.7, 106 is diverted to ineffective irrigation and
out of this 106 maf (only 50 maf finally reaches to crops)
and 36 maf goes to sea unused
Average flow 140-150 MAF
Flood like situation 150-210 MAF
Drought like situation 90-120 MAF
Average flow from June-September 150-210
Average flow from November-May 90-120
4. Infrastructure (Two huge water reservoirs,19 barrages,48
big irrigational canals,1.2 m tube wells)
5. Current situation in Pakistan.
Why is water so essential for Pakistan?
1. Pakistan being an agricultural country (60% share in
employment, provide food to 200 m population, 50%
agricultural related exports)
2. Production of cheap electricity (Potential is 1,10,000 MW,
installed capacity is 12,000 MW and actual average
production is only 5,60,00 MW)
3. Maintain certain level of underground water level
4. Protect main land from sea encroachment in coastal area
5. Convert desert into fertile agro land (34% of total land is
available for cultivation)
6. Reduce the cost on agro product (30%)
 7. Secure underground water from salinity

Causes:
1. Changing weather pattern
2. Indian invasions on Pakistan water resources
3. Poor management of existing resources
4. Sedimentation of existing reservoirs
5. Limited capacity of storage
6. Lining of water channels
7. Population explosion
Impacts:
1. Inter-provincial disharmony
2. Ever decreasing agriculture output
3. Time and again floods
4. Severe shortage of agriculture and portable water
5. Encroachment of coastal areas
6. Unemployment
7. Limited hydropower production
8. Industrial backwardness
9. Threat for wild-life
Measures:
1. Comprehensive management of water
2. Renovation of existing infrastructure
3. Implementation of Indus-water basin treaty in letter and
spirit
4. Rising the level of dams
5. Augmentation of existing resources
6. IRSA should be made on effective institution. (Indus River
System Authority)
7. Construction of macro and mini dams
 8. Implementation of modern irrigation techniques(drip and
sprinkle)

Energy Issues

2. Global Energy Crisis (where do the resources exist and

what strategies are applied)
3. Pakistan Energy Crisis
II. Water(Capacity 147MAF; irrigated land is16 million hectors
Acres, more 34 million hectors Acres of land available;
Infrastructure -two huge water reservoir,19 barrage,48 big
irrigational canals,1 m tube wells)
III. Electricity(The electricity shortfall reached 4,760 megawatt
while the country is generating 13,240 megawatt of
electricity and the current demand is 18,000 megawatt)
I. Energy Generating Resources in Pakistan
i. Non-renewable energy sources
a. Thermal power
b. Nuclear energy
ii. Renewable/ Alternative Energy Sources
a. Wind energy
b. Hydel power
c. Solar energy
d. Energy from bio-mass

IV. Current Scenario of Energy Sector of Pakistan (Requirement,

availability, production and shortfall)
V. Causes of Energy Crisis in Pakistan
i. Industrial development
ii. Increase in population
iii. Older power system (generation transmission and
distribution)
iv. Energy theft
 V. Mismanagement at different levels
vi. Minimum usage of renewable sources/alternative
sources
vii. Political and bureaucratic interference
VI. Consequences of Energy Crisis
i. Economic Stress
ii. Low agriculture productivity
iii. Declining Industrial growth
iv. Upraise of Socio-Economic evils
v. Generation of a gap between the developed and
developing nations
vi. Mass unemployment
vii. Health of people
viii. Ever increasing poverty
ix. Social issues
VII. Recommendations/ Solutions of Energy Crisis
i. Power conservation strategies
a. Public awareness and cooperation
b. Smart energy utilization
ii. Traffic control method
iii. Solar energy usage (Since 2006, installed capacity figures
for solar photovoltaic cells and wind power across the world
have increased by over 5,000 per cent and 658pc
respectively quoted by Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Origins,
Challenges and Sustainable Solutions.)
iv. Construction of more dams
v. Installments of windmills to produce wind energy (India has
developed 28GW of wind power and has set a target of
100GW solar energy by 2022 quoted by Energy Crisis in
Pakistan: Origins, Challenges and Sustainable
Solutions.)
vi. Tidal energy
vii. Introduction of modern technologies
viii. Creating awareness among the masses
ix. Introduction of grid-tie and net metering systems

IV. Natural Gas: The gas supply-demand gap has reached 4

Billion Cubic Feet per Day (BCFD) as total gas demand of
the country is 8 BCFD against total supply of 4 BCFD,
reveals Economic Survey of Pakistan (IPI,TAPI,LNG and
International pipeline issues (Eastern Europe is dependent
of Russian Gas)

Accountability Reduces Corruption and This Leads to Progress

and Development.
1. Introduction
a. Corruption is a mother of all evils
b. Absolute power corrupts absolutely
2. Overview of the Concept of Accountability
3. How Accountability Reduces Corruption
a. Direct punishment are awarded
b. Creates deterrence for future
c. Transparency in society emerges
4. How Accountability Leads to Progress and Development:
a. People get access to opportunities.
b. Sincere leadership emerges with a vision
c. Democracy is strengthened
d. Global image improves: Better trade relations
e. Investor confidence boasts: Inflow of FDI and capital
flight stops
f. Public sector delivery improves.
g. GDP growth takes place.
h. Lavish Expenditures are controlled
i. Tax evasion ends: Debt trap breaks
5. Accountability Lead to Prosperity: Examples from the
Western World.
6. Lack of Accountability Causes Backwardness: Case of
Pakistan
7. How to Promote Accountability Culture.
a. Impartial Judiciary
b. Consciousness in Public through education
c. Active role of media
d. Role of civil society.
8. Conclusion.

Climate Change and Our Preparation to Counter It

Evidences of Climate change
i. Severe shortage of rains
ii. Change in weather pattern
iii. Unprecedented smog
iv. Melting of polar ice, glaciers and ice-sheet of green
land
v. Rising of sea level
vi. Severe hurricanes
vii. Frequent natural disaster
viii. Disaster impact on marine life
ix. Encroachment of coastal areas
x. Species disappearance
xi. Loss of biodiversity
xii. Decline in agriculture production

Causes of Climate change

i. Concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen
oxide and sulfur dioxide
 ii. Excessive use of insecticide, lubricants and fertilizers
iii. Nuclear radiation
iv. Deforestation
v. Burning of fossils fuel
vi. Chlorofluoro carbon and depletion of ozone layer
vii. Explosion of population
Pakistan Preparation to counter it
i. Paris Agreement Rectification
ii. National climate change policy
iii. National climate change Bill 2016
iv. Green Pakistan move
v. Use of renewable energy resources
vi. Introduction of new verities of seeds by PARC
vii. Participation in International Forums
viii. Population Control
Global Initiatives to Counter It
i. Mass awareness campaign
ii. Introduction of carbon credit
iii. Efforts for consensus building
iv. Earth Summit 1992
v. Convention on Climate Chang 1994
vi. Kyoto Protocol 1997
vii. Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol 2012
viii. Paris Agreement 2016

Measurements to Counter It
i. Use of renewable energy
ii. Energy conservation
iii. Reduction of greenhouse gases
iv. Saline resistance crops
v. Cyclone shelter
 vi. Building of coastal
vii. Application of cc5 technology
viii. Forest planning
ix. Technology transfer

Media
Functions:
1. Mass Awareness2.Strengthen Democracy 3.Promotion
of Tolerance and Understanding 4.Attract the Attention of
Policy Makers 5.Political Analysis 6.Economic Debate
6.Religious Clarification 7.Strengthen Relations with Other
Countries 8. Entertainment
Challenges Faced by Media of Pakistan
a. Competition freaking media
b. Spreading misinformation
c. Propaganda and sensationalism
d. Religious sectarianism and extremism
e. Exaggerated reporting
f. Influence of powerful groups
g. Portraying false image of state
4: Why there should be some Limitation on Free Media
a. Reasonable restriction for ideology of Pakistan and glory of
Islam(Article 19 of constitution of Pakistan)
b. Filtered information
c. Avoid any partisanship
d. Functions within the parameters of social responsibility
e. Protect the rights and reputations
f. Avoid unnecessary provocation
 g. Respect for all sects of religion

5: Recommendations to Ensure Real Role of Media

a. Lynchpin of democracy
b. Impartial reporting
c. Should function as a fourth pillar of state
d. Professional judgments and editorial control of reporting
e. Quality journalism
f. Watchdog of government affairs

Image of Islam in the West

Current Image of Islam:
i. Islam being portrait a religion of terrorism in west
ii. Muslim as extremists/fundamentalists
iii. Islam being a religion against emancipation and
liberation of women
iv. Sectarianism
Causes of Poor Image:
i. Negative behavior of Muslims
ii. Misinterpretation of Islam
iii. Waywardness from true teaching of Islam
iv. Lack of unity among Muslims
v. Lack of positive propagation of Islam
vi. Lagging behind in science and technology
vii. Lack of effective Muslim organizations
viii. Western media propagation
Measurements:
i. Effective propagation of Islamic true principles
ii. Positive behavior
iii. Bridging gap between theory and practice of Islam
 iv. Effective role of religious scholars
v. Unity among Muslims
vi. Interfaith dialogues
vii. Effective Muslim organizations
viii. Promotion of science and technology

DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNMENT

PREPARATIONS
 What is natural disaster?
 Vulnerability of Pakistan to natural disaster
 Short history
Causes of Natural Disaster:
1. Climate change
2. Poor drainage system
3. Earlier arrival of monsoon rain
4. Deforestation
5. Encroachment of river drainage area
6. Fragile embankment structure
7. Mismanagement
8. Global warming
9. Eruption of volcanoes
10. Destruction of tectonic plates
Existing Structure of Natural Disaster Management:
1. Pakistan is not fully prepared
2. Natural disaster management is the only institution
Why does Pakistan fail to Counter Natural Disaster?
1. Feeble structure
 2. Lack of training
3. Limited skilled human resources
4. Under funding
5. Absence of technology and machinery
6. Bad Governance
7. Absence of accountability
Impacts of Natural Disaster Mismanagement:
1. Mass destruction
2. Huge displacement
3. Scarcity of food items
4. Economic constraints
5. Emergence of social issues
6. Immense damage to cash crops
7. Abruption of fatal diseases
8. Psychological fear
Measurements:
1. Efficient administration
2. Proactive disaster management organizations
3. Productive drainage system
4. Development of human resources
5. Enhancement in water storage capacity
6. Availability of modern technology and machinery
7. Building the capacity of mass rehabilitation
8. Sufficient allocation of funds
9. Accountability and good governance
Global WARMING
Introduction:
 What is global warming?
 A real threat for life existent
 Fiction or fact
 Current effort
Causes:
1. Concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen
oxide and sulfur dioxide
2. Excessive use of insecticide, lubricants and fertilizers
3. Nuclear radiation
4. Deforestation
5. Burning of fossils fuel
6. Chlorofluoro carbon and depletion of ozone layer
7. Explosion of population
Impacts:
i. Melting of polar ice, glaciers and ice-sheet of green
land
ii. Rising of sea level
iii. Catastrophic rains
iv. Severe hurricanes
v. Frequent natural disaster
vi. Disaster impact on marine life
vii. Encroachment of coastal areas
viii. Ozone depletion
ix. Species disappear
x. Loss of biodiversity
xi. Increase in range of diseases
xii. Decline in agriculture production
Pakistan Preparation to counter it
1
2
3
Measurements:
i. Use of renewable energy
ii. Energy conservation
 iii. Reduction of greenhouse gases
iv. Saline resistance crops
v. Cyclone shelter
vi. Building of coastal
vii. Application of cc5 technology
viii. Forest planning
ix. Technology transfer

Economy
Current situation of Pakistan‟s economy;
1. GDP
2. GDP (PPP)
3. Per-capita Income
4. Current Budget
5. TAX
6. Part of health in GDP
7. GDP for Education
8. Population under poverty line
2. Strategies to develop economy
1) State-centric approaches
2) Liberal perspective and open market
strategy
3) Privatization policy
4) Islamic system of economics and
interest

3. Challenges and Opportunities to Pakistan‟s economy

1) Natural calamities
2) Hunger
3) Poverty
a. Opportunities
 1) CPEC
2) GSP+
3) Agriculture
4) Fishing
5) Human Resource
Terrorism, Militancy and Ethnicity
(Global terrorism, Terrorism in Pakistan, Operations, Peace talks,
Trans-border terrorism, Religious terrorism, Islamic militancy,
Extremism, Ethnicity -Sidh, Baloch, Pashtun and muhajir- and
Sectarianism)

Causes:
1. Injustice
2. Foreign invasion
3. Misinterpretation of religion
4. Fragile institution
5. Political instability
6. Illiteracy
7. Poverty
8. Ethnic difference
9. Unresolved disputes in the world
10. Clash of civilizations
Impacts:
1. Insecurity and uncertainty
2. Mass destruction
3. Lawlessness
4. Economic instability
5. Poor image among other nations
6. Isolation
7. Psychological effects
8. Less cultural and literacy activities
 9. Political vacuum
10. Displacement of people
Measures:
1. Mass education
2. Provision of dispassionate justice
3. Use of dialogue instead of force
4. Positive role of religious scholars
5. Uniform economic development
6. Constructive role of media
7. Effective role of international organizations
8. Rule of law
9. Political stability
10. Effective system of command and control
11. Resolution of international outstanding issues
12. Reforms in public and Madrassah education
system
13. Teaching of religion tolerance

National Integration
1) What is national integration?
2) Essentials of national integration.
3) Its benefits.
4) Historical background. (Pakistan emerged as an integrated
state)
Causes of Disintegration
1. Absence of economic and social justice
2. Extreme political polarization
3. Continuation of old system of feudalism
4. Prolonged dictatorship
 5. Dearth of visionary leadership
6. Provincialism and ethnicity
7. Mass poverty
8. Delay in constitution making
9. Acute economic backwardness(Debt and trade deficit)
10. Corruption and bad governance
11. Interference of foreign powers
12. Culture of violence
Impacts due to National Disintegration:
1. Chaos and anarchy
2. Inter-provincial rift
3. Foreign debt and trade deficit
4. Illiteracy
5. Lack of justice
6. Weak institutions
7. Bad-governance
8. Deprivation of rights
Measures to Strengthen National Integration:
1. Dispensation of social justice
2. Uniformity in educational syllabus and universal education
3. Egalitarian economic development throughout the country
4. Elimination of poverty
5. Vigorous institutions
6. Political stability
7. Abolition of feudalism
8. Emergence of sincere leadership
9. Language strategy
10. Good governance and accountability
2. National internal security policy
3. Implementation of NFC Award
4. Devolution of power
5. Address water scarcity
6. Minimize provincial disharmony
7. Constitutional development

Judiciary
a. Judicial system of Islam( Three different forums)
b. Problems of justice in Pakistan
c. Solutions
d. Judicial activism in Pakistan
 Argumentative/Literary Essays

Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains

 Introduction
 A statement of Rousseau
 By nature man is born free, but civil society restricts his
freedom
 In the state of freedom, man develops his physical, mental,
and moral personality to the maximum extent
 Being free of worries like the state, marriage, and family,
man can lead a pure and moral life.
 Civic life, a set of do‟s and don‟ts, is based on artificial
manners and sophistication.
 Competition among the members of modern societies is the
cause of all evils like greed, hypocrisy, lust of power,
murders, and injustices.
 J.S.Mill also supports the idea that civic life do not let a
man„s personality groom properly.
 The Hippie movement in Europe is also based on
Rousseau‟s slogan: “Back to the nature.”
 All this is but Utopian. Islamic concept of social life, true
Muslim is one from whose hands and tongue other Muslims
feel themselves secure, is ideal one for whole humanity.
 Conclusion
We live in deeds, not in years
 Introduction
 Actual life does not lie years and happiness, but it is our
deeds which make us immortal.
 We judge great men of the history not by how longer they
lived, rather we see how much they influences the world,
and quality of their work.
  Our Holy Prophet (PBUH) live just for 63 years, he and his
religion are still alive.
 Alexander and the Great English poet Keats died
prematurely, but their lives crowded with glories which
millions of men who had live long could not achieved.
 The same is true for our day-to-day activities. We praise and
like only that person whose quality of work is excellent.
 All will die, whether after a century or just tomorrow. What
therefore, matter is not longevity but making memorable
every moment over which a life extends.
 Conclusion
A clear conscience is a soft pillow
 Introduction
 A conscience free from any sense of guilt is the only source
of truly comfortable and pleasurable life.
 Freedom from worries and cares is very conducive to
peaceful sleep. He who is haunted by evil thoughts anxieties
over misdeeds done or to be done will never enjoy sound
sleep.
 The surest way to keep the mind free from such emotional
disturbances is to process a clean conscience.
 A man who does not think ill of others or do wrong to others
has a good conscience, having no enemies, no worries of
legal action or social disgrace.
 Aulia Allah are the best example of this.
 Conclusion

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing

 Introduction
  We live in the age of superficiality, and the methods of
showing that one is learned are interesting.
 This pretence of profound learning is the pitfall into which the
journalist in particular always falls.
 Factors behind superficial knowledge of our times: seeking
knowledge for prosperity, selling intellect.
 “He wasted his money on books, what good are they to him.
He is carpenter, not a school master.”
 Certain theories and dogmas have diverted men and women
from the pursuit of knowledge. Religious orthodoxy
concentrates on body, and souls and ignores mind
altogether.
 St. Basil: “It is a matter of no interest for us whether the earth
is a sphere, or a cylinder, or a disk.”
 Suicide bombers.
 In fact sane men understand that they cannot know
everything. Newton, who knew so much, thought humbly that
he was like a little child picking up pebbles on the shore,
while the vast ocean of knowledge lay unexplored before
him.
 “Other desires become the ocean of pain through dearth of
the material to gratify them, but the desire of knowledge; ...
is inexhaustible, and however long we read we shall never
come to the end of our story book.”
 Conclusion
The world does not progress, it merely changes
 Introduction
 Originality and fertility in all spheres of human activity, art,
literature, science, culture and civilization.
 Golden age is taken as synonyms of ideal happiness,
comforts and glory.
 Those who look for golden age in future believe that the past
was good, the present is better and the best ids vet to be.
  In 20th century many philosophers and scientists Dean Inga,
Badly Proud, Bertrand Russell, and Louis Fischer have
disapproved the idea of progress.
 Yet the idea of progress cannot be dismissed altogether. To
do so would be to ignore the basic trend of man‟s spiritual
history and to deny hope for the future.
 That mankind has progressed in several ways and the
present is an advance on the past is undoubtedly true,
though it may not be true that the course of progress has
been steady and unbroken.
 The path of progress has been rather zigzag and even
freakish to some extent. But the history is the witness that
man‟s spirit of progress could never have been destroyed
completely. So, let us be optimistic and look forward to a
better future.
 Conclusion

Ambition is the grand enemy of all peace

 Introduction
 Ambition, lack of contentment, is indeed grand enemy of all
peace but also of all happiness.
 The whole scientific, social and cultural progress of the world
is no doubt due the ambition of great men; however, it is
ambition of men like Alexander, Napoleon, Hitler, and host of
others responsible for all miseries of humankind despite of
this tremendous achievement.
  Ambition and peace are irreconcilable. The moment one has
decided to live with an ambition; one is left with no choice
except to worship it day in and day out.
 A modern businessman never feels satisfaction with only
reaching a mark destination, and always strives for more and
more.
 Columbus discovered America due to his ambition.
 US, the only police man of the whole world.
 Fall of USSR result of its unrealistic ambitions.
 Ambition having run amiss is capable of doing immeasurable
harm. The sooner the humanity gets rid of it the better.
 Islam wants moderation in every aspect of life.
 English proverb:”Call no man happy until he is dead.”
 Robert Browning:”God is in his Heaven. All the right with the
world.”
 Conclusion
It is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven
OR
True spirit of freedom
 Introduction
 Taken from Milton‟s Paradise Lost.
 The ideal of freedom makes to human mind is at once
universal eternal.
 Hegel: The history of the world is “none other than the
progress of consciousness of freedom.
 Academic freedom necessary for higher education.
 Free media is the last means of defending of the security of
the country.
 Freedom of enterprise is necessary for the commercial and
industrial growth of the country.
  Franklin, an eminent English Politician:”Liberty is order.
Liberty is strength.”
 Wrong concept of liberty through French Revolution:”I can
do as I like.””You are no better than I am.””What is yours is
mine if I want.”
 Robert Hutchins defines actual freedom: “Freedom must be
something more than a vacant stare. It must be something
better than the absence of restraint or the absence of things
we do not like.”
 The liberty should be based upon the ideals of truth, beauty
and goodness.
 Cowper: “He is the free man whom the truth makes free and
all are slaves beside.”
 Conclusion

Education breeds discontent, and discontent tends to make

people unhappy. Thus the spread of education is dis-service
to nation
 Introduction
 The great object of education is to eliminate brute and
develop the real man.
 The youth who starts out his education with a view to make a
fortune trampling under his feet the permanent values ruins
his ego.
 On contrary, the youth who is blind with grasping passion to
get and to hold and to give nothing in return kills his soul.
 The mind that is being constantly trained in shrewdness,
sharpness, sagacity, and cunning develops only brute
qualities.
 In fact, the supreme object of the education is to develop
man along the line of his noblest nature development of
broad minded and balanced personality.
  Man is not brute. To draw in and blow out the breath, and to
eat and drink is not living.
 The education which breeds discontent is a poison to
mankind, making man an evil-genius.
 The education which breeds nothing but slaves to passions
is dis-service to nation. Such education must be banned
because it strangles man‟s dormant possibilities.
 Conclusion
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at
all
 Introduction
 Experience is essential. People who are childishly innocent
tend to petty, and narrow and jealous.
 You must be like the man who has suffered, who knows who
has built.
 Experience means personal awareness of all phases of life.
It includes in itself sleeping in the arms of the beloved, it also
means seeing her sleeping in the arms of another, and
continuing to love.
 Sorrow and happiness go hand in hand. Life is incomplete if
it lacks one.
 He who loved much will be loved in return.
 Love course never runs smooth.
 It is folly to be not willing to sacrifice a little comfort and
happiness.
 The great man does not give way to heart however dark the
prospects may be.
 The youth who is bound to win may see difficulties, but he is
not afraid of them. He knows perfectly well that undaunted
pluck can annihilate them. To his determination they do not
exist.
 Conclusion
Liberty must be limited in order to be enjoyed
 Introduction
 Absolute liberty is neither possible not affordable for any
society.
 How could we have a school or a factory in which the pupils
or the workers are entirely free?
 Men live in a society and when they come together, there
must be discipline.
 In a society, there must be government, law and its
enforcement.
 We must not give loose reins to our feelings. We must
master our thoughts, bring reason to them.
 Conclusion to feelings and passions is never sinning and
repenting.
 The wise and free, acting from reason, thought and
judgment, do not repent.
 Conclusion
East is east and west is west never the twain shall meet
 Introduction
 A quotation of Rudyard Kipling, an English poet and
imperialist, means that western culture is far superior to
eastern culture, hence no possibility of their synthesis.
 No doubt both cultures are opposites in character and
temper, outlook and philosophy, social, moral, and spiritual
ideas and ideals.
 With their god dead, the conception of a typical western is
material advancement through conquest over nature is the
be all and end all of his whole existence.
 A typical eastern, on the other hand, is still far more
interested in spirituality than materialistic pursuits.
  The common thing in Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism,
Christianity, and Judaism, eastern religions, is the obedience
of God, control of ill-desires, and sacrifices for others.
 But it is wrong to think that the gulf is unbridgeable.
 Since both of them have failed in getting actual satisfaction,
so remedy lies in combining naturalism and spiritualism.
 It is also necessary for the survival of human race on this
planet in the presence of mass destructive weapons.
 “The east has a message for Europe and America, if only the
west will have humility and patience enough to learn from
her.”
 Mere spiritualism or mere materialism will not do. The east
must learn from west ways for material progress as the west
must learn at the feet of eastern savants the spiritual
wisdom.
 Conclusion
Manners make the man
 Introduction
 As good wine needs no bush, so a good mannered person is
recognized and welcomed immediately.
 Good manners are expressions of inner goodness and
education.
 Communities and societies behave well or badly according
to their level of cultural heights.
 Good manners and etiquettes are necessary for pleasant,
smooth, and easy life.
 Good manners and mannerism are totally two different
things.
 Mannerism is artificial and slavish imitation of behavior that
makes a person look stupid one.
 Conclusion
Example is better than percept
OR
Deeds are better than theory
 Introduction
 Imitating is easier and more effective way of learning than
just learning instructions, or the theory of something.
 A child learns his language, manners, and culture just by
imitating his elders.
 God has sent prophets so that showed people how to act
upon His orders.
 Life of our Holy Prophet (PBUH) is the best example for
humankind.
 The same rule is true foe school learning. First students
learn different theories on a subject as an example, and then
they start making their own contributions.
 The example of real goodness set before men by a really
good man will do more for morality than hundreds of
eloquent sermons are tons of moral advice.
 Conclusion
Better to wear out, than to rust out
 Introduction
 This is very old dilemma. According to one Latin
Philosopher, “If you exercise the mind, it is worn out. If you
do not exercise it, it gathers rust.”
 But a well balanced life consists in avoiding either extreme.
 Really great man of the History devoted all their physical and
mental energies to their work. On the other hands, several
 men of genius rather wasted their talent than any triumph of
inactivity .Who is better?
 If there has to be one extreme, “rust out” or “wearing out”
alternative is better.
 If we have to choose then we should choose to wear out.
 “A crowned hour of glorious life.” The poet tells, is better
than an age without name.
 Conclusion
There is no virtue like necessity
 Introduction
 Shakespeare wrote in one play, “Sweet is the uses of
diversity.”
 Discovery of penicillin pasteurization and many other
scientific inventions are the fruits of adversities.
 If we study lives of great men, it will be found that they were
lives of difficulties and dangerous.
 Life of our Holy Prophet (PBUH) was full of hardships, but it
cultivated the most civilized society in the world.
 Nations who accept challenges rule the world.
 Conclusion
The child is the father of man
 Introduction
 This quotation is taken from Wordsworth, an English
romantic poet.
 Just like the development of a plant from a seed, life is a
gradual process of unfolding.
 An individual before he comes to the state of manhood must
necessarily pass through the state of childhood, so
childhood may be called the father of cause of the manhood.
 Childhood is miniature of manhood, and manhood is a fully
developed state of childhood. The powers that are latent in
 the child are made manifest in the man; the faculty that dimly
seen in the former are fully seen in the latter.
 Great men show their signs of their future greatness even in
their childhood.
 Ruskin: “Tell me what you like and I will tell you what you
are?
 Hardy‟s pessimism originated in his childhood: as a child he
loved to watch the maggots “the little helpless creatures that
passed their time in mad carousal.
 The great Buddha even when he was a child could be seen
sitting apart from his playmate and mediating upon
something.
 When Alexander as a child was given a ball and a bat by his
uncle he said, “I will play with the............?
 But it is not a hard and fast rule with an exception that even
most idle child can also be the greatest scholar of the world.
 Einstein, a Colossus in Mathematics, was not at all
promising student in his boyhood. Even Shakespeare and
G.B. Shaw never betrayed the sign of glory in the childhood
which they were together later with both hands.
 Education of the child according his in born tastes and
capacities also play a crucial rule in the development of the
child. Queen Victoria was given the best possible education
by her mother with the result that she grew up to be the one
of ablest rulers of England.
 Need it be reiterated that the period of childhood should be
carefully watched, for it is the children of today who will be
citizens of tomorrow.
 Conclusion
Strike when the iron is hot
 Introduction
 The proverb quoted above is intended to impress our minds
the desirability of catching time by the forelock.
  A blacksmith strikes the iron when it is red-hot for then it is
soft and he can mould it into whatever shape ha likes.
 Many people fail in life because they do not learn the lesson
of striking the iron when it is hot.
 Pakistan got many opportunities to resolve the Kashmir
dispute with India, but failed to avail them.
 Striking when the iron is hot may be regarded as the key to
success in life. Except in rare cases in which success comes
purely by accident.
 Conclusion
Frailty is the name of woman
 Introduction
 Man and woman are two halves of a perfect whole. Strength
is born of their union, their separation results but in
weakness.
 Ruskin: “They are in nothing alike, and the happiness and
perfection of both depend on each asking and receiving from
the other what other only can give.”
 In Bible, God is said to have fashioned Eve out of a bone
from Adam‟s side, not from his head or his foot, which
indicates that woman, is on equality with man.
 Nevertheless, man in his pride and selfishness, has from
age to age kept woman in bondage and addressed her as
„Frailty‟.
 While the orthodox condemn woman as the source of all
vices, the romantics adore them as fairies and angels, a
basis of all kind of artistic inspirations, even an instrument of
spiritual realization.
 Both the orthodox and romantic views ignore the essential
human qualities of woman, a being in flesh and blood
subject to same virtues and weaknesses, triumphs and
failures, as her male counterpart.
  The foundation of social and political life of any country is the
family, and the centre of this family is the woman.
 Napoleon: “Give me good mothers and I will give you a good
nation.”
 But it does not mean that they must be confined within the
four walls of the house with no right to take part in social and
political activities.
 “Educate women and the nation will take the charge of itself;
for it is today, it was yesterday and will be to the end of
human life that the hand that locks the cradle is the power
that rules the world.”
 Charles Fourier: “One could the judge the degree of
civilization of a country by both social and political position of
its women.”
 But in their zest for social political activities, the woman
should not lose their essential womanly qualities, as they are
doing today. Under the western culture, they are today
drifting farther from their domestic duties and consequently
losing their essential womanliness.
 In fact, a woman is made not to compare with but to aid and
advise man, she does not either into a conflict but to resolve
it.
 Conclusion
First deserve and then desire
 Introduction
 Our desires have no end and they are also innumerable in
kind. Our mind filter from one wish to another as a careless
bee from one blossom to another.
 Money, love, power, popularity, beauty and peace are the
objects most universally desired by man. But none of these
covetable blessings has ever come to man until he deserved
it through endless effort.
  Wealth comes through back-breaking labor; love through
love; power through integrity of character and merit that is
productive; popularity through character, kindness, and
unselfish service to mankind; and one enjoys spiritual
serenity when suffering has purified one‟s soul.
 Muslim Ummah, despite having all natural resources, but not
personal capabilities is facing a threat to its survival.
 European nations generally, and America particularly has
performed best in the competition among nations to win the
leadership of the world.
 A sensible person must make a self-analysis and assess
how much he deserves the thing he desires.
 Defects responsible for human failure: laziness, loose
temperament, lack of calm and fair judgment, lack of
patience, incorrect understanding of values.
 Instead of attributing failures to reasons outside, one must
seek to discover them in one‟s own self in one‟s errors and
weaknesses.
 Conclusion
Would it be true to say that most unhappy people have often
the least cause for being unhappy
 Introduction
 Having a rigid nature, such people consider the sense of
humor a weakness. Life is a thing to be taken seriously, they
say.
 No matter whatever their work may be, they should learn to
find happiness everywhere.
 No matter how hard their lot, how dark the day may seem, if
they work a little good humor into it, it will lift their life above
a humdrum existence.
 A good laugh does away with cares, worries, doubts, and
relieves the great strain of modern life.
 “Better a mind too small than one too serious.”
  “Smile once in a while.”
 “You are on the shady side of seventy, I expect, “someone
said to an old gentleman. “No, I‟m on the sunny side of it,” he
replied.
 A great many people never learn to laugh heartily. A sort of
half smile is as far as they ever get.
 Conclusion
A wise man is a man who knows he is a fool
 Introduction
 Two kinds of fools: first those who are really ignorant but
always think that they know much and secondly, those who
know much and yet think that they know little. The first set of
fools may be described as inspired fools, but the second
group of fools is really philosophers in disguise.
 Politicians, who claim of having deepest knowledge of their
country‟s problems and their solutions in international
context, are actually foolish and stupid enough to play with
emotions of common mob.
 Joseph Conrad, in his novel “The Head of Darkness” has
challenged the so-called European civilization based on
modern scientific knowledge and their notion to transplant it
in other backward regions of the world. So, he says, “Only
policeman and butcher can keep people on the right path in
civilized Europe.”
 According to Freudian psychology, self deception is greatest
of deceptions.
 It is a common place occurrence that many student in
Pakistani universities take up subjects which they have no
aptitude and meet with failure at the examination.
 A wise man always subjects him to self-examination.
 The difference between knowledge:
 Knowledge always makes one proud; it makes one forget
one‟s limitations.
  Wisdom, however, is always humble.
 Tennyson says knowledge as “earthly” and wisdom as
“Heavenly”.
 If too much reading, as Solomon said, is weariness of the
flesh, excessive knowledge is a tyranny of the mind. Wisdom
is in fact, the flowering of the spirit.
 Conclusion

Little things are great to little men

 Introduction
 It is the fact that “the great would not think themselves
demigods if the little did not worship them.”
 Greatness is gained by comparison and when analyzed it
comes to a greater range and extent than when looked by
itself.
 A man getting a salary of Rs. 15,000 a month would be
considered a rich man among the laborers who live from
hand to mouth.
 So, the value of greatness depends on our sense of
proportion. Little have a narrow outlook on life.
 Conclusion
The fools of yesterday are the wise men of today
 Introduction
 The men, who were regarded as foolish by the people of
their own time, are reversed as wise men today by a later
penetration.
 Jesus Christ in his own time was treated as imposter and
madman, but today he is revered by millions as the greatest
teacher of religion and humanity.
 The fact is that greatness of a wise man is really never fully
appreciated by his contemporaries.
  Socrates had to drink hemlock.
 Our Holy Prophet (PBUH) had to face humiliation and
hardships for preaching of Islam. Today, he is accepted the
greatest and noblest man of the history of the world.
 Idea of Pakistan was ridiculed as “the dream of a madman.”
 It is fact that a great man is far more advance in his vision
than his common contemporaries, who cannot understand
his assertions. But time always proves them right.
 Conclusion
Man is the architect of his own fortune
 Introduction
 The fortune of a man depends upon his own self; he can
make or mar according as he wishes.
 A man who possesses a strong will and a firm determination
finds all difficulties solved.
 Every man reaps the results of his own actions. If he is
active, he will be rewarded for his activity and if he is idle, he
will have to suffer for his idleness.
 To trust to fate and remain inactive is nothing but cowardice,
and it is idle to expect hat fortune will ever favor such
cowards.
 It is thus clear that man cannot improve his condition in life
or get fame and fortune unless he will sit and acts in
accordance with his wish.
 Conclusion
The fruits of labor are sweeter than the gifts of fortune
 Introduction
 Rewards of one‟s own exertions and endeavor afford much
greater delight than any inherit wealth, a legacy, or a lottery.
 There is keen pleasure in honest labor of farmer, a student,
a mountaineer, a servant etc.
  Labor not only results in a more delightful reward, but it also
makes the laborer mature enough to enjoy and sustain this
reward for a long time.
 On the other hand, the pleasure in the gifts of fortune can
never be genuine.
 Gift of fortune tend to make a man idle. Resultantly, he loses
his fortune very soon making his life full of miseries.
 Conclusion
Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin
 Introduction
 Discipline comes from “disciple”, a learner or follower of a
teacher and it means properly training. A disciple puts
himself under a teacher to be trained and taught.
 The very essence of discipline is obedience.
 The methods of such training are patient instruction, good
example, and when necessary, punishment.
 When men wish to act together in societies or companies,
they have to agree upon certain rules of conduct; and the
enforcement of obedience to such rules is called discipline.
 There is also self-discipline the hardest task of all.
 “He that rules this spirit is greater than he that takes piety.”
 Conclusion
A righteous man regards the life of his beast
 Introduction
 It is a verse from Bible that means making kindness and
justice to domestic animals is an essential part of human
virtue.
 Those animals such as the horse, dogs, donkey and mules,
which men have bred and trained for their own use have a
special claim on our mercy and justice.
 A great deal of cruelty to animals is due simply to
thoughtlessness and lack of imagination. People put wild
 birds into cages just for their own pleasure seeking, and
they brutally ignore wild‟s own feelings and pleasures.
 As far as killing animals for food is concerned, it is man‟s
duty to see that such animals are killed painlessly.
 Our Holy Prophet (PBUH) has taught kindness and love with
domestic animals.
 Conclusion
One man’s food is another’s poison
 Introduction
 This proverb takes variety of taste in food as a typical
illustration of the difference between man and man in
susceptibility to various pleasures.
 On international level, almost every nation has some
peculiar delicacy, which would be rejected with loathing by
the rest of the world.
 Existence of cannibals, Muslims slaughter cows while
Hindus don not meet at all.
 The savants of Australia eat insects and grubs.
 Among the great varieties of castes and tribes to be found in
Pakistan, some are known to eat serpents and one low caste
devours greedily the flesh of cattle‟s died of disease.
 In modern Europe the Frenchman‟s taste for frogs seems
horrible and unnatural to the ordinary Englishman.
 The same case is at individual level.
 This strange antipathy may be regarded as exaggerated
forms of likes and dislikes.
 There is the same diversity of tastes: hunting, intellectual
and reading books out-door games, public life and seclusion.
 Even there are strongly marked special differences in
general similarity: if we talks of fiction it includes tragedy
(classical and modern), comedy, comic tragedy, social,
political, romantic, and adventurous etc.
  This diversity is the beauty of this universe without which it
would become lackluster.
 Conclusion
Life is action, not contemplation
 Introduction
 Goethe: what is this life? A struggle or a dream? Perhaps
both if it is the one, life is action and if it is the other, life is
contemplation.
 Action is recognized as vital even though its end is not clear.
Whether we choose our actions or we are driven to do them
from within it is all the same.
 The two aspects of action contemplation constitute life, they
are inseparable. Even in the mildest life of “simple live and
high thinking” action has a part to play.
 The riddle of life cannot be solved by action alone;
contemplation and meditation are equally necessary to
probe into it.
 Struggle makes us strong. Like virtue it has its own reward, it
gives us character.
 Too much thinking is a disease akin to melancholia. It keeps
us depressed, gloomy, and dyspeptic.
 A spider working inward soon envelopes himself in a web;
similarly merely abstract thinking confuses the brain.
 The progress of the world is the result of equal contributions
of great thinkers and actors.
 “Play up, play up, play up the game.”
 Healthy mind lives in a healthy body; actions give us health.
 Thoughts, unless translated into actual shape, do not come
to bloom but, die into embryo.
 Subcontinent‟s past is rich in the fruits of contemplation but
the present needs action.
  Thought, to be complete, demands action, and action
without thought has no lasting value. The best life is that
which is lived both in thought and deeds.
 Conclusion
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay
 Introduction
 Divorce from religious serenity and ethical sanctity; our life
has become grossly materialistic.
 Wordsworth: “World is too much with us.”
 The sole aim of modern man is to advance materially, even
by means of cut-throat competition.
 T.S. Eliot: “Hollow men journeying ceaselessly and without
any aim” in the waste land, where “the very breath of the
wind is fatally poisonous.
 Our mission in life is accumulation of material wealth; our
vision is limited, shadowy and dim and our outlook is much
too mechanical.
 The one glaring result of mechanization of our outlook is our
complete separation from nature.
 Man has become too much time conscious and equally
unconscious of the importance of noble relations and
sentiments.
 The fatal tendency to accumulate wealth has led modern
man to a state of spiritual morbidness.
 Bertrand Russell: Our civilization has been “subjected to be
self-decaying and self-damaging convention of over
maturity.”
 This perverted civilization of ours has robbed us of our
spiritual and moral values of life.
 Along with material need, we have to satisfy our spiritual and
moral urges, too.
 Islam teaches an absolute balance between material and
spiritual life.
  Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation, also held the
same view of life. According to him man‟s greatest endeavor
should be the purification of his soul.
 “Man has become uninterested in the final activities of his
life; he has no response to the inner values of life. He is over
occupied with one vocation, i.e. to pile up wealth.”
 “Man capital has reduced to mere machine, ever busy in
moving, rolling back, pushing itself forward, never ceasing
but always grinding and grinding.”
 Conclusion
Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men red it
 Introduction
 So long as in individual, is in the bondage to self, he can
neither know nor experience the joy of liberty.
 “Oh I do not feel like doing that just know”, or “Oh do not feel
like going”. Such are the expressions bring calm and
deliberate reason to bear on all things. Say to yourself,”This
is a matter of right and wrong, and my feelings have a
nothing whatever to do with it.”
 Prejudices and partialities blind the eyes to realities.
 Craving for pleasure is perhaps worst of the bondage which
leads men and women to the deepest of slavery.
 A wise man never envies another being disconnected with
his share of things.
 The slave to feelings and passions is ever sinning and
repenting.
 No man can be free and happy who does not work.
 Carlyle: “Labor is ever lasting, noble and holy. It is the
source of all perfection. No man can become accomplish
without work.”
 Liberty is obedience to laws of God that causes
responsibility.
 Being the strongest of moral tonics, work is the grand cure
of all maladies and miseries.
 There is no bondage in the Heavenly life. There is perfect
freedom which is gained by obedience. He who gives a
loose rein to inclinations is a slave to his passions. He
cannot control his passions. That is why he avoids
responsibility.
 Conclusion
Young habits die hard
 Introduction
 What we do often, we soon begin to do it always, and thus
habit will grow to be the part of our natural self.
 Aristotle: “That, which has become habitual, becomes as it
were a part of our nature.”
 Plato once scolded a child gambling with nuts. The child
replied,”You are scolding me for a trifle. Plato gravely said,
“Habit is not trifle.”
 Habit is the basis of character and man is regarded by
society according to his habits and disposition.
 Once a habit is formed, we are practically at its mercy.
 “Habit is overcome by habit.”
 A character is nothing but a bundle of habits.
 Aristotle: “Men acquire a particular quality by constantly
acting in a particular way.”
 An English writer: “Sow an act, and you reap a habit, sow a
habit and you reap a character, sow a character, and you
reap a destiny.‟ Excellent habits render the most difficult
task easy to perform.”
 The best way, therefore, of building up character is to create
desirable habits.
 But one should not allow even good habits to take the place
of one‟s free and rational will. A soldier was going with a
dish of food when a miscellaneous urchin cried, “Attention”!
 The soldier automatically dropped his dish and stood at
attention.
 Wordsworth: “Habit rules the unreflecting here.”
 Habits should be limited to routine activities only: but in the
higher things of life, in making decisions, in operating our
will, what is needed is not a settled habit, but the rational
exercise of one‟s free will.
 Let us be able to say with the Roman Sallust, “For me who
has spent my whole life in the practice of virtue, right
conduct has become a habit.”
 Conclusion
Where there is a will there is a way
 Introduction
 Little strokes fell great oaks
 Patience and perseverance will overcome mountain
 Napoleon: impossible is word that is found only in the
dictionary of fool.
 Sir Isaac Newton, despite several obstacles thrown in his
way to mathematical studies, emerged as the greatest
mathematician of the world just owing to strong
determination.
 The spider in the story of “Robert Bruce and the spider”
though failed nine times to reach the highest point,
succeeded at last. Much impressed by little insect, Robert
took heart, tried again and succeeded.
 On being laughed down on his first appearance in the House
of Commons, Lord Beaconsfield angrily exclaimed, “the time
will come when you shall hear me”. And with his firm
determination he emerged as one of the greatest orators of
England.
 Apparently insuperable difficulties vanish in nothingness of a
dream if we are fired by a heroic determination and strong
will to strive to seek, to find and not to yield.
 Conclusion

Peace Hath her Victories no Less Renowned than War

 Introduction
 Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, Chengiz khan and
Tamerlane, great warriors and emperors of the history, their
glorious victories are based on the scalps of demolished
countries and civilization.
 Napoleon, the greatest soldier of all times, the performer of
miracles, brought tremendous glories to France at the cost of
its depopulation complete rein of enemies‟ countries.
 In war we cannot construct, it only destroys.
 Apparent achievement gained through it is short living. After
Alexander‟s death, his great empire was broken into
fragments. Napoleon, having brought many countries under
his sway, was finally defeated by his own victims.
 In contrary, peace brings everlasting fruits to the whole
humanity: scientific inventor, great theories of philosophers,
and marvelous pieces of art and literature.
 War turns to useful invention, great sources of human
betterment in peace, like nuclear energy into destructive
means like Atom and Hydrogen bombs.
 In war man fights against his fellows, against other men; in
peace he fights against poverty, disease and ignorance.
 Achievements through peaceful means rules over heart,
while power causes only hatred: Louis Pasture, the eminent
French scientist, outclassed Napoleon in a contest for the
greatest Frenchman in the eye of French people.
 War causes a prejudice and discriminataion, ever
unacceptable vices to human conscience, among human
 being but scientific inventions, literary works, and
philosophies are meant to uproot these evils.
 Our Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) brought the biggest
revolution in the history of the world, through love and
knowledge.
 Jinnah founded the biggest Muslim state of the world without
killing even a single man.
 Whatever point angle we look at the matter, victories of
peace emerge greater than those of war. With increasing
knowledge and world becoming a global village, it is hoped
that war would become a thing of past.
 Conclusion
Discretion is the better part of velour
 Introduction
 Meaning: when you believe it is wise to be careful and avoid
unnecessary risks.
 Reason being the supreme human possession, sheer animal
force can scarcely be called courage.
 Wit, The presence of mind and intelligence, by dint of which
man can even enslave a giant, is certainly much superior to
physical strength.
 In a war, ordinary soldiers, incapable of effective planning,
are sent to fight, but the general, sitting in his camp, fights
actual war through his plans.
 A venture without proper measures is just a foolish daring
and stupidity.
 Columbus did not sail across the uncharted ocean without
proper knowledge and experience.
 In an epidemic, a wise man gets vaccination and proofs
helpful for others while a foolish bold man without any
precaution causes troubles for others
  Expression of courage is not limited to the acts of physical
velour only. Men of genius weather the storms of opposition
and bitter criticism with their spiritual strength.
 Socrates did drink the cup of hemlock to upload the values
of truth.
 Galileo died to establish a scientific explanation of a natural
phenomenon.
 Jinnah was the only Indian politician who did never break the
law, and yet achieved the greatest victory in the form of
Pakistan.
 Courage in itself has scarcely any importance unless it has
definite goal and a purpose.
 Conclusion
Sweet are the uses of adversity
 Introduction
 Dark and detestable as adversity is, it has yet an important
end to serve in our life.
 Pain is a necessary part of life, as inevitable as the „shades
of darkness falling softly from the wings of night‟ after the
day is done.
 If there were no pain, there would not have been pleasures
as well.
 “He that has no cross will have no crown.”
 Adversity strengthens and develops our faculties.
 “The storms of adversity, like those of the ocean rouse the
faculties, and excite the invention, prudence, skill and
fortitude of the voyager.”
 Adversity teaches us virtues of courage, fortitude, and
firmness.
 All the scientific inventions and discoveries are the result of
natural adversities and man‟s struggle for surviving against
them.
 Life of our Holy Prophet (peace be upon Him) was full with
extreme hardships, but God has blessed Him with highest
glory among all great men of the world.
 Even in our ordinary routine life, we like the person who
suffers the hardships of professionalism in his field.
 A man‟s life is measured not by the years he lives, but by the
volume of works he has done. A death is inevitable, the goal
of life should not be to make in long without any purpose but
to make it purposeful even though short.
 Conclusion