siunitx — A comprehensive (SI) units package∗

Joseph Wright†
Released 2015/07/17

Abstract
Physical quantities have both numbers and units, and each physical quantity
should be expressed as the product of a number and a unit. Typesetting physical
quantities requires care to ensure that the combined mathematical meaning of the
number–unit combination is clear. In particular, the SI units system lays down a
consistent set of units with rules on how these are to be used. However, differ-
ent countries and publishers have differing conventions on the exact appearance of
numbers (and units).
The siunitx package provides a set of tools for authors to typeset quantities in a
consistent way. The package has an extended set of configuration options which
make it possible to follow varying typographic conventions with the same input
syntax. The package includes automated processing of numbers and units, and the
ability to control tabular alignment of numbers.

Contents
1 Introduction 3

2 Installation 3

3 siunitx for the impatient 4

4 Using the siunitx package 5

4.1 Loading the package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 The unit macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Creating new macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.6 Tabular material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
∗ This file describes v2.6h, last revised 2015/07/17.
† E-mail: [email protected]

1
5 Comprehensive details of package control options 16
5.1 The key–value control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2 Detecting fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Font settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Parsing numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.5 Post-processing numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.6 Printing numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.7 Multi-part numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.8 Lists and ranges of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.9 Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.10 Creating units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.11 Loading additional units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.12 Using units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.13 Numbers with units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.14 Tabular material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.15 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.16 Other options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.17 Local configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

6 Localisation 64

7 Hints for using siunitx 64

7.1 Ensuring text or math output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.2 Expanding content in tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7.3 Using siunitx with datatool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.4 Using units such as µm s−1 in headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.5 A left-aligned column visually centred under a heading . . . . . . . . . 67
7.6 Symbols and XETEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.7 Scaled document fonts with XETEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.8 Interaction with tex4ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.9 Maximising performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.10 Transferring settings to pgf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.11 Using siunitx with the cellspace package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.12 Special considerations for the \kWh unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.13 Adding items after the last column of a tabular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.14 Creating a column with numbers and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.15 Tables with heading rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.16 Associating a locale with a babel language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

8 Information for those upgrading 74

8.1 Upgrading from version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.2 Upgrading from version 2.0 or 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.3 Upgrading from version 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.4 Upgrading from version 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.5 Upgrading from version 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.6 Upgrading from version 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

2
9 Correct application of (SI) units 80
9.1 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
9.2 Mathematical meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.3 Graphs and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10 Making suggestions and reporting bugs 85

11 Thanks 86

Change History 87

Index 93

1 Introduction
The correct application of units of measurement is very important in technical applica-
tions. For this reason, carefully-crafted definitions of a coherent units system have been
laid down by the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM): this has resulted in
the Système International d’Unités (SI). At the same time, typographic conventions for
correctly displaying both numbers and units exist to ensure that no loss of meaning
occurs in printed matter.
siunitx aims to provide a unified method for LATEX users to typeset numbers and
units correctly and easily. The design philosophy of siunitx is to follow the agreed rules
by default, but to allow variation through option settings. In this way, users can use
siunitx to follow the requirements of publishers, co-authors, universities, etc. without
needing to alter the input at all.

2 Installation
The package is supplied in dtx format and as a pre-extracted zip file, siunitx.tds.zip.
The later is most convenient for most users: simply unzip this in your local texmf
directory and run texhash to update the database of file locations. If you want to
unpack the dtx yourself, running tex siunitx.dtx will extract the package whereas
latex siunitx.dtx will extract it and also typeset the documentation.
The package requires LATEX3 support as provided in the l3kernel and l3packages
bundles. Both of these are available on ctan as ready-to-install zip files. Suitable
versions are available in MiKTEX 2.9 and TEX Live 2012 (updating the relevant packages
online may be necessary). LATEX3, and so siunitx, requires the ε-TEX extensions: these
are available on all modern TEX systems.
Typesetting the documentation requires a number of packages in addition to those
needed to use the package. This is mainly because of the number of demonstration
items included in the text. To compile the documentation without error, you will need
the packages:

3
 • amsmath
• booktabs
• cancel
• caption

• cleveref
• colortbl
• csquotes

• helvet
• mathpazo
• multirow
• listings

• pgfplots
• xcolor

3 siunitx for the impatient

The package provides the user macros:
• \ang[hoptionsi]{hanglei}

• \num[hoptionsi]{hnumberi}
• \si[hoptionsi]{huniti}
• \SI[hoptionsi]{hnumberi}[hpre-uniti]{huniti}

• \numlist[hoptionsi]{hnumbersi}
• \numrange[hoptionsi]{hnumbersi}{hnumber2i}
• \SIlist[hoptionsi]{hnumbersi}{huniti}
• \SIrange[hoptionsi]{hnumber1i}{hnumber2i}{huniti}

• \sisetup{hoptionsi}
• \tablenum[hoptionsi]{hnumberi}

4
plus the S and s column types for decimal alignments and units in tabular environ-
ments. These user macros and column types are designed for typesetting numbers and
units with control of appearance and with intelligent processing.
Numbers are processed with understanding of exponents, complex numbers and
multiplication.

12 345.678 90 \num{12345,67890} \\
1 ± 2i \num{1+-2i} \\
0.3 × 1045 \num{.3e45} \\
1.654 × 2.34 × 3.430 \num{1.654 x 2.34 x 3.430}

The unit system can interpret units given as text to be used directly or as macro-
based units. In the latter case, different formatting is possible.

\si{kg.m.s^{-1}} \\
\si{\kilogram\metre\per\second} \\
\si[per-mode=symbol]
{\kilogram\metre\per\second} \\
\si[per-mode=symbol]
{\kilogram\metre\per\ampere\per\second}
kg m s−1
kg m s−1
kg m/s
kg m/(A s)

Simple lists and ranges of numbers can be handled.

\numlist{10;20;30} \\
\SIlist{0.13;0.67;0.80}{\milli\metre} \\
\numrange{10}{20} \\
\SIrange{0.13}{0.67}{\milli\metre}
10, 20 and 30
0.13 mm, 0.67 mm and 0.80 mm
10 to 20
0.13 mm to 0.67 mm
By default, all text is typeset in the current upright, serif math font. This can
be changed by setting the appropriate options: \sisetup{detect-all} will use the
current font for typesetting.

4 Using the siunitx package

4.1 Loading the package
The package should be loaded in the usual LATEX 2ε way.
\usepackage{siunitx}
The key–value options described later in this document can be used when loading the
package, for example

5
 \usepackage[version-1-compatibility]{siunitx}
to use options from version 1 of the package.

4.2 Numbers
\num Numbers are automatically formatted by the \num macro. This takes one optional
argument, hoptionsi, and one mandatory one, hnumberi. The contents of hnumberi are
automatically formatted. The formatter removes both ‘soft’ (␣) and ‘hard’ spaces (\,
and ~), automatically identifies exponents (by default marked using e, E, d or D) and
adds the appropriate spacing of large numbers. With the standard settings a leading
zero is added before a decimal marker, if needed: both ‘.’ and ‘,’ are recognised as
decimal markers.
123 \num{123} \\
1234 \num{1234} \\
12 345 \num{12345} \\
0.123 \num{0.123} \\
0.1234 \num{0,1234} \\
0.123 45 \num{.12345} \\
3.45 × 10−4 \num{3.45d-4} \\
−1010 \num{-e10}

Note that numbers are parsed before typesetting, which does have a performance over-
head (only obvious with very large amounts of numerical input). The parser under-
stands a range of input syntaxes, as demonstrated above.
\numlist Lists of numbers may be processed using the \numlist function. Each hnumberi
is given within the list of hnumbersi within a brace pair, as the list can have a flexible
length. This function should be used in text mode, a common feature of all of the list
and range functions provided by siunitx.1

10, 30, 50 and 70 \numlist{10;30;50;70}

\numrange Simple ranges of numbers can be handled using the \numrange function. This acts
in the same way as \num, but inserts a phrase or other text between the two entries.
This function should be used in text mode.

10 to 30 \numrange{10}{30}

\ang Angles can be typeset using the \ang command. The hanglei can be given either as
a decimal number or as a semi-colon separated list of degrees, minutes and seconds,
which is called ‘arc format’ in this document. The numbers which make up an angle
are processed using the same system as other numbers.
1 The reason for this restriction is that the separators between items may involve text-mode spaces which

must be able to vanish at line breaks. It is not possible to achieve this effect from inside math mode.

6
 10° \ang{10} \\
12.3° \ang{12.3} \\
4.5° \ang{4,5} \\
1°20 300 \ang{1;2;3} \\
100 \ang{;;1} \\
10° \ang{+10;;} \\
−0°10 \ang{-0;1;}

4.3 Units
\si The symbol for a unit can be typeset using the \si macro: this provides full control
over output format for the unit. Like the \num macro, \si takes one optional and one
mandatory argument. The unit formatting system can accept two types of input. When
the hsii contains literal items (for example letters or numbers) then siunitx converts .
and ~ into inter-unit product and correctly positions sub- and superscripts specified
using _ and ^. The formatting methods will work with both math and text mode.

kg m/s2 \si{kg.m/s^2} \\
gpolymer molcat s−1 \si{g_{polymer}~mol_{cat}.s^{-1}}

The second operation mode for the \si macro is an ‘interpreted’ system, Here, each
unit, SI multiple prefix and power is given a macro name. These are entered in a
method very similar to the reading of the unit name in English.

\si{\kilo\gram\metre\per\square\second} \\
\si{\gram\per\cubic\centi\metre} \\
\si{\square\volt\cubic\lumen\per\farad} \\
\si{\metre\squared\per\gray\cubic\lux} \\
\si{\henry\second}
kg m s−2
g cm−3
V2 lm3 F−1
m2 Gy−1 lx3
Hs
On its own, this is less convenient than the direct method, although it does use meaning
rather than appearance for input. However, the package allows you to define new
unit macros; a large number of pre-defined abbreviations are also supplied. More
importantly, by defining macros for units, instead of literal input, new functionality is
made available. By altering the settings used by the package, the same input can yield
a variety of different output formats. For example, the \per macro can give reciprocal
powers, slashes or be used to construct units as fractions.
\SI Very often, numbers and units are given together. Formally, the value of a quantity
is the product of the number and the unit, the space being regarded as a multiplication
sign [9]. The \SI macro combines the functionality of \num and \si, and makes this
both possible and easy. The hnumberi and hsii arguments work exactly like those for the
\num and \si macros, respectively. hpreuniti is a unit to be typeset before the numerical
value (most likely to be a currency).

7
 Table 1 – SI base units.

Unit Macro Symbol

ampere \ampere A
candela \candela cd
kelvin \kelvin K
kilogram \kilogram kg
metre \metre m
mole \mole mol
second \second s

\SI[mode=text]{1.23}{J.mol^{-1}.K^{-1}} \\
\SI{.23e7}{\candela} \\
\SI[per-mode=symbol]{1.99}[\$]{\per\kilogram} \\
\SI[per-mode=fraction]{1,345}{\coulomb\per\mole}
1.23 J mol−1 K−1
0.23 × 107 cd
$1.99/kg
C
1.345 mol

It is possible to set up the unit macros to be available outside of the \SI and \si
functions. This is not the standard behaviour as there is the risk of name clashes (for
example, \bar is used by other packages, and several packages define \degree). Full
details of using ‘stand alone’ units are found in Section 5.10.
\SIlist Lists of numbers with units can be handled using the \SIlist function. The
behaviour of this function is similar to \numlist, but with the addition of a unit to
each number. This function should be used in text mode.

10 m, 30 m and 45 m \SIlist{10;30;45}{\metre}

\SIrange Ranges of numbers with units can be handled using the \SIrange function. The
behaviour of this function is similar to \numrange, but with the addition of a unit to
each number. This function should be used in text mode.

10 m to 30 m \SIrange{10}{30}{\metre}

4.4 The unit macros

The package always defines the basic set of SI units with macro names. This includes
the base SI units, the derived units with special names and the prefixes. A small
number of powers are also given pre-defined names. Full details of units in the SI are
available on-line [1].
\meter The seven base SI units are always defined (Table 1). In addition, the macro \meter
is available as an alias for \metre, for users of US spellings. The full details of the base
units are given in the SI Brochure [3].
\celsius The SI also lists a number of units which have special names and symbols [4]:

8
 Table 2 – Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols.

Unit Macro Symbol Unit Macro Symbol

becquerel \becquerel Bq newton \newton N
degree Celsius \degreeCelsius ◦C ohm \ohm Ω
coulomb \coulomb C pascal \pascal Pa
farad \farad F radian \radian rad
gray \gray Gy siemens \siemens S
hertz \hertz Hz sievert \sievert Sv
henry \henry H steradian \steradian sr
joule \joule J tesla \tesla T
katal \katal kat volt \volt V
lumen \lumen lm watt \watt W
lux \lux lx weber \weber Wb

Table 3 – Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units.

Unit Macro Symbol

day \day d
degree \degree °
hectare \hectare ha
hour \hour h
litre \litre l
\liter L
minute (plane angle) \arcminute 0
minute (time) \minute min
second (plane angle) \arcsecond 00
tonne \tonne t

these are listed in Table 2. As a short-cut for the degree Celsius, the unit \celsius is
defined equivalent to \degreeCelsius .
In addition to the official SI units, siunitx also provides macros for a number of
units which are accepted for use in the SI although they are not SI units. Table 3 lists
the ‘accepted’ units [6]. Some units are fundamental physical quantities, and these
are non-SI but can be used within the SI (Table 4, [7]). There are also a set of non-SI
units which are used in certain defined circumstances (Table 5), although they are not
\percent necessarily officially sanctioned [8]. The package also predefines the \percent macro.
While this is not a unit, it is used in the same way in many cases and is therefore
provided on the grounds of realism.
\deka In addition to the units themselves, siunitx provides pre-defined macros for all
of the SI prefixes (Table 6, [5]). The spelling ‘\deka’ is provided for US users as an
alternative to \deca.
\square A small number of pre-defined powers are provided as macros. \square and
\squared
\cubic
\cubed 9
Table 4 – Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally.

Unit Macro Symbol

astronomical unit \astronomicalunit ua
atomic mass unit \atomicmassunit u
bohr \bohr a0
speed of light \clight c0
dalton \dalton Da
electron mass \electronmass me
electronvolt \electronvolt eV
elementary charge \elementarycharge e
hartree \hartree Eh
reduced Planck constant \planckbar h̄

Table 5 – Other non-SI units.

Unit Macro Symbol

ångström \angstrom Å
bar \bar bar
barn \barn b
bel \bel B
decibel \decibel dB
knot \knot kn
millimetre of mercury \mmHg mmHg
nautical mile \nauticalmile M
neper \neper Np

Table 6 – SI prefixes.

Prefix Macro Symbol Power Prefix Macro Symbol Power

yocto \yocto y −24 deca \deca da 1
zepto \zepto z −21 hecto \hecto h 2
atto \atto a −18 kilo \kilo k 3
femto \femto f −15 mega \mega M 6
pico \pico p −12 giga \giga G 9
nano \nano n −9 tera \tera T 12
micro \micro µ −6 peta \peta P 15
milli \milli m −3 exa \exa E 18
centi \centi c −2 zetta \zetta Z 21
deci \deci d −1 yotta \yotta Y 24

10
 \cubic are intended for use before units, with \squared and \cubed going after the
unit.

Bq2 \si{\square\becquerel} \\
J2 lm−1 \si{\joule\squared\per\lumen} \\
lx3 V T3 \si{\cubic\lux\volt\tesla\cubed}

\tothe Generic powers can be inserted on a one-off basis using the \tothe and \raiseto
\raiseto macros. These are the only macros for units which take an argument:

H5 \si{\henry\tothe{5}} \\
rad4.5 \si{\raiseto{4.5}\radian}

\per Reciprocal powers are indicated using the \per macro. This applies to the next unit
only, unless the sticky-per option is turned on.

J mol−1 K−1 \si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\

J mol−1 K \si{\joule\per\mole\kelvin} \\
H−5 \si{\per\henry\tothe{5}} \\
Bq−2 \si{\per\square\becquerel}

\of As for generic powers, generic qualifiers are also available using the \of function:

\si{\kilogram\of{metal}} \\
\SI[qualifier-mode = brackets]
{0.1}{\milli\mole\of{cat}\per\kilogram\of{prod}}
kgmetal
0.1 mmol(cat) kg(prod)−1

\cancel If the cancel package is loaded, it is possible to ‘cancel out’ units using the \cancel
\highlight macro. This applies to the next unit, in a similar manner to a prefix. The \highlight
macro is also available to selectively colour units. Both \cancel and \highlight are of
course outside of the normal semantic meaning of units, but are provided as they may
be useful in some cases.

\si[per-mode = fraction]
{\cancel\kilogram\metre\per\cancel\kilogram\per\second} \\
\si{\highlight{red}\kilogram\metre\per\second} \\
\si[unit-color = purple]
{\highlight{red}\kilogram\metre\per\second}
kg m
kg s
kg m s−1
kg m s−1

When using the unit macros, the package is able to validate the input given. As
part of this, stand-alone unit prefixes can be used with the \si macro

11
 \si{\kilo} \\
\si{\micro} \\
\si[prefixes-as-symbols = false]{\kilo}
k
µ
103
However, the package only allows a single prefix to be used in this way: multiple
prefixes will give an error, as will trying to give a number without a unit. So the
following will raise errors:
\si{\kilo\gram\micro} \\
\SI{10}{\micro}

4.5 Creating new macros

The various macro components of a unit have to be defined before they can be used.
The package supplies a number of common definitions, but new definitions are also
possible. As the definition of a logical unit should remain the same in a single docu-
ment, these creation functions are all preamble-only.
\DeclareSIUnit New units are produced using the \DeclareSIUnit macro. hsymboli can con-
tain literal input, other units, multiple prefixes, powers and \per, although literal text
should not be intermixed with unit macros. Units can be created with hoptionsi from
the usual list understood by siunitx, and apply the specific unit macro only. The (first)
optional argument to \SI and \si can be used to override the settings for the unit. A
typical example is the \degree unit.

3.1415° \SI{3.1415}{\degree}
This is declared in the package as:
\DeclareSIUnit[number-unit-product = {}]
\degree{\SIUnitSymbolDegree}
The spacing can still be altered at point of use:

\SI{67890}{\degree} \\
\SI[number-unit-product = \,]{67890}{\degree}
67 890°
67 890 °
The meaning of a pre-defined unit can be altered by using \DeclareSIUnit after load-
ing siunitx. This will overwrite the original definition with the newer version.
\DeclareSIPrefix The standard SI powers of ten are defined by the package, and are described
\DeclareBinaryPrefix above. However, the user can define new prefixes with \DeclareSIPrefix. The
\DeclareBinaryPrefix function is also available for creating binary prefixes, with the
same syntax (hpowers-teni being replaced by hpowers-twoi). For example, \kilo and
\kibi are defined:
\DeclareSIPrefix\kilo{k}{3}
\DeclareBinaryPrefix\kibi{Ki}{10}

12
\DeclareSIPostPower These create power macros to appear before or after the unit they apply to. For
\DeclareSIPrePower example, the preamble to a document might contain:
\DeclareSIPrePower\quartic{4}
\DeclareSIPostPower\tothefourth{4}

with the functions then used in the document as:

kg4 \si{\kilogram\tothefourth}\\
m4 \si{\quartic\metre}

\DeclareSIQualifier Following the syntax of the other macros, qualifiers are created with the syntax
\DeclareSIQualifier{hqualifieri}{hsymboli}. In contrast to the other parts of a unit,
there are no pre-defined qualifiers. It is therefore entirely up to the user to create these.
For example, to identify the mass of a product created when using a particular catalyst,
the preamble could contain:
\DeclareSIQualifier\polymer{pol}
\DeclareSIQualifier\catalyst{cat}

and then in the body the document could read:

\SI{1.234}{\gram\polymer\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour}
−1 −1
1.234 gpol molcat h

4.6 Tabular material

Aligning numbers in tabular content is handled by a new column type, the S column.
This new column type can align material using a number of different strategies, with
the aim of flexibility of output without needing to alter the input. The method used as
standard is to place the decimal marker in the number at the centre of the cell and to
align the material appropriately (Table 7).
\begin{table}
\caption{Standard behaviour of the \texttt{S} column type.}
\label{tab:S:standard}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{S}
\toprule
{Some Values} \\
\midrule
2.3456 \\
34.2345 \\
-6.7835 \\
90.473 \\
5642.5 \\
1.2e3 \\
e4 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

13
 Table 7 – Standard behaviour of the S column type.

Some Values
2.3456
34.2345
−6.7835
90.473
5642.5
1.2 × 103
104

Table 8 – Detection of surrounding material in an S column.

Some Values
12.34
975.31
44.268a

The S column will attempt to automatically detect material which should be placed
before or after a number, and will maintain the alignment of the numerical data
(Table 8). If the material could be mistaken for part of a number, it should be protected
by braces. The use of \color in a table cell will also be detected and will override any
general colour applied by siunitx.
\begin{table}
\caption{Detection of surrounding material in an \texttt{S}
column.}
\label{tab:S:extras}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{S[color=orange]}
\toprule
{Some Values} \\
\midrule
12.34 \\
\color{purple} 975,31 \\
44.268 \textsuperscript{\emph{a}} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\tablenum Within more complex tables, aligned numbers may be desirable within the argu-
ment of \multicolumn or \multirow.2 The \tablenum function is available to achieve
2 Provided by the multirow package

14
 Table 9 – Controlling complex alignment with the \tablenum macro.

Heading Heading
Heading Heading
Info More info
aaa
Info More info 88.999
bbb
12.34
ccc
333.5567 33.435
ddd
4563.21

alignment in these situations: this is, in effect, a macro version of the S macro (Table 9).
\begin{table}
\caption{Controlling complex alignment with the \cs{tablenum}
macro.}
\label{tab:tablenum}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lr}
\toprule
Heading & Heading \\
\midrule
Info & More info \\
Info & More info \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\tablenum[table-format = 4.4]{12,34}} \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\tablenum[table-format = 4.4]{333.5567}} \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\tablenum[table-format = 4.4]{4563.21}} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil
\begin{tabular}{lr}
\toprule
Heading & Heading \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}*{\tablenum{88,999}} & aaa \\
& bbb \\
\multirow{2}*{\tablenum{33,435}} & ccc \\
& ddd \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

As a complement to the S column type, siunitx also provides a second column type,
s. This is intended for producing columns of units. This allows both macro-based and
explicit units to be printed easily (Table 10).
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Units in tables.}
\label{tab:s:demo}

15
 Table 10 – Units in tables.

Unit
m2 s − 1
Pa
m s−1

Table 11 – The s column processes everything.

Unit Unit
m3 m3
kg kg

\begin{tabular}{s}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Unit} \\
\midrule
\metre\squared\per\second \\
\pascal \\
m.s^{-1} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

As the \si macro can take literal or macro input, the s column cannot validate the
input. Everything in an s column is therefore passed to the \si macro for processing.
To prevent this, you have to use \multicolumn, as is shown in Table 11. Notice that
braces alone do not prevent processing and colouring of the cell contents.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \texttt{s} column processes everything.}
\label{tab:s:processing}
\sisetup{color = orange}
\begin{tabular}{ss}
\toprule
{Unit} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Unit}\\
\midrule
{\si{m^3}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\si{m^3}} \\
\kilogram & \kilogram \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

16
 5 Comprehensive details of package control options
5.1 The key–value control system
\sisetup The behaviour of the siunitx package is controlled by a number of key–value options.
These can be given globally using the \sisetup function or locally as the optional
argument to the user macros.
The package uses a range of different key types:
Choice Takes a limited number of choices, which are described separately for each key.

Integer Requires a number as the argument.

Length Requires a length, either as a literal value such as 2.0 cm, or stored as a LATEX
length, or TEX dimension.
Literal A key which uses the value(s) given directly, either to check input (for ex-
ample the input-digits key) or in output.

Macro Requires a macro, which may need a single argument.

Math Similar to a literal option, but the input is always used in math mode, irre-
spective of other siunitx settings. Thus to text-mode only input must be placed
inside the argument of a \text macro.

Meta These are options which actually apply a number of other options. As such, they
do not take any value at all.
Switch These are on–off switches, and recognise true and false. Giving just the key
name also turns the key on.

The tables of option names use these descriptions to indicate how the keys should be
used.

5.2 Detecting fonts

The siunitx package controls the font used to print output independently of the sur-
rounding material. The standard method is to ignore the surroundings entirely, and to
use the current body fonts. However, the package can detect and follow surrounding
bold, italic and font family changes. The font detection options are summarised in
Table 12.
detect-weight The options detect-weight and detect-shape set detection of the prevailing
detect-family font weight and font shape states, respectively. The font shape state is only checked
detect-shape if the surrounding material is not in math mode (as math text is always italic). The
detect-mode detect-shape option is an extension of the older detect-italic option, which is re-
tained for backward compatibility. Detecting the current family (roman, sans serif or
monospaced) is controlled by the detect-family setting, while the current mode (text
detect-all or math) is detected using the detect-mode switch. For convenience, all of the preced-
detect-none ing options can be turned on or off in one go using the detect-all and detect-none

17
 Table 12 – Font detection options.

Option name Type Default

detect-all Meta hnone i
detect-display-math Switch false
detect-family Switch false
detect-inline-family Choice text
detect-inline-weight Choice text
detect-mode Switch false
detect-none Meta hnone i
detect-shape Switch false
detect-weight Switch false

options. As the names indicate, detect-all sets all of detect-weight, detect-family,

detect-shape and detect-mode to true, while detect-none sets all of them to false.
detect-inline-family When siunitx macros are used in in-line math, the detection of font weight and
detect-inline-weight font family can be tuned using the detect-inline-family and detect-inline-weight
options. Both of these take the choices text and math.

\sisetup{
detect-family = true,
detect-inline-family = math
}%
$\num{1234}$ \\
1234 { \sffamily $\num{1234}$ } \\
1234 $ \mathsf { \num{1234}} $ \\
1234 \sisetup{detect-inline-family = text}
1234 { \sffamily $\num{1234}$ } \\
1234 $ \mathsf { \num{1234} } $ \\
5678 \sisetup{
5678 detect-weight = true,
5678 detect-inline-weight = math
5678 }%
5678 $\num{5678}$ \\
{ \boldmath $\num{5678}$ } \\
{ \bfseries $\num{5678}$ } \\
\sisetup{detect-inline-weight = text}
{ \boldmath $\num{5678}$ } \\
{ \bfseries $\num{5678}$ }

detect-display-math The font detection system can treat displayed mathematical content in two ways.
This is controlled by the detect-display-math option. When set true, display math-
ematics is treated independently from the body of the document. Thus the local math
font is checked for matching. In contrast, when set false, display material is treated
with the current running text font.3
3 Here, ‘display’ math means either typeset in TEX’s display math mode or using the AMS display-like

18
 Table 13 – Font options (also available as number-... and unit-... versions).

Option name Type Default

color Literal hnone i
math-rm Macro \mathrm
math-sf Macro \mathsf
math-tt Macro \mathtt
mode Choice math
text-rm Macro \rmfamily
text-sf Macro \sffamily
text-tt Macro \ttfamily

\sffamily
Some text
\sisetup{
detect-family,
detect-display-math = true
}
\[ x = \SI{1.2e3}{\kilogram\kelvin\candela} \]
More text
\sisetup{detect-display-math = false}
\[ y = \SI{3}{\metre\second\mole} \]
Some text
x = 1.2 × 103 kg K cd
More text
y = 3 m s mol

5.3 Font settings

The relationship between font family detected and font family used for output is not
fixed. The font detected by the package in the surrounding material does not have to
match that used for output (Table 13).
mode The mode option determines whether siunitx uses math or text mode when printing
output. The choices are math and text. When using math mode, text is printed using a
math font whereas in text mode a text font is used. The extent to which this is visually
obvious depends on the fonts in use in the document. This manual uses old style
(lower-case) figures in text mode to highlight the differences. This option has no effect
if the detect-mode switch is true.
math-rm If font family detection is inactive, siunitx uses the font family stored in either
math-sf math-rm or text-rm for output. The choice of math or text depends on the mode setting.
math-tt If font family detection is active, siunitx may be using a sans serif or monospaced font
text-rm for output. In math mode, these are stored in math-sf and math-tt, and for text mode
text-sf in text-sf and text-tt. Notice that the detected and output font families can differ.
text-tt
environments. Simply using \displaystyle will not make otherwise in line math be detected as display
math.

19
 \sisetup{detect-family}%
1234 \num{1234} \\
1234 { \sffamily \num{1234} } \\
99 m \SI{99}{\metre} \\
99 m \sisetup{math-rm = \mathtt}%
\SI{99}{\metre}

color The colour of printed output can be set using the color option. When no colour
is given, printing follows the surrounding text. In contrast, when a specific colour is
given, it is used irrespective of the surroundings. As there are a number of different
colour models available, it is left to user to load color or a more powerful colour package
such as xcolor.

\color{red}
Some text \\
\SI{4}{\metre\per\sievert} \\
More text \\
\SI[color = blue]{4}{\metre\per\sievert} \\
Still red here!
Some text
4 m Sv−1
More text
4 m Sv−1
Still red here!
Every one of the font options can be given independently for units and number,
with the prefixes unit- and number-, respectively. This allows fine control of output.

\SI{4}{\angstrom} \\
\SI[number-color = green]{4}{\angstrom} \\
\SI[unit-color = green]{4}{\angstrom}
4Å
4Å
4Å

5.4 Parsing numbers

The package uses a sophisticated parsing system to understand numbers. This allows
siunitx to carry out a range of formatting, as described later. All of the input options
take lists of literal tokens, and are summarised in Table 14.
input-digits The basic parts of a number are the digits, any sign and a separator between
input-decimal-markers the integer and decimal parts. These are stored in the input options input-digits,
input-signs input-decimal-markers and input-signs, respectively. More than one input decimal
input-exponent-markers marker can be used: it will be converted by the package to the appropriate output
marker. Numbers which include an exponent part also require a marker for the ex-
ponent: this again is taken from the range of tokens in the input-exponent-markers
option.
input-symbols As well as ‘normal’ digits, the package will interpret symbolic ‘numbers’ (such
input-ignore as \pi) correctly if they are included in the input-symbols list. Symbols are always

20
 Table 14 – Options for number parsing.

Option name Type Default

input-close-uncertainty Literal )
input-comparators Literal <=>\approx\ge\geq
\gg\le\leq\ll \sim
input-complex-roots Literal ij
input-decimal-markers Literal .,
input-digits Literal 0123456789
input-exponent-markers Literal dDeE
input-ignore Literal hnone i
input-open-uncertainty Literal (
input-protect-tokens Literal \approx\dots\ge\geq\gg\le
\leq\ll\mp\pi\pm\sim
input-signs Literal +-\pm\mp
input-uncertainty-signs Literal \pm
input-symbols Literal \pi\dots
parse-numbers Switch true

printed in math mode. Tokens given in the input-ignore list are totally passed over
by siunitx: they will be removed from the input with no further processing.
input-comparators In addition to signs, siunitx can recognise comparators, such as <. The package
will automatically carry out conversions for «, », <= and >= to \ll, \gg, \le and \ge,
respectively:

<10 \num{< 10} \\

5 m \SI{>> 5}{\metre} \\
≤0.12 \num{\le 0.12}

input-open-uncertainty In some fields, it is common to give the uncertainty in a number in brackets

input-close-uncertainty after the main part of the number, for example ‘1.234(5)’. The opening and clos-
ing symbols used for this type of input are set as input-open-uncertainty and
input-uncertainty-signs input-close-uncertainty. Alternatively, the uncertainty may be given as a sep-
arate part following a sign. Which signs are valid for this operation is determined by
the input-uncertainty-signs option. As with other signs, the combination +- will
automatically be converted to \pm internally.

9.99(9) \num{9.99(9)} \\
9.99(9) \num{9.99 +- 0.09} \\
9.99(9) \num{9.99 \pm 0.09} \\
123.0(45) \num{123 +- 4.5} \\
12.3(60) \num{12.3 +- 6}
√
input-complex-roots When using complex numbers in input, the complex root (i = −1 ) is indicated
by one of the tokens stored in input-complex-roots. The parser understands complex

21
 root symbols given either before or after the associated number (but will detect any
invalid arrangement):

9.99 + 88.8i \num{9.99 + 88.8i} \\

9.99 + 88.8i \num{9.99 + i88.8}

input-protect-tokens Some symbols can be problematic under expansion in LATEX 2ε . To allow these to
be used in input without issue, the package can protect these tokens while expanding
input. Symbols to be protected in this way should be listed in input-protect-tokens.
parse-numbers The parse-numbers option turns the entire parsing system on and off. The option
is made available for two reasons. First, if all of the numbers in a document are to
be reproduced ‘as given’, turning off the parser will represent a significant saving in
processing required. Second, it allows the use of arbitrary TEX code in numbers. If the
parser is turned off, the input will be printed in math mode (requiring \text to protect
any text in the number).

\num[parse-numbers = false]{\sqrt{2}} \\
\SI[parse-numbers = false]{\sqrt{3}}{\metre}
√
√2
3m

5.5 Post-processing numbers

Before typesetting numbers, various post-processing steps can be carried out. These
involve adding or removing information from the number in a systematic way; the
options are summarised in Table 15.
round-mode The siunitx package can round numerical input to a fixed number of significant
round-precision figures or decimal places. This is controlled by the round-mode option, which takes
the choices off, figures and places. When rounding is turned on, the number of
digits used (either decimal places or significant figures in the mantissa) is set using
the round-precision option. No rounding will take place if the number contains an
uncertainty component.

22
 Table 15 – Number post-processing options.

Option name Type Default

add-decimal-zero Switch true
add-integer-zero Switch true
explicit-sign Literal hnone i
fixed-exponent Integer 0
minimum-integer-digits Integer 0
omit-uncertainty Switch false
retain-explicit-plus Switch false
retain-unity-mantissa Switch true
retain-zero-exponent Switch false
round-half Choice up
round-integer-to-decimal Switch false
round-minimum Literal 0
round-mode Choice off
round-precision Integer 2
scientific-notation Switch false
zero-decimal-to-integer Switch false

\num{1.23456} \\
\num{14.23} \\
\num{0.12345(9)} \\
\sisetup{
1.234 56 round-mode = places,
14.23 round-precision = 3
0.123 45(9) }%
1.235 \num{1.23456} \\
14.230 \num{14.23} \\
0.123 45(9) \num{0.12345(9)} \\
1.23 \sisetup{
14.2 round-mode = figures,
0.123 45(9) round-precision = 3
}%
\num{1.23456} \\
\num{14.23} \\
\num{0.12345(9)}

round-integer-to-decimal The standard settings for siunitx do not add a decimal part if none was given in the
input. The round-integer-to-decimal option can be used to allow this conversion as
part of the rounding process.

\num[round-mode = figures]{1} \\
1
\num[round-mode = places]{1} \\
1
\sisetup{round-integer-to-decimal}
1.0
\num[round-mode = figures]{1} \\
1.00
\num[round-mode = places]{1}

23
zero-decimal-to-integer It may be desirable to convert decimals to integers if the decimal part is zero. This is
set up using the zero-decimal-to-integer option.

\num{2.0} \\
2.0
\num{2.1} \\
2.1
\sisetup{zero-decimal-to-integer}
2
\num{2.0} \\
2.1
\num{2.1}
round-minimum There are cases in which rounding will result in the number reaching zero. It may
be desirable to show such results as below a threshold value. This can be achieved by
setting round-minimum to the threshold value. There will be no effect when rounding
to a number of significant figures as it is not possible to obtain the value zero in these
cases.
\sisetup{round-mode = places}%
0.01 \num{0.0055} \\
0.00 \num{0.0045} \\
0.01 \sisetup{round-minimum = 0.01}%
<0.01 \num{0.0055} \\
\num{0.0045}
round-half In cases where the rounded part of a number is exactly half, there are two common
methods for ‘breaking the tie’. The choice of method is determined by the option
round-half, which recognises the choices up and even.

\sisetup{round-mode = places, round-half = up}%

\num{0.055} \\
\num{0.045} \\
\sisetup{round-half = even}%
\num{0.055} \\
\num{0.045}
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.04
add-decimal-zero It is possible to give real (floating point) numbers as input omitting the decimal
add-integer-zero or the integer parts of the number (for example 0.123 or 123.0). The options
add-decimal-zero and add-integer-zero allow the package to ‘fill in’ the missing
zero.
\num{123.} \\
\num{456} \\
123.0 \num{.789} \\
456 \sisetup{
0.789 add-decimal-zero = false,
123. add-integer-zero = false,
456 }%
.789 \num{123.} \\
\num{456} \\
\num{.789}

24
minimum-integer-digits Related is the minimum-integer-digits option. This applies only to the integer part
of the mantissa, and ensures that it will contain at least the specified number of digits.
This is achieved by padding with zeros if needed.

\num{123} \\
\num[minimum-integer-digits = 1]{123} \\
\num[minimum-integer-digits = 2]{123} \\
\num[minimum-integer-digits = 3]{123} \\
\num[minimum-integer-digits = 4]{123}
123
123
123
123
0123
explicit-sign The inclusion of a leading plus sign is usually unnecessary for positive numbers,
retain-explicit-plus and so the retain-explicit-plus option is available to control whether these are
printed. At the same time, it may be useful to force all numbers to have a sign. This
behaviour is controlled by the explicit-sign option: this is used if given and if no
sign was present in the input.

345 \num{+345} \\
+345 \num[retain-explicit-plus]{+345} \\
−345 \num[explicit-sign = -]{345} \\
345 \num[explicit-sign = -]{+345}

retain-unity-mantissa The retention of a zero exponent is controlled by the retain-zero-exponent op-

retain-zero-exponent tion. The retention of a mantissa of one is likewise controlled by the retain-unity-mantissa
option.

\num{1e4} \\
\num[retain-unity-mantissa = false]{1e4} \\
\num{444e0} \\
\num[retain-zero-exponent = true]{444e0}
1 × 104
104
444
444 × 100
scientific-notation Numbers can be converted to scientific notation by the package. This is controlled
fixed-exponent by the scientific-notation option, which takes choices false, true, fixed and
engineering. The fixed setting will use the exponent value by the fixed-exponent
option. When engineering is set, the exponent is always a power of three.

25
 \num{0.001} \\
\num{0.0100} \\
\num{1200} \\
\sisetup{scientific-notation = true}%
\num{0.001} \\
\num{0.0100} \\
\num{1200} \\
\sisetup{scientific-notation = engineering}%
\num{0.001} \\
\num{0.0100} \\
\num{1200} \\
\sisetup{
fixed-exponent = 2,
scientific-notation = fixed,
}%
\num{0.001} \\
\num{0.0100} \\
\num{1200}
0.001
0.0100
1200
1 × 10−3
1.00 × 10−2
1.200 × 103
1 × 10−3
10.0 × 10−3
1.200 × 103
0.000 01 × 102
0.000 100 × 102
12.00 × 102
When used with a fixed-exponent of zero, this may be used to remove scientific nota-
tion from the input

\num{1.23e4} \\
\num[scientific-notation = fixed, fixed-exponent = 0]{1.23e4}
1.23 × 104
12 300
omit-uncertainty The printing of an uncertainty can be suppressed entirely using the omit-uncertainty
option.

0.01(2) \num{0.01(2)} \\
0.01 \num[omit-uncertainty]{0.01(2)}

5.6 Printing numbers

Actually printing numbers is controlled by a number of settings, which apply ideas
such as differing decimal markers, digit grouping and so on. All of these options are

26
 Table 16 – Output options for numbers.

Option name Type Default

bracket-negative-numbers Switch false
bracket-numbers Switch true
close-bracket Literal )
complex-root-position Choice after-number
copy-complex-root Choice false
copy-decimal-marker Choice false
exponent-base Literal 10
exponent-product Math \times
group-digits Choice true
group-minimum-digits integer 5
group-separator Literal \,
negative-color Literal hnone i
open-bracket Literal (
output-close-uncertainty Literal )
output-complex-root Literal \ensuremath{\mathrm{i}}
output-decimal-marker Literal .
output-exponent-marker Literal hnone i
output-open-uncertainty Literal (
separate-uncertainty Switch false
tight-spacing Switch false
uncertainty-separator Literal hnone i

27
 concerned with the appearance of output, rather than the data it conveys. The options
are summarised in Table 16.
group-digits Grouping digits into blocks of three is a common method to increase the ease of
group-four-digits reading of numbers. The group-digits choice controls whether this behaviour applies,
group-separator and takes the values true, false, decimal and integer. Grouping can be activated sep-
arately for the integer and decimal parts of a number using the appropriately-named
values.

\num{12345.67890} \\
\num[group-digits = false]{12345.67890} \\
\num[group-digits = decimal]{12345.67890} \\
\num[group-digits = integer]{12345.67890}
12 345.678 90
12345.67890
12345.678 90
12 345.67890
The separator used between groups of digits is stored by the group-separator option.
This takes literal input and may be used in math mode: for a text-mode full space use
\text{~}.

\num{12345} \\
\num[group-separator = {,}]{12345} \\
\num[group-separator = \text{~}]{12345}
12 345
12,345
12 345
group-minimum-digits Grouping is not always applied to smaller numbers, and the option group-minimum-digits
is available to specify how many digits must be present before grouping is applied. The
number of digits is considered separately for the integer and decimal parts of the num-
ber: grouping does not ‘cross the boundary’.

\num{1234} \\
\num[group-minimum-digits = 4]{1234} \\
\num{1234.5678} \\
\num[group-minimum-digits = 4]{1234.5678}
1234
1 234
1234.5678
1 234.567 8
output-complex-root The decimal marker used in output is set using the output-decimal-marker
√ op-
output-decimal-marker tion. This can differ from the input marker, as can the root of −1, which is stored in
copy-complex-root the output-complex-root option. The standard setting uses \mathrm in math mode to
copy-decimal-marker give an upright ‘i’: this can easily be altered. The complex root or decimal marker
from the input can be used in the output by setting the copy-complex-root and
copy-decimal-marker options, respectively.

28
 \num{1.23} \\
\num[output-decimal-marker = {,}]{1.23} \\
\num{1+2i} \\
\num[output-complex-root = \text{\ensuremath{i}}]{1+2i} \\
\num[output-complex-root = j]{1+2i} \\
\num[copy-complex-root]{1+2j} \\
\num[copy-decimal-marker]{555,555}
1.23
1,23
1 + 2i
1 + 2i
1 + 2j
1 + 2j
555,555
complex-root-position The position of the complex root can be adjusted to place it either before or after the
associated numeral in a complex number using the complex-root-position option.

\num{67-0.9i} \\
\num[complex-root-position = before-number]{67-0.9i} \\
\num[complex-root-position = after-number]{67-0.9i}
67 − 0.9i
67 − i0.9
67 − 0.9i
exponent-base When exponents are present in the input, the exponent-base and exponent-product
exponent-product options set the obvious parts of the output. Notice that the base is in the current mode,
but the product sign is always in math mode.

\num[exponent-product = \times]{1e2} \\
\num[exponent-product = \cdot]{1e2} \\
\num[exponent-base = 2]{1e2}
1 × 102
1 · 102
1 × 22
output-exponent-marker Alternatively, if the output-exponent-marker option is set then the value stored will
be used in place of the normal product and base combination. This will normally be
set up to ensure math or text mode.

\num[output-exponent-marker = \text{e}]{1e2} \\
\num[output-exponent-marker = \ensuremath{\mathrm{E}}]{1e2}
1e2
1E2
separate-uncertainty When input is given including an uncertainty in a number, it can be printed either
uncertainty-separator with the uncertainty in brackets or as a separate number. This behaviour is controlled
output-open-uncertainty by the separate-uncertainty choice. If the uncertainty is given in brackets, a space
output-close-uncertainty may be added between the main number and the uncertainty: this is stored using the
uncertainty-separator option. The opening and closing brackets used are stored in
output-open-uncertainty and output-close-uncertainty, respectively.

29
 \num{1.234(5)} \\
\num[separate-uncertainty = true]{1.234(5)} \\
\sisetup{
output-open-uncertainty = [,
output-close-uncertainty = ],
uncertainty-separator = {\,}
}
\num{1.234(5)}
1.234(5)
1.234 ± 0.005
1.234 [5]

Notice that siunitx correctly interprets uncertainties which cross the decimal marker
position whether these are separated out or not.

8.2(13) \num{8.2(13)} \\
8.2 ± 1.3 \num[separate-uncertainty]{8.2(13)}

bracket-numbers There are certain combinations of numerical input which can be ambiguous. This
open-bracket can be corrected by adding brackets in the appropriate place, and is controlled by
close-bracket the bracket-numbers switch. The opening and closing brackets used are stored in
open-bracket and close-bracket, respectively. Note that bracket-numbers only ap-
plies to numbers without units: for numbers with units see the multi-part-units
option.

\num{1+2i e10} \\
\num[bracket-numbers = false]{1+2i e10} \\
\sisetup{
open-bracket = \{,
close-bracket = \},
}
\num{1+2i e10}
(1 + 2i) × 1010
1 + 2i × 1010
{1 + 2i} × 1010
negative-color siunitx can detect negative mantissa values and alter print colour accordingly. This
is disabled by setting the option to an empty value.

−15 673 \num{-15673} \\

−15 673 \num[negative-color = red]{-15673}

bracket-negative-numbers A common means to display negative numbers in financial situations is to place

them in brackets. This can be carried out automatically using the bracket-negative-numbers
option.

\num{-15673} \\
\num[bracket-negative-numbers]{-15673} \\
\SI{-10}{\metre} \\
\SI[bracket-negative-numbers]{-10}{\metre}

30
 Table 17 – Multi-part number options.

Option name Type Default

fraction-function Macro \frac
input-product Literal x
input-quotient Literal /
output-product Math \times
output-quotient Literal /
quotient-mode Choice symbol

−15 673
(15 673)
−10 m
(10) m
tight-spacing Under some circumstances is may be desirable to ‘squeeze’ the output spacing.
This is turned on using the tight-spacing switch, which compresses spacing where
possible.

\num{1 \pm 2i e3} \\

\num[tight-spacing = true]{1 \pm 2i e3}
(1 ± 2i) × 103
(1±2i)×103

5.7 Multi-part numbers

siunitx recognises the idea of products and quotients in numbers, both with and
without units. These multi-part numbers have a number of options affecting how
they are processed. The options are summarised in Table 17.
input-product The options input-product and input-quotient contain the tokens used to de-
input-quotient termine if a number contains multiple parts.
1×2×3 \num{1 x 2 x 3} \\
1 × 104 × 2(3) × 3/4 \num{1e4 x 2(3) x 3/4} \\
4×5×6 \num[input-product=*]{4 * 5 * 6} \\
1/(2 × 104 ) \num{ 1 / 2e4 } \\
1 × 102 /(3 × 104 ) \num{ 1e2 / 3e4 }
output-product The symbols used for printing products and quotients are stored using the options
output-quotient output-product and output-quotient.

\num[output-product = \cdot]{4.87 x 5.321 x 6.90545} \\

\num[output-quotient = \text{ div }]{1 / 2}
4.87 · 5.321 · 6.905 45
1 div 2
quotient-mode For quotients, there is the possibility to print output either using a slash, or using
the \frac macro. This is controlled by the quotient choice option, which takes values
symbol and fraction.

31
 Table 18 – Output options for lists and ranges of numbers.

Option name Type Default

list-final-separator Literal ␣and␣
list-pair-separator Literal ␣and␣
list-separator Literal ,␣
range-phrase Literal ␣to␣

\num{1 / 2e4} \\
\num[quotient-mode = fraction]{1 / 2e4}
1/(2 × 104 )
1
2×104

fraction-function The function used when quotient-mode = fraction is set is determined by the
fraction-function option. This should be set to a function which takes two argu-
ments, and presumably creates some type of fraction. Most alternatives to the standard
\frac function will involve loading additional packages: the demonstrations here need
amsmath and xfrac.
\sisetup{quotient-mode = fraction}
\num{1 / 1}
\num[fraction-function = \dfrac]{1 / 2}
\num[fraction-function = \sfrac]{1 / 3}
\num[fraction-function = \tfrac]{1 / 4}
1 1 1 1
1 2 /3 4

5.8 Lists and ranges of numbers

Lists and ranges of numbers have a small number of specialised options, which apply
to these more unusual input forms (Table 18).
list-final-separator Lists of numbers are printed with a separator between each item, which is stored
list-pair-separator using the list-separator option. The separator before the last item of a list may be
list-separator different, and is therefore set using the list-final-separator option. The separator
used for exactly two items is set using the list-pair-separator option. Any spaces
needed should be included in the option settings: none are added within the code.
These items are printed in text mode.

\numlist{0.1;0.2;0.3} \\
\numlist[list-separator = {; }]{0.1;0.2;0.3} \\
\numlist[list-final-separator = {, }]{0.1;0.2;0.3} \\
\numlist[
list-separator = { and },
list-final-separator = { and finally }
]{0.1;0.2;0.3} \\
\numlist{0.1;0.2} \\
\numlist[list-pair-separator = {, and }]{0.1;0.2}

32
 Table 19 – Angle options.

Option name Type Default

add-arc-degree-zero Switch false
add-arc-minute-zero Switch false
add-arc-second-zero Switch false
angle-symbol-over-decimal Switch false
arc-separator Literal false
number-angle-product Literal hempty i

0.1, 0.2 and 0.3

0.1; 0.2 and 0.3
0.1, 0.2, 0.3
0.1 and 0.2 and finally 0.3
0.1 and 0.2
0.1, and 0.2
range-phrase Ranges of numbers can be given as input. These will have an appropriate word or
symbol inserted between the two entries: this is stored using the range-phrase option.
The phrase should include any necessary spaces: no extra space is added.

5 to 100 \numrange{5}{100} \\
5–100 \numrange[range-phrase = --]{5}{100}

For lists and ranges when a single unit is given, siunitx will automatically ‘com-
press’ exponents when a fixed exponent is in use.

\sisetup{
fixed-exponent = 3 ,
list-units = brackets ,
(1 to 7) × 103 m range-units = brackets ,
(1, 2 and 3) × 103 kg scientific-notation = fixed
}%
\SIrange{1e3}{7e3}{\metre} \\
\SIlist{1e3;2e3;3e3}{\kg}

5.9 Angles
Angle processing provided by the \ang function has a set of options which apply in
addition to the general ones set up for number processing (Table 19).
number-angle-product The separator between the number and angle symbol (degrees, minutes or
seconds) can be set using the number-angle-product option, independent of the re-
lated number-unit-product option used by the \SI function.

2.67° \ang{2.67} \\
2.67 ° \ang[number-angle-product = \,]{2.67}

33
 arc-separator When angles are printed in arc format, the separation of the different parts is set
up using the arc-separator option.

6°70 6.500 \ang{6;7;6.5} \\

6° 70 6.500 \ang[arc-separator = \,]{6;7;6.5}

add-arc-degree-zero Zero-filling for the degree, minute or second parts of an arc is controlled using the
add-arc-minute-zero add-arc-degree-zero, add-arc-minute-zero and add-arc-second-zero options. All
add-arc-second-zero are off as standard.
\ang{-1;;} \\
−1° \ang{;-2;} \\
−20 \ang{;;-3} \\
−300 \sisetup{add-arc-degree-zero}
−1° \ang{-1;;} \\
−0°20 \ang{;-2;} \\
−0°300 \ang{;;-3} \\
−1°00 \sisetup{add-arc-minute-zero}
−0°20 \ang{-1;;} \\
−0°00 300 \ang{;-2;} \\
−1°00 000 \ang{;;-3} \\
−0°20 000 \sisetup{add-arc-second-zero}
−0°00 300 \ang{-1;;} \\
\ang{;-2;} \\
\ang{;;-3}

angle-symbol-over-decimal In some subject areas, most notably astronomy, the angle symbols are given over
the decimal marker, rather than at the end of the number. This behaviour is available
using the angle-symbol-over-decimal option.

\ang{45.697} \\
\ang{6;7;6.5} \\
\ang[angle-symbol-over-decimal]{45.697} \\
\ang[angle-symbol-over-decimal]{6;7;6.5}
45.697°
6°70 6.500
45.°697
6°70 600. 5

5.10 Creating units

The various macro units are created at the start of the document. siunitx can define
these such that they are only available for use within the \si and \SI functions, or can
make the unit macros available throughout the document body. There are a number
of settings which control this creation process (Table 20). As a result, these options all
apply in the preamble only.
free-standing-units The free-standing-units option controls whether the unit macros exist outside
overwrite-functions of the \si and \SI arguments. When this option is true, siunitx creates the macros
for general use. The standard method to achieve this does not overwrite any existing
macros: this behaviour can be altered using the overwrite-functions switch.

34
 Table 20 – Unit creation options.

Option name Type Default

free-standing-units Switch false
overwrite-functions Switch false
space-before-unit Switch false
unit-optional-argument Switch false
use-xspace Switch false

space-before-unit When ‘free standing’ unit macros are created, their behaviour can be adjusted by
unit-optional-argument a number of options. These are mainly intended for emulating the input syntax of
use-xspace older packages. The option unit-optional-argument gives the same behaviour for the
inputs
\SI{10}{\metre}
and
\metre[10].

The space-before-unit and use-xspace options control the behaviour at the ‘ends’ of
the unit macros. Activating space-before-unit inserts the number–unit space before
the unit is printed. This is suitable for the input syntax
30\metre
but does mean that the unit macros are incorrectly spaced in running text. On the other
hand, the use-xspace option attempts to correctly space input such as
\metre is the symbol for metres.

5.11 Loading additional units

abbreviations As standard, siunitx loads a set of abbreviated versions of the SI units (Table 21). The
standard siunitx settings only create these abbreviations within the scope of the \si and
\SI functions, meaning that no clashes should occur (for example with the standard
\pm symbol). Loading of these abbreviations can be prevented by setting the option
abbreviations = false in the preamble.

Table 21 – Abbreviated units.

Unit Abbreviation Symbol

Continued on next page

35
Continued from previous page
Unit Abbreviation Symbol

femtogram \fg fg
picogram \pg pg
nanogram \ng ng
microgram \ug µg
milligram \mg mg
gram \g g
kilogram \kg kg
atomic mass unit \amu u
picometre \pm pm
nanometre \nm nm
micrometre \um µm
millimetre \mm mm
centimetre \cm cm
decimetre \dm dm
metre \m m
kilometre \km km
attosecond \as as
femtosecond \fs fs
picosecond \ps ps
nanosecond \ns ns
microsecond \us µs
millisecond \ms ms
second \s s
femtomole \fmol fmol
picomole \pmol pmol
nanomole \nmol nmol
micromole \umol µmol
millimole \mmol mmol
mole \mol mol
kilomole \kmol kmol
picoampere \pA pA
nanoampere \nA nA
microampere \uA µA
Continued on next page

36
Continued from previous page
Unit Abbreviation Symbol
milliampere \mA mA
ampere \A A
kiloampere \kA kA
microlitre \ul µl
millilitre \ml ml
litre \l l
hectolitre \hl hl
microliter \uL µL
milliliter \mL mL
liter \L L
hectoliter \hL hL
millihertz \mHz mHz
hertz \Hz Hz
kilohertz \kHz kHz
megahertz \MHz MHz
gigahertz \GHz GHz
terahertz \THz THz
millinewton \mN mN
newton \N N
kilonewton \kN kN
meganewton \MN MN
pascal \Pa Pa
kilopascal \kPa kPa
megapacal \MPa MPa
gigapascal \GPa GPa
milliohm \mohm mΩ
kilohm \kohm kΩ
megohm \Mohm MΩ
picovolt \pV pV
nanovolt \nV nV
microvolt \uV µV
millivolt \mV mV
volt \V V
Continued on next page

37
 Continued from previous page
Unit Abbreviation Symbol
kilovolt \kV kV
watt \W W
microwatt \uW µW
milliwatt \mW mW
kilowatt \kW kW
megawatt \MW MW
gigawatt \GW GW
joule \J J
kilojoule \kJ kJ
electronvolt \eV eV
millielectronvolt \meV meV
kiloelectronvolt \keV keV
megaelectronvolt \MeV MeV
gigaelectronvolt \GeV GeV
teraelectronvolt \TeV TeV
kilowatt hour \kWh kWh
farad \F F
femtofarad \fF fF
picofarad \pF pF
kelvin \K K
decibel \dB dB

binary-units Binary data is expressed in units of bits and bytes. These are normally given
\bit prefixes which use powers of two, rather than the powers of ten used by the SI prefixes.
\byte As these binary prefixes are closely related to the SI prefixes, they are defined by
siunitx but do have to be loaded using binary-units = true (or simply binary-units)
(Table 22). The units \bit and \byte are then also available.

\SI{100}{\mebi\byte} \\
\SI[prefixes-as-symbols=false]{30}{\kibi\bit}
100 MiB
30 × 210 bit
version-1-compatibility A configuration file is also included which will use settings and define mac-
ros as defined by version 1 of siunitx: this can be accessed with the option
version-1-compatibility. This is intended to allow easy transition to version 2: users
should update their source to use the new interfaces and functions.
Users upgrading from version 1 of siunitx will notice that the various ‘specialist’
units available in version 1 are no longer provided as loadable options.4 These are not
included in version 2 as the criteria for inclusion of such units are far from clear, and
4 They are included in the loaded configuration file version-1, but this is intended purely to ease trans-

ition to version 2.

38
 Table 22 – Binary prefixes.

Prefix Macro Symbol Power

kibi \kibi Ki 10
mebi \mebi Mi 20
gibi \gibi Gi 30
tebi \tebi Ti 40
pebi \pebi Pi 50
exbi \exbi Ei 60
zebi \zebi Zi 70
yobi \yobi Yi 80

it is difficult to justify providing clearly non-SI units in the package. For reference,
appropriate definitions for the units which where provided in version 1 are as follows.
% Astronomy
\DeclareSIUnit\parsec{pc}
\DeclareSIUnit\lightyear{ly}

% Chemical engineering
\DeclareSIUnit\gmol{g\text{-}mol}
\DeclareSIUnit\kgmol{kg\text{-}mol}
\DeclareSIUnit\lbmol{lb\text{-}mol}

% Chemistry
\DeclareSIUnit\molar{\mole\per\cubic\deci\metre}
\DeclareSIUnit\Molar{\textsc{m}}
\DeclareSIUnit\torr{torr}

% Geophysics
\DeclareSIUnit\gon{gon}

% High energy physics

\DeclareSIUnit\micron{\micro\metre}
\DeclareSIUnit\mrad{\milli\rad}
\DeclareSIUnit\gauss{G}
\DeclareSIUnit\eVperc{\eV\per\clight}
\DeclareSIUnit\nanobarn{\nano\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\picobarn{\pico\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\femtobarn{\femto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\attobarn{\atto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\zeptobarn{\zepto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\yoctobarn{\yocto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\nb{\nano\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\pb{\pico\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\fb{\femto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\ab{\atto\barn}

39
 Table 23 – Unit output options.

Option name Type Default

bracket-unit-denominator Switch true
forbid-literal-units Switch false
literal-superscript-as-power Switch true
inter-unit-product Literal \,
parse-units Switch true
per-mode Choice reciprocal
per-symbol Literal /
power-font Choice number
prefixes-as-symbols Switch true
qualifier-mode Choice subscript
sticky-per Switch false

\DeclareSIUnit\zb{\zepto\barn}
\DeclareSIUnit\yb{\yocto\barn}
Users can use a local configuration file to make additional units available on a local
basis, as described in Section 5.17.

5.12 Using units

Part of the power of siunitx is the ability to alter the output format for units without
changing the input. The behaviour of units is therefore controlled by a number of
options which alter either the processing of units or the output directly (Table 23).
forbid-literal-units Some users may prefer to completely disable the use of literal input in units,
for example to enforce consistency. This can be accomplished by setting the
forbid-literal-units switch. With this option enabled, only macro-based units can
be used in a document.
inter-unit-product The separator between each unit is stored using the inter-unit-product option.
The standard setting is a thin space: another common choice is a centred dot. To get
the correct spacing it is necessary to use \ensuremath{{}\cdot{}} in the latter case.

\si{\farad\squared\lumen\candela} \\
\si[inter-unit-product = \ensuremath{{}\cdot{}}]
{\farad\squared\lumen\candela}
F2 lm cd
F2 · lm · cd
per-mode The handling of \per is altered using the per-mode choice option. The standard
per-symbol setting is reciprocal, meaning that \per generates reciprocal powers for units. Setting
bracket-unit-denominator the option to fraction uses the \frac function to typeset the positive and negative
powers of a unit separately.

40
\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\
\si{\metre\per\second\squared} \\
\si[per-mode=fraction]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\
\si[per-mode=fraction]{\metre\per\second\squared}
J mol−1 K−1
m s−2
J
mol K
m
s2

The closely-related reciprocal-positive-first setting acts in the same way but

places all of the positive powers before any negative ones.

\si{\ampere\per\mole\second} \\
\si[per-mode = reciprocal-positive-first]
{\ampere\per\mole\second}
A mol−1 s
A smol−1
It is possible to use a symbol (usually /) to separate the two parts of a unit by setting
per-mode to symbol; the symbol used is stored using the setting per-symbol. This
method for displaying units can be ambiguous, and so brackets are added unless
bracket-unit-denominator is set to false. Notice that bracket-unit-denominator
only applies when per-mode is set to symbol or symbol-or-fraction.

\sisetup{per-mode = symbol}%
\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\
\si{\metre\per\second\squared} \\
\si[per-symbol = \text{~div~}]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\
\si[bracket-unit-denominator = false]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}
J/(mol K)
m/s2
J div (mol K)
J/mol K
The often-requested (but mathematically invalid) repeated-symbol option is also avail-
able to repeat the symbol for each \per.

\si[per-mode=repeated-symbol]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}
J/mol/K

Finally, it is possible for the behaviour of the \per function to depend on the prevailing
math style. Setting per-mode to symbol-or-fraction will use the symbol setting for in
line math, and the fraction setting when used in \displaystyle math.

41
 \sisetup{per-mode = symbol-or-fraction}%
\( \si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \)
\[ \si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \]
\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin} \\
\(
\displaystyle
\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}
\)
\[
\textstyle
\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}
\]
J/(mol K)
J
mol K
J/(mol K)
J
mol K
J/(mol K)
sticky-per By default, \per applies only to the next unit given.5 By setting the sticky-per
flag, this behaviour is changed so that \per applies to all subsequent units.

\si{\pascal\per\gray\henry} \\
\si[sticky-per]{\pascal\per\gray\henry}
Pa Gy−1 H
Pa Gy−1 H−1
power-font The font used for the powers in units can be typeset using the current number
or unit font. This may be of use when the font used for numbers and units are very
different, for example when the euler package is loaded. Note that this setting applies
to all printing options for numbers, including the color used for displaying the number.

\si{\metre\per\second\squared} \\
\si[power-font = unit]{\metre\per\second\squared}
m s−2
m s−2
literal-superscript-as-power When printing units in ‘literal’ mode, it is possible that simply printing superscripts
‘as is’ may lead to poor appearance for the numbers. This is most likely if the text font
of the document uses old style (lower case) numerals, but the math font uses lining
(upper case) numerals. It is therefore possible to treat superscripts within literal units
as powers, and thus for the power-font option to apply within these literal units. This
behaviour is controlled using the literal-superscript-as-power switch.

\si{m.s^{2}} \\
\si[literal-superscript-as-power = false]{m.s^{2}}
m s2
m s2
5 This is the standard method of reading units in English: for example, J mol−1 K−1 is pronounced ‘joules

per mole per kelvin’.

42
 qualifier-mode Unit qualifiers can be printed in three different formats, set by the qualifier-mode
qualifier-phrase option. The standard setting is subscript, while the options brackets, phrase, space
and text are also possible. With the last settings, powers can lead to ambiguity and
are automatically detected and brackets added as appropriate.

\si{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
\si[qualifier-mode = brackets]
{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
\si[qualifier-mode = subscript]
{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
\si[qualifier-mode = space]
{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
\si[qualifier-mode = text]
{\deci\bel\isotropic}
−1 −1
kg2pol molcat h
kg(pol)2 mol(cat)−1 h−1
−1 −1
kg2pol molcat h
(kg pol)2 (mol cat)−1 h−1
dBi
The phrase setting for qualifier-mode uses the text stored using qualifier-phrase
to separate the qualifier.

\si[qualifier-mode = phrase]
{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
\si[qualifier-mode = phrase, qualifier-phrase = { by }]
{\kilogram\polymer\squared\per\mole\catalyst\per\hour} \\
(kgofpol)2 (molofcat)−1 h−1
(kgbypol)2 (molbycat)−1 h−1

prefixes-as-symbols The unit prefixes (\kilo, etc.) are normally given as letters. However, the package
can convert these into numerical powers. This is controlled by the prefixes-as-symbols
switch option. This correctly deals with the kilogram, which is a base unit even though
it involves a prefix.

\si{\milli\litre\per\mole\deci\ampere} \\
\SI{10}{\kilo\gram\squared\deci\second} \\
\si[prefixes-as-symbols=false]{\milli\litre\per\mole\deci\ampere}\\
\SI[prefixes-as-symbols=false]{10}{\kilo\gram\squared\deci\second}
ml mol−1 dA
10 kg2 ds
10−4 l mol−1 A
10 × 10−1 kg2 s

parse-units Normally, siunitx is used with the unit parse enabled, and only prints units directly
if there is literal input. However, if the input is known to be essentially consistent and
high performance is desired, then the parser can be turned off using the parse-units
switch.

43
 Table 24 – Options for numbers with units.

Option name Type Default

allow-number-unit-breaks Switch false
exponent-to-prefix Switch false
list-units Choice repeat
multi-part-units Choice brackets
number-unit-product Literal \,
product-units Choice repeat
range-units Choice repeat

300 MHz \SI{300}{\MHz} \\

300 MHz \SI[parse-units = false]{300}{\MHz}

5.13 Numbers with units

Some options apply to the combination of units and numbers, rather than to units or
numbers alone (Table 24).
allow-number-unit-breaks Usually, the combination of a number and unit is regarded as a single mathemat-
ical entity which should not be split across lines. However, there are cases (very long
units, narrow columns, etc.) where breaks may be needed. This can be turned on using
the allow-number-unit-breaks option.

\begin{minipage}{2.55 cm}
Some filler text % Gives an underfull hbox
10 m Some filler text \SI{10}{\metre} \\
Some filler text 10 \sisetup{allow-number-unit-breaks}
m Some filler text \SI{10}{\metre}
\end{minipage}

number-unit-product The product symbol between the number and unit is set using the number-unit-product
option.

\SI{2.67}{\farad} \\
\SI[number-unit-product = \ ]{2.67}{\farad} \\
\SI[number-unit-product = ]{2.67}{\farad}
2.67 F
2.67 F
2.67F
multi-part-units When a number has multiple parts (such as a separate uncertainty) then the unit
must apply to all parts of the number. How this is shown is controlled using the
multi-part-units options. The standard setting is brackets, which will place the
entire numerical part in brackets and use a single unit symbol. Alternative options are
repeat (print the unit for each part of the number) and single (print only one unit
symbol: mathematically incorrect).

44
 \sisetup{separate-uncertainty}%
\SI{12.3(4)}{\kilo\gram} \\
\SI[multi-part-units = brackets]{12.3(4)}{\kilo\gram} \\
\SI[multi-part-units = repeat]{12.3(4)}{\kilo\gram} \\
\SI[multi-part-units = single]{12.3(4)}{\kilo\gram}
(12.3 ± 0.4) kg
(12.3 ± 0.4) kg
12.3 kg ± 0.4 kg
12.3 ± 0.4 kg

It is important to notice that numbers with units are not affected by the setting of
bracket-numbers, which applies to ‘pure’ numbers only. For example:

\sisetup{separate-uncertainty,bracket-numbers = false}%
\num{1.234(5)e-4} \\
\SI{1.234(5)e-4}{\metre}
1.234 ± 0.005 × 10−4
(1.234 ± 0.005) × 10−4 m
The reason is that the requirements to bracket values with units are fundamentally
different from those for numbers alone. Some combinations which are mathematically
valid in the absence of a unit become invalid when a unit is present.
product-units When a product of quantities is given, the resulting units can be displayed in
a number of ways, set using the product-units option. The standard setting is
repeat, which prints one unit symbol for each numbers. Alternatives are brackets,
brackets-power, power, repeat and single. This option does not affect the applica-
tion of brackets for each number within the product list: it only sets those around the
entire list.

\SI{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre} \\
\SI[product-units = brackets]{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre} \\
\SI[product-units = brackets-power]{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre} \\
\SI[product-units = power]{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre} \\
\SI[product-units = repeat]{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre} \\
\SI[product-units = single]{2 x 3 x 4}{\metre}
2m×3m×4m
(2 × 3 × 4) m
(2 × 3 × 4) m3
2 × 3 × 4 m3
2m×3m×4m
2×3×4m
list-units The list-units and range-units options determine how the \SIlist and
range-units \SIrange functions display units, respectively. The standard setting for both is repeat,
where each number will be printed with a unit. Alternatives are brackets and single.
Any brackets needed on individual numbers within a product are controlled by the
brackets-numbers option (i.e. they are treated as pure numbers). These options do not
affect the application of brackets for each number within the list or range: they only
set those around the entire group.

45
 \SIlist{2;4;6;8}{\tesla} \\
\SIlist[list-units = brackets]{2;4;6;8}{\tesla} \\
\SIlist[list-units = repeat]{2;4;6;8}{\tesla} \\
\SIlist[list-units = single]{2;4;6;8}{\tesla} \\
\SIrange{2}{4}{\degreeCelsius} \\
\SIrange[range-units = brackets]{2}{4}{\degreeCelsius} \\
\SIrange[range-units = repeat]{2}{4}{\degreeCelsius} \\
\SIrange[range-units = single]{2}{4}{\degreeCelsius}
2 T, 4 T, 6 T and 8 T
(2, 4, 6 and 8) T
2 T, 4 T, 6 T and 8 T
2, 4, 6 and 8 T
2 ◦C to 4 ◦C
(2 to 4) ◦C
2 ◦C to 4 ◦C
2 to 4 ◦C
exponent-to-prefix When the exponent-to-prefix option is set true, the package will attempt to
convert any exponents in quantities into unit prefixes, and will attach these to the first
unit given. This process is only possible if the exponent is one for which a prefix is
available, and retains the number of significant figures in the input.

\SI{1700}{\g} \\
\SI{1.7e3}{\g} \\
\sisetup{exponent-to-prefix}%
\SI{1700}{\g} \\
\SI{1.7e3}{\g} \\
\sisetup{fixed-exponent = 3, scientific-notation = fixed}%
\SI{1700}{\g} \\
\SI{1.7e3}{\g}
1700 g
1.7 × 103 g
1700 g
1.7 kg
1.700 kg
1.7 kg

5.14 Tabular material

Processing of material in tables obeys the same settings as described for the functions
already described. However, there are some settings which apply only to the layout of
tabular material (Table 25).
table-parse-only The main use of the S column is to control the alignment of the resulting output.
However, it is possible to turn off alignment entirely and only use the number parser of
siunitx. This is achieved using the table-parse-only switch, as illustrated in Table 26.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Parsing without aligning in an \texttt{S} column.}
\label{tab:S:parse}

46
 Table 25 – Options for tabular material.

Option name Type Default

table-align-comparator Switch true
table-align-exponent Switch true
table-align-text-pre Switch true
table-align-text-post Switch true
table-align-uncertainty Switch true
table-alignment Choice hnone i
table-auto-round Switch false
table-column-width Length 0 pt
table-comparator Switch false
table-figures-decimal Integer 2
table-figures-exponent Integer 0
table-figures-integer Integer 3
table-figures-uncertainty Integer 0
table-format Special hnone i
table-number-alignment Choice center-decimal-marker
table-parse-only Switch false
table-omit-exponent Switch true
table-space-text-pre Literal hempty i
table-space-text-post Literal hempty i
table-sign-exponent Switch false
table-sign-mantissa Switch false
table-text-alignment Choice center
table-unit-alignment Choice center

47
 Table 26 – Parsing without aligning in an S column.

Decimal-centred Simple centring

12.345 12.345
6.78 6.78
−88.8(9) −88.8(9)
4.5 × 103 4.5 × 103

\begin{tabular}
{
S
S[table-parse-only]
}
\toprule
{Decimal-centred} &
{Simple centring} \\
\midrule
12.345 & 12.345 \\
6,78 & 6,78 \\
-88.8(9) & -88.8(9) \\
4.5e3 & 4.5e3 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-number-alignment The alignment of numbers with the boundaries of the S column is controlled using
the table-number-alignment option, which takes the values center-decimal-marker,
center, left and right. The center-decimal-marker places the decimal marker for
the number at the centre of the column. This does not need any information in advance,
and so is the standard setting. It works best for approximately symmetrical input (equal
numbers of digits before and after the decimal). On the other hand, the center, left
and right options require space to be reserved for the numbers, and then use this
fixed space to align with the edges of the column. The different alignment choices are
illustrated in Table 27, which uses somewhat exaggerated column headings to show
the relative position of the cell contents.
\begin{table}
\caption{Aligning the \texttt{S} column.}
\label{tab:S:align}
\centering
\sisetup{
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 4
}
\begin{tabular}{
S

48
 Table 27 – Aligning the S column.

Some Values Some Values Some Values Some Values

2.3456 2.3456 2.3456 2.3456
34.2345 34.2345 34.2345 34.2345
56.7835 56.7835 56.7835 56.7835
90.473 90.473 90.473 90.473

S[table-number-alignment = center]
S[table-number-alignment = left]
S[table-number-alignment = right]
}
\toprule
{Some Values} & {Some Values} & {Some Values} & {Some Values} \\
\midrule
2.3456 & 2.3456 & 2.3456 & 2.3456 \\
34.2345 & 34.2345 & 34.2345 & 34.2345 \\
56.7835 & 56.7835 & 56.7835 & 56.7835 \\
90.473 & 90.473 & 90.473 & 90.473 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Many of the other table options do not apply when table-number-alignment =

center-decimal-marker is set, as this mode always centres the marker at the expense
of any other choices.
table-figures-decimal The space reserved by siunitx for a number is controlled by two families of options.
table-figures-exponent The first family cover the number of digits allowed for in different parts of the number,
table-figures-integer for example table-figures-integer controls the space for integer digits in the man-
table-figures-uncertainty tissa. If the number of figures is set to 0, then no space is reserved and some output will
either be out of position or not printed at all (although a warning will result). Reserving
space for a given part of number will automatically include space for any associated
table-sign-exponent items (for example the ‘×’ symbol for exponents). The second family of options are
table-sign-mantissa switches which govern whether space is reserved for a sign: table-sign-exponent
and table-sign-mantissa. The effect of altering some of these settings is shown in
Table 28.
\begin{table}
\caption{Reserving space in \texttt{S} columns.}
\label{tab:S:space}
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2
}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{
S

49
 Table 28 – Reserving space in S columns.

Values Values Values Values Values Values

2.3 2.3 2.3(5) 2.3 ± 0.5 2.3 2.3 × 108
34.23 34.23 34.23(4) 34.23 ± 0.04 34.23 34.23
56.78 56.78 56.78(3) 56.78 ± 0.03 −56.78 56.78 × 103
3.76 3.76 3.76(2) 3.76 ± 0.02 ±3.76 106

S[table-number-alignment = right]
S[table-figures-uncertainty = 1]
S[
separate-uncertainty,
table-figures-uncertainty = 1
]
S[table-sign-mantissa]
S[table-figures-exponent = 1]
}
\toprule
{Values}
& {Values}
& {Values}
& {Values}
& {Values}
& {Values} \\
\midrule
2.3 & 2.3 & 2.3(5) & 2.3(5) & 2.3 & 2.3e8 \\
34.23 & 34.23 & 34.23(4) & 34.23(4) & 34.23 & 34.23 \\
56.78 & 56.78 & 56.78(3) & 56.78(3) & -56.78 & 56.78e3 \\
3,76 & 3,76 & 3,76(2) & 3.76(2) & +-3.76 & e6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-comparator Space can also be reserved in a table for a comparator (greater than, less than,
and so forth). This is activated using the table-comparator switch (Table 29).
\begin{table}
\caption{Reserving space for comparators in \texttt{S} columns.}
\label{tab:S:comparators}
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 2,
table-figures-exponent = 2,
}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{
S

50
 Table 29 – Reserving space for comparators in S columns.

Values Values
2.3 < 2.3 × 108
34.23 =34.23
56.78 ≥56.78 × 103
3.76  106

S[table-comparator = true]
}
\toprule
{Values}
& {Values} \\
\midrule
2.3 & < 2.3e8 \\
34.23 & = 34.23 \\
56.78 & >= 56.78e3 \\
3,76 & \gg e6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The table-printing code will omit any part of a number which has no space reserved,
placing a warning in the LATEX log. This means that uncertainties and exponents will
not be printed if no space is reserved for them.
table-format As a short cut for the preceding options, siunitx also provides the table-format
option. This can be used to give the same information about the space to reserve for
a number in a ‘compressed’ manner. The input to table-format should consist of a
number showing how many figures to reserve in each part of the input. Thus
\sisetup{
table-format = 3.2
}

is equivalent to
\sisetup{
table-figures-integer = 3,
table-figures-decimal = 2
}

The table-format option will also correctly interpret the presence of a sign, so that
\sisetup{
table-format = +3.2e+4
}

will have the same effect as

51
 Table 30 – Using the table-format option.

Values Values Values Values Values

2.3 2.3 2.3(5) 2.3 2.3 × 108
34.23 34.23 34.23(4) 34.23 34.23
56.78 56.78 56.78(3) −56.78 56.78 × 103
3.76 3.76 3.76(2) ±3.76 106

\sisetup{
table-figures-integer = 3,
table-figures-decimal = 2,
table-figures-exponent = 4,
table-sign-mantissa,
table-sign-exponent
}

It is important to note that any parts of a number not specified in the table format
argument are set to be absent (the number of figures is set to zero). Setting the
table-format option also resets table-number-alignment to center (Table 30).
\begin{table}
\caption{Using the \opt{table-format} option.}
\label{tab:S:format}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-format = 2.2]
S[table-format = 2.2(1)]
S[table-format = +2.2]
S[table-format = 2.2e1]
}
\toprule
{Values}
& {Values}
& {Values}
& {Values}
& {Values} \\
\midrule
2.3 & 2.3 & 2.3(5) & 2.3 & 2.3e8 \\
34.23 & 34.23 & 34.23(4) & 34.23 & 34.23 \\
56.78 & 56.78 & 56.78(3) & -56.78 & 56.78e3 \\
3,76 & 3,76 & 3.76(2) & +-3.76 & e6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-space-text-pre Space for material before and after the S column can be reserved by giving model
table-space-text-post

52
 Table 31 – Text before and after numbers.

Values
2.3456
34.2345a
56.7835
now 90.473

text for the options table-space-text-pre and ...-post. This is then used to provide
the necessary gap while maintaining alignment (Table 31).
\begin{table}
\caption{Text before and after numbers.}
\label{tab:S:ends}
\centering
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 4,
table-space-text-pre = now~,
table-space-text-post =
\textsuperscript{\emph{a}}
}
\begin{tabular}{S}
\toprule
{Values} \\
\midrule
2.3456 \\
34.2345 \textsuperscript{\emph{a}}\\
56.7835 \\
now~ 90.473 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-align-comparator When printing exponents in tables, there is a choice of aligning the expo-
table-align-exponent nent parts or having these close up to the mantissa. This is controlled by the
table-align-uncertainty table-align-exponent option (Table 32). Similarly, uncertainty parts which are prin-
ted separately from the mantissa can be aligned or closed up. This is set by the
table-align-uncertainty option (Table 33). Finally, the same approach is available
for the comparator with the table-align-comparator option (Table 34).
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \opt{table-align-exponent} option}
\label{tab:align:exp}
\sisetup{table-format = 1.3e2, table-number-alignment = center}

53
 Table 32 – The table-align-exponent option

Header Header
1.2 × 103 1.2 × 103
1.234 × 1056 1.234 × 1056

Table 33 – The table-align-uncertainty option

Header Header
1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.3
1.234 ± 0.005 1.234 ± 0.005

\begin{tabular}{SS[table-align-exponent = false]}
\toprule
{Header} & {Header} \\
\midrule
1.2e3 & 1.2e3 \\
1.234e56 & 1.234e56 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \opt{table-align-uncertainty} option}
\label{tab:align:uncert}
\sisetup{
separate-uncertainty,
table-format = 1.3(1),
}
\begin{tabular}{SS[table-align-uncertainty = false]}
\toprule
{Header} & {Header} \\
\midrule
1.2(1) & 1.2(3) \\
1.234(5) & 1.234(5) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \opt{table-align-comparator} option}
\label{tab:align:comp}

54
 Table 34 – The table-align-comparator option

Header Header
> 1.2 >1.2
<12.34 <12.34

\sisetup{table-format = >2.2}
\begin{tabular}{SS[table-align-comparator = false]}
\toprule
{Header} & {Header} \\
\midrule
> 1.2 & > 1.2 \\
< 12.34 & < 12.34 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-omit-exponent In cases where data cover a range of values, printing using a fixed exponent in a
table may make presentation clearer. In these cases, omitting the exponent value from
the table is useful. The package offers the table-omit-exponent option to do this
(Table 35); this automatically sets scientific-notation = fixed for the table column.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \opt{table-omit-exponent} option}
\label{tab:exp:omit}
\begin{tabular}{
S[table-format = 1.1e1]
S[
fixed-exponent = 3,
table-format = 2.1,
table-omit-exponent
]
}
\toprule
{Header} & {Header / \num{e3}} \\
\midrule
1.2e3 & 1.2e3 \\
3e2 & 3e2 \\
1.0e4 & 1.0e4 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-align-text-pre Note markers are often given in tables after the numerical content. It may be
table-align-text-post desirable for these to close up to the numbers. Whether this takes place is controlled
by the table-align-text-pre and ...-post option (Table 36).

55
 Table 35 – The table-omit-exponent option

Header Header / 103

1.2 × 103 1.2
3 × 102 0.3
1.0 × 104 10

\begin{table}
\caption{Closing notes up to text.}
\label{tab:S:notes}
\newrobustcmd\NoteMark[1]{%
\textsuperscript{\emph{#1}}%
}
\centering
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 4,
table-space-text-pre = \NoteMark{a}
}
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-align-text-pre = false]
}
\toprule
{Values} & {Values} \\
\midrule
2.3456 & 2.3456 \\
\NoteMark{a} 4.234 & \NoteMark{a} 4.234 \\
\NoteMark{b} .78 & \NoteMark{b} .78 \\
\NoteMark{d} 88 & \NoteMark{d} 88 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil
\sisetup{table-space-text-post = \NoteMark{a}}
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-align-text-post = false]
}
\toprule
{Values} & {Values} \\
\midrule
2.3456 & 2.3456 \\
34.234 \NoteMark{a} & 34.234 \NoteMark{a} \\
56.78 \NoteMark{b} & 56.78 \NoteMark{b} \\
90.4 \NoteMark{c} & 90.4 \NoteMark{c} \\
88 \NoteMark{d} & 88 \NoteMark{d} \\

56
 Table 36 – Closing notes up to text.

Values Values
Values Values
2.3456 2.3456
2.3456 2.3456
a 4.234 a 4.234 34.234 a 34.234a
b 0.78 b 0.78 56.78 b 56.78b
90.4 c 90.4c
d88 d88
88 d 88d

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-auto-round The contents of table cells can automatically be rounded or zero-filled to the num-
ber of decimal digits given for the table-figures-decimal option. This mode is activ-
ated using the table-auto-round switch, as illustrated in Table 37.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{The \opt{table-auto-round} option.}
\label{tab:S:auto}
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 1,
table-figures-decimal = 3
}
% Notice the overfull hbox which results with
% the first column
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-auto-round]
}
\toprule
{Header} & {Header} \\
\midrule
1.2 & 1.2 \\
1.2345 & 1.2345 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

parse-numbers When the parse-numbers option is set to false, then the alignment code for tables
takes a different approach. The output is always set in math mode, and alignment takes
place at the first decimal marker. This is achieved by making it active in math mode.
When reserving space for content only the integer and decimal values for the mantissa
are considered (Table 38).

57
 Table 37 – The table-auto-round option.

Header Header
1.2 1.200
1.2345 1.235

Table 38 – Aligning without parsing.

Some values Some values Some values Some values

2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35
34.234 34.234 34.234 34.234
56.783 56.783 56.783 56.783
√3.762 √3.762 √3.762 √3.762
2 2 2 2

\begin{table}
\caption{Aligning without parsing.}
\label{tab:S:nonparsed}
\sisetup{
parse-numbers = false,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 3
}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-number-alignment = center]
S[table-number-alignment = right]
S[table-number-alignment = left]
}
\toprule
{Some values}
& {Some values}
& {Some values}
& {Some values} \\
\midrule
2.35 & 2.35 & 2.35 & 2.35 \\
34.234 & 34.234 & 34.234 & 34.234 \\
56.783 & 56.783 & 56.783 & 56.783 \\
3,762 & 3,762 & 3,762 & 3.762 \\
\sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} & \sqrt{2} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

58
 Table 39 – Aligning text in S columns.

Values Values Values

992.435 992.435 992.435
7734.2344 7734.2344 7734.2344
56.7834 56.7834 56.7834
3.7462 3.7462 3.7462

table-text-alignment Cell contents which are not part of a number can be protected using braces, as
illustrated. Cells which contain no numerical data at all are aligned using the setting
specified by the table-text-alignment option, which recognises the values center,
left and right (Table 39).
\begin{table}
\caption{Aligning text in \texttt{S} columns.}
\label{tab:S:text}
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 4,
table-figures-decimal = 4
}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-text-alignment = left]
S[table-text-alignment = right]
}
\toprule
{Values}
& {Values}
& {Values} \\
\midrule
992.435 & 992.435 & 992.435 \\
7734.2344 & 7734.2344 & 7734.2344 \\
56.7834 & 56.7834 & 56.7834 \\
3,7462 & 3,7462 & 3,7462 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-unit-alignment The contents of s columns can be centred or aligned to the left or right using the
table-unit-alignment option. As for the other alignment options, this recognises the
choices center, left and right.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Alignment options in \texttt{s} columns.}

59
 Table 40 – Alignment options in s columns.

Right − aligned Centredtext Left − aligned

m s−1 m s−1 m s−1
kg kg kg

\label{tab:s:align}
\begin{tabular}
{
s[table-unit-alignment = right]
s
s[table-unit-alignment = left]
}
\toprule
{Right-aligned} &
{Centred text} &
{Left-aligned} \\
\midrule
\metre\per\second & \metre\per\second & \metre\per\second \\
\kilogram & \kilogram & \kilogram \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

table-alignment The three table alignment options (table-number-alignment, table-text-alignment

and table-unit-alignment) can be set to the same value using the table-alignment
option. This will set all three alignment options to the same value (one of center,
right or left).
table-column-width Usually, the width of the S and s columns is allowed to vary depending on the
content. However, there are cases where a strictly fixed width is desirable. For these
cases, the table-column-width option is available. The standard setting, 0 pt, indic-
ates that no fixing takes place. If a value is set for this option then the tabular material
is typeset to the specified width (Table 41).
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Fixed-width columns.}
\label{tab:width:fixed}
\begin{tabular}
{
s
s[table-column-width = 2 cm]
S
S[table-column-width = 2 cm]
}
\toprule
{Flexible} &

60
 Table 41 – Fixed-width columns.

Flexible Fixed Flexible Fixed

m s−1 m s−1 1.23 1.23
kg cd kg cd 45.6 45.6

{Fixed} &
{Flexible} &
{Fixed} \\
\midrule
\metre\per\second & \metre\per\second & 1.23 & 1.23 \\
\kilogram\candela & \kilogram\candela & 45.6 & 45.6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The table-column-width option can also be used to achieve special effects. One
example is centring a column of numbers under a wide heading, with the numbers
themselves right-aligned (Table 42).
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Right-aligning under a heading.}
\label{tab:width:special}
\settowidth\mylength{Long header}
\sisetup{
table-format = 4 ,
table-number-alignment = center ,
table-column-width = \mylength ,
input-decimal-markers = ,
input-symbols = . ,
}
\begin{tabular}{S}
\toprule
{Long header} \\
\midrule
12.33 \\
2 \\
1234 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

61
 Table 42 – Right-aligning under a heading.

Long header
12 .33
2
1234

5.15 Symbols
Most units use letters as the symbol for the unit, and these are all very easy to control.
However, a small number of units use other symbols, and matching these to the body
text requires more work. siunitx provides appropriate symbols for commonly-used
units, but the definitions may need adjustment depending on the body font used in a
document.
redefine-symbols The package provides one general option for the handling of symbols. If the
packages textcomp or upgreek are loaded, symbols can be taken from these for units,
rather than using the siunitx default values. The switch redefine-symbols can be used
to turn this behaviour on or off: the standard setting is true.
The individual symbols are set up independently for math and text output, and
are summarised in Table 43. Many of the definitions are variations using \text or
\ensuremath to produce the correct output, as the symbols available in the document
may vary considerably. In the case of the micro symbol (µ), siunitx provides a suitable
low-level definition for the symbol. Depending on the fonts available, this may need to
be replaced by an alternative by the user. The ohm symbol (Ω) is usually set to \Omega,
but will check that this has not been redefined as a slanted letter. If \Omega has been
redefined, an alternative definition is used.
\SIUnitSymbolAngstrom The math and text symbols defined above are wrapped up into mode independ-
\SIUnitSymbolArcminute ent functions with user names. These are then used in the definitions of the ap-
\SIUnitSymbolArcsecond propriate units. For example, the micro symbol can be accessed using the macro
\SIUnitSymbolCelsius \SIUnitSymbolMicro. Notice that these names capitalise the unit name (to make read-
\SIUnitSymbolDegree ing the macro name easier!).6
\SIUnitSymbolMicro When using XETEX or LuaTEX, if fontspec is loaded these options are redefined to
\SIUnitSymbolOhm use UTF-8 characters directly.

5.16 Other options

locale siunitx allows the user to switch between the typographic conventions of different
(geographical) areas by using locales. Currently, the package is supplied with con-
figurations for locales UK, US, DE (Germany), FR (French) and ZA (South Africa). The
locale option is used to switch to a particular locale.

1.234 m \SI{1.234}{\metre}\\
6,789 m \SI[locale = DE]{6.789}{\metre}
6 The function \SIUnitSymbolAngstrom uses the name without accents.

62
 Table 43 – Symbol options.

Option name Type Default

math-angstrom Literal \text{\AA}
math-arcminute Literal {}^{\prime}
math-arcsecond Literal {}^{\prime\prime}
math-celsius Literal {}^{\circ}
\kern -\scriptspace \mathrm{C}
math-degree Literal {}^{\circ}
math-micro Literal hsee text i
math-ohm Literal \Omega
redefine-symbols Switch true
text-angstrom Literal \AA
text-arcminute Literal \ensuremath{{}^{\prime}}
text-arcsecond Literal \ensuremath{{}^{\prime\prime}}
text-celsius Literal \ensuremath{{}^{\circ}
\kern -\scriptspace \text{C}}
text-degree Literal \ensuremath{{}^{\circ}}
text-micro Literal hsee text i
text-ohm Literal \ensuremath{\Omega}

strict Some users will want to stick closely to the official rules for typesetting units. This
could be made complicated if the options for non-standards behaviour could not be
turned off. The preamble-only option strict resets package behaviour to follow the
rules closely, and disables options which deviate from this. If the package is loaded
with the strict option, all output is made using the upright serif font.

5.17 Local configurations

The siunitx package will check for a local configuration file siunitx.cfg during pack-
age loading. This occurs before applying any setting given in the optional argument to
\usepackage. A typical configuration file may include settings (using \sisetup) and
locally-defined units, for example
\ProvidesFile{siunitx.cfg}
\sisetup{
output-decimal-marker = {,},
per-mode = symbol,
}
\DeclareSIUnit\torr{torr}

As units are always declared, overwriting any existing definition, units may safely be
created in the configuration file even when also included in individual LATEX document
headers.
Installing a local configuration file on your system is very much like doing a local
installation of a package. The exact method depends on the TEX system in use. For

63
advice on this, a good start is the TeX.SX question on local installation.

6 Localisation
The translator package provides a structured framework for localisation of words and
phrases, and is part of the larger beamer bundle. The translator package provides the
\translate macro, which will provide appropriate translations based on the current
babel or polyglossia language setting.
If translator is available, siunitx will load it and alter the standard settings for the
list-final-separator and range-phrase options to read:
\sisetup{
list-final-separator = { \translate{and} },
list-pair-separator = { \translate{and} },
range-phrase = { \translate{to (numerical range)} },
}
If the current language is known to the translator package then the result will be local-
ised text. The preamble for this manual loads English, French, German and Spanish as
options, and also loads the babel package:

% In English by default
\SIlist{1;2;3}{\metre} \\
1 m, 2 m and 3 m
\SIrange{1}{10}{\degreeCelsius} \\
1 ◦C to 10 ◦C
\selectlanguage{french}%
1 m, 2 m et 3 m
\SIlist{1;2;3}{\metre} \\
1 ◦C à 10 ◦C
\SIrange{1}{10}{\degreeCelsius} \\
1 m, 2 m und 3 m
\selectlanguage{german}%
1 ◦C bis 10 ◦C
\SIlist{1;2;3}{\metre} \\
1 m, 2 m y 3 m
\SIrange{1}{10}{\degreeCelsius} \\
1 ◦C a 10 ◦C
\selectlanguage{spanish}%
\SIlist{1;2;3}{\metre} \\
\SIrange{1}{10}{\degreeCelsius} \\
Note that the in order for this to work correctly, languages should be given as
global (class) options rather than as package options for babel.

7 Hints for using siunitx

7.1 Ensuring text or math output
The macros \ensuremath and \text should be used to ensure that a particular item is
always printed in the desired mode. Some mathematical output does not work well
in \mathrm (the standard font used by siunitx for printing). The easiest way to solve
this is to use the construction \text{\ensuremath{...}}, which will print the material
in the standard mathematics font without affecting the rest of the output. In some
cases, simply forcing \mathnormal will suffice, but this is less reliable with non-Latin
characters.

64
 Table 44 – Values as macros in S columns.

Some Values
12 348.812 34
12 348.8 1234
12348.8 1234
12348.81234
1234 8.8 1234

7.2 Expanding content in tables

When processing tables, siunitx will expand anything stored inside a macro, unless it
is long or protected. LATEX 2ε robust commands are also detected and are not expanded
(Table 44). Values which would otherwise be expanded can be protected by wrapping
them in a set of braces. As TEX itself will expand the first token in a table cell before
siunitx can act on it, using the ε-TEX protected mechanism is the recommended course
of action to prevent expansion of macros in table cells. (As is shown in the table, TEX’s
expansion of LATEX 2ε robust commands can lead to unexpected results.)
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Values as macros in \texttt{S} columns.}
\label{tab:xmpl:macro}
\newcommand*\myvaluea{1234}
\newcommand\myvalueb{1234}
\DeclareRobustCommand*\myvaluec{1234}
\protected\def\myvalued{1234}
\begin{tabular}{S}
\toprule
{Some Values} \\
\midrule
\myvaluea 8.8 \myvaluea \\ % Both expanded
\myvalueb 8.8 \myvalueb \\ % First expanded by TeX
% to numbers
\myvaluec 8.8 \myvaluec \\ % First expanded by TeX
% but not to numbers!
\myvalued 8.8 \myvalued \\ % Neither expanded
{\myvaluea\ 8.8 \myvaluea} \\ % Neither expanded
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

It is possible to use calculated values in tables. For this to work, the calculation
must take place before attempting to parse the number. An added complication is that
TEX itself will expand the first macro in a table cell until it finds something unexpand-
able. The ε-TEX protected mechanism can be used to prevent this; using the etoolbox
package provides a convenient way to apply this protection to existing functions. The

65
 Table 45 – Calculated values.

Value Doubled
66.7012 133.402 400 000
66.0212 132.042 400 000
64.9026 129.805 200 000

general approach is illustrated in Table 45. The macro \DTLmul is made robust inside
the table using the \robustify command from etoolbox, before constructing the table
using an extra column to contain the calculation.
\DTLnewdb{data}
\DTLnewrow{data}\DTLnewdbentry{data}{value}{66.7012}
\DTLnewrow{data}\DTLnewdbentry{data}{value}{66.0212}
\DTLnewrow{data}\DTLnewdbentry{data}{value}{64.9026}
\begin{table}
\caption{Calculated values.}
\label{tab:xmpl:calc}
\centering
\robustify\DTLmul
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 4
}
\begin{tabular}{
S
S[table-figures-integer = 3]
@{}l
}
\toprule
{Value} & {Doubled} &
\DTLforeach{data}{\myvalue=value}{%
\DTLiffirstrow {\\ \midrule}{\\}%
\myvalue & % First column
\DTLmul{\myvalue}{\myvalue}{2} \myvalue % second column
& }\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

7.3 Using siunitx with datatool

As illustrated in Table 45, siunitx can be used to typeset data stored using datatool.
For quickly displaying the contents of tables, datatool offers the \DTLshowtable macro.
This will only work with S columns if number parsing is turned off (Table 46).

66
 Table 46 – Displaying a datatool table.

value
6.7012
66.0212
64.902

\DTLnewdb{moredata}
\DTLnewrow{moredata}\DTLnewdbentry{moredata}{value}{ 6.7012}
\DTLnewrow{moredata}\DTLnewdbentry{moredata}{value}{66.0212}
\DTLnewrow{moredata}\DTLnewdbentry{moredata}{value}{64.902 }
\begin{table}
\caption{Displaying a \textsf{datatool} table.}
\label{tab:xmpl:datatool}
\centering
\sisetup{
parse-numbers = false,
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 4
}
\renewcommand*\dtlrealalign{S}
\DTLdisplaydb{moredata}
\end{table}

7.4 Using units such as µm s−1 in headings

The siunitx code is designed to work correctly with functions in headings. They will
print correctly in headings and in the table of contents. As illustrated here, the standard
behaviour is to ignore font changes. When the hyperref package is loaded, the functions
automatically ‘degrade gracefully’ to produce useful information in PDF bookmarks.
If you want more control over the bookmark text, use the \texorpdfstring function
from hyperref, for example:
\section{Some text
\texorpdfstring
{\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}}
{J mol-1 K-1}%
}

7.5 A left-aligned column visually centred under a heading

When you have a column of non-related numbers, the usual advice is to make these
left-aligned and then centre the resulting column under the heading. With the dcolumn
package, that would be done with something like D{x}{}{5.0}. This is something of
an abuse of the nature of a number, but can also be done using siunitx (47).

67
 Table 47 – Formatting unrelated numbers

Header
120
12.3
12340
12.02
123
1

\begin{table}
\caption{Formatting unrelated numbers}
\label{tbl:xmpl:unrel}
\centering
\begin{tabular}
{
S[
table-format = 5.0,
parse-numbers = false,
input-symbols=.,
input-decimal-markers = x
]
}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Header} \\
\midrule
120 \\
12.3 \\
12340 \\
12.02 \\
123 \\
1 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

7.6 Symbols and XETEX

A small number of non-Latin symbols are needed by siunitx, notably Ω and µ. The
package picks glyphs for these which are correct in the sense that they are upright
(not italic) symbols, and match the LATEX standard Computer Modern font. However,
this does not make them the best choice if other fonts are in use, which is particularly
common when XETEX is being used.
XETEX users will probably need to choose appropriate symbols themselves. The
correct choice depends on the fonts in use, but many system fonts include Greek letters

68
and other symbols (which is not the case with most TEX-specific fonts). An appropriate
setting could then be to use the text µ symbol in all cases:
\sisetup{
math-micro = \text{µ},
text-micro = µ
}
It may also be desirable in these cases to select a fixed font using the fontspec package,
for example
\sisetup{
math-micro = \fontspec{Minion Pro} \textmu,
text-micro = \fontspec{Minion Pro} \textmu
}

7.7 Scaled document fonts with XETEX

The fontspec package makes it possible to scale the document body font. This can lead
to unexpected problems with printing for siunitx, as some symbols will not scale while
numbers and text will. The problem is best avoided by forcing siunitx to use the default
math font for all output:
\sisetup{
mode = math,
math-rm = \ensuremath
}
This will cause all siunitx output not to scale at all, consistent with other mathematical
content.

7.8 Interaction with tex4ht

siunitx will detect when tex4ht is in use, and makes some changes to the way output
is printed. Text mode printing is automatically selected, and certain items (such as
spaces) are printed in text mode rather than as math. This is designed to reduce
the likelihood of spurious formulae appearing in, for example, output converted to
OpenOffice format.

7.9 Maximising performance

Both the number and unit parsers require significant effort in terms of TEX program-
ming. For input that does not require such processing, the maximum performance for
siunitx can therefore be obtained by turning off both systems:

69
 \SI{7.3}{\Hz} \\
\SI[parse-units = false]{7.3}{\Hz} \\
7.3 Hz
\SI[
7.3 Hz
parse-numbers = false,
7.3 Hz
parse-units = false
]{7.3}{\Hz}

7.10 Transferring settings to pgf

\SendSettingsToPgf The numerical engine in the pgf package has settings similar to those in siunitx. To
enable working with both packages easily, the macro \SendSettingsToPgf is available.
It will set some commonly-used numerical formatting options in pgf to the current
values used by siunitx to make using the two packages together more convenient for
end users. This function can be used at any point after loading both the pgf and siunitx
packages.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pgf,siunitx}
\sisetup{...}
\SendSettingsToPgf
...

7.11 Using siunitx with the cellspace package

Both siunitx and cellspace use the letter S for a new column type. This obviously
leads to a problem. If both are loaded, siunitx will retain the S column, and moves the
functionality of cellspace to the letter C. This allows the normal use of cellspace with
standard column types: it does not work with the siunitx S or s columns.

7.12 Special considerations for the \kWh unit

The abbreviations configuration file provides the unit \kWh, which is set up with no
spacing between the ‘kW’ and the ‘h’ unit to give ‘kWh’. However, this only applies
when the unit is given on its own: combinations will follow the normal rules

kWh \si{\kWh} \\
kW h m−1 \si{\kWh\per\metre}

This is because the unit \kWh is defined so that it can still be varied by altering \kilo,
\watt and \hour, and so that the prefix can still be turned into a number. However,
some users may prefer to have a non-flexible macro which never adds a space. This
can be achieved by redefining \kWh with \DeclareSIUnit, by added an alternative
definition
\DeclareSIUnit\kWh{kWh}
\DeclareSIUnit\KWH{kWh}

or of course by using literal unit input.

70
kWh m−1 \si{\KWH\per\metre}\\
kWh m−1 \si{kWh.m^{-1}}
Another point to notice is that the \per macro applies to the next unit, and not an
entire unit combination. Thus in
cd kW−1 h \si{\candela\per\kWh}
\per applies to the watts but not to the hours. In this case, the units need to be written
out in full or the sticky-per option should be used.

\si{\candela\per\kilo\watt\per\hour} \\
\si[sticky-per]{\candela\per\kWh}
cd kW−1 h−1
cd kW−1 h−1

7.13 Adding items after the last column of a tabular

When using the array package ‘<’ construct to insert material after an S or s column, the
alignment of the final column may be wrong if the standard tabular row terminator \\
is used. This is due to the way that LATEX constructs tables at a low level. The incorrect
spacing can be avoided by using the TEX \cr primitive to end the table rows (Table 48).
\begin{table}
\caption{Correcting spacing in last \texttt{S} column}
\label{tab:cr}
\hfil
\begin{tabular}{S<{\,\si{\kg}}S<{\,\si{\kg}}}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Long header} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Long header} \\
\midrule
1.23 & 1.23 \\
4.56 & 4.56 \\
7.8 & 7.8 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil
\begin{tabular}{S<{\,\si{\kg}}S<{\,\si{\kg}}}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Long header} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{Long header} \\
\midrule
1.23 & 1.23 \cr
4.56 & 4.56 \cr
7.8 & 7.8 \cr
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil
\end{table}

71
 Table 48 – Correcting spacing in last S column

Long header Long header Long header Long header

1.23 kg 1.23 kg 1.23 kg 1.23 kg
4.56 kg 4.56 kg 4.56 kg 4.56 kg
7.8 kg 7.8 kg 7.8 kg 7.8 kg

7.14 Creating a column with numbers and units

Usually, numbers in a table should be given with the units in the column heading.
However, there are cases where a series of data are best presented in a table but have
different units. There are two ways to do this (Table 49). The first is to place the units
in the first column of the table, which makes sense if there are several related items
in the table. The second method is to generate two columns, one for numbers and a
second for units, and then to format these to give the visual effect of a single column.
The later effect is most appropriate when only one set of numbers are presented in a
table.
\begin{table}
\caption{Tables where numbers have different units}
\label{tab:xmpl:mixed}
\hfil
\begin{tabular}
{
>{$}l<{$}
S[table-format = 2.3(1)]
S[table-format = 3.3(1)]
}
\toprule
& {One} & {Two} \\
\midrule
a / \si{\angstrom} & 1.234(2) & 5.678(4) \\
\beta / \si{\degree} & 90.34(4) & 104.45(5) \\
\mu / \si{\per\mm} & 0.532 & 0.894 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil
\begin{tabular}
{S[table-format=1.3]@{\,}s[table-unit-alignment = left]}
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Heading} \\
\midrule
1.234 & \metre \\
0.835 & \candela \\
4.23 & \joule\per\mole \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\hfil

72
 Table 49 – Tables where numbers have different units

One Two Heading

a/Å 1.234(2) 5.678(4) 1.234 m
β/° 90.34(4) 104.45(5) 0.835 cd
µ/mm−1 0.532 0.894 4.23 J mol−1

Table 50 – Header row in a table

123.456
23.45
123.4
3.456

\end{table}

7.15 Tables with heading rows

A common format for tables is to make the heading row visually distinct using a
background colour and bold text. If numbers appear in such a heading row within an
S column then getting the appearance right can be challenging. The best approach is to
make the \bfseries macro ‘robust’ (as demonstrated in Section 7.2), then to use this
macro to make the heading cells bold. This approach is illustrated in Table 50, along
with the use of \rowcolor to provide a background colour.
\begin{table}
\caption{Header row in a table}
\label{tab:xmpl:headers}
\robustify\bfseries
\centering
\begin{tabular}
{S[detect-weight,table-format = 3.3]}
\rowcolor[gray]{0.9}
\bfseries 123.456 \\
23.45 \\
123.4 \\
3.456 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

73
7.16 Associating a locale with a babel language
It is possible to instruct the babel package to switch to a particular siunitx locale when
changing language. This can be done using the babel \extrashlanguage i system. For
example, to associate the DE locale with the german babel language, the appropriate
code would be
\addto\extrasgerman{\sisetup{locale = DE}}

8 Information for those upgrading

8.1 Upgrading from version 1
The key–value control system of siunitx has been completely rewritten for version 2,
and at the same time some of the macros provided by the package have been renamed
and reworked. The package can be loaded with a configuration file to provide most of
the same options and defaults as in version 1:
\usepackage[version-1-compatibility]{siunitx}

Many of the options from version 1 map to similar ones in version 2 (Table 51). The
correspondence often includes a syntax change: consult details of the new options for
the correct syntax for the new options. In some cases, the new approach is different to
the older one, and in these cases the most appropriate option new has been listed in
the table.

Table 51 – Mapping of version 1 options to version 2.

Version 1 See in version 2

addsign explicit-sign
allowlitunits free-standing-units
allowoptarg unit-optional-argument
allowzeroexp retain-zero-exponent
anglesep arc-separator
astroang angle-symbol-over-decimal
closeerr close-bracket
closefrac close-bracket
closerange close-bracket
Continued on next page

74
Continued from previous page
Version 1 See in version 2
colour color
colorall color
colourall color
colorunits unit-color
colorneg negative-color
colourneg negative-color
colourunits unit-color
colorvalues number-color
colourvalues number-color
decimalsymbol output-decimal-marker
detectdisplay detect-display-math
digitsep group-separator
dp round-mode
round-precision
errspace uncertainty-separator
expbase exponent-base
expproduct exponent-product
fixdp round-mode
fixsf round-mode
fraction fraction-function
inlinebold detect-inline-weight
locale locale
mathOmega math-ohm
mathcelsius math-celsius
mathdegree math-degree
mathminute math-arcminute
mathmu math-micro
mathringA math-angstrom
mathrm math-rm
mathsOmega math-ohm
mathscelsius math-celsius
mathsdegree math-degree
mathsecond math-arcsecond
Continued on next page

75
Continued from previous page
Version 1 See in version 2
mathsf math-sf
mathsminute math-arcminute
mathsmu math-micro
mathsringA math-angstrom
mathsrm math-rm
mathssecond math-arcsecond
mathssf math-sf
mathstt math-tt
mathtt math-tt
mode mode
negcolor negative-color
negcolour negative-color
numaddn input-symbols
numcloseerr input-close-uncertainty
numdecimal input-decimal-markers
numdigits input-digits
numdiv input-quotient
numexp input-exponent-markers
numgobble input-ignore
numopenerr input-open-uncertainty
numprod input-product
numsign input-signs
obeyall detect-all
obeybold detect-weight
obeyfamily detect-family
obeyitalic detect-shape
obeymode detect-mode
openerr open-bracket
openfrac open-bracket
openrange open-bracket
padangle add-arc-degree-zero
add-arc-minute-zero
add-arc-second-zero
Continued on next page

76
Continued from previous page
Version 1 See in version 2
padnumber add-decimal-zero
add-integer-zero
per per-mode
prefixsymbolic prefixes-as-symbols
prespace space-before-unit
redefsymbols redefine-symbols
repeatunits multi-part-units
product-units
range-units
retainplus retain-explicit-plus
seperr separate-uncertainty
sepfour group-four-digits
sf round-mode
round-precision
sign explicit-sign
slash per-symbol
stickyper sticky-per
strict strict
tabalign table-alignment
tabalignexp table-align-exponent
tabautofit table-auto-round
tabformat table-format
tabnumalign table-number-alignment
tabparseonly table-parse-only
tabexpalign table-align-exponent
tabtextalign table-text-alignment
tabunitalign table-unit-alignment
textcelsius text-celsius
textdegree text-degree
textminute text-arcminute
textmode mode
textmu text-micro
textOmega text-ohm
Continued on next page

77
 Continued from previous page
Version 1 See in version 2
textringA text-angstrom
textrm text-rm
textsecond text-arcsecond
textsf text-sf
texttt text-tt
tightpm tight-spacing
tophrase range-phrase
trapambigerr multi-part-units
trapambigfrac bracket-numbers
trapambigrange range-units
unitcolor unit-color
unitcolour unit-color
unitmathrm unit-math-rm
unitmathsf unit-math-sf
unitmathsrm unit-math-rm
unitmathssf unit-math-sf
unitmathstt unit-math-tt
unitmathtt unit-math-tt
unitmode unit-mode
unitsep inter-unit-product
unitspace inter-unit-product
valuecolor number-color
valuecolour number-color
valuemathrm number-math-rm
valuemathsf number-math-sf
valuemathsrm number-math-rm
valuemathssf number-math-sf
valuemathstt number-math-tt
valuemathtt number-math-tt
valuemode value-mode
valuesep number-unit-product
xspace use-xspace

A small number of the options from version 1 are used unchanged in version 2, for
example the mode setting. These are listed above but require no action on the part of
the user. There are also a few options which are no longer used at all, and are therefore
ignored by the current code.
Loading configuration files has been completely changed, and this means that
the options alsoload, load and noload are ignored by version 2. In the same way the
options debug and log are not used by the current release of siunitx, as this information
is usually only needed by the package author. Emulation of older packages is no longer
offered (it was intended to help with the transition form earlier packages), and so the
emulate option no longer applies.

78
 8.2 Upgrading from version 2.0 or 2.1
User feedback on siunitx means that over time some renaming takes place. The fol-
lowing functions and options have been deprecated in version 2.2. They are therefore
available in version 2.2, but should be replaced in new or updated documents with the
successor names.
angle-unit-separator These options have been replaced by the options
inter-unit-separator
number-unit-separator • angle-unit-product
• inter-unit-product
• number-unit-product
as these items are formally products, and the new option names emphasise this.
\DeclareSIUnitWithOptions The \DeclareSIUnit function has been extended to take a first optional argument,
which removes the need for \DeclareSIUnitWithOptions. This function is therefore
depreciated but retained for compatibility.

8.3 Upgrading from version 2.2

load-configurations The option load-configurations has been deprecated in favour of the three op-
tions abbreviations, binary-units and version-1-compatibility. At the same time,
loading of the abbreviations is now the standard behaviour, and so in most cases no
explicit configuration file loading will be needed.
group-decimal-digits The digit grouping options have been revised, and the options group-decimal-digits
group-integer-digits and group-integer-digits are now integrated into group-digits. At the same time,
group-four-digits the group-four-digits option has been extended to the new option group-minimum-digits.
literal-superscript-as-power The new literal-superscript-as-power option means that the standard behaviour
now uses the current math font for superscripts, even when units are printed liter-
ally. This will only be obvious in documents such as this manual, where the text and
math mode numerals are (deliberately) different. To restore the previous behaviour, set
literal-superscript-as-power = false.

8.4 Upgrading from version 2.3

The number of options which assume that the input is given in math mode has been
significantly reduced. As most material can be typeset in either math or text mode,
the ‘intrinsic’ math mode options could lead to inconsistent output. The only options
which now force math mode are those for products, which will almost always require
the use of math mode.

79
8.5 Upgrading from version 2.4
The process of removing options which assume math mode, begun with version 2.4,
has been taken further, and only output-product and exponent-product now do not
require \ensuremath for material which must be in math mode. The standard settings
have been altered to take account of this, but user-set options for products may need
to be updated accordingly.

8.6 Upgrading from version 2.5

All printing now takes place in math mode (i.e. mode = math is set). This may alter the
appearance of some units, and users may want to verify the output is correct.

9 Correct application of (SI) units

Consistent and logical units are a necessity for scientific work, and have applicability
everywhere. Historically, a number of systems have been used for physical units. SI
units were introduced by the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) in 1960.
SI units are a coherent system based on seven base units, from which all other units
may be derived.
At the same time, physical quantities with units are mathematical entities, and as
such way that they are typeset is important. In mathematics, changes of type (such as
using bold, italic, sans serif typeface and so on) convey information. This means that
rules exist not only for the type of units to be used under the SI system, but also the
way they should appear in print. Advice on best practice has been made available by
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [2].
As befits an agreed international standard, the full rules are detailed. It is not
appropriate to reproduce these in totality here; instead, a useful summary of the key
points is provided. The full details are available from the Bureau International des Poids
et Mesures [1].
siunitx takes account of the information given here, so far as is possible. Thus
the package defaults follow the recommendations made for typesetting numbers and
units. Spacing and so forth is handled in such a way as to make implementing the
rules (relatively) easy.

9.1 Units
There are seven base SI units, listed in Table 1. Apart from the kilogram, these are
defined in terms of a measurable physical quantity needing the definition alone.7 The
base units have been chosen such that all physical quantities can be expressed using an
appropriative combination of these units, needing no others and with no redundancy.
The kilogram is slightly different from the other base units as it is still defined in terms
of a ‘prototype’ held in Paris.
7 Some base units need others defined first; there is therefore a required order of definition.

80
 All other units within the SI system are regarded as ‘derived’ from the seven base
units. At the most basic, all other SI units can be expressed as combinations of the
base units. However, many units (listed in Tables 2 and 3) have a special name and
symbol. Most of these units are simple combinations of one or more base units (raised
to powers as appropriate). A small number of units derived from experimental data
are allowed as SI units (Table 4).
A series of SI prefixes for decimal multiples and sub-multiples are provided, and
can be used as modifiers for any SI unit (either base or derived units) with the exception
of the kilogram. The prefixes are listed in Table 6. No space should be used between a
prefix and the unit, and only a single prefix should be used. Even the degree Celsius
can be given a prefix, for example 1 m◦C.
It is important to note that the kilogram is the only SI unit with a prefix as part
of its name and symbol. Only single prefix may be used, and so in the case of the
kilogram prefix names are used with the unit name ‘gram’ and the prefix symbols are
used with the unit symbol g. For example 1 × 10−6 kg = 1 mg.
The application of SI units is meant to provide a single set of units which ensure
consistency and clarity across all areas. However, other units are common is many
areas, and are not without merit. The units provided by siunitx by default do not
include any of these; only units which are part of the SI set or are accepted for use with
SI units are defined. However, several other sets of units can be loaded as optional
modules. The binary prefixes and units (Table 22) are the most obvious example.
These are not part of the SI specifications, but the prefix names are derived from those
in Table 6.
Other units are normally to be avoided where possible. SI units should, in the
main, be preferred due to the advantages of clear definition and self-consistency this
brings. However, there will probably always be a place for specialist or non-standard
units. This is particularly true of units derived from basic physical constants.
There are also many areas where non-standard units are used so commonly that to
do otherwise is difficult or impossible. For example, most synthetic chemists measure
the pressure inside vacuum apparatus in mmHg, partly because the most common
gauge for the task still uses a column of mercury metal. For these reasons, siunitx does
define non-SI units.

9.2 Mathematical meaning

As explained earlier, a number–unit combination is a single mathematical entity. This
has implications for how both the number and the unit should be printed. Firstly, the
two parts should not be separated: a quantity is a product of the number and the unit.
With the exception of the symbols for plane angles (°, 0 and 00 ), the bipm specifies either
a space or half-height (centred) dot should be used [1].

A space for \SI{10}{\percent}\\

and also for \SI{100}{\degreeCelsius}\\
but not for \ang{1.23}.
A space for 10 %
and also for 100 ◦C
but not for 1.23°.

81
 The mathematical meaning of units also means that the shape, weight and family
are important. Units are supposed to be typeset in an upright, medium weight serif
font. Italic, bold and sans serif are all used mathematically to convey other mean-
ings. The siunitx package defaults again follow this convention: any local settings are
ignored, and uses the current upright serif math font. However, there are occasions
where this may not be the most desirable behaviour. A classic example would be in
an all-bold section heading. As the surrounding text is bold, some people feel that any
units should follow this.

Units should \textbf{not be bold: \SI{54}{\farad}}\\

\textbf{But perhaps in a running block,\\
it might look better: \SI[detect-weight]{54}{\farad}}
Units should not be bold: 54 F
But perhaps in a running block,
it might look better: 54 F

Symbols for units formed from other units by multiplication are indicated by
means of either a half-height (that is, centred) dot or a (thin) space.

\( \si{\metre\second} = \text{metre second} \) \\

\( \si{\milli\second} = \text{millisecond} \) \\
\sisetup{inter-unit-product = \ensuremath { { } \cdot { } } }
\( \si{\metre\second} = \text{metre second} \) \\
\( \si{\milli\second} = \text{millisecond} \)
m s = metre second
ms = millisecond
m · s = metre second
ms = millisecond
There are some circumstances under which it is common practice to omit any spaces.
The classic example is kWh, where ‘kW h’ does not add any useful information. If
using such a unit repeatedly, users of siunitx are advised to create a custom unit to
ensure consistency. It is important to note that while this is common practice, it is not
allowed by the bipm [1].
Symbols for units formed from other units by division are indicated by means of a
virgule (oblique stroke, slash, /), a horizontal line, or negative exponents.8 However, to
avoid ambiguity, the virgule must not be repeated on the same line unless parentheses
are used. This is ensured when using named unit macros in siunitx, which will ‘trap’
repeated division and format it correctly. In complicated cases, negative exponents are
to be preferred over other formats.

\si{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}\\
\si[per-mode = fraction]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}\\
\si[per-mode = symbol]{\joule\per\mole\per\kelvin}
J mol−1 K−1
J
mol K
J/(mol K)
8 Notice that a virgule and a solidus are not the same symbol.

82
 Products and errors should show what unit applies to each number given. Thus
(2 × 3) m is an ordered set of lengths of a geometric area, whereas 2 × 3 m is a length
(and equal to 6 m). Thus, × is not a product but is a mathematical operator; in the same
way, a 2 × 3 matrix is not a 6 matrix! In some areas, areas and volumes are given with
separated units but a unit raised to the appropriate power: 2 × 3 m2 . Although this
does display the correct overall units, it is potentially-confusing and is not encouraged.
Care must be taken when writing ranges of numbers. For purely numerical values,
it is common to use a en-dash to show a range, for example ‘see pages 1–5’. On the
other hand, physical quantities could be misinterpret as negative values if written in
this way. As the unit–number combination is a single mathematical entity, writing the
values with an en-dash followed by a single unit is also incorrect. As a result, using
the word ‘to’ is strongly recommended.

1 m to 5 m long. \SIrange{1}{5}{\metre} long.

9.3 Graphs and tables

In graphs and tables, repetition of the units following each entry or axis mark is con-
fusing and repetitive. It is therefore best to place the unit in the label part of the
information. Placing the unit in square brackets is common but mathematically poor.9
Much better is to show division of all quantities by the unit, which leaves the entries
as unitless ratios. This is illustrated in Table 52 and Figure 1.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{An example of table labelling.}
\label{tab:xmpl:unitless}
\sisetup{
table-number-alignment = center,
table-figures-integer = 1,
table-figures-decimal = 4
}
\begin{tabular}{cS}
\toprule
Entry & {Length/\si{\metre}} \\
\midrule
1 & 1.1234 \\
2 & 1.1425 \\
3 & 1.7578 \\
4 & 1.9560 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

9 For example, for an acceleration a, the expression [ a ] is the dimensions of a, i.e. length per time squared

in this case.

83
 Table 52 – An example of table labelling.

Entry Length/m
1 1.1234
2 1.1425
3 1.7578
4 1.9560

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
xlabel = \( t/\si{\second} \),
xmax = 6,
xmin = 0,
ylabel = \( d/\si{\metre} \),
ymin = 0
]
\addplot[smooth,mark=*]
plot coordinates {
(0,0)
(1,5)
(2,8)
(3,9)
(4,8)
(5,5)
(6,0)
};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{An example of graph labelling.}
\label{fig:xmpl:unitless}
\end{figure}

In most cases, adding exponent values in the body of a table is less desirable than
adding a fixed exponent to column headers. An example is shown in Table 53. The
use of \multicolumn is needed here due to the ‘<’; without \multicolumn, the titles are
followed by ‘kg’!
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Good and bad columns.}
\label{tab:good}
\sisetup{table-number-alignment = center}
\begin{tabular}{
c
S[

84
 8

d/m
4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Figure 1 – An example of graph labelling.

table-figures-integer = 1,
table-figures-decimal = 3,
table-figures-exponent = 1
]
@{\,\si{\kilogram}}
S[
table-figures-integer = 2,
table-figures-decimal = 2
]
}
\toprule
Entry & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mass} &
{Mass/\SI{e3}{\kilogram}} \\
\midrule
1 & 4.56e3 & 4.56 \\
2 & 2.40e3 & 2.40 \\
3 & 1.345e4 & 13.45 \\
4 & 4.5e2 & 0.45 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

10 Making suggestions and reporting bugs

Feedback on siunitx is always welcome, either to make suggestions or to report prob-
lems. When sending feedback, it is always useful if a small example file is included,

85
 Table 53 – Good and bad columns.

Entry Mass Mass/103 kg

1 4.56 × 103 kg 4.56
2 2.40 × 103 kg 2.40
3 1.345 × 104 kg 13.45
4 4.5 × 102 kg 0.45

showing the bug being reported or illustrating the desired output. It is helpful if a
‘reference rendering’ is included, showing what the output should look like. A typical
example file might read
\listfiles
% Use the article class unless the problem is class-dependent
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{siunitx}
% Other packages loaded as required
\begin{document}
Reference output: $ 1.23\,\mathrm{m} $

siunitx output: \SI{1.23}{\metre}

\end{document}
As illustrated, it is usually best to use the article class and to only load packages
which are needed to show the issue. It is also useful to include a copy of the log file
generate by TEX when reporting a bug (as the versions of packages can be important to
solving the issue).
Feedback can be sent in a range of ways. The development code is hos-
ted by GitHub, and the site includes an issue tracker. Adding feedback dir-
ectly to the database means that other users can see it, and also ensures that
it does not get forgotten. E-mailing directly will also definitely get attention:
[email protected].

11 Thanks
Many users have provided feedback, bug reports and ideas for new features for siunitx:
thanks to all of them. Particular thanks to Stefan Pinnow, who has taken the lead
role as beta tester for siunitx, finding incorrect output, bad documentation and the odd
spelling mistake in the documentation. Thanks also to Danie Els and Marcel Heldoorn
for the SIstyle and SIunits packages, respectively, which provided the starting point for
the development of siunitx.

References
[1] The International System of Units (SI), http://www.bipm.org/en/si/.

86
[2] International System of Units from NIST, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/
index.html.
[3] SI base units, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/.
[4] Units with special names and symbols; units that incorporate special names and symbols,
http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/2-2-2.html.
[5] SI Prefixes, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter3/prefixes.html.
[6] Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units, http://www.bipm.
org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table6.html.

[7] Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally, http://www.
bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table7.html.
[8] Other non-SI units, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.
html.
[9] Formatting the value of a quantity, http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/
chapter5/5-3-2.html#5-3-3.

Change History
v0.6 v2.0a
General: First public testing release (as General: Detect use of version 1 options
si) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 and automatically load appropriate
v1.0 configuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
General: First official release . . . . . . . . 1 Fix various errors in version-1 con-
v1.1 figuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
General: Package extended to a greater Include high energy physics units
range of unit types . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 in discussion of old configurations
v1.2 and in version-1 configuration file 73
General: Correct handling for ranges of Make \SendSettingsToPgf available
numbers added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 in document body . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
v1.3 v2.0b
General: Better definition for micro General: Further improvements to
symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 version-1 configuration file . . . . . 73
v1.4 v2.0c
General: Detect entire document in General: Mixed literal and macro units
non-serif font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 now print more reliably . . . . . . . . 1
v2.0 v2.0d
General: Complete re-write of package General: Document special case situ-
to add many new features . . . . . . . 1 ations for last cell in table row . . . . 70
Introduced \numlist and \SIlist Fix error in table-format option
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 concerning exponent signs . . . . . . 1

87
v2.0e Errors with free-standing unit code
General: Correct behaviour of \pm in fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
numbers when abbreviations con- v2.0r
figuration is loaded: problem intro- General: Error in definition for old
duced in v2.0c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 decimalsymbol option corrected . . 73
v2.0f v2.0s
General: Fix issue with spacing of mul- General: Correct errors in rounding
tiplication sign in text mode . . . . . 1 code when precision requested is
v2.0g zero decimal places . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Fix issue with complex num- Document how to do mixed bold
bers in quotients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 and normal numbers in tables . . . . 72
Improve handling of complex root v2.0t
token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General: Replace \exp_afer:wN in code
Introduce localisation for text values 1 for \per with \exp_after:wN . . . . 1
Repair broken bracket-numbers op- v2.0u
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General: Fix second possible issue with
v2.0h textpos package and \color . . . . . 1
General: Actually get localisation into Prevent infinite loop if \SI function
the code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 is used with an empty number . . . 1
v2.0i v2.0v
General: Correct behaviour of \of func- General: Internal changes reflecting
tion so it actually works (bug intro- expl3 updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
duced in v2.0d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 v2.0w
General: Deal with internal function
v2.0j
used by REVTEX in tables . . . . . . . 1
General: Correct \hartree unit appear-
v2.0x
ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
General: Fix bug when detecting single
Ensure symbols specified in
prefixes and converting prefixes to
input-symbols are always printed
numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
in math mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.0y
v2.0k
General: Error with tight-spacing op-
General: Fix for babel French settings
tion and exponents corrected . . . . 29
with \fg in tabular material . . . . . 1
v2.1
v2.0l General: New copy-complex-root op-
General: Further adjustments to babel tion for moving input complex root
support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 to output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
v2.0m New input-comparators option for
General: Re-introduce locale option . 62 numbers greater than, less than and
v2.0n so on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
General: More abbreviated units . . . . 34 New power-font option for con-
v2.0o trolling whether superscript powers
General: Extend detect-italic op- are treated as numbers or units . . . 41
tion to other shapes, renaming as New round-minimum option to set a
detect-shape as a result . . . . . . . 16 floor for rounding numbers down-
v2.0p ward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
General: Actually get change from New scientific-notation option
v2.0o working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 for to use exponent form for num-
v2.0q bers in all cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
General: Deal with bad definition of New table-align-exponent and
\color by textpos package . . . . . . 1 table-align-uncertainty options

88
 for additional choices of table v2.1g
formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 General: Checks on the versions of
New table-comparator option for expl3 and xparse installed . . . . . . 1
reserving space for comparators in v2.1h
tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 General: Detect AMS display-like en-
New table-omit-exponent option vironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
for simplifying tables . . . . . . . . . . 54 v2.1i
New zero-integer-to-decimal op- General: Improved logic for per-mode
tion to convert integers to decimals setting symbol-or-fraction . . . . . 39
on rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 v2.1j
v2.1a General: Allow for loading of inputenc
General: Ensure that output of list sep- package with no options . . . . . . . . 1
arators is in text mode . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.1k
Print prefixes correctly in text mode
General: Bug fix when printing super-
when converting to numerical
script minus signs and using font-
value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
spec package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.1b
New option detect-inline-family 17
General: Bug in hyphen printing when
Remove combined choice for option
detecting mode sorted . . . . . . . . . 1
detect-inline-weight . . . . . . . . . 17
Bug in printing code for complex
v2.1l
part with no number fixed . . . . . . 1
v2.1c General: Error in font family detection
introduced in v2.1k corrected . . . . 17
General: After reviewing internals,
\numlist, \numrange, \SIlist and v2.1m
\SIrange are documented as re- General: Avoid expansion of erroneous
quiring text mode due to issues literal units when these are forbid-
with spacing and line breaks . . . . . 1 den . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Auto-detect math mode in tables and Ensure some output occurs in all
correct output accordingly . . . . . . 1 cases when round-precision is set
Discourage line break between num- to 0 and round-mode is set to
ber and unit even when it is permit- places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 v2.1n
New text choice for qualifier-mode General: Consistent behaviour for
option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 round-integer-to-decimal when
v2.1d round-precision is 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Apply unit options when Set output to 0 when round-mode is
free-standing-units is active . . . 33 figures and round-precision is 0 21
Error with definition of version 1 op- v2.1o
tion xspace corrected . . . . . . . . . . 73 General: Account for negative expo-
v2.1e nents when using fixed-exponent
General: Fix issues with text mode sym- system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
bols and fontspec package . . . . . . 1 Fix incorrect font choice when arev
Further corrections when ap- package is loaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
plying unit options when v2.1p
free-standing-units is active . . . 33 General: Bad table alignment when
v2.1f some rows contain comparators
General: Typo in definition for fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
unit-optional-argument imple- Poor position of comparators in
mentation corrected . . . . . . . . . . . 34 numbers fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

89
v2.2 Fix bug with \highlight macro
General: Add new \tablenum macro to when no colour support is loaded . 1
allow complex table alignments . . 13 Make \of work in hyper-linked sec-
Depreciate \DeclareSIUnitWithOptions tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 v2.2c
Extend \DeclareSIUnit to take op- General: Fix bad interaction with cell-
tional argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 space package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Extend scientific-notation op- v2.2d
tion to include engineering mode 24 General: Fix the strict option . . . . . . 1
Include leading 1 when per-mode is v2.2e
set to symbol and there are no nu- General: Fix incorrect interpretation of
merator units in \si arguments . . . 39 complex numbers with no real part 1
New \highlight macro for selective v2.2f
colour in units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 General: Fix setting table-column-width
New bracket-negative-numbers to 0 pt to restore auto-sizing . . . . 59
option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 v2.2g
New input-uncertainty-signs op- General: Correctly space \degree and
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 similar units in lists and ranges
New minimum-integer-digits op- when only a single unit is given . . 1
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Ensure \tablenum works correctly
New output-exponent-marker op- when parse-numbers is set false . 13
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 v2.2h
New table-align-comparator op- General: Fix bug in significant figures
tion for more control of table rounding code for some integer
formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 part values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
New table-column-width option . 59 v2.2i
Renamed angle-unit-separator General: Fix detect-mode option inside
option to angle-unit-product . . . 78 table cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Renamed inter-unit-separator v2.2j
option to inter-unit-product . . . 78 General: Fix incorrect line breaking in
Renamed number-unit-separator \SIrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
option to number-unit-product . . 78 v2.2k
Support use of \cancel macro in General: Fix behaviour of subscripts in-
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 side alignments when printing in
v2.2a text mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Add missing default for v2.2l
group-digits option . . . . . . . . . . 25 General: Fix loss of main unit when
Expand macros with arguments cor- per-mode is set to symbol and a pre-
rectly in tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 unit is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fix bug with literal units and auto- v2.3
insertion of 1 when per-mode is General: Extend group-digits option,
symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 deprecating group-decimal-digits
Fix issue with * tokens in tabular and group-integer-digits . . . . . 25
preambles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Load abbreviations as standard . . . 78
Group digits for input containing New group-minimum-digits option
symbolic entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 to replace group-four-digits . . . 27
v2.2b New literal-superscript-as-power
General: Fix bad formatting of neg- option for controlling how literal
ative exponents when using the units superscripts behave . . . . . . . 41
output-exponent-marker option . 1 New table-align-text-pre option 54

90
 New implementation for alignment Use a more cautious approach to
in S column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 changing settings at the start of the
Replace load-configurations op- document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
tion with separate abbreviations, Use UTF-8 symbols with XETEX and
binary-units and version-1-compatibility LuaTEX if fontspec is loaded . . . . . 62
options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 v2.4b
v2.3a General: Erroneous doubled # correc-
General: Restore fix in v2.2l missing in ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 v2.4c
v2.3b General: Erroneous check for text mode
General: Adjust internal load order so sanserif font fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
that free-standing-units works v2.4d
correctly for abbreviations . . . . . . 1 General: Fix for edge-case user com-
More abbreviated units . . . . . . . . . 34 mands in captions where the com-
v2.3c mand clashes with a unit name . . . 1
General: Fix display of ± in num- v2.4e
bers when separate-uncertainty General: Fix issue with inputenc pack-
is true and literal units are used . . 1 age and some of the recent special
v2.3d symbol changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Fix broken superscript display v2.4f
in literal unit mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Allow easier use of head-
v2.3e
ings when not parsing numbers in
General: Internal changes to work with tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LATEX3 updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fix bug with detection of bold font
v2.3f
in table cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Fix processing of numbers in
v2.4g
tables when entire number is in-
General: Update internals to match
valid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
changes in expl3 which caused is-
v2.3g
sues with some tokens in numerical
General: Deal with erroneous leading
arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
zero in some fixed exponent cases . 1
v2.4h
v2.3h
General: Bug fix for implementation of
General: Ensure math mode for expo-
reciprocal-positive-first . . . . 1
nent products in all circumstances . 1
Improvements to output when using v2.4i
tex4ht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General: Bug fix for rounding with
v2.4 large numbers of decimal places . . 1
General: Automatically compress ex- v2.4j
ponents for lists and ranges when General: Leave vertical mode before
fixed exponents are active . . . . . . . 31 any document-level commands . . . 1
New exponent-to-prefix option . 45 v2.4k
New list-pair-separator option 31 General: Internal changes to allow for
New round-half option . . . . . . . . 23 breqn package tricks . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reduce number of math mode op- v2.4l
tions, improving consistency of out- General: Fix a load-order issue with
put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 soulpos package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.4a v2.4m
General: Extend search-and-replace General: Correct bug in \SIlist when
code for UTF-8 characters . . . . . . . 1 only a single number is given . . . . 1

91
v2.4n v2.5h
General: Allow conversion of numbers General: Alter literal unit test to allow
with more than nine digits to sci- spaces in units to be ignored . . . . . 1
entific notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 v2.5i
v2.5 General: Fix alignment of values
General: Minor change to table code without uncertainties in columns
to give fewer underfull boxes when where space is reserved for uncer-
comparators are used . . . . . . . . . . 1 tainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
New omit-uncertainty option . . . 25 v2.5j
New zero-decimal-to-integer op- General: Fix rounding when uncertain-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ties are present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reduced number of intrinsically- v2.5k
mathematical options . . . . . . . . . . 1 General: Skip spaces correctly after
Slight alteration of code order so that start of document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
fixed-exponent can be used to re- Store fraction function as a macro
move an exponent part from nu- rather than using \let: fixes a
merical input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 warning with amsmath . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.5a v2.5l
General: When creating free-standing General: Track changes in expl3 . . . . . . 1
unit, allow for ‘dynamic’ nature of v2.5m
spacing (bug introduced in v2.5) . . 1 General: Allow for right-to-left mode
v2.5b with bidi package . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fix bug with UTF8 engines and lit-
General: Deal correctly with ˆ and _ in
eral units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
literal units when breqn package is
loaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Handle \highlight correctly in
bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Detect eulervm package and alter
Load binary-units only if reques-
math mode font setting accord-
ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ingly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.5n
v2.5c
General: Fix transmission of
General: Allow conversion of numbers
grouping information by
with more than nine digits when
\SendSettingsToPgf . . . . . . . . . . 1
using fixed exponents . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.5o
Detect entirely empty cells in s
General: Update internals to track expl3
columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.5d
v2.5p
General: Extend range of settings auto- General: Fix printing of \pm and \mp
matically altered to use UTF-8 val- when used as signs in text mode . . 1
ues is appropriate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.5q
New phrase choice for qualifier-mode General: Reorder internals to allow for
option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 binary units in tables . . . . . . . . . . 1
New qualifier-phrase option . . . 41 Replace active - in numbers with
v2.5e standard hyphen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Fix an internal error in unit ex- v2.5r
pansion, introduced in v2.4f . . . . . 1 General: Update internals to track expl3
v2.5f changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Track changes in expl3 . . . . . . 1 v2.5s
v2.5g General: Update internals to track expl3
General: Fix binary-units option . . . 37 changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

92
v2.6 v2.6c
General: Allow for loading of mdwtab . 1 General: Fix use of \micro when font-
Fix printing exponent in tables when spec is loaded but unicode-math is
output-exponent-marker is active 28 not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fix printing of uncertainties when v2.6d
the input is an integer and the un- General: Fix conversion of ‘long’ to
certainty is given as a separate part 1 ‘short’ uncertainty values with in-
Fix spacing when printing comparat- teger mantissas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 v2.6e
Ignore hard spaces (˜) in argument
General: Auto-detect some packages
of \num . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
where fontspec should not affect
Preserve standard meaning of \fg in
default symbol use . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
bookmarks when babel is loaded
v2.6f
with the french option . . . . . . . . . 1
General: Fix table-sign-exponent
Produce proper minus sign when
and table-sign-mantissa options
tex4ht is in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
when set false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Switch standard setting for mode op-
tion to math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Further work on mathspec . . . . . . . 1
v2.6a v2.6g
General: Better glyph selection when General: Fix issue with empty table
fontspec is detected . . . . . . . . . . . 1 cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.6b v2.6h
General: Extend range of font shapes General: Update internals to track expl3
which can be detected . . . . . . . . . 1 changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Index
The italic numbers denote the pages where the corresponding entry is described, num-
bers underlined point to the definition, all others indicate the places where it is used.

Symbols \amu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 26, 39, 43 \amu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\ang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 5
A \ang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 32
\A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 angle-symbol-over-decimal (option) . . . 33
\A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 angle-unit-separator (option) . . . . . . . 78
\AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \angstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 9
abbreviations (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \angstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 9
add-arc-degree-zero (option) . . . . . . . . 32 \approx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19
add-arc-minute-zero (option) . . . . . . . . 32 arc-separator (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
add-arc-second-zero (option) . . . . . . . . 32 \arcminute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8
add-decimal-zero (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \arcminute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8
add-integer-zero (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \arcsecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8
allow-number-unit-breaks (option) . . . . 43 \arcsecond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 8
\ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\ampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

93
\astronomicalunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \cubed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\astronomicalunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \cubed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\atomicmassunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \cubic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\atomicmassunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \cubic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\atto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\atto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 D
\dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
B \dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 \day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9 \day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\barn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 \dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\barn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 \dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\becquerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 \deca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9
\becquerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 \deca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9
\bel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 \deci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9
\bel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 \deci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9
\bfseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \decibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9
binary-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \decibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9
\bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \DeclareBinaryPrefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \DeclareBinaryPrefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\bohr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 \DeclareSIPostPower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\bohr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 \DeclareSIPrefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
bracket-negative-numbers (option) . . . . 29 \DeclareSIPrefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
bracket-numbers (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \DeclareSIPrePower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
bracket-unit-denominator (option) . . . . 39 \DeclareSIQualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \DeclareSIQualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \DeclareSIUnit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\DeclareSIUnit . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 11, 69, 78
C \DeclareSIUnitWithOptions . . . . . . . . . 78
\cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \DeclareSIUnitWithOptions . . . . . . . . . 78
\cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 10 \degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\candela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7 \degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11
\candela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7 \degreeCelsius . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 7
\celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6 \degreeCelsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
\celsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6 \deka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\centi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9 \deka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 8
\centi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9 detect-all (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\clight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8 detect-display-math (option) . . . . . . . . 17
\clight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8 detect-family (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
close-bracket (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 detect-inline-family (option) . . . . . . . 17
\cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 detect-inline-weight (option) . . . . . . . 17
\cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 detect-mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
color (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 detect-none (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 detect-shape (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
complex-root-position (option) . . . . . . 27 detect-weight (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
copy-complex-root (option) . . . . . . . . . . 27 \displaystyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 40
copy-decimal-marker (option) . . . . . . . . 27 \dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7 \dm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7 \dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19
\cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \DTLmul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

94
\DTLshowtable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \gg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 20
\GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
E \GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\electronmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \gibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\electronmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \gibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\electronvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \giga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 9
\electronvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \giga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 9
\elementarycharge . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \GPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\elementarycharge . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 \GPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\ensuremath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 63, 79 \gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 7
\eV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 7
\eV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 group-decimal-digits (option) . . . . . . . 78
\exa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 9 group-digits (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\exa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 9 group-four-digits (option) . . . . . . . . 25, 78
\exbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 group-integer-digits (option) . . . . . . . 78
\exbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 group-minimum-digits (option) . . . . . . . 27
explicit-sign (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 group-separator (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
exponent-base (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \GW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
exponent-product (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \GW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
exponent-to-prefix (option) . . . . . . . . . 45
\extrashlanguage i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 H
\hartree . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8
F \hartree . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8
\F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \hectare . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8
\F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \hectare . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8
\farad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 7 \hecto . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9
\farad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 7 \hecto . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9
\femto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9 \henry . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\femto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 9 \henry . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\fF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \hertz . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\fF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \hertz . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\fg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \highlight . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\fg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \highlight . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 10
fixed-exponent (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \hL . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\fmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \hL . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\fmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \hl . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
forbid-literal-units (option) . . . . . . . 39 \hl . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 30, 30, 39 \hour . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8
fraction-function (option) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \hour . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 69
free-standing-units (option) . . . . . . . . 33 \Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\fs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\fs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
I
G input-close-uncertainty (option) . . . . 20
\g . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 input-comparators (option) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\g . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 input-complex-roots (option) . . . . . . . . 20
\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 20 input-decimal-markers (option) . . . . . . 20
\geq . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19 input-digits (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\GeV . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 input-exponent-markers (option) . . . . . 20
\GeV . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 input-ignore (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

95
input-open-uncertainty (option) .. . . . 20 \kPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
input-product (option) . . . . . . . . .. . . . 29 \kV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
input-protect-tokens (option) . . .. . . . 20 \kV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
input-quotient (option) . . . . . . . .. . . . 29 \kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
input-signs (option) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 20 \kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
input-symbols (option) . . . . . . . . .. . . . 20 \kWh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
input-uncertainty-signs (option) . . . . 20 \kWh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 69, 69, 69, 69
inter-unit-product (option) . . . . .. . . . 39
inter-unit-separator (option) . . .. . . . 78 L
\L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
J \L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\joule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 20
\joule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \leq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19
list-final-separator (option) . . . . . . . 31
K list-pair-separator (option) . . . . . . . . 31
\K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 list-separator (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 list-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\kA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\kA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\katal . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... 7 literal-superscript-as-power (option)
\katal . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 78
\kelvin . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... 7 \litre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\kelvin . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... 7 \litre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\keV . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 20
\keV . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 load-configurations (option) . . . . . . . . 78
\kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 locale (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \lumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \lumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \lux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\kibi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \lux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\kibi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 37
\kilo . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ....... 9 M
\kilo . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 9, 11, 42, 69 \m . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\kilogram . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........ 7 \m . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\kilogram . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........ 7 \mA . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\kJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \mA . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\kJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 math-rm (option) . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\km . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 math-sf (option) . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\km . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 math-tt (option) . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\kmol . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \mathnormal . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\kmol . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \mathrm . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 18, 27, 63
\kN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \mathsf . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\kN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \mathtt . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\knot . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........ 9 \mebi . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\knot . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........ 9 \mebi . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\kohm . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \mega . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ...... 9
\kohm . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \mega . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ...... 9
\kPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \meter . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ...... 6

96
\meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \multirow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \mV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7 \mV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\MeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\MeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\meV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \mW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\meV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \mW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 N
\MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\mHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \nA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \nA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\milli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nauticalmile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\milli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nauticalmile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
minimum-integer-digits (option) . . . . . 23 negative-color (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \neper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \neper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\mL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\mL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\ml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mmHg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \nmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\mmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \num . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\MN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \num . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6
\mN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 number-angle-product (option) . . . . . . . 32
\mN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 number-unit-product (option) . . . . . . . . 43
mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 number-unit-separator (option) . . . . . . 78
\Mohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \numlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\Mohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \numlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 6
\mohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \numrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
\mohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \numrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4, 6
\mol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\mol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 O
\mp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19 \of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \ohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 7
\ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 7
\ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Omega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 61, 61
multi-part-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 omit-uncertainty (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\multicolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 15, 83, 83 open-bracket (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

97
options: input-open-uncertainty . . . . . . . . . 20
abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 input-product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
add-arc-degree-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 input-protect-tokens . . . . . . . . . . . 20
add-arc-minute-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 input-quotient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
add-arc-second-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 input-signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
add-decimal-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 input-symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
add-integer-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 input-uncertainty-signs . . . . . . . . 20
allow-number-unit-breaks . . . . . . . 43 inter-unit-product . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
angle-symbol-over-decimal . . . . . . 33 inter-unit-separator . . . . . . . . . . . 78
angle-unit-separator . . . . . . . . . . . 78 list-final-separator . . . . . . . . . . . 31
arc-separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 list-pair-separator . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
binary-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 list-separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
bracket-negative-numbers . . . . . . . 29 list-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
bracket-numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 literal-superscript-as-power . . 41, 78
bracket-unit-denominator . . . . . . . 39 load-configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
close-bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 locale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 math-rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
complex-root-position . . . . . . . . . . 27 math-sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
copy-complex-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 math-tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
copy-decimal-marker . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 minimum-integer-digits . . . . . . . . . 23
detect-all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
detect-display-math . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 multi-part-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
detect-family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 negative-color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
detect-inline-family . . . . . . . . . . . 17 number-angle-product . . . . . . . . . . . 32
detect-inline-weight . . . . . . . . . . . 17 number-unit-product . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
detect-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 number-unit-separator . . . . . . . . . . 78
detect-none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 omit-uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
detect-shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 open-bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
detect-weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 output-close-uncertainty . . . . . . . 28
explicit-sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 output-complex-root . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
exponent-base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 output-decimal-marker . . . . . . . . . . 27
exponent-product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 output-exponent-marker . . . . . . . . . 28
exponent-to-prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 output-open-uncertainty . . . . . . . . 28
fixed-exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 output-product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
forbid-literal-units . . . . . . . . . . . 39 output-quotient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
fraction-function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 overwrite-functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
free-standing-units . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 parse-numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 57
group-decimal-digits . . . . . . . . . . . 78 parse-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
group-digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 per-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
group-four-digits . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 78 per-symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
group-integer-digits . . . . . . . . . . . 78 power-font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
group-minimum-digits . . . . . . . . . . . 27 prefixes-as-symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
group-separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 product-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
input-close-uncertainty . . . . . . . . 20 qualifier-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
input-comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 qualifier-phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
input-complex-roots . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 quotient-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
input-decimal-markers . . . . . . . . . . 20 range-phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
input-digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 range-units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
input-exponent-markers . . . . . . . . . 20 redefine-symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
input-ignore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 retain-explicit-plus . . . . . . . . . . . 23

98
 retain-unity-mantissa . . . . . . . . . . 24 output-quotient (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
retain-zero-exponent . . . . . . . . . . . 24 overwrite-functions (option) . . . . . . . . 33
round-half . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
round-integer-to-decimal . . . . . . . 22 P
round-minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
round-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
round-precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \pA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
scientific-notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \pA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
separate-uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . 28 parse-numbers (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 57
space-before-unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 parse-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
sticky-per . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
strict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
table-align-comparator . . . . . . . . . 52 \pebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
table-align-exponent . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \pebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
table-align-text-post . . . . . . . . . . 54 \per . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
table-align-text-pre . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \per . . . 5, 10, 11, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 41, 70, 70
table-align-uncertainty . . . . . . . . 52 per-mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
table-alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 per-symbol (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
table-auto-round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
table-column-width . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
table-comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \peta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
table-figures-decimal . . . . . . . . . . 48 \peta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
table-figures-exponent . . . . . . . . . 48 \pF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
table-figures-integer . . . . . . . . . . 48 \pF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
table-figures-uncertainty . . . . . . 48 \pg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
table-format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \pg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
table-number-alignment . . . . . . . . . 47 \pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 20
table-omit-exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \pico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
table-parse-only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \pico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
table-sign-exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \planckbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
table-sign-mantissa . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \planckbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
table-space-text-post . . . . . . . . . . 51 \pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
table-space-text-pre . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19, 19, 20, 34, 35
table-text-alignment . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \pmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
table-unit-alignment . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \pmol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
text-rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 power-font (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
text-sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 prefixes-as-symbols (option) . . . . . . . . 42
text-tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 product-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
tight-spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
uncertainty-separator . . . . . . . . . . 28 \ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
unit-optional-argument . . . . . . . . . 34 \pV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
use-xspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \pV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
version-1-compatibility . . . . . . . . 37
zero-decimal-to-integer . . . . . . . . 22 Q
output-close-uncertainty (option) . . . . 28 qualifier-mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
output-complex-root (option) . . . . . . . . 27 qualifier-phrase (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
output-decimal-marker (option) . . . . . . 27 quotient-mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
output-exponent-marker (option) . . . . . 28
output-open-uncertainty (option) . . . . 28 R
output-product (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

99
\radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \SIUnitSymbolMicro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\raiseto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \SIUnitSymbolOhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\raiseto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 space-before-unit (option) . . . . . . . . . . 34
range-phrase (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
range-units (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
redefine-symbols (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
retain-explicit-plus (option) . . . . . . . 23 \squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
retain-unity-mantissa (option) . . . . . . 24 \steradian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
retain-zero-exponent (option) . . . . . . . 24 \steradian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\rmfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 sticky-per (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\robustify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 strict (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
round-half (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
round-integer-to-decimal (option) . . . . 22 T
round-minimum (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 table-align-comparator (option) . . . . . 52
round-mode (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 table-align-exponent (option) . . . . . . . 52
round-precision (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 table-align-text-post (option) . . . . . . 54
\rowcolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 table-align-text-pre (option) . . . . . . . 54
table-align-uncertainty (option) . . . . 52
S table-alignment (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 table-auto-round (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 table-column-width (option) . . . . . . . . . 59
scientific-notation (option) . . . . . . . . 24 table-comparator (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-figures-decimal (option) . . . . . . 48
\second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-figures-exponent (option) . . . . . 48
\SendSettingsToPgf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 table-figures-integer (option) . . . . . . 48
\SendSettingsToPgf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 table-figures-uncertainty (option) . . . 48
separate-uncertainty (option) . . . . . . . 28 table-format (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\sffamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 table-number-alignment (option) . . . . . 47
\SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 table-omit-exponent (option) . . . . . . . . 54
\SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6, 6, 11, 32, 33, 33, 34 table-parse-only (option) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\si . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 table-sign-exponent (option) . . . . . . . . 48
\si . 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 10, 11, 14, 14, 33, 33, 34 table-sign-mantissa (option) . . . . . . . . 48
\siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-space-text-post (option) . . . . . . 51
\siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-space-text-pre (option) . . . . . . . 51
\sievert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-text-alignment (option) . . . . . . . 57
\sievert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 table-unit-alignment (option) . . . . . . . 58
\SIlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \tablenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\SIlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6, 44 \tablenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 13, 14
\sim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 19 \tebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\SIrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 \tebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\SIrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6, 44 \tera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\sisetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \tera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\sisetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 15, 62 \tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\SIUnitSymbolAngstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\SIUnitSymbolAngstrom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\SIUnitSymbolArcminute . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \TeV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\SIUnitSymbolArcsecond . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \texorpdfstring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\SIUnitSymbolCelsius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 21, 61, 63
\SIUnitSymbolDegree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 text-rm (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\SIUnitSymbolMicro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 text-sf (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

100
text-tt (option) . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 18 \uW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\THz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 36
\THz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 36 V
tight-spacing (option) ... . . . . . . . . . . 29 \V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 36
\tonne . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 36
\tonne . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 8 version-1-compatibility (option) .. . . 37
\tothe . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 10 \volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 7
\tothe . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 10 \volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 7
\translate . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 63
\ttfamily . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 18 W
\W . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
U \W . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\uA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \watt . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\uA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \watt . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 69
\ug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \weber . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\ug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \weber . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7
\uL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\uL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Y
\ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yobi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\ul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yobi . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yocto . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yocto . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\umol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yotta . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\umol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \yotta . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
uncertainty-separator (option) . . . . . . 28
unit-optional-argument (option) . . . . . 34 Z
\us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \zebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 37
\us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \zebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 37
use-xspace (option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \zepto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9
\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \zepto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9
\uV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 zero-decimal-to-integer (option) . . . . 22
\uV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \zetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9
\uW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \zetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 9

101