GENERATOR PROTECTION BY USING RELAYS AND EXCITATION SYSTEMS

A project report submitted

To

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BY
P.V. CHANDRA SEKHAR 141300063
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to remember and acknowledge the
co-operative good will and support both moral and technical extended by several
individual out of which this prospect as involved. I shall always change my
associative with them.

I cordially offer my boundless and profound sense of gratitude to

Dr. K TIRUPATHIRAJU KANUMURI Head Of the Department of EEE, NIT
DELHI for his valuable suggestion and encouragement.

I express my special thanks to Sri.N.Muni Prasad,A.D.E,

EM&M.R.T, and Sri.M,BABU NAIDU, A.E, EM&M.R.T and also endless thanks
to Sri.JAGADEESH A.E for their excellent guidance and suggestions to
complete internship at R.T.P.P.

I render my special thanks to each and every person who directly

and indirectly helped us to complete the project as grandsuccess.
 V.V.REDDY NAGAR

KADAPA DISTRICT-516312

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. P.V. CHANDRA SEKHAR

Studying B.Tech in NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI has
successfully completed the INTERNSHIP entitled “Generator Protection By
Using Relays And Excitation System” at R.T.P.P, Kalamala under the
guidance and supervision of Sri. N. MUNI PRASAD, ADE (EM&MRT) for
project during the period 25-05-2017 to 05-07-2017.

Assistant Divisional Engineer

EM,MRT, RTPP, Stage-1
APGENCO
 ABSTRACT

In a power plant, generator plays a vital role. So we need to

maintain and control the working of generator. Since, every generator is
connected to a power system, its protection system contain elements to
protect the generator and to disconnect the generator if necessary. Whenever
a fault occurs in the system, those elements will disconnect the generator in a
manner compatible with other protection schemes in the power system.

. Even though manual observation is present, the effective

protection of the system is achieved by the automatic detection and
prevention of the faults which require, for continuous generation and to
safeguard the system apparatus. Here we make use of relays for the
protection of generator unit.

Relay is a circuit that senses the abnormal conditions and

ensures the safety of the circuit equipment form damages and normal working
of the healthy portion of the system. Relays have many good characteristics
like selectivity, sensitivity, reliability, speed, quickness etc.Due to this features
we select relay to protect the generator.

The excitation system is required to provide the necessary field

current field current to the rotor winding of the synchronous machines. The
Brush less excitation system is employed in R.T.P.P why because Generator,
Turbine, and Exciter connected to same shaft.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Need for Protection

1.2 Construction Details

Stator Design Features

 Stator Frame
 Stator Core
 Stator Winding
 Hydrogen Coolers

Rotor Design Features

 Rotor Shaft
 Rotor Winding
 Rotor Retaining Rings
 Field Connections

Bearings

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Protective Relays
2.2 Nature of Faults in Generator
 Effect of Faults
 Causes of Faults
CHAPTER 3
Generator Protection
3.1 Voltage balance protection
3.2 Stator earth fault
3.3 Rotor earth fault
3.4 Negative phase sequence
3.5 Over voltage protection
3.6 Under voltage protection
3.7 Over frequency protection
3.8 Under frequency protection
3.9 loss of excitation
3.10 Pole slip relay
3.11 Failure of the prime mover
3.12 Over current protection
3.13 Over flux protection
3.14 Under flux protection
3.15 Reverse power protection
3.16 low forward power protection
3.17 Backup impedance protection
3.18 Differential Protection
3.19 Overall differential protection

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Relay Settings

CHAPTER 5
5.1 Excitation System
1.1 NEED FOR PROTECTION
A fault in power system is defined as a defect in its electrical
circuit due to which the flow of current is diverted from the intended path.
Breaking of conductors or failure of insulation causes faults. Fault impedance is
generally low and fault current is generally high. During the faults, the voltages of
the phases become unbalanced and the supply to the neighboring circuit is
affected .Fault currents being excessive they can damage not only the faulty
equipment, but also the installation through which the fault current is fed.

The most important factors, which make protection necessary for

a generator, are the electrical stresses imposed on the insulation the mechanical
forces acting on the various parts of the machine, and temperature rises. When
properly used a machine in perfect running condition can not only maintain its
specified rated performance for many years, it can also repeatedly withstand
certain excess overloads. However, preventive measures must be taken against
even those overloads being exceeded in service beyond safe limits. Despite
sound construction, correct operation and preventive means of protection, the
risk that faults will occur cannot be completely eliminated from any machine. The
protective system of a generator must therefore also include devices which, in
the event of an internal fault ensure that the fault is made dead as quickly a
possible.
The protective relaying senses the abnormal conditions in a part of
the system and gives an alarm to the protective equipment (CB) so that the faulty
section is isolated from the healthy section.
1.2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
The generator consists of the following components.
1) Stator
a) Stator frame
b) Stator core
c) Stator winding
d) Hydrogen coolers
2) Rotor
a) Rotor shaft
b) Rotor winding
c) Rotor retaining rings
d) Field connections
3) Bearings

GENERATOR DESIGN FEATURES:

1. Stator Design Features:

a. Stator frame:

The stator frame is of gastight and pressure-resistant rigid

construction and accommodates the laminated core, the winding and the coolers
arranged horizontally in the generator housing. Both the gas ducts and the
welded circuitry provide for the rigidity of the stator frame. Feet are welded to the
stator frame to bolt the stator to the machine sole plates.
The stator is firmly connected to the foundation with anchor bolts through the
machine sole plates.

b. Stator core:

The stator core is stacked from insulated electrical sheet-steel

laminations with a low loss index and suspended directly in the stator frame from
insulated dovetailed guide bars. Axial compression of the stator core is obtained
by clamping fingers, pressure plates, and non-magnetic through-type clamping
bolts, which are insulated from the core. The clamping fingers ensure a uniform
clamping pressure, especially within the range of the teeth, and provide for
uniform, intensive cooling of the stator core ends.

c. Stator winding construction:

The stator winding is a fractional-pitch two layer type

consisting of individual bars. The bars are located in slots of rectangular cross
section which are uniformly distributed on the circumference of the stator core.
In order to minimize the stray losses, the bars are composed of separately
insulated strands which are transposed by 360 degrees.
To minimize the stray losses in the end winding the strands of the top and bottom
bars are separately brazed and insulated from each other.

Micalastic-High-Voltage Insulation:

The high voltage insulation is provided according to the proven

Micalastic system .With this insulating system; several half-overlapped
continuous layers of mica tape are applied to the bars. The bars are dried under
vacuum and impregnated with epoxy resin which has very good penetration
properties due to its low viscosity. The impregnated bars are formed to the
required shape in moulds and curved in an oven at high temperature; the high-
voltage insulation obtained is nearly void-free and is characterized by its
excellent electrical, mechanical and thermal properties in addition to being fully
water proof and oil-resistant.

To minimize corona discharges between the insulation and the slot wall, a
final coat of semi conducting varnish is applied to the surface of all bars within
the slot range.
In addition, all bars are provided with an end corona protection to
control the electric field at the transition from the slot to the end winding and to
prevent the termination of creep age spark concentrations.

Bar support system:

To protect the stator winding against the effects of magnetic forces

due to load and to ensure permanent firm seating of the bars in the slots during
operation, the bars are inserted with very small lateral clearances, a slot bottom
equalizing strip, and a top ripple spring located beneath the slot wedge. In the
end windings, the stator winding is firmly lashed to supporting brackets with
glass-silk tapes. Spacer blocks arranged between the bars ensure a short-circuit
proof support structure.
The stator winding is connected in the generator interior. The stator
winding connections are brought out to bushings located at the exciter end.
Current transformers for metering and relaying and purposes can be mounted on
the bushings.

d. Hydrogen cooling system:

The 210 mw turbo generator having cylindrical rotor two pole uses
direct hydrogen cooling for the rotor winding and indirect H2 cooling for the stator
winding. The hydrogen coolers are arranged horizontally inside the stator. The
heat losses arising in the generator are dissipated through hydrogen. The heat
dissipating capacity of hydrogen is eight times higher than that of air. The losses
in the generator components such as iron losses, friction losses and windage
and stray losses are also dissipated through hydrogen.
The hydrogen cooler is a shell and tube type heat exchanger which
cools the hydrogen gas in the generator. The heat removed from the hydrogen is
dissipated through the tubes, while the hydrogen is passed around the finned
tubes.
The hydrogen cooler is subdivided into sections which are
horizontally mounted in the stator frame. All parallel-connected water paths must
have equal flow resistances to ensure a uniform cooling water supply to the
cooler sections and equal cold gas temperature downstream of the individual
sections. The required cooling water volume flow is adjusted by control valves on
the hot water side. Controlling the cooling water volume flow on the outlet side
ensures an uninterrupted water flow through the cooler sections so that proper
cooler performance will not be impaired.
To maintain the cold gas temperature at an approximately constant
level under all operating conditions, a motor-operated control valve is arranged in
the common cooling water outlet line. The control valve is activated by
temperature transmitters located upstream and downstream of the cooler
sections.

2. Rotor Design Features:

a.Rotor shaft:

The rotor shaft is a single-piece solid forging manufactured from a vacuum

casing. Slots for insertion of the field winding are milled into the rotor body. The
longitudinal slots are distributed over circumference, so that two solid poles are
obtained. The rotor poles designed with transverse slots to reduce twice system
frequency rotor vibrations caused by deflections in the direction of the pole and
neutral axis.

To ensure that only high-quality forgings are used, strength test, material
analysis and ultrasonic tests are performed during manufacture of the rotor. After
completion, the rotor is balanced in various planes at different speeds and then
subjected to an over speed test at 120% of rated speed for two minutes.

b.Rotor winding:

The rotor winding consists of several coils which are inserted into
the slots and series connected such that two coil groups form one pole. Each coil
consists of several series connected turns, each of which consists of two half
turns which are connected by brazing in the end section.
The rotor winding consists of silver-bearing de-oxidized copper hallow
conductors with two lateral cooling ducts. L-shaped strips of laminated epoxy
glass fiber fabric with Nomex filler are used for slot insulation. The slot wedges
are made of high-conductivity material and extend below the shrink seat of the
retaining ring. The seat of the retaining ring is silver-plated to ensure a good
electrical contact between the slot wedges and rotor retaining rings. This system
has long proved to be a good damper winding.
 c. Retaining Rings:

The centrifugal forces of the rotor end windings are contained by

single-piece rotor retaining rings. The retaining rings are made of non-magnetic
high-strength steel in order to reduce stray losses. Each retaining ring with its
shrink-fitted insert ring is shrunk onto the rotor body in an overhung position. The
retaining ring is secured in the axial position by a snap ring.

d. Field connections:

The field current is supplied to the rotor winding through radial

terminal bolts and two semicircular conductors located in the hollow bores of the
exciter and rotor shafts. The field current leads are connected to the exciter leads
at the exciter coupling with Multikontakt plug-in contacts which allow for
unobstructed thermal expansion of the field current leads.

3. BEARINGS:
The sleeve bearings are provided with hydraulic shaft during start up and
turning gear operation. To eliminate shaft currents, all bearings are insulated from
the stator and base plate respectively. The temperature of the bearings is stored
with thermocouples embedded in the lower bearing sleeve so that the measuring
points are located directly below the habits. The bearings have provisions for
fitting vibration pickups to monitor bearing vibrations.
FORMS OF PROTECTION:

The various forms of protection applied to generator units fall into one of the
following two categories:
i) Protective relay (or) device to detect faults occurring outside the
generator unit.
ii) Protective relay (or) device to detect faults occurring within the
generator unit and the associated connections
The protective relays could not in themselves prevent faults but can
only detect and minimize fault damage. However, as it is desirable to avoid any
undue stresses in the generator and transformer windings, it is usual practice to
install surge capacitors or divertors to reduce the effects of lightning and other
voltage surges on both the line side of the transformer and the machine
terminals.

2.1 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of
the system.
The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits
by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal
and fault conditions. The electrical quantities which may change under fault
conditions are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Through the
changes in one or more of these quantities, the faults signal their presence, type
and location to the protective relays. Having detected the fault, the relay operates
to close the trip circuit of the breaker. This results in the opening of the breaker
and disconnection of the faulty circuit.
BASIC RELAY CIRCUIT

The relay has mainly three parts:

1. First part is the primary winding of a current transformer (C.T.) which is
connected in series with the line to be protected.
2. Second part consists of secondary winding of C.T. and the relay
operating coil.
3. Third part is the tripping circuit which may be either A.C or D.C. It consists of
a source of supply, the trip coil of the circuit breaker and the relay stationary
contacts.
When a short circuit occurs at point on the transmission line, the
current flowing in the line increases to an enormous value, this results in a heavy
current flow though the relay coil, causing-the relay to operate by closing its
contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker, making the circuit
breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In this
way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment form damage and
normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING:

The principal function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt

removal from service of any element of the power system when it starts to
operation of the rest of the system. In order that protective relay system it must
perform this function satisfactorily.
It should have the following qualities:
1. Selectivity.
2. Speed.
3. Sensitivity.
4. Reliability.
5. Simplicity.

1. Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to select correctly that

part of the system in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the
rest of the system.

2. Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as
possible for the following reasons:

A. Electrical apparatus may be damaged if they are made to carry the fault
currents for a long time.

B. A failure on the system leads to a great reduction in the system voltage. If the
faulty section is not disconnected quickly, then the low voltage created by the
fault may shut down consumers’ motors and the generators on the system may
become unstable.

C. The high speed relay system decreases the possibility of development of one
type of fault into the other more severe type.

3. Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of
actuating quantity.

4. Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under the pre-
determined conditions. Without reliability, the protection would be rendered
largely ineffective and could even become a liability.
5. Simplicity: The relaying system should be simple so that it can be easily
maintained. Reliability is closely related to simplicity. The simpler the protection
scheme, the greater will be its reliability.
2.2 NATURE OF FAULTS IN GENERATORS:

Primarily, the faults occurring in generator are either internal to the

generator or external to the generator. Insulation failure comes under the fault
occurring inside the generator and the other are abnormal running conditions.
INSULATION FAILURE:
Insulation failure is usually caused by excessive over-heating, since
the physical and chemical properties of the materials used for insulating windings
tend to deteriorate with rising temperature. An insulation failure will result in an
interturn fault, a phase to phase fault or an earth-fault. Since most insulation
failures eventually bring the winding into direct contact with the core, earth faults
are most common. Any failure to earth result in a costly repair, as burning of the
core plate takes place. This can to some extent be minimized at the generator
voltage level by limiting the fault current.
Insulation of the rotor winding is also important as this is in close
proximity to the rotor iron and is subject to mechanical stresses.

EFFECT OF FAULTS

The most dangerous type of fault is a short circuit as it may have the
following effects on a power system, if it remains uncleared.
1. Heavy short circuit current may cause damage to equipment or any other
element of the system due to overheating and high mechanical forces set up due
to heavy current
2. Arcs associated with short circuits may cause fire hazards. Such fires,
resulting from arcing, may destroy the faulty element of the system. There is also
a possibility of the fire spreading to other parts of the system if the fault is not
isolated quickly.
3. There may be reduction in the supply voltage of the healthy feeders, resulting
in the loss of industrial loads.
4. Short circuits may cause the unbalancing of supply voltages and currents,
thereby heating rotating machines.
5. There may be a loss of system stability. Individual generators in a power
station may lose synchronism, resulting in a complete shutdown of the system.
Loss of stability of interconnected systems may also result. Subsystems may
maintain supply for their
individual zones but load shedding would have to be resorted in the sub-system,
which was receiving power from the other subsystem before the occurrence of
the fault.
6. The above faults may cause an interruption of supply to consumers, thereby
causing a loss of revenue.

CAUSES OF FAULTS

Faults are caused either by insulation failures or by conducting path

failures. The failures of insulation results in short circuits, which are very harmful
as they may damage some equipment of the power system. Most of the faults on
transmission and distribution lines are caused by over voltages due to lightning
or switching surges, or by external conducting objects falling on overhead lines.
Over voltages due to lighting or switching surges cause flashover on the surface
of insulators resulting in short circuits. Sometimes, insulators get punctured or
break. This reduces their insulation strength and causes flashover. Short circuits
are also caused by tree branches or other conducting objects falling on the
overhead lines.

Birds also may cause faults on overhead lines if their bodies touch one of
the phases and the earth wire ( or the metallic supporting structure which is at
earth potential) If the conductors are broken, there is a failure of the conducting
path and the conductor becomes open-circuited. If the broken conductor falls to
the ground, it results in a short circuit. Joint failures on cables or overhead lines
are also a cause of failure of the conducting path. The opening of one or two of
the three phases makes the system unbalanced. Unbalanced currents flowing in
 rotating machines set up harmonics, thereby heating the machines in short
periods of time. Therefore, unbalancing of the lines is not allowed in the normal
operation of a power system. Other causes of faults on overhead lines are direct
lightning strokes aircraft, snakes, ice and snow loading abnormal loading, storms,
earthquakes, creepers etc. In the case of cables, transformers, generators and
other equipment, the causes of faults are: failure of the solid insulation due to
aging, heat, moisture or over voltage, mechanical damage, accidental contact
with earth or earthed screens, Flashover due to over voltages, etc.

ABNORMAL RUNNING CONDITION:

The abnormal running conditions in generators comprise the following:

1. Voltage balance relay
2. Stator earth fault
3. Rotor earth fault
4. Negative phase sequence
5. Over voltage
6. Under voltage
7. Under frequency
8. Over frequency
9. Over current
10. Over flux
11. Field failure
12. Pole slipping protection
13. Prime mover failure
14. Back up impedance protection
15. Reverse power
16. low forward power
17. Differential protection
18. Overall differential protection
 GENERATOR PROTECTION
Generator protections are broadly classified in to three types.

CLASS-A:- This covers all electrical protections for faults with in the generating
unit in which generator field breaker, generator breaker and turbine should be
tripped.

CLASS-B:- This covers all mechanical protections of the turbine in which

turbine will be tripped first and following this generator will trip on reverse power
or low forward power protections.

CLASS-C:- This covers electrical protection for faults in the system in which
generator will be unloaded by tripping of generator breakers only. The unit will
come to house load operation and the UAT will be in service. Various protections
of this class are
i. 220 KV busbar protection
ii. Generator transformer HV side breaker pole discrepancy
iii. Generator negative phase sequence protection
iv. Generator transformer over current / earth fault protection
v. Reverse power protection without turbine trip.
3.1 GENERATOR VOLTAGE BALANCE PROTECTION
Application:
Normally generator circuits have more than one voltage
transformer,for protection, metering and for automatic voltage regulator(AVR).
These will be, In general Y/Y connected with primary and secondary neutrals
earthed.They will also have fuses both on primary and secondary sides.In
general,however,standard fuse failure relay schemes connected across
secondary fuses will not be adequate for monitoring the healthiness of such VTs
as these schemes cannot detect primary fuse failure. In such cases,the voltage
balance principle is used for detecting the failure of the VT due to either primary
or secondary fuse failure.

Relay Description:
Three attracted armature units are employed. Unit A is fed from a
resistance/capacitance network which under healty conditions with negligible
harmonics has zero output.An operationg voltage appears across the coil of unit
A when the secondary voltages become unbalanced due to loss of any one
primary or secondary fuse.
Unit B is normally energized via the normally closed contact on Unit A form two
phases of the supply.
Unit B has three changeover contacts and this unit drops off on operation of Unit
A,or on complete loss of supply,or on loss of two primary or secondary phases.
Unit C is a DC auxiliary unit energized by normally closed cantact of Unit B. The
Unit C has 30 to 40m.sec.time delay on pickup. Unit Chas 2 N/O+2 C/O output
contacts, which can be used to block protection trip and sound VT faulty alarm
when VT fault occurs.
Technical Data

Voltage ratings : 110/125V AC

Operative Range : 80%_125%
Frequency : 50Hz
Auxiliary Voltage : 110/220V DC
Burden-AC : Less than 0.1 amp per phase at rated voltage
DC : Less than 3 Watts
Contacts : 2N/O+2C/O contacts are provided for block/alarm
functions

Contacts Ratings :
 AC Make and carry Make and carry Break
Continuously for 3secs
1250VA with 7500VA with 1250VA with
maxima of 5A maxima of 30A maxima of 5A
and 660V and 660V and 660V

Temperature : Operating −25C to +55C

Storage & −25C to +70C
Transport
Insulation : 2KV rms for 1 minute between all case
Terminals connected together and the case
: 2KV rms for 1 minute between independent
circuits of the relay including contact circuits
: 1KV rms of 1 minute across the contacts of the
normally open out going contact pairs
High Voltage Impulse : The relay compiles with:IEC 255−6
Case : Size 4 MIDOS
3.2 ROTOR EARTH FAULT:
The field circuit of a generator,comprising the winding and the armature of the
exciter with any associated field circuit breaker,is an isolated DC circuit which in
itself head not be earthed.
Generally the field circuit of a generator is not earthed.
Field circuit is exposed to abnormal mechnical stresses which may result in
break down of insulation between field winding and rotor iron.
A single earth fault is not considered to be a dangerous condition. However, the
presence of such fault increases the risk of a second earth fault developing due
to increases stresses between the rotor winding and earth.
The resulting double earth fault will cause part of the rotor winding to become
short circuited circuited.
Due to short circuit of the part of rotor winding causes severe unbalance of
magnetic field produced by rotor.and possinly senses damage to the machine.
If a large partion of the rotor winding is short circuited the flux pattern is
distributed.
The flux is concentrated on one pole but widely dispersed over the other pole.
The attracting force at the surface of rotor is given by,

F=B2A/8pi

Where, A=area
B=flux density
The attracting force is in consenence large on one pole but very weak on the
opposite one.
This result in an unbalanced forces and hence produced a violent vibration which
may damage bearing surpace or even.
Displace the rotor by an amount sufficient far cause it to found the stator.
METHODS:
Three methods are available to detect this type of faults.
i. Potentiometer method
 ii. A.C.injection method
iii. D.C injection method.
i. POTENTIOMETER METHOD:
This scheme is simple no auxiliary supply is used.A blind spot exists at the centre
of field winding.This point being at a potential eveal to that of tapping point on the
potentiometer.
To check the blind spot the tapping point is varied by a push button or switch.

ii. A.C INJECTION METHOD:

It comprises an auxiliary supply transfer function the secondary of which is
connected between earth and one side of the field circuit through an interposed
capacitor and a relay coil.
The capacitor limits the magnitude of the current and blocks the normal field
voltage preventing the discharge of a large direct current through transfer
function.
In this scheme no blind spot in the supervision of the fiels system.
It has the disadvantage that some current will flow to earth continuously through
the capacitance at the field winding.
This current may flow through the machine bearings, causing erosion of the
bearing surface.
iii. D.C. INJECTION METHOD:

The scheme comprises a transporment rectifier bridge.

The positive D.C node of the bridge being earthod the other node being
connected via a relay and limiting resistor to be the positive end of the main field
winding.
The injection D.C voltage max 24V and 48V.
3.3 STATOR EARTH FAULTS:
The reactance of primary winding oppose the capacitive currents entering into
stator winding .
R secondary=0.52ohm
R primary =0.52*([15.72kv]/[Г3/230])²
During healthy condition, the third harmonic voltage at machine line end V L3 and
neutral end VN3 should be or a constant ratio.
During fault condition the voltage distribution V N3 /VL3 undergoes a change from
that during healthy running condition.
T=4(1+n)/{(V/Vs)-1}
The relay is time delayed to avoid operation being causes by transmitted surges.
In most countries, it is a common practice to ground the generator neutral
through a Grounding Transformer having a loading resistor across its secondary.
This method of earthing is called High impedance earthing where the earth fault
current is limited to 5 – 10 Amps. Tuned reactor which limit the ground fault
current to less than 1.0 A are also used.

The generator grounding resistor normally limits the neutral voltage transmitted
from the high voltage side of the unit transformer in case of a ground fault on the
H.V. side to maximum 2 – 3% of rated generator phase voltage.

Short circuits between the stator winding in the slots and the stator core are the
most common electrical fault in Generators. Interturn faults, which normally are
difficult to detect, will quickly develop into a ground fault and will be tripped by the
stator ground fault protection.
95% Stator Ground fault Relay for Generator

For generators with unit transformer and with high impedance grounding of the
neutral, a neutral voltage relay with harmonic immunity and independent time
delay is used. The relay is normally set to operate at 5% of maximum neutral
voltage with a time delay of 0.3 – 0.5 second. With this voltage setting, it
protects approximately 95% of the Stator winding.

It also covers the generator bus, the low voltage winding of the unit transformer
and the high voltage winding of the unit aux. Transformer.

Relay details : 64 A/B – Neutral Displacement Relay having IDMT or definite time
characteristic.

100% Stator Ground fault for protection for Generator

Ground faults caused by mechanical damage may occur close to the generator
neutral. Today there is a distinct trend towards providing ground fault protection
for the entire stator winding (100% stator ground fault protection).

The 100% stator ground fault scheme includes a 95% unit (1), which covers the
stator winding from 5% of the neutral and 3 rd harmonic voltage measuring unit
(2) which protects the rest of the stator winding.
For generators with 3rd harmonic voltage less than 1%, a filter is available with a
damping factor of more than 100.

When the generator is running and there is no ground fault near the neutral, the
third harmonic voltage unit (2) and the voltage check unit (4) are both activated
and the relay contact used in alarm / trip circuit is open. If a ground fault occurs
close to the generator neutral, the third harmonic voltage unit will reset, operating
relay contact will close and alarm or tripping is obtained.

The voltage check unit is included to prevent faulty operation of the relay at
generator standstill or during the machine running up or running down period.

Generators which produce more than 1% third harmonic voltage under all service
conditions, can have the entire stator winding up to and including the neutral
point protected by the 100% stator ground fault relay.
3.4 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE AND UNBALANCE PROTECTION:

A three phase balanced lead produces a reaction field which is approximately

constant and rotates synchronously with the rotor field system.
Any unbalanced condition can be resolved into positive, negative at zero
sequence components.
The positive sequence component is similar to the normal balanced load.
The zero sequence component produces no main armature reaction.
The negative sequences component is similar to the positive system,except that
the resulting reaction field rotates counter to the d.c field system and hence
produces a flux which cuts the rotor at twice the rotational velocity, there by
inducing double frequence currents in the field system and in the rotor body.
The resulting eddy-currents are very large and cause severe heating of the rotor.
So severe in this effect that a single phase load equal to normal 3-phase rated
current can quickly heat the brass rotor slot wedges to the softering point,they
may then be extruded under centrifugal.
Due to this it is possible that they may strike the stator iron.
Concentration of heating occurs on portion of the coil binding rings and here
surface fusion occurs.
Since the heating depends on the reaction field and hence also on the load
current.
Generally a machine can be assigned a continuous negative sequence ration.
For turbo-sets this rating is low the standard values of 10% and 15% of the
continuous mean rating[that is positive sequence]’
The approximate heating effect on the rotor of a synchronous machine for
various unbalanced fault or severe load unbalance condition is determined by the
product I22t = K, where

I2 = Negative sequence current expressed per unit of stator current (PU)

T = Time in seconds

K = A constant depending on the heating characteristic of the machine

Protects the rotor of a generator from damage resulting from the heating effects
of negative phase sequence currents.
Accurate over a wide system frequency range.
The protection must be timegraded to allow downstream protection to clear on
unbalance fault.
Can provide back up protection for uncleared asymmetric faults.
The alarm elements is commonly set to70% of the trip setting with a time delay
well above the time taken to clear any system faults.The alarm element functions
directly on the measured level of negative phase sequence current.
Measurement of Negative Sequence components:

Generally negative sequence produced by ,

Load unbalanced
Transmission line open conductor
Breaker pole discrepancy.
The negative sequence component can be detected by the use of filter network.

The ‘A’ phase C.T is loaded with a resistance where as the ‘C’ phase C.T
energizes reactor and resistor in series.
The total power factor of the circuit is O.S i.e cos60
The ‘A’ phase voltage drop is in phase with a phase current.
The ‘C’ phase voltage drop, therefore leads the current by 60.

Ia & Vza Vza + Vzc

Ia & Vza

Vzc
With positive sequence currents, the A and C phase voltages are in opposition
IB
and so the resultant voltage is zero.
IC
Where as negative sequence currents produces resultant voltage across the
Vzc IC
relay.
If the current contained azero sequence component, this would also produce an
outputs.
Zero sequence current doesn’t cause heating of generator rotor.
So, this component is sometimes eliminated by a star-delta group of auxillary
transformers with in the relay.
The protection should have a time delay characteristic, which is as near as in
practice for the heating characteristics of the machine.
The relay contains alarm features which operates at a setting equal to (or)
slightly lower than tripping element.
Time calculations:
For stage-1
Only 1/3 rd injected current is negative sequence current
I2 (setting) = 7.5%
So ininjected current =3 * 7.5% * 5 * 2 = 2.25amps
( I2 )² t =K1 * K3
K1 = 2.25
K3=3.3
[(2*7.5% *5)/5]² t = 2.25 * 3.3
t = 330sec

3.5 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION:

rinciple of operation:
The generator output voltage is given to the relay as input by using a PT. if the
generator output voltage exceeds the setting value the relay will operate.
Over voltage can be caused by AVR malfunctions.Sudden loss of load on
generator (or) switching on fo a long unloaded transmission lines.
Over voltage at the generator terminals mainly causes higher flux in the
transformer connected to it may ultimately burn the coil.
Operates when the 3phase voltages (or) above the common set point.
Two tripping stages each with adjustable timer.
Protects against damage to the generator insulation and that of any connected
equipement as time delayed function should be set with a pick up voltage of 100-
120% of the nominal voltage and a time delay sufficient to overcome operation
during transient over voltages.
Instantaneous protection with a setting of 130-150% of the nomial voltage can be
implemented
Recommended for hydrogenerators which may suffer from load rejection.
Relay setting= 110%. Alarm
=120% . Trip

3.6 UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION(27):

Operates when the 3 phase voltages fall below the common set point.
Can be interlocked with field failure protection to prevents its operation during
stable power swings.
Can be detected failure of the AVR (or) system faults which have failed to be
cleared by other means.
Prevents damage to any connected loads which could occur during operation at
less than rated voltage.
The pick up level should be set to less than the voltage seen for a 3 phase fault
at the remote end of any connected feeder.
The time delay should be set to allow the appropriate feeder protection to
operate first to clear fault, and also to prevent operation of protection during
transient voltage dips.
Setting is 70% Vn.

3.7 UNDER FREQUENCY:

Under frequency operation of a generator will occur when the power system load
excess the prime mover capability of an isolated generator (or) group of
generator.
Where the system load exceeds the alternator could become overloaded without
a frequency drop.
Two under frequency stages each with an independent timer.
First stage can be used to initiate load shedding for Industrial system.Time
delayed to allow any down stream load shedding equipment to operate first.
Second under frequency stage to trip more rapidly.
A dedicated input is provided to block the operation of the under voltage end
under frequency protection during run up and run down of the generator.
This input can be driven from an auxiliary contact in the circuit breaker.
Under frequency protection can also be arranges to initiate local load shedding.

3.8 OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION (810):

Over frequency running of a generating set arises only when the mechanical
power input to the alternator is an excess of electrical load and mechanical
losses.
The most common occurrence of over frequency is after substantial loss of
electrical loading .
Over frequence protection can be considered as back up protection for Governor
field.

3.9 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Description:
 As the fault impedance is less than load impedance, the fault current is more
than load current. If a short circuit occurs the circuit impedance is reduced to a low
value and therefore a fault is accompanied by large current. Over current relays
sense fault currents and also over-load currents.

Over current protection is that protection in which the relay picks up when the
magnitude of current exceeds the pickup level. The basic element in over current
protection is an over current relay.

The over current relays are connected to the system, normally by means
of CT's. Over current relaying has following types:
1. High speed over current protection.
2. Definite time over Current protection.
3. Inverse minimum time over Current protection.
4. Directional over current protection.

Over current protection includes the protection from overloads. This is most
widely used protection. Over loading of a machine or equipment means that
machine is taking more current than is rated Current. Hence over loading,
associated with temperature rise. The permissible temperature rise has limit
based on insulation class and material problems. Over current protection of over
loads is generally provided by thermal relays.

Over current protection includes short-circuit protection. Short circuits can be

phase faults, earth faults or winding faults. Short-circuit currents are generally
several times (5 to 20) full load current.

Hence fast fault clearance is always desirable on short-circuits.

When a machine is protected by differential protection, the over current is

provided in addition as a back up and in some cases to protect the machine from
sustained through fault.

Operation:
 Referring to fig shown the 3 current transformers and relay coils
connected in star, the star point is grounded. When short circuit occurs in
protected zone, the secondary current of CT increases. When current through
the relay exceeds its setting the disc unit operates and closes disc contacts to
complete the path for secondary winding. The auxiliary unit connected across the
rectifier goes path and one of its NO contacts reinforces the disc contacts. The
other NO contacts of auxiliary unit are available for tripping and for alarm
purposes. With suitable time delay of operation.

Application:

Over current protection has a wide range of applications. It can be applied

where there is an abrupt difference between fault current within the protected
section and that outside the protected section and these magnitudes are almost
constant. The over current protection is provided for the following.

- Motor protection

- Transformer protection

- Line protection
- Protection of utility equipment

3.10 OVER FLUX:

Application:
 The GTT relay is designed to protect transformers from damage caused if
the flux density in the core exceeds the designed value these conditions are most
likely to arise when the unit is on open circuit with the generator field energized
and the machine speed is increasing towards (or) decreasing from synchronous
speed.
Description:
In general this scheme is applied for protection of generator transformers.
The flux density' B' in the transformer core is proportional to V/f Power
transformer are designed to with stand continuously for supplying core is
designed such that V/f causes higher core loss and core heating. The capability
for V/f higher values is limited to a few minutes High values of V/f in Generator
Transformer and UAT occur if full excitation is applied to generator before full
synchronous speed is reached V/f relay is provided in AVR of generator, this
blocks and prevents increasing excitation current before full speed and frequency
is reached.
The magnetic flux density of a transformer core is a function of V/f Hence
the relay senses the magnetic, flux condition Over fluxing relay is provided with
enough time lag.
This over flux relay is not required in case of substations since V/f relay is
provided in case of substations
Operation: The fig shows the block diagram of over fluxing relay. In general
negative DC supply is extended to VAA relay through fuse. When over flux
occurs the relay 1 is operated and positive supply is extended to the VAA relay
the coil is energized. Thus contacts in relay are changed. This leads to AVR
supply decreasing: automatically and manually to generator. At the same time
opens the terminals of AVR raise manually and automatically. If the fault is not
isolated the relay 2 is activated for certain time delay. Supply is extended to
generator field circuit breaker trip coil and trips the faulty terminals Thus the fault
is isolated (During this fault the magnetic core will be saturated)
3.11 LOSS OF EXCITATION OR FIELD FAILURE:
Failure of the field system results in a generator losing synchronism and running
above synchronous speed.
It will then operate as an induction generator.
Complete loss of excitation may arise is a result of accidental tripping of the
excitation system, an open circuit and short circuit occurring in the excitation .DC
circuit flash over of any sliprings or failure of excitation power source.
The main flux being produced by wattles stator currents (Reactive current )
drawn from the system.
The machine will continue to generating active power and obsorbing the reactive
power from the system.
Operation as an induction generator necessitates the flow of slip frequency
current in the rotor and also in slot wedges and surpace of solid rotor body.
Excitation under thee conditions requires a large reactive component even
exceed the normal rating of the generator.
Generally, the generator is not designed as an induction machine the damper
windings are not adequate to carry the rotor slip current, so abnormal heating of
the rotor and over leading of stator winding will both take place.
The active power component will actually be slightelly less than the pre-fault load
because of the speed regulation characteristics of the governor.
The quantity which changes most when a generator losses synchronism is the
impedance measured at the stator terminal on loss of field, the terminal voltage
will begin to decrease and the current to increases R resulting decrease in
impedance and also change in power factor.
The impedance presented to the relay under loss of synchronism is given by
Zr = (Xg+Xt+Zs) n (n-cosθ-jsinθ) - Xg
(n-cosθ)²+sin²θ
Where, n=Eg/Es =Ratio of generated to system voltage
Θ=angle by which Eg leads Es
In complete loss of excitation provided the special case of Eg=0 , since n=0
. : Zr = -Xg
For small machines the relay scheme is

The normally closed contact of under currents relay is open during healthy c
condition.
On loss of field currents, it closes to energizetiming relay T1.This relay operates
instantly to energise timer T2,which has an adjustable time relay to pick up of 2-
10 seconds.
Relay T1 is time delayed on drop off to stabilize the scheme against slip
frequency effects.
Time relay in T2 to prevents spurious operation for external fault.
3.12 POLE SLIP RELAY:
The pole slipping relay is designed to protect synchronous generator’s against
the possibility of machine running unstable region of power angle curve which
would result in power oscillation and pole slip.
Pole slipping of generator with respect to the system leading to an increase in
rotor angular position beyond the generator transient stability limits.
Some of the causes for poleslipping are as follows.
Large network disturbance.
Faults on the network close to the generator.
Loss of generator field.
Operating the generator in excessive under excited mode.

Exciter

SETTING RECOMMENDATIONS:
If the source of oscillation lies between generator/transformer unit. The machine
has to be isolated from the network after the first slip.
Forward reach of the relay characteristics shall cover generator/generator
transformer.
Tripping in this zone shall be in the first pole slip.
The reach of this zone=0.7 Xd’
If the source oscillation lies outside the unit in the network the generator should
not be switched off until several pole slips have recurved.
3.13 FAILURE OF THE PRIME MOVER:
When a generator operating in parallel with others loses its driving force, it
remains in synchronism with system and continuous to run a s a synchronous
motor.
If draws sufficient power to drive the prime mover.
Synchronous machines can be used as an alternator when driven mechanically
(or) as motor when driven electrically.
This condition is not dangerous to generator but it is dangerous to turbine.
In a steam turbine under normal operation there is a continuous flow of steam
through the machine.
Any losses due to turbulence will be converted into heat, but this heat is
continuously carried away.
If the flow of steam causes while the set continues to run at full speed, the
turbulence losses in the trapped steam may then build up a high temperature
condition in the low pressure stages,leading to soft bearing and distortion of the
blades.
The wattmetric relay with directional characterstic is use.
Reverse power relay defects active power flow in to generator.
A high sensitivity current input is used to monitor the system power.This may be
connected to the main system protection C.T’s.
A Compensation angle setting is provided to conpensate for CT and VT phase
errors.
Reverse power relay setting =0.5% of rated active power..
Stage 1=with turbine trip, a time delay of 3 sec shall be adopted.
Stage2= with out turbine trip a time delay of 20 sec can be adopted to acoid
unnecessary tripping of unit during system disturbance causing sudden rise and
frequency or power swing condition.
3.14 BACK UP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION:
Application:
Back up impedance relay is a stand by relay. This relay can be operated to any
fault occurring in the generator in case only when the necessary relay fails to
operate.

Description:
This relay is a non-directional 3-phase impedance relay having circular
characteristics. The relay is generally applied for the back up protection of
generator/transformer units. In these applications it is possible that the sustained
short circuit current for a multi phase fault will be less than the load current. The
under impedance relay gets over this problem as its operation is a function of
voltage and current.

At rated voltage this relay operates as a definite time over current relay. When
the terminal voltage drops the relay operates at a lower current. A built in timer
with adjustable settings ensures that the relay operates only for faults, which are
not cleared by other protection.

When the relay is used for the protection of generators connected to generator
transformers it is necessary to use auxiliary voltage transformer connected is
delta/star so that the relay on the generator side measures the same impedance
for a phase-phase or 3 phase faults on the high voltage side of the step up
transformers. However when this requirement is not essential, the delta/star
interposing VTS can be omitted.
3.15 GENERATOR REVERSE POWER PROTECTION (32):

This is basically the protection provided for the prime mover i.e. turbine. If the
driving torque becomes less such as closure of main steam valves in case of
steam turbo generator, the generator starts to work as a synchronous
compensator, taking the necessary active power from the network. The
reduction of steam flow reduces the cooling effect on the turbine blades and
overheating may occur. The work done by the entrapped steam in the turbine s
then zero. As generator is not designed to run as a motor it should be
immediately tripped when the steam flow to the turbine is stopped and to avoid
damage to the turbine blades.

The generator currents remain balanced when the machine is working as a

motor. For large turbo-generator, where the reverse power may be substantially
less than 1%, reverse power protection obtained by a minimum power relay,
which normally is set to trip the machine when the active power output is less
than 1% of rated value.

The relay contains directional current relay which measures the product IX cosǿ,
where ǿ is the angle between the polarizing voltage and the current to the relay.
The scale range used is 5 – 20 mA for 1A and 30-120 mA for 5A rated CT
secondary currents. Time delay of 2 seconds is provided
3.16 LOW FORWARD POWER PROTECTION:

Operates when the forward power falls below the set level.

Operation can be instantaneous or time delayed.

Usually interlocked with non-urgent protection to reduce over speeding of the

generator following breaker operation for a non-urgent fault.

Typical levels of motoring power and possible motoring damage that could occur
for various types of generating plant are given in table below.

Prime mover Motoring power Possible damage

(percentage )
Diesel engines 5 – 25 % Risk of fire
Gas turbines 10 – 15 % Reverse torque on gear
teeth
Hydraulic turbines 0.2 – 2 % Blade and runner
caviation
Steam turbines 0.5 – 3 % Thermal stress in blades

3.17 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

Failure of stator windings , or connection insulation , can result in severe damage
to the windings and stator core .

The extent of the damage will depend upon the fault current level and the
duration of the fault.

Protection should be applied to limit the degree of damage in order to limit repair
costs.

For primary generating plant, high speed disconnection of the plant from the
power system may be necessary to maintain system stability.

For generators rated above 1 MVA, it is common to apply generator differential

protection.

This form of unit protection allows discriminative detection of winding faults, with
no intentional time delay, where a significant fault current arises.

The zone of protection ,defined by the location of the CT’s , should be arranged
to overlap protection for other items of plant ,such as a busbar or a step up
transformer.

Circulating current differential protection operates on the principle that current

entering and leaving a zone of protection will be equal.

The current flowing through the zone of protection will cause current to circulate
around the secondary wiring.

If the CT’s are of the same ratio and have identical secondary currents and
hence zero current will flow through the relay

3.18 OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

MBCH Relay is high speed biased differential relay suitable for the protection of
two or three winding power transformers, auto-transformers or generator
transformer units.

As general low impedance biased differential relay, the MBCH may also be
regarded as an alternative to the high impedance type relay for the protection of
reactors, motors and generators.

The relay is externally stable during through faults, even when energized given
line current transformer of only moderate output. Immunity to fault tripping due to
large enrich currents on energization of the power transformers and also during
over fluxing conditions, is generated by the use of a novel feature not involving
harmonic filter circuits and their associated delay.

The type MBCH relay is high speed biased differential relay suitable for the
protection two or three winding power transformers, auto transformers or
generator transformer units. The differential protection measuring circuits is
based on well known Merz-Price circulating current principal. The outputs form
each bias restraint transformer T3 proportional to the appropriate primary line
currents, are rectified and summed to produce a bias resistant voltage. Any
resulting difference current is circulated through transformers T1 and T2.The
output form T1 is combined and rectified with the bias voltage to produce a signal
applied to the amplitude comparator. The comparator output pulses, which vary
in width depending on the amplitude of the combined bias and difference
voltages, are fed into a circuit which measures the time interval between pulses.

If the instantaneous value of the differential current exceeds the threshold level
set by the bias, timer is initiated when this time delay expires, the relay output
element is initiated to give a trip. However, if during this time delay period the
instantaneous value of the differential current faults below the threshold and
retains below for longer than a further present time, as it would during
transformer magnetizing inrush conditions, the initial timer is reset and operation
of the relay is blocked.

If the instantaneous value of the differential current exceeds the threshold level
set by the bias, timer is initiated when this time delay expires, the relay output
element is initiated to give a trip. However, if during this time delay period the
instantaneous value of the differential current further present time, as it would
during transformer magnetizing inrush conditions, the initial timer is reset and
operation of the relay is blocked.

Setting adjustment is by means of front plate mounted an LED provides switches

indication of relay operation. The output element consists capable of circuit
breaker tripping.

4.1 RELAY SETTINGS

The following are the adopted settings of generator protection relays.
Generator over current Relay:-
(CDG11) Plug setting –1A (100%)
Time level setting –
0.27Sec
Generator Differential Protection :-
(MBCH12) Plug Setting –0.1A (10%)
Instantaneous Time Setting
Generator Over all Differential Relay :-
(MBCH13) Plug setting –0.2A (20%)
Instantaneous time setting
Generator Over Voltage Relay :-
Alarm –110% (121 V)
Instantaneous time setting
Trip-120% (132V)
Generator Over Flux Relay :-
V/f=K1. 172(117.2%)
Time Setting t=30sec
Generator Rotor Earth Fault Relay :-
Alarm 80 kilo ohms
Trip –5 kilo ohms
Instantaneous time setting
Generator Under Frequency Relay :-
(81G) Stage I-Alarm setting-47.5Hz
Stage II-Alarm setting-47.5Hz
Stage III-Trip-46Hz
Time Setting –5 sec
Trip-2Sec
Generator Low Forward Power Relay :
(WCD13) Trip –2 sec time delay
0.5% of rated power

Generator Reverse Power Relay :-

(WCD11) 0.5%of rated power (210MW)
Stage 1-Turbine trip time delay-3 sec
Stage II- Irrespective of turbine trip time delay –60sec

Generator Overload Relay :-

(MCT119) Alarm –5A (100%)
Instantaneous time setting
Field Failure Relay (Loss of excitation) :-
Z1=2.45 ohms
Time Setting –2sec
Z2=15.25ohms
Stator Earth Fault Relay :-
(PVMM164) Voltage Setting =5V
Time t=4(1+n)/(xvs-1),n=3
Negative Phase Sequence Relay :-
Stage I
Current Setting 12s for all
Three phases =7.5%
Time multiplier k1 =3.3
K2=2.25
StageII
12s = 7.5%
K1=3.9
K3=2.25
Alarm=70%of 12s with Fixed time 5 See

GENERATOR PROTECTIONS AT A GLANCE

Protection Cause Effect Relay Setting
Stator Earth Short circuit in slots Insulation Voltage Relay 2.5% of normal of
Fault between core damage normal neutral voltage
&winding, t.d. 0.3 – 0.5 sec.

Interturn short circuit

Mech. Or thermal
damage to corona
preventive paint
Rotor Earth Abnormal mech. or - do - - do - 1 – 5% of voltage
Fault thermal stresses due injected.
to vibrations,
overcurrent,
overheating
Interturn fault Interturn short circuit - do - Double 0.5 to 1.5A 200 ms. To
Primary CT & 1 sec.
O/C relay
Negative Unbalance loading Excessive O/C Relay (I2 5 – 10% of full load
Phase rotor heating based) current or as
Sequence recommended by
manufacturer.
Gen Loss of 1. Unintentional Induction Impedance Dim = 0.5 x d pu t.d. 2
Excn. opening of field Generator Relay / Offset sec.
breaker. Asynchronus MHO Relay Offset = 0.75 x d’pu
Operation
2. An o/c or s/c in
Overheating
field winding.
of rotor and
3. Fault in AVR
stator end
zone
Gen. Min. Phase to phase MHO Relay 70% of rated Gen.
impedance short circuit in stator Load imp.
winding on Gen. Bus 1/0.7 = 1.4 times rated
LV side or GTR
 HV side of UAT and current at rated
uncleared faults on voltage 1 – 1.5 msec.
the evacuation lines.

Generator Internal fault Differential 1 – 5% of rated Gen.

Differential Relay Current 10 – 15 msec.
Protection
Reverse Failure of Prime Motoring Directional 0.5% of rated power.
Power mover damage to Power relay t.d. 2 sec.
Protection turbine
blades
Low Forward Upon an electrical Over - do - - do -
Power tripping prime mover speeding
fails to trip
Over Sudden loss of load Overspeed Frequency + 5% t.d. 2 sec.
frequency (Mech. Relay
C.B Opens with
Device)
turbine ON
Under Increase in load Over fluxing - do - - 5% t.d. 2 sec.
frequency (V/f) Aux.
Speed falls
Over fluxing Malfunctioning of Overheating Frequency V/F = 1 to 1.3
AVR. Load throw-off of stator iron dependent T = 3 – 5 sec.
with Excitation. On and voltage relay.
manual, under transformer
frequency operation iron parts.
Over Loading Overloading in terms Temp. rise in Static thermal Set = Amb. Temp. +
Protection of current or MVA, stator overload relay Temp. rise given on
Failure of coolant winding name plate
flow or temp.
Over Voltage Sudden loss of load Insulation Voltage Relay 110% - 2 sec. t.d.
Protection at full load and rated damage 115% - 120% Instt.
p.f. and AVR fails or
changeover to
manual and
generator
Overspeed.
Local Breaker GCB fails to trip External LBB 5 – 8%. In Set at 5%
Backup sources Protection in t.d. – 0 – 20 sec.
feeding fault conjunction
with Bus Bar
protection

5.1 EXCITATION SYSTEM

The excitation system is required to provide the necessary field
current to the rotor winding of the synchronous machines. The availability of
excitation at all times is of paramount importance.

Loss of excitation of a unit on the by us results in a more serious

disturbance than that resulting from dropping the alternator from the bus, as the
remaining units must not only pick up the load dropped but supply the large
reactive current drawn by the unexcited alternator. In view of this an excitation
system with better reliability is preferable even if the initial cost is more.

The main requirements of an excitation system are reliability under

all conditions of service simplicity of control ease of maintenance stability and
high transient response.

The amount of excitation required depends on the load current

load power factor and speed of the machine. Larger the load currents, lower the
speed and lagging power factors more the excitation required.

An excitation system may be individual one, in which each

alternator is provided with its own exciter in the form of small generator on an
extension of the main shaft or centralized excitation system having two or more
exciters feeding a bus bar to which field systems of all the alternators in the
power paint are connected. Though centralized excitation system is cheaper
arrangement but fault in this system adversely affects all the alternators in the
power plant. As such individual excitation system is widely used.

At present various types of excitation systems. Such as

conventional DC, High frequency ac, brush-less excitation system are in being
adopted in India and abroad.

The convential dc exciter was the un-challenged sources of

generator excitation for nearly fifty years till the rating of turbo generator reached
around 100Mw.In the last two decades, alternatives arrangements have been
widely adopted because of limitations of the dc excitation. With increase in
generator ratings, it is no long enough to consider the exciters earlier, Instead,
the performance of the whole excitation system including the automatic voltage
regulator.
 And the response of the main generator has to be considered, tech-
economic considerations grid requirements, reliability and easy maintenance
have become prime consideration.

5.2 TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

CONVENTIONAL DC:
The earliest AC turbine generators obtained their excitation supply from
the power station direct current distribution system. Each machine had a rheostat
in series with its field winding to permit adjustment of the terminal voltage and
reactive load. This method was suitable for machines which needed small field
power and low internal reactance. As generator sizes increased excitation power
requirements also increased and it becomes increasingly desirable for each unit
to be self sufficient for excitation and then the staff driven DC exciter was
introduced.

AC (HIGH FREQUENCY) EXCITATION SYSTEM:

This system was developed to avoid commutator and brush gear
assembly. In this system, a shaft driven AC pilot excites, which has a rotating
permanent magnetic field and stationery armatures, feeds the DC field current of
the main high frequency AC exciter through controlled rectifiers. The high
frequency output of the stationer armature is rectified by stationary diodes and
fed via slipping to the field of the main turbo generators. A response ratio of
about two can be achieved.

BRUSHLESS SYSTEM
The brush less excitation system consists of an alternator, rectifier, main
exciter and a permanent magnet generator pilot exciter. Both the main and pilot
exciters and driven directly from the main shaft. The main exciter has a
stationary field and a rotating armature directly connected, through silicon
rectifiers, to the field of the main alternator. The pilot exciter is a shaft driven
permanent magnet generator having rotating permanent magnets attached to the
shaft and a 3-phase stationary armature, which feeds the main exciter’s field
through 3-phase full wave phased controlled thyristor bridges. This system
eliminates the use of commutator, collector and brusher and has a short time
constant and a response time of less than 0.1 second.

BRUSH-LESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

DESIGN FEATURES :
It consists of:
1. Pilot Exciter (PMG – Permanent Magnet Generator)
2. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator)
3. Main Exciter
4. Diode Rectifier (Diode wheels)

Supply of high current by means of slip rings involves considerable operational

problems and it requires suitable design of slip rings and brush gear.
In brush-less excitation system diode rectifiers are mounted on the
generator shaft and their O / P in directly connected to the field of the alternator
thus eliminating brushes and slip rings. This arrangement necessitates the use of
rotating armature and stationary field system for the main AC exciter. The voltage
regulator final stage takes the format of a thyristor bridge controlling the field of
the main AC excitation which is fed from PMG on the same shaft. The response
ration of brush-less excitation system is normally above two.

1. THREE PHASE PILOT EXCITES:

The 3-phase pilot excites in a six-pole revolving field unit. The frame
accommodates the laminated core with the three-phase winding. The rotor
consists of a shaft with mounted poles. Each pole consists of separate
permanent magnets.
2. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
 A voltage regulator is the heart of the excitation system. The output
voltage of the generator changes only when the voltage regulator instructs the
excitation system to do so irrespective of the speed of response of the exciter. A
regulator senses changes in the output voltage and / or current and causes
corrective action to take place. If the regulator is slow i.e., has dead band or
backlash or is otherwise insensitive, the system will be a poor one. By dead band
of a regulator is meant the time elapsing between the voltage deviation and the
return to the prescribed value due to slow action of the regulator.
The automatic voltage regulator performs the following functions-
1. Control of system voltage within prescribed limits.
2. Proper division of reactive power between the alternators operating in
parallel.
3. Prevention of dangerous over-voltages on the occurrences of sudden loss
of load on the system.
4. Increase of excitation under system fault conditions so that maximum
synchronizing power exists at the time of clearance of fault, to prevent
loss of synchronism.

3. THREE PHASE MAIN EXCITER:

It is a six-pole revolving armature unit. Arranged in the frame are the

poles with the field and damper winding. The field winding in arranged on the
laminated magnetic poles. At the pole shoe bars are provided which are
connected to form a damper winding.

4. RECTIFIER WHEELS:

The main components of the rectifier wheels are the silicon diodes,
which are arranged in the rectifier wheels in a three-phase bridge CKT. The
arrangement of the diode is such that this contact pressure in increased by the
centrifugal force during rotation.
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM ADVANTAGES:
1. Fast response.
2. CT slip rings and brushes for the same are completely eliminated.
3. No generator field breaker is possible exciter field breaker with its field
discharge is provided. Slow discharge of generator field Is accepted for
brush-less generator sets as internal faults with in the generator are rare.
4. Generally generator field volt meters and rotor temp recorder can’t be
provided due to absence of slip rings. In special cases telemetry systems
are developed by the manufacturer to provide these facilities.
5. Generator field current indication is possible by provision of quadrature
axis coil in brush-less exciter.
6. For TG units with single machine size of over 660 MVA and where
elimination of current collection slip rings and brushes is important this is
preferred.

CONCLUSION

Power system consists of different costly equipment like generator,

transformers and transmission lines etc., Faults may occur in a power system
due to several reasons and these faults can damage the equipment and also
can cause interruption of the power supply, hence protective schemes must be
employed to avoid these damages.
 The protective Schemes contain different equipment like circuit breakers,
protective relays etc., there are different types of protective relays like static,
electromagnetic and Numerical relays.

In this Project we studied all the protective schemes which

are adopted to the generator at RTPP. I studied practically the working principle
and operations of all relays which are used in those protective schemes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING -A. CHAKRAVARTHY, M.L. SONI

P.V. GUPTHA, U.S. BHATNAGAR
2. PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM - V.K. MEHTA

3. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM - C.L. WARDHWA

4. R.T.P.P. MATERIAL

5. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM - J.B. GUPTHA