Scribd
Upload
32 views

River Lake Drainage Basin: Source of Water

The document discusses various sources of water, including surface water sources like rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans, as well as sub-surface sources like wells, infiltration galleries, and artesian wells. Surface water sources provide water through rainfall and snowmelt runoff into drainage basins and watersheds. Conservation reservoirs store water from wet periods for use in dry times. Sub-surface sources extract groundwater through wells, galleries, and artesian conditions where a permeable layer is confined by impermeable layers causing pressure. Wells can be open, tube, or artesian depending on the local geology. Infiltration galleries and wells intercept groundwater near rivers and collect it.

Uploaded by

Srinivasa Raghavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

River Lake Drainage Basin: Source of Water

The document discusses various sources of water, including surface water sources like rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans, as well as sub-surface sources like wells, infiltration galleries, and artesian wells. Surface water sources provide water through rainfall and snowmelt runoff into drainage basins and watersheds. Conservation reservoirs store water from wet periods for use in dry times. Sub-surface sources extract groundwater through wells, galleries, and artesian conditions where a permeable layer is confined by impermeable layers causing pressure. Wells can be open, tube, or artesian depending on the local geology. Infiltration galleries and wells intercept groundwater near rivers and collect it.

Uploaded by

Srinivasa Raghavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

SOURCE OF WATER:

The total land area that contributes surface runoff to a river or lake is called a
watershed, drainage basin, or catchment area. The volume of water available for
municipal supply depends mostly on the amount of rainfall. It also depends on
the size of the watershed, the slope of the ground, the type of soil and
vegetation, and the type of land use.
The flow rate or discharge of a river varies with time. Higher flow rates
typically occur in the spring, and lower flow rates occur in the winter. When the
average discharge of a river is not enough for a dependable supply of water, a
conservation reservoir may be built. The flow of water is blocked by a dam,
allowing an artificial lake to be formed. Conservation reservoirs store water
from wet weather periods for use during times of drought and low streamflow.
A water intake structure is built within the reservoir, with inlet ports and valves
at several depths. Since the quality of water in a reservoir varies seasonally with
depth, a multilevel intake allows water of best quality to be withdrawn.
Sometimes it is advisable, for economic reasons, to provide a multipurpose
reservoir. A multipurpose reservoir is designed to satisfy a combination of
community water needs. In addition to drinking water, the reservoir may also
provide flood control, hydroelectric power, and recreation.
Storage reservoirs :
Storage reservoirs are the main sources of water for a city or town. Because
storage reservoirs always have sufficient amount of water available during the
summer and as well as in winter season. The capacity of the storage tank is
determined by several methods.
Lakes :
The lake water is pure compared to all other sources. The fresh water comes
from the rock or surrounding area always drive under the filtration of soil. So
impurities in lakes water will be less. Lake water has algae, weeds and other
vegetables. It is one of the main surface sources of water.
Rivers or streams:
The main use of the river is navigation between land. The river water is pure at
mountains, but when it approaches plain area it will deteriorate due to the
wastes from town or municipal areas. The river water flows and it reaches the
sea. The main source of water to the wells is from runoff.
Rivers are formed along more or less defined channels to drain from land all the
water received in the form of rainfall and melting of snow from high altitudes.
Their development is the work of ages.Rainwater infiltrates into the soil and
subsequently joins the ground water storage. When the natural relief is such that
the ground surface at any point falls below the top surface of groundwater
reservoir then there exists greater hydrostatic pressure in the soil mass. The
groundwater under pressure then finds way through the soil into the depression
forming stream.
Oceans:
Ocean is the largest source of water in the earth. They cannot be used drinking
or construction purpose due to high salinity of the water. The normal salt
content for drinking purpose is 2 percent, but the salt content in seawater
exceeds 3 percentage. So sea water damage human kidney system.
Precipitation:
If you don’t know the meaning of precipitation, don’t worry. Precipitation is
rain. Precipitation is also other pure water sources to the earth. You can read
more about types of precipitation here.

2.Sub Surface sources of water


Infiltration galleries:
A horizontal tunnel usually rectangular in cross section. Infiltration galleries
have permeable boundaries so that water can be filtrate into them.
Infiltration wells:
It is shallow well constructed in series along the bank of the river. The surface
water flowing through the river flow towards the well constructed in the bank of
the river.
These wells contain only pure water. Because during their movement from the
river to infiltration wills, the water purification takes place by filtration of soil.
Well:
Well is the main sub surface sources of water for houses. Usually, they are
rounded shape and usually having a depth more 8 meters. The main sources of
water to the wells are from infiltration of water through the soil. Two types of
wells are there
Open wells-They have large diameter and low yield
Tube wells-They have small diameter, long pipe sunk into the ground
intercepting one or more water-bearing strata.
1. Open Wells:
If it is ascertained that sufficient water is entrapped in some water bearing
stratum below the ground surface, the entrapped water can be made available
for use. A hole is sunk into the ground till it reaches such a depth as to hold
sufficient water for use. Water should be available at lesser depth for economic
justification.
2 Tube wells
If there are water bearing rocks or soil layers alternate to impervious layers or
water bearing strata of indefinite extent then a metal tube with suitable
perforations may be sunk in the ground to derive the water for use.
3. Artesian Wells:
When a permeable stratum is confined between impervious strata at the top and
bottom artesian condition exists. The outcrop of the permeable stratum should
be at a height enough to produce sufficient hydrostatic pressure on the water at
lower points.
Then if a bore is drilled at proper position through the upper impermeable strata
the water under pressure will rise in the bore. When the pressure is more water
even overflows at the surface and can be utilized.

4. Infiltration Gallery:
When water can be obtained within a reasonable distance below ground level,
for example, below the river bed, horizontal porous pipes with open joints can
be laid under the ground. It is apparent that a very large proportion of the
groundwater will be intercepted by galleries than by a vertical well.
The intercepted water can be collected at suitable points in vertical collecting
wells and can be used. Inverted filter surrounding the pipes can be provided to
prevent clogging of pipes. Horizontal galleries laid at a depth more than 8
metres are uneconomical. Figure 1.5 shows cross-section and longitudinal
section of the infiltration gallery.

5. Infiltration Wells:
Sometimes water can be made available by sinking infiltration wells in the
porous soil, for example, in the dry bed of a river. The infiltration well can be
joined to vertical collecting wells or jack wells sunk on the bank of the river by
means of horizontal underground porous pipeline. It intercepts water also and is
called Infiltration gallery. Thus it can be recognized that infiltration wells and
galleries supplement each other. Figure 1.6 shows the cross-sectional elevation
and plan of an infiltration well.

You might also like