Department of Construction Engineering and Management

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN (1)

18CEM04I

Module Leader:
Prof. Ghada M. El-Mahdy
Email: [email protected]
1
 Week 4

Design of Tension Members

Allowable Stress Design
(ECP - ASD)

122
 Outline
• Introduction
• ECP – ASD
– Stiffness limitations
– Allowable stresses – concentric and eccentric
connections
– Net area
– Block shear
• Examples

123
 Introduction
• Tension members are encountered in most
steel structures.
• They appear as principal structural members
in bridge and roof trusses, in truss structures
such as transmission towers, and in wind
bracing systems.
• They frequently appear as sag/tie rods to
provide intermediate support for a wall girt
system or to stiffen a roof purlin system.
124
 Cross Section of Typical Tension
Members
Round Flat
Angle Double Angle Starred
Bar Bar
Angle

Channel Double Channel Latticed I-Section T-Section

Channels

Built-Up Box Sections 125

 Failure Modes
1. Yield on Gross Area 2. Fracture of Effective
Net Area

126
ECP - ASD

127
 Stiffness Limitations
• In order to prevent sagging and reduce vibrations
for tension members that are too long, it is
necessary to establish a stiffness criterion.
• This criterion is based on the slenderness ratio of
a tension member l = L/i, where L is the length of
the tension member and i is its minimum radius
of gyration (i.e., i = (I/A)1/2).
• In buildings, lmax is limited to 300.
• In bridges, lmax varies according to type of bridge
and member.
128
 Approximate Values for Radius of
Gyration for Angle Sections.
CASE SECTION OF MEMBER ix or iv iy or iu
y
a a

1 x x
a
ix = 0.3 a iy ≈ 0.42a
y
y
a a

x x
2 b
ix = 0.28 b iy = 0.48 a
y

a : b = 1.5 : 1
129
 Approximate Values for Radius of
Gyration for Angle Sections.
CASE SECTION OF MEMBER ix or iv iy or iu
y
b b

x x
3 a -- iy = 0.3 a
y
a : b = 1.5 : 1
y
b b

x x

4 a -- iy = 0.3 a
y
a:b = 2:1
130
 Approximate Values for Radius of
Gyration for Angle Sections.
CASE SECTION OF MEMBER ix or iv iy or iu
v a

5 a
iv = 0.2 a --
v

v a

6 b iv = 0.14 a --
v
y
a : b = 1.5 : 1
131
 Approximate Values for Radius of
Gyration for Angle Sections.
CASE SECTION OF MEMBER ix or iv iy or iu
v
a

7 b iv = 0.1 a --
v
a:b = 2:1
v

a
8 iv = 0.385 a --
a
v
y

132
 Allowable Tensile Stresses of
Concentrically Loaded Members
1. Concentrically Welded Members:
• If the two end connections of a concentrically
loaded tension member are welded, the tensile
strength is equal to the yield stress Fy times its
gross cross-sectional area Ag .

S
T T

S
Welded Members S-S
133
 Allowable Tensile Stresses of
Concentrically Loaded Members
• The actual tensile stress ft of a tension member
subject to a service load T must not exceed the
allowable tensile stress.

T Fy
ft   (Ft   0.58Fy )
Ag F .S.

Grade of Steel Ft (t/cm2)

St. 37 1.4
St. 44 1.6
St. 52 2.1
134
 Allowable Tensile Stresses of
Concentrically Loaded Members
2. Concentrically Riveted or Bolted Members:
• If the end connections are bolted with a single row
of bolts, the tensile strength of the perforated
angles is equal to the yield stress Fy times the
effective net area Anet which is equal to the gross
area minus the sectional area of the hole.

S
T T

S
Bolted Members S-S
135
 Allowable Tensile Stresses of
Concentrically Loaded Members
• Generally bolt holes are fabricated larger than the nominal
diameter of the fastener in order to facilitate its
installation and also to compensate the damage of the
metal adjacent to the hole caused by the punching
operation.
T Fy
ft   (Ft   0.58Fy )
Anet F .S.

where Anet = Ag – n.d.t and d = f + 2 mm

n, d, f, and t are the number of bolt holes, hole diameter,
bolt diameter, and thickness of the section, respectively.
136
 Behaviour of Eccentrically Loaded
Members
• Single angles may be connected to gusset
plates by welds, rivets, or bolts such as the
light tension diagonals in single plane trusses.
• Channels, tee-sections, and other shapes may
similarly be used with connections eccentric
to their centroidal axes.

137
 Effective Area of Eccentrically
Loaded Tension Members
1. Single Angles, Channels, and T-Sections
The ECP recommends that for single angle
sections connected through one leg only,
single channel sections connected only
through the web, and T-sections connected
only through the flange, as shown:
A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1
Gusset Gusset Gusset Gusset 138
 Effective Area of Eccentrically
Loaded Tension Members
• The effective area should be taken as the net
area of the connected leg, plus the area of the
unconnected leg multiplied by:
3 A1
3 A1  A2
• Where
A1 = net area of connected leg.
A2 = area of unconnected leg.
139
 Effective Area of Eccentrically
Loaded Tension Members
2. Double Angles
For back to back double angles connected to
one side of a gusset or section which are:
1. In contact or separated by a distance not
exceeding the thickness of the parts with solid
packing pieces, and
2. Connected by bolts or welding such that the
slenderness ratio of the individual components
does not exceed 80.

140
 Effective Area of Eccentrically
Loaded Tension Members
• The effective area may be taken as the net
area of the connected leg, plus the area of the
unconnected leg multiplied by:
5 A1
A2 5 A1  A2 A2

A1 A1

Gusset Gusset 141

 Net Area of Staggered Holes
• When more than one row of bolts is utilized, it
would be desirable to stagger them in order to
provide a large net area capable of resisting
higher loads.
1 A
1 B

C
`` `` g
D
1 s E A’
1
One Row Two Rows Staggered Holes
142
 Net Area of Staggered Holes
• For the cases of a single row and two parallel
rows, failure will occur along section 1-1
where the calculation of the net area is a
straight forward matter.
• For the case of the staggered holes, different
trial sections are to be considered in order to
determine the failure section:
– Section AA’.
– Section BCDE.
143
 Net Area of Staggered Holes
• Along the diagonal line from C to D there is a
combination of direct normal and shear
stresses and so a smaller area is to be used.
• For any portion of the sectional area measured
along a diagonal plane, a quantity
s 2t/4g
must be added to the net area, for each gauge
space, in computing the effective area.
• All holes of rivets or bolts along the failure line
shall be deducted from the gross sectional area.
144
 Net Area of Staggered Holes
• Where
s = the staggered pitch, i.e., the distance
measured parallel to the direction of stress
in the member, center-to-center of holes.
t = the thickness of the material.
g = the gauge, i.e., the distance measured at
right angles to the direction of stress in the
member, center-to-center of holes.
• The minimum net area of all possible failure
planes is to be used in the design.
145
 Block Shear
• On the net shear area Ash

qr = 0.4Fy

• On the net tension area At

Ftr = 0.725Fy

Tmax = qr Ash + Ftr At

146
 Example (1) - ECP
• Design the lower
chord tension
member (A): Top Chord
Upper Wind Bracing
– Design Force = 30.0 t
(Case II loading). Web System
(A)
– Length of member is
Lx
300 cm. Bottom Chord
6 x 3.0 m = 18.0 m
– Design using welded Truss
or bolted connections
(f = 16 mm for bolted Ly
connections).
– Use St. 37.
Lower Wind Bracing 147
 Example (1) - ECP
1. Type of Cross Section:
– The member being a
bottom chord member,
choose 2Ls back to back. Gusset Plate
y
– Unbraced lengths:
Lx = Ly = 3.0 m, choose
O+2mm
2Ls with equal legs. a-t x x
2. Stiffness Condition: t
– ix = 0.3a for 2Ls back to a
back with equal legs.
y
– Lx /ix ≤ 300 →
a ≥ 300/(0.3*300)
= 3.33 cm
148
 Example (1) - ECP
• Bolted Connection: • Welded Connection:
– Construction Condition: – No Construction Condition
(a – t ) ≥ 3f ≥ 4.80 cm
– Required Cross Section: – Required Cross Section:
Areq = 30.0/(2*1.40*1.2*0.85) Areq = 30.0/(2*1.40*1.2)
Areq1L = 10.5 cm2 Case II Areq1L = 8.93 cm2
– Check on Stresses: Bolt holes – Check on Stresses:
From stiffness and From stiffness condition and
construction conditions and required cross section;
required cross section;
Choose 2Ls 65x65x9 Choose 2Ls 70x70x7
A1L = 11.0 cm2 A1L = 9.40 cm2
149
 Example (1) - ECP
Anet = 2[11.0 – (1.6+0.2)*0.90]
= 18.76 cm2
ft = 30/18.76 = 1.60 t/cm2 ft = 30/(2*9.40) = 1.60 t/cm2
& Ft = 1.4*1.2 = 1.68 t/cm2 & Ft = 1.4*1.2 = 1.68 t/cm2
y y
– Safe and economic. – Safe and economic.
x x x x
y y
Gusset Plate S Sec. S-S Gusset Plate Sec. S-S
S
Bolts Centerline
(a-t)/2 (a-e)
(a-t)/2 a a
t e
S Centerline of S Centerline of
Bottom Chord Bottom Chord
150
 Example (2) - ECP
• Design the
previous tension (A)
member (A) in
Example (1) Lx

considering the 6 x 3.0 m = 18.0 m

shown lower wind Truss

bracing system.
y
Ly
b
x x

a y a
Ly > Lx Lower Wind Bracing 151
 Example (2) - ECP
1. Type of Cross Section:
– The member being a bottom chord member, choose
2Ls back to back.
– Unbraced lengths: Lx = 300 cm , Ly = 600 cm.
choose 2Ls with unequal legs.
2. Stiffness Condition:
– As Ly > Lx choose 2Ls with unequal legs so that Iy > Ix and
hence,
– Ly /iy zLx /ix (a : b = 1.5 : 1)
– ix = 0.28b Lx /ix ≤ 300 → b ≥ 300/(0.28*300) ≥ 3.57 cm
– iy = 0.48a Ly /iy ≤ 300 → a ≥ 600/(0.48*300) ≥ 4.17 cm
152
 Example (2) - ECP
• Bolted Connection: • Welded Connection:
– Construction Condition: – No Construction Condition
y

O+2mm b-t
x x
t
a y a
– Required Cross Section: – Required Cross Section:
Areq = 30.0/(2*1.40*1.2*0.85) Agross = 30.0/(2*1.40*1.2)
Areq1L = 10.5 cm2 Agross1L = 8.93 cm2
– Check on Stresses: – Check on Stresses:
Try 2Ls 90x60x8 Try 2Ls 75x50x9
A1L = 11.4 cm2 A1L = 10.5 cm2 153
 Example (2) - ECP
Anet = 2[11.4 – (1.6+0.2)*0.80]
= 19.92 cm2
ft = 30/19.92 = 1.51 t/cm2 ft = 30/(2*10.5) = 1.43 t/cm2
< Ft = 1.4*1.2 = 1.68 t/cm2 < Ft = 1.4*1.2 = 1.68 t/cm2
– Safe and economic. – Safe and economic.
– For unequal legs (a : b = 2 : 1) – For unequal legs (a : b = 2 : 1)
Try 2Ls 130x65x8 Try 2Ls 80x40x8
A1L = 15.1 cm2 to satisfy the A1L = 9.01 cm2 to satisfy the
construction condition. area req. & the stiffness
i.e., b ≥ 3f + t = 5.8 cm condition.
but A1L = 15.1 cm2 > 11.4 cm2 A1L = 9.01 cm2 < 10.5 cm2
– Safe but uneconomic. – Safe and more economic.154
 Example (3) - ECP
• Design a tension member using St. 37 knowing
the following:
– Design Force = 6.0 t (Case I) – web member.
– Lx = Ly = 580 cm.
– Connections are welded.

1. Type of Cross Section:

– D.F. is small = 6.0 t. Choose 2Ls – star
– Lx = Ly = 580 cm are great. shaped equal legs.

155
 Example (3) - ECP
2. Stiffness Condition:
– L/i ≤ 300 iv = 0.385 a
– a ≥ 580/(0.385*300) ≥ 5.02 cm
3. Required Cross Section:
– Agross = 6.0/(2*1.40) = 2.14 cm2
4. Check of Stresses:
– Choose 2Ls 55x55x6 star shape.
– ft = 6.0/(2*6.310) = 0.48 t/cm2 < 1.40
(safe but uneconomic).
156
 Example (3) - ECP
5. Comparing with One Angle
Cross Section: S2

v
y
– a ≥ 580/(0.2*300) = 9.67 cm

x
S1

y
S2

x
– Choose 1L 100x100x10

v
Section S1-S1
– A1L = 19.20 cm2 S1

> 6.31*2 = 12.62 cm2

– Both solutions are

v
y

x
uneconomical, but we must

y
x
respect the stiffness condition.

v
Section S2-S2
– Choose 2L 55x55x6 (star-
shaped).
157
 Example (4) - ECP
• Design a tension member given that:
– The design force = 6.0 t (Case I loading)
– L = 360 cm.
– The member is a diagonal member (f = 16 mm).

1. Type of Cross Section:

– D.F. is small = 6.0 t.
– Unbraced length is small < 5.5 m → 6.0 m.
– Choose one equal leg angle.
158
 Example (4) - ECP
2. Stiffness Condition:
– L/i ≤ 300 iv = 0.20 a
– a ≥ 360/(0.2*300) ≥ 6.00 cm.
S

Sec S-S

159
 Example (4) - ECP
• Bolted Connection: • Welded Connection:
– Construction Condition: – No Construction Condition
(a – t ) ≥ 3f ≥ 4.80 cm
– Required Cross Section: – Required Cross Section:
Areq.gross = 6.0/(1.40*0.7*0.85) Agross = 6.0/(1.40*0.7)
= 7.20 cm2 Agross1L = 6.12 cm2
The 0.7 is to account for the The 0.7 is to account for the
effect of moment on the effect of moment on the
unsymmetrical section. unsymmetrical section.
– Check on Stresses: – Check on Stresses:
Choose 1L 60x60x6 Try 1L 60x60x6
A1L = 6.91 cm2 A1L = 6.91 cm2
160
 Example (4) - ECP

a
a
a

a
A2 A2
A1 A1
O
+2
t

t
m
m
A1 = 6.0*0.6 – (1.6+0.2)*0.6 A1 = 6.0*0.6 = 3.60 cm2
= 2.52 cm2
A2 = (6.0-0.6)*0.6 = 3.24 cm2 A2 = (6.0-0.6)*0.6 = 3.24 cm2
 3 A1   3 A1 
Aeff  A1  A2   Aeff  A1  A2  
 3 A1  A2   3 A1  A2 
= 4.79 cm2 = 6.09 cm2
ft = 6.0/4.79 = 1.25 t/cm2 ft = 6.0/6.09 = 0.99 t/cm2
< Ft = 1.4 t/cm2 Safe. < Ft = 1.4 t/cm2 Safe.
As the stiffness condition governs the utilized angle cannot be decreased.
161
 Example (5) – ECP & AISC
• Compute the critical net section of the shown
plate. The thickness of the plate is 12 mm, the
diameter of the bolts is 20 mm, and the holes
1.2 cm
are to be taken 22 mm.
3.0
6.0
(C)
(A) 6.0
(g) 6.0 (B) (A) 30.0 cm
(B)
6.0
(C) 3.0
3.0 10.0 10.0
Case I
(s) 6.0 8.0 Case II
162
 Example (5) – ECP & AISC
• Case I
– Line of rupture (A): Net width = 30 – 2*2.2 = 25.6 cm.
10 2
– Line of rupture (B): Net width = 30 – 4*2.2 + 2*
4*6
= 29.5 cm.
10 2
– Line of rupture (C): Net width = 30 – 5*2.2 + 4*
4*6
= 35.7 cm.

– Critical net area: 25.6*1.2 = 30.7 cm2.

163
 Example (5) – ECP & AISC
• Case II
– Line of rupture (A): Net width = 30 – 2*2.2 = 25.6 cm.
2
– Line of rupture (B): Net width = 30 – 4*2.2 + 2* 8
4*6
= 26.5 cm.
82
– Line of rupture (C): Net width = 30 – 5*2.2 + 2*
62 4*6
+ 2* = 27.3 cm.
4*6
– Critical net area: 25.6*1.2 = 30.7 cm2.
Area net 30.7
– Efficiency =  x100%  85.3%
Area gross 30 * 1.2 164