Drs.

Hari Purwoko

Dra.Asroni Situmorang

Drs.Olo Siburian

Drs.M.Arifin Dalimunte

What is a Cooling System?

A typical 4 cylinder vehicle cruising along the highway at around 50 miles per hour, will produce 4000
controlled explosions per minute inside the engine as the spark plugs ignite the fuel in each cylinder to
propel the vehicle down the road. Obviously, these explosions produce an enormous amount of heat
and, if not controlled, will destroy an engine in a matter of minutes. Controlling these high temperatures
is the job of the cooling system.

The modern cooling system has not changed much from the cooling systems in the model T back in the
'20s. Oh sure, it has become infinitely more reliable and efficient at doing it's job, but the basic cooling
system still consists of liquid coolant being circulated through the engine, then out to the radiator to be
cooled by the air stream coming through the front grill of the vehicle.

Today's cooling system must maintain the engine at a constant temperature whether the outside air
temperature is 110 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 below zero. If the engine temperature is too low, fuel
economy will suffer and emissions will rise. If the temperature is allowed to get too hot for too long, the
engine will self destruct.

How Does a Cooling System Work?

Actually, there are two types of cooling systems found on motor vehicles: Liquid cooled and Air cooled.
Air cooled engines are found on a few older cars, like the original Volkswagen Beetle, the Chevrolet
Corvair and a few others. Many modern motorcycles still use air cooling, but for the most part,
automobiles and trucks use liquid cooled systems and that is what this article will concentrate on.

The cooling system is made up of the passages inside the engine block and heads, a water pump to
circulate the coolant, a thermostat to control the temperature of the coolant, a radiator to cool the coolant,
a radiator cap to control the pressure in the system, and some plumbing consisting of interconnecting
hoses to transfer the coolant from the engine to radiator and also to the car's heater system where hot
coolant is used to warm up the vehicle's interior on a cold day.
A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and heads. As
the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the engine. The heated fluid then makes
its way through a rubber hose to the radiator in the front of the car. As it flows through the thin tubes in
the radiator, the hot liquid is cooled by the air stream entering the engine compartment from the grill in
front of the car. Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat. The water pump
has the job of keeping the fluid moving through this system of plumbing and hidden passages.

A thermostat is placed between the engine and the radiator to make sure that the coolant stays above a
certain preset temperature. If the coolant temperature falls below this temperature, the thermostat blocks
the coolant flow to the radiator, forcing the fluid instead through a bypass directly back to the engine. The
coolant will continue to circulate like this until it reaches the design temperature, at which point, the
thermostat will open a valve and allow the coolant back through the radiator.

In order to prevent the coolant from boiling, the cooling system is designed to be pressurized. Under
pressure, the boiling point of the coolant is raised considerably. However, too much pressure will cause
hoses and other parts to burst, so a system is needed to relieve pressure if it exceeds a certain point.
The job of maintaining the pressure in the cooling system belongs to the radiator cap. The cap is
designed to release pressure if it reaches the specified upper limit that the system was designed to
handle. Prior to the '70s, the cap would release this extra pressure to the pavement. Since then, a
system was added to capture any released fluid and store it temporarily in a reserve tank. This fluid
would then return to the cooling system after the engine cooled down. This is what is called a closed
cooling system.
 Circulation
The coolant follows a path that takes it from the water pump, through
passages inside the engine block where it collects the heat produced by the
cylinders. It then flows up to the cylinder head (or heads in a V type engine)
where it collects more heat from the combustion chambers. It then flows out
past the thermostat (if the thermostat is opened to allow the fluid to pass),
through the upper radiator hose and into the radiator. The coolant flows
through the thin flattened tubes that make up the core of the radiator and is
cooled by the air flow through the radiator. From there, it flows out of the
radiator, through the lower radiator hose and back to the water pump. By this
time, the coolant is cooled off and ready to collect more heat from the engine.

The capacity of the system is engineered for the type and size of the engine and the work load that it is
expected to undergo. Obviously, the cooling system for a larger, more powerful V8 engine in a heavy
vehicle will need considerably more capacity then a compact car with a small 4 cylinder engine. On a
large vehicle, the radiator is larger with many more tubes for the coolant to flow through. The radiator is
also wider and taller to capture more air flow entering the vehicle from the grill in front.

Antifreeze
The coolant that courses through the engine and associated plumbing must be able to withstand
temperatures well below zero without freezing. It must also be able to handle engine temperatures in
excess of 250 degrees without boiling. A tall order for any fluid, but that is not all. The fluid must also
contain rust inhibiters and a lubricant.

The coolant in today's vehicles is a mixture of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) and water. The recommended
ratio is fifty-fifty. In other words, one part antifreeze and one part water. This is the minimum
recommended for use in automobile engines. Less antifreeze and the boiling point would be too low. In
certain climates where the temperatures can go well below zero, it is permissible to have as much as
75% antifreeze and 25% water, but no more than that. Pure antifreeze will not work properly and can
cause a boil over.

Antifreeze is poisonous and should be kept away from people and animals, especially dogs and cats,
who are attracted by the sweet taste. Ethylene Glycol, if ingested, will form calcium oxalate crystals in
the kidneys which can cause acute renal failure and death

The Components of a Cooling System

 The Radiator
 Radiator Cooling Fans

 Pressure Cap & Reserve Tank
 Water Pump
 Thermostat
 Bypass System
 Freeze Plugs
 Head Gaskets & Intake Manifold Gaskets
 Heater Core
 Hoses

The Radiator
The radiator core is usually made of flattened aluminum tubes with aluminum strips that zigzag between
the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be carried away from the
vehicle. On each end of the radiator core is a tank, usually made of plastic that covers the ends of the
radiator,

On most modern radiators, the tubes run horizontally with the plastic tank on either side. On other cars,
the tubes run vertically with the tank on the top and bottom. On older vehicles, the core was made of
copper and the tanks were brass. The new aluminum-plastic system is much more efficient, not to
mention cheaper to produce. On radiators with plastic end caps, there are gaskets between the
aluminum core and the plastic tanks to seal the system and keep the fluid from leaking out. On older
copper and brass radiators, the tanks were brazed (a form of welding) in order to seal the radiator.

The tanks, whether plastic or brass, each have a large hose connection, one mounted towards the top of
the radiator to let the coolant in, the other mounted at the bottom of the radiator on the other tank to let
the coolant back out. On the top of the radiator is an additional opening that is capped off by the radiator
cap. More on this later.

Another component in the radiator for vehicles with an

automatic transmission is a separate tank mounted
inside one of the tanks. Fittings connect this inner tank
through steel tubes to the automatic transmission.
Transmission fluid is piped through this tank inside a
tank to be cooled by the coolant flowing past it before
returning the the transmission.

Radiator Fans
Mounted on the back of the radiator on the side closest to the engine is one or two electric fans inside a
housing that is designed to protect fingers and to direct the air flow. These fans are there to keep the air
flow going through the radiator while the vehicle is going slow or is stopped with the engine running. If
these fans stopped working, every time you came to a stop, the engine temperature would begin rising.
On older systems, the fan was connected to the front of the water pump and would spin whenever the
engine was running because it was driven by a fan belt instead of an electric motor. In these cases, if a
driver would notice the engine begin to run hot in stop and go driving, the driver might put the car in
neutral and rev the engine to turn the fan faster which helped cool the engine. Racing the engine on a
car with a malfunctioning electric fan would only make things worse because you are producing more
heat in the radiator with no fan to cool it off.

The electric fans are controlled by the vehicle's computer. A temperature sensor monitors engine
temperature and sends this information to the computer. The computer determines if the fan should be
turned on and actuates the fan relay if additional air flow through the radiator is necessary.

If the car has air conditioning, there is an additional radiator mounted in front of the normal radiator. This
"radiator" is called the air conditioner condenser, which also needs to be cooled by the air flow entering
the engine compartment. You can find out more about the air conditioning condenser by going to our
article on Automotive Air Conditioning. As long as the air conditioning is turned on, the system will keep
the fan running, even if the engine is not running hot. This is because if there is no air flow through the
air conditioning condenser, the air conditioner will not be able to cool the air entering the interior

Pressure cap and reserve tank

As coolant gets hot, it expands. Since the cooling system is sealed, this expansion causes an increase
in pressure in the cooling system, which is normal and part of the design. When coolant is under
pressure, the temperature where the liquid begins to boil is considerably higher. This pressure, coupled
 with the higher boiling point of ethylene glycol, allows the coolant to safely reach
temperatures in excess of 250 degrees.

The radiator pressure cap is a simple device that will maintain pressure in the cooling system up to a
certain point. If the pressure builds up higher than the set pressure point, there is a spring loaded valve,
calibrated to the correct Pounds per Square Inch (psi), to release the pressure.

When the cooling system pressure reaches the point where the cap needs to release this excess
pressure, a small amount of coolant is bled off. It could happen during stop and go traffic on an
extremely hot day, or if the cooling system is malfunctioning. If it does release pressure under these
conditions, there is a system in place to capture the released coolant and store it in a plastic tank that is
usually not pressurized. Since there is now less coolant in the system, as the engine cools down a
partial vacuum is formed. The radiator cap on these closed systems has a secondary valve to allow the
vacuum in the cooling system to draw the coolant back into the radiator from the reserve tank (like pulling
the plunger back on a hypodermic needle) There are usually markings on the side of the plastic tank
marked Full-Cold, and Full Hot. When the engine is at normal operating temperature, the coolant in the
translucent reserve tank should be up to the Full-Hot line. After the engine has been sitting for several
hours and is cold to the touch, the coolant should be at the Full-Cold line.

Water Pump
A water pump is a simple device that will keep the coolant moving as long as the engine is running. It is
usually mounted on the front of the engine and turns whenever the engine is running. The water pump is
driven by the engine through one of the following:

 A fan belt that will also be responsible

for driving an additional component like
an alternator or power steering pump
 A serpentine belt, which also drives the
alternator, power steering pump and
AC compressor among other things.
 The timing belt that is also responsible
for driving one or more camshafts.

The water pump is made up of a housing,

usually made of cast iron or cast aluminum and an impeller mounted on a spinning shaft with a pulley
attached to the shaft on the outside of the pump body. A seal keeps fluid from leaking out of the pump
housing past the spinning shaft. The impeller uses centrifugal force to draw the coolant in from the lower
radiator hose and send it under pressure into the engine block. There is a gasket to seal the water pump
 to the engine block and prevent the flowing coolant from leaking out where the pump is attached to the
block..

Thermostat
The thermostat is simply a valve that measures the temperature of the coolant and, if it is
hot enough, opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator. If the coolant is not hot
enough, the flow to the radiator is blocked and fluid is directed to a bypass system that
allows the coolant to return directly back to the engine. The bypass system allows the
coolant to keep moving through the engine to balance the temperature and avoid hot spots.
Because flow to the radiator is blocked, the engine will reach operating temperature sooner
and, on a cold day, will allow the heater to begin supplying hot air to the interior more
quickly.

Since the 1970s, thermostats have been calibrated to keep the temperature of the coolant above 192 to
195 degrees. Prior to that, 180 degree thermostats were the norm. It was found that if the engine is
allowed to run at these hotter temperatures, emissions are reduced, moisture condensation inside the
engine is quickly burned off extending engine life, and combustion is more complete which improves fuel
economy.

The heart of a thermostat is a sealed copper cup that contains wax and a metal pellet. As the thermostat
heats up, the hot wax expands, pushing a piston against spring pressure to open the valve and allow
coolant to circulate.

The thermostat is usually located in the front, top part of the engine in a water outlet housing that also
serves as the connection point for the upper radiator hose. The thermostat housing attaches to the
engine, usually with two bolts and a gasket to seal it against leaks. The gasket is usually made of a
heavy paper or a rubber O ring is used. In some applications, there is no gasket or rubber seal. Instead,
a thin bead of special silicone sealer is squeezed from a tube to form a seal.

There is a mistaken belief by some people that if they remove the thermostat, they will be able to solve
hard to find overheating problems. This couldn't be further from the truth. Removing the thermostat will
allow uncontrolled circulation of the coolant throughout the system. It is possible for the coolant to move
so fast, that it will not be properly cooled as it races through the radiator, so the engine can run even
hotter than before under certain conditions. Other times, the engine will never reach its operating
temperature. On computer controlled vehicles, the computer monitors engine temperatures and
regulates fuel usage based on that temperature. If the engine never reaches operating temperatures,
fuel economy and performance will suffer considerably.
 Bypass System
This is a passage that allows the coolant to bypass the radiator and return directly back to the engine.
Some engines use a rubber hose, or a fixed steel tube. In other engines, there is a cast in passage built
into the water pump or front housing. In any case, when the thermostat is closed, coolant is directed to
this bypass and channeled back to the water pump, which sends the coolant back into the engine without
being cooled by the radiator.

Freeze Plugs
When an engine block is manufactured, a special sand is molded to the shape of the coolant passages in
the engine block. This sand sculpture is positioned inside a mold and molten iron or aluminum is poured
to form the engine block. When the casting is cooled, the sand is loosened and removed through holes
in the engine block casting leaving the passages that the coolant flows through. Obviously, if we don't
plug up these holes, the coolant will pour right out.

Plugging these holes is the job of the freeze-out

plug. These plugs are steel discs or cups that
are press fit in the holes in the side of the engine
block and normally last the life of the engine with
no problems. But there is a reason they are
called freeze-out plugs. In the early days, many
people used plain water in their engines, usually
after replacing a burst hose or other cooling
system repair. "It is summer and I will replace
the water with antifreeze when the weather
starts turning".

Needless to say, people are forgetful and many a motor suffered the fate of the water freezing inside the
block. Often, when this happened the pressure of the water freezing and expanding forced the freeze-
out plugs to pop out, relieving the pressure and saving the engine block from cracking. (although, just as
often the engine cracked anyway). Another reason for these plugs to fail was the fact that they were
made of steel and would easily rust through if the vehicle owner was careless about maintaining the
cooling system. Antifreeze has rust inhibitors in the formula to prevent this from happening, but those
chemicals would lose their effect after 3 years, which is why antifreeze needs to be changed periodically.
The fact that some people left plain water in their engines greatly accelerated the rusting of these freeze
plugs.

When a freeze plug becomes so rusty that it perforates, you have a coolant leak that must be repaired by
replacing the rusted out freeze plug with a new one. This job ranges from fairly easy to extremely difficult
 depending on the location of the affected freeze plug. Freeze plugs are located on the sides of the
engine, usually 3 or 4 per side. There are also freeze plugs on the back
of the engine on some models and also on the heads.

As long as you are good about maintaining the cooling system, you need
never worry about these plugs failing on modern vehicles

Head Gaskets and Intake Manifold Gaskets

All internal combustion engines have an engine block and one or two
cylinder heads. The mating surfaces where the block and head meet are
machined flat for a close, precision fit, but no amount of careful
machining will allow them to be completely water tight or be able to hold
back combustion gases from escaping past the mating surfaces.

In order to seal the block to the heads, we use a head gasket. The head gasket has several things it
needs to seal against. The main thing is the combustion pressure on each cylinder. Oil and coolant must
easily flow between block and head and it is the job of the head gasket to keep these fluids from leaking
out or into the combustion chamber, or each other for that matter.

A typical head gasket is usually made of soft sheet metal that is stamped with ridges that surround all
leak points. When the head is placed on the block, the head gasket is sandwiched between them. Many
bolts, called head bolts are screwed in and tightened down causing the head gasket to crush and form a
tight seal between the block and head.

Head gaskets usually fail if the engine overheats for a sustained period of time causing the cylinder head
to warp and release pressure on the head gasket. This is most common on engines with cast aluminum
heads, which are now on just about all modern engines.

Once coolant or combustion gases leak past the head gasket, the gasket material is usually damaged to
a point where it will no longer hold the seal. This causes leaks in several possible areas. For example:

 combustion gases could leak into the coolant passages causing excessive pressure in the
cooling system.
 coolant could leak into the combustion chamber causing coolant to escape through the exhaust
system, often causing a white cloud of smoke at the tailpipe.
 Other problems such as oil mixing with the coolant or being burned out the exhaust are also
possible.
Some engines are more susceptible to head gasket failure than others. I have seen blown head gaskets
on engines that just started to overheat and were running hot for less than 5 minutes. The best advice I
can give is, if the engine shows signs of overheating, find a place to pull over and shut the engine off as
quickly as possible.

Head gaskets themselves are relatively cheap, but it is the labor that's the killer. A typical head gasket
replacement is a several hour job where the top part of the engine must be completely disassembled.
These jobs can easily reach ,000 or more.

On V type engines, there are two heads, meaning two head gaskets. While the labor won't double if both
head gaskets need to be replaced, it will probably add a good 30% more labor to replace both. If only
one head gasket has failed, it is usually not necessary to replace both, but it could be added insurance to
get them both done at once.

A head gasket replacement begins with the diagnosis that the head gasket has failed. There is no way
for a technician to know for certain whether there is additional damage to the cylinder head or other
components without first disassembling the engine. All he or she knows is that fluid and/or combustion is
not being contained.

One way to tell if a head gasket has failed is through a combustion leak test on the radiator. This is a
chemical test that determines if there are combustion gases in the engine coolant. Another way is to
remove the spark plugs and crank the engine while watching for water spray from one or more spark plug
holes. Once the technician has determined that a head gasket must be replaced, an estimate is given for
parts and labor. The technician will then explain that there may be additional charges after the engine is
opened if more damage is found.

Heater Core
The hot coolant is also used to provide heat to the interior of the vehicle when needed. This is a simple
and straight forward system that includes a heater core, which
looks like a small version of a radiator, connected to the cooling
system with a pair of rubber hoses. One hose brings hot coolant
from the water pump to the heater core and the other hose returns
the coolant to the top of the engine. There is usually a heater
control valve in one of the hoses to block the flow of coolant into
the heater core when maximum air conditioning is called for.

A fan, called a blower, draws air through the heater core and directs it through the heater ducts to the
interior of the car. Temperature of the heat is regulated by a blend door that mixes cool outside air, or
sometimes air conditioned air with the heated air coming through the heater core. This blend door allows
you to control the temperature of the air coming into the interior. Other doors allow you to direct the
warm air through the ducts on the floor, the defroster ducts at the base of the windshield, and the air
conditioning ducts located in the instrument panel.

Hoses
There are several rubber hoses that make up the plumbing to connect the components of the cooling
system. The main hoses are called the upper and lower radiator hoses. These two hoses are
approximately 2 inches in
diameter and direct coolant
between the engine and the
radiator. Two additional
hoses, called heater hoses,
supply hot coolant from the
engine to the heater core.
These hoses are
approximately 1 inch in
diameter. One of these
hoses may have a heater
control valve mounted in-line
to block the hot coolant from
entering the heater core when the air conditioner is set to max-cool. A fifth hose, called the bypass hose,
is used to circulate the coolant through the engine, bypassing the radiator, when the thermostat is
closed. Some engines do not use a rubber hose. Instead, they might use a metal tube or have a built-in
passage in the front housing.

These hoses are designed to withstand the pressure inside the cooling system. Because of this, they are
subject to wear and tear and eventually may require replacing as part of routine maintenance. If the
rubber is beginning to look dry and cracked, or becomes soft and spongy, or you notice some ballooning
at the ends, it is time to replace them. The main radiator hoses are usually molded to a shape that is
designed to rout the hose around obstacles without kinking. When purchasing replacements, make sure
that they are designed to fit the vehicle.

There is a small rubber hose that runs from the radiator neck to the reserve bottle. This allows coolant
that is released by the pressure cap to be sent to the reserve tank. This rubber hose is about a quarter
inch in diameter and is normally not part of the pressurized system. Once the engine is cool, the coolant
is drawn back to the radiator by the same hose.
 Cooling System Maintenance and Repair
An engine that is overheating will quickly self destruct, so proper maintenance
of the cooling system is very important to the life of the engine and the trouble
free operation of the cooling system in general.

The most important maintenance item is to flush and refill the coolant periodically. The reason for this
important service is that anti-freeze has a number of additives that are designed to prevent corrosion in
the cooling system. This corrosion tends to accelerate when several different types of metal interact with
each other. The corrosion causes scale that eventually builds up and begins to clog the thin flat tubes in
the radiator and heater core. causing the engine to eventually overheat. The anti-corrosion chemicals in
the antifreeze prevents this, but they have a limited life span.

Newer antifreeze formulations will last for 5 years or 150,000 miles before requiring replacement. These
antifreezes are usually red in color and are referred to as "Extended Life" or "Long Life" antifreeze. GM
has been using this type of coolant in all their vehicles since 1996. The GM product is called "Dex-Cool".

Most antifreeze used in vehicles however, is green in color and should be replaced every two years or
30,000 miles, which ever comes first. You can convert to the new long life coolant, but only if you
completely flush out all of the old antifreeze. If any green coolant is allowed to mix with the red coolant,
you must revert to the shorter replacement cycle.

Look for a shop that can reverse-flush the cooling system. This requires special equipment and the
removal of the thermostat in order to do the job properly. This type of flush is especially important if the
old coolant looks brown or has scale or debris floating around in it.

If you remove the thermostat for a reverse flush, always replace it with a new thermostat of the proper
temperature. It is cheap insurance.

The National Automotive Radiator Service Association (NARSA) recommends that motorists have a
seven-point preventative cooling system maintenance check at least once every two years. The seven-
point program is designed to identify any areas that need attention. It consists of:

 a visual inspection of all cooling system components, including belts and hoses
 a radiator pressure cap test to check for the recommended system pressure level
 a thermostat check for proper opening and closing
 a pressure test to identify any external leaks to the cooling system parts; including the radiator,
water pump, engine coolant passages, radiator and heater hoses and heater core
 an internal leak test to check for combustion gas leakage into the cooling system
  an engine fan test for proper operation
 a system power flush and refill with car manufacturer's recommended concentration of coolant

Let's take these items one at a time.

Visual Inspection
What you are looking for is the condition of the belts and hoses. The radiator hoses and heater hoses
are easily inspected just by opening the hood and looking. You want to be sure that the hoses have no
cracking or splitting and that there is no bulging or swelling at the ends. If there is any sign of problems,
the hose should be replaced with the correct part number for the year, make and model of the vehicle.
Never use a universal hose unless it is an emergency and a proper molded hose is not available.

Heater hoses are usually straight runs and are not molded, so a universal hose is fine to use and often is
all that is available. Make sure that you use the proper inside diameter for the hose being replaced. For
either the radiator hoses or the heater hoses, make sure that you route the replacement hose in the
same way that the original hose was running. Position the hose away from any obstruction that can
possibly damage it and always use new hose clamps. After you refill the cooling system with coolant, do
a pressure test to make sure that there are no leaks.

On most older vehicles, the water pump is driven by a V belt or serpentine belt on the front of the engine
that is also responsible for driving the alternator, power steering pump and air conditioner compressor.
These types of belts are easy to inspect and replace if they are worn. You are looking for dry cracking on
the inside surface of the belt.

On later vehicles, the water pump is often driven by the timing belt. This belt usually has a specific life
expectancy at which time it must be replaced to insure that it does not fail. Since the timing belt is inside
the engine and will require partial engine disassembly to inspect, it is very important to replace it at the
correct interval. Since the labor to replace this belt can be significant, it is a good idea to replace the
water pump at the same time that the belt is replaced. This is because 90 percent of the labor to replace
a water pump has already been done to replace the timing belt. It is simply good insurance to replace
the pump while everything is apart.

Radiator pressure cap test

A radiator pressure cap is designed to maintain pressure in the cooling system at a certain maximum
pressure. If the cooling system exceeds that pressure, a valve in the cap opens to bleed the excessive
pressure into the reserve tank. Once the engine has cooled off, a negative pressure begins to develop in
the cooling system. When this happens, a second valve in the cap allows the coolant to be siphoned
back into the radiator from the reserve tank. If the cap should fail, the engine can easily overheat. A
pressure test of the radiator cap is a quick way to tell if the cap is doing its job. It should be able to hold
its rated pressure for two minutes. Since radiator caps are quite inexpensive, I would recommend
replacing it every 3 years or 36,000 miles, just for added insurance. Make absolutely sure that you
replace it with one that is designed for your vehicle.

Thermostat check for proper opening and closing

This step is only necessary if you are having problems with the cooling system.
A thermostat is designed to open at a certain coolant temperature. To test a thermostat while it is still in
the engine, start the engine and let it come to normal operating temperature (do not let it overheat). If it
takes an unusually long time for the engine to warm up or for the heater to begin delivering hot air, the
thermostat may be stuck in the open position. If the engine does warm up, shut it off and look for the two
radiator hoses. These are the two large hoses that go from the engine to the radiator. Feel them
carefully (they could be very hot). If one hose is hot and the other is cold, the thermostat may be stuck
closed.

If you are having problems and suspect the thermostat, remove it and place it in a pot of water. Bring the
water to a boil and watch the thermostat. You should see it open when the water reaches a boil. Most
thermostats open at about 195 degrees Fahrenheit. An oven thermometer in the water should confirm
that the thermostat is working properly.

Pressure test to identify any external leaks

Pressure testing the cooling system is a simple
process to determine where a leak is located. This
test is only performed after the cooling system has
cooled sufficiently to allow you to safely remove
the pressure cap. Once you are sure that the
cooling system is full of coolant, a cooling system
pressure tester is attached in place of the radiator
cap. The tester is than pumped to build up
pressure in the system. There is a gauge on the
tester indicating how much pressure is being pumped. You should pump it to the pressure indicated on
the pressure cap or to manufacturer's specs.

Once pressure is applied, you can begin to look for leaks. Also watch the gauge on the tester to see if it
loses pressure. If the pressure drops more than a couple of pounds in two minutes, there is likely a leak
somewhere that may be hidden. It is not always easy to see where a leak is originating from. It is best to
have the vehicle up on a lift so you can look over everything with a shop light or flashlight. If the heater
core in leaking, it may not be visible since the core is enclosed and not visible without major disassembly,
 but one sure sign is the unmistakable odor of antifreeze inside the car. You may also notice the
windshield steaming up with an oily residue.

Internal leak test

If you are losing coolant, but there are no signs of leaks, you could have a blown head gasket. The best
way to test for this problem is with a combustion leak test on the radiator. This is accomplished using a
block tester. This is a kit that performs a chemical test on the vapors in the radiator. Blue tester fluid is
added to the plastic container on the tester. If the fluid turns yellow during the test, then exhaust gasses
are present in the radiator.

The most common causes for exhaust gasses to be present in the radiator is a blown head gasket.
Replacing a bad head gasket requires a major disassembly of the engine and can be quite expensive.
Other causes include a cracked head or a cracked block, both are even more undesirable than having to
replace a head gasket.

When a head gasket goes bad

The process of replacing a head gasket begins with completely draining the coolant from the engine.
The top part of the engine is then disassembled along with much of the front of the engine in order to
gain access to the cylinder heads. The head or heads are then removed and a thorough inspection for
additional damage is done.

Before the engine can be reassembled, the mating surfaces of the head and block are first cleaned to
make sure that nothing will interfere with the sealing properties of the gasket. The surface of the cylinder
head is also checked for flatness and, in some cases, the block is checked as well. The head gasket is
then positioned on the block and aligned using locator pegs that are built into the block. The head is then
placed on top of the gasket and a number of bolts, called head-bolts are coated with oil and loosely
threaded into the assembly. The bolts are then tightened in a specific order to a specified initial torque
using a special wrench called a torque wrench. This is to insure that the head gasket is crushed evenly
in order to insure a tight seal. This process is then repeated to a second, tighter torque setting, then
finally a third torque setting. At this point, the rest of the engine is reassembled and the cooling system is
filled with a mixture of antifreeze and water. Once the engine is filled, the technician will pressure test the
cooling system to make sure there are no leaks.

In many engines, coolant also passes between the heads and the intake manifold. There are also
gaskets for the intake manifold to keep the coolant from leaking out at that point. Replacing an intake
manifold gasket is a much easier job than a head gasket, but can still take a couple of hours or more for
that job.
 Engine Fan Test
The radiator cooling fan is an important part of the cooling system operation. While a fan is not really
needed while a vehicle is traveling down the highway, it is extremely important when driving slowly or
stopped with the engine running. In the past, the fan was attached to the engine and was driven by the
fan belt. The speed of the fan was directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This type of system
sometimes caused excessive noise as the car accelerated through the gears. As the engine sped up, a
rushing fan noise could be heard. To quiet things down and place less of a drag in the engine, a viscous
fan drive was developed in order to disengage the fan when it was not needed.

When computer controls came into being, these engine driven fans gave way to electric fans that were
mounted directly on the radiator. A temperature sensor determined when the engine was beginning to
run too hot and turned on the fan to draw air through the radiator to cool the engine. On many cars, there
were two fans mounted side by side to make sure that the radiator had a uniform air flow for the width of
the unit.

When the car was in motion, the speed of the air entering the grill was sufficient to keep the coolant at
the proper temperature, so the fans were shut off. When the vehicle came to a stop, there was no
natural air flow, so the fan would come on as soon as the engine reached a certain temperature.

If the air conditioner was turned on, a different circuit would come into play. The reason for this is the air
conditioning system always requires a good air flow through the condenser mounted in front of the
radiator. If the air flow stopped, the air conditioned air coming through the dash outlets would
immediately start warming up. For this reason, when the air conditioner is turned on, the fan circuit would
power the fans regardless of engine temperature.

If you notice that the engine temperature begins rising soon after the vehicle comes to a stop, the first
thing to check is fan operation. If the fan is not turning when the engine is hot, a simple test is to turn the
AC on. If the fan begins to work, suspect the temperature sensor in the fan circuit (you will need a wiring
diagram for your vehicle to find it). In order to test the fan motor itself, unplug the two wire connector to
the fan and connect a 12 volt source to one terminal and ground the other. (it doesn't matter which is
which for this test) If the fan motor begins to turn, the motor is good. If it doesn't turn, the motor is bad
and must be replaced.

In order to test the system further, you will need a repair manual for the year, make and model vehicle
and follow the troubleshooting charts and diagnostic procedures for your vehicle. On most systems,
there will be a fan relay or fan control module that can be a trouble spot. There are a number of different
control systems, each requiring a different test procedure. Without the proper repair information, you can
easily do more harm than good.
 Cooling system power flush and refill
While you can replace old coolant by draining it out and replacing it with fresh coolant, the best way to
properly maintain your cooling system is to have the system power flushed. Power flushing will remove
all the old coolant and pull out any sediment and scale along with it.

Power flushing requires a special machine that many auto repair shops have for the purpose. The
procedure requires that the thermostat is removed, the lower radiator hose is disconnected, and the flush
machine is connected in line. The lower hose is connected to the machine and the other hose from the
machine is connected to the radiator where the lower hose was disconnected from.

Water, and sometimes, a cleaning agent is pumped through the cooling system in a reverse path from
the normal coolant flow. This allows any scale to be loosened and flow out. Once clear water is coming
out of the system, the hose is reconnected and a new thermostat is installed. Then the cooling system is
refilled with the appropriate amount of antifreeze to bring the coolant to the proper mixture of antifreeze
and water. For most vehicles and most climates, the mixture is 50 percent antifreeze and 50 percent
water. In colder climates, more antifreeze is used, but must never exceed 75 percent antifreeze. Check
your owner's manual for the proper procedures and recommendations for your vehicle.