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LESSON 6 Colligative Properties

P0 = 23.80 torr Xsolvent = 1 P' = P0Xsolvent = 23.80 torr The vapor pressure of the solution is 23.80 torr at 25oC.

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598 views39 pages

LESSON 6 Colligative Properties

P0 = 23.80 torr Xsolvent = 1 P' = P0Xsolvent = 23.80 torr The vapor pressure of the solution is 23.80 torr at 25oC.

Uploaded by

Patricia Flores
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Colligative Properties of Non-

Electrolyte Solution and Electrolyte


Solution
SOLUTION

CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
MORE DIRECTLY DEPENDENT
ON THE CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTE PARTICLES

COLLIGATIVE
COLLIGATIVE
coligare - “tied together”
- they depend on the collective effect
of the concentration of solute particles present
in the solution.
Colligative Properties
• Is a property of solution that depend on the
kind of matter ( like intensive property) but
more specifically on the amount of solute
present in a solution.
• 1. boiling point elevation
• 2. freezing point depression
• 3. osmotic pressure
• 4. vapor pressure lowering
Effects of solute concentration on the
colligative properties of solutions.

• The effect would depend on the ratio of the


number of particles of solute in the solution
and not on the identity of the solute.
• Consider whether solute is electrolyte of non
electrolyte.
• Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate
(separate) into ions in solution; nonelectrolyte
solutions do not conduct electricity.
• A nonelectrolyte does not dissociate at all in
solution and does not produce any ions.
• Nonelectrolytes are typically polar covalent
substances that do dissolve in water as
molecules instead of ions.
• Nonelectrolytes are covalent compounds and
mostly organic in nature.
Electrolytes
• Electrolytes are salts or molecules that ionize
completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte
solutions readily conduct electricity.
• Polar covalent compounds are typically weak
electrolytes. Weak acids and weak bases are
weak electrolytes.
ELECTROLYTES
ELECTROLYTES

Nitric acid is widely used for the production


of fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate, and
polymers
ELECTROLYTES

It is used as a
reagent in chemical
analysis and to
make other
chemicals.
1. Boiling point elevation
- Is the increase in the boiling of the solvent due to
the addition of solute to form solution.
- the addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the
vapor pressure of the solution.
- The boiling point elevation is the difference in
temperature between the boiling point of the
pure solvent and that of the solution.
1. Boiling point elevation ( Tb)

Tb = Tsoln- Tsolv = (mkb) - nonelectrolyte


Tb = Tsoln- Tsolv = (imkb) - electorlyte

Where:
m - molal concentration of the solution.
Kb -boiling point elevation constant of solvent.
Tsoln - boiling point of solution
Tsolv - boiling point of solvent
For dilute solution the elevation of the boiling point is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of
the solute:
1. Boiling Point Elevation for
Electrolyte Solutions
Determine the boiling point of a solution
containing 41.10g
of calcium chloride into 500g water.
Given: m= 41.10g
41.10g CaCl2 111g/mol
500g water 0.500kg
Boiling Point Elevation for Electrolyte
Given: Solutions
41.10g CaCl2 m= 41.10g
500g water 111g/mol
0.500kg
m= 0.741 molal
∆Tb= imKb
(3) (0.741molal) ( 0.5120C/molal)
= 1.140C
Boiling pt soln= Tbsol + ΔTb
= 100 0C +1.140C
= 101.14 0C
2. Solution Exercise (nonelectrolyte)
• Which has a higher boiling point?
• 10g of CH3OH ( methanol) in 100 g of H20 or
20g of CH3CH2OH (ethanol) in 200g water.

∆Tb= mKb
∆Tb = change in the boiling point
m = molal concentration of the solution
Kb = boiling point elevation constant of the
solvent ( 0.5120C/molal)
10g of CH3OH ( methanol) in 100 g of H20
(kb=0.512 0C/molal)

ΔTb=mKb m= mass/molarmass
= (3.125molal)(0.512 0C/molal) mass solvent
ΔTb = 1.6 0C
m = 10g/32g/mol
100g--> 0.100kg
m = 3.125 molal
ΔTb = Tbsoln- Tb solv
Tbsoln = Tbsol + ΔTb
= 100 0C+1.6 0C
Tbsoln = 101.16 0C
20g of CH3CH2OH (ethanol) in 200g water.
(kb=0.512 0C/molal)

ΔTb=mKb m= mass/molarmass
= (2.17 molal)(0.512 0C/molal) mass solvent
ΔTb = 1.11 0C
m = 20g/46g/mol
200g--> 0.200kg
m = 2.17 molal
ΔTb = Tbsoln- Tb solv
Bpsoln = Tbsol + ΔTb
= 100 0C+1.11 0C
Tbsoln = 101.11 0C
Freezing Point Depression
The lowering of the vapor
pressure in a solution
causes the boiling point of
the solution to be higher
than pure solvent.
As a result, the freezing
point of a solvent
decreases when any solute
is dissolved into it.
Freezing point depression
• Is the decrease in the freezing point of the solvent due
to the addition of solute to form solution.
Tf = -mKf
• Where:
• m is molal concentration of the soln.
• Kf is the freezing point of depression constant of the
solvent.
• Tf is the change in freezing point = Tfsolv-Tfsoln

Freezing point is the temperature at which the liquid


starts to become solid.
Freezing Point Elevation for Electrolyte
Solutions
Determine the freezing point of a solution
containing 41.10g
of calcium chloride into 500g water.
Given:
41.10g CaCl2
500g water
∆Tf= imKf ?
Freezing Point Elevation for Electrolyte
Given: Solutions
41.10g CaCl2 m= 41.10g
500g water 111g/mol
0.500kg
m=- 0.74 molal
∆Tb= imKb
(3) (-0.74molal) ( 1.860C/molal)
=- 4.130C
Freezing pt soln= Tfsolv + ΔTb
= 0 0C + (-4.130C)
= -4.13 0C
Freezing Point Elevation for
nonelectrolyte Solutions
Determine the freezing point of a
solution prepared by dissolving
68g of glucose in 800g water.
Given:
68g C6H12O6
500g water
∆Tf= mKf ?
Freezing Point Elevation for
nonelectrolyte Solutions
Given: m= 68g
68g C6H12O6 180g/mol
500g water 0.800kg
∆Tf= mKf ?
Boiling pt soln= Tbsol + ΔTb m = 0.47 molal
∆Tf= mKb
(0.47molal) ( 1.860C/molal)
= 0.870C
Freezing pt soln= Tfsol + ΔTb
= 0 0C -0.870C
= -0.87 0C
3. Osmotic Pressure , Π
osmosis
• Is the process by which solvent tends to pass
through a semipermeable membrane from a
less concentrated solution into a more
concentrated one to attain equilibrium on
each side of the membrane.
Osmotic Pressure for
(nonelectrolyte and electrolyte Solutions)
Determine the osmotic pressure
of a 5 g salt present in 400ml
solution at 270C
Given: R = 0.082 atm-L
5g NaCl mole -K
400ml soln
27oC
27oC to K
Π=MRT
27 + 273 = 300K
Osmotic Pressure for
(nonelectrolyte and electrolyte Solutions)
Given: M = mass/molarmass/vol soln
5g NaCl
400ml soln M= 5g/58g/mol/0.400L
27oC M = 0.22 molar (mol/L)
Π=MRT

Π=MRT
= ( 0.22 mol/L) (0.082 atm-L) ( 300K) = 5.26 atm
mole-K
4. Vapor Pressure Lowering
• Vapor pressure lowering is a colligative
property of solutions. The vapor pressure of a
pure solvent is greater than the vapor
pressure of a solution containing a non volatile
liquid. This lowered vapor pressure leads to
boiling point elevation.

• Vapor pressure ( is the pressure of a vapor in contact


with its liquid or solid form) lowering.
Vapor Pressure Lowering

• Between 1887-1888, a French chemist


Froncois- Marie Raoult showed that the vapor
pressure of a solution is equal to the mole
fraction of the solvent multiplied by the vapor
pressure of the pure liquid known as Raoult’s
law
• The vapor pressure of pure water is 23.8 torr
at 25.0 °C.)
• At 25oC the vapor pressure of pure benzene is
93.9 torr.
PRESSURE

1 atm = 760 torr


1 torr = 1mmHg
Vapor pressure lowering
• P' is the vapour
pressure of solution
• Xsolvent is the mole
fraction of solvent
• P0 is the vapour
pressure of pure solvent.
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
• Vapor pressure is a
direct measure of
escaping tendency of
molecules
• A substance that has no
measurable vapor
pressure is nonvolatile,
while one that exhibits
a vapor pressure is
volatile.
Mathematic Expressions of the
Different Colligative Properties
ELECTROLYTE NONELECTROLYTE
ΔTb=imKb ΔTb=mKb
where i is the number of ions
in the soln

ΔTf=-imKf ΔTb=-mKf
Π=MRT Π=MRT

P' = XsolventP0 P' = XsolventP0


Vapor Pressure Lowering for
(nonelectrolyte and electrolyte Solutions)
What is the vapor pressure of
solution containing 4.00g sodium
hydroxide in 500ml of water at 25oC
Given:
4.oog NaOH vapor pressure at 250C =
500ml water 23.80torr
25oC
P' = XsolventP0
Vapor Pressure Lowering for
(nonelectrolyte and electrolyte Solutions)
Given: Xsolvent =mole fraction of the
solvent
4.oog NaOH
500ml water Xsolvent = nsolvent = 27.78 =1
25oC n soln 27.88
P' = P0Xsolvent
nsol = mass/molarmass
= 4.00g / 40g/mol = 0.1mol

nsolv = 500g/18g/mol = 27.78mol

nsoln = 0.1mol + 27.78 mol= 27.88mol

P' = P0Xsolvent

= (23.80torr)(1) = 23.80 torr ar 250c

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