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Tutorial 3

This document contains a tutorial on the topics of linear dependence and independence, basis, and dimension in the context of linear algebra. It includes 18 problems exploring these concepts for vector spaces and subspaces over the fields of real and complex numbers. Examples involve determining if sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent, finding bases, and calculating dimensions of vector spaces and subspaces.

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Siddhesh Joshi
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
105 views

Tutorial 3

This document contains a tutorial on the topics of linear dependence and independence, basis, and dimension in the context of linear algebra. It includes 18 problems exploring these concepts for vector spaces and subspaces over the fields of real and complex numbers. Examples involve determining if sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent, finding bases, and calculating dimensions of vector spaces and subspaces.

Uploaded by

Siddhesh Joshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematics

College of Engineering, Pune

(MA-15001) Linear Algebra Tutorial - 3 (Unit -I)


F.Y.B.Tech.(All Branches) 2018-19 Semester-1

Topics: Linear dependence/independence, basis, dimension.

1. Let V be a vector space and v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ∈ V . When do we say that v1 , v2 , . . . , vn are


linearly dependent ? linearly independent ?

2. Which of the following sets are linearly dependent over R ? Give a relation between
the vectors when dependent.
(i) {(−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1), (0, 1, 0)} (ii) {(π, 0), (0, e)}
(iii) {(1, 9, 9, 8), (2, 0, 0, 1), (2, 0, 0, 4)} (iv) {(2, 1), (1, −1), (1, 1)}

3. Let V be a vector space.

(a) Let S be a finite subset of V containing 0. Show that S is linearly dependent.


(b) Let 0 6= u ∈ V . Show that the singleton set {u} is linearly independent.
(c) Let v, w ∈ V . Show that v, w are linearly dependent if and only if one of them is
a scalar multiple of the other, i.e. there is a number c 6= 0 such that v = cw or
w = cv.
(d) Prove: If v, w ∈ V are linearly independent, then so are v + w and v − w.

4. Prove that the vectors (a, b), (c, d) ∈ R2 are linearly independent if and only if ad−bc 6=
0.

5. Let A1 , . . . , Ar be non-zero vectors in Rn . Assume that they are mutually perpendic-


ular, i.e. Ai · Aj = 0 if i 6= j. Prove that they are linearly independent.

6. Fill in the blanks.


Let V be a vector space. Suppose that the elements v1 , . . . , vn of V generate V and
are linearly independent. Then {v1 , . . . , vn } is called a . . . . . . of V and n is called the
. . . . . . of V .

7. Find three different bases for R2 .

8. Let V be the vector space of all functions of a variable t.

(a) Show that the following set of functions are linearly independent.
{1, t}, {t, t2 }, {t, sin t},
{cos t, sin t}, {cos t, cos 2t}, {sin t, et , t2 }.

1
(b) Determine whether the following set of functions are linearly dependent or inde-
pendent.
{cos2 t, sin2 t, 1}, {1 + t2 , 2t, 1 + t + t2 }.
(c) Consider the subspace of V with ordered basis B = {cos t, sin t}. What are the
coordinates of the function f (t) = 2 cos t − 3 sin t w.r.t. this basis ? What are the
coordinates of Df (t) = f 0 (t) w.r.t. B ?

9. Consider the vector space of all functions defined for t > 0. Show that the following
pairs of functions are linearly independent.
(i) {et , ln t}, (ii) {t, 1/t}.

10. Show that the set of vectors {(1, 3, 3)t , (−1, 1, 2)t , (1, 1, 1)t } forms a basis for R3 . Find
the coordinates of the following vectors w.r.t. this ordered basis.
(2, 2, 3)t , (−1, 0, −1)t .

11. Fill in the blanks.

(a) Consider f = 1, g = x, h = x2 in the vector space of all functions of a variable x.


Then Span{f, g, h} = . . . . . . , it has a basis . . . . . . and its dimension is . . . . . . .
(b) A basis for the space of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices is . . . . . . . Its dimension is
.......
Do the same for the spaces of all 3 × 3 (i) diagonal, (ii) skew-symmetric and (iii)
lower triangular matrices.

12. Show that {x, 3x2 , 5 + x} is a basis for the vector space of all polynomials of degree
≤ 2. What about {2x, x2 − 3x, 2x2 } ?

13. Fill in the blanks.


A subset {v1 , . . . , vn } of a vector space V is called a maximal linearly independent
set if {v1 , . . . , vn } is . . . . . . . . . and given any element w of V , the set {v1 , . . . , vn , w} is
.........

14. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space.

(a) Let dim V = n (i.e., V has a basis consisting of n elements). Prove that any
subset of V containing more than n vectors is linearly dependent.
(b) Let {v1 , . . . , vn } be a maximal linearly independent set of vectors in V . Prove
that {v1 , . . . , vn } is a basis of V .
(c) Let dim V = n. Prove that any spanning set of V containing n elements is a basis
of V .

2
(d) Let dim V = n. Prove that any linearly independent set of n vectors in V is a
basis of V .
(e) Prove that any two bases of V have the same number of elements.
(f) Let dim V = n and W be a subspace, also of dimension n. Prove that W = V .

15. (Reading exercise) Read the proofs of the following results from the text book.

(a) Let V be an n-dimensional vector space. Let r be a positive integer with r < n
and S = {v1 , . . . , vr } be a linearly independent set of elements of V . Then S can
be extended to a basis of V .
(b) Let V be an n-dimensional vector space. Let W be a subspace of V which does
not consist of 0 alone. Then W has a basis and dim W ≤ n.
( ! )
x −x
16. Consider the subspaces W1 =
y z x, y, z ∈ R and
( ! )
a b
W2 = a, b, c ∈ R of the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices. Find the
−a c
dimensions of W1 , W2 , W1 + W2 and W1 ∩ W2 .

17. (a) Let V be a subspace of R2 . What are the possible dimensions for V ? Show that
if V 6= R2 , then either V = {0} or V is a straight line passing through the origin.
(b) Let V be a subspace of R3 . What are the possible dimensions for V ? Show that
if V 6= R3 , then either V = {0}, or V is a straight line passing through the origin,
or V is a plane passing through the origin.

18. (Vandermonde determinant)



1 1 1

Prove that a b c = (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)


a2 b2 c2

CO 1 1, 6, 8(c), 13, 18
CO 2 3-a,b,c ; 7, 11, 16
CO 3 2, 3(d), 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17
CO 4 3-a,b,c; 4, 14

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