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Greek Letters Common Usages: X X y y X y

Αα represents the constant in regression and statistics and type I error. Ββ represents the coefficient in regression and statistics, often used to indicate different coefficients, and type II error. Θθ represents the fixed probability of success parameter in a Binomial Distribution and related distributions.

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32 views

Greek Letters Common Usages: X X y y X y

Αα represents the constant in regression and statistics and type I error. Ββ represents the coefficient in regression and statistics, often used to indicate different coefficients, and type II error. Θθ represents the fixed probability of success parameter in a Binomial Distribution and related distributions.

Uploaded by

ClydeLisboa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Greek Letters Common Usages

Αα Alpha α: Constant in regression/statistics: y = α + βx + ε; also type I error


Ββ Beta β: Coefficient in regression/statistics, often subscripted to indicate different coefficients: y =
α + β1x1 + β2x2 + ε; also type II error; related, 1 – β is called the “power” of a statistical test.
Γγ Gamma Γ: A particular statistical distribution; also used to denote a game.
∆δ Delta ∆y y1 − y 2
∆: Means “change” or “difference”, as in the equation of a line’s slope: = .
∆x x1 − x 2
δ: Known in game theory as the “discount parameter” and is used for repeated games.
Εε Epsilon ε: “Error term” in regression/statistics; more generally used to denote an arbitrarily small,
positive number.
∈ (Variant Epsilon) This version of epsilon is used in set theory to mean “belongs to” or “is in the set of”: x ∈ X;
similarly used to indicate the range of a parameter: x ∈ [0, 1]. “x ∉ ∅” means “the element x
does not belong to the empty set”.
Ζζ Zeta
Ηη Eta
Θθ Theta θ: The fixed probability of success parameter in a Binomial Distribution and related
distributions.
ϑ (Script Theta)
Ιι Iota
Κκ Kappa
Λλ Lambda λ= nθ: Parameter in the Poisson Distribution.
Μµ Mu µ: In statistics, the mean of a distribution. In game theory, often used as the probability of
belief.
Νν Nu
Ξξ Xi
Οο Omicron
Ππ Pi 5
∏: Product symbol, as in ∏ i = 60 .
i =3
π: Mathematical constant (3.14159…); also used in game theory to denote an actor’s belief as
a probability.
Ρρ Rho ρ: Correlation coefficient in some statistical analyses.
Σσ Sigma 5
Σ: Summation symbol, as in ∑ i = 12 .
i =3
σ: Standard Deviation of a distribution; also used to denote an actor’s mixed strategy.
σ2: Variance of a distribution.
ς (Final Sigma)
Ττ Tau
Υυ Upsilon
Φφ Phi Φ(z): The cumulative density function (cdf) for the standard normal distribution.
φ(z): The probability density function (pdf) for the same.
ϕ (Script Phi)
Χχ Chi χ2: A particular statistical distribution.
Ψψ Psi
Ωω Omega Ω : The “positive definite matrix” in regression/statistics.
ϖ (Variant Omega)

Mathematical Constants
e ≈ 2.718281828... π ≈ 3.141592653... i= −1 (imaginary numbers)
Mathematical Symbols Usage
n

! Factorial n!= ∏ i ; e.g., 5! = 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 120


i =1

^ “carrot” or “hat” 3^2 = 32 = 9. Also used in statistics to denote estimates: σˆ


___

X x “bar” Sample mean of X = (Σx)/n, where n is the number of observations.


∀ All ∀x; for all x, something is true.
∃ Exists ∃x = 1; there exists some x equal to 1.
→ Implies p → q; if p is true (or occurs), then q is true (or will occur).
∴ Therefore Indicating a logical result: p → q and q → r, ∴ p → r.
| Given, Conditional P(E|F); The probability of E given (or within the set of) F.
| | Absolute Value |– x| = x
∼ Not ~C; not to cooperate. (Also used in geometry to mean “similar”.)
≤ Less than or equal to
≥ Greater than or equal to
∞ Infinity
± Plus or minus
∝ Proportional to x ∝ 1/f
∂
∂ Derivative Calculus notation; ( y = mx + b ) = m
∂x
≠ Not equal to
≡ Identically equal to x ≡ x; sometimes a way proving something; also a way of denoting a definition.
≈ Approximately equal to π ≈ 3.14
ℜ, R, or Set of Real Numbers
∅ Empty Set X = ∅; The set X is empty. X ≠ ∅; The set X is not empty.
∩ Conjunction; And {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {4, 5, 6, 7} = {4}
∪ Union; Or {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {4, 5, 6, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
√ Square root 2 ≈ 1.414; 4 = 2
P(HH) = ½ ⋅ ½ = ¼; the probability of landing two heads in successive coin
P(⋅) Probability of flips; sometimes Pr(⋅).
L Likelihood Used in Maximum Likelihood Estimation in statistics.
L(B, W; p) is a lottery between winning one’s best outcome, B, with probability
L(⋅) Lottery (in game theory) p and “winning” one’s worst outcome, W, with probability 1 – p.
E(⋅) Expectation of E(X) = Σ x⋅ P(x); also as expected utility: EU(L(1, 0; ¼)) = 1 ⋅ ¼ + 0 ⋅ ¾ = ¼.
ln or LN Natural log (ln(x) = b ) ≡ (eb = x), where e is the mathematical constant.
1
lim Limit lim x→∞ = 0 ; The limit of 1/x as x goes to (or approaches) infinity equals zero.
x
b−a
b

∫
1
Calculus notation; ∫ x dx = 12 x and ∫ a + b dx = a + b
2
Integral
a

J Jacobian J: a particular matrix; J: Determinant of a Jacobian matrix.


Rules of Logic
p Addition
∴p∪q

p Conjunction
q
∴p∩q

p∩q Simplification
∴p
∴q

p∪q Elimination
~p
∴q

~(~p) Double Negation


∴ p

~(p ∪ q) ~(p ∩ q) De Morgan’s Rule


∴ ~p ∩ ~q ∴ ~p ∪ ~q

p→q p→q Implication


∴ ~p ∪ q ∴ ~(p ∩ ~q)

p→q Modus Ponens


p
∴q

p→q Modus Tollens


~q
∴~p

p→q ~q → ~p Contrapositive or Transposition


∴ ~q → ~p ∴ p → q

p→q Chain Rule


q→r
∴p→r

p↔q p→q Biconditional


∴p→q q→p
∴q→p ∴p↔q

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